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2016Instructional Material of Alkali,
Alkaline Eart, and Halogen
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
Instructional Material of
Alkali, Alkaline Earth, and Halogen
By :
Fitria Dwi Utami
4301413005
CHEMISTRY E!CATI"#
$AC!%TY "$ MATHEMATICS A# SCIE#CE E!CATI"#
SEMARA#& STATE !#I'ERSITY
()*+
* Idetity
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
Educational !nit : Senior High School
&rade-Se.ester : XII!"en
Su/0ect : #hemistr$
Ti.e Allocation : % & 45 min'tes
Meeting : 1(%
( %earning "/0ecti1es1) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the a-'n+ance o* the al.ali,
al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements in the nat're correctl$ /Science))
) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the h$sical an+ the chemical
roerties o* the al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ /Science2)
3) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the *orme+ como'n+ o* the
al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ (Science2)
4) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to e&lain the man'*act're o* the al.ali,
al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ /Technology))
5) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to e&lain the -ene*its an+ the imacts
o* the al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements in the +ail$ li*e /Social and
Environment))
2 The Instructional !se of Instructional Material
he instr'ctional 'se o* this instr'ctional material are as *ollows :
1. Each student should read this instructional material carefully.
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
) Use this instr'ctional material to *in+ the in*ormation a-o't the material an+ the
or+er o* the material)
3) his instr'ctional material nee+ to -e e'ie+ with the interacti"e learning me+ia to
s'ort this learning material)
4) his instr'ctional material nee+ to -e e'ie+ with the KS /St'+ent 6or.sheet25. After the student have read and understand this instructional
material, do the exercises that exist in it.+ After doing the exercises, every student collected the asnwer
sheets.
BAB I
3RE%IMI#ARY
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
** Ele.ental Che.istry
6e o*ten +o not reali7e that o'r li"es can not -e searate+ *rom a s'-stance calle+
elements) Imagine, e"en a material is slight an+ 'n.nowingl$ we cons'me +ail$ is a
mineral) Minerals are comose+ o* a mi&t're o* elements that are non(stoichiometric
amo'nts) A-o't 80 .in+s o* elements *o'n+ in nat're, the rest are arti*icial elements) Most
o* these elements are as *ree element, -'t more in the *orm o* como'n+s) he art o*
chemistr$ st'+$ a-o't element calle+ elemental chemistr$) o *acilitate the st'+$ o*
elemental chemistr$, the elements are gro'e+ accor+ing to similarities in character) he
elements which has same characteristics are gro'e+ in one class)
In this learning material will -e e&laine+ a-o't the a-'n+ance, the ten+enc$ o*
h$sical roerties an+ chemical roerties, the man'*act'ring rocess, the -ene*its an+
imact o* the al.ali metals, al.aline earth metals an+ halogen) Al.ali metal is the IA gro'
metal consisting o* metal lithi'm /i2, So+i'm /9a2, otassi'm /K2, ;'-i+i'm /;-2,
cesi'm /#s2, an+ Franci'm /Fr2) 6hile the al.aline earth metal calle+ IIA gro' metal
consisting o* -er$lli'm /
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
(* The A/undance of Alkali Metals
(( The 3hysical 3ro6erties of Alkali .etals
(2 The Che.ical 3ro6erties of Alkali .etals
(7 The $or.ed Co.6ound of Alkali Metals
(8 The Manufacture of Alkali Metals
(+ The Benefits and I.6acts of Alkali Metals >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
(* The A/udance of Alkali Metals
he A-'n+ance o* the element is the e&istence o* elements that e&ist in the earth
s'r*ace that can -e either metallic an+ nonmetallic elements an+ can -e *o'n+ in soil,
water, an+ air) he main so'rce o* al.ali metal is seawater) he sea water is saline(al.ali
an+ al.aline earth salts with 9a#l as main sol'te) I* the sea water e"aorate+, +issol"e+
salts will *orm cr$stals) Al.ali metals mineral *ormation thro'gh a length$ rocess) Al.ali
Metals +eri"e+ *rom e"aorate+ sea water an+ +issol"e+ salts reciitate as minerals)
hen, slowl$ mineral Al.ali Metals are -'rie+ -$ +'st an+ soil that are *o'n+ not *ar *rom
the -each) #aesi'm o-taine+ *rom oll'sit "er$ rare, #sAl /Si?32 )H?) Franci'm is
ra+ioacti"e so har+ to *in+ in the *orm o* mineral s.in o* the earth as a res'lt o* the +eca$
o* ra+ioacti"e materials @Ac with a time o* 1 min'tes)
Ta/le (* The Main Mineral of Alkali Metals
Ele.ent Main Sources
%ithiu. So+'men, iAl/Si?2
Un+erstan+ing the characteristics o*
Al.ali elements, -ene*its an+
imacts, an+ resence in nat're)
i+enti*$ the a-'n+ance o* the Al.ali
metals elements in nat're an+ ro+'cts
containing these elementsB
+escri-e the ten+enc$ o* the h$sical
an+ chemical roerties o* the main
elements /oint -oiling, melting oint,
har+ness, color, sol'-ilit$, reacti"it$ an+
secial roerties other2B
e&lain the -ene*its, imact an+ rocess
o* ma.ing elements an+ como'n+s in
e"er +a li*e)
IA gro' elements also calle+ the al.ali
metals) he elements o* al.ali metal is
highl$ reacti"e) he reacti"it$ o* al.ali
elements +'e to the ease o* release o*
"alence electrons in the s.in ns1 *orming
como'n+s with o&i+ation n'm-er C1)
here*ore, elements o* al.ali metal is not
*o'n+ as a *ree metal in nat're, -'t as a
como'n+s)
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
Sodiu. Halit /9a#l2, 9atron /9a#03)10H02, #r$olite /9a3AlF2, #hile salteter
/9a9?32, Al-it /9a)Al?3)3Si?2 an+
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
mK
;'-i+i'
m
;-
3@ GKr 5s1 0,44 0,14% 40 50 3%50 0,% (,8 1,53 38
#aesi'
m#s
55 GXe s1 0, 0,18 3@ 40 3300 0,@ (,8 1,80 8
Franci'Fr
%@ G;n @s1 0,@0 0,1@ 3%1 0,@ /@2
Melting 3oint 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
his ma$ -e ta.en as a mes're o* the strengthE o* the metallic -on+ing in the
cr$stal lattice) In simle terms, cations are hel+ together -$ the attraction o* mo-ile
"alenc$ electrons) Accor+ing to the +ata *rom ta-le ), we can see that the melting oint
ten+s to *all on assing +own in gro') he -in+ing owerE o* the "alenc$ electrons
+ecreases as the cations -ecome larrger, i)e) as their charge +ensit$ *alls)
Electronegati1ity 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
;emem-er that this meas'res the attraction o* the atom *or the electrons in a
co"alent -on+) Since it is the n'cle's o* the atom which attracts electrons,
electronegati"it$ sho'l+ decrease as -oth atomic ra+i's an+ the n'm-er o* inner
screeningE electrons increase) As e&ecte+, ta-le ) re"eals that the electronegati"it$
falls on +escen+ing the erio+ic a-le)
Ionisation Energies 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
hese meas're the ease with which electrons are rogressi"el$ strie+ *rom the
gaseo's atoms) Again, atomic si7e is "er$ imortant) Decrease in atomic ra+i's will mean
rogressi"el$ stronger n'clear attraction an+ ionisation energies will increase) ?n assing
+own gro' ionisation energies will falls, owing to the increase in -oth atomic ra+i's an+
the n'm-er o* inner screeningE electrons)
It is interesting to comare the relati"e "al'es o* the *irst three ionisation energies
o* the elements in gro' I) he secon+ ionisation o* gro' I iss ta.en *rom an inner
energ$ le"el which is closer to the n'cle's) he thir+ ionisation energ$ o* all the elements
is high, the elecron is remo"e+ *rom an inner energ$ le"el) The large ‘jump’ in ionisation
energy on breaking into an inner energy level has important consequence for the
chemistry of the alkali and alkaline earth metals
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
Standard Electrode 3otential 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
his roert$ re*ers to the ten+enc$ o* an elements to *orm in a'eo's sol'tion :
MC/a2 C e( ⇌ M/s2
he more rea+il$ the atom ionises, the more negati"e will -e its stan+ar+ elecro+e
otential, !o) Altho'gh electro+e otential in"ol"es the *ormation o* ions in sol'tions,
whilst ionisation energ$ re*ers to the gase's state, we might e&ect some correson+ence
-etween these roerties, as -oth re'ire the atom to lose electrons) he higher charge
+ensit$ o* their ions means that the$ can attract water molec'les more strongl$, ma.ing
the h$+ration rocess energeticall$ more *a"o'ra-le)
Ion;elati"e charge +ensit$
/ionic chargeionic ra+i's2
JHoh, h$+ration entalh$ o*
gaseo's cation . mol(1
iC 1,@ (518 9aC 10,5 (40
Kr C @,5 (3
;-C ,% (301
#sC 5,8 (@
(2* The ta/le of 3hysical 3ro6erties of the Alkali .etals
#oThe
6ro6erties %i #a 4 R/ Cs $r
1)Atomic
n'm-er 3 11 18 3@ 55 %@
)!lectron
con*ig'rationGHes1 G9e3s1 GAr4s1 GKr5s1 GXes1 G;n@s1
3) Form Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+
4)
Melting
oint0# 1%1 8% 4 38 8 @
5)
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
%)Densit$
/.gm32530 8@0 %0 1530 1%%0 (
8) #on+'cti"it$Conductor 9on
con+'ctor
10
)
Metal
roertiesMetal (
11) Magnetism 3ara.agnetic (
(2 The Che.ical 3ro6erties of Alkali Metals and Its Tends
All the Al.ali metals are reacti"e, eseciall$ towar+s electronegati"e non(metals
s'ch as the halogen an+ o&$gen) he al.ali metals shoow an o&i+ation state o* C1, i)e)
the atom lose their o'ter electrons on *orming como'n+s) he reacti"it$ increase in
assing +own o* the gro') he al.ali metals are so reacti"e that the$ are 's'all$ store+
'n+er oil in or+er to re"ent atmosheric attac.)
6e shall tr$ to acco'nt *or these tren+s -$ a closer e&amination o* the reaction o*
the elements with chlorine, o&$gen, an+ water)
ro' )4 some chemical reactions o* elements o* gro' I
;eactionro' I
i 9a K ;- #s
Heat in e&cess
o&$gen
9ormal ero&i+e s'ero&i+e i? 9a? M?
Heat in chlorine chlori+es
M#l
Heat in nitrogen 9itri+e no action i 9
Heat in
h$+rogen
h$+ri+es MH
#ol+ water h$+ro&i+e
M?H
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
Heat in steam?&i+e h$+ro&i+e
i? /"er$ "igoro's reaction2
Dil'te aci+s
MC/a2
!&losi"el$ "igoro's reaction
he reacti"it$ o* metals are showe+ -$ its reactions with some non metal
elements) It can -e reacte+ with h$+rogen *orming h$+ri+e with ionic -on+, in this
case the o&i+ation n'm-er o* h$+rogen is (1 an+ the o&i+ation n'm-er o* Al.ali is C1)
6ith o&$gen *orm o&i+e, an+ some o* them can *orm ero&i+e an+ s'ero&i+e)
ithi'm can -e reacte+ with nitogen gas at room temerat're *orming ithi'm nitri+a
/i3 92) All o*
All o* the Al.ali metal como'n+ are the como'n+ which can -e +issol"e+ in
water easil$, with merc'r$ it *orm "er$ reacti"e amalgam an+ as con+'ctor) Some o*
the Al.ali metals reaction are as *ollows :
a-el) Some ;eaction o* Al.ali Metals
eneral ;eaction !&lanation
4M(s) C ?(g) M?(s)
M(s) C ?(g) M?(s)M(s) C X(g) MX(s)
M(s) C S(g) MS(s)M(s) C
H?(g)M?H(aq) C
H(g)
M(s) C H(g) M9H(s) C
H(g)
M(s) C 9(g) M3 9(s)
he n'm-er o* o&$gen are limite+, heate+
in atmoshere with e&cess o&$gen)
otassi'm can -e *orm s'ero&i+e /K?2)
X are F, #l,
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Kelar'tan garam al.ali +alam air sangat -esar sehingga sangat -erman*aat
se-gai erea.si +alam la-oratori'm) 9am'n +emi.ian .elar'tan ini sangat -er"ariasi
se-agaimana +it'nN'..an oleh seri natri'm hali+e) Kelar'tan s'at' sen$awa
-ergant'ng a+a -esaran(-esaran entali $ait' energi .isi, entali hi+rasi .ation +an
anion -ersama(sama +engan er'-ahan entroi $ang -ersang.'tanam-ahan 'la ter+aat h'-'ngan $ang -erma.na antara .elar'tan garam al.ali
+engan Nari(Nari .ation 'nt'. anion $ang sama, nam'n h'-'ngan ini +aat
menghasil.an .'r"a .ontin' +engan .emiringan /sloe2 ositi* ma''n negati*)
Sen$awa i#l memili.i .e.'atan i.atan ion le-ih lemah +i-an+ing 9a#l, aalagi K#l
$ang i.atan ionn$a le-ih .'at) ?leh .arena it' +i.ata.an si*at ion i#l lemah) Hal ini
+ise-a-.an leta. asangan ele.tron i.atan /!I2 a+a i#l se+i.it le-ih menNa'hi #l
+i-an+ing a+a 9a#l) Unt'. K#l !In$a le-ih raat .e arah #l) er'-ahan si*at
antara .o"alen +an ioni. seerti er'-ahan si*at logam +an non logam, N'ga seerti
haln$a si*at asam -asa hi+ro.si+a +alam s'at' erio+a) ?leh .arena it' a+a sen$awa
$ang si*at ionn$a melemah +an si*at .o"alenn$a meng'at)
(7 Senyaaan yang di/entuk dari !nsur &olongan Alkali
Selain Nenis(Nenis sen$awa $ang +ihasil.an +ari rea.si(rea.si logam al.ali,a+a
-e-eraa sen$awa logam al.ali enting lainn$a antara lain :
( 9a#?3/9atri'm Kar-onat 2
S'm-er ata' em-'atann$a :
Awaln$a 9a#?3 +ieroleh +ari a-' em-a.aran r'm't la't) Karena N'mlahn$a ter-atas
9a#?3 m'lai +isintesis +engan cara merea.si.a #a#o3 +engan 9a#l mengg'na.an !roses Solvay);ea.si .esel'r'hann$a a+alah :
#a#o3/s2 C 9a#l/s2 O 9a#?3 C #a#l/a2 9a#?3 N'ga +aat +ieroleh +ari mineral trona,9a5/#?32)/H#?32)H?) Mineral ini
+ihanc'r.an, lal' +ianas.an agar ter'rai menNa+i 9a#?39a5/#?32 ) /H#?32)H?)O 59a#?3 C 5H? C #?
9a#?3 $ang +ihasil.an har's +im'rni.an le-ih lanN't,+engan cara melar't.ann$a .e
+alam air, men$aring +an memanas.ann$a
( K #?3 /Kali'm .ar-onat 2
S'm-er ata' em-'atnn$a :
K #?3 +ieroleh +ari a-' em-a.aran .a$' +an tanaman) anaman t'm-'h -ai. +enganmen$era 'ns'r K) Ke-'t'han tanaman a+a lahan ertanian +aat +ieroleh +ari ''.
$ang mengan+'ng K)
( 9aS?4 /9atri'm S'l*at2 +an 9aHS?4/natri'm hi+rogen s'l*at 2
9aS?4 +an 9aHS?4 a+alah hasil saming em-'atan H#l mengg'na.an rea.si antara
HS?4 +an 9a#l)
HS?4 C 9a#lO9ahS?4 C H#l
HS?4 C 9a#lO9aS?4 C H#l
( 9aH#?3 /9atri'm -i.ar-onat 2
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
S'm-er +an em-'atann$a :
Sen$awa ini +i-'at +ari rea.si :
#?/g2 C 9a?H /a2O9aH#?3/a2i.a 9aH#?3 +ianas.an a.an +ieroleh 9a#?39aH#?3/a2O9a#?3/s2 C H?/g2 C #?/g2
(8 3roses 3e./uatan !nsur &olongan Alkali
ogam al.ali -ersi*at sangat rea.ti* sehingga han$a +aat +ie.stra.si +ari
sen$awan$a mengg'na.an .etode elektrolisis ata' .etode reduksi) ogam i +an 9a
+ie.stra.si +engan meto+e ele.trolisis)Se+ang.an logam K,;-)#s +engan meto+e
terse-'t .arena logam(logam terse-'t cen+er'ng lar't +alam lar'tan garamn$a)
; %i
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
( 4aliu.
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
) i +ig'na.an +alam a+'an logam Mg +an Al)a+'an ini -ersi*at sangat ringan
tetai .'at sehingga +iman*aat.an 'nt'. .omonen esawat ter-ang
; #atriu.
1) Ua 9a +ig'na.an a+a lam' Nalanan 'nt'. mem-eri.an warna .'ning
) elehan 9a se-agai en+ingin a+a rea.tor n'.lir tie MF
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
(> 4eli.6ahan unsur golongan alklai tanah
ogam al.ali tanah memilii si*at $ang rea.ti* sehingga +i alam han$a +item'.an +alam
-ent'. sen$awan$a)
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
/S.ala
Mohs2
@)6arna
9$ala'tih 'tih
ingga(
MerahMerah HiNa'
%);aatan
/gcm321,%3 1,@4 1,54 , 3,51
8)
Da$a
Hantar
istri.
Kon+'.tor
/nam'n
lelehann$a
enghantar $ang
-'r'.2
4onduktor
10
)
6arna
ogam 'tih .eera.an era. 'tih era. era.
11)Si*at
.elogaman%oga.
1
)
Kemagneta
n3ara.agnetik
e.erasan logam al.ali tanah -er.'rang +ari atas .e -awah a.i-at .e.'atan i.atan antaratom
men'r'n) Hal ini +ise-a-.an Nara. antaratom a+a logam al.ali tanah -ertam-ah anNang)
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
(*) Senyaaan an 4egunaan %oga. Alkali Tanah
(** 3e./uatan an Isolasi %oga. Alkali Tanah
a Ekstraksi Beriliu.
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men+aat.an
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
#a#?3 C H#l #a#l C H? C #?
Setelah men+aat.an #a#l, .ita +aat mengele.trolisisn$a agar men+aat.an .alsi'm
/#a2) ;ea.si $ang terNa+i :
Kato+a B #aC C e( #a
Ano+a B #l( #l C e(
• Meto+e ;e+'.si
ogam .alsi'm /#a2 N'ga +aat +ihasil.an +engan mere+'.si #a? oleh Al ata'
+engan mere+'.si #a#l oleh 9a) ;e+'.si #a? oleh Al
#a? C Al 3 #a C #a3Al?;e+'.si #a#l oleh 9a
#a#l C 9a #a C 9a#l
d Ekstraksi Strontiu.
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
RANGKUMAN1) Kelimahan 'ns'r mer'a.an .e-era+aan 'ns'r('ns'r $ang a+a +i.'lit -'mi $ang
+aat -er'a 'ns'r logam +an non logam +an +aat +item'.an +alam tanah, air, +an
'+ara) S'm-er logam al.ali + alam +i antaran$a liti'm +alam So+'men, iAl/Si?2,
natri'm +alam 9a#l, .ali'm +alam ei+olit, ;-/F?H2Al/Si?323, r'-i+i'm +alamei+olit, ;-/F?H2Al/Si?323, cesi'm +alam oll'sit, #s4Al4Si8?)H?, +an
*ransi'm secara alami +aat +item'.an +i mineral(mineral 'rani'm)
( Si*at *isi. s'at' 'ns'r a+alah si*at $ang +aat +iamati tana meng'-ah si*at 7at(7at
en$'s'n materi terse-'t $ang meli'ti w'N'+, warna, massa Nenis, .emagnetan, titi.
+i+ih, titi. leleh,warna n$ala, .e.erasan, .elar'tan, .emagnetan, .e.entalan, +a$a
hantar listri.,+an si*at .elogaman
! Si*at .imia s'at' 'ns'r a+alah ciri(ciri $ang -erh'-'ngan +engan ter-ent'.n$a 7at
Nenis -ar' $ang +aat +aat -er'a .erea.ti*an, si*at asam -asa, +a$a ere+'.si +an
engo.si+asi
4) iti'm / i 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai merah, natri'm / 9a 2 menghasil.an
warna n$ala ai .'ning ata' oran$e, .ali'm / K 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai 'ng',
r'-i+i'm / ;- 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai -ir' .emerahan +an cesi'm / #s 2
menghasil.an warna n$ala ai -ir'
5) ogam al.ali +aat -erea.si +engan '+ara o.sigen, hi+rogen, air, halogen, +an
amonia.)
) iti'm, 9atri'm, +an Kali'm +aat +i-'at +engan cara ele.trolisis, se+ang.an
;'-i+i'm +an cesi'm +engan re+'.si, +an *ransi'm +ihasil.an +ari 'ns'r a.tin'm
+engan emancaran sinar alha /2) ogam *ransi'm N'ga -isa +i-'at secara -'atan
+engan mem-om-ar+ir thori'm +engan roton(roton)
7. Unsur-unsur golongan A terdiri dari enam unsur, yaitu !erilium
"#e$, magnesium "%g$, &alsium "'a$, stronsium "(r$, !arium "#a$,
dan radium ")a$. (emua unsur golongan A meru*a&an unsur logam
al&ali tanah. (ifat-sifat +si& ,se*erti titi& cair, ra*atan, dan &e&erasan
, logam al&ali tanah le!ih !esar i&a di!anding&an dengan logam
al&ali, dalam suatu *eriode. ogam al&ali tanah da*at !erea&si
langsung dengan halogen dan !elerang. arena mudah mele*as&an
ele&tron, logam golongan A !ersifat redu&tor &uat. (emua unsur
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
al&ali tanah adalah *enyum!ang ele&tron dengan !erillium yang
*aling sedi&it a&tif dan !arium yang *aling &uat./. #erillium di!uat dengan mengele&trolisis #e'l cair yang
ditam!ah&an 0a'l se!agai *enghantar arus listri& &arena !eri&atan
&ovalen. ari logam-logam al&ali tanah, magnesium yang *aling
!anya& di*rodu&si. 2roses *engolahan magnesium dari air laut
dise!ut *roses ow. alsium di!uat hanya dalam s&ala &ecil melalui
redu&si halida dengan 0a. (trontium ditemu&an *ada !iih
strontianit "(r'34$ dan selestit "(r3$. (trontium da*at di!uat
dengan meredu&si o&sidanya dengan logam *engo&sida. #arium
da*at di!uat dengan meredu&si o&sidanya se*erti strontium.6. )ea&si-rea&si *enting yang teradi *ada logam al&ali tanah di
antaranya adalah se!agai !eri&ut rea&si logam al&ali tanah dengan
air, rea&si dengan udara atau o&sigen, rea&si logam al&ali tanah
dengan halogen, rea&si logam al&ali tanah dengan nitrogen, danrea&si dengan asam dan !asa.
18. #erilium diguna&an untu& memadu&an logam agar le!ih &uat,
a&an teta*i !ermasa le!ih ringan.%agnesium miri* dengan #erilium
yang mem!uat cam*uran logam sema&in &uat dan ringan sehingga
!iasa diguna&an *ada alat alat rumah tangga. alsium !anya&
terda*at *ada susu dan i&an teri yang !erfungsi se!agai *em!entu&
tulang dan gigi. (tronsium se!agai senyawa &ar!onat !iasa
diguna&an dalam *em!uatan &aca televisi !erwarna dan &om*uter.
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
E"A#UA$I
1! Se-'t.an -e-eraa mineral $ang mengan+'ng logam al.ali tanahV
?
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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII
$UM&ER RU'UKAN
#hang, ;a$mon+) 004) Kimi Dasar Konse Konse Inti) a.arta : !rlangga
#otton, F) Al-ert) 18%8) imia norganik *asar ) a.arta : Uni"ersitas
In+onesia
etr'cci ;al H) 188) imia *asar !rinsip dan terapan $odern +ilid ,)
a.arta:!rlangga
'r-a, Michael) 001) imia elas -.. S$ +ilid /) a.arta : !rlangga
S$'.ri, S) 1888) imia *asar ,)