I. INTRODUCTION
Regional development can be defined as a system which they consist of physical and
relational values in accordance with globalisation process. Regional development plans
aim to decrease disparties among regions and the plans are supported with investments by
government and specialized institutions.
Organized Industrial District become a development tool since 1960. 5 year
development plans consider to Organized Industrial Districts. Especially, primarily
development regions are specified and strategies are improved. The strategies are
localized and land use plans are prepared in accordance with industrial districts that
includes residential areas, education facilities and public services.
II. IMPORTANCE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON REGIONAL PLANNING
A. DEFINITION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Disparities of resource allocation (natural resources, qualified work force, knowledge
production and usability of the knowledge, social-physical-economic infrastructure etc.)
and differences of historical, physical, structural and organizational characteristics of
society cause to problematic and potential areas in countries. Regional planning is an
instrument which helps these areas to integrate to each other in terms of economic, social
and physical aspects. In brief, main aim of regional planning is to prevent the disparities
among the regions. Regional Plans and Strategies are important interface which embody
physical expression of national priorities and policies within regulatory strategies in order
to respond to the requirements of local scale. Regional planning, which revealed local
priorities clearly, elaborates sectorial programmes/actions in the national context that will
provide spatial integration. In this context, regional planning cannot be separated from
the development concept (Doğan, 1997). Regional planning, which play an integrative
role, would be successful to degree that integrates various actions with a strategic
perspective that is common opinion. Past practices show that regional planning is an
indispensable instrument to achieve the national and local aims (Roberts, 1996).
Regional development foresees economic development in the projected region or
sector by increasing investment level. The regional development requires with investment
decisions influence from various instruments and institutions. For that, revealing
economic potential of region and common use of specialities make development process
to accelerate (Arslan, 2005).
B. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS IN TURKEY
1. General Overview of Regional Development in Turkey
According to Atlan, regional development approach is evaluated by dividing into
three periods. In the first period, from foundation of republic until 1963, ignored regional
development was not regarded as an instrument of development, and it was counted as
instrument of construction. Planning and its main aim are defined as construction of
settlement. As a result, industry and service sectors are clustered in the west of Istanbul.
In brief, regional science is neglected. Second period begins with planned development
and continues to 1999 Helsinki summit of the European Council where Turkey was
officially recognised as a candidate for full membership. In 1963, regional planning
approach changes, and regional development becomes priority with beginning of the
planned period. Integrated planning approach, which examines physical, social and
economic dimensions are examined with each other, make applicable. Final period come
from Helsinki decision and continues until nowadays (Atlan, 2007).
In Turkey, from 1960s, regional development policy is applied, that includes Five-
Year Plans, Integrated Master Plans, Rural Development Projects, Investment Incentives
and development priority zones, Small Industrial Building Complex for Organized
Industrial Sides and small scaled operations.
In addition, the most common used tools for regional development is incentive system
according to local and sectors. This system, this system is applied at different rates
according to development of regions. Other than incentives in Turkey, the main tool used
is public investments. Investments for public services and infrastructure are seen as
effective tool in terms of economic development. However, public investments lost their
effectiveness. This is not used as tool to provide regional investments. In result, private
investments get an importance for industrialization. Organized Industrial Districts are
used as a tool which affects to location of industry and supports to regional development.
In 1961, benefits of industrialization are specified with researches. With these studies,
Bursa is a pilot area for first industrial organized district and “Organized Industrial
District” fact takes a place in First Development Plan (1965-1969) although it is applied
before preparation of plan. Following 20 years, organized industrial district plans are
completed in 6 districts (Bursa, Gaziantep, Eskişehir, Konya, Erzurum, Manisa).
2. Regional Development Plans in Turkey
a. First 5 Year Plan (1965-1969)
In development process, this plan defines regional politics and this topic is examined
with details. The regions are grouped according to development levels.
This plan aims to people living in less developing districts with low income level are
encouraged economic development.
This is emphasized that industrialization is increased and balanced development is
provided in regions.
Government takes the responsibility.
“Incentives for industry” is main consideration to provide productivity in industry
and increases of regional development by choose industrial districts and create
regular industrial region such as Bursa Organized District.
b. Second 5 Year Plan (1968-1972)
Aims and strategies of the second 5 year plan are emphasized more than first plan’s
in terms of regional development.
Industrialization gets a rapid process and this situation should be continued.
Mutually complimentary districts choose their location in industrial districts with
enough infrastructure facilities.
Also, less developed districts are primary to develop.
In less developed regions, centres which enable to use engine power are specified.
Regional layout plans must be prepared to lead to sectorial activities and increase
economic and social development.
c. Third 5 Year Plan (1973-1977)
While first and second plans give an importance to provide regional development,
third plan defines relationship between industry and urbanization.
To specify primary development regions, sort of development are prepared with
socio-economic index.
Organized Industrial Districts coordinates physical planning and urbanization.
Municipality disciplines are founded around Organized Industrial Districts and
public industrial facilities.
Industrial Districts get new functions such as industrial incentives and spatial
organization.
d. Fourth 5 Year Plan (1980-1984)
It aims to decrease disparities among districts with consideration of general overview
of country rather than districts.
Specialization Commission is founded in this period. Credits are controlled and
primarily industrialization regions complete their process.
Organized Industrial Districts are combined with heavy industry facilities and
industrial settlements.
e. Fifth 5 Year Plan (1985-1989)
It is aimed to develop balanced, planned and regular allocation of organized
industrial districts.
It is handled location, planning and negotiation of the district as a whole process.
Residential areas and accommodation facilities are encouraged in the districts to
construct small scaled industrial sites.
f. Sixth 5 Year Plan (1990-1994)
With “Regional Development” and “Settlement-Urbanization” sub-topics, land use
plans are developed in location of industries.
Small Scaled Industries can be located around the districts when there is a need.
Special education centers are developed for industry employees.
All developments should be continued with complimentary.
Manufacturing creates competitive and extroversive.
Developments are oriented international large scaled manufacturing institutions.
g. Seventh 5 Year Plan (1996-2000)
It is encouraged existing facilities to move to organized industrial districts with less
density.
Except compulsory situations, investments are only concentrated in less density
areas.
Facilities to found Specialization Commission are accelerated in the areas which are
defined as “developed and normal regions”.
81 Organized District Projects are mentioned.
h. Eighth 5 Year Plan (2001-2005)
In this plan, information and technology are important facts.
It is aimed to develop competitive politics against to abroad.
Industries, which can improve technology, are founded by using local resources and
benefit from qualified labour force.
i. Ninth 5 Year Plan (2007-2013)
Economic growth and social development is continued steadily.
Strategies are defined as;
- Increase of competition
- Rise of employment
- Strength of human development and solidarity
- Consider of regional development
- Increase of public and education facilities
III. Industry as an Instrument of Regional Development
A. The definition of Organized Industrial Site
Organized industrial site is good and service product field that procure proper place
for industry, orientate the urbanization, benefit from knowledge and informatics, developed
and settled the manufacturing industry type in a specific plan with preperation of required
infrastructure service, social institutions and technoparks. The Organized Industrial Zone is a
system that offers easier and more competitive production for medium and small size
operations that cooperatively manufacture products, by utilizing common substructure
facilities on a well planned site.
B. Importance of Organized Industrial Side in Regional Development
The regions are very important tools for the development process in the earth. The
main aim of regional development is minimizing the inter-regional socio-economic
differences, developing the national resources in terms of the highest social and economic
benefits, gaining the spatial dimension to the sectoral politics with considering the interaction
among the economic, social, cultural and spatial politics.
Organized industrial sides are the very important tools for regional development. With
the planned era in Turkey, 1962, organized industrial sides started to established and they are
started to benefit the this potential for regional development. The main aim was developing
the underdeveloped country with attracting the industrial investments to the regions. In 2000,
some precautions were taken with ‘Organized Industrial Side Law’. With this law, some
important authority assigned to organized industrial sides and also important steps were taken
for increasing the capacity of these organized industrial sides.
Today, organized industrial sides are critical tools for, providing development of small
and medium size of enterprises, providing production and marketing opportunities to
development of small and medium size of enterprises, providing the balanced development in
regions that differentiate in terms of economic, taking the indstrial area out of the city and
providing them planned and programmed settling, regulating the relationship between
urbanization and industrilization with removing the bad affects of industrilization to the cities.
(Çetin & Kara, 2008). Organized industrial sites provides collaboration, specialization, quality
improvement, customer satisfaction, cost reduction, provide convenient for infrastructure in
terms of electric, water, energy, transportation, provide advantages for education, health,
production. According to these information, organized industrial sides can have many
important task in regional development so extending and increasing the both quality and
quantity of organized industrial side is very important issue in regional development.
All organized industrial sites’ implementations actualize with Ministry’s subvention
and supervision. Industrialists come and establish their business in organized industrial sites
that providing infrastructure of the road, drinking water, utility water, electric,
communication, purification plant. With this situation unplanned industrilization can be
prevented and the economy of the country can be developed. Also organized industrial sites
provide employment so the immigration can be decreased.
As well organized industrial sites contribute environmental quality increment with the
movement of the industrial areas to the specific regions that controlling industrial and waste
disposal, having completed infrastructure.
Organized industrial sites have an importance for urbanization and industrilization.
Organized industrial sites regulate relationship between urbanization and industrlization with
inciting the industrialists that can not develop inside the city and attract them to the region.
Today, economic development and industrial development based on organized
industrial sites, are showing parallelism. Also these two influence each other in the process.
Also organized industrial site areas are influencing the structure of urbanization, demographic
movement and procuring increment in education and life standarts . So with these they
continue to provide benefit for near environment.
C. Organized Industrial Side Implementation in Turkey
The starting point of the organized industrial sides relied on the requirement of
planned industrial sides and their development. The first examples of organized industrial
sides were seen in 19th century in England and after the beginning of the 20th century
America and other developed countries started to use the organized industrial areas.
Organized industrial side implementations started in 1962 in Turkey. In all
development plans organized industrial sites were used for industrial and regional
development. With the effort for planned industry in Turkey, the idea of organized industrial
sites came into prominance.
In 1961, some researches were made for prepared some report about the benefit of
organized industrial sites to industrialists. After this report, the project that about the
implementation of organized industrial sites were made in Bursa. The area that was thought to
be full at least 15-20 years, was fulled 70% right after few years that finalzing of
infrastructural system.
Organized industrial site concept was took apart in first plan and became legal in
Turkey. As from 1964, the plan of Manisa, Konya, Bartın and Ankara’s organized industrial
side was made after the implementation of organized industrial sites in Bursa. Organized
industrial sites were started to spread with these imlementations In 1983, six region was
completed and four regions were added in 1988.
70 organized industrial site project was completed between 1962-2000 and 73
organized industrial project was completed between 2003-2010. From 1962 to today, the
number of organized industrial sites are 147. Total area of these organized industrial sites is
27.542 hectar.
(Source: OSBÜK, 2009)
The map shows the province that have organized industrial sites which covered more
than 1000 hectar and active. The existing big organized industrial sites are located in the
provinces which industry is already spreading.
(Source: OSBÜK, 2010)
The map shows the active organized industrial sites number in provinces.
The formation of organized industrial sites in development plans:
First Five Year Development Plan (1965-1969)
I. Five year development plan aimed industrial investment in region which were
underdeveloped and had low level of income. The implementation tools for the process
that suggested by development plan were provided the social justice between regions, hold
the capital in region,reduced the foundation and manufacturing cost for providing the
capital flow from developed regions, provided the cheap infrastructure opportunity,
providing some credits and tax discount.
Development plan emphasized the industrilization in Turkey’ long term development.
Development Plan forseen the selection of the regions and established the regular
industrial settling for increase efficiency in industry and provide balance regional
development. Bursa Organized Industrial Region was established in this period.
Second Five Year Development Plan (1968-1972)
This development plan was more emphasized industrilazition issue in comparison to I.
Five year development Plan. According to plan, İndustrilization was the must that can be
provided rapid development in this period.
In this development plan era, the prior sector was manufacturing industry.
Industrilization and stimulation of industry were the main issue in development plan.
In this plan organized industrial site term was used. There were some incentives given for
development and established of these sites. The development points that can be influenced
their environment, want to be created in development plan.
Third Five Year Development Plan (1973-1977)
The main issue in this development plan was the relationship between the urbanization
and industrilization. Organized industrial site term was used clearly in the plan. The
regulatory role of Organized insutrial sites in terms of urban development and physical
planning was emphasized in Plan. Not only the role of regional development tool but also
industrial incentive and spatial regulation features of organized industrial sites were the
issue for the development plan. In this development plan, Erzurum, Tekirdağ-Çerkezköy,
Bilecik, Kars, Bursa-İnegöl and Mardin organized industrial sites were considered.
Fourth Five Year Development Plan (1980-1984)
Organized industrial sites were seen the tool for development of underdeveloped
regions. Heavy industry facilities and comprehensive industrial settlings were intagrated
with organized industrial sites. Also the duties that organized industrial sites management
and also the solution of problematic issues about organized industrial sites, were given to
Industry and Technology Ministry.
Fifth Five Year Development Plan (1985-1989)
The regional development diagrams in site selection was based for organized industry
and also the sectors that located in organized industrial sites was developed according to
the characteristics of the settlements. These issues were became the policy of fifth
development plan. Incentives for residential in organized industrial sites, establishment of
small industrial area in settling which have organized industrial sites, were made in plan.
Sixth Five Year Development Plan (1990-1994)
Land use plan for the area that industry can be settled, planning small industrial sites
near the region if required and the educational center for the organized industrial sites’
workers were the main issues for sixth five year development plan.
Seventh Five Year Development Plan (1996-2000)
Encourament for the movement of the existing industrial sites to the organized
industrial sites, Not to give any support for the industrial incentives in place where
organized industrial sites load factor was low. The organized industrial sites constructions
must be finished rapidly in the region that had priority in development.
Specialized organized industrial sites must be constructed in areas that defined
developed by the plan. These areas must be organized to use the new technologhy. Also
some regulation must be made for AR-GE activities and üniversity-industry collaboration.
Eighth Five Year Development Plan (2001-2005)
The development of organized industrial sites that having infrastructures, generalize
the organized industrial sites in country that have importance because of employment are
the important issue for the eight five year development plan.
Planning of the industry that attached importance to research and development and
can be developed the technologhy, were encouraged with using the local resource.
Nineth Five Year Development Plan (2007-2013)
Generalizing the vocational education in organized industrial sites that constituted
aggregation is one of the issue in development plan. Organized industrial site which were
under construction, must be finished and opened for industrialists rapidly is another prior
policy in development plan.
In developmen plan the incentive and regulative features of the organized industrial
sites were based on and the aims are specified according to these features. Organized
industrial sites was evaluated the incentives tools in terms of providing planned and prepared
infrastructure for enterpreneurs. Organized industrial sites was seen spatial incentives. Also
organized industrial sites were used for the solution of regional disparities. In addition
organized industrial sites made industrial institution more planned and regular. So these sites
contributed to the planned urban development.
The number of organized industrial sites started to increase in fifth five year
development plan period. In sixth and seventh five year development plan the number of the
institutions reached the highest number.
Although the development plans emphasized the balanced between region while site
selection for organized industrial sites, this issue did not consider while in selection. The
incentives concentrate in specific regions. Also in seventh five year development plan some
organized industrial sites were constructed in pointlessly. Organized industrial sites
concentrated mostly Aegean, Central Anatolia and Marmara region in terms of number and
areal.
D. Aim of Organized Industrial Sides in Turkey
Organized Industrial Site policies is very important tool for hold the capital in region
and used it to local industry. Because of this feature organized industrial sites can be used for
decreasing regional disparitirs and developing the region. So organized industrial sites ared
used since planned period to today.
The aim of the organized industrial sites are;
Providing proper field for enterpreneurs,
With encouragement of infrastructure and exterior benefit, they increasing the both
competition and profitableness,
Providing rapid industrilization and generalizing the industrilization in to nationwide,
Using for spatial regulatory and preventing the uncontrolled urbanization,
Balanced the economic development in nationwide and balanced the regional
development,
Decreasing the migration to the big cities,
Providing standardization,
Having own management system with state supervision,
In brief, organized industrial sites aims are providing planned industrilization, balanced
regional development and systematic urbanization.
IV. Relations between Organized Industrial Side and Regional Development
A. Isparta Organized Industrial Side Example and Relationship with Regional
Development (Süleyman Demirel Organized Industrial Side)
Isparta is one of the province that located in TR61-Antalya sub-region. According to
2003 development level ordering results Isparta is 26 in line.
Socio-Economic Development Profile of Isparta
According to 2003 socio-economic development profile of Isparta, the city is under
the Turkey average in terms of GDP. But other economic values, exportation and importation
per person are above the average of both Turkey and Mediterranean Region. In Education and
Health category Isparta is above the average in both categories. But if we look at the
employment of the region Isparta mostly below the average of the Turkey and Mediterranean
region.
If the economic profile of the province is evaluated, Isparta’s economy base on the
agricultural sector. The main branch of industry are carpeting, sulphur business, forest and
furniture, leather trade and food industry.
There are 4 organized industrial sites in the province. These are Süleyman Demirel
Organized Industrial Site, Isparta Leather Organized Industrial Site, Yalvaç Organized
Industrial Side, and Organized floriculture Industrial Side. Organized industrial site studies
mostly actualize betwee 1992-2000. With the Süleyman Demirel Organized Industrial Site the
capital moved to incentive rapidly. There are 30 institution active in area. Also other 38
institutions is in project or construction period.
There are 7 small industry site provide 1.762 workplace that are planned and healthy
situation for employee. Also a part of Isparta Organized Industrial Site is tried to become
Industrial Region. If it is hapenned region have important opportunity for development.
General Profile of Firms in Organized Industrial Area
According to the distributions of the firms in organized industrial area most dominant
sector are woodwork and textile.
The table shows the scale of the firms base on the worker number. According to the
results, firms are mostly small in scale in organized industrial side. Textile firms in organized
industrial sides consist of big and medium scale. So the textile sector have an great
contribution for the regional employment.
Also the most deep scaled firms in organized industrial site is woodworks and textile is in
second.
The activity area of the firms in organized industial site mostly in nation or
international. This shows that the firms made exportation. So nation and internatonal market
is very important for the firms.
Also the use of capacity is important for the economy. According to existing situation
most of the firm work more than 50% capacity. Other firms capaciy is mostly between 25%-
50%. Plant-mixed concrete 70% and textile sector 68,5% have highest capacity than other
firms.
There are some reasons for low capacity in firms. According to the survey results which
made with firms’ workers and owners, the main reasons for this low capacity are rising
product cost, insufficient home demand and rising competition with import goods.
If the firms last 5 years economic performs evaluate:
Tendency in production amount,
Increasing production cost between 2002-2004 and steady in last two years,
Rising employment volume,
There is no alternation in investments,
Rising domestic product sale in parallel to rising production can be seen.
Also some questions were asked to the firms to evaluate impact of organized industrial
sites to the regional development. The main functions of organized industrial sites impact
level asked to the firms and wanted them to evaluate these functions. According to survey
results, except the one functions of organized industrial sites all other functions actualize in
the site. Only the function, ‘help to use the agricultural land in industry’ was get lowest point
that shows the low impact of agriculture on industry sector.
With these results it can be said that the Süleyman Demirel organized industrial sites
have effect on regional development but the effect level is not very high. Also the results
show the importance level of the organized industrial side functions according to the firms.
Organize industrial sites are very important factor for regional development but
organized industrial sites that try to actualze since 1960, have limited contribution for nation
economy. The research about the Isparta’s organized industrial site also shows the same
situation. Basically, Isparta’s dominated sector is agriculture but according the survey result
agricultural potantial of the district do not use in industry. Other functions are operated in low
level in contrast to high potential in firms. The reasons for regression is that;
Inadequate incentive by states
Non-operative incentive system
Lack of collaboration
Failing in site selection
Inadequate infrastructure system
Inadequate technological use
REFERENCES
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Bir Araç: Bölgesel Planlama ve Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları”, istanbul
Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(7), Spring 2005/1, pp. 275-294.
ARSLAN, S. & ÖZDEMİR F. S. (2005), “Teknoloji Geliştirme Bölgelerine
Sağlanan Vergisel Avantajlar ve Bu Avantajlara İlişkin Son Düzenlemeler”.
ATLAN, R. (2007), Türkiye’nin Bölgesel Kalkınma Yaklasımı, Stratejik Boyut.
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ÇETİN, M., KARA, M., (Temmuz-Aralık, 2008). Bir Kalkınma Aracı Olarak “Organize
Sanayi Bölgeleri”: Isparta Süleyman Demirel Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Üzerine Bir
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Dergisi, 31, s. 49-68
DPT 9. Kalkınma Planı, Bölgesel Gelişme Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu.
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