10
At Baker Lake in 1954, Kigjugalik(mother of Barnabas Pirjuaq) wasawarded a "good citizenship"medal by the Government ofCanada. She was one of 10,000Canadians from all walks of lifewho received this medal, whichcommemorated the Coronation ofOueen Elizabeth II in 1952. Thepeople in this photograph are:(1) Aliqtiksaq (Pirjuaq's brother);(2) Michael Amarook; (3) BasilKiblakoot; (4) Betty Hughson:(5) Oalrulaaq; (6) Kigjugalik;(7) Emima (wife of Aliqtiksaq):(8) RCMP officer; (9) MichaelPeryouar; (10) Inukpaaluk(Pirjuaq's wife).
'bLcr I :)<I'r 1954-'Jn'."Jp .... ~c-' (A ' ...<1 < <I':':,:)cr"'~,-~>" "ac-C",,,,~·...nr·"b...C~< ~<L·d'f"cr'. d,-r.,.~ ..."10,OOO-cr' :)cr"'~"'cr' o.... 'r~C.,,'Ccr :)cr"'~'bC~"'cr C< ~r~ac-C",,,,~· ...nr·. a'~~L"'~
cr'~~... ' da' dc-~A II da"J"nC~cr~ 1952-r. a~a' C'<cr<I'i"c-~"(L"" ~d<l'J"": (1)<lc-"n' ~" (A ' ...<1 < <I~"'<I):
(2) Lad <lL? "; (3) i.~'f><,-'d'; (4) An Ha~(';
(5) ~'?":"; (6) P • ... k·;(7) aLaL (<lc-'n' ~~< ...r<l~);(8) >P"Cc-'; (9) LadA''''<I'; (10) a~'<-" (A' ...<I<...c-<l~) •
Oamani'tuarmi 1954-ngutilluguKigjugalik (Pirjuaq anaanaa) tunijaulaupuq "ilitarijaujjutimik"kanataup gavamakkunginnit. lIagijaujuq 10,OOO-nit tunijaujunitnanirmiutaluktaani tunijauqataujunitaapsuminga ilitarijaujjutimik.itqaumajauniksanganut OueenElizabeth II kuinnguqtitauninga1952-mi. Inuit tatvani ajjiliuqsimajut ukuangujut: (1) Aliqtiksaq(Pirjuaq angajua): (2) MichaelAmarook; (3) Basil Kiblakoot;(4) Betty Hughson; (5) Oalrulaaq;(6) Kigjugalik; (7) Emima(Aliktiksaup nulianga); (8) Pukiqtalik; (9) Michael Peryouar;(10) Inukpaaluk (Pirjuaq nulianga).
I ,,*-· Indian and Northern... Affairs Canada
Affaires indienneset du Nord Canada
Published under the authority of the Minister ofIndian Affairs and Northern Development.Ottawa 1986.
C~J4 4~~~nc~~( 6~~~~~d( 4~~~b~~~(
<i:xr. 1986 .
Taakkua ajungiliqtitaujut inulirijikkutangajuqkaangannut. Ottawa, 1986.
Publication No. as-8376-010·HE·A1
•Minister of Supply and Services Canada
Sanalautun:
Working on this Issue:
"<L.~:;) ...
fnuktitut Magazine, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada,Ottawa. K1A OH4 Tele: (819) 994-0563
Table of ContentsC~<cr::>lI.
Tavvanitun
Fall, l> P<l' 0.:", Ukiaksaaq, 1986 No, 64
2Editorial<i~'f'" l>.i'r'Aaqqiksuijimit .
5 Life as It Wasl>.";()'b"a-~Inuusituqaviniq
21 Nadlak's Ancient Campsite~cL~r )A'b'''''a-)'b~
Naatlarmi Tupiqarvivinituqaq
28 Can Kayaks Come Back?'b'7l>.' t>n? \0.~~<C?
Qajait Utirungnaqpat?
35 The ICC at Kotzebue, Alaska!:J..JJ!:J.c rc..'<'<lrLr bnL'<'<l'a-'l,' b'rAI>. <l,> brInuit SHarjualimaami Katimarjuarninga, Kotzebue, Alaskami
43 Inuit Art!:J..JJ!:J.c \o.I>L'f"Inuit Sanaugangit
51 Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialik's Tour?c <l"o.~~j( JJn.<lrt>< 1><l'7'a-'l,Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialiup Uajarninga
58 Father Franz Van de Velde Honoured<lCC ~<L ~L nML' l>'i'n.'7I>a-'l,Ataata Franz Van de Velde Utjirijauninga
59 I Came Here to GiveCLI>'l,c..I>\L JCT(7~~J~(L <J'l,Tamaungalaurama Tunisijaqtuqsimaplunga
Are you moving? Nuktirniujarpiit?
.s>'n'crl>""'t\C?
Name:<Jri'" :Atiin: _
Old Address::J, ?ri:J"'b!J.' :Turarutin: _
New Address:...C"" :J<; ?ri ... :Nutaqturarutiin.: _
David Webster, editor Cf..' f..<'C~. <1"'PI.1.,.:>o8asil KibJakoot 1\) 'if'<t..~d(
Sam Metcalfe ~L r' b',Deborah Evaluarjuk O:><j 6(J6 ~.J<
Roy Vontobel, consulting editor?6 (Lj> ... .1.b~"'.J.c1<JO'" nn'i"'n
lnuktitut magazine is published 10 provide Canada's Inuitwith information relating to the government's programsin the North, to promote the exchange of cultural information between Inuit groups in Canada and to encouragethe development of fnuilliterature. Published three or fourtimes a year, lnuktitut is mailed on request. The viewsexpressed are not necessarily those of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Written contributions and photographs from readers are invited. For further informationand rates paid write to:
Inuktitut
Inuktitut Uqalimaagaq titiratauvakpuq Canatamiut Inuittusaumatittumamut gavamakkut pivallialitamingnik ukiur·tartumi, i1iqusituqanik tusaumatittiqattautivalliajumamutInungnik i1agiingittunik Canatami ammalu Inuktituurtunikitirarsimajuqalirpalliatiltijumamut. Titirartauvaklulikpingasuirsurlutikluunniit tisamaisurlutikluunniit arraagutamaat Canataup Inulirjikkunginnit, lnulditut akiqanngilunipijauvakpuq atiliurluni titiqatigut ammalu apiriluni. Taakuauqautaujut bakvani inulirijituqakunningalaringitut. Titirarsimajunik naksiujjait ajjilugaillu qaujisartaultiarniarputtitiartauqasiujjautuinnariaqarmata. Qaujittiakkannirumaguvit qanuq akilirtautigivangmangaata tamakku·nunga, atii titiralaurit uvunga:
t.~.nJ( t>"rLI. m<;'ct><:'>'" !>a.crr>' fu,1J.< J\t>Lfl<JLJ' l.<:L'" , A<:~(""4nCr\ ... • t>pt>'c')r. A.-'III)".,..')'t>Ln(n,,{ct>n<:~...4~Lj( A~\ ... • d~~~(J... • ba.cr~Ll.J ~'ro'Ja-' m<j·IL~... «~(""<I·n«(k'U(. rY1<;'Cll-<:'..I'I' t\'I,.)l!.<,J',.,n.j~cr=< n"'Lll~I'...n·j~cr=< <P<;JCL< b...C1>( lI..o<-n.. ... ·d'f'~ ... {, ll... ·n){ <lP"'f'.><r A?t><:·)'"'<ilr-t> • ...><r (l'I,(lJ< <l'w <l""-->cr. m<;~r'L"" ... • ... ·r't>~?ll{<l~n-t>1.1l~..J 'bt>... ..,'Ct>{()<l' ...<l')< m<;'ct>"r't>~?t»ll~... n..<l,,'LC. Cd<l t>'bt>Ct>""< c·<:... ll...,..n..":'bd~ ...'!,.,-n..'f')(.'bt>... {n<l·b~ ... ?LJH 'b..." <lPr'Ct>nr<:\L'ic CL·d ... '!,..<l()m<;<..t>n..{ t><'l..:
IIIIIIIIIIIII Mail to address aboveI ~d~O'" :J~,'~?n..J' <Jt>"'L~n"'JJL ~
Editorial
Aaqqiksuijimit
by Dave Webster
riA' A<-C< A.~4~?~
Dave Webster piliriarijanga
We often receive articles that do notfit into a "theme" issue but are toogood not to publish. We have includeda number of these in this issue, andthey are about everything from traditional life to the Inuit CircumpolarConference held in Kotzebue, Alaska,during August.
As editor of Inuktitut, I get to meetmany people from all over the North.As well as making new acquaintances, I often meet friends I haven'tseen for many years. Last February,I had the pleasure of speaking withFather Van de Velde, a dear friend Ihadn't seen for fifteen years. Over theyears though, I have heard of hismany accomplishments from othernortherners. Father Van de Velde hadcome to Ottawa from Hall Beach,NWT, to receive a medal-the Knightof the Order of the Crown- from hisnative country Belgium as recognitionfor the work he has done in the Arcticover the last fifty years. A short article appears in this issue about themedal presentation.
At the reception for Father Van deVelde, I met Father Charles Choque,another friend who spent many yearsserving the Church in the Arctic.Father Choque is now living in Ottawaand is busy researching and writingbooks about priests who served in theArctic for most of their lives. He iscurrently writing a biography ofFather Ducharme. If you have anyphotographs of Father Ducharme, Iknow Father Choque would appre-
2
np'A~L"">J' "A.n.<h?«" <l'I"r"rC\f'a-' Pr'<la- A~..><l'L( nn<;'\('&.O"'~\o <1~'iQ.'i• ."n •. (LCder'!.. 6.rr'?':">J' C'<:a- nn<;"c<n' .. , Ct.L~~..>'C~"" t.;tJ~'r' ~~''''<lrLrt.~t.' bnLa-\f'~' b'tA~. <l~'br,~Jn~n'..>J.
<i'''P'~t.I''~<..>'L Il.,'nJi, bntL"">"l. .6..o\cr lt t>Pt>'i"c~:JrI>Ccr~ o..pJIt
C". bnrCt.'~L~"<'..>'L, <lLL bn((..[><;"<".,,"l. .6.c... L a- lo Cd \'frL L o-lt
~ P~a-' <lr ~a-' . A< ?<l~~,-~"Jr.
'dA<l~,-~">'L ~'b'bn'b"->'l. <lCe Vande Velde-r'. t.,-,~~?~ ~P~a-'
~r~J C~rL~Jcr· Cd'\('rc...I>L~.
Pr'<la- ~P~'J"'a- J~"<'>'l. ;'a-dt.a-'~p~"e"Jr~e~'bn\f'.. '. <lCe Vande Velde <iJ<:..J' np,-~' L' ~a-<;
?'r', ~~'t<l'r. t.ren.7~'",nCn.<l"J"->a--Knight In The Order OfThe Crown-r"-.oo..t\cr'iICTC 8elgium-r' t.ren.?~'",nr?r<T' Arn.<ln... ... crdrcr. t>P[><;locC;lt:>r l>Pt>'Jc..t>'iIo)(J'"e'rL' <l'Lt.'a-. ~t.'j<..>J nn<;~t~L';">" Ja-?~a-'L.
bn'",n'b"n'..>r' <lCC Van deVelde-r'. bfk...~n.<:<; <lCC CharlesChoque. t.'-'~n.?<;<e~" ~P~a-'
<Iricr" Arn..r'Lr'i.:J~ I>Pl>c;lt cc;ft :J<J't<l'A\f'a-. <lCe Choque <iJ<:r~Cl>r'ilt)'ilo l>"'brLrt>'-..Jn... L..r~r'L <..Jer...)
A'",nr'a-' t.'t<;''''<la-' I>p~"e"Jr
Arn...r'L~CTIt .6.~r'J.Cb,,'r\a-. CLa..nn<; ~t'br"tL"''' t.;t Aa-~.. ' <lCeDucharme-~< • <l'i"'dn'b?A' <lCeDucharme-r'. 'b~i"L"''l. <lCeChoque 'dl\<l<L?'L' t.LL'b <lJ"j,..><l<;7'a-?rr' ~'b.Lr<lr<T. J<;'?Ced ,~~"''' ~'brLr<l\fe nn<;~t~a-'La-
These Greenland women, inbrightly-coloured beaded costumes,were some of the many performersat the Inuit Circumpolar ConferenceGeneral Assembly in Kotzebue,Alaska. See photostory starting onpage 39.
«d<l <ld P'J'rl>' <l'~t.'.Cc;u,n. It )O"'It <I ... .oCj·c;.:J'iftr'L.... C.
Ac..l>c..l>c;lt)C Cdl,.It,,-?c:..cr 6..06 (r'c... "...'<JrLr bnL",c;":>'icr'L.D"Lt>..'crb'tAl>. <l~'br. edr<l?'<I .. ra-c-l>n.. .. tT",;.c Ar<lc;,,)'i.L' A<la- 39.
Taapkua akukitturmiut arnait,taqsariktunik annuraaqtuqsimajut,ilaulauqtut takujaksarunaani inuitsilarjualimaami katimajaqturninganungngaujuni kaatsipiu.alaaskami. Takugiaruk ajjiliurinniviniit pigiaqtuq makpiani 39.
Tikitviugajukpugut "piliriarijapta" ajjigingngitanginnik kisiani piuluarmatatitirangnginniq ajurnaq&utik. Tamatkuninga ilisirunaaqpugut tatvani tit iraqtaptingni, taima sunaluktaangujutinuusituqarmit nunarjualimaami Inuitkatimaninginnut Kotzebue, Alaska-m!.August-ngutillugu.
Aaqqiksuijiuplunga Inuktitumi, katisigajukpunga inungnik ukiuqtaqtumiutanik nakiluktaaq. Katilitainnagaqaqpak&unga, amma katisilauqpak&ungailamnik takungngiligamnik ukiunikamisunik. February-ulauqtumi, quviasulauqpunga uqaqatiqaq&unga ataataVan de Velde-mik, ilannarijara ukiunikqulillu tallimallunik takungngililaugara.Kisiani ukiungujuni tusaqpakpungasunnikuinik ukiuqtaqtumiutauqatinginnit. Ataata Van de Velde aatuvamut tikilaurmat sanirajangmit, nunatsiarmi, ilitarijaujjutitaariaqtuq&uniKnight In The Order Of The Crownmik-nunavinirminit Belgium-mit ilitarijaujjutigijaminik piliriarinnikuminikukiuqtaqtumi ukiungulauqtuni tallimatatgainni. Naittuupl49u titirausiugajaaqpuq tunijauninga.
Ingo Hessel, Inuit sanangnguagalianginningaaqtuq inulirijituqakkunni,titiragan9i tatvaniiqataungmijut sivulliqpaamik ukiuqtaqtumuarnirminik.Aullaarninga pianisaarniqsaujuq, isumalirusirijanga narngarnatuujuq. Ingoukiunik qapsikallangnik uqalimaaqtaqsimajuq ilinniaq&unilu ukiuqtaqtumik amma sivulliqpaamiglu aullaarninga pingasunut kivallirmi nunalingnut isumagilaugaa sinnaktuumaninalautsinasugiplugu. Suli uqausirijaaaullaarnilauni, qulangngilangalu kajusiniarmat ukiunik amisunik.
Takijuqtaq titiragausimajuq Piryuaqpiliriarijanga qamani'tuarmiutaup. Titirausiqaqtuq inuusivininginnik Inuitangunasugusivininginniglu. Piryuaquqausia malik&ugu, "tamaangngaangngitkaluaruvit, qulangngilangatakuniaravit ajjiqqajanginni inuusingit·
<ICCb<'<1-
Katijjutiqaqtillugit ataata Van deVelde-mik, katilaurivara ataataCharles Choque, ilannarijaraptauqukiunik amisunik pilirisimaliqtuq ukiuqtaqtup tuksiarvinginni. Ataata
~ Choque aatuvamiutauliqtuq uqalimaaz liulluriksaliqsimaplunilu pitjutilingnik! iksirarjuanik ukiuqtaqtumi pilirisimaju': nik inuusiluktaakasangmingni. Maan
........>IL~-"L--'----'....L_~ na titirausiqaliqsimajuq inuusivini-nganik ataata Ducharme-up. Ajjiqutiqaruvit ataata Ducharme-mik, qaujimajun9a ataata Choque quviasugajarmat immaqaa atuqtuulluarajarnirumigit uqalimaaliamini. Turaarutaatakuksaujuq uqalimaaliangita titirausiuningani tatvap.i inuktituumi, pilirialingmik ataata Choque-up inuusivinilirininganik kajualun9mik ukiungulauqtuni.
C«~ ~~·njr. Ar~~r'r·
Choque-~< b;(A~r~~~~·...)\r· t>Pt>..JLt> .... )cr.
Ingo Hessel, fu,11' , .. "J<lL,<I\f- .. 'i."J" 11.D,,,-o"J'b' d - .. , nm L\f C'<":'bC~"<" 1':>',"<,' ~P~"C"J...J<]'icr"irO"' •• <It> ... c..:'i cr'l... A<1cr~'icr"i·"
~<''', I1/L,?r'''-7~ .. '~' .. j<,",Ingo t>Pl>cr· '"'b<r"b"'L"cr. t>'"'brCCiL
('ilor"L-":'ilI I:J.r"lT<1"ilo...)a"J [>pt>....c....)r·<]LL r">"'r'ill<rLJ <It> ... ~'icr'l... A'l...;~(
p,L,'ir ~~r\~( I:J.;LfLt>L ( ..~.-jL ,-~'r'..H<-,J, I, ~'b~r',,-";
<It> c..:'icrL[>cr. ~L\~L~J b~t~~~L(
C> PC>cr ~ ~r,Jcr ~ .
CP<'''C'' m,L~r'L<''' 1\'<'<1< 1\,,,-<1"-7'L 'bL.. 'J<I',~C~<, m,~r''b''J''
l1;r'~..\f- .. ' 11.D11' <I~ .. /Jr'~..\f-cr~J. A~~~< C>~~t~ Lr~JJ.
"CL\\C\~(bJ~?4\(. <;dL\\fL~ Cdcr<I,~' <I'o""'b7\f- .. l1;r'\f'C 11.D11'~4\~)'i~tLcr~cr ~t\f"cr~r~ccr~ ~P
~'i~c<;~)r." A 'i~~<;~ 'ibc>r-LLrL. ~)'i~C~'bC~<''' bn,-~"r'L7c .. <I'Jn.. ~'b~r'
~rC;'\LC ~Q.. cr'i~n(. tLJ. n\r/~
d"bnr'-~"r'L7' <lC~,J"-,J 1\'<'<1"l~~~'i~. Lcrj<.J(. 'ib"LCcrJ~C<n\cr
Winifred Marsh, wife of the lateDonald Marsh who became AnglicanBishop of the Arctic in 1950, hasgiven us an article for this issue inwhich she describes her first trip tothe Canadian Arctic in 1933. Mrs.Marsh is also the author and illustratorof a book about her experiences in theArctic called People of the Willow,published in 1976 by Oxford University Press. She is an excellent artistand her watercolours in the bookdepict an accurate picture of life inthose years.
Ingo Hessel, from the Inuit Art Sectionof Northern Affairs, also has writtenabout his first trip to the Arctic. Histrip was much more recent, and hisimpressions are quite inter~sting. lngospent a few years reading and studyII1g about the Arctic and his first tripto three Keewatin communities was
ciate getting them for possible use inhis book. His address appears in thebook review in this issue, which isabout Father Choque's biography ofFather Pierre Henry.
3
Kayak-building at Kikturiaqtuuq,south of Inukjuaq in Arctic Quebec,during the summer of 1985.
'ib7rl> "cr'ilo P":::>n.4'iloj'ir.doD '-.!~< P<:C... d<d' C' ~'L....~1>~l>n·..>J 1985.
like a dream come true for him. He isstill talking about that trip, as I amsure he will be for many years.
The main article in this issue is byBarnabas Piryuaq of Baker Lake. Hewrites about the past and the waypeople hunted and lived. According toPiryuaq, "Even if you are not from thisarea, I have no doubt you will see similarities with the lifestyles of peoplefrom other parts of the Arctic."Piryuaq is one of the most knowledgeable men I have ever met when itcomes to the land, wildlife andweather. Once I flew with Piryuaqfrom Baker Lake to Churchill, Manitoba. He spent the entire trip lookingout the window and pointing out thenames of lakes, rivers, hills andcaribou migration routes. He spentmany years working with game officials trying to explain to them that theknowledge Inuit have about animalsis of great use to biologists studyingnorthern wildlife and should not beignored.
Another article is about a well-knownnortherner, Ernest Wilson Lyall ofSpence Bay, NWT, who died this pastJuly at the age of 76. Lyall wasknown as the"Arctic Man" after thetitle of a book he wrote about his lifein the Arctic. He will be missed by hisfamily and many friends from acrossthe North.
4
Qajaliurniq kikturiaqtuurmi. inugjuapkivataani kupait tarrangani,aujautillugu 1985.
AL(.>d C r'c..L..JC ([>:,.)<;", t>'"'b'ilo<",.r... r' ~n~ cl'. d'. ~'~d' ~LL:)':)' <I"dnUl-d. I>PI>... • <lr~ ... •Arn.,.'ibn'ib'i"t'L",m <r'i~t'n..."::"a-lo JPt'n""a..,J"..:J<rr c 'ibl>r:-La-\(' D..£J!::.' <r'i~nCT·
~JLt>~J4'i·j~J4'iL( ~t>~~~n<rc
Ar"'<r<lC;Io:::>O"''' t>P[>'i"cc;":::>r (J"'i~na-·
d~Lr \~r<l\~·..>J.
<ILL<CI>" nml>r'I>r'L'r-.l" 'bl>o'L7t> <- Jf\. .. )'ilo t> Pt><i"C'iIoJit>cc;"Ct>'i1o .Ernest Wilson Lyall C..>' -.1<1' rl>c"...oQ..(r'<1"I. ::Y'dc"J>c;Io)'i1o .....<....6.r t>Pt>'ibr"..>'" 76- ... •• 'bl>o'LL,.I><-I>":)" Lyall"l>Pl>c;"cc;":::>rt>cc;1o <I\Jc" <:l~%'i"r'<JJ
t>c;brL("'"<IL~n...L[>C A~r'c;rcr. t>Pt>c;,,(<;10)1. P\\JLt>a-<J'iIo)'i1o .6.c....lcr C AL IL
a..n..7ra-<-J t>Pt>c;"Cc;IoJ..J"cr ..
ta Inuit aviktuqsimanirni asinginnirmiutanik ukiuqtaqtumi." Piryuaq qaujimmariktuqtauqataujuq katilauqsimajamni angutini uqausiuliraangatanuna, nirjutit, silalu. Tingmisuukkuuqatigilauqsimajara atausiiq&ugu pirjuaq kuugjuaq, maanituupamut.Qangataniluktaaptingni igalaakkutsilammut tautuktuq, uqaqpak&unigitatingi tasiit, kuut, qatqait amrnatuktut apqutigisugai. Ukiunik amisunik piliriqatiqaqsimajuq nirjusirijiniktukisitinnasuk&unigit qaujimaningiInuit nirjutinik atugaulluaqtuulluarmatqaujisaqtinit ilinniaqtunik ukiuqtaqtumi nirjutinik isumagingngimiangngillugu.
Ammaptauq tltlrausiusimangmijuqqaujimajaulluriktuq ukiuqtaqtumiutaqtauq, Ernest Wilson Lyall talurjuarmiutaq, nunatsiarmi. tuqulauqtuqjulaimi ukiuqaliq&uni 76-nik. Qaujimajaulauqtuq Lyall "ukiuqtaqtumiutaqangut" ajuqaqsiplugu uqalimaaliagajaarilaugaa inuusirminik ukiuqtaqtumi.Kingnggugauniaqtuq ilaminit ilannarijaminillu ukiuqtaqtuluktaami.
Inuit family at Schultz Lake,Keewatin. Barnabas Piryuaq, in hisstory starting on page 5, talksabout what life was really like inthe old days.
A.DA' ALr c 'ibLa-"r. p<<'r"r...(a.,,(r' 1\ ......4<;·. t><;bc-Lc-4rfTI\r4""c-"r 5. t>'ibt>r'''b'i·:>''·A;' r' 'i. 'ib.DA ... .,..)4 "Lt> "L\(, (Cd<~L... ~".
Inuit i1agiit qamanirmi, kivallirmi.Barnabas Pirjuaq, uqalimaaliaminipigiarvilingmi 5, uqausiqaqtuqinuusiq qanuilluavilaurmangaattaipsumanisaq.
Life as It Was Inuusituqaviniq
by Barnabas Piryuaq
I am going to tell you about the lifestyle of the whole family-these arereal things that are believable. I amfrom Baker Lake in the Keewatin, buteven if you are not from this area, Ihave no doubt you will see similaritieswith the lifestyles of people fromother parts of the Arctic.
-
~'b~n..<I"<rc l1";r'~<c...~")" l1c...r'J"C.D'. ~"''''J<],,\r'' [>""C;a..'i"Jr".'bL.. ')<I"~C~~~ P<"r', CL~'~Cb~<I?~C ~c...'~c...~ <I~'bnr..<I"L,....;r'~c...~'L.~.C~" <lr'~C)C ~P~"
C")'. <lC~r'''r'~~<lC <I)' ..'b~<I"j7\~LLC p,..<]~ (La.. 6.DJ"C~"
Ac~n~C;~<]C;LC. ~L\~L~ 6.D6'<I,~C <I~'bnr..<I'L~,
Barnabas Pirjuaq Uqausirijanga
Uqautiniaqpagit inuusiuvalauqtumikilagiiluktaanut, inuusilluavingmik ukpirnaqtumik. Qamani'tuarmiutaujungakivallirmi tamaangaangngitkaluaruvitqulangngilanga angiqatiginiarangmainuusirilaurmajjuktauq asianiittut ukiuqtaqtumi. Atausiqsiutiluat aturniqaluaqtuujangngimmata kisiani taamnainuluktaanik pitjutiqarniarmat. Qulangngilanga Inuit amisut angiqatiginiarmanga.
This drawing (and the one on thenext pagel were done by EricAnoee of Eskimo Point.
CLa. nn,l>"'~ (<ILL L 'A<I": C)")nn,l>"'~~~' l1l>~' <I~i,c
<I' ~<I' ,l>C', C,
Taamna titiraujaga (ammamakpianiittuq) titiraujagaujuk Eric
~?;:::::::::::_ Anoeemit arviarmiutarmit.
5
Many years ago, the Hudson's BayCompany was a place to buy thingslike bullets, matches, needles, snowknives and ice chisels. It was nowonder we didn't spend our moneyvery fast because most of the thingswe bought were things that werenever used up. We never used tobuy food and clothing. Now, I wearclothes bought from the Bay and evenwhen winter comes J will still wearstore-bought clothes. Years ago wehunted to get food and clothing andwe were never too poorly off.
The caribou provided most of ourfood and clothing. Caribou are rarelystill-they move north and they movesouth. They stop moving around fromDecember until April. Caribou runaround a lot in the month of July andeat very little. The mosquitoes are badthen and they move to get away fromthem. Summer heat bothers themquite a bit and they move around tofind a cool breeze on the lake shore.In August, they are very comfortableas it is cooler so they move very littleand eat a lot without being botheredby heat and mosquitoes.
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Unipkaarniarama niuVlrvllt sunamutaturniqalualaurmangaataa taipsumanituqaq, tamaani qarjuqtaarviuplutikikkititaarviuplutik mitqutitaaqturviuiuqit&utik tianaa pivigjuangututigilauqsimajaa tatva niuvirviup taamna qarjuqtaarvik mitqutitaarvik panataaqturvik tamatkualuqiit tuuraluillu niuvirviup tamata aulajinarniluangi niuviriaqakkavut kiinaujaqtualavaktuksaungnginnapta kiinaujaqtualaitpalauqpugutnunguvalliasuittunik pijumajaluaqaqpalaurapta qarjut taima nunguvalliaralavakkaluaq&utik niuvirviit nirititsinirmik annuraaqtuqtitsinirmik tia I naJuqiatulaungnginnaptigu maannauliqturliannuraaqsimavunga tatva niuvirvingmit pinnikunik ammalu ukiunguliraluaqpat niuvirvingmittauq pinnikunikannuraaqsimainnarniariplunga. Tia'naangunasungnirq nirisuarniinnarmikpijariakinniqsaupluni pilaurmat kisianipinasuluamiarjuaqpalaungngittugut.
Tamatkua Inuit tamaani asiarmiutallariujut nirjutikkanniluarjuarnik tuktutasiannik uimaijagaqaluangngit&utikuimaijagaluaqalauqsimagamik niuvirvingmit pijariaqaqtatik pi'naaraangamitku tamatkua unnilaukkatka, karjulukiillu, ikkitiit, mitqutiit, tuullu,panallu tia'na atugaksaluktaamingnikmaniqqami naammaksisimaplutik.
Drawing by Eric Anoee.
Eric Anoee titiraujaqtanga.
. -
. -
6
Inuit gave names to the differentcaribou crossing places. Years ago,elder Inuit who couldn't move aroundtoo much stayed in the same place,which was chosen for them, eventhough there were no caribou aroundmost of the time. There is such aplace, called Qamaniq, betweenSchultz and Aberdeen lakes wherethe elders would stay. They wouldnever leave that area which waschosen for them because it is a summer crossing place for caribou.
In the fall, elders would camp atanother place, perhaps four or sixmiles away, as caribou crossed at adifferent spot on their way south. Theelders would stay there and wait forthe caribou. That way they didn'tmove around too much and were atthe crossings when the caribou came.By the end of September or Octoberthere would be no more caribou, sothey would not expect to get anyuntil the next Mayor June whenthey crossed at the summer crossingplace.
It is easier to kill caribou at a crossingthan to hunt for them on the land.Elders played an important role for thecamp in getting these caribou. Theyalways looked after their equipmentand would be ready when cariboucame. For example, by taking goodcare of a caribou-skin tent, they couldmake it last for three or four summers.After a kill, the elders would skin theanimal a'nd then cache the meat undera pile of rocks. Some of the meatwould be dried.
Caribou at a crossing place on abarrens river.
Tuktu nallurmi nunainnaupkuungani.
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ltqaqsaujaqsinnaliq&utik nanisaqqanuittumi nunaqarumi tuktut pisuluratgujumia'tuungmata apqutaanniinnajarmangaarmiik.
Tuktut nutqangasuittuungmata kivammuakpak&utik kanangnaqpaqtaq&utik taima nuqqanganni'naarivakkaluagaat tatqiik malruuk apsimajuuk tamaani upluilaluarjuaq ukiumitisampami nutqallarikpalauqsimangmata nutqanganialiq&utik tamaungaiipru tikillugu amma suli nutqangavviata piqataa pangaliraqtumia'tuuvangmatali upirngaakkut tamaanijulaimi pangaliraqtalugiaraangamikjulai nungut&ugu nirilautsiajunatikpisumiattuaq&utigluunniit pangaliraluamialauttuaqpak&utigluunniit ami 1raungngitsaraangamik tia'naittuulaurmata tatvaptauq aaggas nungngurigiagaani pangalirarungniiq&utik nunamiatausirmiiraujaliraangata aujakkuttuktuqarniq taima niriniluujatsialirviatkikturi'tijaangngiliq&utik uunniungngiIiq&utik i&urrijaaliraangamik nuuqqajungniiralukkaangata niptasungaqaangata tuktuliaqtauja'naaqsinnaliqpak&utik.
lnuktaqalaurmat tamaani taima atiqauluqitkaluaqput nalluluqiit ilangittamatkua utuqqaluamia'tuit pillurluktut tuktuittumia'tuuliraluaqpalluunniitnunaksaqsiarisimajarmingnit nuuttaluaqpalaungngimmata tatvaaglaattaamna qamaniilaakkavut SchultzLake, Aberdeen-lu tamanna akunninga utuqqaqarvigivalauqsimajavuttaipkua ataatatsiasi amarukkut kigjugalikkut tamaangngat nuutsuittuuvalaurmata tamanna nunatsauniq
7
Around the end of October when thesnow does not melt anymore andbefore the blizzards come, the elderswould go where there is a sharp dropin the land. They gathered enoughsnow with shovels and other tools tomake a snowhouse. After it hardenedthey would make a qarmaq out of thesnow since it gets too cold to live ina tent at this time of year. That is howthey would start the winter until thesnow got hard enough to make realigloos.
If we hadn't had caribou-skin clothingin those days we would never havesurvived the winter. We didn't dressup to impress anybody; we dressedthat way because of our lifestyle.They were not costumes to dress upin, but were the everyday clothes weused.
Inuit married and became man andwife so that they could be helpers toeach other. There was never a man orwife who was useless. That was thetradition of the Inuit in those days.There is a lot of work in preparingskins and making clothing, and therewas no way a man, even if he wasn'tlazy, was going to do any sewing tomake clothing. A man didn't eventhink about sewing. The only way aman would help is to soften the skinto make mitts or the sole of a kamik.
If a man was out hunting for a weekand got a small rip in his clothes, hewould fix it, but that is all. Some men,though, were too lazy to sew at alland didn't like to do any sewing thatwould take a long time. Sewing wasthe responsibility of the women. Menwere the workers who did the heavyand hard work.
In the fall, you couldn't dry clothingor other items outside as there wasmore rain then. When we movedcamp we would leave some thingsbehind and go back for them later. Wewould have to keep them dry though.The elders would study the ground tomake sure that it drained well and thatnothing was left on sand or soil. Theywere often placed on gravel and werethen covered with rocks. The rockswere covered with skins and morerocks were placed on the skins. Thecache would then be covered withblackberry plants and moss. Thenthey could be kept dry and would notrot. That is how we took care of our
8
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A woman at Chesterfield Inlet,carrying her child in her amauti.
Arnaq igluligaarjungmi, amaaqtuq.
Nuliariingnguqpalauqsimavut ikajuqtigiingnialiq&utik nuliariik naliak suksaungngittuuvalaungngittuq, tamajja
Tamatkuningali amirnik sanalaungngitkumik inuunajalaungnginnamikukiunguningani. Tama'ta tamatkuapingnguangngittunik taamna nanngaqsaangngittut pijinngalluaviktutinuusirmingnik annuraat inuujjutillaringit takujaummaarumaarmata. Inuujjutilluaviit qitigutaungngittu nanngaqsaarutaungngittut.
la'naittuulaurmat tamaani siptampapluunniit nungnguani aktuupamiluunniittuktutaimmariksisulaurmat taimaukiuluktaaq tuktunik ilimanarniangngiliqtuq tatva tatqit naasaqtauniaq&utikniriungniarmata miipluuvva nungnguani juunluuvva atuliqtillugu tikitauIirniarmigamik aujaqsiurvigilauqtamingnuungngittuq nuugajaa'naarlutikqanukiaq ungasiktigijumut 3-mailit5-mailit taapkuak nalluuk akuttutigisuqtuk kanangnaliaqtut ikaaqturviat kivammuaktut ikaaqturviat ammalu nallukkanniqtaqaripluni asianik.Amma nunami piruksaqarnirni qaujimajaqaujaq&utik nalluungngittunikpiruksatsiaringniqpariaq&utik pirujiuriaqpalaurmata amma suli sigjaqpasiktarnaqtuliaq&utik nipkuliuriaqpalaurmata sunaluktaat itqanaiqsimajut tupiq atausiq alraagunik pingasunigluunniit sitamanigluunniit atugauniluktuulluaqpalauqtuq mianirijautsiattuaq&uni aujainna'naakkut atuqpak&ugu.
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tuktut apqutigittajujaat upirngaaqsiurviqaq&uni tuktunnilugviksamik apqutaanni kuungmi ikaaqturvingmiaujaqsiurviqaq&uni tuktunnilugviksamik asianiktauq kivammuaktunilliikaaqturvingmi tamatkua ilisimatsiakkatik tuktuittumia'tuugaluaqpataluunniit qimangngitainnamiarlugit utaqqianigviginiaq&ugu.
Inuit qamani'tuap qaningani,1926-mi. "annuraaqalaungngitkupta tuktunik inuunajalaungnginnapta ukiukkut" - Pirjuaq.
People near Baker Lake, 1926. "Ifwe hadn't had caribou-skin clothingin those days, we wouldn't havesurvived the winter" -Piryuaq.
Taimali tamaani aktuupap nungnguaniaput aukpalliajungniiraangat piqsiqtarluavingngit&uni kigli'taringni'naat
~ kiglinginnut aputinik katiqsuiplutik~ pualritiluqimianut igluksalluuliraangat~ qiqsuqsiariplugu ikkiirnaluaqtu'tuulir-
l....:..:=- -J ~ mat qarmaqtaaq&utik iglutaaliqpala-
urmata tamatkua pitqusirilauqsimajavut niuvirvingnit uqurutiksaqtaqtin-nata aumaliuqsirviqaqtinnatalu naammaktuujaaqpalauqtut annuraavut iglumiinniutiksat apummi silakkuinnarluatugaksaujut ukiumut naammaksiliqsimavalaurmata.
9
Man and woman at an encampment near Pad lei. Keewatin. 1949Note the sparse growth of trees inthe distance. Inset: Tent rings ofstones from former camps, likethese near Chesterfield Inlet. dotthe tundra in many places.
10
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Angullu arnarlu tupiqarvingmipaalliup qanigijangani. kivallirmi.1949-ngutillugu. Ujjirusugitpiruqtunik ungavani. Atjimiiliqatausimajuq mikiniqsaq: Tupirmullu piruvinirnik tupiqarvivinirmi,ukua ajjinginnik igluligaarjuupqaningani. nunainnarmi pitaqarunaaqput
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Making camp. Notice the man inbackground building a snowhouse.In the Keewatin barrens, about 20years ago.
C\l>'()"cr~~ t>'rfl"n..J" <J"JcA~..Jc-t>~":J~". P<'-ro;r~~A'~'r, ALL~ ~P~'L"j>" 4 c l.A 'ib\rC;"(Lc-<;":J c •
Tangmaaqtirniq ujjiriguk angutIgluliuqtuq. Kivallirmi nunainnarmi.immaqaa ukiut marruk atgaiqaangiqsimaliqtut.
things before we even thought ofhaving warehouses.
Families lived in the same igloo andworked together as a team. Everyonehad a job to do and all shared in theresponsibilities. After a hunter hadmade a kill, he would bring the carcass home and not think about themeat again. Others would cut it up,care for the skins, dry the meat andso on. Meat would never just sitthere and rot-all the family membershelped. One person never worked toohard and did it all, the work load wasshared by the young, wives, fathersand so on. Hunting was the one thingyou were never too lazy to do.
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Inuit inuusirilauqsimajaat. Unipkaakkannirlanga taapsuminga amiit pijariaqquqtujut kisiani angutaupluni salausuittu'tuuluniunniit annuraaksalluavingnik miqsuqqajarnangngilluavilauqtuq miqsurumaluniluunniit isumalirnangngittuq tatva ikajurusirijungnaqtatuavut pualuksanik qitulisaiguptaalaksamigluunniit uvvaluunniit siniktariaqsimaluta tamaani 1 week kiluarniqtaqaluqi'naaqpat taimna 1 weeksmiqsurungnaqtatuanga angutit ilaittigut miqsurniq sapiulaurapta tamaptaungngitkaluarmijuq pijariaqquqtujumik miqsurumavalaungngittugutarnat annuraaliuttiit angutilli tamatkuninga uqumaitturjuarnik pitsiriittuniglu pilirijiit.
Panirnarungniiqpalliapluni ukiaksaliraangami nipalulgusivaktuq. Manirainnatsiamialluavingmut tamaunga qimatulivalaurmijut nuutsariaqaliraangamik amirnigluuvva, nipkunigluuvva kinitiriaqangngittunik. Taimaqimatulivviksamingnik qiniqpalauqtutmaniqqamut kisiani sirluaqtaqangngittumut. Maniraup manirau'tusiailinniatsiaq&ugu. Siurarmut, qaiqtumullu, nunatarmullu ilisilangnginnamikkinitsariaqangngittumik. Tuapa'naamik tutviksirip&ugit, ujaqqanik piruuluqit&ugit amirniglu uliktukkanniq&ugit, amma suli piruuganitsiaraangata taapsuma pirujaup qaaluktaanga paunngaqutinik nunaluqiniglu
11
There were some women, perhaps adaughter-in-law, who just couldn'tsew and there were others whohadn't yet aquired the skills. They didother things though, like gatheringmoss for the fire or getting water.Some were good at sewing at a veryyoung age, so that is what they did.If a young person couldn't do something, an elder did it for them. Now,older people have everything done forthem and I am thankful to the government for making life easier for theelders. It is our fault we are notteaching the young as much as weshould and for that I am sorry. Weshould have taught a little more.
I will tell you now about the lawsInuit have for themselves concerningcaribou. When I was young I had ahard time catching a caribou. There
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In 1893, people living at the headof Baker Lake met members of theGeological Survey of Canada.
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1893-mi, inuit nunaliit qamani'tuarmi katisivut nunangngualiuqtinik kanatami.
12
Moses Aliqtiksaq, brother ofBarnabas Piryuaq, is the father ofBasil Kiblakoot who has writtenabout Kotzebue, Alaska, for thisissue of Inuktitut magazine. Basilsays his father was the first manto go up and down the ThelonRiver rapids just east of SchultzLake.
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Moses Aliqtiksaq, pirjuap angajua,piisu qiplaqutiup titirausiqalauqtupkaatsipiumik alaaskami ataataa.tatvani Inuktituumi piisuup ataatanisivulliqpaulaurasugijaa majuraqtaq&uni aliqsiqtumi qamaniupkitilua'naangani.
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Tamarmik itqanaijaqatigiingnilukpak&utik tuqutirinilukpangmata pimmarlukkaluaq&utik tamatkua nukaluqitkaangajugalu tamatkua tuqutiqtauvalliajut aggitimiasungaraangamitjuk taapkua tuqutsilauqtut taimna niqi tuktuisumagigiakkanniplangnagu taapkualianaanatkuita ataatatkuita savalukarlukpangma'tuk nipkuliuq&uguluunniitasirujuiqtit&ugu pilirilluaqpalaungngittut ikajuqtigiitsiaqpalauramik maqainniq sapirnaqpaktuksaungnginnamisapirnaqpalaungngilaq angilrautisungarumiuk tia'namia'tuaq tuktu i1uitkak piliriangulukarlungniarmat tama'ta ikajuqtigiingniq tamatkualuunniit makkuktuugaluit nuliaqammaaliq&utiglu pijuugaluit ataatani anaananilu inuumiasungaraangat nangminiq inminik pitarijani tupiqa'tualillarmiigluqa'tualillarmilu aggitivalaungngitaa savatsitsiajungmata ataatatkuniatausimia'tuarmik tia'na iglumiuqatigiit inuuqatigiingnilukpalaurmataikajuqtigiik&utik. Tamatkualu miqsurniq ajuqtulluavitsiamianik i1anginnikinuktaqaqpalaurmat ukuaqtaarijaunnikunigluuvva sujunik tamatkuaptauqpijungnaqtanginnut sunamik qijuktarnirmik imiqtaqturnirnik sulirinnirmik.Miqsulluriktupi'tuujaraangatalu makkuktu'naangugaluaq&utik miqsuqtigijaugiallaksinnamiaqpaklutik ajuluaqtanginnik utuqqait piliriniqsausulauqsimajut maannali utuqqauttaliqtugutpimajamiangunialirluta niriugaujamiarniarluta taima utuqqau'tusir aulajitsiarapku uummarluktu'tuuliit ikajuqtigijaunilukpalauqtut ma'nammaangugaluaq gavamat aksururungniiqtitsingmata utuqaptingnik ajuqiqtuijungniiqpaallimmaaqsinnarapta iikuluugaluammaaqtuq ajuqiqtuikkanni'naarajalauraluaq&uta.
la'naittumiglu Inuit maligaqarusingannik tuktumut unipkaagaqakkannirniarmijunga. Makkuktuulaurama tuktunniq ajulluavimiaq&unga tia'na Inuitmaligali'tuutillugit tamaani suksaungngivvilikuluungmata tuktut. Pangniungngittunik tuktuttailittuajulauraptaukua tatva tuktut pangniit tuktutkisiita tuktutarisulauraptigu tuktutamisugjuatsiamiangutillugit, amilrar-
13
are certain times of the year, forexample at the end of October whichis the rutting season, when a bullcaribou is not good for food or clothing. Even when there were a lot ofcaribou, we tried not to kill the cowsbut only the bulls, before the ruttingseason.
When we saw a herd of caribou, anelder would tell us which ones tokill and which ones to leave alone.When we shot the wrong one, we gotscolded and were told that we hadwasted our bullets on something thatwas worthless. In a herd there arecows with calves, those without,yearlings, calves and young bulls. Ourelders told us to shoot the bulls onlyin June, July and August as that is thetime when they are the fattest and theskins are good for clothing. When anelder looked over our kill upon arriving home and saw that we broke oneof the laws, we got scolded. Thenthe matter was dropped and not mentioned again unless we made thesame mistake again; then we gotscolded again.
These were the laws that controlledhunters. You never had to wait tobe scolded; it was dealt withright away and then the subject wasdropped. In the winter cows would bekilled because the meat is good, butthe skin is not good for clothingexcept for making mitts. The goodhunters who followed the laws andkilled only the ones they wanted to killwere called kulawak. In the winterthey wouldn't kill a cow that had acalf but only a cow that had none.Only if caribou were scarce and meathard to get could a hunter break thislaw, because then it was for survival.
It was customary years ago for theHudson's Bay Company clerks to givetraps free of charge to those whowanted to set a trap line. We weretold never to abandon our traps andget new ones even though they wereprovided free of charge. We lookedafter them and they lasted a longtime. We really looked after theirequipment because we had no moneyand trapping foxes was the only wayto get money.
Years ago there were not many canoes, so when we went somewhereby canoe it was always full of men.Aliqtiksaq, my older brother, had a
14
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juatsiamiangutillugillu ukua tama'taatiqauqtut tuktutariguptigu ataataptasuagaqsuluka rl uqtu ulluaq &unitigututuqqaqtarijapta suksaungngittukulungmut qarjuq aturnirarlugit, makuangujut nurraliit. nurraittulluptauq,nukatugaillu. nurraillu pangniuqqajangngit&utiglu nukatugarjuaqqajaungngiginnaqtut tamatkua upinngaakkut tamaani juunmi pangniitpinilugaujutuugiaqtitsaraangami'tuktaipkua utuqqarijapta tamaunga aaggas nungutqajarlugu sunamianiktuktumianik siqqurungnaqsilitainnaqtitpalauqsimavaatigut amitsiariktu'tuulirmataguuq tatva maligarilaukkavut. Maligangannik siqumitsijaraangapta tatva unnuinnaq tikitillutatikiutijavut takuplugu suaktaulukarlurpak&uta qakugukkannirlu taimnapi'tutigilugu suaktau'tutiginiarungniiq&ugu tatva tia'na maligarnut aulataunnirilauqtavut. Siqumitsikkannirnirmiguptali maligangannik kisianisuagaukkannilisaarajaq&uta suagauvviksaptingnik utaqqinata maannautillugu uplumi tuktutsialaungnginnaptatuktutarijariaqangngitaptingnik uplumitaipsumanillaksinnaq itqaumajaukkannirniangngit&unilu uqau'tungausinnaq&uta suuq tuktutariqungngimmangaamiuk amialuguuq ukuksaungngimmat niqialuguuq niqisungningngimmat. suksiringnginnaptaguuqtamanna pangniungngittuq tuktutarigaluaq&ugu. Amma ukiukkuttauqtuktunmakua inuisalauqsimangngittutamisuugajuktut tatva katimamiaqpak&utik tuktuuqatigiingugamikpangniqtaqauluqit&utik. Tamaaninuvampa atulisungaraangat tuktutajurnangngitpata pangniligangngitainnaqujaumiarungnaraluaqtugut. Tamaani nuvampami pangniligajuittuuliraangapta taima uuktuqujaulirungnaqpalauqpugut tuktuqatsiaqpatiiprumiqaaguuq niqitsia'tuulingnginmangaat pangniq, taqit amisutpangniqtittailijaulauq&uta. Ammaarnanik tuktutpalaurmata ukiukkutniqitsaugiplugit amii suksaungnginmata pualuksangilu pitsia'tuugaluit.Taima pilluringniit pitarisuakkamingnik tuktutsungnarnitsiat ia'nalluavikmalillarik&utik maligaqarungnalaurmijut kulavauniraraptigu. nukatugaqaraluaq&uni upinngaaq nurriarilauqtaminik nurraqangngittuq. Nurraqangngittuksat qiniqtauplutik tama'taukiumi tuktulirianguvaktut maligaqmalik&ugu. Ajurnaqpalli nurraligluunniit pangnirluunniit pijungnaqpakkaluaq&ugu. Niqinigli ajurniaqtinnata qitiqujaungnginnapta suksauluangngit-
poor motor on his canoe, so we paddled or put up a sail whenever wecould. We saved gas this way. Asthings were hard to get and we hadno money, all the equipment was welllooked after. Amaruq, my father, usedto split his matches in two and thatway they would last twice as long.They were the same matches as weuse today-they haven't changed insize at all. Even though we were notshort on some things, we were stillvery careful as you never knew whenyou would be short. Even the waterhole outside had to be fixed upproperly. It had to have a good windbreak as it stormed a lot. We weretold never to put ice chips near thehole as they made it slippery; it waskept shoveled out at all times.
Over the years I have made manyigloos. It would take me less th;; ,an hour to make an overnight on,;.Sometimes it is hard to make an iglooand other times it is impossible. It all
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Amma ilitqusirilauqtapta i1angat. Taipsumani akiqangngitpalaurmata tiriganiaqsiutit tunijaumiaqpak&utik niuviqtinit tiriganiaqsiutiturnaqsijaraangat.Pitqusitsiariktumia'tuarnik takujaqaqsimangmijunga tiriganiaqsiutit akiqaplangnagit tunijauvakkaluaqtillugittiriganiaqsiutittauq tamatkua asiruittumia'tuungmata tiriganiaqsiutinikutuqqavut ipirainnagaiqujisuittumia'tuuvalaurmijuttauq ajurnangngittunik. Tamatkua piqutiit atutsiajusalluavik&ugit kiinaujaliurviqaqpalaungnginnamik tiriganiaqtarijarmi asianikniuvirutiqajuittuugami tamatkualuktaat tama'ta inuu~irilauqtavut akiqangngitkaluaqpalluunniit tiriganiaqslut suli mianirijaujungnaqpalauqtut.
Ammalu suli tamatkuaptauq qajariakkut ingilranilukpalirapta angutirunaangu'naaqpak&uta ilaanni tallimaulauqpak&utaaglaat qajariat amigarmata. Ikumaqarla'naakunivangmattaimna aliqtiksaq angajugilaugaraparurluta ingilrajuulluaraangapta,uqsu'naaq itangnarmat, ajuliqqaaqtinnata akunigusuplangnata tangmaamia'naarlutaunniit pijumaarapta. Paruujamia'naaq&uta, tingilra'naaq&utaluunniit ingilravalauqsimavugut,sunaluktaat pitsiajusaqtauvalaurmata.
Jonah Ami'naaq of Baker lake.
Jonah Ami'naaqqamani'tuarmiutaq.
15
depends on the snow. These days,some people think they can't make anigloo, but it is probably just that theyused the wrong snow. If they use proper snow they could probably makea good one.
Vears ago Inuit made their iglooson the leeward side of the slope of ahill. Before they built it, they wouldwatch which way it would face. Theyplanned first before building andused the good snow for the main partof the igloo. Mostly they faced theigloos south so the ice window wouldreceive sunshine and the door wouldbe sideways away from the wind.They faced it sideways rather thanfully away from the wind so the doorway would not get covered by asnowdrift.
The elders taught me the ways of thewinter and I tried very hard to followtheir advice. When we set fox traps,the only ones that caught anythingwere the ones set properly. The traphad to be set sideways to the windand then a thin layer of snow couldbe put over the trap. They also set itsideways as the fox will bite the meatonly from the leeward side. Anotherrule we followed was never to kill ananimal that we were not going to usedfor food or clothing. We never studiedanything that didn't concern animals.
16
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Inuit women on top of theHudson's Bay Company buildingat Baker Lake, 1926. Does anyoneknow why they would climb up onthe roof? Notice the beautiful"dress-up" atigi on one of theseyoung women.
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Inuit arnat niuvirviup qaanganiqamani'tuarmi, 1926-ngutillugu.Kinamiamik qaujimajuqaqpa suuqmajuarmangaataa? Ujjirusugitatigiraarjungnik taapkunanimakkuktuni arnani.
Aulajimmaarmijungaagiaat ajuqsaluattua m iang ng itka Iuaq & utig a9Iaattaimna ataatagilaugara amaruq. Ikkitittamatkua maanna taipsumanitut suliaktigijut angiliqpaallingngittut mikiliqpaallingngittullu, puluatsigajuktumia'tuugami taimna, ikkitailliungngimiattuaqtillugit silamiingngitsaraangamipuluatsigiaraangami ikittarutiksaminikikkiti'naaq atausiq qupiplugu malruiq&ugu ikitsittarutigivamaurmaguqupluaqainnajulauqtuq nungulingngittunigaglaat pitsiajusaqpalauqsimangmata. Amma suli taima pitsiajusatgupiksinnai tia'na sunaluktaatsiamiat
In the past, stores were not just outside your house but took a long timeto get to. When the snow was gettingsoft I used frozen mud runners for myqamutik. If I had been able to getmetal runners, I would have, but theycost a lot. I could have used metal,even though it didn't pull as well asthe mud runnners, because I hadstrong dogs. When spring came, themud wore away quickly, especiallywhen you hit a spot of bare ground.
In the spring we would ice the mudrunners at night as it was colder atthat time. Some people had a specialplace to keep their qamutik out of thesunshine when they were not using it.When out hunting, you didn't havethat special place, so you used othermethods to keep the mud runnersfrozen. We would cover the qamutikwith skins and pile snow on top tokeep the runners cold. When it goteven warmer, we would dig a placefor the qamutik in the snow on theslope of the hill where it was frozen.We would put the qamutik in the hole,cover it with skins and then pile snowon top of the skins. That is how it wasdone then and you could even use theqamutik where there were patches ofbare ground.
One spring, I had a good dog teamand I set off to get Qulittalik and hisfamily. The weather was very warm,but I was still using my mud runners.If you don't use mud, the wood runners wear out very quickly. I wastravelling at night when the snowwas still frozen, but some of thestreams were open and the waterwas running. Just before arriving atour destination, my dogs startedacting up and were hard to control.They crossed a stream and the mudcame off as soon as they touchedwater. Ice on the mud runners had tobe kept from touching water or thatwill happen.
Long ago, Inuit didn't have furnaces,but we always found ways to thawmeat out. In the winter of 1941,Ami'naaq and I were out trapping andwe didn't have much dog food. Whenyou feed meat that is frozen solid todogs, they never seem to be satisfied.So, every time we stopped to campAmi'naaq would cut a hole in theIce and completely submerge somecaribou meat in the water. When wefinished making ou'r igloo, he would
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aatqiumaqujausulauqsimangmata. Inmingnik tigumiaq&ugit imiqtaqtaqpalaurmata imarijaksamingnik imiqtagaksamingnik, tiiliuqtagaksamingnik.Silakkullu imiqaqpak&utik piqsiqtattuajungmat taimna imiqtarviktauqaatqiumajauvalaurmijuq uquutaqatsiaq&ugulu ammaluguuq i1uanut i1au'taluqimiattuaqpangngilluta, tamannaguuq i1ua pitsiarnailialaju'tuungmat,puari'tagauttaujammaaq&utik imiqtarvigijausulauqtut.
Tamatkualu, igluliurusiq, igluliurusiusulauqsimajuq ia'naittuulaurmat. Iglutaarniat, tamaani aniuvangni, uqquq&inirmiluuvva igluqariaraangamik,taamna igluksaq saanngajaksaasanagiaqsimaqqaaratik nautsiqturniluk&ugu manna aputitsauniup aputitsaunilluavia iglulluaviksauniarmattaavamnali avuuna tuqsuqarviksauniarmat isumaksaqsiuqqaaq&utikiglu sanajauvalauqtuq kivammuttaavunga south-mut saanngagajukpalauqtut siqinirmut igalaaq sikuqaumatitsivangniarmat ammalu taamna paagijaa anurimit sanningatsiarniarmat, uqqumut saanngaluarumipiqsiliraangat tamaangnga uqqurminitapittaqujaungngit&uni sanningajumiksanniqtiqsimajunik igluliurusiqapalauqtut.
Ajuqiqtuqtaunilukpalauraluaqtungaukiup pitqusianik. Ukiup pitqusiaaturniluttuamiaq&ugulu uvamniktia'nali pivangmata. Tiriganiaqsiulluptauq tamaunga maniqqamut tiriganiarnilugutaujuq tiriganiakkaattuamiarniq ajuinnaqpalauraluarapta amisuraaqpalaungnginnapta kisiani ajurnarmat aatqitsiaqsimajut kisimik pitaqpangmata, tiriganiaqaraangallu.Taamnaptauq tiriganiaqsiut sannitsiariagaupluni apummik matujaujaraangami saalisaqtauniaq&uni sannitsiariagaujaraangami taamna pauguaqarvi'naanga atguq&iutiplugu sanningatitauvaiaurmijuq piqsiqtaqtuksaq anuriqaqtuksarlu isumagijaupluni, tiriganiarlu uqquanit kisiani niqinik kiisijaqtujuninga pip&ugu tamajja tamatkuamaligariluqiujaqpalauqtavut. Ammalutamatkuninga nirjutialaaluqi'naanik niqiksariniangngitaptingnik tuqutirittailinirmik maligalituqaulauraptatamatkua nirjutiit asiannik i1innialuaqpalaungnginmata.
Taima ukpirusukpunga suli maannamut tikit&ugu. Nirjutiit utuqqapta,sivuJlipta ataatatsiarjuapta qaplunaaqaqqaaqtinnagu tamaani ukiuqtaqtur-
17
take the meat out of the hole. Themeat was completely covered withice and he would chop it off with anaxe and the meat would be thawedout. The water was warmer than theair and that did the job.
Even at that time, Inuit got sick.Sometimes you would get such a badcold you felt very sick and your bodyfelt lazy. You hurt very easily andfound it hard to breathe. We had different bodies then; we were a lotstronger than we are now. We weretold, though, to get up and try harderto do things. They weren't mistreating us but thought if we stayed stillfor a long time we would be less ableto move. The thing that I least wantto go back to is the traditional way ofbeing sick, as they might order me tomove around.
Another thing that is important toInuit tradition is the names we hadfor family. Ataataga, my father;anaanaga, my mother; aniga, mybrother (if you are a girl); nukara, youryounger brother or sister of the samesex as yourself; angajuga, your olderbrother or sister of the same sex asyourself; these terms are still usedtoday. For those living outside yourhome or even in a different community, we had different terms: arnaqatiga, my cousin on my mother'sside; angaga, my uncle on mymother's side; akaga, my uncle on myfather's side; najaga, my sister (if youare a male); najaksara, a girl cousin (ifyou are a male).
These terms are to let you know thatyou are related to someone withoutgoing into an explanation. In English,you might have to explain that thisis your uncle and that he is yourmother's brother. In Inuktitut wewould just say angaga. The Inuit wayswere easy. I still call Titus Aluq arnaqati. In English, I would have to saythat he is my cousin of the same sexon my mother's side. He doesn't callme Piryuaq, but calls me by the nameof the relationship, arnaqagaatsiaq.
Knowing the land is one old traditionI don't want to leave out because itis as much a part of our life now asit was in the past and always will be.Inuit didn't have maps or compassesbut looked at the ground in order notto get lost. Around here, in December or January, the northwest wind
18
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miutaviniit qaujimanninga suli ukpirijara qaujimaliraluaqtunga, qaujimaliraluaqtungaptauq maanna paiaalajjirjuaqaqpalirmat tuktunut qaujimanningatsuli ukpirillaritsiamiarapku. Tatvaaglaat niriungniqakkanniqtunga kivaitittuktuqatgusipiksinnaqtillugu, upinngaaluktaaq unnirluqattaamiarmatanapaaqtulingmi taavani ikualaaqtu'tuarmik kupaiklu ilangani. Taimataipkua ikuallangnikumi tuktut nunaqarumaniangnginmata kivaitit tamaunga tuktunginnut i1aliutijuqarumaalirmingmata, nalliutingngittuq suliniriugisinnaqtarali paiaalaliinilli uliirijaujuksaungngittuq takulirumigaglaatnanngarijaujumaarmijuq suluaqtu'tuulirmangaataa, sivunngagulli qaujimajunga. Kivaitit tuktungi i1anialirmijut.
Taavunga inuusirmut kingullirmututikkannirniarama taavani inuusirmikingullirmi qangasarnitauniqsani,inuusiq ilitqusiq piliri'tusiq unipkaarapku, ukiuni taavani ukiungujuni ajurnaujaqpalauqtunik niuvirvimit silati'naaptingniingngittunik unipkaaqtuarama. Uvangaaglaat namminiqaput aummariuttaliqtillugu qamutiikkaauttittailiujaq&ugik ipjuqaujaq&ugikpilraaqangnginimnit. Ipjulingnik auktittailisimaujaq&ugit qamutinik atuqpalaurmijunga, ajuqsangnginnajarumaliqimmitka pitguvaksinnarmata pilraaliktumiaqpagajaraluaq&unga pilraaqainnaqpalaungnginnama ungasiksisimaplungalu pilraanit atugaksamnit.Qamutinik mianiqsitsiaqpalaurivugutqiqitinniluujaq&ugit ipjuriktiujaq&ugitunnukkut sirmiqpak&ugit, uplukkutsirmirnaqsisuittuungmat. lIangit qamutik naammagijarauja'naanganiktakijurauja' naamik nutqangaliqsimajutqamutausiviktaaqsimaplutik, sikinnittualiraangat qimuksianikkaangamikqamutitik itiqtaujaq&ugik. Tamaanilisanangngainnarniq ajurnarmat maqaisimapluta siniktariaqsimavvingni, uliktuq&ugillu saukkanniq&ugillu siqiniquunnaumitillugu tupiqsimaujaqtillutaaglaat aungniqsami qamutivut qiqititpalaurmijavut. Aumanna'tuarlu pitguktimaginnaraangat, aniuva'tuaqsaggaallak&ugu tatqavunga qiqinirmut tikit&ugu saggautijaraangaptiguqamutiik qiqinirmiit&utik amirnikuliktuallak&ugit qiqqariksitsiamiakkanniqpak&utik. Tama'ta aungniqsatimmaktuliqtilluginaglaat.
Unipkaarniaqpunga ajuqsalluavimiaqsimangmigama atausiiq&unga qimmitsiarigjuaq&ungalu, qulittalikkunnikaik&iq&uta. Aumannaqtumia'tuulir-
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In modern Baker lake, manyaspects of traditional times survive.The Sanavik Co-op and theMiqsurvik Sewing Centre keep artsand crafts alive, as well as themaking of traditional clothing. Thisscene, in the mid 1960s, showsthe unloading of soapstonefor carving.
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begins to form very clear snow drifts.When they have been formed even ablizzard will not destroy them andthey will stay until it doesn't get darkanymore. Snow might form aroundthem, but they will still be visible.Rounded and smooth snow driftsform on the lee side of a projectionand taper off gradually to the ground.From these you can tell which wayyou are travelling,.even when visibility is poor from time to time.
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Uplumiuliqtumi qamani'tuarmiinuusituqaviniup ilangi annaktuqput.Sanavvik kuap miqsurviglu uumatitsivut atgangmut sanajaujunik,annuraaliurusituqarmiglu. Taamna,1960-t qitingani. takunnaqtitsivuqusingijaqtunik utkusiknik sanangnguagaksanik.
mat ipjuliktuqtuinnaqtumia'tuuliramaqijuinnaarillngalu aullaaraluarumaqamutikka nungusania'tuungmanik,ipjuqaaningnilulukarlurama. Aungniqsali'tuuliqtillugu aput qiqiju'tuuttaq&uni qiqittuaqtillugu aullaaraluaq&uta. Asuilaa kuugarlugalulikkuuliq&uta aullaalirapta tikisaqturialasilluavikkaluaq&uta, qimmitka pillatsaluqittu'tuummaarmata. Kuugarluraluqqajaq tamanna sikup qaangagut kuuktukuluuliallangnirmat tamaunga qiqiju'tuaq tamanna ipjura imarmutaktuutialla'naarami sirmia qauraallamiaq&uni tikisaqturialasilluavikkaluaqtilluta. Sirmiq imarmut aktuutittailijarialik auraallamiajungmat.
Uqausiqaqtillunga taipsumanitarnik,uquqsautiqalaungnginnapta Inuitpaniqsii'tusiksamingnik isumaliuqpalauqput. Ami'naarlu tiriganiaqsiutituramnuk ukiukkut 1941-mi, piqatausinnaqtungali qamutigingni ikiuplungaangajuksarma ami'naap, tangmaaqpak&unuk qimmisitiksaitturaluugamnuk, qimmit tuktutugajaarangamikqiqitsiamiaqtumik nirijuujajuittuungmata. Tangmaaraangamnuk ami'naaq tuurraallak&uni sikukkut. Niqiimaaq&uniuk, niqiluktaaq kivitit&ugu.Igluliuganikkaangamnuk, imaaqsimalaupqatuugaluaq. Aijaraangaptigu,sikumit talisimatsiaqtuq, sikuijaq&uguulimaummut auganitsiamiarniq&uni.Auksii'tusiksamik natvaalaurmataasinginniglu pitsiriarusukpaallirusiksamingnik. Kisiani atugaujungniiqtuq.Uqangngimmaaqtunga taipsumungautiruarnirarlunga. Isumalluaqpalaurmata pitsiaqpaallirusiksamingnik.Tamatkua inuusilluavigilauqtavut taipsumani, niuvirviit sunaluktaangngungngilauqtillugit. Maannali sunaluktaanik pivalirapta inuu'tutiksaptingnik niuvirvingmit. Niqitaarvigiplutigu, annuraaqturvigiplutigu. Taipsumanili tia'nailaungngittuq.
19
We can still use these signs as we didin the old days. Visibility used to getpoor and it got dark at night. and itstill does-the conditions are thesame. Even today. learning to telldirection from the snow drifts has tobe learned. as travelling on the landis becoming more and more common.Watch carefully where the wind iscoming from when snowdrifts formfrom the big storms in December andJanuary. Sometimes the drifts are alittle different each year-they turn alittle more this way or that way thanthe year before. When I travel fromBaker Lake to the Kazan area. I travela little different way each year. If Itravel the length of Baker Lake. I cutthe snow drifts at a little differentangle each year.
Before there were schools. childrenused to play games. go sliding or dosome chores no matter how little theywere. I always had chores to do. likecarrying water in a pail and learningthings that I would have to do in lateryears. Girls would practice sewingand prepare themselves for thelifestyle ahead of them. By the age ofnine or ten. a girl could do some realsewing and help her mother. A boyaround twelve who is good with hishands could practice making smalligloos. Even at the age of ten. a boycould set proper traps close by thecamp. All children start practicing atan early age the things they will do inlater life. Some even at the age of fivecan fire a rifle and shoot a caribou.
In the old days. children used to goto bed early and get up early. Therewas no television or radio to keepchildren up. We used to get up early.get dressed and before eating weretold to go outside and check theweather. They wanted us to havebodies that were not slow or relaxed.When adults visited each other theyscolded us and told us not to listen asthey were talking about things theydidn't want us to .hear. They didn'twant to put things in our head thatwould be of no use to us; they wantedus to be good children.
These were some of the traditions ofthe past. and I am sure many peoplewho read this will agree with me. Ihave nothing more to say.
20
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Nadlak'sAncient Campsite
by Kim Carter
To an archaeologist, the discoveryof an ancient city or settlement canbe an exciting event. It is excitingbecause such a find can unlock mysteries about ancient peoples. ForBryan Gordon, a curator of NorthwestTerritories archaeology for the National Museums of Canada, the discovery of an ancient Inuit campsite inthe barrenlands is helping him to learnmore about the Copper Inuit.
The south wall of one of Nadlakdwellings (called house 2) that wasreconstructed by National Museumarchaeologists.
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NaatlarmiTupiqarvivinituqaq
Kim Carter-up piliriarijanga
Itsarnitalirijimut, natvaarniq nunalivinirmik quvianaqtummariujungnaqpuq.Quvianaqpuq taimannaittunik nanisiniq pinaingiqsijungn'armata nalunaqtunik inutuqavinirnik. Bryan Gordonmut uimaijaqtiujuq nunatsiarmi itsarnitalirijinik National Museum ofCanada-kunni, nanisiniq Inuit tupiqarviviningannik nunainnarmi ikajuqpaailitsivalliatil&ugu kaapu inungnik.
Inivinituqaup saniranga kivataaniItaijaujuq iglurjuaq 2-mik) sanajaukkannilauqtuq kanatami piqutituqausivilirijit itsarnitalirijinginnit.
21
During the summers of 1985 and1986, Gordon and a team of archaeologists visited the campsite, onan island called Nadlak in the Burnside River 100 miles southwest ofBathurst Inlet. Gordon says it is anunusual site because it is far from thesea where Inuit traditionally lived. Itis also special because the upperwalls and open domed roofs ofseveral houses had been completelyconstructed with caribou antlerssomething not seen before in theCanadian Arctic.
Inuit in the area were familiar withNadlak, but the campsite remainedundisturbed until it was discovered byDouglas Stern, a resident of Cambridge Bay. Stern was canoeing onthe river one day and decided to stopat the island for lunch. He explored
4~~~nc~J 1985 4 L L 1986.Gordon A,I\.'bn'f' < ~ h. ' " 'erC,I\.'"J<,'r~,-~">' JA'b'I\'...]'. 'pp"cre:-CL o;r~ <In("""~r Burnside'River-r100 Lh.,~' ~~('nr<,r P<~ J'J(~, I\~< b'f'''~4C. Gordon ~'b"J"
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Aujautillugu 1985 amma 1986,Gordon piliriqatingillu itsarnitalirijittujurmiulauqput tupiqarvingmut, qikiqtami naatlarmik atilingmi BurnsideRiver-mi 100 mailinik ungasiktigijumikivataani tuktusiurviup kangiq&uata.Gordon uqaqtuq ajjiqangnginniraq&ugu tariumit ungasingmat Inuitnunagivaktatuqangannit. Narngarnakkannirmijuq amisuplait sanirangi iglurjuit sanasimangmata tuktut nagjuinnatsi ami ang inn it - ta ku nna la uqs imangngittumik kanataup ukiuqtaqtungani.
Inuit avataani qaujimajut naatlarmik,kisiani tupiqarvik uajjagaungngitainnaqsimalauqpuq nanijauqqaaraniDouglas Stern-mit, ikpiarjungmiutarmit. Stern, qajariaqtuq&uni nutaliqtuq uplurumitarniaq&uni qiQikiqtaq avataa qaujisagaa
the island and discovered a str I'gering of antlers on a small mound edidn't know what the ring was, bu etook photographs of it and sent thto the Prince of Wales NortheHeritage Centre in Yellowknife. Staat the centre sent the photos tGordon.
Gordon and a team of archaeologists decided to investigate the site."When we went there all we foundwas a ring of antlers. We thought itmight be an ancient ritual site," saysGordon. "But what we found wasequally important." The archaeologists learned the site was a small Inuitcampsite which had been inhabitedl:>Y Copper Inuit for hundreds of years.
The ring of antlers turned out to bethe remains of a structure that had
erl>' <ll>",-"n'.( Prince Of WalesHeritage Centre - d L.D' L,.->..ll.' r .Ar~~' Cll.ber <l'~' <ll>L,-"n'<ll.Gordon-...J' •
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nilu takunngarnaqtunik aamaluqsisimajunik nagjungnik qatqami.Aamaluqtuq sunaungmangaat qaujimalaungngittuq, ajjiliuq&uniuk aullaqtitpaa Prince of Wales HeritageCentre-kunnut jalunaivmi. Pilirijittaikani ajjit aullaqtitpai Gordon-mut.
Gordon-Iu itsarnitaqsiuqtillu qaujisariaqturualiqtut. "taikungngaraptananijatuavut aamaluqsisimajut nagjuit. Isumalilauqtugut itsarnittanitangatkuaqivviunasugiplugu" Gordonuqaqtuq "kisiani nanijavut taimannatut isumagijaksarjuutigijuq." Itsarnitalirijit qaujiliqput Inuit tupiqarvivinigajaaringmagu inuqaq&unikaapu inungnik taipsumanirjuaq.
Aamaluqsiliqsimajut nagjuit amiakkuviniunniqput sanajaunnikuvinirmitqimainnagaunniq&unilu ukiunguliqtut
been abandoned almost two hundredyears ago. The remains of 15 Inuithouse structures were found on theisland, five of them with antler rings.The archaeologists also found theremains of some older structureswhich had stone circles instead of thestrange antler formations.
During two summers, the scientistsexcavated and rebuilt two of thestructures with antler rings. Uponcounting, they discovered that onehouse contained about 4,400 caribou antlers which Gordon says mayhave been used make an open domeroof. He suggests the walls wereprobably made by stacking the antlerstogether.
Gordon thinks the antler structuresmay have been summer houses andthe stone structures may have beenwinter dwellings. "We've neverunearthed winter dwellings this farinland before, certainly not a camp ofthis size," says Gordon. "You findplaces where the people had campfires or tent rings, but that's aboutall."
Inuit traditionally lived in the coastalregions and only ventured into theinterior to hunt periodically duringthe year. Gordon says the only otherinland place where winter homeshave been discovered was at BakerLake. Both places are similar becausethey are located far from the sea. Tolive at Nadlak, the Inuit would havehad to abandon their coastal lifestyleto hunt caribou instead. Harpoons andcopper tools found in the excavatedhouse indicate the people may havebeen related to the Copper Inuit fromthe coastal region.
Gordon learned the name of the islandfrom Inuit elders in the Bathurst area.They were familiar with the placeand with the caribou migration routes.But the names and the customs ofthe Nadlak people no longer existin human memory. Gordon and theothers had many questions on theirminds. Why did this group of Inuitleave the coast? Why did they chooseNadlak? What kind of life did they leadon the island? The archaeologistshoped the structures and relics foundat the campsite would give themclues to the lifestyle of the CopperInuit.
24
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Gordon 1>'"'b'iIoJ'i1o Q..o-r"«e" .b&.O"')<I<;.I>PI>"(I>'" 'r' Cl>L 'bL.. ' }<1'r'<-I>'L'. CL'r' <1'".rb'·J· cn.l>r'I>'l.('br·. ":'<-'rI>Cl>r<l',". l>~
l>' 'PLl>o,.n.<1'1.<-1>">' cn.l>r ,,"U'r'O"'· J·Jr't>'"'n\~'i~n". t>~(
"",nL ..> b<.. ' ,,,,(L<" ~..0,.1><"AL..J'i ....<I'ir C "LL'ia-dO"'C ALr?t>Lt>'i-a.. 'in..<]<iIo>C A..o\fFC cn.[>'irt>o-C.
Gordon 6.,( .... c....t>c;.>c;. <]()<Icr. 'iPP'iloc_(>< fw:lJ'ib'icrC t>r'Lloj'irt>a-(. (aLa..
'bl>".L<-I>'L'<'· J'JL..> 1><1"',,<1'.P(<1.. <1n'r 1I'~('rL..> l>~l>' ":'<-'rl>' l>' 'bI>L0,.1><" ":"J". Gordon<1('r L..> <111"'U' ,'b?":"J' )?d<1~l>' 'PLl><' cn.l>r·? l? d<l .,:, <- ' r. O"'?<I~.«C? 'ib..D'i· Li~r'\(.J>'i·«
'PP"Cr? l>', ' ..C,n."" 'bl>".'<,nU<1"<l> ''''· ..d' l>;,("..'r .... b<6.D!J.( .
Gordon bn"~l>,"J" Cd'" , .. ' '1.1>~ .. Q..?Ct>a..7'iQ.. 'in.<lcr ft )0;.. r;;.c L c;rt>cCl>d'l. ~"b<-I>'L'lC. l>~L<''' (<-r'1I'<'n'b~~r<..>J. I>PI>.. 1500-.. '1800-~' I>PI>"C"J" l>"'",'<'<1' ..'b<-I>'L'. 'bl>".,"n' Cl>o,.'l.'"r'd C;~<I'iO"'l.';'i•• " eLLa.. aftp'iQ.o; .... _<J'i(1"'ift en-&>< rr'i ....n\f ... o",. <Il>'-c..'ift n C
(",'n.<1'L'. Cl>L'", II'L'. Gordonl>~L<'''. ~l>' L'bl>'<'J' CL' P' .. •cr'i ....no",· cn.t>r c ..Da..r'-J Jrt)r"[>Jrt
b"'O"'("'"(".1>O;o. 'in.<I'iLC c:.cc... c;rt>Cl>c-'ift..>n L..>. Gordon 1>'b"J" r'<- III>(Cl>·",'L'. l>~l>' l><-'r' I>n~~r<..>r'
Cn.I>~' l><-'r' <1I>L~n.4"nL..>r'P<l.J<L lo i::J...D\\J'ilo.,nr. )")r\rt>c
p<L,'r.
qullit atgait malruiq&ugit. Amiakkuviniit qulillu tallimallu iglurjuaviniitnanijaulauqput qikiqtami, tallimatnagjungnik aamaluqtuliuqsimaplutik.Itsarnitalirijit natvaakkannilaurmijutpituqauniqsanik ujaqqanigli aamaluqsisimaplutik takunngarnaqtunik nagjungniungngittuq.
Aujaangni marruungni, qaujisaqtitsaggaqsivut sanakkanniq&unigillumalruuk aamaluqsiliqsimajut nagjuit.Naasaigamik, qaujivut iglurjuaqatausiq 4,400-nik nagjuktaqarmatGordon uqaqtuq qarmarijaulaurnarriarasugiplugu. Isumaplunilu sanirangasanajaunasugiplugu nagjuit qaliriiliqtiq&ugit.
Gordon isumajuq nagjungnit sanasimajut aujaqsiurviulauqsimanasugiplugit ujaqqanit sanasimajut ukiuqsiurvigiplugit. "nanisilauqsimangngitkaluarapta suli ukiuqsiurvingnik taimanna tipsiktigijumik, taimannatullu angitigijunik tupiqaqvingnik," Gordonuqaqtuq nanisijungnaqputit Inuitkik&uvininginnik tupiilluuvva piruvininginnik, kisiani taimatuaplauvangmata. "
Inuit nunaqaqpaktutuqaungmata tariup sinaani timmualauqpakkaluaq&utikqakutikkut. Gordon uqaqtuq nanisivvikkannituaq ukiuqsiurvingmik taimaqamani 'tuarmiilaurmat. Tamarmik ajjigiikasaktuk tariumit ungasikkamik.Naatlarmiutaugiaksaq, Inuit qimaijariaqalauqput tariumi pitqusirmingniktuktusiuqtingngurlutik. Unaat sannatillu kaapanit sanasimajut nanijaujutiglurjuarmit saggarnikunit ilagijaulaurnarriaqput inungnit tariurmiunit.
Gordon ilitsilauqpuq atianik qikiqtaupinutuqarnit umingmaktuurmiunit.Taimna qaujimalaurmajjuk tuktulluuajarviat. Kisiani atingi pitqusingilluInuit naatlarmiut itqaumajaujungniiqtuq. Gordon asingillu apiqqusiksaqarunaaqtut suurukua Inuit qimaivattariumik? Suurukua naatlarmik niruaqsivat? Qanuq inuusiqalauqpat qikiqtami? Itsarnitalirijit qaujijjutigisuaqpaisanannikut inuusivininginnik kaapaInuit.
Gordon katiqsuiliqtuq takujaksanikqaujinnarutaunajarnarrianik suuqnaatlarmiut taikunga nutqalaurmangaataa. Isumajuq silamik pitjutiqarasugiplugu. Ukiuni 1500-nit 1800-nutukiuqtaqtuq ikkiirnarjuarniqalaurmat,
Gordon is now collecting evidence fora theory which might explain why thepeople of Nadlak settled there. Hethinks it may have been due to theweather. From the early 1400s tothe 1800s, he says, the North experienced a cold trend, which scientistsnow refer to as "the little ice age."This cold spell might have drivenaway sea mammals. When this happened, Gordon suggests, the Inuitwho normally hunt both land and seamammals may have begun to spendmore time hunting caribou and livingat Nadlak. Gordon says that when theweather finally improved, some Inuitprobably returned to the coast whileothers journeyed in a southeast direction to settle in the Keewatin.
Gordon says this theory seems tofit in with the apparent occupationperiod. Nadlak was used as a tentcampsite around 1400 AD, became amore permanent settlement withstone houses after 1450, and wasabandoned around 1700. He addedthat the site is an important discoverybecause it gives some evidence of
The stone walls of a meatstorage structure next to house2 at Nadlak.
t>'.r~r.~bcr ( "'QJL""~ A L...) <r; ~4 <
"'~~ cr%t>(At>< "'cr4cr !:J.LJ<r;
-.'<1< 2,
Ujaqqanit sanasimajuq iglurjuapsaniraa niqausiviup sanianiiglurjuap 2.
Gordon ~%~)~ CL'~ 6,L~~
AA~·n«(4~j~<r;Lc Ar~cr~Lt>~)~(.
.:(<...~ )i\%'''~<...~~)~ 1450 ~p~<
%crr.,.'l.~ 'f'Ll.~<-,~-, 1700 ~p~<
%~r.,.'l.~, ~%"L"-'~ )i\%',,' 6,Lra.,.·","'.J>~ a..a-r'cr<;JC Q..,Ja..dr'ift()'r'<
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<1C~. CL'r' i\~n,,;( ~cr"'~-.'(
qaujisaqtit taijangat "sikurjuarnigajaaq." Tamanna ikkiirnarjuarniq tariupnirjutinginnik aullaqtitsinarriarmat.Taimanna pingmat, Gordon isumajuq,Inuit maqaitpaktut tamakkingnik nirjutinik tariumit nunamillu tuktusiulukkannililaurnarriarmata naatlarmiutauIiq&utiglu. Gordon uqaqtuq sila piusitainnarmat, Inuit ilangit utirasugiplugittariumut ilangit aullaariaqtillugitkivammuplak inungnguq&utik tuktulingmiut kivallirmi.
Gordon uqaqtuq tamanna isumaniqipi ri ktitsiaqtu ujarmat pi liriniulauqtumut. Naatlaq tupiqarviulauqtuq1450 ukiup qanigijangani qimagauplunilu 1700 ukiup qanigijangani.Uqammaaqluni tupiqarvik isumagijaksarjuuvuq nanisinirmut nalunailiqtitsiplangmat kaapa Inuit naniilaurnirmangaataa nalunaitkutaqtaqarluarungniiraangat tariumi.
Itsarnitalirijit nunangngualiuqpai tamarmik sanasimajut qinirialiq&utiglusunataqarmangaat ataani. Tamarmikpiqutiviniit nanijaujut titiragautsiaqputininganik qanurlu atsiktigijumit nani-
25
where Copper Inuit were livinll duringa period when there is little evidenceof their living on the coast.
The archaeologists mapped all of thestructures and began searching to seewhat lay underneath. Each artifactthat was found was carefully catalogued according to its location andthe level at which it was discovered.The archaeologists found that thehouses they were excavating had fourcomplete stone floors built on top ofeach other. This indicates that thehouses had been seasonal dwellingsand had been occupied for hundredsof years.
Artifacts were found on the differentlevels. In 1985, the scientists foundfirestarters, some needle cases, broken soapstone pots, a pottery shardand harpoons. They also found copper items like knives and ulus whichhelped confirm that the people ofNadlak were Copper Inuit.
In 1986, the scientists found someornaments such as tiny, carved wooden animal heads, a bear tooth whichmight have been part of a necklace,pieces of shaped iron that might havebeen jewellery and a spear support fora kayak.
Parts of a leather harness found at thesite suggest the inhabitants may havehad dogs. The remains of a birchbark basket suggest they may havetraded goods with Indians living to thesouth of them.
The archaeologists were only able toexcavate two houses because of theshort sumrner and the careful natureof their work. Excavation involvescarefully scrapping away dirt anddebris to see what lies underneath.Quick or careless movements canmean the loss of an important artifact.However, their search told thern theInuit intended to stay at Nadlak for along time because, although theirhomes were seasonal structures, theyhad stone floors and walls.
The archaeologists learned that theNadlak Inuit depended almost exclusively on caribou. They found bonesfrom an estimated 100,000 animalson Nadlak. Almost all of them werecaribou bones with the exception ofthe bird, fish, ground squirrel andmusk-ox bones.
26
CoppermlOe\I' ...~j"
me; Lt>' r'<J""')C .6.o-"l.cr" "b.D'i J <:I C-('nr.,',' ....'7l>'L'l.'. ll."' ..C,~~( ~t>~Lt>~>( .6.LJ~~.6.( ~LL·bn·
(CL.. ' ..(U' C'b' LC l>'7"'b.. ' 'b,n:0"". CL La.. Q.Ja..6.~.6."". 6. ~ J <; ·'UJJ. (ll... r'7l><:c...l>'LC l>Pl>'" 'b..ll.,' ..'LLr".,.JJ .6.crr?t><;b c (:<i\..,lO"'J t>P[:>O"'·<I, , .. ' .
A'dn,,":' ....'7l>c...l>">' <I' c' dnr''f'..>n'. 1985-,. 'bl>i","n' Q."(c...l>"> , ll.d<l·c...·,l>n.. •• ,"dCl>("' .. ', ('d,(L.,'.. • l>'dc' .. ' l>'d(',,' , .. (L.,'.. '. ('dLLd .. '-, ll.<~<;cr( ~a..r'L~CT· t>~O"'LJ. a..crr'LL""'.,.JnLJ ~~\O"'c ~a..r'L~O"'. ~·jnrJrc
ALt>n c t>'-J'-J Q.Ja...6.r<;"('l( r'·bLcr..... -:Jcr" a:cL<;n>c b'< 6~d>'iLC.
1986-,. 'bl>i","'n' ..~Cc...l>">'Al>'l>n..' ~,jnr-,J 'P.,". 'Q.'~
<I"'cL.," 'P.,"" ~'.,'n' ..<I'd'f,<I'c...< PJC l>'7,l>< ll.c...rc...l>'Q.'~<lC.\1,.-, ,.. cL.," ,Pr~ ?n-,'pl>c...l>' .. ,~<I' <ILL b~n' )'~<"<I .. ' '1.'7',.
<;Pr'[>?'i· 4..0< .6.L'l .6. .... Lr<;~n( r'> ..11.Da.."'bL[:><;":JC c;pLr"'bc.J>c; .... r<...>r. Q..(<;I0_
j< 'b~.. ' 'Q.(L.,''' A'dCl>c'",ll.'L,"'n'(>'" Cl>"'!"C'bn'b~,r<-,r't>a.. '-('""IT" p,nr\';' (:>0- ••
.6.(~<;O"'Cr~~( ~LL .....j"'J4Lt>~>( L'i?.6. ..a:\0"' • .6.LJ<;~<J\O"'. <Jt>7t>< o...6,L
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, ..C'b'L'l.' <lC... A<lc..."~~ A'c<l.,"''f'.. '-, <I (l>i"n , (.," .. 'L' ll.'Lr'7·".,'<I'" A'dn".."'. pc<l..,.<;P~<;~\LC )p~~<;·~nc~,.<;. b.~t:.c o:c-c...'r''b'C?<I'LC. l><:J'f l>P~" 'b~-
Baker lake
~jaungman9aat. Itsarnitalirijit qaujilauqput iglurjuit saggakkatik sitamaniknatiluktaaqarmata ujaqqanik qaliriinik.Tamanna nalunaijaivuq iglurjuit inigijauvalaurmata ukiuq qanuilirningamalik&ugu inigijauqattaaq&uniluukiunik amisunik.
Piqutiviniit nanijaulauqput atsikkutigiingngit&utik. 1985-mi, qaujisaqtitnanisilauqput ikuallaksautinik, mitqutausivingnik, siqumisimajunik utkusingnik utkusiksamit sanasimajunik,siqummakuniglu ipjurnit sanasimajunik unaaniglu. Nanisimmaaq&utiglusavingnit sanasimajunik uuktuutigilugit pilautit ullullu nalunailiqtitsikkanniqtunik naatlarmiut kaapa inuulaurmata.
1986-mi, qaujisaqtit nanisilauqputpiusautinik uuktuutigilugu mikijut,sanangnguaqsimajut qijungmit nirjutitniaqungi, ak&ap kigutaa ujamiup ilagilaurnarriagaa, saviillu sanasimajutmikilirarutiluqiulaurnarriat ammakapuutit tungngavvianik qajarmi.
Qisiujaq anup ilanga isumaliqtitsivuqnunaqalauqtut qimmiqaiaurasugiplugi.Napaaqtuup qaanganit sanasimajuqpiqutausivvik isumaliqtitsivuq tauqsiiqtaqatiqarasugiplu9it unallinik kivatimingniittunik.
Itsarnitalirijit saggaqtuullualauqputmarruinnaangnik iglurjuangnik aujaupnainninganut piliriangitalu pitsiajusariaqarninganut. Saggaqtuni kiliuqsaatsiajusariaqaqpuq nunamik siqummakuniglu qiniq&uni sunataqarmangaat ataani. Pialasarniq pitsiajusangnginnirlu asiujititsijungnarmat isuma-
The abundance of caribou probablykept the residents at Naklak, Gordonsays. "Caribou could have providedthe people with everything needed tosurvive in a harsh land. Not only couldthey provide food, their fat was probably valuable to residents for lightinglamps and for cooking. The skinswere likely used for tents, clothingand footwear. Bones could makeneedies and weapons while sinewcould serve as sewing thread."
Many arrowheads and several lanceheads were found at the excavatedhouse. Gordon says the Inuit mayhave intercepted caribou in the water.Spearing the animals was a simplemethod used by Inuit. They wouldwait until a large group of animalswere crossing the water. Movingquickly in their kayaks, they couidmove in on the animals while theyswam, spearing them with sharplances.
While caribou are good swimmers,they usually like to choose shallowcrossings while on their migrationroutes. Nadlak was the ideal location for hunting caribou because theanimals used the area around theisland as a river-crossing point. Theword nadlak is Inuktitut for "cariboucrossing." While the archaeologistswere at Nadlak last summer, theysaw between 20,000 and 40,000caribou cross the river.
During the excavation and rebuildingof the house, the archaeologistsvideotaped their discoveries. Theyhope to return to the island next yearto dig more structures in the hopes offinding out more about the campsiteand the people who lived there so longago.
t.Ler'l..D' <DI,I>,J~J<I"..>n' ~'>-l'Ler'f'.
t>7~~'ibO"''' a..n'ib<iLC l.,a-c;,%"i".,.JnL..J.
6.' l., Cia-ern-roC ArC "'>c c:.. c,- c;rt>'A~6. ( <D <i ..J<ln.<:J'ibc..l> c; LC ) It )0- It •
,,-er,'.,' , ~l>er'f'Ler' 100,000 I>'l.c'erO"''i~nC c:..cL'ir. CL'irJ"Cbl.,lo )lo)C~ l>er,,-c..1> I, t. AC'I>c..1> , ";r< ' bJ<I"..>ern'r<l?I. t.'bJt.'. ,', I' I>r'Lt. c ~« I..,l>o-\(''''O'''''.
) .. )r<l~o",~o",( ~Q.~( c:..cc..'irnc..l>'i"- ',,-<lI,t.. Gordon I>'I>"::J". "::J'::J'A7,,-<l'bI,J'c''f'L er ' An' ,'.,",,-c..I>'LCI>Ler<l?r' .D,,-r <I'n',,-"::Jr. er'P'~l>r'La. "f ... ...)(P. ) ... .a\f' .6,<r'ia..c.J>'i
"- ',,-<l'CI>" t.dL'.,'n' ~1><Jer 'bI>L'.,'n'~'rL.D' t.1,'.,'n'~'f'L.DCJ. <lr'r<lJLl><:Ll>'ia.'in.<lc JA'i.oc, <l ... .D~.D(br .. .a ... ..J. l.,t>;c l.,a..7l>...... a.c..l>'i,,>,r'~nrI>I,I>Jn' ,Jcc..l>n'~erLJ t.<J'f'rc;·,m.,.Jn" A<:..Jf<:".,.Jf ( ."
Gordon t>'ib'iloJ'ilo !:1 C l.,'io-Cc-n.r- c ,. ... c....
t>nO"''' o.O"'(?c:..'\fLa.r" c:..cL'ir CAL'ide- 'i a.A ( Jr It 'ibl>r-c...t> \ "of' ( J ( 'ib.a C;lo
::J'::J' <I~,,-,JI,I><c..I>'L~c'. t.>,An','J' 'I>''';c..I>',,-',,-<l' b~ncJQ.er71>c..1>">, ~LI,I,I>.,'r t.LJ'.,'<I'r.l>'ib'iloJ'ilo A.aA' t><"Cc-[>'ia. 'i n..:<I c 0"'0; ....
ncr' t.Ler. er'.,'n' bA<'..>r' A',',,-<I"::Jr' t..Dt.' A<c..1> , LC, I>C'''P<'..>ne <lIre cr'i ....nc .6.bc-'ilo r'<ln..<..JfcAL"d c • 'ib?'i.. J<3 c.... .. ....>n ... cr'i .... L.JC
() P c ...>n It Q.J It n ..J r( bA< ..JO'" r... ..J
t.A'::JJ' b~"J'.
::J'::J' "-J cJ";I,Jt.'. er?<I",'<'LC6,'b"'O"''iO'"'' a....JL~ .. l.,r\o", .. l><l?'iQ"''ir\O"'. ~CL~~ ~~~~~~~~~c~~>~~
(T'~ ....nc <D~~<\LJ .Do.. <l<C(T' Q.JLt\.r<JJ ~~b~~~~ a:CL~~ ~~n~c ~P~b~
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~~c a:cL~rL~~L~r~ <l~~(T' <l~7~
nCJJ. Cdc..I>">, <ld Ler'l.er 20,000<I"L 40,000-er' ::J'::Jer' t.b"::Jer'd' ~ de.
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gijaksarjuarmik piqutivinirmik. Kisianili, qinirningat tukisinaqsititsivuq Inuitnaatlarmiiqattaaruarmata, uvagungiukiuq qanuinninganut atugausuraluaq&utik sanasimaningi, ujaqqaniknatiqarmata saniraqaq&utiglu.
Itsarnitalirijit ilitsivut naatlarmiut Inuitaturluariaqalaurmata tuktunik. Nanisijut sauninginnik 100,000 ungataaninirjutit naatlarmi. Tamarmiluktaakasak tuktut saunirilaugai pitaqalaurjuumivakkaluaq&uni tingmiarusii, iqaluit, siksiit umingmailluuvva sauninginnik.
Tuktugiangninganit nunaliit naatlarmiitilaurnarriagai, Gordon uqaqtuq."tuktut pijariaqagalwktaanginnik pititsijungnalaurmata uumaniarumiknunami aksururnaqtumi. Niqiksausinnangngillutik, tunnungi iplirnalaurnarriattauq ikumajjutiksaupluni qaumajjutiksanginnut igajjutiksanginnullu.Amingi atugauvalaurnarriat tupirnut,annuraanut kamingnullu. Sauniitsanajaujungnalauqput mitqutiliugaulutik sullautiksaniglu ivalungi miqsuq&utik ivalugivak&ugit."
Gordon uqaqtuq itsarnitalirijit sullautinik nanisirunaangnginnamik naatlarmi taima quiarnaittumik qaujilaungngittut qanuq tuktut angunasugauvalaurmangaataa. Iput pitiksimut qarjuulaurnarriat kapuutillu nanijaulauqput saggagaujumi iglurjuarmi. Uqaqtuq Inuit upaktalaurnarriat nirjutinikimaani. Nirjutit kapivak&ugit pitsiriaqtumik Inuit pivalaurmata. Utaqqivak&utit amisut nirjutit ikaaliqsiariplugitimakkut. Qajaqtuallak&utik, nirjummut tikit&utik naiuktillugit kapiplunigillu ipiktumut kapuummut.
Tuktut nalulgujuugaluit, niruaqsivangmata itkannirnik nalugviksamingnik uajarnirmingni. Naatlaqtuktusiurviksatsauvuq nirjutit atuqpangmagu nuna avataani nalugvigiplugu uqausiq naatlaq inuktitut tukiqarmaq "tuktut ikaaqturviat." Itsarnitalirijit naatlarmiilaullarmik alraaniaujautillugu, takulauqput akunningani20,000 amma 40,000-nik tuktunikikaaqtunik kuukkut.
Saggallarmik sanakkanniq&utiglu iglurjuarmik, itsarnitalirijit ajjiliurivutnanijamingnik. Qikiqtamut utiruaqtutalraagu saggariaqturlutik sanasimajunik qaujivaallikkanniruamut tupiqarvingmik inungniglu taikaniilauqtuniktaipsumanisarjuaq.
27
Can KayaksCome Back?
by Eugene Arima
Can real Inuit kayaks come back inthe Arctic? It has been about twentyyears since the last of the old-timekayaks were around, a fine sight thatmany, whether oldtimers or their nowgrown-up children, can still remember. In the meantime, a whole newgeneration has arrived who missedthe kayaks but would like their chanceat skimming over the waves in thisancient craft that is enjoying a modernrevival.
For some time now, there has been akayaking boom in the south aM'inEurope which is now being echoedin the Canadian Arctic. Whitewaterkayaks are the basis for this boom,
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QajaitUtirungnaqpat?
Eugene Arima piliriarijanga
Inuit qajalluavigi ukiuqtaqtumut utirungnaqpat? Ukiut marruk atgaikasaitqaangiqsimaliqput taipsumanirmiutitut ittumik qajaqtaqalauqtillugu, takunnaqtuq amisut, inutuqaukpatamakkuktuukpataluunniit aulajijungnaqtangat. Tamatkua pitillugit, inuuliqatigiiktuqarunaaqpuq qajarnik takulauqsimangngittunik kisianili imakkuuqatausuaqtunik aturlutik aullaarutivinituqarmik nuititauvalliakkannilirmijumik.
Ukiut qapsikallauliqp';J1, qajaliuqturunaaqtaqaqtillugu qaplunaat nunaanniiurupmilu tusarnakkanniqtaqtutCanada-up ukiuqtaqtungan' urlur-nirmi qajaqturniq tungnga q qa-
of course. These southern-designedcraft are quite different from Inuitconstruction, while many of the "seakayaking" designs are derived fromnorthern native forms but with significant changes. For instance, the Britishsea kayaks like the Nordkapp are saidto be of Greenland design, but theyhave lost the Greenlandic v-bottomand have had a stern blade added likea fixed rudder.
On the west coast of Canada and theUS the sea kayaks are mostly supposed to follow Aleut design, butagain they are quite far from theoriginal. A few southern commercialproducts even derive from the Inuitsea kayaks of the Eastern CanadianArctic, with the usual major changes.
None of these supposedly nativederived commercial craft have remained close enough to the originalsthat their performance will be thesame, and as for appearance, theirlooks are too different. But there area great many of them being manufactured, and they are spreading far andwide, even to the Inuit regions wherethey likely will become predominantunless the Inuit-style kayaks cansomehow make a real comeback.
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jaliuqturunaanut, suuqaimma. Tamatkua qaplunaat nunanganningngaaqtutut sanasimajut ajjigijaungngimmarikput Inuit sanavaktanginnit,amisut "tariumi atugausuqtut" ajjingiajuqaqsijautillugit ukiuqtaqtuminunalituqait sanavaktangitta ajjingiasiangnguqtiq&ugit. Uuktuutigilugu,British-miut qajaliangi atiliit theNordkapp-mik uqausiusimavut akukitturmiutitut sanasimangmata, kisianiasiujisimajut akukitturmiut v-ngujaaqtuliangannik aluanik amma papiruqsuutaujaaqtumik iIIirisimaplutik kinguniagut asivasuittamik.
Canada-up kangiani amiurikamiunilutariurmi atugausuqtut qajait ajjiqaplagiaqaqput aliut sanajainik, kisianikkanniqtauq sivuliirnik ajjiqangngimmarikkivut. Amisuungngittut niuviaksauvaktut sanajaujut ajuqaqsiplutikInuit tariurmiungittitut sanasimajutCanada-up ukiuqtaqtungata kitaanitut, asiangngugaulluaqsimagivut.
Tamatkua nalialluunniit niuviaksauvaktut nunalituqaqtitut sanasimajuuniraqtauplutik qanitqutsingngiluamut uajarninga ajjigilangngilaa, tauttungiii, takuplugit ajjigingngiluagai.Kisiani amisummariit sanajaurunaaqput, ammalu ungavammaringnut
There are signs that an Inuit kayakcomeback is imminent. From timeto time over the past thirty years,examples of traditional craft havebeen constructed for preservation anddisplay, helping to keep the knowledge of how to build kayaks alive.Such reconstruction projects make itclear, too, that kayaks were serious,important hunting instruments. Arecent example is the building atBaker Lake in 1985 of a caribouhunting kayak by Innakatsiq who livedmuch of his life at Utkuhikhalik (BackRiver). A cultural grant from theDepartment of Indian Affairs andNorthern Development funded theproject. Several individuals have alsotried building kayaks on their own inrecent years, such as Samwillie ofKangirsuk who built a small plywoodskinned kayak used with much pleasure by his well-known son-in-law,Zebedee Nungak.
At Akulivik in 1983, a young man,Yosepi, made a canvas-covered craftbased on information he obtainedfrom older people. In Igloolik during1984, two kayaks were built byJosepi Padlo and George Auksaq ontheir own initiative. That not all ofthese craft were of the best designdoes not matter so much as the factthat they were built, testifying tostrong individual interest. Also theyhelped lead to more organized kayakbuilding by their tangible example.There may be other instances perhapsunknown to us here; any news iswelcome.
In the mid-1980s more organizedkayak-making occurred at Inukjuak,Mitimatalik (Pond Inlet) and Igloolikwith several being built at each placeunder the guidance of knowledgeable old-timers. Satisfactory crafthave resulted. Wood frameworkswere constructed and covered withpainted canvas or fibreglassed Ceconite aircraft fabric, except at Mitimatlik where half were covered withringed sealskin. Most importantly, theshapes were traditional. Enough werebuilt, over a dozen, that the EasternCanadian Arctic kayak seemed to beenjoying a revival; however, since thegreater part depended on governmentfunding, without its continuation, any"revival" will be at a slower pace.
Inukjuak's building program beganin 1984 when Moses Nowkawalk
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Expo '86-,'. 1985-, CanadaManpower-'d' d<lI', J.-r'c...l>">'$3,200-.. ' 4P~'~C~'~ .. ' C"rLa-~ ~?c-<I~"a-~ <I L L-C"'rLC <I~nc
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aullaqtitauvak&utik, inuilluunniitnunanganni pitguniqsaulirungnaqtuuqquut Inuit sanajangittitut ittut qajait utiqtitaungngitpata.
Takunnaqtuqaqtaqpu Inuit qajangiutiqsinnarianingmata. Qakutikkut ukiungujuni pingasut atgainni. takujaksatsanajaujjusituqarmiktut ittut sanajauvangmata papatsigiarutauplutik takujaksauplutiglu, uumatitsiplutik qaujimanirmik qajaliurusirmik. Tamatkuasanakkanniqtitsiniit, nalunaiqsikkanniqput, qajait sulijuuplutik, isumagijaksarjuuplutik angunasugutaungmata. Qanikkut sanajaulauqtuq uuktuutigilugu qamani I tuarmi 1985-mituktusiurummik qajaliurninga Innakatsiq inuusiluktaakasangminik Utkuhikhaliklingmiutaujuq. Inuusituqarmutatuqtuksanik kiinaujanik atuqtitauplutik inulirijituqakkunnit tamanna sananiq akiliqtugaulauqpuq. Amisuplaittauq inmingnik qajaliurasuktalauqputukiungusaalauqtuni, uuktuutigiluguSamwillie Kangir-sungmiutaq qijungnit saattunik qaaliqsimajumik qajaliulauqtuq quviagijauplu~qaujimajaulluriktumit ningaunganit atugauvaktumikZebedee Nungak-mit.
Akulivik-mi 1983-ngutillugu, angutmakkuktuq, Yosepi, tupiksamik amiqsimajumik qajaliulauqpuq tungngavviqaq&uni tusalauqtaminik inutuqarnit.Iglulingmi 1984-mi qajaak marruuksanajaulauqpuk Josepi patlumitGeorge Auksaq-millu isumamingnik.Tamatkua sanajaujut piujuqtaungngitkaluaqtillugit sukutaungngilaq kisianili sanajaummarilaurmata, nalunaiqsivuq narngarusungniumanginnik.Amma ikajummaarmata maligaqatsiarnisamik qajaliurnirmik tukisinatsiarnirmingnut uukturaqtillugit. Immaqaa pitaqakkannirnarriangugaluaqqaujimangngitaptingnik; tusagaksaqaqtuqamiaqpat tusarumavavut.
1980-t qitiraitillugit maligaqatsiarniqsamik qajaliurniqqalauqpuq Inukjuakmi, Mitimatalik-mi amma Igloolik-miamisuplait sanajauplutik qaujimataqaq&utik qaujimmariktumik inutuqarnik. Naammaktunik pianigaqalauqput.Qijungnik avalunik sanalaukput amiq&ugit minguaqsimajunik tupiksaniktingmisuupluuvva qaaksanganik, kisiani Mitimatlik-mi nappangi amiqsimalauqput qisingnik. Isumagijaksarjuujuqtaq. tauttungi pitqusituqarmikmalingmata. Amisuuningi naammaktut sanajaulauqput, arvinil;;t ungataani, Canada kitaata ukiuqtaqtungata
obtained $8,500 from the IndianLoan Fund in Quebec to produce fivekayaks. Although only two prototypes were completed, one of whichwas sold for $1,200 to Expo '86, in1985 Canada Manpower in Quebecprovided $32,000 to cover materialsfor five kayaks and pay for five menfor five months. Charlie Nayummialukwas the master builder, assisted byPaulo Kasudluak, Liivai Amidlak,Johnny Nastapoka, and Moses whohandled the modern covering processwith Ceconite and fibreglass. A building camp was set up at Kikturiaqtuuqabout 15 km south of Inukjuak so thatthe workers would be free of dis-
ab","n"l>"..>.. <t>..> "I>~'..><I'. ~<:.a<lr'~' 7.. ~'C>b. <ILL j((A,~<I"I>"J" <lr"(''''(''C~r' n\rl<%' ~ 'L.. ' a"~a",n' ~r'..>. ~~o"'t>""JA"I>'~'C"..>n' P'J~<I"j'r 15p~rc.. , ~''''<I< P<:.C.. A,~o"" ~
a,~ct>..<I\~LLC. A'Ll.. ' <I'~..~'<1<:'..>' A<I.. ct>~t>">c. C",L' <lrct><..>n' 1985-r. d<' ab"'~/Jn
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Charlie Nayummialuk working atKikturiaqtuuq (Arctio Quebec),1985.
~'i("" a.....'Lr<L.l" Ac-n.""\toP'J~<I ..j'r (d<l>' C'~'L..).1985-r.
Charlie Nayummialuk pilirijuqkikturiaqtuurmi (Kupait Tarrangani),1985-mi.
qajai itqaijauvalliajuujaliqtut; kisiani,anginiqsaq gavamanit pijaujuksaqkiinaujaqarniq pingmat, kajusingngitpat, "itqaijauniksanga" pialainniaqpuq.
Inugjuarmi sanajaujut 1984-mi MosesNowkawalk kiinaujaqtaarmat $8,500nik unallit atuqtuarvingannit kupaingmit sananiaq&uni tallimanik qajarnik. Marruinnaak sivulliik pianigaugaluaqtillugik, atausiq niuvigaupluni$l,200-nut Expo '86-mit. 1985-miCanada Manpower-kkut kupaingmitunisilauqput $3,200-nik akiliijjutaujuksanik tal'imanik qajaliaksanik amma tallimat angutit kiinaujaliaksanginni tatqinik tallimani. Charlie Nayummialuk sanasuqtuqtaupluni, ikajuqtiqaq&uni Paulo Kasudluak, LiivaiAmidlak, Johnny Nastapoka, ammaluMoses piliriaqaqtuq amiqsijjusiqtaasaamik tingmisuup qaaksanganik illaijutiksamiglu. Sanajiujut tupiqarviktaaq&utik Kikturiaqtuuq-mi 15 kilamiitanik Inukjuak kivataani pilirijiti&uilisaagauniangngimmata, pingasunik arviniliit avalut pianigaulauqput,
Installing the kayak ribs.Kikturiaqtuuq. 1985.
"ibL,oE> < Jrl.:-'r"tr" .6,c-t>'ift'ibAa-'ift.
P'J~<I..j'r. 1985.Qajaup tulimaanginnik iliuqqainiq.Kikturiaqtuurmi. 1985.
31
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tractions, and eight frameworkswere actually built, five of which gotcovered in 1985. Quebec's ultimateaim in backing the Inukjuak kayakmaking is the promotion of tourism.The employment provided was animmediate benefit as was, of course,the passing-on of the Inukjuak kayaktradition from Nayummialuk to therest. Moses made an excellent photographic record of the 1985 construction. These kayaks were a bit over5 metres long and were wide forsafety reasons.
At Mitimatalik in 1985, six kayakswere built with Manpower funding.These craft were bigger than the
This kayak framework was built byJohn MacDonald, with instructionfrom Uyaraasuk, at Igloolikin 1986
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Taamna qajaup avalua sanajaulauqtuq John MacDonaldmit.ajuqiqtugaupluni Uyaraasukmit,Iglulingmi 1986-ngutillugu.
tallimat amigauplutik 1985-mi. Kupakikajurasugutigijanga Inukjuak qajaliurninganut tujurmivaktut pivaalliquplugit. Piliriliqtitsiniq pivaallirutaukautigimmaalauqtut, qajaliurusituqaviniqtunijaujuq najummialungmit asiminut.Moses ajjiliuritsialauqtuq sanajaujunik1985-mi taapkua qajait 5 miitanittakiniqsauraarjuktut siliktuuplutiglunangiarnaqunagit.
Mitimatalik-mi 1985-mi, arviniliit qajait sanajaulauqput kiinaujanik tunijauplutik Manpower-kkunnit. Taapkuaanginiqsaulauqtut Inukjuak-mi sanajaujunit qajarnit, takiniqaluktaakasak&utik 6 1/2 miitanik siliktummariugiplutiktauq. Qaujimmariktut inutuqait
-,
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The Uyaraasuk-MacDonald kayak,covered with Ceconite aircraftcloth.
t>':::rCi i < L" C.o (..J 'ib7c-<J'L·.n'r)< ~lo"'~a"lo ~("'"~'L~~.
Ujarasuup Maktaanutlu qajalian9ak,tingmisuup qaaksanganik qaaliqsimajuq.
Moses Nowkawalk applyingpolyurethane resin to Ceconitecloth. At Kikturiaqtuuq.
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P·:>n.<l":)r.
Moses Nowkawalk illaijutiksajamikiliuqqaijuq tingmisuup qaaksanganut Kikturiaqtuumi.
Inukjuak kayaks, being generallyaround 6 1/2 metres long and verywide, too. The knowledgeable eldersinvolved were Uuyukuluk from Ikpiaqjuk, Qanguuq and Anguliainuk whowas in charge of the sealskin-coveringwork. Assisting and learning theTununirmiut kayak tradition werePitawili Utturaaq, Aipili Turngaaq andNick Qumangaapik. Also involved inorganizing as well as constructionwere brothers Peter Paniluk and PaulIdlout. Cultural preservation andeducation were the main objectives atMitimatalik rather than any economicbenefits, and much historical information relating to kayaks was recorded.The craft produced were donatedto the co-op, and one went to Expo'86. Paul, our source for the Mitimatalik construction, also went to Expoin July.
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piliriqataulauqtut ukua UuyukulukIkpiaqjuk-mit, Qanguuq Anguliainuklu uimaijaqtiulauqtuk kisingnit amiqtugaujunik. lIinniammaaq&utik ikajulauqtut Tununirmiut qajaliurusituqanginnik ukuangulauqtut PitwiliUtturaaq, Aipili Turngaaq amma NickQumangaapik. Piliriqataulaurmijutaaqqiksugauningani sanajautillugillunukariik Peter-Iu Paniluk ammalu Paullu Idlout. Inuusituqarmik mianiqsiniqilinniaqtitsinirlu pijaunasuluarniqsaulauqpuq Mitimatalik-mi kiinaujaliurasungnirmit, titiragauplutiglu qajaup atugaujjusiviningi. Sanajaujutkuapangmut tunijauplutik, atausiqExpo '86-mungngaupluni. Paul-usi,tusarvigijaqput Expo-mungngaulauqpuq July-mi.
Malik&uni pinilungningangnik JosepiPadlo amma George Auksaq iglulingmi, qajaliurnirmik ilinniaqtitsiniqaaqqigaulauqpuq 1986 atulisaaqtillugu innait i1inniarvinganni Uyaraasuk agupiimiutaviniq, ilinniaqtitsijiupluni. Ukiungujumi, pingasut qajaitavalungi pianikpalliaraujaqput sitamaanguliraangat unnukkut atganginni Zack Kunu, Marcel Mason, ammaJohn MacDonald tusarvikput. Amigauplutik tingmisuup qaaksanganik illaijutiksamiglu, pitqusiq John qaujijautitaa qajaliurusiuliqtumut Canada-upukiuqtaqtungani. Josepi Padlo qajaliulaurivuq inminik, qijungnik saattunikatuq&uni saningajunut. Malik&uniUyaraasuk sanajjusianik, mikijuqTununirmiutitut ittuq 5 miitanik takiniqakasaktuq 60 sintamiitanik silingniqaq&uni.
33
Following the efforts of Josepi Padloand George Auksaq at Igloolik, akayak-making course was organizedin the first part of 1986 under an adulteducation program with Uyaraasuk,originally of Agu 8ay, as teacher.During the winter, three frameworksslowly took shape on Thursday evenings under the hands of Zack Kunu,Marcel Mason and John MacDonald,our source. They were covered withCeconite and fibreglass, the methodJohn introduced to the current building of kayaks in the Canadian Arctic.Josepi Padlo built another kayak onhis own, using cut-out plywood crosssections. This was based on Uyaraasuk's design, which is a smallTununirmiut type about 5 metres longby 60 centimetres wide.
Then, in August, Moses Nowkawalkarrived expecting to pick up a framework in Igloolik and take it to the IkpikBay summer student camp to demonstrate the Ceconite and fibreglasscovering method. To his dismay nospare framework awaited him, but oldPiugaqtuq took pity and helped Mosesbuild one.
In addition, at Igloolik, John MacDonald built a Greenland kayak in1985, and is helping George Auksaqmake one this year. Also, the oldNordkapp mold, brought by Englishkayak designer Frank Goodman in1979 to Frobisher Bay where sixcopies were turned out, has beentransported gratis by Nordair to Igloolik. There John and Rennie Wissinkhave repaired it with a lot of labour sothat Nordkapps may be produced inthe Canadian Arctic for northern useas Goodman wished. Unfortunately,as mentioned earlier, this design is nottruly Greenlandic.
It would be nice if each place couldrevive its own traditional kayak styleor if foreign designs are to be adaptedfrom Greenland, the Aleutians, orelsewhere, they were unadulterated.Who knows what will happen withkayaks and kayaking in the Inuitregions? They're coming back though.For the sake of the symbolic image,let us hope that there will be manyInuit kayaks swishing through thedeep blue Arctic waters once more.
34
Paulo Kasudluak Jr. testing afinished kayak. At Kikturiaqtuuq.
<~J ~"J~~ ~b~~ ~'J~~J~A~.,.' (L...r' P'JI\.~~j'r.
Paulo Kasudluak nukaq&iq uukturaqtuq pianiksimajumik Kikturiaqtuurmi.
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<lLW<Ct>~. AL-'r'r. John MacDonald <ld P' J' rt>nJ' "7rl>,-t>n.>~
1985-r. Ab"'~-,.,.-, ...<l' <ll>',r't>Pt>~ , ..n'-,J. <lLL. NordkappnJ' , ...... ' ... "1-t>c..t>~J~ FrankGordon-r' 1979-r .o.,,-,'~'
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t>pl>"c'Jr <lJC"l>J~ A'dc..t>CJ'Goodman. a: L LO"'" \\or ( bJ<1'i\n'" -lJ .t>"t>~l>c..t>"JJ'. (L .. '~'<'~"<ldP'J'rl>nJLLI\.' A'~'J",
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Amma, August-mi, Moses Nowkawalk tikitpuq piniarasugipluni avalumik iglulingmit Ikpik-piimungngarutijaksaminik tautuktitsijjutiksaminikamiqsinirmik tingmisuup qaaksanganut illaijutiksamullu. Quaqsaaqtitauvuq avalumik utaqqijaungnginmat,kisiani utuqqaup Piugaqtuq nagligiliramiuk ikajuqpaa sanaqatigipluguatausirmik.
Ammaluptauq, iglulingmi, John MacDonald akukitturmiutitut qajaliulaurivuq 1985-mi, ikajuq&unilu GeorgeAuksaq-mik ukiuq sanatillugu. Amma,Nordkapp-titut sanajjut, naksagaulauqtuq Frank Gordon-mit 1979-miiqalungnut ajjigiinik arvinilingnik sanajjutaupluni, agjagauvuq akiqangngit&ugu Nordair-kkunnit iglulingmut.Taikani John-Iu Rennie Wissink-Iuaaqqiksuqpaak sanajaujungnaqupluguNordkapp ukiuqtaqtungani ukiuqtattumi atugaksauluni piqulaugaatutGoodman. Naammaaningngitkaluaqtillugu, uqausiulauqtutut, taamnasanajjusiq akukitturmiutitummarikingngittuq.
Piunajaqpuq ajurnangngippat nunaliumait, nuititsijungnaqpata qajaliurusituqarmingnik asianingngaaqtullusanajjusiit atuqtuagauniaqpata akukittum it, aliutmit, asinginnilluunniit, asinganik akutsiviungngitpata. Kina qaujimava qanuq piniarmangaataa qajaitamma qajaqturniq Inuit aviktuqsimaninganni? Utiliqtuugaluit. Aulajinaqtuksamik, ikajuqtuita amisunik Inuitqajanginnik ukiuqtaqtuup tunguq&uniitijuq imanga imakkuuqtuqarunaalikkanniqulugu.
Tununirmiut kayaks stored atMitimatalik (Pond Inletl. 1985.
J.Dcr"rt>( "ba,."l.( J('id'i.. t"L~'i·r'~LCr'r 1985-~n·JJ.
Tununirmiut qajangat tutquqsimajuq mitsimatalingmi 1985ngutillugu.
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Ajjiliugaujut Basil Kiblakootmit,Kelly Curwinmillu
InuitSilarjualimaamiKatimarjuarningat
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Photographs by Basil Kiblakoot andKelly Curwin
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ICC 1986: Imagesof an AlaskanVillage
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In July, more than 600 peoplefrom Canada, Greenland andAlaska gathered in the tinycoastal village of Kotzebue, on apeninsula at the extreme northwestern edge of the North American continent. The people hadcome for the fourth GeneralAssembly of the Inuit CircumpolarConference.
The General Assembly focusedmainly on the development of an"Arctic Policy" on environmental,political, economic, social andcultural issues important to theInuit of the circumpolar region.But the week-long meeting alsogave those who attended anopportunity to get to know eachother's culture, lifestyle, languageand music.
The next General Assembly, in19B9, will be held in Greenland.
~~d', 600 ~~C~ d~d' b~C
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Julaimi, 600 ungataani inuit kanatamit, akukittumit alaaskamiJlukatilauqput sigjami nunaliralaamutkaatsipiumut, nuvungmut kanangnammaringani amiurikaupkanangnangani. Inuit qailauqtutkatimajaqtuq&utik sitamangannikInuit silarjualimaami katimarjuarningannut.
Katimaniq piJirialuaqalauqpuqaaqqiigiarnirmik "ukiuqtaqtumimaJigaJirinikmik" avatimiutanut,gavamalirinirmik, kiinaujaliurnirmik, inuuqatigiingnirmik pitqusiJirinirmiglu piJiriaqaqtunik isumagijaksarjuanik inungnut nunarjualimaami. Kisiani pinasuarusiJuktaami katimaniq ajurnarungniiqtitsiJaurivuq katimajaqtuqtunut qaujiturauJlutik asimik piqqusinganik,inuusinganik, uqarusinganik titagusinganiglu.
Kingullirmik katimaniksaujumaaliqtuq, 1989-mi, akukittumiitsumaaqtuq.
35
36
iii embe s Jf ,e uS t,on t::.Honour Guard took part in 'eGeneral Assembly openingceremonies on July 29.
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"agijauJut US Nation I Ho"ourGuard nut ilangiutiqataulaLqp...katimaniup ukkuiqtauningamJulai 29-ml.
The ICC Assembly was held l>in the gymnasium of ·heKotzebue High SchoOl w"icis knowr to local people asthe "Home of the Fight r!lHuskies, •
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Inuit silarjuallmaami kaf'lmarjuarningat katimaj ulaLCjpuCj Cjitigvingani kaatsiriumiangijut i1inniarvingan: qaujimajaujuq nunalingwlUnut, mataQtit qimmit anglranganik .•
t::.Rhoda nUksuk president of Inu,t Tap,nsat of C; ola.aridresses delegw'es to the ICC Elders Conference.Northern Quebec delegate Daisy Watt the r'9 tlco,chaired the meet'ng with Thomas Brower ofAlaska (left).
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KatirarjuaC1' gannut i 1 tuqanginnut. Kupait tarrang .tl<atimajaCjt...qs,,.,ajuq DaiSY W tt ItaliCjpingmi) iksivalotanT tugliulauqtuc, katim ""mi T~omas Browe mutalaask mit Isaumingmi
L· ega es to he GeneralAssembly attend the plenarysession Notice the portraitsCo' elders on the walls of'he school gymnasium.
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Katimajaqtuqtut katiluktaaqtitauninganut katiqatauvut.Ujjirusugit ajjinginnik inutuqaitqitigviup saniraani.
Cultural activities are a popular partof the ICC assemblies. People fromc'3ch circumpolar country presents evening of entertainment. OnAlaska night these drum dancersfr Jm Point Hope performed.
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p.qqusirmingniliriniit urnigaullun·uqput inuit silarjualimaamit
Kdt majaqtutinginmt Inuit aviktuqs,majuqutimingniuma takunnaqtitsijut. Alaaskaup unnugilirmagu.ta,. 'kua qilaujjaqtiit Point Hope"ingngaatut mumilauqput.
37
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Above: These throat singersfrom Northern Quebec werea big hit with the audience.Right: Other Canadianperformers with a somewhatmore modern sound werepopular, too.
'idc.:cr: C< d <1 'iP<I <j <<;r.n (d<A' C'~'I.<r' 'dll<lro,.l>LLn.Lt><;"JC ct>::>r<1'i"J'i"r'L~~(. Cr~A'r: <J'~(
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Qulaani: Taapkua qiarvaaqtitkupait tarranganit quviagijaummarilauqtut tautugiaqtuqsimajunit. Taliqpingmi:Asingit kanatamiut tautuktitsijaqtuqsimajut upluminitaplangnilirijut quviagijaulaurmijuttauq.
~ocal artists sold crafts, like these.,asks made fr('", caribou hide andwolf fur to visitors during the'IIorthwest Alaska AnnlJal Trade
ai, This fair was held in Kotzebuethe same week as the ICCAssembly
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Nunalingmiutait sanangnguaqtitnluviaksaqalauqput sanau·
armingnik, uuktuutigilugu kiinapC3lt .:»anasimajut tuktup aminganit
lmaqquplu aminganit, tujuriuslmajunut alaaskaup ukiutamaat
a C. ~Iirninganut. Tamanna tauqsiir·iq kaatsipiumi atautsikkuuilt lulauqpuq pinasuarusirmi inuit .
silarjualimaami lrntimarjuarningannlo
Kotzebue is mainly a fishing community.Above: A whole family of fisherpersonsheads out to Kotzebue Sound to net arcticsalmon Below: Salmon drying on a rack.
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Kaatsipiu nunaliujuq iqaluksiuqt,plainnauplutik.Oulaanl: lIagiiluktaat iqaluksiuqtit aullaqtiqputkaatsipiu saunmut iqaluksiuriaq&utik Ataani.Iqaluit paniqsiqtuq
39
A Visit toKotzebue, Alaskaand the ICCGeneral Assembly
TujurmiuniqKotzebue,Alaska-mutamma InuitSilarjualimaamiKatimaningannut
by Basil Kiblakoot
Kotzebue is a town about 35 milesnorth of the Arctic Circle in Alaska.There are about 2,900 people livingthere. In Kotzebue, you will find themost northerly Dairy Queen in theworld, the most northerly Orientalrestaurant (called "The Arctic Dragon") and a Ponderosa Steak House.
You will also find a couple of museums. One is in the office buildingon Third Street where they have acollection of stuffed animals fromAlaska. The other is on Second Streetwhere they keep a collection of artifacts from their past. Kotzebue hasschools, stores, a powerhouse, eightchurches, apartment buildings andoffices.
In some ways it is the same as anyarctic community. This made me feelat home when we landed. The peoplestop and say "Hi" to a stranger who
40
b(tA~ ~~r~~~ t~~~< Cr(C\~~
.,.'l.C 35 Lt.ro--' bOo '0.'1.0--' l>'L('nr<J<T' <k>b <1l\ft)'ift r"Lo-\(.,a- . .6..o\f2,900-.,.' ~rinrb~')'. bC(Al>r.Q.<r .... ~\Q..'i·t>n( Dairy Queen-r"bQ.\Q.~<""·:J~cr·. <1 L L b~\Q.~<""·
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"The Arctic Dragon" _~LL Ponderosa Steak House-r'.
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Basil Kiblakoot piliriarijanga
Kotzebue nunaliujuq siqiniup tal ittangnginningata 35 mailinik kanangnanganit ungasiktigipluni Alaska aviktuqsimaningani. Inungi 2.900-nikamisuutigikasaktut. Kotzebue-mi,nanisijungnaqputit Dairy Queen-mikkanangnaqpasiktuqtamik, ammakanangnaqpasiktuqtamik jaapaniisitnirivvinganik-atiiingmik "The ArcticDragon-amma Ponderosa SteakHouse-mik.
Nanisijungnarivutit marruungnik piqutituqausivingnik. Atausiq titirarviupiianganiittuq Third Street-mi inigijaujuq nirjutingnguanik alaaskamiutanik.Piqataa Second Street-mi pitaqaqturlipiqutituqavininginnik sivulmulirmik.Kotzebue ilinniarviktaqaqtuq. niuvirviit, ukkaaliurut, pingasunik arviniliittuksiarviit ajjigiingngittut, iglurjuitquliriit atuqtuagaksat amma titirarviit.
lIangagut ukiuqtaqtumi nunaliktitu-
has just arrived in town and ask whohe is. The people there get some oftheir food such as fish, seal and goodold tuktu from the land. They are concerned about their environment, protection of their wildlife, and drug andalcohol abuse as well as the increasing suicide rate.
There were some things that I foundvery surprising. Most of the peoplethere, from the very young to the oldpeople, speak a lot of English. It ismainly the old people that speak theirnative language. They have neverused syllabics. They used to write bydrawing little pictures before theystarted using the English alphabet.Another thing is that some people say"dark meat" or "red meat" whenthey are referring to seal and reindeermeat.
The way they keep their boats is different too. They keep them in theWater day and night facing away from
The village faces the shore ofKotzebue Sound and, beyond, theChukchi Sea which lies betweennorthern Alaska and Siberia.Fishing is a major activity.
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Nunalik saangngajuq kaatsipiusaunmut. ungataani, saksiiptariunga akunningani alaaskaupsaipiurijauplu. Iqalliarnilirilluaqtut.
:J'" Cd<..l>"'tL''f'Cr'.D' np("'~.D'<JLL <3An.<Jn. Pa..t>\L'l.c. A.sJb. CCAber CT~I\CT· A~...)\CT·. a..(r'''cr·<:JLwcr"J\'f ::>·::>1· A<fIo::>' .QQ.r'cn.l>r·~, ~~~n%"':J' <l<nrl>cn.71\0-·, CTo;~· r<JCT~r'CTo;r·. >J<]«(70-· 4~~o;Q..~::>CT· Ar<JJ\rLJ<IJJ<!'i CT 'iir" ALl><ibCt:><JlT A"'r\cr".6..D<:]""C c; CTt> <lr,J '\ \J'i"< .. r<1cr'L .
miaq ittuq. Taima tungngasugutigilauqpara minnapta. Inuit nutqaq&utik"Hailavaktut" takulauqsimangngitamingnut tikilisaanut amma apiriplutikkinaungmangaat. Inuit taikani niqimingnik iqalungnik, natsirnik ammalunirlungngi tuktumik pivaktut nunamit tariumillu. Isumaaluutiqaqtut avatimiutarijamingnik, nirjutinik mianiqsinirmik, puluatsijanik aangajaarnaqtunik imialungmiglu atuluarnirmik ilauqataupluni inmingnik inuaqtarniq amisungnguqpallianinga.
lIanginnik nanngarijamnik taikanitakulauqpunga. Taikani kituluktaakasait makkuktunit pigiaq&ugu inutuqarnut tikit&ugu, qaplunaatut uqqariktut. Inutuqait kisimikasak uqausituqamingnik atujujut: Oaniujaaqpainik(inuktitut titiqqanik) atuq&utik titirajujuulaungngittut. Titiraqpalauqtutajjingnguagajaaliuq&utik qaplunaattitiqqaqutinginnik atuliqqaaratik. Ammaluptau ilangit uqaqpangmata "niqiqirniqtuq" uvvaluuvva "niqi aupaluktuq" uqausiqaraangamik natsirmiktuktumiglu.
Oajariaqausingat aJjI)lgmgngimmaarmijangat. Upluluktaaq unnualuktaaqimarmiitsuqtut sammut saanngaplutik, kivallirmiutituungngittuq qajariamingnik amusiqattaajujutut.
Ouviagijuqtaulaugara taima ungavanut takujuullualirama napaaqtumik iglurjuarjuarmilluuvva takunasugagatalitaungngit&uni.Ouviasulaurivunganutqairatamiaqtuulluarnarmat apqummi apirilunilu: "kinaugaluaqpit?"Taima piugilualaungngitarali kiinaujangi tamarmik ajjigiingngittut taqsangi ajjigiiluktaarmata amma maquinnakasangmat taikaniitilluta.
Alaska-miut mumiqtit ajungngimmariktut annuraaqtutsiaqsimaplutigluamma atiqaqtiumaplugit mumirusirijatik uuktuutigilugu tulugaq, natsiqsiurniq, amaruq, inutuqait ammaiqaluksiurniq. Tukisialaungngitatkapisingi mumirusirmingnut uqarusivutajjigiingnginmata, kisiani tusarniqtut.lIitaqsittalauqpunga ilanginnik naliannik mumirmangaataa uaningitigutmumiqtiujut. lIangit mumiqtiujutukiungi qaangiisimangngittuuqquutarvinilingnik pingasunik arvinilingnigluuvva. Mumiqataujungnaqtut ilanginnik innaqtitut mumijutigijut angummatijungnaq&utiglu innaujunik. Isumajunga mumiqtitik ukiukittummariutillugit
41
the shore, not like the people in theKeewatin who always pull their boatsonto shore.
What I really liked the most was beingable to see far away, without havingsome tree or tall building blocking myview as they do in Ottawa where Inow live. I liked being able to stopsomeone on the road and chat withthem and ask: "What's your nameanyway?" What I didn't like was thatall the denominations of their dollarswere the same colour and that it wasraining most of the time we werethere.
The Alaskan drum dancers were verygood and they had very nice costumes and names for all the differentdances such as Raven Dance, SealHunt, Wolf Dance, Elders Dance, andFishing Dance. I couldn't understandtheir songs for the dances because ofthe difference in dialects, but theyhad a very nice beat. I was also ableto tell what some of the dances wereby the actions of the dancers. Therewere some dancers there who couldnot have been more than six or eightyears old. They were able to do someof the dances just as well as adultsand keep pace with them too. I thinkthey must start training their dancersat a very early age-something thatI have never seen done in the Keewatin.
I learned from the Inuit CircumpolarConference General Assembly that itis good to have a universal languagethat we can all fall back on whenthere are some differences in theInuktitut dialects that we speak. Ialso learned that we, the Inuit in theKeewatin, are not the only Inuit trying to protect our ianguage, culture,environment and wildlife from all thedevelopment that is happening toofast in the Arctic. There are the samebasic problems and concerns all overthe North.
I think that the ICC would be able tohelp Canadian Inuit in their dealingswith the United Nations if they canstart talking more about the problemsand concerns that they share with theInuit from the other regions. Thenthey would be able to say: "Look,this is happening not only in Alaska orCanada or Greenland. It is happeningall over the Arctic. There is a realproblem here. We have to do something about it."
42
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pig iaqtitpaqquurm ajjuk - taku lauqsimangngitara kivallirmi.
lIitsilauqpunga nunarjualimaami Inuitkatimarjuarninganit i&uarmat tukisiajaujungnaqtumik nakiluktaaq uqarungnaqtuni inuktitut uqausiqput ajjigiigungniiraangat tukisituraunniq ajuliqtuni. Ammalu i1itsilaurivunga, inuktigut kivaJlirmi, mianiqsiniluktutuungnginnapta uqausiptingnik, piqqusiptingnik, avatiptingnik nirjutiniglupivallianiujunit pialaluaqtumit ukiuqtaqtumi. Ajjigiingniqaqtuq ajurnarutaujunik isumaaluutiniglu ukiuqtaqtuluktaami.
Isumajunga ikajurniqarajaqquurmatnunarjualimaami Inuit katimarjuarningat piliriaqarninganni nunarjuarmikatimajirjuanik uqausiqaqariakkanniqpata ajurnarutaujunik isumaaluutigijaujuniglu inungni aviktuqsimanirniasinginni. Taima uqarungnaqsinajarmata "takkuuk, una pingngittuqalaaskamituinna, kanatamiinna akukittumiinnarluuvva. Ajjigiiluktaaqtuqukiuqtaqtuluktaami. Aaqqingniluqiaqaliqtavut. "
The most northerly Dairy Queen inthe world.
ba. 'a.~<r' ":J""C"" Dairy Queen.Da."~4c;r.
Kanangnaqpasiktuqtaq Dairy Queennunarjuarmi.
by Ingo Hessel
Inuit Art
Inuit Sanaugangit
<l Mark Alikaswa, carverfrom Eskimo Point.
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Mark Alikaswasanangnguaqtiarviamiutaq.
Ingo Hessel piliriarijanga
Arts and Craftsin the Keewatin
Kivallirmiut Sanaugangit
I travelled to the Arctic for the firsttime in June and spent two wonderful weeks in the Keewatin. It wasfascinating to meet so many artists,to wander out on the land and toobserve the arts and crafts situationat the co-ops and craft shops.
My first stop was Churchill, Manitoba,where I visited the Eskimo Museum.This museum is the lifelong work ofBrother Jacques Volant who hasorganized and displayed a superb collection of Inuit art and archaeologicalartifacts together with other objectsand wildlife specimens which illustrate the traditional Inuit lifestyle. Istrongly recommend to anyone whopasses through Churchill that theyspend some time in this museum.
I then travelled to Eskimo Point whereI spent one week. The Inuit CulturalInstitute there has not done muchresearch in the field of art so far, butis planning to set up a small museumin the future. It might be planned asa series of travelling exhibits on artand culture, which would make thecollection much more accessible tonortherners.
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Sivulliqpaammaringmik ukiuqtaqtulialaursimagama kivallirmut taikaniil&unga sanattailiingnik marruunginik.Quviagilualaurpara katiqariamik amisuni sanangujaqtinik ammalu pisulurariamik nunainnamik ammalu qimirruariamik sanaugait miksaanut ilinganniujunik kuapaujunilu sananguarvingnilu.
Kuugjuaqkuuraama takujartulaurparaInuit takujaqturqaarngaat. IksirarjuaqJacques Volant inuusilimaamini katiqsuarisimajaminik aaqqiksurga&unigillutakujaqturviqarvigivaa Inuit sanauganginnik ammalu qangasarnitammaringnik sunakkutivinirnik asinginnikluatjigiingittunik uumajuviniralangnikInuit inuusirmingni atuqpaktatuqanginnik. Kinatuinnarmut kuugjuakkuurniartumut takujaqtuiqujigajarivunga takujarturvingmik Inuit sanaugaralanginnik.
Taikangallu arvianiilauriplunga sanattailimik atausirmik. Inummarilirijikkutsanaugait miksaanut suli qaujisarniqarsimaluangimmata, kisianilu isumaliursimagaluariplutik mikijumik takujarturviqaliriaksamingnut taikani. 1mmaqaa nunaliujunut uajartitaujumik
43
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The Eskimo Museum at Churchill.Manitoba. "a superb collectionof Inuit art and archaeologicalartifacts." Below: Interior ofthe museum.
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Inuit piqutituqausivingat kuugjuarmi. .. aijiqangngittutpiujummariit katiqsuat inuitsanaugangi piqutituqaviniillu.··Ataani: lIua piqutituqausiviup.
44
The Sanavik Co-op at Baker Lake.This building also houses theMiqsurvik Sewing Centre.
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Sanavvik kuap qamani'tuarmi.Inigijaummaaqtuq miqsurvingmit.
The privately-owned craft shop inEskimo Point has cut down its art purchasing recently and the co-op onlyhandles stone sculputure as a smallsideline (it does not buy wallhangings,dolls or other kinds of work). Consequently, the arts and crafts situationthere is not too healthy. Most artistsreceive fairly low prices for their work,and many cannot afford to buy stone.There is not much discussion with theartists about their artistic imaginationor ideas.
There is much greater artistic activityin Baker Lake than in Eskimo Pointbecause the co-op deals exclusivelywith graphics and sculpture production. There are still problems such asthe supply of stone, its high cost, andthe prices paid to artists. The BakerLake prints program has had the constant support of advisors, but unfortunately the same cannot be said forsculpture, where the quality is quiteuneven. A separately-run sewingshop has had to temporarily stop buying wall hangings because of oversupply.
The co-op in Rankin Inlet does nothandle arts and crafts. The NWTgovernment runs a craft shop whichproduces parkas and crafts, and sellswallhangings and a few carvings.Almost no-one in Rankin Inlet carves.There is a newly-formed artists association which will attempt to obtain aregular stone supply and market theWorks of a few artists. Parka production is limited to special ordersbecause of low demand.
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sanauganiklu iliqqusituqqaniklu takujarturviqarumaartut, ukiuqtaqtumiutkatiqsuanik takujartuqataugunnarniqarvig ijungnatsiartanga nniktauq.
Namminirijaujuupluni sananguarvikarviani sanaugarnik niuviqattarnirijarminik mik&igiaqtitsisaalaurmata,kuapaujut ujaqqanit sananguagarnikniuviqattaqtutuulirput (niuvirpangi&utik nivingajulianiklu, nutaranguarniklu asinginniklu sanaukkanikl. Taikani nunaliujumi sanaugait miksaanutilinganniujuq naammatsiangilaq. Tamarmikasak sanaujartit akiliqtugaulluaqattangimmata sanaukkamingnut,amisullu niuviriamik ujaqqanik ajursaqattar&utik. Uqallaqatigijauluarpangminatiklu sanaujaqtiit qanurlisananguarumavangmangaataa.
Anginiqsammaringmik sananguaralaqattarmata qamanittuarmiut arviarmiuniunganit pitjutigiplugu kuapakkut
45
Kangiq&inirmi kuapak piliriaqaqattangimmat sanaukkanik. Nunatsiapgavamakkungit aulatsijiungmata sananguarvingmik niuviqattarmata ammalu niuprutiqaqattar&utik nivingajuliavirniklu ammalu sananguarsimajunik ujaqqamit. Amisuuluangittutkangiq&inirmiut sananguaqattarmata.Nutaamik sanaujaqtit katutjiqatigiinginnik matuiqsijuqasaalaurmat atainnaujartumik ujaqqanik sananguagaksaqainnalirasuarniartunik niuprutiqaqattarniar&utik ilangitta sananguartitsanauganginnik. Japaliuqtitsiqattarniqkisiani tikisaisimajuqaliraangat piliriarijauqattarniar&uni amisuuluangittut japaiiurutjaujumaqattarningit.
minguanguagaralangniklu sananguagarniklu piliriaqaqattarmata, ujaqqanikajurnarlaqattarmijuugaluaq, akituluarninginnullu ammalu akiliutauqattarnirnut sananguartinut i&uilutaqtaqaqtuinnar&uni. Qamanittuarmiut minguanguagaliuqattarningit atainnartumik ikajuqtugaunniqaqattainnarmata uqautjuijinit, kisianilu mamianaugaluaq taimanna uqausiqarungnanginnapta sananguagait miksaanut,piujuuningit atjiujuunginmata. lIaakkuuqtuupluni mirsurvik niuviqattarungniisimalaukangmat nivingajulianikpitjutigiplugu amisunguluarmata niuviaksait nivingajuliaviniit.
l e Anowtalik of EskImo Point
Quviasungillarigutiqalaurpunga ujaqqat sananguagaksait ajurnaluarninginnut ammalu akituluaqtitauninginnut,akiliutauqattarnirnullu mikiluartumiksanaugarnut, ammalu sanaujartittusaumatituraulluanginniqarninginnutniuvirpaktunut. Tusariangilualaurip'lungalu atjigiingittunik sanaukkanikn iuv iqtauqatta ngill ari n9nira qtaujunik. Ammaluptauq i&uigusulauraluarivunga makkuktut sananguaqattarumanginningannik. Amisuuniqsaitmakkuktut aksururnaluarasugingnaangmata sananguaqattariamik ammalu akiliqtauqattarnirmi mikiksaluarnirar&utik.
..
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I was quite upset by the lack of stoneand its costs, the low prices paid forarts and crafts, and the lack of artisticcommunication between buyers andartists. It was also alarming to hearthat so many different types of artsand crafts are not being purchased atall. Another thing that disturbed mewas the fact that young people don'tseem to be interested in producingart. Most felt that the work is too hardand the money is not good enough.
I have heard about plans for an Inuitartists association which would include members from every Inuit community. Such an organization woulddiscuss the problems which faceartists in the North and suggest possible solutions. It could speak with astrong voice for all Inuit artists andcraftspeople and draw attention totheir needs and aspirations.
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"~",-'_'-_=..:L.;.o.-=-=_--"":..,,,,,-~~_~__-,:--= -=.=:-_-,j I~ e Anowtalik ArviarmiL taq.
46
Joy and Luke Hallauk at their campnear Eskimo Point.
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4'''4< 'b... r'7'L....Joylu Luke Hallauk tupiqarvingmiarviap qanigijangani.
47
This trip was very enlightening andalso was a lot of fun. Everyone wasextremely friendly and obliging andmade me feel right at home. I wouldlike to say "hello!" to all the peopleI met, and wish to particularly thankfor their hospitality Lucy Tutsweetok,Elizabeth and Andy Aulatjut, Maryand Luke Anowtelik, Joy and LukeHallauk, Anne and John Okkalik,Gabe Gely, the staff of lei in EskimoPoint, Margaret and John Narkyagikand Pamela Brooks in Baker Lake, andThomas Ugjuk and family in RankinInlet. I hope that I will have the opportunity to visit again.
New Help forInuit Arts and Crafts?The federal and NWT governmentshave held discussions concerning apossible new Economic DevelopmentSub-agreement for arts and crafts.Both governments are aware thateven though sales have improvedrecently, they are still not at 1980-81levels. Overall quality seems to haveslipped, raw materials are in shortsupply, and business planning andmarketing are inadequate.
Programs that might be affected by orinitiated under such an agreementwould include:
• travelling arts advisors who wouldassist Inuit carvers, printmakers,seamstresses and craftspeople;
• workshops for Inuit artists in thenorth and the south;
• travel to the south to attend galleryopenings;
• the location and collection of rawmaterials such as stone at lowerprices to artists;
• improved quality cO'!trol of handmade articles and ways to avoidover-supply of crafts;
• new labels and packages for artsand crafts, and more advertising;assistance to commercial art galleries in the south to mount exhibits of Inuit art;
• training of Inuit in managementskills, purchasing, marketing, finance and administration.
If and when such an agreement issigned, and funds and programsbecome available, Inuktitut will publish more complete details.
48
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Tusalaurmigama inuit sanaujaqtitkatutjiqatigiigijangit isumaliursimaniqarningannik ilautitsiniqarumaar&utiktamainna inuit nunaligijanginnirmiunik. Katutjiqatigiingurtut uqallausiqaqattarajarmata i&uilutaqutiujunik sanaujaqtinut ukiuqtaqtumi ammaluqanuq aaqqigiarutiksaunajartuniki&uilutaujunut isumaksaqsiuqattarlutik. Sangijumik nipiqaqtiujuujungnalirajarmata inuit sanaujaqtilimaatpitjutigilugit takuksaruqtigiarniarlugitsanaujaqtiit pijariaqaqpagainniklu pijumallariktainniklu.
Tukisivaallillualaurama quviagillarilaur&ugulu uajarnirilauqtara ukiuqtaqtumut. Katitalimaakka inutsianguplutik tunganalaurmata. Tamarmiklu Haluurumavakka taipkua katilaurtakkaammalu qujannamiirumaluar&ugitLucy Tutsweetoklu, Elizabeth, AndyluAulatjut, Mary, Luke Anowteliklu,Joy. Luke Hallauk, Anne, John Okkaliklu, Gabe Gelylu, ammalu iqqanaijaqtingit inummarilirijikkut. Margaretlu,John Narkyagikkut ammalu PamelaBrooks qamanittuarmi, ammaluThomas Ugjuklu ilanginlu kangiq&inirmi. Tujurmiukkannirumaarumagaluarivunga sivunikmi.
Inuit Sanauganginnutikajurutiktataasaanguvaa?Gavamatuqakkunni ammalu nunatsiarmi gavamaujut uqallausiqaqattarniqalaurmata nutaamik kiinaujaliurasuaqattarnilirijikkut angiqatigiiksimautigilirajaqtaksangannik pitjutigilugitsanaugait. Tamarmik gavamaujuujukutjirusungmata naammaksivaallirsimalisaaraluartillugit niuvrutiqaqattarniit, suli naliqqaujuulingimmata niuvrutiuniuqattalaurnirmi qutsingniulaurnirnut arraagumi 1980-81-mi. Piujuutiunningit kataksimalir&utiklu pisnasiujumilu isumaliuqattarniillu niuvrutiqaqattarniillu naammangil&utik.
Piliriaqarniit aktugauniqarajartut uvvaluunniit pigiaqtitausimajut tungavviqartitaulutik tamatumunga angirutiusimajumu ilaqarajarmata ukuninga:
• uajaqattar&utik sanaujaqtinutuqautjuijiunajartut ikajuriaqtuqattarajartut inungnik sananguartinik,minguanguaqtinik, miqsurtinikamma sananguaqtilirijikkunnik;
• katimatitauqattarniksanginnut inuitsanaujartit ukiuqtaqtumilu qaplunaallu nunainni;
A Full Pot, stonecut by HelenKalvak (1901-1984) of HolmanIsland.
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Utkusik tatattuq, ujaqqamipilaktugaujuq Helen Kalvakmit(1901-mit 1983-mut)uluqsaqtuurmiutaq.
Kalvak/EmerakMemorial PortfolioThe Holman Eskimo Co-operative willsoon be releasing a set of twelveprints based on pencil drawingsby the renowned artists Helen Kalyak (1901-1984) and Mark Emerak11901-1983). This stunning collection of stonecuts, stencils and lithographs was produced by Elsie Klengenberg Anaginak, Harry Egotak,Mona Ohoveluk Kuneyuna, MabelNigiyok, Louis Nigiyok, Mary Okheenaand Peter Palvik. Stanley ElonakKlengenberg produced lithographicportraits of the two artists.
The project was co-ordinated byDavid Umholtz and Bernadette Driscoll. Umholtz is ·the print advisorto the Holman Co-op, and Driscoll,formerly of the Winnipeg Art Gallery,is the curator of the Portfolio andwrote the accompanying text.
Funding was provided by the NWTDepartment of Economic Development and The Canada Council.
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• naniinningillu katiqsuiqattarnirmilusanaugaksaqutinik suurlu ujaqqanik akikinniqsauniartillugit sananguartinut;
• piusigiaqsimapluni piuniqsanikaulatsiqattarniq akgangmut sanaugavinirnik ammalu ungatiluanganutpitaqaqtitsittailimaniujumik sanaukkanik;
• nutaanik titiqqautiqarnirniklu puuksaqutiqarnirniklu sanaukkanut,ammalu qugvarsigiakkannirutinik;ikajuqtiuqattarnirnut kiinautjaksaplutik sanaukkanik takujarturviujunut qaplunaat nunainni takujaqturviqaqtitsiqattaquplugit Inuit sanaugainnik;
• Inuit i1inniaqtitauqattarniksanginnutaulatsijiujuunirmik, niuviqattarnirmik, niuvrutiqaqattarnirmik kiinaujal irijiujuunirmik aulatsijiujuunirmiklu.
Angirutitaqalirniqpat kiinaujallu piliriniillu ajurnarungniiqpata, inuktituuptitirausirikkannirumaaqpaa pianiluktaatsiaqsimaniqsaulirlugu.
49
Taamna piliriaq aaqqiksuqtaulaurpuqDavid Umholtzmillu purnatik turistaalmillu. UmHuulj minguanguagarnutuqautjuijiujuuvuq uluqsaqtuurmi kuapakkunni, amma Driscoll, vinipiingmisanauganik takujaqturvingmi iqqanaijalaurtuviniq, angajuqkaangujuuvuqkatiqsuanut titiralaur&unilu uqalimaagaliamik ilauqatautitausimajumikminguanguagarnut .
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A lithograph, When the BearsCame Around, by Holman Islandartist Mark Emerak (1901 • 9831.
Uluqsaqtuumi Inuit kuapakkungitniuvrutiq aru ngnaria kautig inial irm ata12-ngujunik minguanguaganik tungavviqaqtitausimajunik titiraummikatur&utik titiranguartavininginnutqaujimajautsiartuit sanaujaqtiik Hialin qavvauplu (1901-1904) ammaluMark Emerak (1901-1983). Taapkuapiujuutimmariit katiqsuat ujaqqamutsananguaqsimajuviniillu, minguanguagaillu piliriarijaulaurput Elsie Klengenberg Anaginakmillu, Harry Egotakmillu, Mona Ohoveluk Kuneyunamillu,Mabel Nigiyokmillu, Louis Nigiyok
~ millu, Mary Okheenamit ammalu Peter.~ Palvikmit. Stanley Elonak KlengenE berg minguanguagakkut atjinginnik.~ taapkuak sanaujartiik sanalaurpuq.~
'-------------------------------',
Nanu;t tik;tsaraangata, nuviqsaamut sanasimajuq titiraujaqtipsanajaa Mark Emerak (1901-mit1983-mutl uluqsaqtuurmiutaup
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50
Ruth AnnaqtuusiTulurialik'5 Tour
by Deborah Evaluarjuk
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Ruth AnnaqtuusiTulurialiupUajarninga
Deborah Evaluarjuup piliriarijanga
Ruth greets a young visitor at theArt Gallery in Windsor. She isvery eager for children as well solder people in the south tounderstand more about the Inuitand their way of life. This issomething she always had in mindwhen she was preparing drawingsfor her new book Oikaaluktut·Images of Inuit Life.
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Ruth katisittaqtuq makkuktuniktakujaqtuqtunik titiraujaqsimajutgaalaringanik vinsuami. IkajuqtuiMmariktuq nutaqqanik inutuqauniqsaniglu qaplunaat nunaannitukisiquplugit inungnik inuusinganOIglu. Tamanna isumagiinnaqpagaaaaqqiksuillarmi titiraujagarminikuqalimaaliasaaminut Oikaaluktut·Ajjit Inuit Inuus;nganit
5i
Marion Jackson, a specialist in Inuit art, introduced Ruth Annaqtuusi f>r------------------,Tulurialik to the people who attended the opening of the Baker Lakeartist's exhibition at the Art Gallery of Windsor (Ontario) last winter.
Marion Jackson. <;bt>r-L~LLtL" !i.,SJ/i.C "~'\\J41."f"cr~.
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Marion Jackson, qaujimajummarik inuit sanangnguaganginnik,ilitarijautitsivuq Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialingmik kituluktaanut qaijunutqamani'tuarmi sanangnguatingitta tautuktitsininginni sanangnguagatgaalaringanni vinsuami (aantariamil ukiungulauqtumi.
Ruth's husband Hugh is a well-known musician and songwriter in theKeewatin. He and Ruth sang songs in Inuktitut at the Windsor artexhibition.
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Ruth uinga Hugh qaujimajaulluriktuq titakti imngiusiliuqtilu kivallirmi.Ruthlu imngilauqpuk inuktitut vinsuami titiraujagat tautungnaqtitautillugit.
Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialik is a wellknown Baker Lake artist who is becoming popular with art critics andbuyers alike. As her work becomesbetter known, her colourful drawingsare appearing in Canadian newspapers and magazines. Recently shetravelled around southern Canada toattend exhibitions of her work and topromote her new book Qikaaluktut:Images of Inuit Life. In the book, eachillustration is explained in English bywriter David Pelly.
Accompanied by her husband .Hugh,Annaqtuusi went to a special exhibition of her art in Windsor, Ontario, lastwinter. They also attended receptionsto launch her book. At these receptions, Ruth and Hugh sang somesongs in Inuktitut while the latterplayed the guitar. They also visited
52
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Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialik qaujimajautsiaqtuq qamani'tuarmiutaq titiraujaqti qaujimajaulimaginnaqtuq titiraujaganik narrujinut niuviqtinullu. Piliriangi qaujijaulimaginnarninginnut,taqsiqtutsiaqsimajut nuivakput kanatami tusarutini uqalimaanilu. Uajaanisaalauqpuq kanataup kivataani i1aujaqtuq&uni piliriami tautugauninginniqaujijautigiakkanniq&ugulu uqalimaaliani nutaaq Qikaa/uktut: Ajjit InuupInuusingani. uqalimaami, titiraujagauqausiusimavut qaplunaatut titiraqataujumit tiivit pilimit.
Uiminit piqatigijaupluni Hughmit,Annaqtuusi tautugaunirmungngaulauqpuq Windsor, Ontario-mut, alraanii1auqataulaurmijut uqalimaalianganuigiarmat. Tamatkunani katinirni,Ruthlu Hughlu inuktitut imngiqtaqmaalauqtuk kingulliq kukikpaluktil-
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Hughlu Ruthluuglalungmanik ilamikDavid Pellyuvaguanut kuuputaantariup qaningani,Hugh qimmirjuaqtunngaqpuq..
At the Art Gallery of Windsor,interpreter Sally Webster looks onas Ruth signs a visitor's catalog ofthe exhibition. As Ruth is notfluent in English, Sally helped herduring interviews with southernmedia people and guided heraround cities like Kingston, Torontoand Ottawa where Ruth waspromoting her book.
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Titiraujagat gaalaringanni vinsuami,tusaaji Sally Webster tautukpuqRuth atiliuqtillugu takujaqtuqtutatiliurvingannik. Ruth qaplunaujammarlungmat, Sallyup ikajuqtaqpaaapiqsugautillugu tusarutilirijinitqaujimatauplunilu nunalingniuuktuutigilugit kingstan, turaantu,aatuvaalu Ruth tusagautitsijaqturvigisimajai uqalimaaliaminik.
When Hugh and Ruth visited thehome of their friend David Pellynear Cobourg, Ontario, Hugh had achance to ride a horse for thefirst time.
galleries in Detroit, Toronto, Kingstonand Ottawa where they entertainedand Ruth signed copies of her book.
The popular Inuk artist has appearedon "Taqravut," an Ottawa-basedradio program broadcast to the North.She has also been interviewed onsouthern radio and by various newspapers and magazines including Maclean's magazine. Since Ruth is notfluent in English, she was able to communicate with the southern mediawith the help of Sally Webster, aBaker Lake native who is now livingin Ottawa. Sally guided Ruth andHugh around the cities and interpretedfor them.
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lugu. Gaalarinungngaummaalauq&utiglu Tiituruitmi (Detroit), Turaantumi(Toronto), Kingstanmi (Kingston)amma Aatuvami (Ottawa) tautuktitsiplutik Ruthlu atiliuringnik&uni uqalimaaliaminik.
Qaujimajaulluriktuq inuk tlt"aujaqtinuilauqpuq "tarravumi" Aatuvamiittuq talavisalirijit takuksautitsivaktutukiuqtaqtumut. Apiqsugaummaalaurmijuq qaplunaat nunaanni naalausirijinit tusarutilirijinillu ajjigiingngittunit uqalimaaliuqtinillu ilauplutiktauqMaclean's-kut uqalimaangi. RuthqapJunaujammarlungmat, tukisititsittaqtuullualauqpuq qaplunaat nunanganni tusagaksalirijinik ikajugaupluniSally Webstermit, nunalituqaq qamani'tuarmiutaq aatuvamiutauliqtuq.Sally qaujimataulauqpuq RuthmutHughmullu tusaajigijauplunilu.
53
Oikaaluktut:Images of Inuit Life
by Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialikand David F. Pelly50 pages, hardcover, English(Introduction in Inuktitutby AnnaqtuusijToronto: Oxford UniversityPress, 1986
by Deborah Evaluarjuk
There have been many books writtenabout the North from a southern pointof view, but not very many from anortherner's perspective. However,Qikaaluktut: Images of Inuit Life, arecent publication, is one of thosefew. Annaqtuusi, an Inuk artist fromBaker Lake, talks directly to the readerabout her experiences and tells storiesof the Inuit through her colourfuldrawings and text. The title means"the sound of people passing by,perhaps outside your igloo, heard butnot seen."
Each vivid illustration tells a story andthough they are drawn simply withcolour pencil and resemble the worksof a child, their meanings are muchdeeper. Annaqtuusi, relying on herchildhood memories and the experiences of others, shows many images.Her pictures are full of daily activitiessuch as hunting, playing games andgiving birth. Shamans, missionaries,and policemen all appear in the drawings, and there are references tolegends. There are also sad images ofpeople dying of starvation-something Annaqtuusi understands. She isQairnirmiut, Inuit who were hit hardby famine in the 1950s.
54
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Toronto: Oxford UniversityPress, 1986
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Oikaaluktut: AjjitInuup Inuusinganit
Ruth Annaqtuusi Tulurialikammalu David F. Pelly50-nik makpigaliil, sitijumik qaaliit,qaplunaatuuqtut (NalunaijautitInuktitut Annaqtuusi titiraqtangi)Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1986
Deborah Evaluarjuk piliriarijanga
Amisut uqalimaat titiragausimaliqputukiuqtaqtumik pitjutiliit qaplunaattautugusingittitut, kisiani amisuungngimmariktut ukiuqtaqturmiut tautugusingatut. Kisiani, qikaaluktut. AjjitInuit inuusinganik, titiragausaaqtuq,ilagijaujuq taipkununga amisuungngittunut. Annaqtuusi, inuk titiraujaqtiqamani'tuarmiutaq, uqausiqaqpuquqalimaaqtinut atuaniksimajaminikunipkaaq&unilu inungnik taqsiqtutsiaqsimajamigut titiraujaqtamigut titiraqtamigullu. Taijauninga tukilik "Inuitqaangiqpalliaqpaluktut, immaqaaiglup silataagut, tusaqsaujut kisianitakuksaungngittut. "
Tamarmik titiraujatsiaqsimajut unipkaagaqaqput amma titiraujaqsimaginnallarmik taqsalingnut titirautinutamma nutaqqap piliriarijuujaraluaqtillunigit, tukingi itiniqsaujut. Annaqtuusi, atuq&uni aulajijaminik nutaraunirmini asimilu atuaniksimajanginnik,takunnaqtitsivuq amisunik ajjinik.Ajjiangi tatatput qautamaat piliriarijauvaktunik uuktuutigilugu angunasungniq, qitingniq irninirlu. Angatkut,ukpirnilirijit, amma pukiqtaliit takunnaqput titiraujagainni, amrna pijaqammaarmijuq unipkaaqtuanik. Ammaajjitaqaripluni nikallungannaqtunik
•CiPb..)·:Jc QIKAALUKTUTIMAGES OF INUIT LIFE
RUTH ANNAQTUUSI TULURIAUK & DAVID F. PELLY
The drawings are expressive and because they are detailed like a comicbook, I feel that this is the kind ofbook that children would like. It wouldkeep their active, imaginative mindsoccupied because of the easy-to-readtext and because of the lively detailsof Inuit life, culture, traditions andlegends that Annaqtuusi wants herchildren and "people down south" tounderstand and know more about.
The only criticism I have of this bookis that the text that goes with eachillustration (usually a paragraph or twoand sometimes a whole pagel is notwritten in Inuktitut. But Annaqtuusithinks older readers will understandand recognize many things that today's young people will not. Butwriting the text in Inuktitut wouldhave been another good way to helppreserve the language in schools.It would have also captured Annaqtuusi's colourful images about Inuitculture in a language understandableto the people she describes.
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inungnik pirliqtunik annaqtuusiuptukisiajaanik. Qairnirmiutaq, Inuit aktugaullualauqtut kaangnirmit 1950-tatuqtillugit.
Titiraujagai uqausiqallariktut aaqqiksuqsimangmatalu kaamiksititut, isumajunga taimannaittut uqalimaatnutaqqat quviaginajaqquurmagit. Sujaksaqaqtinnajarmagu jsumangi nuqqajuittut tautuqquuggujullu uqalimaaqsiriarninganut titiraqsimajupnalunaijatsiaqsimaningatalu inuupinuusingata, pitqusingata ammaunipkaaqtuat annaqtuusip tukisiqujangi nutararminut qaujimalugilluamma "qaplunaat nunaanniittunut".
Suinnaruqtirutiksatuara taapsumungauqalimaarmut titiraqsimaningi titiraujaqsimajuumanut (uqausiliit marruugmuuvva ilaannilu mapigaluktaaq)titiraqsimangngimmat inuktitut. Kisiani annaqtuusi isumajuq inutuqaittukisin ia rasugiplugit ilitaqsilutigluamisunik ilitarijaulangngiliqtunikuplumi makkuktunit. Kisiani inuktituuIiqtirlugu titiraqsimaningit piujummariunajalauqtuq papatsigiarluniuqausirmik ilinniarvingmi. Ammatigusinajalaurmat annaqtuusiup ajjilianginnik taqsatsiariktunik inuup pitqusianilirijunik uqausirmik aturlutiktukisiajanginnik titirausirijangitta.
55
•<ICC
Kajualuk: TheLife of FatherPierre Henry
by Charles Choque, OMI282 pages, saftcaver,French or English editionChurchill (Manitoba): Dioceseof Churchill/Hudson Bay, 1985.
by Roy Vontobel
In March 1971, aboard a small planedeparting from Chesterfield Inlet onthe Keewatin coast, Father PierreHenry (Kajualuk, the Red-BeardedOne) left the Arctic after a lifetime ofmissionary labours among the Inuit.He would make one more brief visitto Chesterfield in 1973, and to PellyBay for one last look at the missionhe founded in the land of the Netsilingmiut. He died in 1979 at theage of 74.
As an Oblate priest of Mary Immaculate, Father Henry had spent manyyears in singleminded dedication tohis work, despite generally poorhealth and the hardships he sufferedfrom isolation, hunger and the intensecold. "There is no winter in heaven,"he often said. "There the love of Godwill flood everything."
Father Henry was a young man when,filled with apostolic zeal, he leftFrance in the early 1930s to come tothe Arctic. In this, he was not unlikemany other of his brethren-Europeans who, motivated by the missionary spirit, gave up the comforts ofcommunity and home, and travelledto distant and alien lands to live.However, by any standard, FatherHenry's life was exceptional. Today,the missions at Pelly Bay, Spence Bayand Gjoa Haven owe much to thepioneering efforts of this devoted andcourageous man.
56
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Kajualuk:Inuusia AtaataPierre Henry-up
Charles Choque, OMIpiliriarijanga282 makpigait, qitututtumik qaaliit,viiviititut qapfunaatulluunniit.Kuugjuaq (Manitoba): Tuksiarvingakuugjuap/Hudson-piimi, 1985.
Roy Vontobel piliriarijanga
Maajji 1971-mi, tingmisuugajaamiikiupluni igluligaarjuliaqtumi kivalliupsigjangani, ataata Pierre Henry (Kajualuk, aupaluktunik umilik) aullaqpuqukiuqtaqtumit inuusiluktaaminikukpirnilirilauq&uni inungni. Tujurmiulaupillakkannirniarmijuq igluligaarjungmut 1973-mi, arviligjuarmullukingulliqpaamik takujaqturluni tuksiarviliulaugaminik natsilingmiuni. Tuqulauqtuq 1979-mi ukiuqaliq&uni74-nik.
Iksirarjuangupluni m'un 'PJurnaittumut, ataata Pierre Henry sangutaksaunani piliriaminik pilirivuq, annialauqpakkaluaq&uni aksururnaqtukkuulau,qpak&unilu tikitsiriitturmiinnirminit,kaanarnirmit ikkiirnarnirmillu. "Ukiuqangngittuq qilangmi," uqarajukpuq."l'aikani guutiup naglingninga ulutsiniaqpuq sunaluktaanik."
Ataata Pierre Henry makkulauqtuq,tatat&uni ilinniaqtiunirmik, aullaramiFrance-mit 1930-t atulisaaqtillugitukiuqtaqtumuariaq&uni. Tatvani, ajjiungngingilauqtuq i1aminit-irupiannit,pijumaliqtitauplutik ukpirnilirinirmit,qimaivut tungnganaqtumik nunalingmik uvagumiglu aullaq&utik ungasiktumut nunamullu allamut nunataariaqtuq&utik. Kisiani, pitqusiqtut,ataata Pierre Henry-up inuusia ajjiqalaungngittuq. Uplumi, tuksiarviitarviligjuarmi, talurjuarmi uqsuqtUUmilu akiittuqarvigilluaqpaat sivulliqpaujuq aksuruq&unilu taamna· angut.
The life of Father Henry is documented in great detail in the bookKajua/uk by Charles Choque, alsoan Oblate missionary with 27 years'experience in the North and formerlyProvincial Superior of the Hudson BayOblate province. Although FatherChoque is still officially with theChurchill/Hudson Bay Diocese, helives today in Ottawa, mainly becauseof health reasons. There he has readyaccess to the Oblate Archives.
To be sure, Father Choque has written his book to inspire readers tohigher ideals. But as well, besidesdescribing Father Henry's adventurous life as a pioneer missionary, itis a vivid chronicle of a portion ofOblate history in the North. In particular, for the general public in theNorth as well as southern Canada, itgives a real-life view of the work ofthe northern missions. The book hasmany photographs from differentperiods of Father Henry's life.
Most of all, when you have finishedreading the book, you may begin tounderstand the motivations of thernany remarkable men who havedevoted their lives to the work of thenorthern missions.
The price of this book is $10.00 plus$1.00 for postage. You can get acopy from one of the following:
Rev. Charles Choque, OMI175 Main StreetOttawa, OntarioK1 S 1C3
Diocese of Churchill/Hudson BayBox 10Churchill, ManitobaROB OEO
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b~<l->' r ~"rLr<l'l... CharlesChoque-~< d'r'~'~<l~"e~~'" l>P~.. ' 27-.. ' ~p~"'e"'Jr d'r'~'~<l<~c-~"'->"-> H<lc~'Ar. <lCe Choqued'r'~'~<l~Jd'~"'J'" JL~<l'r H<lC~'Ar, <i:><r~e~r"'J'" ~<->r, <l' .. <l~~' .. 'r.D'. edb.. dILr.. ' II~'
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<lce Choque ~'brLr~"'>'" II~Lo,.r'CT" t>'ibrLc;'n c "d c<:.6.r<l'id<..JCTr c .pr'<l.. <el>"', ~"l>r',,~-><l'c-'r <lCeII~' H<l'.DI\.~< <lJc-~Ld .. ' d;r"r..t>""'icrrn..cr'ircr. nnc;t>r'~C;...)<l">"
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C<IL ~"rL< <lP'l. $10.00 dc-<->J$1.00-r' ..1I''l.c''c?n'~r'. II~'~'i~C6.'i~ ~d~ \'"L (:
Rev. Charles Choque, OMI175 Main StreetOttawa, OntarioK1 S 1C3
Diocese Of Churchill/Hudson BayBox 10Churchill, ManitobaROB OEO
Ataata Pierre Henry titirausiulluaqsimavuq kajualungmi uqalimaalianganiCharles Choque-up iksirarjuanguqataujuq ukiunik 27-nik ukiuqtaqtumiiksirarjuaraaluulauq&unilu Hudsonpiimi. Ataata Choque iksirarjuangutuinnaqtuq kuugjuarmi Hudson-piimi,aatuvamiutauliqtuq uplumi, anniarajungnirminut. Taikani isumaminik pijungnaqpuq iksirarjuit titiraqutinginnik.
Ataata Choque uqalimaaliuqpuq pijumajamingnik uqalimaaqtit qutvaigiaquplunigit. Kisianiptauq, uqausiqaraluallarmi ataata Pierre Henry-upatulaugainik inuusirmini ukpirnilirinirmini, titirausiqarluaqpuq iksirarjuangunirmik ukiutaqtumi. Piluaqtumik,kituluktaanut ukiuqtaqtumi qaplunaallu nunaanni, takunnaqtitsivuqinuusimmaringmik pilirianginnik ukpirnilirijit ukiuqtaqtumi. Uqalimaaq ajjiliuqsimarunaaqpuq ataata Hannuriupinuusinganit ukiuni allagiini.
Ammaluptauq, uqalimaaraanikkungnitaamna uqalimaaq, tukisivallialilirajarnarriaqputit pijumalirutinginnik niqturnaqtut angutit tunisijut inuusirmingnikukiuqtaqtumi ukpirnilirinirmut.
Taapsuma uqalimaap akinga $10.00ilaplugu $1 .OO-mik nipinngataaqtaarutiksamik. Pijungnaqtait ukunangngat:
Rev. Charles Choque, OMI175 Main StreetOttawa, OntarioK1 S 1C3
Diocese of Churchill/Hudson BayBox 10Churchill, ManitobaROB OEO
57
;;o·iu··~:....- ='u
In April 1984, Father Franz Vande Velde OMI of Hall 8each, Northwest Territories, was presented withthe Order of Canada from the thenGovernor General of Canada, the Hon.Edward Schreyer, in recognition ofthe work he has done in the CanadianArctic for the past fifty years. Whenthe news of his interest in the Arcticand Inuit reached his native 8elgium,the 8elgians too recognized the valuable contribution he had made toCanada and especially the Arctic. InFebruary 1986, a ceremony was heldat the 8elgian Embassy in Ottawa sothey could honour him also.
A small group of invited guestsgathered and, after an hour of refreshments and converstion, the Ambassador of 8elgium presented the "Chevalier de L'Ordre de la Couronne"(Knight of the Order of the Crown) toFather Van de Velde. This decorationis a great honour and a well-deservedrecognition by the country of his birthto this well-known and much lovedpriest. As well, a bust of FatherVan de Velde by the sculptor HaroldPfeiffer was unveiled at the presentation.
58
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April 1984-ngutillugu, ataata FranzVan de Velde sanirajangmiutaq nunatsiarmi, tunijaulaurpuq kanataup taijautjutinganik kuin kiggaqtuqtigilauqtanganit kanatami, itvut suraijurmit,ilita rijautjutigijanganik pi Ii riaqaqsi maIirninganut kanataup ukiuqtaqtunganiarraaguulirtuni 50-nik. Ukiuqtaqtumiklu inuqutigijanginniklu piliriaqarniqarumaninga tusaqtaungmat piuljimmiunit nunaminit, pialjimmiut utjiru·suqataulilaurput aturniqammariktumikkanatamut piluaqtumik ukiuqtaqtumut tunisiqatausimaninganut. February 1986-mi, quviasugutjiniqtaqalilaurivuq pialjimmiut pitjutigiplugitkiggartuijilirijikkunni aaqtuvami.
Amisuuluangittut qaiqatauqujasimajutkatiniqalaurput ammalu, ikarrarmikatausirmik imiralangniqarlaurtillugilluu qall aqati 9 i i ng n iqa fa urtill ug ill u,ampaasitaujuq pialjimmiunut tunisililaurpuq "Chevalier de L'ordre de laCouronne" -mik ataata vaan tiviallut.Taamna ujamik tunijaujaraangat tukiqartitauqattarmat pimmarillariuninganut ammalu pijariaqanlariktumutkisiani utjirusugutaunniutaupluni nu~
natuqanganit irnianguvvigilaurtamiiksirarjuarmut qaujimajautsiartumut.Ammaluptauq, sananguagaq ataataVan de Velde-nguaq saqqitaulaurpuqtunisiniqarnirmi, sananguaqtaviningaHarold Pfeiffermut.
Children playing "touch" and'follow the leader" on our year's
supply of coal in front of theEskimo Point Anglican Missionin 1932.
It all began in 1933 when I went toEskimo Point to join my husbandDonald Marsh. Seventeen years later,in 1950, Donald became the AnglicanBishop of the Arctic.
He had already spent seven years inEskimo Point building the mission andthe church, and learning Inuktitut. Hearrived in 1926, but Eskimo Point hadbeen visited once a year before thisdate by missionaries from Churchill,Manitoba. By that time, Pallirmuit hadtraded in Churchill' and some evenwent to school there. Inuit elders told
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Nutaqqat "aamakitauttut" "malikturaut&utiglu" ukiumut arjaksaqutiptingni ajuqiqtuijit tuksiarviatasivuniani arviami 1932-mi
Pigiarniqalaursimavunga taima 1933ngutillugu arvianungaugama uigaDonald Marsh katijaqturapku. Arraaguit 17 naasimalirmata, 1950-mi,Donald aarlikamiunut ukiuqtaqtumiajuq iqtuij irjuangul ilaurpuq.
7-nik arraagukasangnik arviarmiisimalilaurpuq tuksiarviliur&unilu inuktitullu uqajusapluni. Arvianut tikilaursimangmat 1926-ngutillugu, arraagutamaallu ajuqiqtuijinit kuukjuaqmaanituupamiunit tikitauqattalaurnir&uni sivurgani. Taimaulirtillugu,paallirmiut niuviriaqattalilaursimang-
59
us tales of those days. A ReverendBuckman travelled as far as Chesterfield Inlet. Bishop Dewdney and Archdeacon Faries took services at EskimoPoint. Reverend Lofthouse lived inChurchill, Manitoba, and worked withInuit in Churchill and along the westcoast of Hudson Bay. Because hetravelled a lot by kayak, he wasknown as "kayak rider."
My first home in Canada was with theInuit of Eskimo Point. It was many,many miles away from my parentsand home in England. I found everything so different in Canada-thepeople, the heat in summer, and thegreat distances between cities. Imissed my country and my folks alot. When I leached Eskimo Point,I could not speak Inuktitut. Veryquickly I came to love the children.The younger mothers with babiescuddled in their amoutis were kind tome. I was very shy, but the childrenhelped me with the language, whichwas mostly baby talk. This I found outyears afterwards!
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mat kuukjuarmit ilangillu ilinniariaqattalaurnir&utik taikani. Inuit inutuqaunirsait unipkaarvigiqattalaursimavaatigut sulitiluqiqattalaurmangaarmiik.Ajuqiqtuiji pakman igluligaarjuliaqattalaurnirmat. Ajuqiqtuijirjuaq tuutniammalu ajuqiqtuijirjuarmut ikajuqtiviaris tuksiaqtitsiqattalaurnir&uniarviani. Ajuqiqtuiji laavHaus kuukjuarmiutaupluni ajuqiqtuijiujuulaurpuqkuukjuarmilu Hudson Bay tariungatalusinaani nunaliujunuaqattar&uni. Qajakkuurajungninga pitjutigiplugu uajaliraangami, qaujimajaulaurpuq "qajaqtuqtimik" .
Kanatamuarama nunaqangalaursimavunga arviani ungasiktummarialungmianaanakkuma iglurjuangannit inglanmi. Tamainnik atjiujuungittunikutjirusulilaurpunga Kanatami - inunginnik, uqkuuninganik aujautillugu,ammalu nunaliit inugiakturmiut ungasikturaunninginnik. Nunarjuarijaraluanaanakkukkalu takujumallirsimalualaurpakka. Arvianut tikinnama inuktitut uqallagungnalaunginnama. Nutarakulungnik nakligusulikautigilaur-
I was very homesick. Once I went intothe church building (the lumber usedto build it had once been the jail inChurchill), and sat down alone andplayed and played the small portableorgan, all the time singing hymnsand weeping many tears. Suddenly Istopped and heard a voice within me.It said, "You have not come here toget something, you came here togive."
Right away everything changed forme. I wanted to share with the people of Eskimo Point so I began byt9llching the girls and children. Thechurch was made lovely inside andsimple beadwork designs made itbelong to the Inuit. Sam Koomuk'sdaughter helped a lot. We sent a letter in Inuktitut to every inland campso that in the spring when eve'ryonecame to Eskimo Point we would allget together and learn about God'sword. Quite a few knew only thatChristmas was Nerriwiguak-a timeof feasting, which they observed fromthe whalers and traders. They had
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punga. Makkuktullu amaartut nutaralaarmingnik pitsiammarilaurpaanga.Kanguttaugaluartillungalu, nutaqqanitinuktitut uqausirmik ilitsivallialilaurpunga, kutaktummarialuunnir&unga,kisianilu qangasangutuqartillugu kutangnimnik tukisilisaar&unga.
Angirraqsiqtummarialuulaursimavunga. Atausiar&ungalu tuksiarvingmutitirama (qijuit tuksiarviliurutiujut kuukjuarmi atsungirviviniuplutikl, inginnama naqittautinut imgir&ungalu qialualaursimavunga. Qiallarmat nuqqakalla~kama uummatimni tusalipungauqartumik, "tamaungalaunginnavitsunataariartuqi&utiki, tamaungalauravit tunisijaqtuqsimaplutit."
Taimakautigilu sunaiimaat asiangurpallialilaurput. Arviarmiunik amiqqaqatiqarumalirama ilinniaqtippallialilaurpakka niviarsiallu nutaqqallu. Tuksiarviup ilua piusititaulualaurpuq sungaujanillu sanasimajunik pitaqalirtitaupluni Inuit sungaujalirturnikunginnik.Sam Koomuk paniata ikajuluaqattalaursimangmata, titiqqanik inuk-
never heard that it was the birthdayof the Son of God.
Over the years, this work with thewomen and children grew. We metover tea and biscuits and our magiclantern (which was used before therewere projectors, movies and electricity) displayed bible story pictures.Week by week each mother and girlworked on a little book in which a picture stamp was pasted with Inuktitutwriting which told where to find thestory in her bible. This was to keep,as we forgot easily, and to remind herto share with her children and neighbours what she had learned at EskimoPoint when she returned to fall andwinter camp.
This is the way the Church spread inthe Arctic, by Inuit passing on thegood news from camp to camp. In thesame way, 1,900 years ago, the firstChristians spread the same gladtidings.
These were happy days for me and Ilearned to love the Inuit most dearly.I am nearly 81 years old now. I wantto thank you, the Inuit of EskimoPoint, for letting me share my life withyours.
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tituurtunik nunaliralaqartunut aullaqtitsiqattalaurpugut upirgaksaangulirpat arvianut tikiralirmikpata katimaniqarungnaqupluta tuksiutinikluilinniaqatigiikluta. Amisuuniqsaitanivvianik tukisiumaniqatuinnalaursimangma nirivigjuarnaunirar&ugu,qaujiqattarsimagamik qilalugaqsiuqtillu niuviqtiillu taimailiuqattarningannik. Tusaumalaungimmata guutiupirningata nalliutivvigingmagu.
Arraaguni kinguninginni, taimannapiliriaqaqatiqarnira arnaniklu nutaqqaniklu angiglivallialilaurpuq. Katimaqatigiiqattalaurapta tiitur&utalu sigalaaqtur&utalu ammalu atjinguanik takuksautjutivut (atuqtauvalaurtut atujiliurutitaqalaurtinnagulu, tarrijautitaqalaurtinnagulu ikumanuuqtuqutitaqalaurtinnagulu) takuksautitsivak&utik tuksiutini unipkaarutinik atjinguanik. Pinasuarusiqtamaat ananaujurlu paniujurlu atuni nipitiriqattar&utik inuktituungajunik nani tuksiutimininanisijungnarajarmangaat unipkaarmik. Papataksariplunigillu, puiguqsaraikkaluartilluta iqqaitjutigiqattagaksariplunigillu nutaqqaminullu inuuqatiminullu amiqqaqatiginiartaksaminiksunanik arviani ilitsilaurmangaarmiiutiqsimaliruni ukiivvigivaktaminu nunaliralaaminu.
Taimanna tuksiarviliriniq siammakpalIialilaursimangmat ukiuqtaqtumi, inuittusarnaqtunik nunaliralaangujunutamiqqaqattarningittigut. Taimannatsainnaq, 1,900-ngulirtut arraaguitnaasimajut, sivulliqpaa kuraistuusimiut amiqqaqatigiiqattalaurmatatituttusarnaqtunik.
Uvamnut quvianaqtuutiulaursimangmata inuillu nagligilualilaurpakka.Maannaulirtumi 81-nik arraaguqalirama. Inuit arviarmiut qujannamiimmarigumavakka, inuusipsingnik amiqqaqatigijun9nalaurapsinga.
Children outside the AnglicanMission at Eskimo Point in thespring of 1935. There was a partyand each child was given aballoon. When they left for hometwo hours later. not one balloonwas broken-to the children theywere treasures beyond words.The door standing upright in theforeground led into a meat cache inthe snowbank.
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Nutaqqat ajuqiqtuijit tuksiarviattasilataani arviani upirngaksami1935. Nirivigjualaurmata nutaraluktaat puviaqattangnguarmik tunijaulauqtut. Angirraugiarmata ikarrakmarruk pianingmanik. atausirluunniit puviaqattangnguaq qaalaungngittuq - nutaqqanut iplirnaluamutuqarnirluunniit ajurnarmat. Ukkuaqnappangajuq miksiqpani niqausivingmut itirvik aniuvangmi.
Rememberingthe "Arctic Man"
by Kim Carter
Ernest Wilson Lyall, known as the"Arctic Man" by some people because of a book by that title he wroteabout the North, died of a heart attackin July at his home in Spence Bay. Hewas 76 years old.
Born in Labrador, Lyall was one of 19children of a Scottish Hudson's BayCompany cooper. He got his first jobas a junior clerk with the Hudson'sBay Company in 1927 and held postings in various Arctic communities.He married an Inuit woman, Nipisha,and they had 11 children. He evenhad a government-issued Inuit disknumber.
In 1962, he retired from the HBC andwent to work for the government inSpence Bay. Lyall had helped foundthe community of Spence Bay and heremained there for four decades. During his years at Spence Bay, he servedas Justice of the Peace, coroner,game officer, and power plant mechanic. He delivered several childrenand pulled teeth when necessaryl Heand Nipisha were recipients of theCommissioner's Award for long service in the North, an honour given tohim by his close friend StuartHodgson.
Later, encouraged by Hodgson, Lyallwrote a book about the North. AnArctic Man chronicles his life in theArctic. In the book he wrote, "Themain reason I decided to do a bookabout my life in the North is that I gotfed up with all the baloney in so manybooks written about the North."
People who knew Lyall were generallyfond of him. John MacDonald of
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Iqqaumaniq"Ukiuqtaqtumiutamik Angummik"
Kim Carter piliriarijanga
Ernest Wilson Lyall, qaujimajautsiartuq "ukiuqtaqtumiutaq angut"-mikilanginnit inungnit, pitjutigiplugu uuqalimaagaliarilauqtaanut taimannatsainnaq taipluniuk unipkaar&uni ukiuqtaqtumik, inuujungniilaur uummatinganuqqarmat julaingutillugu uvaguminitalurjuani. Arraaguqalir&uni 76-nik.
Inniangujuviniupluni Labradormi, Lyallilagijaulaurpuq 19-ngujunit sikaatlanmiutamit Hudson Bay kampanikkutniuvirvingani aaqqiksuijiup. Iqqanaijariargautiqalaurpuq titiraqtiupluniHudson Bay kampanikkunnut 1927ngutillugu nuuqattar&uni ukiuqtaqtumi nunaliujunut.
Inungmik nuliaqtaalaurpuq nipisamik.11-ngujunik qiturgaqalir&utik. Gavamakkunnit tunijauqattartunik naasautiqammarililaurpuq. 1962-ngutillugulu, nuqqalitainnalaur&uni Hatsanpaikkunnit, gavamaujunut talurjuarniiqqanaijaaqangaalir&uni. Lyall nunaliujumik talurjuarnik nunaliqaliqtitsiqataulaursimavuq taikanilu nunaliqalir&uni sitamat aggainik. Talurjuarniimmini, iqqaqtuijiujuuplunilu, inuujungniirtuniklu qaujisaqtiuplula uumajulirijiujuuplunilu uajautimuurtuniklusanajiujuusimalaurpuq. Irnisuktunikluikajuqattarsimapluni, kigusirijiuqattalaursimavuq pijariaqaliraangami.Nipisalu tunijaulaursimavuk kamisanaup taijautjutinganik iqqanaijalaurningannu akuni ukiuqtaqtumi. StuartHodgsonmit piqatimmarialungminit.
Uvatsiarungurtillugulu, ikajuqtuqtaupluni Hodgsonmit, Lyall uqalimaagarmik titiralilaursimavuq unipkaartumikukiuqtaqtumik, taipluniuk ukiuqtaqtumiutaq angut-mik, unipkaar&uniinuusirminik ukiuqtaqtumi. Uqalimaa-
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Igloolik, who used to work for theHudson's Bay Company, describeshim as "a gentle sort of soul. His booklets you think of him as a bit unconventional, harping at authority and soon, but he wasn't. He was a gentlesort of person and very easy to getalong with. His home was open tomany people who happened to bepassing through Spence Bay."
MacDonald said his first meeting withLyall took place at the Hudson's Baypost in Spence Bay. "I was goinginto the community with the HBCinspectors and found Ernie alone inthe shop trying to cover up for themanager who had gone fishing. Hewasn't prepared for our arrival at all.However, since we were ahead ofschedule, the HBC was very forgiving," laughed MacDonald.
MacDonald also recalled anotheradventure with Lyall. "Years ago, westarted up a piping band in SpenceBay. There were three of us fromthe south who could play the pipes,but not very well. Ernie decided hewanted to be the drum major with us.We all had kilts except Ernie so we gothim a car blanket to wear. But the funniest thing was watching him try tomarch. He couldn't get the hang ofit. So here was this fellow with apeculiar walk and three men poorlyplaying the pipes behind him. It musthave looked very' funny."
Sam Metcalfe, a relative, said Lyallwas a friendly person. "Somethingclicked between us the first time wemet. I remember thinking he was allfun. His kids and wife really had a lotof love and respect for him," he said.He also said that Lyall was working ona second book about his adventuresin the North.
Lyall is survived by his wife Nipisha;his sons Billy, Johnny and Bob ofCambridge Bay; sons Pat, Charlieand Dennis of Spence Bay; and fourdaughters-Sylvia Lyall of SpenceBay, Bella Wilcox of Cambridge Bay,Kathy Lyall of Yellowknife and BettyBrewster of Ottawa.
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garmi titiralaurpuq imanna, "uqalimaagaliurumatjutigilualaurapku unipkaarlunga inuusimnik ukiuqtaqtumipitjutiqar&unga taqalirsimalirama saglujualuuplutik uqalimaagaliursimajuttitiraqtauqattarsimaningit ukiuqtaqtuup miksaanut."
Inuit qaujimalaurtuq laiulmik nagligusutsialaurmata. John MacDonald igluIingmiutaq, Hudson Bay kampanikkunnut iqqanaijaqtiujuulaursimangmijuq, unipkaaqalaursimavuq Lyallmik"nagliqtaqtuupluni inuusiqalaurpuuqalimaagaliarilauqtangata isumaliqtigunnarmatit aaqqiumatsiangittumikinuusiqarianganut, angajuqqaujuujumaninganullu asinginniklu, kisianitaimannaittuulaungimmat. Nagliqtaqtuupluni inuusiqalaurmat piqanniqtummarialuuplunilu. Uvaguni amisunut ukkuingaartiqattalaursimangmagutalurjuakkuurtunut.' ,
Maktaanut uqalaurpuq sivulliqpaammaringmiguuq katirgaramiuk LyallHudson Bay kampanikkut niuvirviganiulaurma talurjuarni. "Hudson Baykampanikkut qaujisartinginnik piqatiqar&unga tikilaursimagama talurjuanut, Ernie aulatsijiujumik iqalliariarsimajumik iqqanaijarutjipluni. Niriugilaungitsiaraluar&unitigut, tikivvikmasivurar&utigu tikinnapta, niuvirvingmiut qanuiksalualaungilat," MacDonald iklar&uni uqarpuq.
Sam Metcalfe, ilanga laiuulup, uqausiqalaurpuq Lyall piqanniqtummariunirar&uniuk. "inuqanniqatigiililaursimagamnuk katilisaar&unuk. Iqqaumatsiarpunga quvianaqtuunasugiplugu.Qiturgarijangillu nulianganut nagligusutsiar&utiklu upigusutsialaurmatalaiulmik," uqar&uni. Uqakkanniriplunilu Lyallguuq uqalimaagarmik titiraqpaltialilauraluarmingmat sunnikuvinikkannirminik ukiuqtaqtuminnirmini.
Lyallup nulianga Nipisha: irningit Billy,Johnny ammalu Bob iqaluktuutsiarmiutait: irninga Pat, Charlie ammaluDennis talurjuarmiutait: ammalu sitamat paningit-Sylvia Lyall talurjuarmiutaq, Bella Wilcox iqaluktuutsiarmiutaq, Kathy Lyall jalunaimiutaqammalu Betty Brewster Ottawamiutaq qimakpangit.