ii
Lembar Pengesahan
STUDI PENGGUNAAN QUETIAPIN PADA PASIEN
SKIZOFRENIA
(Penelitian Dilakukan di RSJ Dr. Radjiman
Wediodiningrat Lawang)
SKRIPSI
Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang 2018
Oleh :
RAHMAT AKBAR NIM : 201410410311155
Disetujui Oleh :
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Drs. Didik Hasmono, M.S., Apt. Dra. Lilik Yusetyani., Apt., Sp, FRS
NIP. 195809111986011011 NIP.UMM 114.0704.0450
iii
Lembar Pengujian
STUDI PENGGUNAAN QUETIAPIN PADA PASIEN
SKIZOFRENIA
(Penelitian Dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Dr. Radjiman
Wediodiningrat Lawang)
SKRIPSI
Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan tim penguji
Pada tanggal 26 Januari 2018
Oleh :
RAHMAT AKBAR NIM : 201410410311155
Tim Penguji
Penguji I
Drs. DidikHasmono, M.S., Apt. NIP: 195809111986011001
Penguji II
Dra. Lilik Yusetyani, Apt., Sp.FRS. NIP: 114.0704.0450
Penguji III
Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si., Apt., Sp.FRS. NIP. 11406090449
Penguji IV
Ika Ratna Hidayati, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. NIP. 11209070480
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT atas berkah dan nikmat yang telah dilimpahkan
ke hamba-Nya, karena hanya dengan pertolongan dan izin-Nya lah skripsi yang
berjudul Studi Penggunaan Quetiapin (Seroquel) pada Pasien Skizofrenia
(Penelitian dilakukan pada Rumah Sakit Jiwa Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat
Lawang) dapat terselesaikan tepat waktu dan dengan sebaik-baiknya.
Selanjutnya penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada:
1. Orang tua Ibu Aida Rosvitawaty dan Bapak Rusdi yang telah memberi
materi, motivasi, dan do’a untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini.
2. Bapak Faqih Ruhyanudin, M. Kep.,Sp.Kep.MB selaku dekan Fakultas
Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
3. Direktur dan staf Rumah Sakit Jiwa Dr. Radjiman Wediodingrat Lawang
yang telah membantu kelancaran penilitian skripsi hingga akhir.
4. Bapak Drs. Didik Hasmono, Apt., MS selaku pembimbing I yang telah
banyak meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengarahkan, dan
memberi semangat, motivasi, serta menginspirasi penulis selama
menempuh pendidikan sampai terselesaikannya tugas akhir ini, semoga
Allah selalu melimpahkan kesehatan.
5. Ibu Dra. Lilik Yusetyani, Apt., Sp. FRS selaku Pembimbing II yang selalu
bersedia mengorbankan waktu untuk membimbing dan memberikan
movtivasi serta selalu sabar dalam mengarahkan hingga tugas akhir ini
dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu, semoga Allah selalu
melimpahkan kesehatan.
6. Ibu Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si., Apt., Sp. FRS dan Ibu Ika Ratna Hidayati,
S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. selaku penguji I dan II yang telah banyak
memberikan kritikan dan saran demi terselesaikannya tugas akhir ini
dengan sebaik-baiknya, semoga Allah selalu melimpahkan kesehatan.
7. Seluruh jajaran prodi, dosen dan staf tata usaha Farmasi yang telah
memberikan dedikasi yang besar kepada penulis.
v
8. Kepada Aldiala Apriliawati yang selalu memotivasi dan sangat membantu
dalam proses menyusun skiripsi ini hingga skripsi ini terselesaikan.
9. Teman satu kelompok skripsi bertema Skizofrenia dan sesama pejuang
klinis yang telah berjuang bersama.
10. Terakhir, seluruh teman-teman jurusan Farmasi angkatan 2014 yang telah
berjuang bersama penulis untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan di Program
Studi Farmasi.
Akhir kata, penulis mohon maaf atas kekurangan dan ketidaksempurnaan
penulisan skripsi dan dengan senang hati menerima kritik dan saran yang
membangun. Semoga skripsi ini bermanfaat dalam mengembangkan ilmu
pengetahuan bidang farmasi klinis bagi penulis maupun pembaca.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Malang 8 Juni 2018
Rahmat Akbar
ix
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. iv
RINGKASAN ................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xvi
RINGKASAN ................................................................................................... xvii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA............................................................................ 5
2.1 Sistem Saraf Pusat ........................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Anatomi Sistem Saraf Pusat .................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Mikroanatomi Sistem Saraf Pusat ......................................................... 8
2.2 Skizofrenia ................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Definisi Skizofrenia .............................................................................. 9
2.2.2 Epidemiologi Skizofrenia ..................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Etiologi Skizofrenia .............................................................................. 11
2.2.4 Klasifikasi Skizofrenia .......................................................................... 15
2.2.5 Gejala dan Gambaran Klinis ................................................................. 17
2.2.6 Patofisiologi Skizofrenia ...................................................................... 20
x
2.2.7 Diagnosis Skizofrenia ........................................................................... 24
2.3 Terapi Skizofrenia ......................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 Tujuan terapi ......................................................................................... 26
2.3.2 Prinsip Terapi........................................................................................ 26
2.3.3 Terapi Non Farmakologi Skizofrenia ................................................... 27
2.3.4 Terapi Farmakologi Skizofrenia ........................................................... 29
2.4 Tinjauan Quetiapin (Seroquel) ...................................................................... 37
2.4.1 Indikasi Quetiapin ................................................................................. 38
2.4.2 Farmakokinetik Quetiapin .................................................................... 38
2.4.3 Farmakodinamik Quetiapin .................................................................. 39
2.4.4 Mekanisme Kerja Quetiapin ................................................................. 40
2.4.5 Dosis Quetiapin .................................................................................... 43
2.4.6 Interksi Quetiapin ................................................................................. 44
2.4.7 Toksisitas Quetiapin ............................................................................. 44
2.4.8 Sediaan Quetiapin di Indonesia ............................................................ 45
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ............................................................... 46
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .................................................................................... 46
3.2 Kerangka Operasional Studi Penggunaan Obat pada Pasien Skizofrenia ..... 47
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................................... 48
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................................... 48
4.2 Populasi dan Sampel ..................................................................................... 48
4.2.1 Populasi ................................................................................................ 48
4.2.2 Sampel .................................................................................................. 48
4.3 Bahan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 48
4.3.1 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi ................................................................ 48
4.4 Instrumen Penelitian ..................................................................................... 49
4.4 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................................ 49
xi
4.5 Definisi Operasional Parameter Penelitian ................................................... 49
4.6 Metode Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................... 49
4.7 Analisis Data ................................................................................................. 50
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN .............................................................................. 51
5.1 Data Demografi ............................................................................................. 52
5.1.1 Distribusi Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Pasien ....................................... 52
5.1.2 Distribusi Berdasarkan Usia Pasien ...................................................... 52
5.1.3 Distribusi Berdasarkan Berat Badan Pasien .......................................... 52
5.1.4 Distribusi Berdasarkan Status Pasien .................................................... 53
5.2 Diagnosis Jenis Skizofrenia .......................................................................... 54
5.3 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Pada Pasien Skizofrenia ........................................ 54
5.4 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Pada Pasien ........................................................... 56
5.4.1 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal Pasien Rawat Jalan .......................... 56
5.4.2 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 2 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................... 57
5.4.3 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 3 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................... 58
5.4.4 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 4 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................... 59
5.4.5 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 5 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Inap ..................... 61
5.4.6 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 3 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Inap ..................... 62
5.4.7 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 5 Kombinsi Pasien Rawat Inap ..................... 62
5.5 Pola Pergantian Terapi Quetiapin (Switching) pada Pasien Skizofrenia ...... 64
5.5.1 Pola Pergantian Terapi Quetiapin (Switching) pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Skizofrenia ........................................................................................... 64
5.5.2 Pola Pergantian Terapi Quetiapin (Switching) pada Pasien Rawat inap Skizofrenia ........................................................................................... 68
5.6 Lama Pemberian Terapi Obat Quetiapin ....................................................... 69
5.6.1 Lama pemberian Terapi Obat Quetiapin pada Saat Rawat jalan ........... 69
5.6.1 Lama pemberian Terapi Obat Quetiapin pada Saat MRS ..................... 69
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................................... 70
xii
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .............................................................. 79
7.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 79
7.2 Saran ............................................................................................................. 79
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 80
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................. 88
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II.1 Prevalensi gangguan jiwa berat di Indonesia ......................................... 11
Tabel II.2 Diagnosis skizofrenia menurut DCM & ICD ......................................... 25
Tabel II.3 Daftar beberapa obat gangguan neurologis ............................................ 30
Tabel II.4 Profil invitro ikatan quetiapin dengan beberapa reseptor ....................... 39
Tabel II.5 Daftar sediaan quetiapin di Indonesia .................................................... 45
Tabel V.1 Distribusi Jenis Kelamin Pasien ............................................................. 52
Tabel V.2 Distribusi Berdasarkan Usia Pasien........................................................ 52
Tabel V.3 Distribusi Berdasarkan Berat Badan Pasien ........................................... 53
Tabel V.4 Distribusi Berdasarkan Perubahan Berat Badan Pasien ......................... 53
Tabel V.5 Distribusi Berdasarkan Status Pasien ..................................................... 53
Tabel V.6 Distribusi Berdasarkan Diagnosa Pasien ................................................ 54
Tabel V.7 Presentase Pola Terapi Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Skizofrenia ................ 55
Tabel V.8 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Skizofrenia ............. 55
Tabel V.9 Presentase Pola Terapi Pada Pasien Rawat Inap Skizofrenia ................. 56
Tabel V.10 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Pada Pasien Rawat Inap Skizofrenia ............ 56
Tabel V.11 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal Pasien Rawat Jalan ......................... 57
Tabel V.12 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 2 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................. 57
Tabel V.13 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 3 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................. 58
Tabel V.14 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 4 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................. 59
Tabel V.15 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 5 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Jalan .................. 61
Tabel V.16 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 3 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Inap ................... 62
Tabel V.17 Pola Penggunaan Terapi 5 Kombinasi Pasien Rawat Inap ................... 62
Tabel V.18 Pola Pergantian Terapi Quetiapin(Switching) pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Skizofrenia .......................................................................................... 64
Tabel V.19 Pola Pergantian Terapi Quetiapin (Switching) pada Pasien Rawat Inap Skizofrenia .......................................................................................... 68
xiv
Tabel V.20 Lama Pemberian Terapi Quetiapin pada Saat Rawat Jalan .................. 71
Tabel V.20 Lama Pemberian Terapi Quetiapin pada Saat MRS ............................. 71
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Struktur otak ....................................................................................... 6
Gambar 2.2 Sistem limbik ...................................................................................... 7
Gambar 2.3 Sel saraf atau prekariyon .................................................................... 8
Gambar 2.4 Angka kematian di dunia disebabkan skizofrenia .............................. 10
Gambar 2.5 Skema patofisiologi skizofrenia ......................................................... 21
Gambar 2.6 Jalur dopamine .................................................................................... 23
Gambar 2.7 Perbedaan aktivitas neurotranmiter GABA glutaman dopamine ....... 23
Gambar 2.8 Hubungan dopamine-serotonin ........................................................... 24
Gambar 2.9 Struktur kimia quetiapin ..................................................................... 37
Gambar 2.10 Mekanisme kerja D2 pada mesolimbik ............................................ 41
Gambar 2.11 Mekanisme kerja 5HT2 pada mesokortikal ...................................... 41
Gambar 2.12 Mekanisme kerja SDA pada nigrostriatal ......................................... 42
Gambar 2.13 Mekanisme kerja SDA pada tuberoinfundibular .............................. 42
Gambar 3.1 Kerangka konseptual .......................................................................... 46
Gambar 3.2 Keragka operasonal ............................................................................ 47
Gambar 5.1 Skema kriteria inklusi ......................................................................... 51
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP ................................................ 88
Lampiran 2 : SURAT TUGAS ...................................................................... 89
Lampiran 3 : SURAT KETERANGAN SELESAI PENELITIAN .............. 90
Lampiran 4 : SURAT ETCHICAL CLEARENCE ....................................... 91
Lampiran 5 : SURAT HASIL PLAGIASI NASKAH .................................. 92
Lampiran 6 : SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................ 95
DAFTAR RINGKASAN
xvii
5-HT : Serotonin
ADL : Activities of Daily Living
CBT : Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
CT Scan : Computerized Tomographic Scan
DA : Dopamin
DSM : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
ECT : Electro Convulsive Therapy
GABA : Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
LPD : Lembar Pengumpul Data
LSD : Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
mg : milligram
MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRS : Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
NMDA : N-Methyl-d-aspartat
PFC : Pre Frontal Cortex
Riskesdas : Riset Kesehatan Dasar
RMK : Rekam Medik Kesehatan
RSJ : Rumah Sakit Jiwa
SNRI : Serotonine Norepinephrin Reuptake Inhibitor
SSP : SIstem Saraf Pusat
SSRI : Selective Serotonine Reuptake Inhibitor
TCA : Tricyclic Antidepressants
WHO : World Health Organization
80
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