BANK & LEMBAGA BANK & LEMBAGA KEUANGAN NON BANK 1KEUANGAN NON BANK 1
Provided byProvided byAri RaharjoAri Raharjo
Asal Muasal
• Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual & pembeli bertemu langsung)
• Berkembang: muncul perantara (penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu langsung)
• Muncul “uang” sbg alat pembayaran• Perantara “uang” adl lembaga
keuangan
Sejarah• Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000
thn sblm masehi)• Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda &
Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas & perak sbg alat p’byran
Bank vs non bank Penghimpunan dana
• Langsung mrpk simpanan masy
• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman
• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman
Bank vs non bank Penyaluran dana
• Utk modal kerja, investasi, konsumsi
• Utk badan usaha dan individu
• Utk jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang
• Terutama utk investasi
• Terutama utk badan usaha
• Terutama utk jangka menengah & panjang
Jenis Lemb KeuPerbankan (UU no. 10,
1998:Jenis:• Bank Umum• BPRPrinsip Usaha:• Konvensional• Syariah
Non Bank:• Leasing• Asuransi• Modal ventura• Anjak Piutang• Pegadaian• Dana pensiun• Kartu kredit• Pasar modal
Klasifikasi uangNarrow Money (M1):• Uang kartal (uang
kertas, koin)• Uang Giral/demand
deposite (giro)
• Broad Money:• M2 = M1 + Saving
deposite (tabungan) + Time deposite (deposito)
• M3 = M2 + simpanan dana di LKBB
Tingkat likuiditas:
•Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB
•M1 > M2 > M3
Fungsi Bank1. Agent of Trust2. Agent of Development (pemberian
kredit utk pembangunan3. Agent of services (jasa transfer,
save deposite box, jaminan bank)
Financial Intermediaries
UnitDefisit
Borrowers
Unit Surplus
Lenders
Bank&
Non Bank
Fund Fund
Income Income
Otoritas MoneterUU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral BITugas BI:• Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter:
laju inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit, kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa
• Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran
• Mengatur & mengawasi bank
Kesehatan Bank• BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal
Lending Limit)• Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib
minimum/reserve requirement• Posisi devisa netto (Net open position):
selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas• Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy
Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)
Kesehatan Bank• Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit
berbanding dana pihak ketiga• Return on Asset & Return on Equity
RegulasiSebelum thn 1980• Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan• Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank
pemerintah)• Bank menanggung program pemerintah• Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU)• Bank swasta relatif sedikit• Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968,
BDN 1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960
RegulasiSejak 1980 – 1990• Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit,
pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku bunga
• 1984: BI menerbitkan SBI• Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor
bank, kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman, Penambahan modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal
Regulasi• Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan
bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit, pembiayaan konsumen
• Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL, KUK, LDR)
Regulasi• Dampak:• Adanya kepastian hukum• Bank swasta bertambah• Tingkat persaingan bank naik• SBI & SBPU semakin populer• Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik
RegulasiSejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997• Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun• Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat• Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga
tab/dep > kredit)• Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999,
UU no. 10 1998 dst• Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm
krisis mjd 89 bank)
Jenis BankMenurut Kegiatan Usaha:• Bank Umum• Bank Perkreditan Rakyat
Bank Umum• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas pembayaran
• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutan, transfer, save deposit box, dll
BPR• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas pembayaran
• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito berjangka, tabungan), kredit
MFIs
MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA
Bank
Non Bank
Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS)
Act = The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act No.10/1998License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = The Central Bank Act No.23/1999
BRI Unit
Act = The Banking Act No.10/1998License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = * BRI Branches
* Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial Bank)
Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD) Act = Banking Act No.10/1998License = Based on Decree of Ministry of FinanceSupervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia
Cooperatives (KOSIPA)Act = Cooperative Act No.25/1992License = State Ministry of cooperative & SMESupervision = State Ministry of cooperative & SME
Non Formal
Formal
LDKP (Village Fund and Credit Institutions) Act = ---------License = Governor of each
ProvinceSupervision = Local Government
Level I• Non Government Organization (NGO) • Self Help Group • BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic principles)
Pawnshop:Owned by the government Supervision : Ministry of Finance
42,199
1,756
1,756
970
Na
970
Na
39,473
460
6,707
30,090
No. Depositors
(thousand)
47,743
549
549
4,286
2,789
966
531
42,908
237
20,434
27,789
Total Loan
( Billion Rp)
8,89756,18374,05517,564TOTAL
1,680567Na3,043 SUB TOTAL
1,680 567Na3,043Cooperatives under Syariah Principles (BMT) (Sept-04)
B. NON FORMAL
9721,2024,9963,243 SUB TOTAL
NaNa3,474850Pawnshop (Dec-04)
3171,1171,4371,296Village Credit Institution in Bali (LPD) (Dec-04)
65585851,097Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00)
A. FORMAL
NON BANK
6,24554,41469,05911,278 SUB TOTAL
383 713725,345 BKD (Aug--07)
2,578 17,69026,0801.823 Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07)
3,443 44,38948,5354, 229 BRI Unit (Mar-07)
BANK
No. of Debtors
(thousand)
Total Saving
(Billion Rp )
Total Asset
( Billion Rp )
No. of Unit
Institution
I. MICROFINANCE PROFILEI. MICROFINANCE PROFILE
*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles
II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS
1. 19th Century under the colonial period BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa (Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank Desa (Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village Credit Agency)
2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 : BPR could be established by a minimum capital requirements of 50 millions rupiahs
3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of 1992. This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks : commercial banks and rural banks
II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS
The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992• Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low
income level community especially in rural areas.• Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from
ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks max in 1 (one) year
• Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the requirement was October 31, 1997.
III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp)
6.5%
9.9%
14.3%
69.3%
2.96%
87,37%
6.83
9.73%
509
365
11,190
6,555
4,581
15,771
2,471
16,948
23,045
1,880
2006
4,8%
11,2%
14,4%
69.6%
2.62%
84.26%
5.06%
8.49%
513
371
12,315
6,336
5,375
17,690
2,578
20,434
26,080
1,823
Sep 2007
10%
9%
16%
65%
3.72%
77%
5.9
8.7%
338
438
4,124
4,891
2,002
6,126
1,825
6,683
9,080
2,141
2002
7%8%8%- Unsound
9%8%8%- Less sound
13%16%17%- Fairly sound
71%68%67%- Sound
Rural Bank Soundness10
3.0%3.2%3.4%Return on Asset (RoA)8
82%80.7%74.5%Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)8
5.85.35.6Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net7
7.98%7.59%8,0%Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross6
604539429Current year profit/ loss5
332322489 - No. of accounts (in thousands)
9,4217,8606,251 - Total
b. Time Deposit
5,6725,4395,046 - No. of accounts (in thousands)
3,7573,3012,617 - Total
a. Saving Deposit
13,17811,1618,868Third party fund4
2,4782,1671,993- no. of accounts (in thousands)
14,65412,1498,985- total
Loan:
3
20,39316,70712,635Total Asset2
2,009 2,158 2,141 No. of Rural Banks1
200520042003AccountsNo.
RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES
, , Tre nd o f Rura l Bank To ta l Asse t Lo an and Th ird Party De po sit2001 - 2007Se p
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Total Asset
Total Loan
Total Third PartyDeposit
RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS
1. LOCATIONa. Close to its community
b. Located primarily in rural areas2. ORGANIZATION
a. Community banking system within provinceb. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation
3. OPERATION a. Can only take deposits and provide loans
b. Can not access to payment systemc. Can not deal with foreign exchange
4. PROCEDURES - BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3
days) - Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form - BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit installment)
5. PRODUCTSa. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly)
- mostly for working capitalb. Deposit : saving and time deposit
6. CUSTOMERSa. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city
b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel; services; and others
RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007
6.4%
38.7%
10.2%
43.2%1.6%
Agriculture
Small and HomeIndustryTrade, Restaurant, andHostelServices
Others
Jenis BankMenurut Bentuk Badan Usaha• PT• Koperasi• Perusahaan Daerah
Menurut target pasar:• Retail bank
• Corporate bank• Retail-corporate bank
Aktiva BankGiro (checking account): simpanan yg
penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg cek atau bilyet giro.
• Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan
• Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan
Aktiva Bank• Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak
III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian
• Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2.
Aktiva Bank• Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak
III yang pencairannya pd waktu tertentu dan bunganya dibayar didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan
• Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih dahulu
Aktiva Bank• Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan:
menjaga saldo giro minimal• Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg
bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call money market (kalah kliring / rush)
• Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek & menengah
Aktiva bank• KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank
yg kalah kliring / rush• Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC
atau Bank Garansi• Jasa Transfer• SBPU
Aktiva bankSumber lain:2. Setoran jaminan (Storjam)
Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi3. Dana Transfer
Dana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan oleh bank
4. SBPUBeli dg harga discount dan dpt
diperjualbelikan pd saat bank kurang likuid
Jenis Kredit• Kredit Modal Kerja• Kredit Investasi• Kredit Konsumsi
Jasa-jasa Bank• Bank Garansi• Letter of Credit
(LC)• Pengiriman uang• Kliring & inkaso• Kartu plastik• Money changer
• Telebanking• Custodian• Wali amanat• Safe deposite box• Traveller check
Mekanisme LC
Bank di Indonesia Bank Asing
PT Ekspor PT Asing1
2 2
3
4 5
5
56 6
• Kontrak jual beli• Buka LC• Klarifikasi antar bank• Info LC sdh dibuka• Kirim brg & dok• Pembayaran
Kliring:• Adl pertukaran warkat atau data
keuangan elektronik antar bank baik atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang perhitungannya diselesaikan pada waktu tertentu
• Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang tunai
Bank Umum Syariah
• Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998• Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya
baik penghimpunan dana maupun penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan bagi hasil.
Prinsip Kegiatan usaha
Hiwalah:• Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah
(muhil) kpd bank (muhal’alaih) dari nasabah lain (muhal)
Ijarah:• Akad sewa menyewa barang antar
bank (muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).
Istisha:• Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg
penerima pesananKafalah:• Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan
satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi jaminan bertanggungjawab atas pembayaran kembali suatu hutang
Mudharabah:• Akad antara pemilik modal dg
pengelola utk memperoleh keuntungan.
Murabahah:• Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabahMusyarakah:• Akad kerjasama usaha patungan
Qardh• Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak
tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml yg sama sesuai pinjaman
Al Rahn• Akad penyerahan brg harta dr
nasabah kpd bank sbg jaminanSharf• Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta
lain
Wadi’ah• Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak
yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi kepercayaan utk menjaga keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg
Wakalah• Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi
kuasa kpd penerima kuasa
• Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun
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