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Ruang lingkup
masalah
• Pengertian & Istilah
• Masalah sumber hukum
• Bentuk-bentuk tindak pidana
- TP (crime/strafbaar feit) : istilah yuridis.
- apkh “pengertian yuridis” dari TP?
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH YangBerhubungan Dengan TINDAK
PIDANA
criminal act; criminal offence; offences; crime; felony; misdemeanour; serious offences; less serious offences
(petty/summary offences); zbrodnia, wijstepek; inchoate offences (incitement/solicitation;
attempt; conspiracy;); preparation; complicity (principal; accessory; actual offender;
aiding and abetting; counseling or procuring); homicide; murder; manslaughter; infanticide;
parenticide;
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ISTILAH
KEJAHATAN PELANGGARAN
Felony Misdemeanor
Serious Offence Less Serious Offence
(Petty/summary offences)
Misdrijven Overtredingen
Zbrodnia Wijstepek
Mala in se (mala per se)
(acts wrong in themselves)
Mala (quia) prohibita
(acts wrong because they
are prohibited)
Intrinsically wrong Legally wrong
Rechtsdelict Wetsdelict
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PERBANDINGAN JENIS TP
HUKUM ISLAM COMMON LAW
1. Hudud 1. felony2. Ta’zir 2. misdemeanor
3. Qesas -- tidak ada --
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ACTUS REUS =
CRIMINAL ACT
• Actus reus mengandung unsur:
1) Conduct;
2) Consequences (result);3) Conditions (circumstances).
• Actus reus :• Willed/voluntary activity
• A willed muscular movement
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PENGERTIAN
(PERUMUSAN TINDAK PIDANA)
• Ada yang merumuskan & ada yang tidak;
• Yang merumuskan, a.l. :
– ARMENIA - LATVIA
– BELARUS - MACEDONIA
– BRUNEI - PERANCIS
– BULGARIA - ROMANIA
– CHINA - SWEDIA
– JERMAN - YUGOSLAVIA
– MOLDOVA - KOSOVO
– SERBIA - UKRAINA
– Polandia
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Pengertian/hakikat Tindak Pidana
(KUHP Armenia)
• Article 18. The notion of crime.1. The willful committal of a socially dangerous act envisaged in this
Code is considered a crime. (matrik-2010 no. 8)
Kejahatan (Tindak Pidana) adalah :• perbuatan yang membahayakan masyarakat :
• yang ditetapkan dalam UU (KUHP)• dilakukan dengan sengaja.
2. The act or inaction which may formally contain the features of an actenvisaged in this Code, but which, however, does not present publicdanger because of its little significance, i.e. it did not cause or couldnot have caused significant damage to an individual or a legal entity,
to the society or the state, is not considered a crime.• Tidak merupakan crime/tindak pidana, apabila perbuatan yang sudah
memenuhi ketentuan UU itu tidak menimbulkan bahaya publik atausangat kecil bahaya sosialnya (does not present public danger becauseof its little significance)
Klik
Kul-1
PHP
no.
13
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TIDAK MERUPAKAN TP (Crime)
ARMENIA
apabila perbuatan yang
sudah memenuhiketentuan UU itu tidak
menimbulkan bahaya
publik atau sangat kecil
bahaya sosialnya
(does not present public
danger because of its
little significance)
CHINA
“apabila keadaan-
keadaan yang dilarang oleh UU itu sangat kecil
dan bahayanya tidak
begitu besar”
(if the circumstances are
clearly minor and the
harm is not great ).
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KUHP ARMENIA
• Article 18. The notion of crime.1. The willful committal of a socially dangerous act envisaged inthis Code is considered a crime.
2. The act or inaction which may formally contain the features ofan act envisaged in this Code, but which, however, does notpresent public danger because of its little significance, i.e. it did
not cause or could not have caused significant damage to anindividual or a legal entity, to the society or the state, is notconsidered a crime.
• Catatan : – KUHP Armenia hanya terdiri dari 2 bagian : (1) General Part,
dan (2) Special Part (yg memuat berbagai perumusan “crime”).
– Jadi yang dimaksud dengan “crime” adalah “tindak pidana”.
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Pengertian/hakikat Tindak Pidana
(KUHP Armenia)• Unsur utama dari “Crime” (TP) :
1) The willful committal of a socially dangerous act,
2) envisaged in this Code;
Tidak merupakan TP apabila :
- does not present public danger because of its littlesignificance, i.e. it did not cause or could not havecaused significant damage to an individual or a legalentity, to the society or the state.
Pengertian TP di Armenia ini pada intinya sama dgn diKUHP Bellarus, Bulgaria, China, Latvia, & Yugoslavia,walaupun ada perbedaan formulasinya.
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PENGERTIAN TINDAK
PIDANA• KUHP BELLARUS
Article 7. Notion of the Crime
The crime shall be a perpetrated socially dangerous action (omission)which is prohibited by this Code. The crime shall not be an action oromission which, though formally containing signs of any action envisagedby the criminal law, poses no social danger by virtue of its little
significance.
• KUHP BULGARIA
Art. 9
(1) Crime shall be an act dangerous to society (action or inaction), whichhas been culpably committed and which has been declared punishableby law.
(2) Criminal shall not be an act which, although formally containing theelements of crime provided by law, because of its insignificance is notdangerous to society or its danger to society is obviously insignificant.
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PENGERTIAN TINDAK PIDANA
(KUHP CHINA)Article 13.
All acts that endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity, andsecurity of the state; split the state; subvert the political power of thepeople's democratic dictatorship and overthrow the socialist system;undermine social and economic order; violate property owned by the
state or property collectively owned by the laboring masses; violatecitizens' privately owned property; infringe upon citizens' rights of theperson, democratic rights. and other rights; and other acts thatendanger society, are crimes if according to law they should becriminally punished. However, if the circumstances are clearly minorand the harm is not great, they are not to be deemed crimes.
Resume :- Merupakan kejahatan (TP) apabila perbuatan itu :
- Membahayakan masyarakat; dan
- Dirumuskan dalam UU
(Cttn : kesalahan tidak dimasukkan sbg unsur TP)
- Tidak merupakan TP, apabila bahayanya sangat kecil atau tidak besar.
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KUHP LATVIA
• Section 6. The Concept of a Criminal Offence 1. An offence (act or failure to act), committed deliberately
(intentionally) or through negligence, provided for in this Law,and for the commission of which criminal punishment is set out,shall be considered a criminal offence.
2. An offence (act or failure to act) which has the constituentelements of an offence set out in this Law, but has beencommitted in circumstances which exclude criminal liability,shall not be considered criminal.
Resume :
- Dlm perumusan TP dimasukkan unsur kesalahan
(dolus/culpa);- Tidak merupakan TP apabila ada alasan penghapus
pidana (jadi yg dirumuskan bukan “tidak adanya sifatsocially dangerous act”).
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KUHP YUGOSLAVIA
• Chapter Two : CRIMINAL CONDUCT AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Criminal act
Article 8.
1) A criminal act is a socially dangerous act which is defined by law asa criminal act, the characteristics of which are defined by law.
2) An act which, although containing characteristics of a criminal actdefined by law, represents an insignificant social danger because ofits slight importance and the insignificance or absence of
detrimental consequences, shall not be considered a criminal act.
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KUHP KAZAKHSTAN
• Article 9. The Concept of a Crime
1. A committed publicly dangerous act (or a failure to act)for which someone is found culpable, and which isprohibited by the present Code, under the threat of legalpunishment, shall be recognised as a crime. Applicationof criminal law by analogy shall not be allowed.
2. Those acts or failures to act shall not be consideredcrimes which, though formally containing the elements ofan act stipulated by the Special Part of the presentCode, but by virtue of their insignificance do not presenta public danger , that is, which did not cause any harm,and did not create a threat of causing harm to a person,society, or the state.
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KUHP MOLDOVA
• Article 14. Concept of the Crime
(1) A crime is a prejudicial act (action or inaction) set forthin criminal law committed with culpability and subject tocriminal punishment.
(2) An action or inaction that although formally has signs ofan act set forth herein but due to lack of importance doesnot meet the prejudicial degree of a crime shall not beconsidered a crime.
CATATAN :• Article 15. Prejudicial Degree of a Crime – The prejudicial degree of a crime is determined in accordance
with the evidence that characterizes the elements of a crime: theobject, the objective side, the subject, and the subjective side.
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KUHP KOSOVO
• Criminal Offence - Article 6
– A criminal offence is an unlawful act which is defined by law as acriminal offence, the characteristics of which are defined by law and forwhich a criminal sanction or a measure of mandatory treatment isprescribed by the law.
• Act of Minor Significance - Article 7
– An act shall not constitute a criminal offence even though it has thecharacteristics of a criminal offence as defined by law if it is an act ofminor significance. The act shall be deemed to be of minor significance
when the danger thereby involved is insignificant due to the nature orgravity of the act, the absence or insignificance of harmfulconsequences, the circumstances in which the act was committed, thelow degree of criminal liability of the perpetrator or the personalcircumstances of the perpetrator.
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KUHP MACEDONIA (mirip Kosovo)
• Crime - Article 7 – A crime is an unlawful act which is determined by law
to be a crime, and whose characteristics aredetermined by law.
• An act of minor significance - Article 8 – An act is not a crime even though it contains
characteristics of a crime, when it is an act of minor
significance, because of the lack or insignificance ofthe damaging consequences and the low level ofcriminal responsibility of the offender.
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KUHP RUMANIA
• Art. 17. - Any action, which constitutes social threat, which is willingly
perpetrated and which is provided in the criminal law, constitutes a crime.Crime is the only ground for criminal responsibility.
• Art. 18. - An action which constitutes social threat in criminal legal terms isany action or non-action through which one of the values mentioned inarticle 1 are damaged and for whose sanction a penalty needs to be
applied.
• Art. 181. - Any action provided by criminal law does not constitute a crime unless its minimum damage to one of the values protected by the law andits concrete substance, obviously insignificant, represent the degree ofsocial threat pertaining to a crime.
In specifically establishing the degree of social threat, the manner and
means of the crime perpetration are considered, as well as theconsequences produced or likely to be produced, and the perpetrator'sposition and attitude.
In case of the actions mentioned in the article hereby, the prosecutor or thecourt applies one of the administrative sanctions provided in article 91.
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KUHP SERBIA
• Criminal Offence - Article 14
(1) A criminal offence is an offence set forth by the law as criminal offence,which is unlawful and committed with guilty mind/mens rea.
(2) There is no criminal offence without an unlawful act or culpability,notwithstanding the existence of all essential elements of a criminal offencestipulated by law.
• An Offence of Minor Significance - Article 18
(1) An offence shall not be considered a criminal offence, if despite havingelements of a criminal offence it represents an offence of minor significance.
(2) An offence of minor significance is that in which the degree of the offender’s responsibility is low, if consequences are absent or insignificant oreliminated by the offender, and where the general purpose of imposingcriminal sanctions does not require sanctioning.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article may be applied tocriminal offences carrying imprisonment sentence of up to three years or afine.
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KUHP UKRAINA
• Article 11. Notion of a criminal offense
1. A criminal offense shall mean a sociallydangerous culpable act (action or omission)prescribed by this Code and committed by an
offender.2. Although an act or omission may have,
technically, any elements of an act under thisCode, it is not an offense if, due to its
insignificance, it is not a social danger, i.e. itneither did nor could cause considerable harmto any natural or legal person, community,society or the state.
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KUHP POLANDIA
• Article 1.
§ 1. Penal liability shall be incurred only by a person who commits anact prohibited under penalty, by a law in force at the time of itscommission.
§ 2. A prohibited act whose social consequences is insignificant shallnot constitute an offence.
§ 3. The perpetrator of an prohibited act does not commit an offence ifguilt cannot be attributed to him at the time of the commission ofthe act.
Resume :
Tidak merupakan delik, apabila :
1. bahaya/akibat sosialnya sepele/terlalu kecil (insignificant)2. Kesalahan tdk dapat dikaitkan padanya pada saat perbuatan itu
dilakukan (berarti : apbl. Tdk ada kesalahan).
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RESUME does not present public danger because
of its little significance, (did not cause significant
damage to an individual or a legal entity, to the
society or the state) - (ARMENIA)
no social danger by virtue of its little significance.
(BELLARUS)
its insignificance is not dangerous to society
or its danger to society is obviously insignificant(BULGARIA).
the circumstances are clearly minor andthe harm is not great (CHINA)
Perbuatan
memenuhi
UU
TIDAK
MERUPA-
KAN TP has been committed in circumstanceswhich exclude criminal liability (LATVIA)
APABILA
by virtue of their insignificance do not present a public danger
(did not cause any harm, and did not create a threat of causing harmto a person, society, or the state (KAZAKHSTAN)
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TIDAK MERUPAKAN TINDAK PIDANA
APABILA :• tidak menimbulkan bahaya publik atau sangat kecil bahaya
sosialnya – Arm enia;
• Tidak ada bahaya sosialnya – Bellarus;
• Tidak berbahaya bagi masyarakat atau sifat bahayanyasangat kecil – Bulgaria;
• Bahayanya sangat kecil atau tidak besar (CHINA)
• Ada alasan penghapus pertanggungjawaban pidana – Latvia.
• Karena minimnya bahaya bagi masy (tdk menyebabkanbhy/kerugian apapun, atau tdk menimbulkan ancamankerugian bagi orang, masyarakat, atau negara) – Kazakhstan.
MIRIP/IDENTIK DGN PENGERTIAN :
TIDAK BERSIFAT MELAWAN HUKUM SECARA MATERIEL
(Asas AVAW; absence of unlawfulness; no liability without
Unlawfulness)
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KRITERIA SMH MATERIEL • Von Liszt :
– Perkosaan/pembahayaan kepentingan hukum bersifatmelawan hukum materiel jika perbuatan itu bertentangandgn tujuan ketertiban hukum.
• Zu Dohna : – Suatu perbuatan itu tidak melawan hukum jika perbuatan
itu merupakan upaya yang haq untuk tujuan yang haq
(r icht iges Mit tel zum techten zwecke ). Misal seorangayah memukul pemuda yang memperkosa anak gadisnya.
• M.E. Mayer : – SMH itu berarti bertentangan dengan Kulturnorm (norma
kebudayaan) yang diakui oleh Negara.
• Zevenbergen : – Onrechtmatigheid adalah syarat umum/objektif yang
biasanya ada jika perbuatan memenuhi rumusan delikdalam UU, tetapi harus diselidiki secara konkret, apakahyang diharapkan oleh ketertiban hukum.
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KUHP KOREA
• Pasal 20 : “Conduct in accordance with law or pursuant to accepted business practices, or otherconduct which does not violate the social moresshall not be punishable”.
• Jadi menurut ketentuan di atas, tidak dipidana :1) perbuatan yang sesuai dengan UU (in accordance with
law );
2) perbuatan yang sesuai dengan praktek bisnis yang sudah
lazim/ diterima ( pursuant to accepted business practices );atau
3) perbuatan lain yang tidak melanggar norma/kebiasaanmasyarakat (does not violate the social mores ).
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BAGAIMANA
WvS & KONSEP ?
WvS
Tidak memberi
batasan/pengertian
juridis ttg apa ygdimaksud dg TP;
Hanya memberi
landasan juridis ttg.kapan suatu “feit”
dikatakan sebagai
“strafbaar feit” (asas
legalitas).
KONSEP KUHP
di samping
memberi landasan
juridis/legalitas (sbr.Hk);
memberi batasan/
PENGERTIAN juridisttg sifat/hakikat TP.
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LANDASAN JURIDIS
(LEGALITAS)
Pasal 1 (1) KONSEP :
Tiada seorang pun dapat
dipidana atau dikenakan
tindakan, kecuali per-buatan yang dilakukan
telah ditetapkan sebagai
tindak pidana dalam
peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku
pada saat perbuatan itudilakukan.
(diperluas juga ke lega-
litas materiel)
Pasal 11 KONSEP
1) Tindak pidana adalah perbuatan melaku-
kan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu yang
oleh peraturan perundang-undangan di-
nyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang dilarang
dan diancam dengan pidana.2) Untuk dinyatakan sebagai tindak pidana,
selain perbuatan tersebut dilarang dan
diancam pidana oleh peraturan perundang-
undangan, harus juga bersifat melawan
hukum atau bertentangan dengan kesa-
daran hukum masyarakat.3) Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang ber-
sifat melawan hukum, kecuali ada alasan
pembenar.
PENGERIAN JURIDIS
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LANDASAN JURIDIS
(LEGALITAS)
Pasal 1 (1) KONSEP :
Tiada seorang pun dapat
dipidana atau dikenakan
tindakan, kecuali per-buatan yang dilakukan
telah ditetapkan sebagai
tindak pidana dalam
peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku
pada saat perbuatan itudilakukan.
(diperluas juga ke lega-
litas materiel)
Pasal 11 KONSEP
Tindak pidana adalah :
• perbuatan yang oleh peraturan UU
dinyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang
dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana.
• harus juga bersifat melawan hukum
atau bertentangan dengan kesadaranhukum masyarakat.
Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang ber-
sifat melawan hukum, kecuali ada alasan
pembenar.
PENGERIAN JURIDIS
Asas ”No liability without unlawfulness”
dijadikan asas umum
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KONSEP KUHP
Pasal 1 (1) : LANDASAN YURIDIS (LEGALITAS)
• Tiada seorang pun dapat dipidana atau dikenakan tindakan,kecuali perbuatan yang dilakukan telah ditetapkan sebagaitindak pidana dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yangberlaku pada saat perbuatan itu dilakukan.
Pasal 11 : PENGERTIAN/BATASAN YURIDIS
1) Tindak pidana adalah perbuatan melakukan atau tidakmelakukan sesuatu yang oleh peraturan perundang-undangandinyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancamdengan pidana.
2) Untuk dinyatakan sebagai tindak pidana, selain perbuatantersebut dilarang dan diancam pidana oleh peraturan
perundang-undangan, harus juga bersifat melawan hukum ataubertentangan dengan kesadaran hukum masyarakat.
3) Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang bersifat melawanhukum, kecuali ada alasan pembenar.
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RESUME PERUMUSAN PENGERTIAN TP
• Pengertian juridis TP :dirumuskan.
• Dalam merumuskan“pengertian TP” : – Inti TP : perbuatan meme-
nuhi UU (m.h. formal);
– Ada yg memasukkan & adayg tidak memasukkan unsur“sengaja”;
– Ada klausul: kapan perbuat-an memenuhi UU tdk meru-pakan TP
Unsur TP :
1. Perbuatan2. Memenuhi UU (M.H
formal)
3. SMH (materiel)
Asas MH yg positif
Asas MH yg negatif
Asas legalitas
Asas AVAW
(No liability without unlawfulness)
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”Pengertian Juridis” TP dan
Asas ”No liability without unlawfulness”
WvS
Hanya ada “landasan
juridis/legalitas” ttg. kapan suatu
“feit” dikatakan sebagai
“strafbaar feit” (asas legalitas).
Tidak ada “batasan/pe-
ngertian juridis” ttg apa yg
dimaksud dg TP; hanya ada
dalam teori/doktrin.
Asas ”No l iabi l i ty wi thou t
unlawfulness” TDK masuk
asas umum (dlm Bk. I)
KUHP ASING & KONSEP
di samping ada “landasan
juridis/legalitas” (sbr. Hk);
ada juga “batasan/ PENGER-
TIAN juridis” ttg sifat/hakikat TP.
Asas ”No l iabi li ty wi thout
unlawfulness” masuk asas
umum (dlm Bk. I)
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PERKEMBANGAN ASAS
“NO LIABILITY WITHOUT UNLAWFULNESS ”
Di Indonesia
tidak dimasukkan sebagaiasas umum Buku I;
tersimpul dari perumusan
delik di Buku II;
terkesan sebagai asas APP
formal; lebih menekankan SMH ma-
teriel dalam fungsinya yang
negatif.
Dalam UU TPK (3/’71; 31/’99Jo. 20/2001) :
SMH Materiel dalam fungsi-
nya yang positif ,
dengan kriteria dipandang
sebagai “perbuatan tercela”karena :
1) tidak sesuai dengan rasa
keadilan; atau
2) tidak sesuai dengan norma
kehidupan sosial.
DALAM KUHP DI LUAR KUHP
7/21/2019 B-3 Kul-2b Tindak Pidana
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MASALAH SUMBER HUKUM
• KLIK ASAS LEGALITAS
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BENTUK-BENTUK TP
(The Forms of Criminal Offence)
• Klik “Bentuk-bentuk TP”