Modul 1 Pendahuluan
TT 4113 SISTEM KOMUNIKASI SELULER
1
Departemen Teknik Elektro – IT Telkom
Revisi Jan’2010; Oleh RPA
Sumber : HO TIM 2008, HO UKU&HO BPY
2 Obyektif Pengajaran Modul 1
� Siswa mengetahui tujuan pembelajaran sistem
komunikasi bergerak
� Siswa mengetahui organisasi pengajaran sistem
komunikasi bergerak
� Siswa mengetahui metodologi pengajaran, dan
cara penilaian yang dilakukan
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
cara penilaian yang dilakukan
� Siswa mengetahui garis-garis besar
perkembangan sistem komunikasi bergerak ,
terminologi-termonologi dasar
Aturan:
� Setiap mulai kuliah dilakukan doa dipimpin oleh
salah seorang mhs yg ditunjuk dosen ybs:
“Ya Tuhan, berikan kami kekuatan dan kemampuan untuk
menerima dan memahami ilmu dan kuliah hari ini”
� Untuk bisa ikut UTS atau UAS, Kehadiran minimal
90 % atau sesuai dengan peraturan institusi.
3
90 % atau sesuai dengan peraturan institusi.
� Bagi peserta yang tidak mengikuti UTS dan UAS,
akan mendapatkan nilai E
� Tidak ada nilai perbaikan, ujian susulan (kecuali
kondisi khusus sesuai peraturan Fakultas EK
� Info lengkap lihat di: BPM
TT4113 - Siskomsel - Kontrak Belajar
4 1. Detail Matakuliah
� SISTEM KOMUNIKASI SELULER (kode TT4113)
� Dosen semester ini (diupdate setiap semester) :
No Dosen Jadwal mengajar
1 Ali Muayyadi
2 Rina Pudji Astuti
3 Uke Kurniawan
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Teksbook yang direkomendasikan:
1. Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, December 2001.
3 Uke Kurniawan
4 Budi Prasetya
• Referensi Utama
[RAP 96] Rappaport, Theodore S, “ Wireless Communication : Principles and Practice “,
Prentice Hall, 1996
[LEE 98] Lee, William CY,”Mobile Communications Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 1998
[VIJ 99] Garg, Vijay K., Wilkes, Joseph E., “ Principles &
Applications Of GSM “, Prentice Hall, 1999
C. Referensi-Referensi
2/11/2010 5
Applications Of GSM “, Prentice Hall, 1999
[VIJ 02] Garg, Vijay K., “ Wireless Network Evolution :
2G to 3G “ ,Prentice Hall, 2002
[JHO] Jhong S Lee, Miller, “CDMA System Engineering
Handbook”,
6 2. Grading Penilaian
� Komponen penilaian
– Ujian Tengah Semester : 40-50%
– Ujian Akhir Semester : 40-50%
– Quiz / Tugas / PR : 0-20%
� Syarat Kehadiran minimal 90 %
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
� Syarat Kehadiran minimal 90 %
JADWAL:7
NoKode_Kuliah
Matakuliah Kelas Prodi HariMulaiJam
JmlJam
Ruang
1 TT4113SISTEM
KOMUNIKASI SELULER
TE-02 S1-TT Senin 07.15 2 A101
SISTEM
Modul 0 - Siskom 2 - Introduction
2 TT4113SISTEM
KOMUNIKASI SELULER
TE-02 S1-TT Rabu 13.20 2 B308
3
4
8 3. Silabus dan SAP
Mgg Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan
1
1Pendahuluan Pengenalan Silabus, Pendahuluan
(sejarah, overview standar seluler)
2
Konsep Dasar Selular
2
3
4 RESPONSI # 1 Introduction dan konsep dasar seluler
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
4 RESPONSI # 1 Introduction dan konsep dasar seluler
3
5
Large Scale Fading
Path Loss Model ( Large Scale Model),
Pendahuluan, distribusi lognormal
6Model Okumura-Hata, Model COST231
, Model Walfish Ikegami, Model Lee
4 7 RESPONSI #2 Large Scale fading + contoh soal
9 Silabus dan SAP
Mgg Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan
4 8
Small Scale Fading
Dispersi waktu sinyal multipath,
bandwidth koheren, distribusi rayleigh,
rician
5
9 Doppler shift , waktu koheren
10Fading Mitigation
Large scale fading mitigation, fading
margin , dsb
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Fading Mitigation
6
11Small Scale Fading mitigation, channel
coding, diversitas, multicarrier modulation
12 RESPONSI #3Small Scale Fading dan Fading
Mitigation
7
13 Cell site design dan RF
sub-system dan
implementasinya
Subsistem dalam cell site, saluran
transmisi, antena, aspek propagasi (link
14Konsiderasi desain cell site + contoh soal
cell site design
UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER
10 Silabus dan SAP
Mgg Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan
8 15Protokol dan
manajemen komunikasiProtokol, RRM, Mobility management
16
Analisa trafik,
Dasar teori trafik , distribusi kedatangan,
kapasitas sistem selular, pengenalan
tabel Erlang
917
Kapasitas trafik sistem FDMA, TDMA,
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Analisa trafik,
interferensi dan
kapasitas sistem seluler
17Kapasitas trafik sistem FDMA, TDMA,
dan CDMA
18
Radio resource management dan
pengaruhnya terhadap unjuk kerja trafik:
algoritma handoff, call admission control,
dsb
10 19 RESPONSI #4
20
Standar GSM, GPRS,
dan karakteristik
utamanya
Arsitektur, protokol, kanal-kanal fisik dan
logika
11
Mgg Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan
11 21Standar CDMA2000 dan
karakteristik utamanya
Arsitektur, protokol, kanal-kanal fisik dan
logika
22Standar WCDMA dan
karakteristik utamanya
Arsitektur, protokol, kanal-kanal fisik dan
logika
12 23
Konsep dasar perencanaan , aspek-
aspek yang harus diperhatikan dalam
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
12 23
Perencanaan jaringan
seluler
perencanaan (demand trafik, propagasi,
standar)
24Konsep perencanaan dengan
konsiderasi trafik dan cakupan
13 25Aspek bisnis dalam perencanaan
26 RESPONSI # 5 Contoh kasus perencanaan
12
Mgg Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan
14 27 RESPONSI # 6 Responsi atau Quis
28 RESPONSI # 7 Responsi atau Quiz
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER
Koordinator Mata Kuliah : www.ittelkom.ac.id/staf/ALY
IDENTITAS DOSEN
� Dr. Rina Pudji Astuti
� Telp 0817 204 373
• Kantor : Lab. Transtel, Ged E lantai 3
telp 7564108 ext 2326
• email : [email protected]
13
• email : [email protected]
� Homepage: www.ittelkom.ac.id/staf/RPA
Modul 1 - Siskomsel - Introduction
14 Wireless Communication
� Transmisi suara dan data menggunakan
gelombang elektromagnetik menuju ruang bebas
� Gelombang elektromagnetik � Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)
� Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (λ)
� c = f x λ
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
� c = f x λ
� Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium meredam lebih besar
15 Spektrum frekuensi
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
IR UV X-RaysCosmic
RaysRadio
SpectrumMicrowave
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
1MHz ==100m100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm
< 30 KHz VLF30-300KHz LF 300KHz – 3MHz MF3 MHz – 30MHz HF 30MHz – 300MHz VHF300 MHz – 3GHz UHF3-30GHz SHF> 30 GHz EHF
Visible light
16 Contoh : panjang gelombang
� GSM : – Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
� PCS– Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
� Bluetooth:
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
� Bluetooth:– Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm
Mobile Phone Evolution17
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
History (0)
� Stone Age
Initial communications were wireless:
� human voice (air pressure)
� visual messaging
• fires along chinese wall (3000 B.C.)
18
• fires along chinese wall (3000 B.C.)
• Indian smoke signalling
• Semaphores
� Electrical Era
1729 Stephen Gray: Electrostatic Telegrahp
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
History (0)
� Electrical Era
1729 Stephen Gray: Electrostatic Telegraph
1850 Telegraph lines across US (Morse code)
1851 Submarine cables in the English Channel
1876 Alexander Graham Bell: telephony
19
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
History (0)
Wireless Era
� 1890 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: EM waves
� 1895 Guglielmo Marconi: RADIO
� 1906 Reginald Fessenden made the first long
range transmission of voice from Brant Rock, MA.
20
� 1921 Detroit Police Radio
� 1935 Armstrong: Frequency Modulation
� 1968 Cellular concept (Bell labs) / trunked
radio
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Pengkayaan Latar Belakang Sejarah Wireless � Perkembangan ilmu dalam bidang penjalaran gelombang elektromagnetik
serta pengiriman informasi
• Dimulai tahun 1867 James Clerk Maxwell : Penjalaran
gelombang EM pada ruang bebas udara.
• Tahun 1888 Heinrich Hertz : Percobaan radiasi energi
gelombang EM yang pertamakali
• Tahun 1892 Edouard Branly : Detektor radio yang pertamakali
History (0)
2/11/2010 21
• Tahun 1892 Edouard Branly : Detektor radio yang pertamakali
• Tahun 1895 Guglielmo Marconi pertamakali berhasil mencapai
komunikasi end to end wireless sejauh ¾ mil.
• Tahun 1901 manusia berhasil mengirimkan pesan trans atlantic
• Tahun 1906 Reginald Fessenden : Transmisi radio siaran yang
pertamakalinya
• Tahun 1933 Edwin Howard Armstrong menemukan FM (
Frequency Modulation )
• Perkembangan berlanjut dengan sistem yang makin kompleks
Hukum Faraday
∫∫ •−=• SdBdt
dLdE
rrrr
Hukum Ampere dan ArusPergeseran Maxwell ∫∫∫ •+•=• SdD
dt
dLdH
rrrrrrSdJ
Hukum Gauss QdVV =ρ=• ∫∫ SdDrr
Hukum Gauss 0=•∫ SdBrr
Konsep Wireless
History (0)
2/11/2010 22
Hukum Gauss 0=•∫ SdB
Adanya fenomena arus pergeseran (displacement current) yangdiketemukan Maxwell melalui analisis matematis menjelaskanketerkaitan antara medan listrik dan medan magnet. Keterkaitanitu adalah untuk medan berubah terhadap waktu.
Adanya medan listrik dan medan magnet yang saling berkaitankarena satu sebab itu menyebabkan transfer energi yangdijelaskan lebih lanjut oleh John Poynting (ingat vektor poynting)
History (1)
� Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used
in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers,
ambulances, and the like
� Mobile/portable two-way radios
� Early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked
two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie /Handie-Talkie
23
two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie /Handie-Talkie
� MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), Ericsson,
Sweden, 1956 (40 kg)
� MTB, an upgraded version with transistors, (9 kg)
,1965, used DTMF
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
History (2)
� In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae
Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal
cells for mobile phones.[1] Philip T. Porter, also of
Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the
corners of the hexagons rather than the centers
and have directional antennas that would
24
and have directional antennas that would
transmit/receive in 3 directions (see picture at
right) into 3 adjacent hexagon cells.[2] [3] The
technology did not exist then and the frequencies
had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology
was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard
H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs
developed the electronics.Modul 1 Pendahuluan
History (3)
� In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for
cellular service to the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC).
� After years of hearings, the FCC approved the
proposal in 1982 for Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the
25
Service (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the
824-894 MHz band.[5]
� Analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS in
1990.
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
1G
� NET in Tokyo Japan in 1979.
� In 1981 the NMT system was launched in
Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The first
handheld mobile phone in the US market was the
Motorola_Dyna 8000X, which received approval in
1983. Cellular networks with multiple base stations
26
1983. Cellular networks with multiple base stations
and protocols for the automated "handover"
between two cells when a phone moved.
� Analog, car phone, Motorola portable/hand held
phone. These systems (NET, AMPS, TACS, C-
Net, and Radiocom 2000) later became known as
first generation (1G) mobile phones.
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
2G
� In the 1990s, 'second generation' (2G) mobile
phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 ("TDMA"),
iDEN and IS-95 ("CDMA") began to be introduced.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) opened
in Finland.
� Digital NB, TDMA/CDMA, advanced and fast
27
� Digital NB, TDMA/CDMA, advanced and fast
phone to network signaling, higher frequency (900
MHz). In America the IS-54 standard was
deployed in the same band as AMPS.
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
3G
� NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G
network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA.
� In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched
by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and
Monet in the USA.
28
Monet in the USA.
� In March the first European launches of 3G were
in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group,
on WCDMA.
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Wireless Systems29
Degree of mobility
Drivin
g
GSMGPRS
Systemsbeyond 3G
>2010
UMTS
CDMA
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Sta
ndin
gW
alk
ing
User data rate10 Mbps
IEEE802.16a,d
1 100
HSDPA
IEEE802.16e
WLAN(IEEE 802.11x)
DECT
EDGE
FlashOFDM (802.20)
0.1
BlueTooth
EV-DOEV-DV
UMTS
30 Wireless StandardWireless Standard
WAN
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.16e
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
SensorsIEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee Alliance)
RFID
(AutoID Center)
IEE
E 8
02.1
8 8
02.1
9
RANIEEE 802.22
(BAN)
BAN: Body Area Network
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
IEEE 802.15.3
UWB, Bluetooth
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
MAN
LAN
PAN ETSI
HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi Alliance
ETSI-BRAN
HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.16d
WiMAX
ETSI HiperMAN &
HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA
IEE
E 8
02
.21
,IE
EE
802.1
8 8
02.1
9
31
Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission raterateraterateraterateraterate
TRmaxTRmaxTRmaxTRmaxTRmaxTRmaxTRmaxTRmax ( (((( (((
1000
1000
100
1001
stG
ener
ati
on
An
alo
g v
oic
e
2n
dG
ener
ati
on
Dig
ita
l v
oic
e &
Lo
w r
ate
da
ta
3rd
Gen
era
tio
n
3G
+
4G
WL
AN
802.1
1a,H
iSW
AN
a,
HIP
ER
LA
N2,
etc
.
UW
B, etc
.
WL
AN
+
802.1
1n
, etc
.
WL
AN
++
Gen
erati
on
(Cel
lula
r)
4th
Gen
erati
on
AL
L-I
P B
road
ban
d
Ub
iqu
itou
s &
Sea
mle
ssV
oic
e &
Hig
h s
pee
d
da
ta
Mu
ltim
edia
WiM
AX
System Evolution Scenario
System Evolution Scenario
Mo
du
l 1 P
en
dah
ulu
an
Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission Maximum transmission
( (((( (((MbpsMbpsMbpsMbpsMbpsMbpsMbpsMbps ) )))) )))
Yea
rY
ear
10
10 11
0.1
0.1
0.0
10.0
12000
2000
2005
2005
2010
2010
2015
2015
~ ~~~1990
~ ~~~1990
2G
+
PD
C,G
SM
,PH
S, etc
.
2G
PD
C,G
SM
,PH
S, etc
.
3G
W-C
DM
A,
Cd
ma2000,
etc
.3G
+
HS
DP
A,
cd
ma2000(3
X),
etc
.
1995
1995
HIP
ER
LA
N2,
etc
.
Blu
eto
oth
, etc
.
Mob
ile
Lo
cal
No
ma
dic
32 Berbagai jenis Content & Aplikasi
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
33 Frequency Carrier/Kanal
– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada
band frekuensi tertentu.
� Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
– Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz)
dan kapasitas (bit-rate)
– Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat
digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara
paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access).
– Jml User=K > Jml Kanal=C � Traffic Egr
34 Example
– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b
for communication between stations A and B
– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
– There are 3 channels
– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
– For full duplex communication:
� Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
� Use time division in a channel
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
� Use time division in a channel
Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
Station A Station B
35 Simplex Communication
� Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only
in one way. � This is called simplex transmision
� To enable two-way communication (called full-
duplex communication)� We can use Frequency Division Duplex
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
� We can use Frequency Division Duplex
� We can use Time Division Duplex
What’s Frequency Division Time Division Time
Division and Time Division Multiplexing ???
36 Duplex Communication - FDD
� FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Base StationB
Mobile Terminal
M
Forward Channel
Reverse Channel
Forward Channel = Down Link
and Reverse Channel = Up Link
use different frequency bands
37 Duplex Communication - TDD
� TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Base StationB
Mobile Terminal
M
A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time
slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
M B M B M B
38Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799
824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz
Reverse Channel Forward Channel
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)
Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
0.030N + 825.0
0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
0.030N + 870.0
0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
39 What is Mobility
� Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static
� No change of location during a call/connection
� A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
� Mobility and portability– Portability means changing point of attachment to the
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
– Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
40 Degrees of Mobility
� Walking Users� Low speed
� Small roaming area
� Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
� Vehicles
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Vehicles � High speeds
� Large roaming area
� Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
� Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
41 What is Mobility
� Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static
� No change of location during a call/connection
� A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
� Mobility and portability– Portability means changing point of attachment to the
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
– Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
42 Degrees of Mobility
� Walking Users� Low speed
� Small roaming area
� Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
� Vehicles
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Vehicles � High speeds
� Large roaming area
� Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
� Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
43 The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
� Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
– Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
� You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
– Pushing the computers more into background
� Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
� Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life
Modul 1 Pendahuluan
Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.
– Computers should be location aware
� Adapt to the current location, discover services