Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
University of Phoenix Material
Qualitative Research Methods Matrix
Instructions: Refer to your syllabus for specific instructions Be detailed and thorough in your descriptions. Be sure to properly cite your sources (in-text and on the reference page) according to APA
v. 6 standards.
Primary Characteristics Current Peer-Reviewed StudyCase Study
Empirical inquiry or idiographic research that investigates a contemporary phenomenon with in its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidenceare used. The phenomenon is usually studied for a period of time and can be a person, program, or event.
Characteristics include: Attempts to shed light on a
phenomena by studying in depth a
Spence and Rinaldi (2014)
utilize the case study approach to
propose a need for governmentality
and four analytics (visibility,
techne, episteme, and identity
formation) of government as a means
to examine systematic ways of
exercising power and authority.
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
single case example of the phenomena
its unique or exceptional qualities can promote understanding or inform practicefor similar situations
Developing an in-depth description and analysis of a case or multiple cases
It is common in medicine, education, and political science, but also in law, psychology, sociology, and anthropology
Use multiple sources such as interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts forms of data collection
Data is analyzed through descriptions of the case, themes, and cross-case themes ofthe case
Strengths: Appropriate for investigating
how an individual or program changes over time, perhaps as the result of certain conditions
Theoretical framework was used to
illuminate the specific rationales
and practices of government that
enable particular aspirations of
reform – such as sustainability – to
be constituted. The analysis is
informed by the discussion of the
implementation of sustainability-
orientated regimes of practice in
the context of a single supply chain
within a major supermarket chain in
the UK against the theoretical
analytics of government.
The authors demonstrate novel
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
or interventions Especially suitable for learning
more about a little known or poorly understood situation
may be utilized to help you portray the probable conditions of a particular situation
Useful for generating or providing preliminary support for hypotheses
It allows for multiple or collective study as a means for making comparisons, build theory, or propose generalizations
Limitations: Its major weakness is that,
especially when only a single case is involved, we cannot be sure that the findings are generalizable to other situations
The researcher must identify hisor her case
Types of Case Study designs: Single instrumental Collective or multiple Intrinsic
empirical insights into how
sustainability accounting shaped
forms of power, rationales and
practices in a supply chain. The
article explores the extent to which
senior decision-takers frame and use
sustainability accounting to foster
disciplinary effects based
ostensibly upon social and
environmental goals. The evidence in
this study was collected using semi-
structured in-depth personal
interviews with eight senior
managers between February and April
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
Group observation to determine how and why a situation exists as an attempt to find patterns of internal and external influences that answers questions” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014)
2009 as the foremost body of data.
The case study organization is a UK
based supermarket, which will be
anonymous for reasons of
confidentiality.
The main aim of the interviews
was to acquire in-depth
understanding of the accounts given
of the rationales and practice that
emerged during the implementation of
a sustainability accounting
framework with the purpose of
embedding sustainability in
decision-making.
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
Finally, another body of data was
drawn from observations made while
examining Sustainability Reports
produced as part of the
organization’s annual corporate
reporting cycle in the last 5 years;
other publicly available documents
mentioned in these regular reports
and internal documentation made
available by the supermarket.
Our key contribution emerges from an
examination of the conditions under
which businesses practice engaging
in sustainability. Mitchell Dean’s
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
typology of analytics of
governmentality was utilized
relating to the fields of
visibility, techne, episteme, and
identity formation to guide our
analysis.
Limitations to the research
include: a single case focus which
involves only a handful of tiers of
supply all in the same country
compared to national or global
observation as well as this regime
lacked information regarding the
effect that this regime had on
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
consumers.
The purpose of this paper was to
critically analyze the specific
conditions under which corporate
engagement in sustainability is
enacted, maintained and transformed,
through a set of regimes of practice
that seek to embed the social and
environmental impact of corporate
actions into decision-making. Spence
and Rinaldi (2014) believe that they
have achieved their goals by
utilizing the analytics of
government as a guiding framework
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
for understanding a supermarket
seeking ostensibly to enhance
sustainability in its supply chain.
PhenomenologyThe study of lived experiences of persons, the view that these experiences are conscious ones and the development of descriptions of the essences of these experiences notexplanations or analyses. A study that attempts to understand people’s perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation or phenomenon” (Creswell, 2014; Leedy & Ormrod, 2013)
Characteristics include: Refers to a “person’s perception
of the meaning of an event, as opposed to the event as it exists externally to the person
Reduce individual experiences with a phenomenon to a description of the universal
Authors Loncar, Barrett, and Liu
(2013) emphasize on the growth of
asynchronous online discussion (AOD)
in primary, secondary,
undergraduate, and post-graduate
contexts and courses has resulted in
a growing body of literature that
provides valuable insights into the
issues surrounding the use of online
writing, online discussion, and
distance and blended learning in
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
essence Drawing from philosophy,
psychology, and education Unit of analysis usually
consists of the studying of several individuals that have shared the experience by way of interviews, documents, observations, and artifacts
Data is analyzed for significantstatements, meaning units, textural and structural description, and description of the essence
Integration of the meaning unitsinto a seemingly typical experience
Strengths: A method that allows researchers
who have had past experiences with the phenomenon in question and wants to gain a better understanding of the experiencesof others by looking at multipleperspectives
Data helps provide a structural approach for novice researchers
formal education worldwide. This
phenomenological critical literature
review provides an overview of
research focused on forum use and
AOD published from 2008 to 2012.
Papers were chosen based on a
selection process suggested by Wu et
al. (2012), where nine of the most
influential e-learning education and
educational review journals were
searched according to year, 2008–
2012, and the following keywords:
forum, threaded discussion, and
threaded chat. Three
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Suspending a researcher’s understanding in a reflective move that cultivates curiosity
Limitations: Researcher’s experiences with
the phenomena may be different from others thus objection may deteriorate
Requires at least some understanding of the broader philosophical assumptions and these should be identified by the researcher
Types of Phenomenon Designs: Hermeneutic Empirical Transcendental or Psychological
The focus of phenomenological inquiryis what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those experiences.A study that tries to answer “what is
teachers/educational researchers,
each with at least five years of
experience using forum and AOD in
university contexts, further
filtered the corpus through
following a detailed
inclusion/exclusion procedure, which
resulted in a refined corpus of 43
journal papers.
The refined corpus was also analyzed
qualitatively via phenomenological
method (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin,
2009), in order to identify and
contextualize meaningful statements
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
it like to experience such and such?”(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014; Flood, 2010; Lindseth & Norberg, 2004)
and themes. Discussion focuses on
the existence of a dominant research
paradigm that we divide into four
investigative impulses and discuss:
argumentative, comparative,
relational, and analytical.
Results show that most online forum
discussions were carried out through
or on LMS platforms. This is due in
large part to the expansion of LMS
adoption, most all of which include
some forum or AOD component, among
universities and colleges, as well
as the rise of blended and distance
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
learning. Another possible
explanation is because most of the
research is based in higher
education settings where LMSs such
as Moodle and Blackboard are
frequently used.
Limitations showed that there
is a lack of historical quantitative
data on forum and AOD use in
distance learning, as well as
blended learning, we expect to see
the percentage of papers
Grounded Theory Is the least likely to begin from a
particular theoretical framework. Theterm grounded refers to the idea that
Burland and Magee (2014) uses
the grounded theory to explore the
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
the theory that emerges from the study is derived from and rooted in data that have been collected in the field rather than taken from the research literature” (Leedy & Ormrod,2013, p. 7). A set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development based a process, action, or interaction shaped by views of a large number of participants” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013, p. 8).
Characteristics include: Produce a “theory that explains
a process based on observation Design used for developing
theories through primary interviewing, developing patterns or themes, and composing a visual that describethis theory (Creswell, 2002)
Purpose is to begin with the data and use them to develop a theory
Study focuses on a process related to a particular topic
ways in which the use of music
technology in therapeutic settings
helps people with a range of
differing abilities to establish a
sense of identity as they adjust to
changing physical abilities. 12
interviews with six music
therapists, each experienced users
of electronic equipment using
musical instrument digital interface
(MIDI)-generated sounds triggered by
specialist input devices, and
working within a variety of
therapeutic settings, considered the
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
including people’s actions and interactions with the ultimate goal of developing a theory about that process
Strengths: Helpful when current theories
about a phenomenon are either inadequate or nonexistent
It moves from the specific to the more general
Seeks to generate a theory that explains a process or action
Adds flexibility and allows the data and theory to interact
Conducting a relatively thoroughliterature review outweigh the disadvantages
Works and writings about a topiccan often help a researcher think more clearly and insightfully about the data collected
Researcher bias is unlikely to affect the outcome due to strongdata theory linkages
Limitations:
various applications, benefits, and
risks of using technology in such
contexts. Examination of case study
video footage provided by each
therapist was incorporated within
the interviews in order to
facilitate a detailed and focused
discussion. Data were analyzed
independently by two
multidisciplinary investigators
using open coding procedures from
grounded theory.
The findings in this ground
theory design suggest that music
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
Premature commitment to a set ofanalytical categories exists
Too much advance knowledge of earlier research regarding a topic may limit a researcher’s ability to be open-minded about how to analyze and interpret hisor her own data
Researchers can unintentionally change the outcome of an experiment due to they already have a hypothesis and they try to fit the data to that hypothesis
Types of Grounded Theory Designs: Systematic Constructivist Emerging
Grounded theory denotes dual referents:
A method consisting of flexible methodological strategies
The products of this type of inquiry
It is a research method that involvesforming a theory based on the
technology provides a means to
assist people with complex needs to
form alternative identities by: (1)
offering a sense of empowerment,
independence and achievement; and
(2) allowing access to alternative
identities through associations with
wider cultural contexts. The
implications are far-reaching and
suggest that music technology has a
valuable role to play within
therapeutic contexts which has not
previously been identified. Self-
image is formed from continuous
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gathered data as opposed to gatheringdata after forming a theory, as such,it turns the whole research process around because the theory is groundedin the data” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013, Creswell, 2014; Glaser, 2009).
interactions with others, reliant on
oneself as a part of a social group.
The investigation resulted in
five major categories which emerged
from data analysis and were defined
as process, risk, palette of
opportunities, identity, and
traditional resources. The authors
aim to explain the advantages of
EMTs from an identity perspective,
seeking to illustrate the extent to
which clients are empowered and
motivated by using these kinds of
technologies. Music therapy with
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those with a narrative sense of self
aims to challenge negative self-
constructs stemming from dependency
by offering opportunities to learn
and develop new skills by way of
EMTs which is tailored to suit the
available movements of clients no
matter how minimal or weak or
require constant therapist
facilitation.
Examining the benefits of EMTs
for the formation and reformation of
identity offers an opportunity to
evaluate the effectiveness of
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technology for achieving the aims of
music therapy. EMTs offer more than
the opportunity to learn new skills:
they enable individuals to
communicate with others by
expressing something of them through
the music. Social constructionism
views identity as formed through our
social encounters. The author did
not list any limitations to their
study however one must consider the
size and geographical themes that
remained absent from the study. EMTs
are still relatively under-utilized
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
by therapists, for reasons detailed
elsewhere but the data reported here
suggest that the benefits are worth
the necessary investment and
training.
EthnographyA research design that “looks in-depth at an entire group that shares a common culture to understand how behaviors reflect the culture of a group. The term has come to be equated with virtually any qualitative research project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday lifeand practice” (Creswell, 2014; Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).
Characteristics include: Focuses on the “sociology of
meaning through close field observation of socio-cultural orcommunity phenomena
Authors Cycil, Perry, & Laurier
(2014) observe how families spend
their time in the car. From
ethnographic studies of family car
journeys, the authors examine the
work of parents in managing multiple
stresses while driving, along with
the challenges of distractions from
media use and disputes in the car.
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
Describes and interprets a culture-sharing group to understand how behaviors reflectthe culture of a group
A research that draws from anthropology and sociology
Data analysis consists of studying a group that shares thesame culture primarily by observations, interviews, documents, artifact, and collecting other sources during extended time in the field
Analyzing data through description of the culture-sharing group; themes about the group
Identification of significant phenomena and underlying structures and beliefs
Strengths: Researcher might gain insights
about the group and its behaviors that could not be obtained in any other way
Both a process and an outcome ofresearch a means for studying a
Keeping these family extracts as a
focus for analysis, the authors draw
out some design considerations that
help build on the observations from
our empirical work.
Based on recent travel data, on
average more trips were made by
people living in households
containing two adults with children
than any other household type the
author’s work is therefore placed to
further understand how frustrations
develop and emerge in the context of
family car travel. The data
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culture-sharing group as well asthe final product of that research
The ability to study the group in its natural setting for a lengthy period of time with a focus on everyday behaviors of the people in the group
A way of identifying cultural norms, beliefs, social structures, and other cultural patterns
Limitations: The researcher may become so
emotionally involved as to lose the ability to assess the situation accurately
The researcher may go native by joining the group and therefore becoming unable to complete the study or he or she may compromise the study
Involved prolonged time in the field
Narratives are with storytellingapproach
Researcher needs to have a
presented here draws on ethnographic
and video studies carried out over a
period of seven months with five
families in the UK during 2012-13. A
week of ethnographic field visits to
the family homes were carried out
during which the researcher
accompanied them on car journeys.
The researchers provided the
families with two video cameras and
asked them to record their family
journeys for the next 3-4 weeks.
Given the challenging environment of
the car as a research field site,
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grounding in cultural anthropology and the meaning of a social-cultural system as wellas the concepts typically explored by ethnographers
Types of Ethnography designs: Narratives Story tellers Realist critical
Storytelling approach may limit the audience for the work and may be challenged for authors accustomed to traditional approaches to writing social and human science research. Ethnography requires both considerable patience and tolerance” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014)
families recorded most journeys
without the researcher present. This
enabled the data to be collected
over long journeys and gave a good
representation of overall journeys
that families made over the course
of a month. In the analysis that is
presented in this paper, we use two
sources to present the data extract:
ethnographic observations with
families from the researcher’s field
observations and fragments from the
video recordings of car journeys.
Design for the family car,
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needs to consider the complex
interactions of temporal and spatial
demands in carrying out family
activities. While entertainment
media offer solutions for stress and
frustration, based on some of our
field observations we suggest some
recommendations that can better
improve their integration into the
car environment to support the work
of parents. The authors recommended
car systems that integrate tagging,
recognition and tracking of items as
a part of the routine of getting
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ready for the journey.
Future technology for the back
seat may incorporate a brief record
of the child’s day sent to the car
in advance of the child being
collected would help parents shape
their responses. Volume controls for
in-car media can be centralized if
the technology is embedded into the
car. A RFID tag embedded on the
inside of the car could trigger an
enabled device to silent mode.
Arguing for taking turns on a
device, future in car systems may
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incorporate ‘turn taking’ to
reconfigure a game for more than one
child passenger. Limitations of the
study were not discussed however
size and location was identified as
a limitation as well as venues for
future research studies.
The authors surmised that the
varied demands that a family faces
during car journeys make the family
car a worthwhile site for the study
and design of technology against
frustration. The key sources of
frustration and disputes that come
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up in the data pertain to the
organization of the journey and the
contribution of entertainment media.
References
Burland, K., & Magee, W. (2014). Developing identities using music technology in
therapeutic
settings. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 177-189.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
approaches, (4th ed.). New York, NY: Sage.
Cycil, C., Perry, M. J., & Laurier, E. (2014). Designing for frustration and disputes in
the family
car. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/33607_Swanborn.pdf
Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7
Flood, A. (2010). Understanding phenomenology. Nurse Researcher, 17(2), 7-15.
Glaser, B. G. (2009). The novice GT researcher. Grounded Theory Review, 8(2), 1-21.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J.E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design (10th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lindseth, A., & Norberg, A. (2004). A phenomenological hermeneutical method for
researching
Lived experience. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 18(2), 145-153.
Loncar, M., Barrett, N. E., & Liu, G.-Z. (2014). Towards the refinement of forum and
asynchronous online discussion in educational contexts worldwide: Trends and
investigative approaches within a dominant research paradigm. Computers & Education, 73,
93–110. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.12.007
Spence, L. J., & Rinaldi, L. (2014). Governmentality in accounting and accountability: A
case
study of embedding sustainability in a supply chain.Accounting, Organizations and
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