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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S

Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190

The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S

The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida

.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212

C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T

World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225

H U S B A N D R Y

Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226

P R O F I L E

Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234

C O M M E N T A R Y

The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238

B O O K R E V I E W

Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243

CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252

Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.

Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo

estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus

aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque

moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as

IRC

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REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y

Copyright©2014.HaydenD.Hedman.Allrightsreserved.

WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL

TheGobabebResearchandTrainingCentre(Fig.1)isaninternationallyrecognizedresearchstationandpre-

miere site for trainingand research inarid-landbiology.ThestationislocatedintheNamibNaukluftNationalPark(23°33’42.61”S,15°2’30.15”E)inNamibia.Theresearchcenter is approximately100kmsoutheastofWalvisBay(thenearestsmalltown)and60kmfromtheAtlanticOcean(Schulze1969).TheNamibDesert isanexpansive land-scape(2,000x200km)withGobabebsituatedatthecenterofthreehabitats:Dune,gravelplains,andtheKuisebRivercorridor.Theregion’smonthlyaveragetemperaturerangeis26−32ºCanddailytemperaturessometimesvarybyover10ºCbetweendayandnight.SouthernAfricaexhibitsoneofthehighestconcentrationsofendemicspeciesintheworld,withmorethan80%endemismforsomegroupsoforgan-isms(GoldblattandManning2002),andanestimated92%

ofthemorethan300speciesoflizardsinsouthernAfricaareindigenous(Branch1999).AmongAfricannations,Namibiarankssecondinlizarddiversity(125species),trailingonlySouthAfrica(Bauer1999).AtGobabeb,faunalandfloralsurveyshavebeenconductedforthelast50years,providinganextensivedatabaseofitsrichbiodiversity,with199knownspeciesofplants,44mammals(Fig.2),195birds,and43reptiles(Henscheletal.2006). Gobabebwasfoundedin1962(www.gobabebtrc.org)bytheSouthernAfricanMuseumsAssociation.Since1998,theMinistryofEnvironmentandTourismandtheDesertResearchFoundationNamibiahavejointlymanagedthesta-tion.Thestationsupportsavastarrayoffieldsofinquiry,rangingfromclimateandecologytogeomorphology,con-servationandrestoration,andanthropologyandarcheology.Gobabeb’svisitors includeresearchers,universitygroups,

Reptiles of the Gobabeb Research and Training Centre

HaydenD.Hedman1, HelinaM.Alvarez2,GustafP.KalifeniHanghome3,MariaEifler4,andDouglasEifler4

1SchoolofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,AnnArbor,Michigan48109,USA2UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService,SandLakeNationalWildlifeRefuge,Columbia,SouthDakota57433,USA

3DepartmentofNaturalConservation,PolytechnicofNamibia,Windhoek9000,Namibia4ErellInstitute,Lawrence,Kansas66047,USA

PhotographsbyMariaEifler.

Fig. 1.GobabebResearchandTrainingCentreprovidestieroneresources,asevidencedfromhostingover80Ph.D.andM.Sc.projectsaspartnershipsbothfromwithinNamibiaandworldwide.Gobabebhasahelpfulstaff,includingtwofull-timeresearchtechniciansandinternsavailabletoassistwithdatacollection.Researchfacilitiesconsistoflaboratoryspaceandequipment,rentablestorageforlong-termuse,privateandsemi-privateofficespace,andanaridecologylibrarywithover1,800books,journals,anddigitallyarchiveditems.

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localschoolgroups,students,interns,andtourists,aswellasfilmcrews,journalists,andartists.Overall,Gobabebstrivestopromotepublicawarenessandknowledgeaboutdry-landecologyandenvironmentalissues. Our personal investigation was conducted throughErell Institute’s International Research Experience forUndergraduatesthatpairedNativeAmericanundergraduateswithuniversitystudentsfromNamibiaandBotswanainanintensive,hands-onfieldresearchexperiencefocusedonthebehavioralecologyofNamibDesertlizards.

Living Sustainably in a Fragile LandscapeWater is a precious commodity in desert environments;gettingenoughwaterisarealchallengefororganismsthatinhabittheNamibDesert,andthearrayofadaptationsseenthereisimpressive.Althoughvegetationisscarce,ararebutlocallycommonplantisWelwitschia mirabilis,whichgetsmostofitswaterfromtheregion’scharacteristicdewandfogbydirectlyabsorbingmoisturethroughthedenselypackedstomataonitsleaves(Middleton2009).Tenebrionidbeetles,asamechanismtoretainfluidsandreducetheneedtoobtainadditionalwaterformetabolicfunctioning,exhibitthelowesttranspirationratesofarthropodsintheregion(Edney1971). TheGobabebResearchCentreitselfiswelldesignedtoconservewater,notunlikethemanyendemicbeetleswiththeirrigidcarapacesandotherorganismsoftheregionthathaveevolvedadaptationsforlivinginhyperaridconditions.Minimizingwaterlossthoughwasteremovalrequiresintricatephysiologicaladaptationsbymosttaxonomicgroups,whichisanalogoustoGobabeb’sneedtomechanicallydecreaseexcessivewaterloss,accomplishedthroughwater-conservingtoiletsand

showers.Gobabebstrivestoprovideasustainableresearchenvi-ronment.Forbothefficiencyandawareness,Gobabebcloselymonitorsitstotalmonthlyresourceuse,includingelectricity,gas,andwater(www.gobabebtrc.org).Thedozensofsolarpan-elserectedonthestationoffice,researchcabins,andeveninopenterrain(Fig.3)harness100%ofthestation’selectricity.Intotal,thestationhas72lead-acidbatteriesthatarechargedthroughoutthedayandprovideelectricityduringtheevening.

Community at the StationTheGobabebResearchCentrecommunityconsistsof18professionals fromaround theworld.Themultinationalteam strives to accommodate researchers, school groups,professionalconferences,andvisitorsfromallbackgrounds.Thecommunitymembersholdpositions(i.e.,administra-tive,research,training,housekeeping,andmaintenance)toensurethatresearchandeducationcanproceedwhilestayingandstudyingatthecenter.ThemajorityofthehousekeepingandmaintenancestaffconsistsofindigenousAfricansfromtheadjacentTopnaarvillage.Thecenterprovidesservicesforresearchprojectsbutalsoconductsindependentprojectsandhostsconferencestopromoteknowledgeofthediversewild-lifeandhabitatsoftheNamibDesert.

The Gravel PlainsLessthan30mfromtheGobabebentrancegate,thegravelplainsextendforhundredsofkilometersandconsistofrocksub-stratesinvaryingdimensionsandtextures(WhartonandSeely1982).Fromadistance,thelandscapemayseemhomogeneous,butthevarietyofschists,granites,andmarblesformedfromthePrecambrianthroughthePaleozoicEras(Viles2005)sup-portshighreptilediversity,aswellasavarietyofotherAfricanfauna.Thetwo-hourdrivefromWalvisBaytoGobabebalmostalwaysincludessightingsofSpringbok(Antidorcas marsupialis)herds,Ostrich(Struthio camelus),andtheinquisitivestaresofBat-earedFoxes(Otocyon megalotis)ortheoccasionalglowing

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Fig. 2.NocturnallyactiveElephantShrews(Macroscelididae)canbeobservedthroughouttherockoutcropssurroundingthestation.Thesesmallmammalsarewelladaptedtotheextremeheatofthedesertterrain.

Fig. 3.Inaresource-limitedenvironment,sustainableenergyisgeneratedbysolarpanels.

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eyesofaBlack-backedJackal(Canis mesomelas)foragingduringtheevening.RareencountersincludeGemsbok(Oryx gazella),Hartman’sMountainZebra(Equus zebra hartmannae),ortheoccasionalAardvark(Orycteropus afer).

Serpents of GobabebSnakesof theNamibDesertarewelladapted forglidingacrossdunesorcompactlyfittingintosmallrockcrevices.Fortunately, no deadly venomous snakes occur near thestation.Theonlymildlyvenomoussnakesareadders;theHornedAdder(Bitis caudalis;Fig.4)maybeencounteredthroughoutthegravelplains,whereastheSouthernNamibSandAdder(Bitis peringueyi)maybeseenglidingonthedunes.Nohumanfatalitiesareyetrecordedfromtheirbites.Bothmedium-sizedsnakesspendmostoftheirdiurnalactiv-ityhiddenincrevicesorundershrubs,waitingtoambushpreysuchasrodentsorlizards(Branch1999).TheHornedAdder iscommonlyseeninitsdarkredcolormorph,butoccasionalindividualsarelighterred.Inaddition,severalspeciesofsmallto large-bodiedSandandGrassSnakes (Psammophis sp.)occurnearthestation.Thesecomprisealargegenusof23speciesfoundthroughoutAfrica(Branch1999).SandSnakesareveryfast-moving,activesnakesthataredifficulttocaptureandhandle.Sometimes,stressedindividualstruncatetheirtailsasadefensemechanism(Branch1999).

Lizards of the Plains GobabebCentrehasahighlizardspeciesdiversity.Inpar-ticular,SandLizards(Pedioplanisspp.),including NamaquaSandLizards (P. namaquensis) andSpottedSandLizards (P. lineoocellata)arecommonlyobservedsprintingrapidlybetweenloosestonesintheflatrockyveld.Whenapproach-ingtheminopenterrain,theyoftenfleetothenearestrockorburrow.SandLizardscanbeidentifiedlargelybytheirlong,slenderbodies,longtailsrelativetooverallbodylength,and

lightbrowncoloration.SpottedSandLizards mayactivelyforagethroughouttheyear,includingwarmwinterdays.Incontrast,P. namaquensis burrowsintodormancyduringthewinter(Branch1999).Underexperimentalconditions,P. namaquensiswasabletorecognizetheinherentdistributionofdifferentkindsofpreyinsects(Eifleretal.2012). We commonly encounteredWestern Three-StripedSkinks(Mabuya occidentalis;Fig.5)outsidethesparsevegeta-tionsurroundingtheresearchlibraryandoccasionallyevensprintingthroughourownvilla!Thesehardyskinksvaryincolorationfromblacktored-brownandolive-brown.Theyhibernatethroughthewinter,butlittleisknownabouttheirreproductive biology (Branch 1999).Unfortunately, weneverfoundaNamaquaChameleon(Chameleo namaquen-sis),althoughothers,includinglocalworkers,haveseenthemnearGobabeb.Thislarge-mouthedchameleonisprimarilyinsectivorous,consumingupto200beetlesdaily(Branch1999).Unlikeotherchameleons,itstailismuchshorterthantheoverallbodylengthandhardlyprehensile.

The Day and Night ShiftsGekkonidlizardscompriseoneofthelargestcomponentsoftheendemicsouthernAfricanherpetofauna,andtheNamibDesert isoneof theworld’shotspots for geckodiversity(Bauer1999).Thevaryingterrainfacilitateshabitatcomplex-ity.Peculiaramonggeckos,CommonNamibDayGeckos(Rhoptropus afer;Fig.6)sprintacrosslargerocksandseekshel-teramonglooserocksorcrevicesthroughouttheday.Duringmale-male interactions, individuals commonly performpush-upsandhead-bobbingwhilecompetingforterritories.Individualswereactiveonrocksubstrateswhentemperatureswereover30°C.Occupyingmanyofthesamerocksarenoc-turnallyactiveTurner’sThick-ToedGeckos(Chondrodactylus turneri),whichhavereducedbutuniquefootpadsthatarewelladaptedforclimbingverticalcrevices.ItslargerbodyanddarkerscaleseasilydistinguishitfromR. afer.

Scorpion SpecialistWithmorethan130knownspecies(Leeming2003),south-ernAfricaisoneoftheworld’sscorpionhotspots.Notsur-

Fig. 4.HornedAdders (Bitis caudalis)are small,heavy-bodiedviperswidelydistributedacrosssouthernAfrica.Addersfeedlargelyonvertebratepreyitemssuchaslizardsandshrews.ThedietofB. caudalisvariesdis-tinctlywithsize,sex,andgeographicdistribution(Shineetal.1998).

Fig. 5.TheWesternThree-StripedSkink(Mabuya occidentalis)canbeseennearmostrockyoutcrops,whereitactivelyforagesbetweencrevicesforarthropodandgekkonidprey.

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prisingly,Namibiahasvertebratesthatspecializeincaptur-ingandeatingthesewilyanddangerousarachnids(Leeming2003).Weadvisevisitingresearcherstoalwayswearclose-toedfootwearintheeveningandwalkwithaflashlighttopreventunexpectedencounterswith scorpionsand tobeonthealert,evenintheshower!TheGiantGroundGecko(Chondrodactylus anguilifer;Fig.7),anunusuallylarge,cylin-dricalgecko,isprimarilynocturnalandmaybefoundrest-inginoldscorpionburrowsduringtheday(Branch1999).Thesegekkonidtitansarebelievedtopreyheavilyonscor-pions.Althoughweobservedonlyafewindividuals,GiantGroundGeckosarehighlyconspicuouswiththeirlargebodysizes,vibrantcoloration,andstationarydefenseposture—withtailtipsslightlybentandlimbsraised,theyresemblescor-pions.Subspeciesvaryconsiderablyincoloration(browntopalepink)andevenbehavioralresponses(agonisticbitingtoratherdocile)dependingonthelocality(Branch1999).

“Bark, Bark,” says the GeckoThreespeciesofBarkingGecko(Ptenopusspp.;Fig.8) calltheNamibDeserthome.Asthenameimplies,CommonBarking

Geckos(P. garrulous),Koch’sBarkingGeckos(P. kochi), and Carp’sBarkingGeckos(P. carpi)allhavedistinctbarkingcalls.Forthemostpart,callsareemittedattheentrancesofburrowswhilebodiesarepartiallyemerged.Maleshaveyellowthroatpatchesthattheyrapidlyexpandanddeflate(Haacke1964).CommonBarkingGeckos(P. garrulus)differfromtheothertwospeciesbybeingtermitespecialistsandinthatmaleshavelargerheadsthanfemales.Inaddition,P. garrulus digsburrowsinloose,deepsoilandusuallyaddsbranchesforstructuralsupport(Hibbitsetal.2005). Koch’sBarkingGecko(P. kochi) broadlyresemblesP. garrulusingeneralappearance.However,uponcloserinspec-tion,P. kochiisstouterandtheyellowpigmentationinmalescontinuesbeyondthethroat,overthemouthregion,anddownthesidesofthebody(Branch1999),althoughtheyel-lowisbrightonthethroatandpaleelsewhere(Fig8a).Koch’sBarkingGeckoisfoundintheinterduneplains(Henscheletal.2006).Incontrast,endemicCarp’sBarkingGeckos(P. carpi)reside northoftheriverinthegravelplains,wheretheyburrowinhardersoilsthatusuallyaremixedwithsmallpebbles(Henscheletal.2006,Haacke1964).Distinctfrom

Fig. 6.TheCommonNamibDayGecko(Rhoptropus afer; left) iswidelydistributedthroughoutthegravelplains.Turner’sThick-ToedGecko(Chondrodactylus turneri;right)caneasilybelocatedatnightbyitsbrighteyeshine.

Fig. 7.TheGiantGroundGecko(Chondrodactylus anguilifer;left) likelycapitalizesonthescorpion-richsystemforprey,althoughthecommonBlackHairyThick-tailedScorpion(Parabuthus villosus;right)isnearfatalforhumansandmaybeariskymealevenforGiantGroundGeckos.

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theothertwobarkinggeckos,P. carpihasthesimplestburrowstructure,arguablybecauseofitshabitat-specificrequirements(Haacke1964).

Living DunesFromadistancethedunes(Fig.9)appearasmoundsofsedi-ment,yetupclosetheyhostcommunitiesofplants,inverte-brates,lizards,snakes,andevensomemammalsandbirds.Beetlesandotherinvertebratesusethesmallpocketsofveg-etationasrefugiafrompredatorsandtheheat.Infact,amajorsourceofthesoilnitrogenarisesfromtheuricacidwastedepositsexcretedbybeetles(HadleyandSzarek1981).Evenmoreinterestingaretheherpetologicalfood-webdynamics.AsingledunemayhostatleastthreetofivedifferentspeciesoflizardsalongwiththeoccasionalPsammophissandsnakeand

adder.Forinstance,Brain’sBlindLeglessSkink(Typhlosaurus braini)isanocturnallizardthatspendsitsentirelifebur-rowinginsandwhereitpreysoninsectlarvaeandtermites(Branch1999).Despiteitscommonlyvisibletracksalongthesurfaceofthedunes,ourattemptstocaptureT. brainiwithpittrapswereunfruitful.Littleisknownaboutthisparticularskink,makingitagreattargetfornaturalhistoryorbehavioralresearch.

Web-footed GeckoTheNamibDuneGecko (Palmatogecko rangei; Fig. 10) standsoutforitsuniquelifehistoryandspecializedmor-phological adaptations.Even though their appearance isdistinct frommanyothergeckospecies, theyareactuallycloselyrelatedtotheThick-toedGeckos(Chondrodactylus spp.;Branch1999).Thesemitransparent,pink-tancolor-ationofP. rangeiblendswiththedunes.Perfectlyadaptedtoaridhabitats,theyacquirewaterthroughfogabsorptionandthefoodtheyconsume(Branch1999).Fogaccumulatesandthesandishighlycompactedfromwindandmoisture

Fig. 8.BoththeCommonBarkingGecko(Ptenopus garrulous;left)andKoch’sBarkingGecko(P. kochi;right)feedoninvertebratesandoccasionallyveg-etation.BarkingGeckosarethemostcommonnocturnalreptilesintheNamibDesert,wheretheyserveaspreyforpredatoryvertebratesaswellasWhiteLadySpiders(Leucorchestris arenicola;Cloudsley-Thompson1991).

Fig. 9.Strongdirectionalwindpatternsinsand-limitedenvironmentsformhalf-moonshapeddunesknownasbarchans.IntheNamibDesert,thesepanoramicdunescanrangefromafewhundredmeterstoalmost200kminlengthandfrom200to300minheight(Middleton2009).Ifyouareobservingdiurnallizardactivity,leaveearlyinthemorningandseekshadebeforethemiddleofthedaywhensubstratetemperaturescanreachwellover35°C.

Fig. 10.NamibDuneGeckos(Palmatogecko rangei)arefrequentlyencoun-teredalongthedunesintheevening.However,catchingthesegeckoscanberatherdifficultastheycansprintanddigrapidlythroughthesand;pursuingtheminsmallgroupsworkswell.

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atthelowerbasesofduneswheretheyoccur,(RussellandBauer1990).Theirdistinctivewebbedtoepads,whichlikelyemergedastheirclawswerereducedoverevolutionarytime,notonlyfunctionassnowshoe-likemorphologicalstructuresforglidingalongthesand,buttheycanalsoserveasshovelsforsiftingthroughsandduringburrowconstruction(RussellandBauer1990).Amazingly,thespanoftheirfeetcanreach236°,providingthemwiththegreatestdigitalspanofallrep-tilesknowntoman(RussellandBauer1990)!

Shovel versus WedgeThe Shovel-snouted Lizard (Meroles anchietae) and theWedge-snouted Lizard (Meroles cuneirostris) are closelyrelatedphylogeneticallybutvarydistinctly in theirmor-phology(Fig.11).Thecommonnamesreflecttheshapesoftheirheads.Additionally,M. anchiteae(SVL:M=49mmandF=44mm)areonaveragesmallerthanM. cuneirostris (SVL:M=54mmandF=49mm;GoldbergandRobinson1979).Theirsnoutsandlong,thinhindlegsallowthemtomaneuverquicklythroughsandtoescapedeadlyheatandabundantpredators(Branch1999).Wedge-snoutedLizards(M. cuneirostris;Fig.12)occupythelowerbasesofthesanddunes,frequentlyneartheKuisebriverbed.Theyoftenforageintheinterduneplains,wherethehabitatisflat,sandy,and

vegetated,andarehosttoavarietyofinsects(GoldbergandRobinson1979).Incontrast,M. anchietaeisprimarilyfoundonsteepslopesoftheduneswherevegetationisminimal.Theirdietconsistsmainlyoftwospeciesofarthropodsandseedsthataredispersedbythewind(GoldbergandRobinson1979).However,bothoftheselacertidsexhibithigh-speedlocomotionacrosssandviathefringedtoes,amechanismprovidingforboththermalregulationandpredatoravoid-ance(Branch1999).Apparently,theadvantageofashovel-orwedge-shapedsnoutreliesonthedistinctsandymicrohabitatsofthedunes.

DiscussionOverall,TheGobabebResearchandTrainingCentreisaprimeresearchfacilityforfieldworknotonlybecauseofitshighreptilediversity,butalsoduetoitsstrongemphasisoncollaborationand sustainability—conservingwater andexploitingsunlightforelectricityinafragilelandscape.WehighlyrecommendabriefvisittoGobabebtoviewandlearn

Fig. 11.BothWedge-snoutedDesertLizards(Meroles cunirostris;left)andShovel-snoutedLizards(M. anchietae;right)diveintosandtoescapepredators.Patchyvegetationonthedunesisanoasisforbiologicalactivity,aslizardsforageinthebrushforarthropodswhilesnakessearchforlizards.

Fig. 12.TheWedge-snoutedDesertLizard(Meroles cunirostris;left)isacommonpreyitemfortheCapeSandSnake(Psammophis leightoni)onthelowerstretchesofthedunes.Thecoloredbeadsarefromapreviousmark-recapturestudy.

Fig. 13.TheErellInstitutehostedamotleycrewofwildlifeenthusiasts,eagertolearnabouttheherpetofaunaoftheNamibDesert.Studentsrep-resentedmanynations:Botswana,Cherokee,Cheyenne,Chickasaw,Hopi,Namibia,ThreeAffiliatedTribes,andYaqui.“Educationisyourgreatestweapon.Idonotthinkthemeasureofacivilizationishowtallitsbuildingsofconcreteare,butratherhowwellitspeoplehavelearnedtorelatetotheirenvironmentandfellowman.”—SunBear(Chippewa).

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abouttheirprogressiveapproachtosustainability,experiencetheirwelcomingcommunity,andimmerseyourselfintheregion’suniquebiodiversity.

AcknowledgementsWearegrateful to theefficientandaccommodatingstaffandadministrationoftheGobabebResearchandTrainingCentre.TheNationalScienceFoundationprovidedfundingfortravel,researchsupplies,andstipends.TheErellInstituteorganizedthisundergraduateresearchexperiencewhilefoster-inglife-longconnectionsforindigenousstudentsfromtheUnitedStates,Namibia,andBotswana(Fig.13).

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