2770
www.ijifr.com Copyright © IJIFR 2015
Original Paper
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697
Volume 2 Issue 8 April 2015
Abstract Research on various bio-fuels has been carried out as an alternate to the fossil fuels as the
geological survey has indicated depletion of fossil fuel reserves in the near future. In the
present work, investigations were made to analyse the combustion and vibration
characteristics of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine fuelled with conventional diesel
fuel, Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an additive in biodiesel at different
percentages viz. 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% on volume fraction basis. The net and cumulative
heat release rates were calculated on the basis of first law of thermodynamics using
pressure-crank angle data, cylinder volume model and process coefficient which varies
with the temperature in the combustion chamber. Three strategic points are considered to
measure the engine vibration and analysed to obtain information about the nature of
combustion since the combustion itself is basic exciter. The vibration studies reveal the
combustion propensity with different fuel samples. Time signal plots are recorded on the
engine cylinder head in vertical direction of the piston movement to analyse knocking
aspect with the fuels tested. Quantum burning is observed in the case of 3 percent additive
in biodiesel with more harmonics in the main chamber as per the time waves.
Experimental Investigations on Combustion
and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect Injection
Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester
(PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E8/ 083 Page No. 2770-2780 Research Area
Mechanical
Engineering
Key Words Bio Diesel, Combustion, First Law Of Thermodynamics, IDI Engine, Palm
Methyl Ester (PME), Vibration, 1,4-Dioxane Additive
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu 1 Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering Kallam Haranadhareddy Institute of Technology Guntur- Andhra Pradesh, India
B V Appa Rao 2 Professor, Department of Marine Engineering Andhra University College of Engineering (A) Visakhapatnam- Andhra Pradesh ,India
Aditya Kolakoti 3 Research Scholar, Department of Marine Engineering Andhra University College of Engineering(A) Visakhapatnam- Andhra Pradesh ,India
2771
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
1. Introduction Fast depletion of fossil fuel, increasing of pollution to peak levels and to follow stringent rules in
controlling emissions made to shift over to alternate, renewable, pollution free fuels. Oxides of
Nitrogen and CO are the two important harmful emissions in C.I. engines. Fuel companies and
researchers are devoted to reduce such emissions. In this context, engine researchers are striving for
suitable renewable alternate fuels for diesel engine. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel derived from
vegetable oil. an increase in maximum cylinder pressure and premixed combustion rate with
advanced fuel injection timings for all fuel samples. From the combustion characteristics of the
test fuels, it was clear that ignition delay, total combustion duration and maximum pressure rise
rate increased with advanced fuel delivery timing. Increasing the amount of methanol or ethanol
in the fuel blends caused to increase in ignition delay and to decrease in total combustion duration at
all injection timings[1]. The effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel are
investigated on an indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engine and examined the combustion
characteristics, performance and exhaust gas emissions using soybean oil biodiesel[2]. Effects of
engine speed, engine output, injection timing ,engine compression ratio on the engine output torque,
combustion noise, maximum pressure and maximum heat release rate have been studied in an
indirect injection diesel engine fuelled with the algae biodiesel. The inferences are the physical and
chemical properties of the micro algae oil methyl ester are similar to both the biodiesel and diesel
fuel. The algae oil biodiesel exhibited more combustion noise compared to the diesel fuel or raw
algae oil. The biodiesel produced less engine torque output than the diesel fuel and raw algae oil.
The biodiesel produced slightly higher heat release rate compared to diesel fuel[3]. The effect of
diesel/methanol blend on combustion characteristics and heat release rate analysis were studied on
a diesel engine and concluded that increase in methanol quantity in the diesel/methanol blends
caused to increase in the heat release rate at the premixed burning phase and limits the combustion
duration of the diffusive burning phase[4,5]. The high pressure amplitude may indicate early
ignition or presence of a more amount of fuel in the cylinder prior to ignition. The lower amplitude
may show delay in ignition, injection malfunction or engine compression malfunction[6,7]. In the
field of DI diesel engine, trails were conducted to analyze engine vibration with the introduction
of neat biodiesel and biodiesel with additives[8].Vibration diagnostics of an engine based on the
analysis of accelerometer data have earned a greater success[9]. The Injection pressure and
injected quantities over an energy release threshold really affect the vibration signals in a
typical way; injection timing effects the engine block vibrations in any way less evident
[10].10%Triacetin in coconut oil biodiesel produced lowest amplitude at knocking frequency of
6500Hz taking overall combustion temperature as20000F. Narrow changes in combustion
temperatures may vary the knocking frequencies by smallest margin around 6500Hz (which is
resonant frequency for the cylinder dimensions)[11].Investigations were done on an IDI diesel
engine operated with preheated Jatropha Methyl Ester and inferred that considerable reduction of
the vibration in the high frequency regions with the JME preheated to 600C. Biodiesel heated to
600C predict better combustion since at higher frequencies more than 10000 Hz, the amplitudes
are lower comparatively <50dB(V). There is more high frequency vibration for diesel fuel
compared with biodiesel and heated oils [12].Experimental work on IDI diesel engine fuelled with
Pongamia Methyl Ester and Isobutanol as an additive infer better combustion phenomena for 6% of
additive in biodiesel. The amount of heat release is more in the diffused combustion stage
indicating better torque conversion and load lifting capacity of the engine with the tested fuels.
Uniform amplitude modulation putting forth the information that prevalence of smoother
2772
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
combustion for the 6% of additive in biodiesel[13].Experimental studies on an IDI-Diesel Engine
with Rice Bran Methyl Ester and Isopropanol Injection concluded that, the combustion in both the
chambers are distributed uniformly in the case of 2% additive mixing because of smoother start of
combustion. Rapid combustion in the pre combustion chamber is slowed down to marginal extent
leading to less friction losses in the transit from one chamber to another and this aspect saves the
combustion energy to greater extent, thereby increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine. Higher
pressure generation in the pre combustion also increases the heat transfer from pre-chamber surface
area[14].Investigations were made on single cylinder Indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine
operated with Mahua Methyl Ester (MME) and Methanol as an additive at normal room
temperatures and concluded that 3% additive in bio-diesel led to smoother performance in
combustion pressure development. The net heat release rate and cumulative heat release rates are
better. The maximum relief of exhaust gas temperature for 3% additive indicates the ensued
combustion is low temperature combustion in which methanol has burned at later stages
because of lower cetane number[15].Experimental results shown that flame additives are used to
improve combustion efficiency, to increase cetane number, to reduce formation of carbon deposits,
to avoid oxidation reactions[16].
2. Experimental Set up
The experimental test rig as shown in figure.1 consists of the following equipments:
I. Single cylinder IDI diesel engine loaded with eddy current dynamometer
II. Engine Data Logger(M/S. APEX Innovations Ltd, India)
III. Exhaust Gas Analyzer (AVL DI TEST)
IV. Smoke Analyzer (Diesel Tune 114) and
V. Vibration Analyser
Figure1: Experimental test rig set up
Table 1: Specifications of the engine test rig
Engine manufacturer Bajaj RE Diesel Engine
Engine type Four Stroke, Forced air and Oil Cooled
No. Cylinders One
Bore 86.00mm
2773
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
The line diagram of experimental setup is shown in Figure.2
Figure 2: Schematic arrangements of engine test bed, instrumentation and data logging system.
3. Experimental Procedure
The present work deals with the study of engine combustion and vibration characteristics of variable
speed IDI engine with the new fuel replacement. The experimentation is conducted on the single
cylinder indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine which is operated at normal room temperatures of
280C to 330C.The fuels used are Diesel fuel in neat condition and as well as Palm Methyl Ester
(PME) with 1%,2%,3%, and 4% additive 1,4-Dioxane in biodiesel and at five discrete part load
Stroke 77.00mm
Engine displacement 447.3cm3
Compression ratio 24±1:1
Maximum net power 5.04 kW at 3000 rpm
Maximum net torque 18.7 Nm at 2200 rpm
Idling rpm 1250±150 rpm
Injection Timings 8.50 to 9.5
0 BTDC
Injector Pintle
Injector Pressure 142 to 148 kg/cm2
Fuel High Speed Diesel
Starting Electric Start
2774
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
conditions viz. No Load, 0.77 kW, 1.54 kW, 2.31 kW and 2.70 kW loads without gear box and
clutch assembly measuring stable engine operation. The data collection is done independently for the
above said fuels. Properties of the fuels used in the experimentation are shown in the table 2.The net
heat release rates and the cumulative heat release rates are derived from the recorded Pressure-Crank
angle data, cylinder volume model and implementing process coefficient at every degree of crank
revolution. Cylinder vibration is recorded using vibration analyzer (Fig.3) with accelerometer
mounted on the cylinder head in the two desired directions (one is in the piston slap direction and the
other being vertical). DC-11 data logger is used to ascertain the spectral data in the form of FFT and
overall vibration levels. This FFT data recorded is collected by the data logger is analyzed by Vast-
an software designed by VAST INC Russia. The time waveforms are obtained on the cylinder head
by DC-11 in OFF-ROUT mode and are presented in graphic form by Vast-an DOS based software.
Table 2: Properties of the Fuels Used
S. No
Name of the fuel Diesel PME 1,4-Dioxane
Properties
1 Density at 330C, (kg/m
3 ) 830 860.6 1033
2 Gross Calorific
value,(kJ/kg) 43000 38050 26960
3 Viscosity at 330C, (cSt.) 2.75 4.545 1.16
4 Cetane Number 45-55 65 50
6 Flash Point (oC) 50 164 12
7 Latent Heat of
Vaporization (KJ/Kg) 280 300 413
8 Auto ignition temperature
(oC)
316 363 180
Figure 3: DC-11 Vibration Analyser with acceleration pickup
2775
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Co
mb
ust
ion
Pre
ssu
re(b
ar)
Crank Angle(Degree)
Combustion Pressure Vs Crank Angle at 2.7kW Engine Load
DIESEL
PME
PME+1% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+2% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+3% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+4% 1,4-
DIOXANE
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Combustion Pressure variation with different fuels
Combustion pressures in the combustion chamber were recorded with respect to the TDC
position .For specific study, the crank angle duration from 3500 to 400
0 which encompasses TDC
position at 3600 has been selected. Figure.4 indicate the combustion pressure variation with respect
to crank angle. Each plot is an average of six samples taken at each load. From the graph it is clear
that an improvement in the combustion pressure generation starting from the beginning of the
combustion at maximum load. This additive in biodiesel has proved its consistent performance in the
exhaust gas emissions and engine cylinder vibrations. Generally diesel engines are advised to run at
maximum load and at other part loads in the proximity of the maximum load. 3percent 1,4-Dioxane
additive in the PME exhibited smooth variation of pressure in both the combustion chambers out of
all the fuels tested( pressure sensor mounted in the main chamber).It can be observed from the plot
4, there is visible fluctuation in the combustion pressure generation with other samples indicating
more heterogeneity when compared to the sample with 3percent additive in the biodiesel.
Figure 4: Combustion Pressure verses Crank Angle for all fuel samples at maximum engine load.
4.2. Cumulative and Net heat release rate comparison
Cumulative heat release for maximum load operation as shown in fig.5 envisages that the peak
pressure is occurring earlier by 50 of crank approximately. Economical cumulative heat release has
been observed with 3 percent 1,4-Dioxane in PME and at other percentages except at 4% additive
,the heat release is superseding the other percentages of additive in biodiesel. Sharp initial rise in
cumulative heat is observed with 3 percent additive in biodiesel. The net heat release with 3 percent
additive in biodiesel is observed in systematic quantum burning as shown in fig.6.Erratic
2776
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
combustion has been taken place in the case of 4 percent additive in biodiesel with irreversible in the
combustion within the cycle.
Figure 5: Cumulative heat release rate Verses Crank angle at 2.31 kW engine load
Figure 6: Net heat release rate Verses Crank angle
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
300 350 400 450 500
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate
(J/D
egre
e)
Crank Angle(Degree)
DIESEL
PME
PME+1% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+2% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+3% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+4% 1,4-
DIOXANE
-6
-1
4
9
14
19
24
29
340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420
Net
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate
(J/D
egre
e)
Crank Angle(Degree)
DIESEL
PME
PME+1% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+2% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+3% 1,4-
DIOXANE
PME+4% 1,4-
DIOXANE
2777
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
4.3. Engine Vibration Analysis
Figure7 depict the vibration acceleration on the cylinder head in vertical direction at two different
loads. Since engine is vertical cylinder engine, the vibration recording on the cylinder head in
vertical direction truly reflect the engine combustion propensity. Combustion propensity can be
predicted from the deliverance of frequencies within time period taken for one degree of crank.
Hence, vibration analysis in FFT form both in the form of narrow band and log-log form have been
analyzed to assess the merit of the bio fuel in comparison to the neat diesel fuel. Frequency zone of
12800 Hz is considered for the measurement of vibration acceleration amplitude and velocity
amplitude to assess the knocking and detonation in the highest order of vibration. Log-Log FFT
graph (figure 8) give ample information about the combustion trend with the new fuel.
Figure 7: FFT plot of vibration acceleration on the Figure 8: Log-Log plot of vibration Acceleration on
Cylinder Head in vertical direction with the Cylinder Head in vertical direction
different fuel combinations at 2.7kW load with different fuel combinations at 2.7kW
2778
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
Time wave amplitude modulation is comparatively smoother replete with harmonies for 3% 1,4-
Dioxane in biodiesel as shown in figure.9. The longer time band widths of combustion in the main
chamber may indicate better torque conversion. The vibration excitation is on par with diesel fuel
which is near to 10g in the pre combustion chamber. In the case of bio diesel the excitation levels in
the time wave are less than 10g indicating lower power generation. Considering 3% 1,4-Dioxane in
biodiesel, the heat generation in pre chamber and main chamber has been economically adjusted
with the introduction of additive leading to load tackling on par with diesel fuel. This has taken place
vis-a-vis lower heat value of the biodiesel and the additive. Hence, it can be acclaimed better
combustion propensity in the case of the defined additive in the biodiesel. This assessment is also
agreeing with the cumulative heat release curves already explained.
Fig.9. Time wave recorded vertical on the Cylinder Head with different fuel combinations at 2.7kW load
2779
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
5. Conclusion
i. It can be realized that the 3 percent 1, 4-Dioxanea additive in PME is the right choice for the
replacement of conventional diesel fuel in IDI Engine chosen and tested in the laboratory.
This conclusion is based on the real pressure plots obtained, the cumulative and net heat
release rate plots derived and vibration plots compared.
ii. Three percent 1, 4-Dioxane additive in the PME exhibited smooth variation of pressure in
both the combustion chambers out of all the fuels tested.
iii. Quantum burning is observed in the case of 3 percent additive in biodiesel with more
harmonics in the main chamber as per the time waves.
iv. Since it is accepted that the vibration plots give grater insight in to the one degree of crank
revolution in time domain, assessment has been made with narrow brand, log-log FFT plots
with higher range of frequency and time wave forms.
v. Knocking or any abnormality in combustion which obviously give set back to the power
generation can be easily investigated by the micro level study of cylinder excitation with
vibration.
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ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 8, April 2015 20th Edition, Page No: 2770- 2779
S C V Ramana Murty Naidu, B V Appa Rao, Aditya Kolakoti:: Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Vibration Analysis of an Indirect
Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and 1, 4-Dioxane as an Additive
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Biographies
1st S C V Ramana Murty Naidu has 16 years of teaching experience and area of interest is Alternate
fuels and its Applications in C.I. Engines.
2nd Prof. B V Appa Rao has been working in the Department of Marine Engineering, Andhra
University from the past 30 years. His expertise is in the area of Biodiesel applications in the Diesel
engines without changing the basic design of the engine. He is also adept in Condition monitoring of
Machinery and engines, He has produced 20 doctorates, 8 are in progress and published about 87
papers.
3rd Aditya Kolakoti is a full time research scholar in the Dept.of Marine Engineering,AUCE(A).
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