Qualitative Research In-depth

Qualitative Research Methods MatrixRES/711 Version 7

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Qualitative Research Methods Matrix

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v. 6 standards.

Primary Characteristics Current Peer-Reviewed StudyCase Study

Empirical inquiry or idiographic research that investigates a contemporary phenomenon with in its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidenceare used. The phenomenon is usually studied for a period of time and can be a person, program, or event.

Characteristics include: Attempts to shed light on a

phenomena by studying in depth a

Spence and Rinaldi (2014)

utilize the case study approach to

propose a need for governmentality

and four analytics (visibility,

techne, episteme, and identity

formation) of government as a means

to examine systematic ways of

exercising power and authority.


single case example of the phenomena

its unique or exceptional qualities can promote understanding or inform practicefor similar situations

Developing an in-depth description and analysis of a case or multiple cases

It is common in medicine, education, and political science, but also in law, psychology, sociology, and anthropology

Use multiple sources such as interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts forms of data collection

Data is analyzed through descriptions of the case, themes, and cross-case themes ofthe case

Strengths: Appropriate for investigating

how an individual or program changes over time, perhaps as the result of certain conditions

Theoretical framework was used to

illuminate the specific rationales

and practices of government that

enable particular aspirations of

reform – such as sustainability – to

be constituted. The analysis is

informed by the discussion of the

implementation of sustainability-

orientated regimes of practice in

the context of a single supply chain

within a major supermarket chain in

the UK against the theoretical

analytics of government.

The authors demonstrate novel


or interventions Especially suitable for learning

more about a little known or poorly understood situation

may be utilized to help you portray the probable conditions of a particular situation

Useful for generating or providing preliminary support for hypotheses

It allows for multiple or collective study as a means for making comparisons, build theory, or propose generalizations

Limitations: Its major weakness is that,

especially when only a single case is involved, we cannot be sure that the findings are generalizable to other situations

The researcher must identify hisor her case

Types of Case Study designs: Single instrumental Collective or multiple Intrinsic

empirical insights into how

sustainability accounting shaped

forms of power, rationales and

practices in a supply chain. The

article explores the extent to which

senior decision-takers frame and use

sustainability accounting to foster

disciplinary effects based

ostensibly upon social and

environmental goals. The evidence in

this study was collected using semi-

structured in-depth personal

interviews with eight senior

managers between February and April


Group observation to determine how and why a situation exists as an attempt to find patterns of internal and external influences that answers questions” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014)

2009 as the foremost body of data.

The case study organization is a UK

based supermarket, which will be

anonymous for reasons of

confidentiality.

The main aim of the interviews

was to acquire in-depth

understanding of the accounts given

of the rationales and practice that

emerged during the implementation of

a sustainability accounting

framework with the purpose of

embedding sustainability in

decision-making.


Finally, another body of data was

drawn from observations made while

examining Sustainability Reports

produced as part of the

organization’s annual corporate

reporting cycle in the last 5 years;

other publicly available documents

mentioned in these regular reports

and internal documentation made

available by the supermarket.

Our key contribution emerges from an

examination of the conditions under

which businesses practice engaging

in sustainability. Mitchell Dean’s


typology of analytics of

governmentality was utilized

relating to the fields of

visibility, techne, episteme, and

identity formation to guide our

analysis.

Limitations to the research

include: a single case focus which

involves only a handful of tiers of

supply all in the same country

compared to national or global

observation as well as this regime

lacked information regarding the

effect that this regime had on


consumers.

The purpose of this paper was to

critically analyze the specific

conditions under which corporate

engagement in sustainability is

enacted, maintained and transformed,

through a set of regimes of practice

that seek to embed the social and

environmental impact of corporate

actions into decision-making. Spence

and Rinaldi (2014) believe that they

have achieved their goals by

utilizing the analytics of

government as a guiding framework


for understanding a supermarket

seeking ostensibly to enhance

sustainability in its supply chain.

PhenomenologyThe study of lived experiences of persons, the view that these experiences are conscious ones and the development of descriptions of the essences of these experiences notexplanations or analyses. A study that attempts to understand people’s perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation or phenomenon” (Creswell, 2014; Leedy & Ormrod, 2013)

Characteristics include: Refers to a “person’s perception

of the meaning of an event, as opposed to the event as it exists externally to the person

Reduce individual experiences with a phenomenon to a description of the universal

Authors Loncar, Barrett, and Liu

(2013) emphasize on the growth of

asynchronous online discussion (AOD)

in primary, secondary,

undergraduate, and post-graduate

contexts and courses has resulted in

a growing body of literature that

provides valuable insights into the

issues surrounding the use of online

writing, online discussion, and

distance and blended learning in


essence Drawing from philosophy,

psychology, and education Unit of analysis usually

consists of the studying of several individuals that have shared the experience by way of interviews, documents, observations, and artifacts

Data is analyzed for significantstatements, meaning units, textural and structural description, and description of the essence

Integration of the meaning unitsinto a seemingly typical experience

Strengths: A method that allows researchers

who have had past experiences with the phenomenon in question and wants to gain a better understanding of the experiencesof others by looking at multipleperspectives

Data helps provide a structural approach for novice researchers

formal education worldwide. This

phenomenological critical literature

review provides an overview of

research focused on forum use and

AOD published from 2008 to 2012.

Papers were chosen based on a

selection process suggested by Wu et

al. (2012), where nine of the most

influential e-learning education and

educational review journals were

searched according to year, 2008–

2012, and the following keywords:

forum, threaded discussion, and

threaded chat. Three


Suspending a researcher’s understanding in a reflective move that cultivates curiosity

Limitations: Researcher’s experiences with

the phenomena may be different from others thus objection may deteriorate

Requires at least some understanding of the broader philosophical assumptions and these should be identified by the researcher

Types of Phenomenon Designs: Hermeneutic Empirical Transcendental or Psychological

The focus of phenomenological inquiryis what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those experiences.A study that tries to answer “what is

teachers/educational researchers,

each with at least five years of

experience using forum and AOD in

university contexts, further

filtered the corpus through

following a detailed

inclusion/exclusion procedure, which

resulted in a refined corpus of 43

journal papers.

The refined corpus was also analyzed

qualitatively via phenomenological

method (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin,

2009), in order to identify and

contextualize meaningful statements


it like to experience such and such?”(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014; Flood, 2010; Lindseth & Norberg, 2004)

and themes. Discussion focuses on

the existence of a dominant research

paradigm that we divide into four

investigative impulses and discuss:

argumentative, comparative,

relational, and analytical.

Results show that most online forum

discussions were carried out through

or on LMS platforms. This is due in

large part to the expansion of LMS

adoption, most all of which include

some forum or AOD component, among

universities and colleges, as well

as the rise of blended and distance


learning. Another possible

explanation is because most of the

research is based in higher

education settings where LMSs such

as Moodle and Blackboard are

frequently used.

Limitations showed that there

is a lack of historical quantitative

data on forum and AOD use in

distance learning, as well as

blended learning, we expect to see

the percentage of papers

Grounded Theory Is the least likely to begin from a

particular theoretical framework. Theterm grounded refers to the idea that

Burland and Magee (2014) uses

the grounded theory to explore the


the theory that emerges from the study is derived from and rooted in data that have been collected in the field rather than taken from the research literature” (Leedy & Ormrod,2013, p. 7). A set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development based a process, action, or interaction shaped by views of a large number of participants” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013, p. 8).

Characteristics include: Produce a “theory that explains

a process based on observation Design used for developing

theories through primary interviewing, developing patterns or themes, and composing a visual that describethis theory (Creswell, 2002)

Purpose is to begin with the data and use them to develop a theory

Study focuses on a process related to a particular topic

ways in which the use of music

technology in therapeutic settings

helps people with a range of

differing abilities to establish a

sense of identity as they adjust to

changing physical abilities. 12

interviews with six music

therapists, each experienced users

of electronic equipment using

musical instrument digital interface

(MIDI)-generated sounds triggered by

specialist input devices, and

working within a variety of

therapeutic settings, considered the


including people’s actions and interactions with the ultimate goal of developing a theory about that process

Strengths: Helpful when current theories

about a phenomenon are either inadequate or nonexistent

It moves from the specific to the more general

Seeks to generate a theory that explains a process or action

Adds flexibility and allows the data and theory to interact

Conducting a relatively thoroughliterature review outweigh the disadvantages

Works and writings about a topiccan often help a researcher think more clearly and insightfully about the data collected

Researcher bias is unlikely to affect the outcome due to strongdata theory linkages

Limitations:

various applications, benefits, and

risks of using technology in such

contexts. Examination of case study

video footage provided by each

therapist was incorporated within

the interviews in order to

facilitate a detailed and focused

discussion. Data were analyzed

independently by two

multidisciplinary investigators

using open coding procedures from

grounded theory.

The findings in this ground

theory design suggest that music


Premature commitment to a set ofanalytical categories exists

Too much advance knowledge of earlier research regarding a topic may limit a researcher’s ability to be open-minded about how to analyze and interpret hisor her own data

Researchers can unintentionally change the outcome of an experiment due to they already have a hypothesis and they try to fit the data to that hypothesis

Types of Grounded Theory Designs: Systematic Constructivist Emerging

Grounded theory denotes dual referents:

A method consisting of flexible methodological strategies

The products of this type of inquiry

It is a research method that involvesforming a theory based on the

technology provides a means to

assist people with complex needs to

form alternative identities by: (1)

offering a sense of empowerment,

independence and achievement; and

(2) allowing access to alternative

identities through associations with

wider cultural contexts. The

implications are far-reaching and

suggest that music technology has a

valuable role to play within

therapeutic contexts which has not

previously been identified. Self-

image is formed from continuous


gathered data as opposed to gatheringdata after forming a theory, as such,it turns the whole research process around because the theory is groundedin the data” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013, Creswell, 2014; Glaser, 2009).

interactions with others, reliant on

oneself as a part of a social group.

The investigation resulted in

five major categories which emerged

from data analysis and were defined

as process, risk, palette of

opportunities, identity, and

traditional resources. The authors

aim to explain the advantages of

EMTs from an identity perspective,

seeking to illustrate the extent to

which clients are empowered and

motivated by using these kinds of

technologies. Music therapy with


those with a narrative sense of self

aims to challenge negative self-

constructs stemming from dependency

by offering opportunities to learn

and develop new skills by way of

EMTs which is tailored to suit the

available movements of clients no

matter how minimal or weak or

require constant therapist

facilitation.

Examining the benefits of EMTs

for the formation and reformation of

identity offers an opportunity to

evaluate the effectiveness of


technology for achieving the aims of

music therapy. EMTs offer more than

the opportunity to learn new skills:

they enable individuals to

communicate with others by

expressing something of them through

the music. Social constructionism

views identity as formed through our

social encounters. The author did

not list any limitations to their

study however one must consider the

size and geographical themes that

remained absent from the study. EMTs

are still relatively under-utilized


by therapists, for reasons detailed

elsewhere but the data reported here

suggest that the benefits are worth

the necessary investment and

training.

EthnographyA research design that “looks in-depth at an entire group that shares a common culture to understand how behaviors reflect the culture of a group. The term has come to be equated with virtually any qualitative research project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday lifeand practice” (Creswell, 2014; Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).

Characteristics include: Focuses on the “sociology of

meaning through close field observation of socio-cultural orcommunity phenomena

Authors Cycil, Perry, & Laurier

(2014) observe how families spend

their time in the car. From

ethnographic studies of family car

journeys, the authors examine the

work of parents in managing multiple

stresses while driving, along with

the challenges of distractions from

media use and disputes in the car.


Describes and interprets a culture-sharing group to understand how behaviors reflectthe culture of a group

A research that draws from anthropology and sociology

Data analysis consists of studying a group that shares thesame culture primarily by observations, interviews, documents, artifact, and collecting other sources during extended time in the field

Analyzing data through description of the culture-sharing group; themes about the group

Identification of significant phenomena and underlying structures and beliefs

Strengths: Researcher might gain insights

about the group and its behaviors that could not be obtained in any other way

Both a process and an outcome ofresearch a means for studying a

Keeping these family extracts as a

focus for analysis, the authors draw

out some design considerations that

help build on the observations from

our empirical work.

Based on recent travel data, on

average more trips were made by

people living in households

containing two adults with children

than any other household type the

author’s work is therefore placed to

further understand how frustrations

develop and emerge in the context of

family car travel. The data


culture-sharing group as well asthe final product of that research

The ability to study the group in its natural setting for a lengthy period of time with a focus on everyday behaviors of the people in the group

A way of identifying cultural norms, beliefs, social structures, and other cultural patterns

Limitations: The researcher may become so

emotionally involved as to lose the ability to assess the situation accurately

The researcher may go native by joining the group and therefore becoming unable to complete the study or he or she may compromise the study

Involved prolonged time in the field

Narratives are with storytellingapproach

Researcher needs to have a

presented here draws on ethnographic

and video studies carried out over a

period of seven months with five

families in the UK during 2012-13. A

week of ethnographic field visits to

the family homes were carried out

during which the researcher

accompanied them on car journeys.

The researchers provided the

families with two video cameras and

asked them to record their family

journeys for the next 3-4 weeks.

Given the challenging environment of

the car as a research field site,


grounding in cultural anthropology and the meaning of a social-cultural system as wellas the concepts typically explored by ethnographers

Types of Ethnography designs: Narratives Story tellers Realist critical

Storytelling approach may limit the audience for the work and may be challenged for authors accustomed to traditional approaches to writing social and human science research. Ethnography requires both considerable patience and tolerance” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2014)

families recorded most journeys

without the researcher present. This

enabled the data to be collected

over long journeys and gave a good

representation of overall journeys

that families made over the course

of a month. In the analysis that is

presented in this paper, we use two

sources to present the data extract:

ethnographic observations with

families from the researcher’s field

observations and fragments from the

video recordings of car journeys.

Design for the family car,


needs to consider the complex

interactions of temporal and spatial

demands in carrying out family

activities. While entertainment

media offer solutions for stress and

frustration, based on some of our

field observations we suggest some

recommendations that can better

improve their integration into the

car environment to support the work

of parents. The authors recommended

car systems that integrate tagging,

recognition and tracking of items as

a part of the routine of getting


ready for the journey.

Future technology for the back

seat may incorporate a brief record

of the child’s day sent to the car

in advance of the child being

collected would help parents shape

their responses. Volume controls for

in-car media can be centralized if

the technology is embedded into the

car. A RFID tag embedded on the

inside of the car could trigger an

enabled device to silent mode.

Arguing for taking turns on a

device, future in car systems may


incorporate ‘turn taking’ to

reconfigure a game for more than one

child passenger. Limitations of the

study were not discussed however

size and location was identified as

a limitation as well as venues for

future research studies.

The authors surmised that the

varied demands that a family faces

during car journeys make the family

car a worthwhile site for the study

and design of technology against

frustration. The key sources of

frustration and disputes that come


up in the data pertain to the

organization of the journey and the

contribution of entertainment media.

References

Burland, K., & Magee, W. (2014). Developing identities using music technology in

therapeutic

settings. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 177-189.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods

approaches, (4th ed.). New York, NY: Sage.

Cycil, C., Perry, M. J., & Laurier, E. (2014). Designing for frustration and disputes in

the family

car. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/33607_Swanborn.pdf


Flood, A. (2010). Understanding phenomenology. Nurse Researcher, 17(2), 7-15.

Glaser, B. G. (2009). The novice GT researcher. Grounded Theory Review, 8(2), 1-21.

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J.E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design (10th ed.).

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Lindseth, A., & Norberg, A. (2004). A phenomenological hermeneutical method for

researching

Lived experience. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 18(2), 145-153.

Loncar, M., Barrett, N. E., & Liu, G.-Z. (2014). Towards the refinement of forum and

asynchronous online discussion in educational contexts worldwide: Trends and

investigative approaches within a dominant research paradigm. Computers & Education, 73,

93–110. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.12.007

Spence, L. J., & Rinaldi, L. (2014). Governmentality in accounting and accountability: A

case

study of embedding sustainability in a supply chain.Accounting, Organizations and


Society, 39(6), 433-452.

Qualitative Research In-depth

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