#CLUS
Moustafa Kattan, Distinguished Systems Engineer
Raul Gomez, Consulting Systems Engineer
BRKOPT-2003
Innovations and Trends in Optical Networking
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
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cs.co/ciscolivebot#BRKOPT-2003
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BRKOPT-2003 3
Agenda
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
• Introduction to Optical & CDC Networking
• WSON/SSON DWDM Control Planes
• Multi-Layer IP + Optical Building Blocks
• Optical Dis-aggregation Trends
• Carrier Grade TDM to IP Network Migration Trends
• Next Gen Optical Architectures
BRKOPT-2003 4
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Advancement in DWDM
IPoDWDM10G/40G
Pro-active Protection
WSON and GMPLS UNI
SSONOpen
DWDM400G/600G
+Pluggable
DWDM
Optical performance
with G.709 framing.
First real application
to leverage
integration.
Improved network
resiliency/
availability.
Introduction of an
advanced control
plane for the optical
layer.
Simple, focus on
cost reductions.
Optical costs start to
dominate @ 100G
Spectrum Switched
Optical Networks
Paradigm shift towards
Open DWDM
Virtual Transponder
FS ROADM
Logical Integration with
unified management. Introduction of
Single Carrier
400G/600G
BRKOPT-2003 6
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
G.709 Hierarchy and Frame Structures
• G.709 defined a fixed “hierarchy” of payloads
• G.709 started as a digital wrapper around WDM client signals to improve reach and manageability.
• Recently it has developed into a complex multiplexing structure.
• ODU-Flex allows flexible sub wavelength grooming.
• Provides Forward Error Correction
• FEC extends reach and design flexibility, at “silicon cost”
• improves OSNR tolerancePayload
Frame Payload (OPU)
ODU0 1,238,954 kbit/s
OTU1 2,488,320 kbit/s
OTU2 9,995,276 kbit/s
OTU3 40,150,519 kbit/s
OTU4 104,355,975 kbit/s
ODU-Flex Flexible Data Rates
G.709 Hierarchy
G.709 Digital Wrapper
BRKOPT-2003 7
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
IPoDWDM and Proactive Protection
Reactive Protection
Pre
-FE
C B
it
Err
ors
Ro
ute
r B
it
Err
ors
ROADM
FEC
working
route
protect
route
fail
over
FEC Cliff
LOF
Time
Transponder
protect
route
working
route
FEC Cliff
Protection Trigger
Pre
-FE
C B
it
Err
ors
Ro
ute
r B
it
Err
ors
ROADM
SwitchFEC
Time
Router
IP-over-DWDMProactive Protection
Traditional
BRKOPT-2003 8
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Evolution to Digital Coherent Optics
DSP integrated with the host card
CFP2-ACO CFP2-DCO
DSP integrated with the CFP2
BRKOPT-2003 9
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Avoiding the form factor journey for 400 GbE
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 GbE 100 GbE 400 GbE
Years
Years to Achieve High Volume form
• Different market’s adopt at different times
• Form factors optimize to market need at time
Longer reachLower volume
Lower System Density
High volumeHigh System Density
QSFP QSFP28
40G to100GJourney
CFP
CPAKCFP2
CFP4
Higher volumesMedium System
Density
Largely ignored(Expensive & no
backwards compatible)
BRKOPT-2003 10
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Optics Innovation – QSFP-DD
• QSFP plus a 2nd row of pins
• Drop-in upgrade for 100G networks – same port count
• Maintains 36 ports per RU w/ backward compatibility
• Same faceplate, slightly deeper
• QSFP56-DD for 400G
• 8 electrical lanes at 50G (56 w/ overhead)
• QSFP28-DD for 200G or 2x 100G
• 8 electrical lanes at 25G (28 w/ overhead)
• Can support breakouts
BRKOPT-2003 11
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Agile DWDM Layer
Colorless – ROADM ports are not frequency
specific (re-tuned laser does not require fiber
move).
Omni-Directional – ROADM ports are not
direction specific (re-route does not require fiber
move).
Contention-less - Same frequency can be
added/dropped from multiple ports on same device.
Flex Spectrum – Ability to provision the
amount of spectrum allocated to wavelength(s)
allowing for 400G and 600 G channels.
Complete Control in Software, No Physical Intervention Required
Foundation for Multi-Layer Network Programmability
Tunable Transponder – Color and
modulation. Ability to derive max b/w based on
distance and fiber quality.
WSONWavelength Switched Optical Network
Animated Slide
BRKOPT-2003 12
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
How Shall We Move To the Next Level
• Go Faster with Less Pieces
• Double Baud Rate from 32GB to 64GB
• More Modulations • QPSK, 8QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM
• Hybrid Modulation
• Integration – Fewer Components• Line Rate Encryption
DSP 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600{
BRKOPT-2003 13
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Towards More Flexible High bit Rates DWDM
ASONAutomatic Switched Optical Networks
WSON
SSON
Wavelength Switched Optical Networks
Spectrum Switched Optical Networks
BRKOPT-2003 15
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Switched Optical Networks – ASON/WSON
• Automatic SON relies on Electrical Layer Switching (OTN Switching) for restoration of traffic (circuits);
• Wavelength SON is a GMPLS control plane which is “DWDM aware”:
• Software based and no OTN Switching layer requirement
• LSPs are wavelengths and restores all C/L Bands vs circuits
• Control plane is aware of optical impairments;
• Enables:
• Wavelength setup on the fly
• Wavelength re-routing (restoration – 1+R or 1+1+R); WSON is a restoration mechanism (1-2min)
• Restores against multiple fiber cuts
BRKOPT-2003 16
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
WSON IntelligenceWSON Input
Linear Impairments
Power Loss
OSNR
CD
PMD
Non Linear Impairments
SPM
XPMFWM
Topology
Wavelength
Route Choice
Interface Type
Bit rate
FEC
Modulation
Regenerator capability
Service Creation
Wavelength assignment
Optical Path calculation
and provisioningNon Linear optical
impairments verification
Linear optical
impairments verification
BRKOPT-2003 17
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Rigid Spacing
Wasted Spectrum
Superchannel with Minimal Spacing
Efficient Spectrum Use
Tightly spaced Superchannels deliver ~30% increase in capacity
50 GHz ITU Grid “FlexSpectrum”
Traditionally DWDM capacity is limited by the channel spacing imposed by the 50GHz ITU grid
BRKOPT-2003 18
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
The Foundation is the Dynamic Optical Layer
ROADM
RXTX RXTX
ML Restoration Step 0 – IP Protects.! Proactive protection ( sub 15 msec )
Shared Risk Link Groups – End to End circuit provisioning with knowledge of any Optical infrastructure risks.
Coordinated Maintenance – Provide proactive notification of maintenance activity to connected NEs to proactively route around maintenance node
ML IP+DWDM Signaling for 1+1+R
ML Restoration Step 1 – WSON/SSON restores within 1 to 2 mins
G.709 / FEC
G.709 / FEC
Routing Engine
Routing Engine
G.7
09 /
FE
C
G.7
09 /
FE
CX
FEC Cliff
FEC thres.
1 2
4 1
5
UNI-C
Diversity / SRLG /
Latency etc…
ROADMXLeverage CDC and IPoDWDM
34
FEC Cliff
FEC thres.
Animated Slide
BRKOPT-2003 20
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Multi Layer Restoration (MLR)
• Optimise both the IP and the Optical layers as a “single entity”
• Two main MLR Components:
• MLR-O: to deal with optical layer failures
• MLR-P: to deal with IP port (or transponder)
BRKOPT-2003 21
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Reference Design to be used
DWDM
Colorless
Omni-directional
ROADM Nodes
Fiber Pair
Router
IPoDWDM
Interface
DWDM
Abstraction Layer
• All links shown as IPoDWDM, but could also be grey + transponder with similar results
• IP Protects and DWDM (WSON) Restores
BRKOPT-2003 22
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23#CLUS
• Fail fiber spans one at a time (in this example, the top one)
• Typical causes: fiber cut, amp failure, human error
• Assume traffic is protected at the IP layer, therefore extra capacity is needed.
• This means in this scenario 2 x 100G extra interfaces for each link.
All Single Fiber Failures without MLR-O
+180G
260G+
180G
180G+
70G
130Gredundant interfaces
BRKOPT-2003
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
MLR-O for Fiber FailuresIP Protects and DWDM Restores• Fiber failure causes traffic to
re-route at L3 using available capacity
• Premium traffic (30G) can be prioritized to use available bandwidth
• IP Protects in less than 1 millisecond.
• WSON Restores in 1 to 2 mins
• Congestion may occur for low priority traffic for seconds (typically 1 minute range)
• Typical saving is 30-50 % of transponder and router interfaces
260G 70G
130G
Possible congestion (20 sec)
BRKOPT-2003 24
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Closed, Open or Disaggregated
• Main DWDM transmission Components and the three main categories today :
• Closed DWDM Systems
• Open DWDM Systems
• Disaggregated DWDM Systems.
Transponders Line System Transponders
Vendor A Vendor B Vendor A
A
B
C
DD
B D
D
B
B
Vendor A Vendor A Vendor A
Vendor C
Closed
Open
Disagr.
BRKOPT-2003 25
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
• Demand growth & shifts:
Rapidly growing user traffic
Migration to the cloud
Results: Increased demand for
Network flexibility, agility and optimize cost
No Vendor Lock-in
• Technology Enablers:
Increasing use of open source and whitebox approaches (Specially in Data Centers)
Multi-layer transport SDN automation & optimization
Drivers & Enablers for Optical Disaggregation
BRKOPT-2003 27
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
• Flexible Grid Open Line Systems:
No industry consensus definition yet, some early requirements and RFPs
Growing interest and support, limited deployment
• Open ROADM MSA:
Targeting Metro/Edge applications
Participation from many influential industry members
• Telecom Infra Project (TIP) Initiatives:Voyager white box packet-optical system
MSA Proposal for point-to-point open line system
Strong industry participation
Open/Disaggregated Optical System Activities
BRKOPT-2003 28
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Typical Current Deployment: Integrated Optical System
BRKOPT-2003 29
Single Vendor Control, Integration, Support
Transponder 1
Transponder 2
Transponder n
Transponder 1
Transponder 2
Transponder n
Line System Control Terminal System
Mux/
Demux
Terminal Amp
(TA)
80 Km Line Amp
(TA) Optional
80 KmTerminal Amp
(TA)
Mux/
Demux
+ ROADMs for Optical Mesh
Terminal System
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
• Enable operators to multi—source critical high value components
• Automate and optimize L0-L3 operations via software
• Innovate faster by decoupling development cycles for line systems and terminal equipment
Industry Goals
BRKOPT-2003 30
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Opportunities for Optical Disaggregation
BRKOPT-2003 31
Transponder 1
Transponder 2
Transponder n
Transponder 1
Transponder 2
Transponder n
Domain Controller (ROADM)
Mux/
Demux
Terminal Amp
(TA)
80 Km In-Line Amp
(ILA) Optional
80 KmTerminal Amp
(TA)Mux/
Demux
Terminal Equipment Disaggregation1
Open Line System2
Open Line System Control / APIs3
Disaggregated Line System 4
Multi-vendor Transponder Interop5
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Open Line Systems
BRKOPT-2003 32
Domain Controller (ROADM)
Mux/
Demux
Terminal Amp
(TA)
80 Km
In-Line Amp
(ILA) Optional
80 Km
Terminal Amp
(TA)Mux/
Demux
SDN Controller / Orchestrator
Open Mgmt Interfaces
Open Mgmt Interfaces O
pe
n M
gm
tIn
terf
aces
Op
en M
gm
tIn
terf
aces
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pe
cs
Vendor B
Vendor C
Vendor A
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pecs
Open Line Systems already exist.Need a common agreement on what that means
Domain Controller (TXP)
Domain Controller (TXP)
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Optical Disaggregation
• Motivation
• Challenges
• Opportunities
Open Line System
BRKOPT-2003 33
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Open ROADM MSA Proposal
BRKOPT-2003 34
• Open Disaggregated Interoperable Optical Layer• Standards-based API from each component to SDN Controller• Pluggable Long Reach Optics (Transponder or Router)• Software Controlled ROADMs (C/D & C/D/C)• Metro to start with, since less performance sensitive
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
TIP Proposal for Point-to-Point Open Line System
BRKOPT-2003 35
• Node-level optical spec (similar to Open ROADM approach), but tailored for point to point OLS configuration.
• Specifications proposed for key optical ( Incremental OSNR contribution, channel powers, gain mask, OSC, monitoring points, line protection, etc) and control parameters.
• Yang data models proposed for two nodes (Terminal & ILA)
Domain Controller (ROADM)
Mux/Demux
80 KmIn-Line Amp
(ILA) Optional
80 KmTerminal Amp
YANG
Terminal Amp
YANG
Mux/Demux
Mux/Demux
YANG
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pe
cs
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pecs
Netconf
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Google Proposal for Open Line System
BRKOPT-2003 36
Terminal Optics Terminal Optics
Open Line System (OLS)
Amps, Mux/Demux, ROADM, Gain Equalizer
Domain Controller (ROADM)
Open Mgmt Interfaces
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pecs
Decoupled Line System & Coherent Optics Benefits:Best of breed TechnologiesNo Vendor Lock-inCoherent optics makes this decoupling a lot easier compared to dispersion managed plants for non-coherent optics
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pecs
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Challenges and Next Steps
BRKOPT-2003 37
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Current State of the Industry
LEGACY DCS, M13, ADM, WDM..: 8100 Sq. Ft
• SPs must maintain profitable delivery of TDM services…
• …But challenges in front of SPs
• Considerations to modernize COs
BRKOPT-2003 39
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Three considerations to manage existing TDM assets
Rust in Place – Do Nothing (Sweat the Assets)
(+) No additional Capex, manage declining revenues
(–) Increasing Opex, lower agility, Obsolescence of Workforce & Network
Uproot everything to Ethernet (Revolution)
(+) High Capex investment, new Network, lower Opex
(–) Sharp revenue decline, customer churn / migration / tariff issues
Migrate the Network (Evolution)
(+) No revenue cliffs, maintain customer contracts, tariffs, with lower Opex
(–) Upfront Capex investments
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
BRKOPT-2003 40
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Option 1 - Do Nothing / Sweat the Assets
This option is detrimental to long-term business; will decrease profitability / cause competitive disadvantage
1) Opex will continue to increase
• Expensive Spares and maintenance
• Specialized talent
• Higher power consumption
2) Operations will get more complex
• “Old” and “New” networks
• Increasing outages
• Longer cycle times
3) CapEx will remain blocked
• Inefficient utilization of valuable real estate
No Action = Bigger Challenges in SLAs
Movement to IP is inevitable
Competitive Disadvantage
BRKOPT-2003 41
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Option 2 – Uproot to Ethernet - Revolution
This Option has benefits – but high risks of “revenue that adverse impact ongoing business…
• IP reduces operational cost of providing service by 10-20%
• Higher Reliability: e.g. traffic prioritization and QoS, including restauration paths to guarantee traffic integrity
• Better Scalability: Leased lines are difficult to scale, due to time needed for deployment and the expense
Certainly it has its Benefits…
• Erosion of current TDM revenues
• Massive Scope / Complexity
• High migration cost
• Reliability issues
• High Risk of Contract cancellations
• Agitate customer resulting in revenue loss
• Inability to scale quickly
…But Big Risks...
BRKOPT-2003 42
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Option 3 – Migrating the Network - Evolution
Migrating from TDP to IP by using circuit emulation, minimizes risks, while providing the benefits of IP…
TDM frames transported using IP as payload of IP packets
• Ingress CEM Node samples TDM Frames for Packetization
• Egress CEM Node collects Packets and reconstructs TDM Frames
No Changes at Customer End
Preserve TDM service
• Maintain existing revenues, customer experience, tariffs
Reduce Opex and Capex
• Lower cooling, power, operations costs, higher agility and scalability
Best of both Worlds
BRKOPT-2003 43
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
TDM to IP migration – Customers will benefit from Option3
Estimated OpEx Savings:
• $M / Year Large Office
• $$$M / Year Network-Wide
FROM
LEGACY DCS, M13, ADM, WDM..: 8100 Sq. Ft
TO
NCS-Modernized
Network
810 ft2
~ 90% Space
~ 75% Power
BRKOPT-2003 44
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
In Summary -- TDM to IP migration Provides…
Option 1Do Nothing
Option 2Uproot to Ethernet
(Revolution)
Option 3 Migrate Network
(Evolution)
Opex and Capex reductions: space, power, cooling, operations, testing, maintenance ✘ ✔✔ ✔
Avoid Opex increase from EoS/EoL of TDM ✘ ✔✔ ✔
Avoid revenue loss from outages after EoS/EoL ✘ ✔✔ ✔
Avoid revenue loss/ risk of customer churn during and after customer and service migration ✔ ✘ ✔
Avoid revenue loss due to contract cancellations (forced migration – need to migrate 100%) ✔ ✘ ✔
No multi-year transformation/migration cost (parallel operations, execution risk) ✔ ✘ ✔
Quick/seamless migration for quicker realization of benefits N/A ✘ ✔
full scopepartial scope
none
✔✔✔✘
Benefits
BRKOPT-2003 45
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Automation & ProgrammabilityComplete automation of installation, configuration and fine-grained monitoring
BRKOPT-2003
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Open Line Systems
BRKOPT-2003 48
Domain Controller (ROADM)
Mux/
Demux
Terminal Amp
(TA)
80 Km
In-Line Amp
(ILA) Optional
80 Km
Terminal Amp
(TA)Mux/
Demux
SDN Controller / Orchestrator
Open Mgmt Interfaces
Open Mgmt Interfaces O
pe
n M
gm
tIn
terf
aces
Op
en M
gm
tIn
terf
aces
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pe
cs
Vendor B
Vendor C
Vendor A
Op
tical I
nte
rface S
pecs
Open Line Systems already exist.Need a common agreement on what that means
Domain Controller
(TXP)
Domain Controller
(TXP)
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
End2End TDM Service over CEM/PW/MPLS
BRKOPT-2003
Service delivery Node with limited # of Uplinks Aggregation Node providing enough 10GE and 100GE Ports
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
NCS 4200 Platform8x DS1\E1 CEM
48x DS1\E1 CEM
48x DS3\E3 CEM
10G CEM (1xSFP+, 8xSFP)(OC-3/12/48/192 or STM-1/-4/-16/-64)
Combo 1x 10GE, 8x GE/FE
8x 10GE Ethernet
2x 40GE Ethernet
1x 100GE Ethernet
NCS 42167RU
16 Slots, ISSU
400G
NCS 42063RU
6 Slots, ISSU
400G
NCS 42021RU, 1 card slot
64G
NCS 42011RU
64G
CE
MP
AC
KE
T
BRKOPT-2003
Complete your online session evaluation
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BRKOPT-2003 51
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Demos in the Cisco campus
Walk-in self-paced
labs
Meet the engineer
1:1 meetings
Related sessions
Continue your education
BRKOPT-2003 52
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
AcronymsADC Analog Digital Converter
C-SPF Constrained Shortest Path First
CD Chromatic Dispersion
CP-DQPSK
Coherent Polarisation-Mux Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DCU Dispersion Compensating Unit
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DWDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
ELEAF E-Large Effective Area Fibre
ERO Explicit Route Option
FEC Forward Error Correction
FRR Fast Re-Route
FWM Four Wave Mixing
GMPLS Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching
IC Integrated Circuit
IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers
IETF Internet Engineeing Task Force
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LFA Loop Free Alternate
LMP Link Management Protocol
LSP Labeled Switch Path
NNI Network-Network Interface
NPU Network Processing Unit
NCS Network Convergence System
OCP Optical Control Plane
OEO Optical – Electrical- Optical
OIF Optical Internetworking Forum
OOK On/Off Keying
OSNR Optical Signal to Noise Ratio
OTN Optical Transport Network
PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
ROADM Reprogrammable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
BRKOPT-2003 55
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public#CLUS
Acronyms (Continued)
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SLA Service Level Agreement
SMF
Single Mode Fiber
SONET Synchronous Optical Network
SRLG Shared Risk Link Groups
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TDM Time Division Multiplexed
TE Traffic Engineering
UNI User-Network Interface
WSON Wavelength Switched Optical Network
WXC Wavelength Cross Connect
XPM Cross Phase Modulation
YoY Year over Year
BRKOPT-2003 56