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Progress report on classifications for
Biodiversity Research
October 2006
This report is a result from the ERA-NET BiodivERsA- a project funded through the ERA-NET scheme of the 6th
Framework Programme
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www.eurobiodiversa.org
For further information on this report, please contact: Work Package 1 Belgian Science Policy Office (BelSPO) rue de la Science, 8 B-1000 BRUSSELS www.belspo.be Work-package leader : Jurgen Tack [email protected]
Work Package 4 Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 7QB www.nerc.ac.uk Work-package leader: Pamela Kempton [email protected]
Authors: Estelle Balian (Belgium)
Angela Scialpi (Italy) Gerry Lawson (UK)
Jurgen Tack (Belgium) Marcello Buiatti (Italy)
For further information on the ERA-NET BiodivERsA programme, please contact:
BiodivERsA Secretariat Institut français de la biodiversité
57 rue Cuvier CP41 75231 Paris Cedex 05
France Tel: +33 (0)1 40 79 33 47 Fax: +33 (0)1 40 79 56 63 www.eurobiodiversa.org
Executive Manager: Flora Pelegrin
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Table of contents General Introduction...............................................................................................................6
1.1 WP1- Classification task............................................................................................6
1.2 WP4 Classification task .............................................................................................6
1.3 Structure of the Report...............................................................................................7 2 Analysis of existing approaches to classification in BiodivERsA organisations.................8
2.1 General information...................................................................................................8
2.2 Classification systems................................................................................................8
2.3 Thematic classification systems ...............................................................................10
2.4 Keyword systems.....................................................................................................12
2.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................13 3 Developing a BiodivERsA classification system.............................................................14
3.1 Classification goals: .................................................................................................15
3.2 BiodivERsA Classification – Step 1: use of the Australian Standard Research Classification....................................................................................................................16
3.3 BiodivERsA Classification Step 2 : use of an Ecosystem/Taxa component ..............16
3.4 BiodivERsA Classification - Step 3: keywords and location indicators....................17 4 Follow up Activities on Classification for Biodiversity Research ....................................18 5 Annex I: the Frascati classifications of research type ......................................................19 6 Annex II Use of CBD Articles as classifier of research purpose. .....................................20 7 Annex III Application of Automatic Classification to project abstracts ..........................24
7.1 Methods...................................................................................................................24
7.2 Initial Results...........................................................................................................24 8 Annex IV: the Australian Standard Classification implemented in the BiodivERsA RIS.31 9 Annex V: UN Geographical classification .....................................................................34 10 Annex VI - Classifications used by BIODIVERSA Partner organisations .....................39
10.1 FWF classification system: ....................................................................................39
10.2 NFI classification system: ......................................................................................50
10.3 EstSF classification system: ...................................................................................54
10.4 FTC classificaton system: ......................................................................................55
10.5 NWO themes: ........................................................................................................57
10.6 The MEC classification system: .............................................................................58
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10.7 PT-DRL classification system:...............................................................................60
10.8 BELSPO Keyword optional lists:...........................................................................61
10.9 DEFRA Keyword / classification system: ..............................................................64
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Summary BiodivERsA is an ERA Net involving 19 major research funding agencies from 15 countries in Europe with significant research funding in the field of terrestrial, freshwater and marine biodiversity. The aim of BiodivERsA is to contribute to setting up a formal mechanism to ensure connection with the strategies, priorities and budgets of national research funding agencies and its objective for the period 2004-2008 is to achieve an efficient trans-national research co-operation in the field of biodiversity research funding.
The present report has been produced jointly by BiodivERsA Workpackage 1 and Workpackage 4:
WP1: inventory, description and classification of biodiversity research programmes and research funding programmes of ERA-Net members.
WP4: Information gathering and linkage of ERA-Net members programmes with developing countries.
This report completes the first overview of existing science classification systems presented in the WP1 workshop in October 2005 (Deliverable 1.3). The first section provides the results of a more detailed analysis performed by MUIR to identify characteristics, strengths and disadvantages of the science classification systems used by BiodivERsA members, and the second section proposes a basis for options to be used in the BiodivERsA programme and project databases.
The conclusions of the classifications analysis highlighted that “biodiversity” does not appear at the same classification level, and often is not connected to the same main division from a system to another and sometimes does not even appear in the classification as a classifier. Each organisation seems to have built its own system either on a “home-made” basis to meet internal needs or by making use of a national official research classification. As a consequence, there is little compatibility between these classifications. Classifying methodology is in most systems based on a direct input from researchers.
Based on this analysis and an overview on existing classification codes for research and development in Europe, WP1 proposed to a 3-step classification as a preliminary tool to enter data in the programme and project database. This 3-steps classification includes: 1) the Australian Research Standard Classification, 2) A biodiversity component on Habitats and taxa, 3) the possiblity to enter Keywords and geographical terms. A second phase will be carried out to consider the possibility to use the CBD articles and to perform key-wording analyses based on current biodiversity projects of BiodivERsA partners. In addition, a workshop on the classification issue for biodiversity research will take place in Brussels on November 9-10 2006 to present phase one results and preliminary results of phase two to BiodivERsA partners in order to agree on our future classification strategy.
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General Introduction
1.1 WP1- Classification task The objective of WP1 is to inventory all existing biodiversity research funding programmes in FP 6 countries and make information on EU, national and regional biodiversity research funding programmes available to all European citizens.
WP1 task 2 aims at “Developing common classifications of funding opportunities and programme management methodologies” (Task Leader: Italy - Ministero della Istruzione , Università e Ricerca- MIUR)
Deliverables task 2
• D1.3 Report on methods used by biodiversity research funding agencies in the EU
• D1.4 Report proposing a unified classification system within the EU for biodiversity research funding programmes
A first WP1 workshop was held in Florence, Italy in October 2005. The goals of the WP1 workshop on “information management and research classifications” were:
• to analyze the information gathered through the questionnaire and compiled in the Funding Agency Compendium-Task 1.1 and identify gaps.
• to identify classification methods used for biodiversity research programmes by research funding agencies in the EU . The results of the workshop should initiate a discussion/working process to define possible models for a unified classification system within the EU for biodiversity research funding programmes and their management methodologies (task 1.2)
1.2 WP4 Classification task Task 4.1 aims to ‘develop searchable databases of information on biodiversity programmes and field stations/labs funded by EU Member States in developing countries’. It cooperates closely with Task 1 in this. The specific objectives of Task 4.1 are:
• to develop common methodologies for classification of biodiversity research, following recommendations and structures of the Convention for Biological Diversity;
• to encourage national databases of biodiversity programmes and projects to adopt common classification methodologies;
• to establish a searchable European meta-database of information on joint EU-developing country biodiversity research projects, programmes and facilities
Deliverables related to this task are:
• D4.2 Report of scoping workshop on ‘classification of biodiversity research programmes and projects in the EU’ (jointly with WP1 – m4), and
• D4.7 Guidelines on national recording and classification of biodiversity projects (m24)
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To a large extent Deliverable 4.2 was covered by the contribution of Workpackage 4 staff to the Florence Workshop (Deliverable 1.3) however, progress has continue since that date and this report represents the final output of Deliverable 4.2. Deliverable 4.7 will complete the reporting of classification – and this is due in month 24.
1.3 Structure of the Report The first section of the report will address existing classifications.
The second section will present the current classification options implemented in BiodivERsA database.
Follow up activities and on-going discussions will be addressed as conclusions of this report
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2 Analysis of existing approaches to classification in BiodivERsA organisations
A first overview of existing science classification systems was presented at the WP1 workshop in October 2005. This report highlighted the fact that none of the existing schemas was ideal for the classification of biodiversity research. A more detailed analysis was performed by MUIR to identify characteristics, strengths and disadvantages of the science classification systems used by BiodivERsA members, and provide a basis for options to be used in the BiodivERsA programme and project databases.
The analysis addresses the following questions:
• what is the type and structure of the of classification used?
• are these standard international classifications, or developed specifically by the funding organisation?
• is ‘biodiversity’ specifically one of the classifiers?
• how are projects allocated to classifiers – is this done by the researchers themselves?
• are keywords used in addition to classifiers
2.1 General information Research classification and keyword systems are useful instruments, which generally aim at:
• consolidating the information on funded Research and Development (R&D) projects;
• evaluating and analyzing R&D funding
Several classification and keyword systems have been implemented in European funding agencies.
The objective of this analysis is to identify and compare the systems used by BiodivERsA partner organizations. Relevant information was compiled from the organisation websites. When information was not found or not sufficient, e-mails were sent to corresponding contact persons of partner organisations.
2.2 Classification systems From the analysis of compiled data, two main different classification systems have been identified. The first is based on wide–ranging scientific classifications, while the second relies upon classifications related to specific thematic areas.
2.2.1 Classifications covering a wide range of scientific subjects
The first type of classification includes systems used by the Hungarian Ministry for Environment and Water (MEW), the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Research Council of Norway (RCN), the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR), the Estonian Science Foundation (EstSF), the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT), the Netherlands Organisation for Research (NWO) and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC).
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Hungary- The MEW uses a three-step classification developed by the Hungarian current research information system (HunCRIS), into which all researches funded in Hungary, from January 2002, are allocated. The three classifications are:
1. The Hungarian official classification of academic fields. This system distinguishes between 8 broad fields of science (divisions) at the first level and 60 disciplines at the second level.
2. The Ortelius Thesaurus1: 2158 describers arranged in seven hierarchical levels. The first level is formed of 6 divisions, each one comprising different levels of under-ordered describers, concerning the various branches of the divisions.
3. A set of free keywords provided by the project leaders.
Each project manager is asked to select the relevant discipline from the Hungarian classification, then to choose describers from the Ortelius Thesaurus, and to enter three free-keywords.
Biodiversity is one of the third level expressions of the Ortelius Thesaurus. It includes 4 suborder describers (biodiversity characterization, conservation biology, risk assessment and sustainable exploitation) at the fourth level. These, in turn, include several subjects at the fifth level.
In the following five scientific classification systems, biodiversity is neither a discipline nor a subject.
Sweden- The national classification system (used by VR and SEPA) for research in Sweden is subdivided into four levels. The first level includes 10 divisions divided into 36 on the second level. The third and the fourth level comprise 187 disciplines and 485 subjects, respectively.
Austria- In the FWF classification system, scientific disciplines are based on the systematic classification defined by the Austrian science branch of Statistics. The classification is hierarchically organised in 6 divisions, 54 disciplines (nine for each division) and 1431 subjects. Each project is assigned by the project coordinators to a specific division and then into the most appropriate discipline and at least in one subject. In fact every project can name up to 4 subjects and assigned to each subject is a value for its scientific share in the project. Moreover 6 keywords further describe the scientific topics of the project.
Norway- The classification system of the Norwegian Research Database (NFI) is based on the scientific disciplines and subdivisions proposed by the Norwegian High School and University. It is organised in a hierarchical structure with 6 divisions (equivalent to those of the previously described Austrian system), 57 disciplines and 353 subjects.
Italy- The classification scheme of the Italian Research National Portal includes three different classification systems:
• The patent classification, adapted from the International Patent classification (IPC);
• The scientific classification based on the Italian official subdivisions of scientific and educational fields;
1 http://www.info.omikk.bme.hu/nkr1/CERIF/orteliustop.htm
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• The geographic classification including the 21 Italian regions.
The patent classification is a hierarchical system in which the whole area of technology is divided into sections, classes and subclasses. The scientific classification system is arranged in 14 divisions and 359 disciplines.
Every project proposal has to specify the division, the disciplines and the geographic classifier within which it can be allocated, as well as from three up to six free keywords.
Estonia- The EstSF classification system is less detailed. It is divided into eight divisions and 51 disciplines. The EstSF grants are awarded in these fields of research.
Although covering a wide scientific scope, three agencies classify their projects based on the thematic areas of their funding programmes:
Portugal- In the FCT classification, distinction between division and disciplines is unclear. The system is organised into 41 thematic areas and only some of them are divided into subjects (19 in total). The classification scientific disciplines mirror the principal scientific areas of the agency funding programmes. In addition, four keywords are assigned to each project. In this system “biodiversity and ecology” is a subject of the biological sciences.
The Netherlands- Research projects are classified by divisions, themes and funding programmes. Two programmes are related to biodiversity: “Biodiversity” and “Biodiversity in relation to climate change”
NWO classify their projects depending on the NWO research theme within which each of them is funded. The system uses nine research themes: cultural heritage, ethical and social aspects of research and innovation, shifts in governance, cognition and behaviour, fundamentals of life processes, system earth, digitalisation and information technology, nano-sciences, emerging technologies. These themes have been identified in the NWO Strategy Document compiled in 2001.
Spain- The MEC classification system is hierarchically organised in funding programmes, sub-programmes and thematic lines. Therefore, each project is classified first by determining its funding programme, then the sub-programme and then the thematic line. In this system, there is a specific sub-programme on biodiversity that includes five thematic lines: evolution of biodiversity, ecology, biodiversity loss, conservation and new technology. These, in turn, include several sub-themes.
2.3 Thematic classification systems A Classification system based on specific thematic areas is adopted by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS), the project management agency of the German Aerospace Centre (PT-DLR), the Ireland Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the French Institute for Biodiversity (IFB).
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The UK- NERC- NERC system is a self-developed environmental classification including a set of three different classifications based on a) research fields, b) type of activity and c) the Nomenclature for the Analysis & Comparison of Science Programme & Budgets (NABS2)
The research field of a project uses four categories that span the whole range of Earth System Science supported by the Council:
• Science area (Atmospheric, Earth, Freshwater, Marine, Terrestrial)
• Secondary classification (Earth observation, Science-based Archaeology, Polar (North), Polar (South)
• Environmental and Natural Resource Issues (ENRIs), that includes 5 issues considered to be the most important ones facing the UK’s Environmental and Natural Resource Agenda (Biodiversity, Environmental Risks and Hazards, Natural Resource Management, Global Change, Pollution and Waste)
• Science topics: 51 detailed topics are present in this category
Each project is assigned to a single science area, a single secondary classification and proportionately allocated to up to 3 ENRIS and science topics.
The type of activity is classified using Frascati codes: a) Pure basic research, b) Orientated basic research; c) Applied strategic; d) Applied specific; e) Experimental development.
Each applicant is asked to allocate the project into one or more Frascati codes and to specify the percentage relevance of each code.
Sweden- FORMAS- As the national classification system in Sweden is rather simple and aggregated, other systems have been developed by various organizations in order to meet different needs. FORMAS divides research related to sustainable development into three main areas: environment and nature; agricultural sciences, animal and food; spatial planning. These three principal areas are divided into smaller subsidiary areas. Each subsidiary area is connected with various keywords to specify more precisely relevant scientific topics.
“Terrestrial ecology and biodiversity” and “aquatic ecology, biodiversity and fishing” are subsidiary areas within the research area “environment and nature”.
Germany- PT – DLR- R&D projects in the environmentally sound and sustainable development area are classified into three research areas. One of them concerns research on global change. It includes two sections (climate and atmospheric research and biosphere research) and several subsections. Biodiversity research is a subsection of biosphere research.
Ireland- EPA- Research project classification depends upon the core topic on which each of them is funded. All topics are environment related: air quality; biodiversity; cleaner
2 The NABS is “a functional classification for the analysis of public financing of R&D on the basis of the socio-economic objectives pursued by the central governments or stated by them in drafting their budgets and programmes, as opposed to a breakdown by institutions or groups of institutions to which funds are allocated”.
Eurostat concepts and definitions database: http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/bmethods/info/data/new/coded/en/all.htm
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production; climate change; land use, soil and transport; socio-economics; water quality; waste and resources management.
The UK- DEFRA- In the DEFRA’s database science projects are grouped under a list of policy related areas as well as allocated into a keyword system. In this system around 355 keywords are arranged in five hierarchical levels (Key Categories). The structure and content of the keyword list follows the Government Category List (GCL), a controlled vocabulary for the subject element of the e-Government Metadata Standard (e-GMS).
The DEFRA project officer has to select according to the hierarchy one term/word from each Key Category, which most closely relates to the primary purpose of each project. Not all projects necessary use 5 Key Categories. Moreover there is the option to associate further keywords to the projects, irrespective of the hierarchy and the structure of the list. There is no limit to the number of keywords that can be associated with a project.
Biodiversity is a word in the level 4 (fourth key category) of the classification and is associated to level 1= Environmental Protection, level 2= Land (level 3 = agricultural land+ wetlands) + Nature conservation (level 3: Habitat conservation + Marine conservation + wildlife conservation)
DEFRA undertake three research classifications on behalf of the UK Office of Science and Technology, who carries out research statistics across all Government Departments: a) the classification of the primary purpose of research funding, b) Frascati codes (see Annex 1), c) the NABS codes.
The classification of the primary purpose of research funding uses 4 classifiers: 1. General support for research 2. Government services 3. Policy support 4. Technology support
France- IFB- The IFB classification is exclusively related to biodiversity projects and it distinguishes between 3 categories: natural science projects, social science projects and transdisciplinary projects.
2.4 Keyword systems Some classifications allow additional keywords to be added by project managers. Only the Belgium Science Policy Office ( BELSPO) has an unsupervised keyword system with no external classification imposed. Each researcher has to specify an unlimited number of free keywords, in order to catalogue her/his research. Lists of thematic keywords are available to help the researcher choose appropriate words (Annex 10):
1. biodiversity unit: genetic /species /ecosystem diversity 2. research orientation: choice from the 5 former core projects of DIVERSITAS 3. habitat type: choice from the thematic programs of the CBD 4. research disciplines : choice from the list provided 5. geographical scope : choice from the list provided 6. taxonomical scope : choice from a list of phyla 7. cooperation status : national /European /international /developing countries
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2.5 Conclusions
2.5.1 Wide-range scientific classifications
Biodiversity is neither a division, discipline, nor a subject in 5 of these 9 scientific classification systems. Six systems are based on a hierarchical scientific research classification. Three systems use list of thematic areas and only in one of them the list is hierarchical. Two systems combine more than one classification (Hungary and Italy). One system (FWF) uses percentages in project allocation to subjects. At least three systems provide a set of free keywords.
The difference in the number of divisions between the scientific classifications is mainly due to the fact that some systems such as FWF and NFI classifications allocate a single division to all “natural sciences” (mathematics included), while other systems split natural sciences into separate divisions.
These differences have consequences in the lower levels, for example, “genetics” is a subject of the classification systems of FWF and NFI, while it is a discipline of the classification systems of MIUR and EstSF.
2.5.2 Thematic classifications
Thematic classifications are closely related to the Environment. Only IFB (France) is specifically targeting biodiversity but its classification only differentiates natural, social and trans-disciplinary projects.
All classifications include “Biodiversity” as a classifier but at different levels of the classifications.
One organisation, NERC, uses percentages in project allocation to classification categories and combines more than one classification.
2.5.3 Keyword systems
BelSPO does not associate projects to any research fields. Researchers are responsible for keyword choice. They can associate as many freely chosen keywords as they want without requirements but they have optional thematic lists available to help them make the appropriate choice.
2.5.4 General conclusions
When included in the classification as a classifier, “biodiversity” does not appear at the same classification level, and often is not connected to the same main division from a system to another.
Each organisation seems to have built its own system either on a “home-made” basis to meet internal needs or by making use of a national official research classification. As a consequence, there is little compatibility between these classifications.
Classifying methodology is in most systems based on a direct input from researchers. In most cases, the project leader classifies his/her project into one or several divisions, disciplines and/or subjects and/or provides a set of free keywords.
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3 Developing a BiodivERsA classification system WP1 leader, Jurgen Tack, performed a preliminary analysis of existing Research and Development (R&D) classification systems (June 2005). He highlighted that most classification systems addressed:
1. The type of activities or research effort (Frascati classes)
2. The Research fields, courses and disciplines: classification includes recognised academic disciplines, major fields of research and emerging areas of study. R&D activity is classified according to the research undertaken. In this respect, it is the nature of the R&D itself that is being catagorised, rather than the purpose of the R&D or the activity of the performing unit.
3. The Socio-economic objectives too classify R&D data according to the perceived purpose. It takes into account processes, products, health, education and other social and environmental aspects of particular interest.
4. The Strategic significance: Regional, National, International
5. The Research capacity: Infrastruture and Research performance
He could identify 398 different coding systems used in the 25 European member states, from which only 6% were fully compatible with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standard. Although there are 75 research classification codes currently used in Australia, one of the Australian codes seems especially complete and is compliant with OECD: The Australian Standard Research Classification.
Although it could be a useful analyzing tool, a new biodiversity classification would add further complexity to these existing classifications, and it would not be easily adopted by funding agencies who have devised their own classifications to cover wider areas of research than simply biodiversity, and who value stability in classifications as a prerequisite for analysis of historical trends. It is unlikely that agencies would adopt classification systems developed by a short-term project such as an ERA-Net.
The BiodivERsA Florence workshop3 agreed to investigate a classification system based on a first phase where approximately 200 biodiversity related keywords would be identified from the CBD (Convention for Biological Diversity) controlled vocabulary and the GEMET dictionary (General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus), and a second stage cluster analysis based on the keywords mutual occurrence in project abstracts
This approach has proven difficult:
• The CBD controlled vocabulary contains 850 biodiversity-related keywords, but most are focused on biodiversity policy, conservation and management rather than research. Nonetheless WP4 has argued that classification of international biodiversity research in relation to the relevant CBD Articles (14 of these are appropriate) will be of considerable benefit to member states who use these Articles in reporting to the CBD Clearinghouse (see Annex I).
3 http://www.eurobiodiversa.org/rich_files/attachments/D1.3-WP1WorkshopFlorence.pdf
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• GEMET is a huge multilingual thesaurus with 5298 Descriptors and 109 Top terms, but it is difficult to objectively extract terms which cover the range of biodiversity research projects funded by members agencies. Semi-automatic classification of abstracts is still seen as a medium-term goal of BiodivERsA and will be described within the Deliverable 4.7 report due at month 24 (see Annex II)
As an alternative for the BiodivERsA information system, Workpackage 1 has implemented a three-steps classification method that makes use of already existing and validated classification systems and keyword lists.
3.1 Classification goals: The goals of an effective classification system are:
• Enabling researchers to extract information on projects elsewhere in Europe related to their interests, where selection criteria include general scientific fields, specialist biodiversity terms, geographical scope and policy related issues.
• Enabling programme managers to apply modern business tools to analyse funding, outputs and facilities devoted to specific thematic areas.
• Enabling programme managers to compare programmes across Europe for issues like, overlap, gaps, output efficiency, forward looks etc.
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3.2 BiodivERsA Classification – Step 1: use of the Australian Standard Research Classification
Based on the overview of existing research classifications (see previous section), WP1 has implemented the Australian Standard Research Classification (ASRC) developed for the measurement and analysis of research and experimental development (R&D) in Australia. The ASRC is closely related to OECD ‘Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development’. The OECD classification is THE internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics. includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics and also contains standards for measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources4
The Australian Standard Research Classification is a set of three related classifications: a) type of activity; b) research fields, c) socio-economic objective. For our purposes only the two first levels of classification will be implemented
3.2.1 Type of Activity (Frascati Classes, Annex 1):
This classification allows R&D activity to be categorised according to the type of research effort: (definitions from ASRC 1998). These are similar to those used in the UK by NERC and DEFRA.
3.2.2 Research fields, courses and disciplines classification (RFCD)
The classification is arranged in a hierarchical structure with 24 Divisions, 139 Disciplines and 898 Subjects. A research project is to be allocated to a RFCD subject by first determining the division it relates to, then the most relevant disciple and then the most relevant subject. We only kept the second and third levels for relevant divisions to make the use of the classification easier. (Annex 4)
3.3 BiodivERsA Classification Step 2 : use of an Ecosystem/Taxa component
A biodiversity component has been added to enter information on taxon-specific research and on targeted habitat/ecosystems based on the CBD thematic programmes and on an optional list of more specific habitats (compiled from the IUCN Habitat authority file)
Classification Level 1 Taxonomy
Taxon specific Taxon non specific Unspecified
Classification .Level 2: Habitat/Ecosystems
Thematic Programs of the CBD (mandatory)
- Agricultural Biodiversity - Dry and Sub-Humid lands biodiversity - Forest Biodiversity - Inland Waters Biodiversity
4 http://www.oecdbookshop.org
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- Marine and Coastal Biodiversity -Island Biodiversity -Mountain Biodiversity
More specific habitats (suggested keywords) (optional) Unspecified
- Lakes & Ponds - Streams and Rivers - Wetlands - Brackish waters - Riparian zone - coastal and intertidal zones - Pelagic zone - Benthic zone - Abyssal zone - Coral reef - Estuaries -Cave and subterranean habitats - Cultivated and artificial habitats - Deserts - Tropical and subtropical forests - Temperate forests - Boreal Forests (Taiga) - Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub (Chaparrals) - Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands - Temperate Grasslands - Montane grasslands and shrublands - Tundra - Mangrove - Others (free text option)
3.4 BiodivERsA Classification - Step 3: keywords and location indicators
We have implemented a complementary process that allows additional free-text keywords, or controlled-vocabulary based keywords to be added to programme and project descriptions. 850 terms in the CBD controlled vocabulary are provided to the user. If these are not suitable he/she can enter free-text keywords in a second field.
In addition, the programme or project can be associated with a regional and country index term – using the United Nations geographical classification including continental, regional and country level (Annex 5)
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4 Follow up Activities on Classification for Biodiversity Research
This report summarizes the first working phase carried out on classification for biodiversity research. The issue has revealed itself more complex than expected and several activities are still in progress to define an adequate classification for biodiversity programmes and projects. The implementation of the 3 steps strategy in the BiodivERsA system is a primary attempt to provide a tool for programme managers to enter their data in the system but it should evolve and be completed by the results of these on-going activities:
A second phase will consider the possibility to use the CBD articles (Annex 2) and to perform key-wording analyses based on current biodiversity projects of BiodivERsA partners (Annex 3). These mechanisms for semi-automated allocation of index words and classification will be explored, with the aim of developing procedures which can be applied with little effort on future projects.
A workshop on classification for biodiversity research will take place in Brussels on November 9-10 2006 to present the results of phases one and two to BiodivERsA partners and to agree on which strategy should be implemented to classify biodiversity research projects in order to facilitate retrieval and search of projects but also reporting and statistical analyses.
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5 Annex I: the Frascati classifications of research type The WP4 Vienna workshop recommended that the type of research should also be recorded in BiodivERsA databases. The 5 Frascati classes were recommended
1. Basic Research - original investigation carried out to gain new knowledge. It does not have any specific practical aim or use, but the organisation doing the research can use it in an area they are interested in.
Basic research can be split into pure and orientated:
• • Pure Basic Research - which is carried out for the advancement of knowledge, without working for long-term economic or social benefits and with no positive efforts being made to apply the results to practical problems or to transfer the results to sectors responsible for its application.
• • Orientated Basic Research - which is carried out with the expectation that it will produce a broad base of knowledge likely to form the background to the solution of recognised or expected current or future problems or possibilities.
2. Applied Research - original investigation carried out to gain new knowledge. It has a specific practical aim.
Applied research can be split into strategic and specific:
3. Strategic Research - applied research where the work has practical aims, but no specific uses have been worked out for it yet. Strategic applied research can be initiated by researchers doing basic research where the research will probably have a practical use, but this has not been worked out as yet. Alternatively, government departments can initiate strategic applied research by asking for it to be carried out. It can be difficult to distinguish between strategic applied research and orientated basic research.
4. Specific Research - applied research aimed at specific products, processes or systems.
5. Experimental Development - using knowledge we already have to develop and test new materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services. This includes designing, building and using prototypes and pilot plants.
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6 Annex II Use of CBD Articles as classifier of research purpose. The WP4 Vienna workshop, and the WP1 Florence workshop recommended that CBD Articles be seriously considered as a classification which represents the ‘social purpose’ of biodiversity research. The relevant classes (and explanations) are opportunities for semi-automatic classification of projects. It is hoped to apply this classification during the next 6 months – certainly to overseas projects.
Article Title Description
6 General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable use
Research on: National strategies, plans and programmes for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans and policies. Research on: a) Idenfication of biodiversity components important for conservation and sustainable use
b) Monitoring methods c) Identifying processes and activities which have particularly adverse impacts conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
7 Identification and Monitoring
d) Methods to maintain and optimise the use of identification and monitoring data Research on: a) protected areas where special measures are needed to conserve biodiversity; b) guidelines for selection, establishment and management of protected or special conservation areas:
c) management of biological resources important for conservation of biodiversity within or outside protected areas; d) protecting ecosystems, natural habitats and viable populations of species in natural habitats;
e) promoting environmentally sound sustainable development in buffer zones; f) rehabilitation and restoration of degraded areas and recovery of threatened species;
g) regulation or control of risks associated with use and release of living modified organisms arising from biotechnology
8 In situ conservation
h) prevent introduction of, or controlling/eradicationing alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species;
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i) conditions needed for compatibility the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components; j) maintaining knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous communities for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, including equitable sharing of the benefits.
k) developing or maintaining necessary legislation for protection of threatened species and populations; l) regulate or manage negative effects on biodiversity
m) cooperate in providing financial and other support for in situ conservation. Research on: a) measures for ex-situ conservation of biodiversity components b) establishing facilities for ex-situ conservation and research on plants, animals and micro-organisms - preferably in the country of origin c) measures for recovery and rehabilitation of threatened species and their reintroduction in natural habitats; d) regulation and management of collections of biological resources from natural habitats for ex-situ conservation so as not to
9 Ex-situ conservation
threaten ecosystems and in-situ populations of species; Research on: a) integration of conservation and sustainable use of biological resources into national decision making; b) use of measures controling the use of natural resources to minimize adverse impacts on biological diversity; c) protecting customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices;
d) supporting local populations to develop and implement remedial action in degraded areas where biological diversity has been reduced
10 Sustainable use of components of biodiversity
e) encourage cooperation between governmental authorities and the private sector in developing methods for sustainable use of components of biological resources
11 Incentive Measures Research on the use of economically and socially sound measure that act as incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity
12 Research and Training
22
a) programmes for scientific and technical education and training in measures for identification, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and support for education and training in developing countries
b) promotion and encouragement of research contributing to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, particularly in developing countries
c) promotion and cooperation in the use of scientific advances in biodiversity research and conservation/sustainable use of biological resources
13 Public education and awareness
Research on promoting understanding of the importance of measures required for conservation of biological diversity, and for propagation through media and educational programmes.
Research on: a) procedures for environmental impact assessment of projects likely to have adverse effects on biological diversity; b) ensuring that environmental consequences of policies on biodiversity are accounted for;
c) promotion notification exchange of information and consultation on activities which are likely to affect the biodiversity of states or areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
d) in the case of imminent of grave danger or damage initiate activities to quantify and mitigate such damage to other countries or areas; e) promotion of national emergency responses to activities or grave events and encouragement of international cooperation to supplement national efforts
14 Impact assessment and minimising adverse effects
f) valuation of biological diversity and compensation for damage. Research on: a) national sovereign rights to determine access to genetic resources; b) creation of conditions to facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses;
15 Access to genetic resources
c) equitable sharing of research results and benefits arising from research. 16 Access to and transfer of
technology Research on: a) facilitation of transfer of technologies relevant to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity under mutually agreed terms. b) ensuring that the private sector facilitate access to and joint development of biological resources; c) patents and legal aspects of protection of biological resources
23
17 Exchange of information Research on: facilitation of exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research taking into account the special needs of developing countries (including repatriation where possible).
18 Technical and Scientific cooperation
Research on: a) Promotion of international technical and scientific cooperation in the field of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, where necessary through the appropriate international and national institutions; b) Promotion of national capabilities including human resources development institution building and exchange of experts; c) Establishment of a clearing-house mechanism; d) Promotion of joint research programmes and joint ventures for development of technologies relevant to the objectives of the convention.
19 Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of benefits
Research on: a) legislative administrative and policy measures to provide for effective participation in biotechnology research by countries which provide genetic resources; b) providing fair access to results and benefits arising from biotechnologies on mutually agreed terms; c) develop a protocol for safe transfer, hand-line and use of any living modified organism resulting from biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; d) provide information on the use and safety regulations required by contracting parties in handline such organisms.
Research on handling of biotechnology and distribution of benefits
90 Inland water ecosystems 91 Marine and coastal
biodiversity 92 Agricultural biological
diversity 93 Forest biological diversity 94 Biological diversity of dry
and sub-humid lands
Research located in these habitats
95 Mountain biodiversity
24
7 Annex III Application of Automatic Classification to project abstracts
This report presents the classification or keywording systems of BiodivERsA members, and confirms that they are unwilling to reclassify their biodiversity projects according to a common classification identified by the ERA-Net. This could be done but would take significant effort, and would only give a snapshot of current projects. It would be very unlikely to be maintained into the future, and would have no legacy for other areas of science. Thus mechanisms for semi-automated allocation of index words and classification must be explored, with the aim of developing procedures which can be applied with little effort on future projects.
7.1 Methods Thus the planned approach of WP1 and WP4 is:
1. Collect project title, abstract and keyword data from biodiversity projects submitted by as many BiodivERsA members as possible
2. Translate abstracts into a common language (this was most easily done into English).
3. Use bibliographic indexing software to identify index terms which occur sufficiently frequently to represent common themes in most country’s projects.
4. Refine the index terms manually to select synonyms and reduce the number of terms to a manageable number.
5. Use this supervised classification process to develop ‘authority files’ where index terms or combinations of terms are used to classify projects into a smaller number of classes, based on a common classification.
6. Assess the quality of the automatic classification using ‘experts’ to provide a manual classification, and progressively modify the ‘authority file’ to lean from any errors identified.
7. Email the classification to project leaders, collect their revisions and again modify the ‘authority file’ accordingly.
And as a parallel process to step (5) it is possible to map the classification terms used by different countries against a standard classification system – initially the Australian Standard Research Classification is suggested
As an alternative to step (3) a number of more sophisticated semantic tools area available (e.g. ‘Autonomy’ - which more comprehensively look at the semantic proximity of words (semantic distance for matching algorithms) and logical dependencies (a tulip is a flower).
7.2 Initial Results Steps 1-2
A total of 1222 titles and abstracts have been collected from 12 BiodivERsA members:
25
BelSPO (20); EPA_Ireland (17); Est_ST (24); FORMAS (110); HunCRIS (57); IFB_ANR (57); MEC (264); MIUR (25); NERC (596); NWO (30); Pt-DLR (29); SEPA (11).
Step 3
An evaluation version of TExtract has been used to build up an initial file of index words. TExtract is book indexing software that is normally focuses on back-of-the-book indexes for the printed publications. I.e. It normally lists the index word first, followed by the pages on which it occurs. However a modification was commissioned to print page (or project code) followed by all the index words occurring on that page.
First, TExtract creates the initial index, without having to run through the text to add or mark index terms. Next, users inspect, select, add and edit index terms and references in context, by means of dedicated navigation and editing facilities. Finally an authority file (e.g. the CBD controlled vocabulary) can be used to limit the index terms selected, and the TExtract index terms can be used to refine synonyms within this Authority file.
Steps 4-7 have not yet been completed – and will be reported in Deliverable 4.7, due in month 24.
The following table illustrates unsupervised TExtract output for CBD controlled vocabulary terms only (but only those which begin with the letters A-H since this is produced with a test version of TExtract) for a subset of NERC projects.
CBD terms are proving too restrictive for the description of scientific research projects, and will have to be significantly extended.
CBD Controlled Vocabulary Terms and occurrence in numbered projects (using text occurrences in abstracts only)
A
Access
to genetic resources 291, 1139
to the sea 291, 643, 655, 656
Adverse
environmental impacts 206, 529
impacts 206, 529, 1043
Agricultural
development 5, 51, 137, 282, 293, 306, 314, 366, 459, 534, 535, 557, 841, 1034-1036, 1167, 1212
policies 305, 1166, 1212, 1213
resources 33, 78, 289, 337, 556, 557, 1212, 1218
Agriculture 5, 54, 78, 108, 143, 144, 193, 212, 213, 230, 270, 278, 287-290, 314, 315, 332, 1034-1036, 1041
Agroecosystems 33, 78, 293, 295, 315, 556, 557, 561
33, 150, 315
Agronomy 469, 561
Air pollution 83, 908, 1037-1039
Alien species 2, 7, 303, 307, 372, 470, 586, 843, 936, 1181
Alpine ecosystems 310, 368
Animal
79-81, 86, 91, 179, 453, 462-464, 558, 559, 589, 590, 614, 647, 648, 670, 671, 673, 674, 911, 924, 941
agriculture 108, 475, 1221
biology 18, 108, 197, 452, 476, 477, 480, 538, 609, 653, 945, 1191
biotechnology 835
breeding 36, 85, 197, 401, 453, 463, 464, 475, 477, 491, 509-511, 613, 722, 847, 871, 872, 876
26
collections 43, 51, 281, 464, 925, 1194, 1198-1200
genetic resources 80, 371, 561, 1193
genetics 16, 18, 27, 79-81, 108, 115, 151, 197, 224, 453, 462-464, 673, 674, 871, 872, 911, 1078, 1079
husbandry 475
introductions 151, 456, 965, 1157
migration 397, 512, 559, 837, 877
population 21, 22, 38, 39, 42, 43, 79-81, 86, 91, 179, 453, 456, 462-464, 484, 589, 590, 647, 941, 1155
production 79, 81, 116, 243, 475, 509, 575, 580, 647, 649, 757, 820, 942, 1192
resources 80, 134, 151, 394, 557, 649, 652, 687, 758, 818, 871, 872, 876, 892, 941, 1155
sciences 232, 282, 375, 455, 490, 561, 655, 806, 967
Animals
79-81, 86, 91, 179, 453, 462-464, 558, 559, 589, 590, 614, 647, 648, 670, 671, 673, 674, 911, 924, 941
pests 457, 504
Appropriate
procedures 654
technology 260, 661-664
Aquaculture 101, 193, 202, 213, 260, 546, 547, 658, 1138
Aquatic
ecosystems 26, 87, 88, 105, 157, 162, 163, 199, 211, 220, 221, 309, 310, 340, 576, 612, 626, 627, 1170, 1172
environment 105, 141, 157, 199, 260, 304, 338, 340, 626, 627, 629, 630, 845, 905, 1063, 1141, 1142, 1145
Arid
climate 54, 99, 100, 176, 189, 521, 883
lands 61, 73, 606
soils 54, 61, 99, 100, 109, 176, 189, 241, 258, 605, 606, 754
zones 99, 171, 191, 230
Atmosphere 63, 87, 301, 311, 526, 583, 605, 606, 746, 761, 812, 845, 858, 1005, 1006, 1037-1040, 1146, 1147
Atmospheric CO2 63, 524, 543, 578, 644, 668, 928, 1069, 1085, 1086, 1174, 1209
Atmospheric pollution 95, 908, 1038-1040
B
Banks 13, 50, 74, 88, 485, 794, 829
Beaches 46, 162, 163, 200, 358, 669, 902
Benefit sharing 1187, 1208
Bilateral conventions 1178
Biodiversity 1-7, 16-18, 25-27, 143-145, 287-291, 389-397, 420-428, 552-560, 602-606, 658-664, 865-872, 1165-1170, 1172-1176, 1201-1208, 1215-1219
Bioindicators 141, 211, 239, 278, 295, 1210
Biological
development 1, 8, 25, 35, 54, 70, 282, 558, 559, 667, 668, 1050, 1087, 1088, 1178, 1181-1183, 1189, 1190, 1213, 1214
diversity
9, 25, 45, 70, 94-96, 112, 241-243, 268, 269, 276-278, 460, 525, 526, 559-561, 865-867, 1178-1180, 1185-1187
conservation 1, 4, 25, 92, 93, 108, 109, 112, 217, 278, 536, 537, 560, 562, 759, 1163, 1183-1185, 1188-1190
indicators 1, 10, 25, 179, 227, 278, 287, 288, 304, 718, 790, 1184
markers 8, 69, 93, 102, 108, 114, 267, 308, 560, 574, 790, 1050, 1099
monitoring 8, 25, 119, 210, 226, 242, 278, 459, 462, 473, 554, 555, 791, 1210, 1214
parameters 111, 119, 154, 186, 217, 241, 277, 312, 460, 562, 829, 1023, 1090, 1130
plant protection 305, 459, 524, 526
Biology 54, 108, 109, 125, 126, 137, 178, 197, 476-478, 489, 607-609, 633-640, 669, 685, 747, 748, 1031-1033, 1148
27
Biosphere reserves 111, 143, 144, 287, 288, 519, 667
Biotechnology 245, 262, 497, 498, 661-664, 835, 1139
Biotypes 172
Birds 47, 48, 84, 85, 165, 185, 210, 239, 240, 274, 314, 484, 552, 553, 570, 674, 849, 951-953, 1217
Boreal forests 369, 383, 406, 438, 439, 811, 993
Botany 324, 465, 488, 500, 508
Businesses 1165, 1166
C
Canopy 77, 457, 558, 779, 783, 933, 1005, 1090
Capacity building 146, 1143
Certification 468
Chromosome maps 324, 470, 477, 950
Classification 11, 12, 24, 57, 111, 117, 118, 152, 169, 195, 243, 321, 786, 1054, 1176
Climate
99, 100, 176, 231, 269, 270, 284, 311, 542-544, 546-548, 620, 621, 812, 813, 831-833, 1015, 1016, 1034-1036, 1146, 1147, 1170-1176
change 176, 231, 269, 270, 284, 311, 542, 543, 546-548, 560, 620, 621, 813, 831-833, 1015, 1016, 1034-1036, 1146, 1147, 1170-1176
hazards 952
Climatic
change 3, 95, 111, 147, 167, 227, 230, 231, 255-257, 270, 449, 522, 523, 526, 548, 620, 621, 1170-1172
effects 3, 95, 111, 147, 167, 226, 227, 230, 231, 263, 264, 270, 526, 536, 544, 545, 548, 1014, 1170, 1171
Coastal
are 11, 12, 22, 95, 141, 142, 148, 266, 312, 313, 323, 711, 768, 924, 965, 966, 992, 1046, 1217
development 12, 309, 313, 551, 966, 992, 1012, 1041
ecosystems 56, 95, 141, 142, 309, 312, 430, 554, 555
environments 95, 141, 142, 524, 924, 965, 966, 1046
waters 11, 12, 22, 313, 440, 551, 923, 1012
Collections 4, 13, 43, 49, 51, 96, 135, 136, 201, 208, 265, 502, 503, 533, 1139, 1175, 1197-1200
Commercial utilization genetic resources 1139
Communication
(information) 167, 658, 674, 1077, 1119, 1201
technology 1201
Community participation 354, 1209, 1213
Conservation genetic resources 4, 74, 288, 291, 307, 320, 337, 467, 468, 561, 1163, 1187, 1188, 1193
Contaminants 20, 42, 83, 149, 213, 262, 669, 675, 717, 974, 1023
Continental shelves 9, 546, 547, 845
Contracts 152, 208, 517, 526, 813, 831-833, 947
Convention on Biological Diversity 1178, 1185
Cooperation 75, 197, 248, 453, 819, 1149, 1187
Coral reefs 584, 852, 1154, 1175
Corals 145, 146, 578, 584, 852, 935, 1154, 1175
Crop
production 460, 467, 498, 1167
protection 306, 457, 460, 482, 498, 504, 1167
Crops 3, 33, 78, 289, 306, 315, 429, 457, 460, 467, 469, 498, 522, 523, 1034-1041, 1167
Cultivars 4, 271, 492, 494, 497
Cultivated
species 4, 23, 134, 337, 371, 379, 400, 457, 464, 498, 522, 541, 830, 1215
varieties 4, 271, 498, 522, 523
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D
Damage
3, 33, 58, 134, 145, 146, 190, 206, 211, 221, 229, 309, 315, 328, 856, 1037-1040
biological diversity 33, 134, 211
Decision making 25, 162, 163, 558, 659, 660, 697, 699, 840, 911, 1001, 1168, 1207, 1219
Demography 53, 92, 140, 196, 212, 240, 442, 613, 794, 797, 815, 829, 992, 1002, 1210
Desert climate 685
Desertification 159, 176, 227, 285, 286
Deserts 159, 171, 176, 212, 227, 285, 286, 685, 754
Deterioration 207, 221, 731
Determination species 43, 48, 52, 58, 99, 203, 209, 218, 225, 229, 241, 287, 288, 302, 304, 509
Developing countries 25, 1178
Development
agencies 658, 1145, 1146
aid 944
banks 13, 74
indicators 1, 19, 61, 73, 75, 179, 227, 295, 304, 409, 558, 790, 1013, 1134, 1168
plans 27, 305, 320, 1213, 1219
policies 24, 217, 305, 658, 1178, 1212, 1219
projects 101, 162, 163, 202, 241, 318, 1135, 1212, 1214, 1219
research 24, 51, 52, 70, 241, 314, 459, 475, 671, 778, 943, 1037-1040, 1146, 1147, 1189, 1190, 1207, 1213, 1214
strategy 24, 139, 293, 671, 962, 1145
Diffusion
information 160
research 160
DNA 93, 94, 117, 118, 150, 152, 153, 204, 217, 218, 615, 793, 830, 846-848, 967, 998, 1056, 1062, 1080, 1081
Domesticated species 484, 1034-1036
Dominant species 54, 481, 516, 545, 623, 652, 723, 801, 880, 1174
Drought 58, 113, 150, 155, 229, 231, 235, 241, 469, 470, 521, 543, 1171, 1191
Dry climate 304, 525, 746, 761
E
Ecological
indicators 1, 10, 19, 31, 45, 109, 143, 144, 158, 159, 181, 186, 230, 287, 288, 295, 304, 1212
monitoring 8, 38, 62, 83, 186, 210, 239, 293, 459, 473, 548, 565, 592, 602, 809
science 171, 232, 375, 655, 1034-1036, 1041, 1109, 1212
zones 56, 141, 150, 191, 231, 322, 410, 520, 545, 549, 561, 617, 1047, 1048
Ecology 14, 15, 168, 197, 245, 537, 538, 552, 553, 576, 577, 583, 584, 590-592, 600-602, 633-640, 653, 654, 659-664, 1024-1033, 1153-1156
Economic
agreements 1178
development 1, 19, 61, 70, 162, 163, 293, 305, 314, 315, 517, 790, 840, 958, 1167, 1168, 1182, 1207, 1208
indicators 1, 19, 61, 189, 304, 790, 1168, 1184
management instruments 1178
policies 305, 1178
resources 33, 162, 163
Ecosystem
approach 25, 40, 82, 86, 87, 279, 280, 296, 310, 329, 330, 559, 603, 604, 626-630, 658, 867-870, 1168, 1169, 1210
diversity 5, 6, 22, 23, 25, 26, 73, 134, 243, 394, 395, 537, 561, 603-606, 868, 955, 1154, 1174, 1185, 1186
Ecosystems 5, 6, 22-27, 73, 142-144, 176, 278-280, 285-288, 309-312, 537, 538,
29
544-548, 554-557, 602-606, 868-870, 955, 956, 1174
Ecotypes 104, 1083
Education 91, 1197
Educational programmes 260
EIA 107, 1219
Endangered
animal species 43, 465
flora 250, 1205
plant species 36, 43, 102, 250, 259, 320, 465, 466, 624, 826, 1205, 1209
species 43, 57, 74, 92, 102, 196, 207, 250, 254, 259, 320, 323, 465, 466, 624, 731
Endemic
organisms 171, 616
plants 65, 102, 109, 164, 171, 241, 308, 751, 952
population 36, 54, 65, 91, 102, 119, 164, 208, 217, 241, 466, 751
species 34, 54, 65, 73, 91, 102, 109, 111, 119, 129, 164, 171, 178, 466, 500
varieties 467
Enterprises 59, 260
Environment 15-17, 69, 147, 190, 215, 239, 240, 483, 484, 558, 597, 603-606, 624-627, 629-632, 1037-1040, 1103-1105, 1136
Environmental
awareness 14, 201, 415, 529, 1143
biology 54, 108, 119, 137, 172, 197, 214, 327, 384, 386, 437, 452, 633-640, 747, 748, 895
contamination 221, 282
degradation 43, 61, 157, 189, 260, 328, 676, 1208
deterioration 207, 221
development 51, 52, 162, 163, 261, 282, 293-295, 309, 314, 459, 546, 547, 625-627, 667, 668, 735, 736, 954, 1034-1036, 1213, 1214
economics 14, 25, 33, 61, 136, 137, 162, 163, 190, 213, 293, 298, 314, 494, 522, 523, 661-664, 1208
education 91
impact
78, 207, 293-296, 303, 314, 322, 327, 328, 442, 522, 523, 537-540, 546, 547, 590, 626, 627, 629, 630, 899, 900
assessment 5, 7, 78, 149, 165, 202, 303, 626, 627, 629, 630, 1106, 1130, 1219
indicators 25, 61, 75, 143, 144, 158, 159, 179, 189, 225, 230, 265, 285-288, 295, 304, 409, 1212
information
exchange 53, 79, 81, 782, 816
networks 659
labelling 25, 689, 848, 1042
law 25
legislation 1219
management
13, 14, 25, 33, 77-79, 102, 161-163, 196, 213, 304-306, 450, 451, 562, 658, 659, 1034-1036, 1108, 1117, 1118
indicators 25, 55, 75, 181, 189, 295, 304, 409, 718, 1184, 1212
monitoring 24, 25, 62, 63, 82, 83, 95, 119, 149, 210, 239, 242, 293, 302, 442, 533, 554, 555, 1209, 1210
policy 295-297, 463, 537, 655, 658, 659, 1001, 1208, 1212, 1213
pollution 63, 64, 95, 148, 220, 239, 310, 451, 626, 627, 629, 630, 676, 953, 1037, 1121, 1129
priorities 195
protection 63, 112, 150, 302, 305, 323, 328, 451, 457, 459, 524, 658, 965
quality indicators 75, 181, 285, 304, 1184, 1212
research 95, 158, 159, 193, 196, 201, 202, 231, 242, 285, 286, 458-460, 655, 658, 659, 661-664, 973, 974, 1034-1036, 1213, 1214
risk assessment 7, 24, 78, 149, 162, 163, 239
30
training 661-664, 1001, 1144
Erosion 27, 40, 102, 176, 227
Estuarine ecosystems 162, 586, 689, 868-870
Evaluation
24, 74, 95, 96, 143, 144, 158, 159, 207, 285-288, 309, 381, 382, 468, 508, 509, 554, 555, 1185, 1186, 1189, 1217-1219
techniques 4, 74, 96, 159, 207, 508, 735, 802, 893, 1001, 1144, 1164
Exchange information 53, 79, 81, 782, 816, 942
Exotic
species 2, 24, 45, 101, 134, 198, 202, 254, 456
varieties 101, 202
Experimentation 277, 655, 753, 865-867
Experiments 67, 77, 78, 183, 280, 309, 310, 524-526, 696-701, 750-753, 822, 823, 865-875, 886, 887, 956, 957, 1158, 1159, 1162, 1170-1172
Expert 451, 854, 957, 1144
Ex-situ conservation 4
F
Fauna 7, 12, 28, 54, 120-129, 199, 232, 237, 268, 272, 313, 314, 396, 558, 616, 1085, 1086
Feasibility studies 918, 1102, 1167, 1216
Feed resources 323, 652, 905, 944
Financial
institutions 1197
mechanism 1197
support 1197
Financing $ 421
Firms $ 464, 710
NOTE: This is a trial project - no more than 200 entries are exported.
Please visit www.textract.com/evaluation.php and send us your evaluation of the software.
[ Created with TExtract © Texyz 2006 ]
31
8 Annex IV: the Australian Standard Classification implemented in the BiodivERsA RIS
DIVISIONS Disciplines Subjects 210000 SCIENCE—GENERAL 220000 SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES AND ARTS—GENERAL 230000 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 240000 PHYSICAL SCIENCES 250000 CHEMICAL SCIENCES 260000 EARTH SCIENCES
260100 Geology 260200 Geophysics 260300 Geochemistry 260400 Oceanography
260401 Biological Oceanography 260402 Chemical Oceanography 260403 Physical Oceanography 260499 Oceanography not elsewhere classified
260500 Hydrology 260501 Groundwater Hydrology 260502 Surface water Hydrology 260599 Hydrology not elsewhere classified
260600 Atmospheric Sciences 260601 Meteorology 260602 Climatology (incl. Palaeoclimatology) 260603 Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Physics 260699 Atmospheric Sciences not elsewhere classified
270000 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 270100 Biochemistry and Cell Biology 270200 Genetics 270300 Microbiology 270400 Botany
270401 Plant Systematics, Taxonomy and Phylogeny 270402 Plant Physiology 270403 Plant Pathology 270404 Phycology 270499 Botany not elsewhere classified
270500 Zoology 270501 Animal Systematics, Taxonomy and Phylogeny 270502 Neurobiology 270503 Animal Anatomy and Histology 270504 Invertebrate Biology 270599 Zoology not elsewhere classified
270600 Physiology 270700 Ecology and Evolution
270701 Freshwater Ecology 270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) 270703 Terrestrial Ecology 270704 Landscape Ecology 270705 Palaeoecology 270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology) 270707 Sociobiology and Behavioural Ecology 270708 Conservation and Biodiversity 270709 Biogeography 270799 Ecology and Evolution not elsewhere classified
270800 Biotechnology 279900 Other Biological Sciences
279901 Global Change Biology 279999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
280000 INFORMATION, COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES 280100 Information Systems 280200 Artificial Intelligence and Signal and Image Processing
32
280300 Computer Software 280400 Computation Theory and Mathematics 280500 Data Format 289900 Other Information, Computing and Communication Sciences
289999 Other Information, Computing and Communication Sciences 290000 ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 300000 AGRICULTURAL, VETERINARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
300100 Soil and Water Sciences 300200 Crop and Pasture Production 300300 Horticulture 300400 Animal Production 300500 Veterinary Sciences 300600 Forestry Sciences
300601 Nutrition and Physiology 300602 Tree Improvement (Selection, Breeding and Genetic Engineering) 300603 Pests, Health and Diseases 300604 Management and Environment 300605 Fire Management 300606 Agroforestry 300699 Forestry Sciences not elsewhere classified
300700 Fisheries Sciences 300701 Physiology and Genetics 300702 Pests and Diseases 300703 Aquaculture 300704 Ecosystem Studies and Stock Assessment 300705 Evaluation of Management Strategies 300799 Fisheries Sciences not elsewhere classified
300800 Environmental Sciences 300801 Environmental Management and Rehabilitation 300802 Wildlife and Habitat Management 300803 Natural Resource Management 300804 Environmental Impact Assessment 300805 Conservation 300899 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
300900 Land, Parks and Agriculture Management 300901 Farm Management, Rural Management and Agribusiness 300902 Land and Parks Management 300903 Sustainable Development 300999 Land, Parks and Agriculture Management not elsewhere classified
309900 Other Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences 309901 Fertilisers and Agrochemicals (Application etc.) 309902 Education and Extension 309999 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
310000 ARCHITECTURE, URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDING 320000 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
320100 Medicine.general 320200 Immunology 320300 Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry 320400 Medical Microbiology 320500 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 320600 Medical Physiology 320700 Neurosciences 320800 Dentistry 320900 Optometry 321000 Clinical Sciences 321200 Public Health and Health Services 321300 Complementary/alternative Medicine 321400 Human Movement and Sports Science 329900 Other Medical and Health Sciences
330000 EDUCATION 340000 ECONOMICS
340100 Economic Theory 340200 Applied Economics 340300 Economic History and History of Economic Thought 340400 Econometrics 349900 Other Economics
33
350000 COMMERCE, MANAGEMENT, TOURISM AND SERVICES 360000 POLICY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 370000 STUDIES IN HUMAN SOCIETY
370100 Sociology 370200 Social Work 370300 Anthropology 370400 Human Geography 370500 Demography 370600 History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine 379900 Other Studies in Human Society
380000 BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES 380100 Psychology 380200 Linguistics 380300 Cognitive Science 389900 Other Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences
390000 LAW, JUSTICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 390100 Law 390200 Professional Development of Law Practitioners 390300 Justice and Legal Studies 390400 Law Enforcement 399900 Other Law, Justice and Law Enforcement
400000 JOURNALISM, LIBRARIANSHIP AND CURATORIAL STUDIES 400100 Journalism, Communication and Media 400200 Librarianship 400300 Curatorial Studies 409900 Other Journalism, Librarianship and Curatorial Studies
410000 THE ARTS 420000 LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 430000 HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
430100 Historical Studies 430200 Archaeology and Prehistory
440000 PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION 440100 Philosophy 440200 Religion and Religious Traditions 449900 Other Philosophy and Religion
34
9 Annex V: UN Geographical classification United Nations Geographical Regions: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm AFRICA Eastern Africa Burundi , Comoros
Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi 480 Mauritius Mayotte Mozambique Réunion Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
Middle Africa Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe
Northern Africa Algeria Egypt Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara
Southern Africa Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland
Western Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Saint Helena Senegal Sierra Leone
35
Togo AMERICAS Caribbean Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands
Centra America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama
South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands (Malvinas) French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Northern America Bermuda Canada Greenland Saint Pierre and Miquelon United States of America
ASIA Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Eastern Asia China
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
36
Macao Special Administrative Region of China Democratic People's Republic of Korea Japan Mongolia Republic of Korea
Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran, Islamic Republic of Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
South Eastern Asia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam
Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen
EUROPE Eastern Europe Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Ukraine
Northern Europe Åland Islands Denmark Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland Guernsey
37
Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Latvia Lithuania Norway Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Sweden United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Southern Europe
Albania Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Gibraltar Greece Holy See Italy Malta Portugal 674 San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Slovenia Spain The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Western Europe
Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland
OCEANIA Australia and New Zealand
Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island 054
Melanesia
Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu
Micronesia
Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Federated States of Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Palau
Polynesia
American Samoa Cook Islands French Polynesia Niue
38
Pitcairn Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Wallis and Futuna Islands
ANTARTICA Antarctica (the territory South of 60 deg S) Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Heard and McDonald Islands French Southern Territories
39
10 Annex VI - Classifications used by BIODIVERSA Partner organisations
10.1 FWF classification system: 1 NATURAL SCIENCES
1.1 Mathematics, Computer Sciences
1.1.01 ADP/EDP
1102 Algebra
1103 Analytics
1104 Applied mathematics
1105 Computer software
1106 Formal languages
1107 Geometry
1108 Computer science
1109 Information and data processing
1110 Cybernetics
1111 Logic (6105)
1112 Logistics
1113 Mathematical statistics
1114 Numerical mathematics
1115 Technical mathematics
1116 Topology
1117 Insurance mathematics
1118 Probability theory
1119 Number theory
1120 Theory of combinations
1121 Operations research (5347, 5919)
1122 Artificial intelligence
1123 Computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM)
1124 Digital image processing and graphics
1125 Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) (5355)
1126 Computer networks (2536)
1127 Information science
1128 Supercomputing
1129 Mechatronics (1241, 2236, 2541)
1130 Biomathematics
1131 Computer algebra
1132 Computer-aided animation
1133 Computer-aided simulation (1915, 2939)
1134 Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW)
1135 Differential geometry
1136 Integrated circuit design (2543)
1137 Financial mathematics (5360)
1138 Information systems (5937)
1139 Neuronal (neural) networks (2545)
40
1140 Software engineering
1141 Symbolic computation
1142 System theory
1143 Terminology (6629)
1144 Virtual reality
1145 Time series analysis (5707)
1146 Management information systems
1147 IT security
1148 computer linguistics
1149 electronic voice processing
1150 information design
1151 numeric computation
1152 game theory
1153 legal informatics
12 Physics, Mechanics, Astronomy
1201 General mechanics
1202 Acoustics
1203 Applied physics
1204 Astronomy
1205 Astrophysics
1206 Atomic (nuclear) physics
1207 Biophysics (1403, 3203)
1208 Elementary particle physics
1209 Experimental physics
1210 Solid-state physics
1211 High-energy physics
1212 Nuclear and atomic energy
1213 Optics
1214 Physical electronics (2524)
1215 Quantum mechanics
1216 Radium research
1217 Reactor physics
1218 Theory of relativity
1219 Radiation protection (3220, 3537)
1220 Fluid mechanics (2219)
1221 Technical physics
1222 Theoretical physics
1223 Space exploration (1604)
1224 Electron physics
1225 Mathematical physics
1226 Neutron physics
1227 Photophysics
1228 Plasma physics
1229 Semiconductor physics
1230 Laser physics
1231 Physics of metals
41
1232 Biomechanics (1434, 3226)
1233 Fracture mechanics
1234 Dosimetry (1912, 2933)
1235 Ion physics
1236 Isovoltaics (2538)
1237 Laser spectroscopy (2539)
1238 Surface physics
1239 Polymer physics
1240 Statistical physics
1241 Mechatronics
1242 Mass spectrometry
1243 Micromechanics (including: of materials)
1244 Intermediate-energy physics
1245 Molecular nanotechnology (nanoengineering)
1246 Quantum optics
1247 Reaction kinetics (Kinetics of rapid processes)
1248 Spectroscopy (also: molecule spectroscopy)
1249 radiation physics
13 Chemistry
1301 General chemistry
1302 Analytical chemistry
1303 Inorganic chemistry
1304 Biochemistry
1305 Biochemical engineering (2603)
1306 Chemical engineering (2605)
1306 Chemical engineering (2605)
1307 Electrochemistry
1308 Food chemistry
1309 Microchemistry
1310 Organic chemistry
1311 Photochemistry
1312 Physical chemistry
1313 Radiochemistry
1314 Radiation chemistry
1315 Structural chemistry (1513)
1316 Technical chemistry (2612)
1317 Theoretical chemistry
1318 Solid-state chemistry
1319 Forensic chemistry (3804)
1320 Biotechnology (1432, 2921, 4917)
1321 Macromolecular chemistry
1322 Surface chemistry
1323 Polymer chemistry
1324 X-ray fluorescence (-analysis)
1325 Enzyme technology (1440)
1326 Corrosion protection (2617)
42
1327 Spectroscopy (also: molecule- )(1248, 1442)
1328 Reaction kinetics (Kinetics of rapid processes)
1329 environmental chemistry
14 Biology, Botany, Zoology
1401 General biology
1402 Biochemistry (1304)
1403 Biophysics (1207, 3203)
1404 Botany
1405 Cytology (3103)
1406 Experimental zoology
1407 Genetics
1408 Geobotany
1409 Human biology
1410 Microbiology (1710, 4413)
1411 Molecular biology
1412 Ecology of plants
1413 Ecology of animals
1414 Ecosystem research
1415 Paleobotany
1416 Paleontology (1510)
1417 Plant anatomy
1418 Plant physiology
1419 Phytotechnology
1420 Anatomy of animals (4509)
1421 Animal physiology (4521)
1422 Comparative behavior (ethology)
1423 Zoology (4526)
1424 Zoophysiology
1425 Developmental history
1426 Evolution
1427 Plant morphology
1428 Phytochemistry (3311)
1429 Systematic botany
1430 Zoogeography
1431 Animal systematics
1432 Biotechnology (1320, 2921, 4917)
1433 Genetic engineering (3913, 4918)
1434 Biomechanics (1232, 3226)
1435 Mycology
1436 Ultrastructure research
1437 Vegetation science
1438 Biomathematics (1130)
1439 Chronobiology
1440 Enzyme technology (1325)
1441 Molecular nanotechnology (nanoengineering) (1245)
43
1442 Spectroscopy (also: molecule- ) (1248, 1327)
1443 Photobiology
1444 DNA analysis (also: genetic fingerprinting)
1445 insect faunistics
1446 vascular biology
1447 neurobiology
1448 stem cell research
1449 radiation biology
15 Geology, Mineralogy
1501 Building geology
1502 Oil geology (2105)
1503 Geodynamics
1504 Geology
1505 Geophysics (1601)
1506 Petrology
1507 Crystallography
1508 Mineralogy
1509 Mining geology (2119)
1510 Paleontology (1416)
1511 Petrography
1512 Sedimentology
1513 Structural chemistry (1315)
1514 Technical geology
1515 Tectonics
1516 Soil science (1908)
1517 Geochemistry
1518 Geothermics
1519 Glaciology
1520 Geomorphology
1521 Gravimetry
1522 Magnetics
1523 Seismology
1524 Erosion (also: Erosion science, -protection)(1718)
1525 Mountain risk engineering (1719)
1526 Petrology
16 Meteorology, Climatology
1601 Geophysics (1505)
1602 Climatology
1603 Meteorology
1604 Space exploration (1223)
1605 Glaciology (1519, 1808)
1606 Bioclimatology
1607 agrometeorology
1608 global warming
17 Hydrology, Hydrography
1701 Wastewater treatment
44
1702 Water purification
1703 Water pollution control
1704 Hydraulics (2319)
1705 Hydrobiology
1706 Hydrogeology
1707 Hydrography
1708 Hydrology
1709 Limnology
1710 Microbiology (1410, 4413)
1711 Speleology
1712 Water hygiene (3429)
1713 Water technology
1714 Water analysis
1715 Water supply
1716 Water management
1717 Groundwater management
1718 Erosion (also: erosion science, -protection) (1524)
1719 Mountain risk engineering (1525)
18 Geography
1801 Applied geography
1802 Cartography (2704)
1803 Human geography (5908)
1804 Regional geography (5909)
1805 Physical geography
1806 Topography (2708)
1807 Economic geography (5915)
1808 Glaciology (1519, 1605)
1809 Social geography (5921)
1810 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (5616)
19 Other
1901 Electron microscopy (2905, 3204, 3902, 4502)
1902 Gas chromatography (2907)
1903 Food analysis (4411, 4505, 4914)
1904 Interdisciplinary natural sciences
1905 Documentation (natural sciences)
1906 X-ray structure analysis (2911)
1907 Environmental science (5914)
1908 Soil science (1516)
1909 Resource economics (2923)
1910 Clean-up of contaminated sites (2930)
1911 Archeometry (2931)
1912 Dosimetry (1234, 2933)
1913 Technical didactics (natural science) (5828)
1914 Isotope technology
1915 Computer-aided simulation (1133, 2939)
1916 Ecotech (2945)
45
1917 Environmental protection (2946, 4922, 5939)
1918 Risk research
1919 information design
1920 air pollution control
2 TECHNICAL SCIENCES
21 Mining, Metallurgy
22 Mechanical Engineering
23 Civil Engineering
24 Architecture
25 Electrical Engineering, Electronics
26 Technical Chemistry, Fuel and Mineral Oil Engineering
27 Geodesy, Surveying
28 Traffic and Transport
29 Other
3 HUMAN MEDICINE
31 Anatomy, Pathology
32 Medical Chemistry, Physiology
33 Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Toxicology
34 Hygiene, Medical Microbiology
35 Clinical Medicine
36 Surgery, Anaesthesiology
37 Psychiatry, Neurology
38 Forensic Medicine
39 Other
4 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, VETERINARY MEDICINE
41 Agronomy, Plant Breeding, Environmental Protection
4101 Agriculture
4102 Irrigated agriculture (4201, 4905)
4103 Cereal cultivation
4104 Agricultural-bacteriological research
4105 Agricultural-chemical research
4106 Agricultural machinery and equipment (4204, 4911)
4107 Food technology (4205, 4410, 4913)
4108 Milling (flour)
4109 Plant husbandry
4110 Plant protection
4111 Plant breeding
4112 Seed growing
4113 Seed improvement and testing
4114 Sugar research
4115 Soil testing (4211, 4317, 4915)
4116 Agroecology (4921)
4117 Ecological farming (4212)
4118 Renewable energy (incl. energy sources, raw materials) (2941)
4119 Regenerable raw materials (4318)
4120 Plant nutrition and plant fertilization
46
4121 Tropical and subtropical agriculture
42 Horticulture, Fruiticulture
4201 Irrigated agriculture (4102, 4905)
4202 Horticulture
4203 Landscape architecture (Green area planning)
4204 Agricultural machinery and equipment (4106, 4911)
4205 Food technology (4107, 4410, 4913)
4206 Fruit growing
4207 Fruit tree protection
4208 Special cultures
4209 Experimental design for fruit growing
4210 Viniculture
4211 Soil testing (4115, 4317, 4915)
4212 Ecological agriculture (4117)
4213 vegetable growing
4214 horticulture
4215 ornamental horticulture
43 Forestry and Timber
4301 Forest entomology
4302 Forest economics
4303 Forest construction
4304 Forest engineering
4305 Forest ecology
4306 Forest conservation
4307 Forest technology
4308 Forest and timber trade policy
4309 Forestry
4310 Wood chemistry
4311 Wood research
4312 Wood preservation
4313 Wood technology
4314 Timber trade and industry
4315 Silviculture
4316 Pulp and paper technology (2229, 2614)
4317 Soil testing (4115, 4211, 4915)
4318 Regenerable raw materials (4119)
4319 Forest pathology
44 Livestock Breeding, Animal Husbandry
4401 Apiology
4402 Fisheries management
4403 Ichthyology
4404 Meat hygiene
4405 Meat technology
4406 Genetics of domesticated animals
4407 Poultry testing
4408 Cheese-making
47
4409 Artificial insemination
4410 Food technology (4107, 4205, 4913)
4411 Food inspection (1903, 4505, 4914)
4412 Feedlot and slaughter performance
4413 Microbiology (1410, 1710)
4414 Dairy hygiene
4415 Dairy technology
4416 Dairy husbandry
4417 Pig inspection
4418 Animal nutrition (4513)
4419 Animal production
4420 Animal breeding
4421 Laboratory animal research and breeding
4422 Game science (4525)
4423 Feed analysis
4424 Population genetics
4425 Livestock behavior
4426 Animal husbandry
4427 poultry medicine
45 Veterinary Medicine
4501 Bacteriology (animals)
4502 Electron microscopy (1901, 2905, 3204, 3902)
4503 Forensic veterinary medicine (3803)
4504 Hoof and claw research
4505 Food inspection (1903, 4411, 4914)
4506 Medical biochemistry (animals)
4507 Medical chemistry (animals)
4508 Medical physics (animals)
4509 Animal anatomy (1420)
4510 Veterinary ophthalmology
4511 Veterinary surgery
4512 Animal embryology
4513 Animal nutrition (4418)
4514 Veterinary obstetrics
4515 Veterinary gynecology
4516 Animal histology
4517 Animal hygiene
4518 Veterinary orthopedics
4519 Animal parasitology
4520 Animal pathology
4521 Animal physiology (1421)
4522 Veterinary radiology
4523 Animal epidemic control
4524 Virology (animals)
4525 Game science (4422)
4526 Zoology (1423)
48
4527 Pharmacology (animals)
4528 Andrology (animals)
4529 Veterinary emergency surgery
4530 Veterinary dentistry
4531 Toxicology (animals)
4532 Veterinary anesthesiology
4533 Animal cytology
4534 Internal medicine (animals)
4535 reptile medicine
4536 bird medicine
49 Other
4901 ADP, EDP in Agriculture and Forestry
4902 Agricultural operations
4903 Agricultural economy (5302)
4904 Agrarian policy (5303)
4905 Irrigated agriculture (4102, 4201)
4906 Fermentation technology
4907 Interdisciplinary agricultural and forestry science
4908 Agricultural and forestry documentation
4909 Farm management (5318)
4910 Agricultural marketing (5319)
4911 Agricultural machinery and equipment (4106, 4204)
4912 Agricultural construction engineering (2323)
4913 Food technology (4107, 4205, 4410)
4914 Food analysis
4915 Soil testing
4916 Food industry
4917 Biotechnology (1320, 1432, 2921)
4918 Genetic engineering (1433, 3913)
4919 Nutritional sciences (4919)
4920 Technical didactics (agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine) (5813)
4921 Agroecology (4116)
4922 Environmental protection (1917, 2946, 5939)
4923 agrometeorology
4924 sustainable development, sustainable economics
5 SOCIAL SCIENCES
51 Political Sciences
52 Legal Sciences
53 Economics
54 Soziology
55 Psychology
56 Regional Planning
57 Statistics
58 Pedagogy, Educational Sciences
59 Other
6 HUMANITIES
49
61 Philosophy
64 Theology
65 Historical Sciences
66 Linguistics and Literature
67 Other Philological and Cultural Sciences
68 Aesthetics and Art History
69 Other
50
10.2 NFI classification system: humanities
language sciences literature science cultural studies history archaeology folkloristics and ethnology musicology art history architecture religion philosophy studies film studies theatre studies interdisciplinary studies in the humanities
mathematics and natural sciences mathematics logics, set theory
algebra, number theory mathematical analysis
geometry
mathematical and numerical methods
mathematical mechanics
statistics
other mathematics
computer science, informatics theoretical data processing, programming
informational modelling
mathematical modelling
other computer science
physics nuclear physics
elementary particle physics
atomic physics, molecular physics, plasma physics
electromagnetism, acustics, optics
electronics
solid matter physics
biophysics
astrophysics, space physics, astronomi
other physics
51
geophysics solid earth physics oceanography meteorology
hydrology
atmospheric chemistry
geology historical geology and paleontology
mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry
tectonics
petroleum geology, sedimentology
quaternary geology, glaciology
marine geology
engineering geology, environmental geology, hydrogeology geometrics
other geology
chemistry organic chemistry
inorganic chemistry
physical chemistry
theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry
analytical chemistry
environmental chemistry
nuclear chemistry
structural chemistry other chemistry
biology cell biology
microbiology
molecular biology
gene technology; genetics
toxicology
biochemistry
biotechnology
other biology
zoology anatomy
embryology
zoophysiology
parasitology
ethology
zoological geography
systematic zoology
52
animal ecology
other zoology botany
plant anatomy
plant physiology
systematic botany
plant ecology
vegetation history
plant geography
other botany
marine and freshwater biology fish biology
marine biology
limnology freshwater biology
other marine and freshwater biology
interdisciplinary studies in mathematics and natural sciences technology
rock and petroleum technology materials technology construction, architecture electronics information technology chemical technology machine technology marine technology interdisciplinary studies in technology
social sciences economy sociology physical planning, architecture political science anthropology psychology educational sciences geography demography media studies information science sports education law
53
interdisciplinary studies in the social sciences medicine general medicine, odontology and veterinary studies clinical medical sciences health care clinical orthodonthology veterinary medicine interdisciplinary studies in medicine, odontology and veterinary sciences agriculture and fisheries agricultural sciences crops, horticulture, plant protection, plant pathology livestock production, breeding, reproduction soil science, agriculture hydrology natural resources management forestry, forestry management agricultural technology forest technics other agricultural sciences fisheries science and technology; fishery science resource biology aquaculture fish health fishery technology fishing other fishery science interdisciplinary studies in agriculture and fisheries
54
10.3 EstSF classification system: EXACT SCIENCES
Mathematics Applied mathematics Physics Astronomy
CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Physical, analytical and inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry and biochemistry Molecular biology Genetics, physiology and microbiology
BIO- AND GEOSCIENCES Geology Physical geography Soil science Botany Ecology Zoology Marine science, limnology
ENGINEERING SCIENCES Material science Mechanics Mining engineering Power engineering Chemical engineering System engineering and infotechnology Mechanical and apparatus engineering Electrical engineering Biomedical engineering Environmental engineering
MEDICAL SCIENCES Biomedicine Farmacy, farmacology and toxicology clinical medicine Healthcare Healthcare of mother and child, medical services Rehabilitation services
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Tillage and melioration Crop sciences Forestry Animal sciences Veterinary medicine
SOCIAL SCIENCES Economics Law Sociology Educational sciences Psychology Politology Human geography, social geography, economic geography Semiotics
HUMANITIES History Philosophy Linguistics Folkloristics Arts Theology Literature Science
55
10.4 FTC classificaton system: Mathematics
Physics
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Earth and Space Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Atmosphere science
Internal Geodynamics
External Geodynamics
Space science
Environment Sciences and Engineering
Biological Science
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Protein and Struttural Biology
Microorganisms Biology
Biodiversity and Ecology
Sea Sciences and Technology
Healt Sciences
Molecular Medicine
Neurosciences
Microbiology
Epidemiology and Public Health
Organs and Systems Oncology and Biopathology
Pharmacology and Pharmacological Sciences
Biomaterials
Animal and Veterinarian Sciences
Agricultural and Forest Sciences
Biochemistry Engineering and Biotechnology
Mechanical Engineering
Material Science and Engineering
Civil and Mine Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Economy
Law Sciences
Political Sciences
Sociology
Demography
Antropology
Geography
Education Sciences
Psychology
Linguistics
Comunication Sciences
Philosophy
History and Archaeology
56
Architecture and Urban Planning
Literature Studies
Art Studies
History of Science and Technology
Climate Changes
Transport
Policy for high education and science
Cultural Heredity
Sport Sciences
African Studies
Energy
Electrotechnics Engineering
Robotic, Intelligent and Information System
Comunication Networks and Systems, Signal Processing
Electronics, Microelectronics, Electrical System and Energy
Computer Engineering
Computer Processing of Portuguese Language
57
10.5 NWO themes:
1. Cultural Heritage
2. Ethical and Social Aspects of Research and Innovation
3. Shifts in Governance
4. Cognition and Behaviour
5. Fundamentals of Life Processes
6. System Earth
7. Digitalisation and Information Technology
8. Nano-Sciences
9. Emerging Technologies
58
10.6 The MEC classification system:
Biomedicina Ciencias y tecnologías medioambientales Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas
Tecnologías para la Gestión Sostenible Medioambiental
Recursos y Tecnologías Agroalimentarias Áreas Agrícola y Forestal
Áreas de Ganadería, Acuicultura y Pesca
Área de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos
Biodiversity, Earth Sciences and Global Change (CGL) Biodiversity 1. Evolution of biodiversity
1.1 Biogeografy
1.2 Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies
1.3 Mechanisms of speciation
2. Ecology
2.1 Interactions among individuals, population, species and with the environment
2.2 Relationships between biodiversity-productivity in acquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
2.3 Ecological networks and connectivity
2.4 Evolutionary ecology and ecophysiology
3. Biodiversity loss
3.1 Habitat loss and fragmentation
3.2 Invasive species : effects on the ecosystems 3.3 Research on biodiversity hotspot and high-endemism areas
3.4 Factors of ecosystem fragility and resilience
4. Conservation
4.1 Conservation of genetic resources, species, communities and singular habitats
4.2 Methods of sustainable use and biodiversity restoration
4.3 Alert system and indicators of ecosystems health
4.4 Endemic and threatened species.
4.5 Natural risk prevention
5. New technology
5.1 Monitoring and managing of environmental data
5.2 Risk assesment technologies 5.3 Biotechnology applications for habitats and species recovery
5.4 Technologies for the environmental quality improvement in terrestrial ecosystems
Atmosphere and Global Warming
Polar Research
Earth Sciences
Materiales Espacio
59
Física de Partículas Física Tecnologías Electrónicas y de las Comunicaciones (TEC) Tecnologías de Servicios de la Sociedad de la Información Humanidades Arte, Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Filología y Filosofía
Historia
Alimentos funcionales Biotecnología
Biología Fundamental Biología Molecular y Celular
Biología Integrativa y Fisiología Energía Fusión Termonuclear
Medios de transporte Automoción
Transporte Aéreo
Transporte Marítimo
Transporte Ferroviario
Transmodal
Construcción
Ciencias y tecnologías Química Química Básica
Química Orientada Diseño y Producción Industrial Astronomía y Astrofísica
Matemáticas
Tecnologías Informáticas Ciencias Sociales, Económicas y Jurídicas Ciencias Económicas
Ciencias de la Educación
Ciencias Jurídicas
Psicología
Políticas, Sociología, Antropología, Geografía, Ciencias de la Comunicación
60
10.7 PT-DRL classification system: F10000 Sozial-ökologische Forschung F11000 Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in der Region F12000 Nachhaltige Ressourcenwirtschaft (Boden, Wasser) F13000 Umweltbezogene Infrastrukturentwicklung F14000 Sozial-ökologische Grundlagen und Konzepte F19000 Übrige und Querschnittsaktivitäten der sozial-ökologischen Forschung F20000 "Wirtschaftsbezogene Nachhaltigkeit; integrierte Umwelttechnik" F21000 Integrierter Umweltschutz in der Forst- und Holzwirtschaft F22000 Integrierter Umweltschutz im Bereich Landwirtschaft und Ernährung F23000 Integrierter Umweltschutz im Bereich Chemie und Kunststoffe F24000 Integrierter Umweltschutz in der Textil- und Lederindustrie F25000 Integrierter Umweltschutz in der metallerzeugenden und metallverarbeitenden Industrie F26000 Integrierter Umweltschutz in der Elektro-/Elektronikindustrie F27000 Integrierter Umweltschutz im Baugewerbe, in der Glas- und Keramikindustrie F28000 Integrierter Umweltschutz in weiteren Themenfeldern/Branchen F29000 Übrige Querschnittsaufgaben zum integrierten Umweltschutz F70000 Global change F71000 Climate and atmospheric research F71010 Climate modelling F71020 Land processes and reactions to the climate system F71030 Climate variability and predictableness F71040 Paläoklima (climate in geological history) F71050 Radiation and population F71060 Bio-chemosphere F71070 Air pollution F71080 Atmospheric propagation of pollutants F71085 Ozone research F71099 Other activities within the area of climate and atmospheric research F73000 Biosphere research F73010 Biodiversity research F73030 Ecological research in tropical area F73040 Ecological research in arid and semiarid areas F73050 Nature conservation integrated research F73099 Other activities within the area of biosphere research F75000 Wirkungsforschung für den Globalen Wandel F77000 Forschung für eine Politik der Friedensgestaltung F79000 Übrige und Querschnittsaktivitäten im Bereich Globale Umweltveränderungen
61
10.8 BELSPO Keyword optional lists: Biodiversity research orientation (from DIVERSITAS former core projects)
1. Effect of Biodiversity on Ecosystem Functioning
2. Origins, Maintenance and Change of Biodiversity
3. Systematics, Inventorying and Classification
4. Monitoring of Biodiversity
5. Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable use of Biodiversity
Habitat types (from CBD thematic programs)
Agricultural Biodiversity
Dry and Sub-humid Lands Biodiversity
Forest Biodiversity
Inland Waters Biodiversity
Island Biodiversity
Marine and Coastal Biodiversity
Mountain Biodiversity
Research disciplines (adapted from BIODIV)
+ trial to group topics in higher categories if necessary (CF law, economy, social sciences): biology, chemistry, earth sciences, medical sciences, agronomical sciences, informatics & mathematics
Biogeography
Bioinformatics
Biological control
Bioprospecting
Biostatistics
Biotechnology
Chemistry and biochemistry
Culture (agriculture, aquaculture, sylviculture)
Ecology
62
Eco-toxicology
Embryology and ontogeny
Ethnobiology
Ethology
Genetics
Geology
Habitat management and restoration
Histology and cytology
Land use and habitat mapping (GIS)
Modelling
Morphology and anatomy
Paleontology
Pathology
Pharmacology
Phylogeny and evolution
Physiology
Systematics and taxonomy
Social sciences
Sociology
Anthropology
Psychology
Political sciences
Development studies
Philosophy and ethics
History
Law
Environmental law
International laws and agreements
Administrative law
Planning law
Intellectual property rights
Economics
Environmental and ecological economics
Natural resources management
Development economics
63
Economics
Environmental and ecological economics
Natural resources management
Development economics
International trade
Participation and decision support
Geographical scope (from DanBIF)
Continents:
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Australia/Oceania
Europe
North America
South America
Oceans:
Arctic
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
Southern
Country:
free text field (optional)
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