YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

During the coming academicyear (2002-2003) YIVO will

embark on an exciting andunprecedented collaborationwith the Center for Advanced

Judaic Studies at the Universityof Pennsylvania. The Center, themajor American institution inthe field of post-graduate JewishStudies, sponsors a FellowshipProgram that annually hostsleading academics from aroundthe world to share their researchin a distinct area of Judaica schol-arship. The year’s FellowshipProgram theme is to be “JewishHistory and Culture in EasternEurope, 1600-2000,” and morethan 20 of the world’s leadingscholars in that field, from Eu-rope, Israel and the UnitedStates, will be coming to theUniversity of Pennsylvania for a year of shared learning andcollaboration. Given YIVO’s

unmatched archival and libraryresources in this area of Jewishscholarship, it was only naturalfor YIVO to become involved innext year’s Fellowship Program.

Discussions concerning pos-sible joint collaboration beganlast december at the 33rd AnnualMeeting of the Association forJewish Studies in Washington,DC. It was there that YIVO'sExecutive Director, Dr. Carl J.Rheins, met with Dr. DavidRuderman, the Center's Direc-tor, to suggest a variety ofcollaborative efforts.The resultsare expected to foster extensive,intensive and highly productivecooperation between the twoinstitutions.

YIVOYIVO Institute for Jewish Research

Chairman’s Message . . . .2 Executive Director . . . . . .3Development . . . . . . . . . . .4Planned Giving . . . . . . . . .5Food as Roots . . . . . . . . . .6International Women’s

Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Trustees Statement . . . . .8Benefit Dinner . . . . . . . . . .9Publications . . . . . . . . . .10EPYC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

YIVO News . . . . . . . . . . .12Max Weinreich Center .14Technology . . . . . . . . . . .16Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20New Accessions . . . . . .23Preservation . . . . . . . . . .27YIVO Donors . . . . . . . . . .28Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30YIVO in History . . . . . . . .31Yiddish . . . . . . . . . . . .32-40

YIVO Sounds Alarm Over Anti-Semitism: Page 8

CONTENTS:

[continued on page 6]

YIVO and U. Penn to Begin Year-Long Collaboration

hshgu, hshgu,pui hHuu†

No. 194 / Summer / 2002

YIVONEWS

Perseverance, pride and protection were at theheart of the celebration at the Pierre Hotel on

May 2, 2002, as 450 people gathered for YIVO’s77th Annual Benefit Dinner, raising more than $1million. YIVO honored Congresswoman NitaLowey (D, NY) and architect Frank Owen Gehry

with Lifetime Achievement Awards. YIVO Chairman Bruce Slovin, emceed the eve-

ning, terming YIVO “an institute with a resilientpast and a commanding future.” Slovin urged theguests to read the YIVO Board statement that was distributed with the program. Entitled RisingAnti-Semitism: A Threat To Us All, the statementexpressed alarm over recent “outbursts of anti-Jewish expression and violent anti-Semitic inci-dents across Europe.” (The full text appears onpage 8.)

“These are extraordinary times and we must nothide our heads in the sand,” Slovin declared.

Dr. Leon Botstein, President of Bard College andMusic Director and Principal Conductor of theAmerican Symphony Orchestra, was the featuredspeaker. He commended YIVO’s great strides inprotecting our ancestral heritage and keepingJewish culture alive and strong. He introduced

Architect Gehry and Rep. Lowey Honored

Annual Dinner Raises More than $1 Million

Frank O. Gehry (L)receiving YIVO’slifetime achieve-ment award fromBoard ChairmanBruce Slovin,along with aframed 1930sRoman Vishniacphoto of theJewish Quarter of Bratislava,Czechoslovakia. [continued on page 9]

So much has happened in thepast six months: the world

has changed in ways we cannotyet count or articulate. In theface of the uncertain worldsituation it is more importantthan ever to be strong, both asindividuals and as a Jewishcommunity. Please read the new Board statement on the risein anti-Semitism (page 8). I hopeI can count onyou to standwith us. Weneed you!

I also want to thank eachof you for your support.Because ofgood friends like you — withgenerosity, ideas and spirit —YIVO is experiencing a rebirth ofinvolvement by younger people.We are expanding our libraryand archives and building newpartnerships and connectionswith other research and academ-ic institutions. This makes meproud.

Our May 2002 Annual BenefitDinner, I think all would agree,was a true celebration of YIVOand the strength of our Jewishcommunity.

We at YIVO have crafted anexcellent vision for the future —and we want you to be a part of that future. Standing together,celebrating together in ourforever-changed world, we must not be intimidated byhatred or violence! In recentmonths YIVO has striven tomeet the regular demands ofresearchers, scholars and thepublic, while working hard tosecure the Jewish culturaltreasures at YIVO. We continueto work to make YIVO’s booksand archival materials acces-sible to all who want and needthem. This is a tremendousresponsibility.

Looking tothe future,YIVO hasbegun work on an excitingnew publica-tion, Jews inEastern Europe:The YIVO Encyclopedia, underDr. Gershon Hundert, Editor-in-Chief, of McGill University, with

Managing Editor, Peggy Her-mann. It will be a practical giftfrom us to future generations!

As a survivor from Vilna toldme recently, “Who could knowbetter than those of us fromEastern Europe what it means to be a Jew and what it means as a Jew to be up against thewall and facing seemingly in-surmountable odds?”

Planning for YIVO’s financialfuture is also key to our success.With this in mind I am glad towelcome Donna Lippman onboard as YIVO’s Planned GivingOfficer.

Today as we celebrate our his-tory, our courage, our survivaland our true interconnected-ness as Jewish people, we arestronger through unity. Theseare difficult times, but together,as we live our daily lives, we can work to keep our historyand culture alive.

2

YIVO NewsFounded in 1925 in Vilna, Poland, as theYiddish Scientific Institute and headquarteredin New York since 1940, YIVO is devoted to the history, society and culture of AshkenazicJewry and to the influence of that culture as itdeveloped in the Americas. Today, YIVO standsas the preeminent center for East EuropeanJewish Studies; Yiddish language, literatureand folklore; and the study of the AmericanJewish immigrant experience.

A founding partner of the Center for JewishHistory, YIVO holds the following constituentmemberships: • American Historical Association •Association for Jewish Studies • Association of Jewish Libraries • Council of Archives andResearch Libraries in Jewish Studies • ResearchLibrary Group (RLG) • Society of American Ar-chivists and • World Congress of Jewish Studies.

Chairman of the Board: Bruce Slovin

Executive Director: Carl J. Rheins

Director of Development and External Affairs: Ella Levine

Director of Finance and Administration: Andrew J. Demers

Dean of the Library and Senior Research Librarian: Brad Sabin Hill

Acting Chief Archivist: Fruma Mohrer

Head Librarian: Aviva Astrinsky

Associate Dean of the Max Weinreich Center/Yiddish Editor: Hershl Glasser

Head of Preservation: Stanley Bergman

Director of New Media: Roberta Newman

Editor: Elise Fischer

Production Editors:Jerry Cheslow, Michele Alperin

ContributorsErica Blankstein, Nikolai Borodulin, Adina Cimet,Michael Cohen, Krysia Fisher, Shaindel Fogelman,Michael Glickman, Marilyn Goldfried, Leo Greenbaum,Yeshaya Metal, Esther Mishkin, Chana Mlotek, CoriRobinson, David Rogow, Yankl Salant, Lorin Sklamberg,Aaron Taub

15 West 16th StreetNew York, NY 10011-6301

Phone: (212) 246-6080, Fax: (212) 292-1892

www.yivoinstitute.orge-mail to Yedies: [email protected]

From the Chairman of the Board

The Future is Now

YIVO News Summer 2002

Bruce Slovin

Remember YIVOin Your Will.

For information on YIVOplanned giving options,please turn to pages 4 and 5.

“As we celebrate our history, ourcourage, our survival and ourtrue interconnectedness asJewish people, we are strongerthrough unity.”

In the face of a rapidly changing American Jewish land-scape, one of the most pressing tasks facing YIVO is the

need to develop a strategic plan for the coming decade. Asa distinguished visitor recently noted, “The YIVO Instituteremains one of the great resources of the global Jewishcommunity…. YIVO’s assets include an illustrious name, arich history and tradition, world-class library and archivalcollections, an internationally recognized staff and an ex-quisite new facility in New York City. At the same time, theInstitute’s core membership is aging; its fellowship pro-grams and archival collections are underfunded; and itsfuture revenue streams are uncertain.”

To meet these challenges, the Institute has undertaken anambitious, year-long effort to produce a strategic manage-ment plan for the coming decade. Funded by a generousgrant from the Stanley and Ethel Glen Family Foundation

of New York City, the Institute has re-tained the services of two distinguishedconsulting firms, Ukeles Associates Inc.and The Gottesman Group of New YorkCity, to help guide YIVO’s transformationinto a more highly effective mission-based, member-responsive, performance-driven organization.

To oversee the project, the Board of Directors has ap-pointed a distinguished “Blue Ribbon” Committee, chaired by national YIVO Board Member Jacob Morowitzof Chicago. Other members of the committee are Rosina K.Abramson, Co-Chair; Jerrold Fuchs; Max Gitter; DorisPayson; Charles J. Rose; and Bruce Slovin, Chairman of the Board.

Questions that the Committee will consider include:What should be the Institute’s major priorities in the com-ing decade? What functions should YIVO perform in lightof its pre-1940 European mission? Whom will YIVO servein the year 2012? How can YIVO expand its fund-raisingbase?

Even before the “Blue Ribbon” Committee was created,the Board had started preparing YIVO for the future. OnMay 17, 2000, the YIVO Executive Committee establishedthe Institute’s first International Academic AdvisoryCouncil, composed of ten distinguished scholars from theUnited States and Canada. The Council advises the Board on YIVO’s instructional programs and academic publica-tions, as well as recommending new directions for the ar-chives and library. Council members are likely to play a keyrole in the Board’s year-long strategic planning exercise.Similarly, in September 2001, the Board approved a boldfive-year plan of proposed new media projects. Under theleadership of YIVO’s Director of New Media, RobertaNewman, the Institute plans to upgrade the 1980s Video-disc program, “People of a Thousand Towns”; to digitizeover 3,000 78-rpm recordings of Yiddish theater, cantorialand children’s music; to begin the digitization andmigration to the Internet of several thousand historicallyimportant posters; to create an online index to all 77 yearsof published YIVO scholarship, including books, pam-phlets and periodicals; and, finally, to create an Internetversion of The Jews in Eastern Europe: The YIVO Encyclopedia.

Critical questions of mission, new academic initiativesand media projects are only part of the task ahead. Withover 40 percent of all senior American librarians and archi-vists expected to retire during the next decade, serious at-tention must be paid now to recruiting, in the coming years,the most promising new graduates in Library Science andArchival Studies, professionals who possess not only com-mand of Yiddish, Hebrew and other European languages,but also a keen understanding of the Eastern EuropeanJewish experience over the past 1,000 years. These areprofoundly difficult questions that will require greatimagination and hard work to be answered successfully.

From the Executive Director

Planning for the Next Generation

3

Dr. Carl J. Rheins

hshgu, pui hHuu† bun' 491 zungr 2002

Ellen Berland Gibbs, a long-time friendand supporter of YIVO, was unani-

mously elected to the National Board ofDirectors on April 23. She becomes the30th Board member and the fifth womanto serve.

Gibbs manages CRI Media Partners, LP,an investment partnership that specializesin publicly held media and communications companies.Before starting CRI in 1987, she worked on Wall Street for13 years. Her last position was vice-president in the invest-ment research department of Goldman, Sachs & Co. Earlier,Gibbs was a vice-president of Paine Webber MitchellHutchins, Inc., specializing in media stocks: newspapers,broadcasting and cable television.

Institutional Investor has repeatedly ranked Gibbs amongthe nation’s top media analysts. She has appeared twice onWall Street Week. Gibbs often makes presentations to man-agements of companies on media industry trends. She alsoprovides expert witness testimony in media-related litiga-tion and appears before government panels and hearings.

Gibbs is a member of the Board and the Finance Com-mittee of the Foundation for Child Development. She alsoserves on the Audit Advisory Committee of the New YorkCity Board of Education.

Congratulating Gibbs, Board Chairman Bruce Slovin said,“Her expertise and experience — and her warmth andcommitment — are needed as we plan for the future.”

Gibbs’ professional memberships include the Associationfor Investment Management and Research, The New YorkSociety of Security Analysts, the Media and EntertainmentAnalysis Association of New York, the International Radioand Television Society, and the New York New MediaAssociation. She holds a B.A. from Barnard College andM.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University. She ismarried to Bud H. Gibbs.

Ellen Berland Gibbs Elected to YIVO Board


The recent outbursts of anti-Semitism and anti-Zionist

expression, as well as world hat-red directed at the State of Israel,strengthens YIVO’s mission asnever before. Our commitmentto studying and preserving thehistory, memory and culture ofthe vanished Jewish commu-nities in Eastern Europe is ex-panding its horizons throughnew programs designed to

involve those who want to ex-plore their roots.

YIVO’s commitment to makingour history come alive was ex-emplified by the 2002 AnnualBenefit and the Women’s Lunch-eon. These events showed thediverse and important roles thatmembers of our community playin America.

The 2002 Annual Benefit gaveus the privilege of presentingFrank Gehry and Nita Loweywith Lifetime AchievementAwards, with Leon Botstein asguest speaker. These three indi-viduals, who are prominent inarchitecture, politics and educa-tion respectively, exemplify whatour community can achieve.Their creativity, intellect anddedication to their work and toour culture are a testament towhat YIVO represents.

For the second year in a row,the Women’s Luncheon attractedour most committed core sup-porters from the older genera-tion, together with their childrenand younger guests who helpedmake the event a tremendoussuccess. Two new annual awardswere introduced — Me’ dorLe’dor and the Vilna Award.They will recognize outstandingpeople who have demonstratedlifelong commitments to theenrichment of Jewish life and tothe continuation of our legacy.

In addition, with the generoussupport of Sima Katz and EtaWrobel, and the tireless work ofRuth Day — all members of ourWomen’s Committee — wefound Southern Florida’s Jewishcommunity to be strongly com-mitted to YIVO. Our MarchPalm Beach event was attendedby active members of Jewishcommunities who work to keepyidishkayt alive. To continue this new initiative, we needfinancial support and call

on every Yediesreader in Flori-da to contact us.

Dr. AdinaCimet Singer,head of YIVO'sinnovative Educational Programin Yiddish Culture (EPYC), hasjust returned from Lublin,Poland, where she met withscholars working on the EPYCcurriculum (see related story onpage 11). Directed at high schoolstudents, EPYC is critical to ourfuture and helps us raise con-sciousness while demonstratingYIVO’s contemporary meaning.

With the help of Mimi Sher-aton, former New York Timesfood critic critic and longtimeYIVO member, we broughtanother aspect of YIVO’s vasttreasure back to life. In the Foodas Roots program, 70 men andwomen gathered to learn andreminisce through cooking.Sheraton bridged culture andfood, showing that they playessential roles in a Jewish home.Acclaimed chef Katja Goldmanled the first cooking class, andthe second was held at SimaGhadamian’s house. Theseclasses showed that there are noboundaries to Jewish culture. Itis just up to us to explore.

Finally, I call upon each of ourlong-time supporters to ensureYIVO’s future by making aplanned gift. This investmentnets the investor additional in-come while ensuring YIVO’sfuture. The funds help everyaspect of YIVO — archival pre-servation, program develop-ment and graduate studenttraining. Please, remember YIVO in your will and help uscontinue expanding, reachingfuture generations, and keepingour vibrant history and culturealive. Join us in celebratingJewish values and culture.

Ella Levine

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tDevelopment and External Affairs

Looking Ahead with Pride and Courageby Ella Levine, Director of Development and External Affairs

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011-6301

I want to help YIVO preserve our Jewish heritage.

$54 – Entitles you to YIVO’s newsletter, Yedies, in Yiddish and English.

$100 – Poster reproduction from YIVO’s collection.

$180 – A packet of YIVO postcards

$360 – A Yiddish recording

$500 – A book from YIVO

$1000 and more – All of the above and a listing in Yedies .

Other

Enclosed is my contribution of $ .Please charge my gift to:

VISA MasterCard

Card No. Exp. Date

Signature

Please make checks payable to YIVO Institute forJewish Research. Your gift is tax deductible.

Name

Address

City/State/Zip

Telephone (h) (w)

Fax e-mail

To learn more about YIVO’scharitable gift annuity program,please call Donna Lippman,YIVO’s Planned Giving Officer,at (917) 606-8293. She will behappy to discuss charitableannuities and other plannedgiving opportunities that canhelp you and YIVO.

*Rates are based on single life. Annuities fortwo lives also available. This information isnot intended as tax, legal or financial advice.Please seek the counsel of your advisors.

September 11th, 2001, and the long days that fol-lowed have taught us many things, key among

them the need to learn about and preserve our cul-tural heritage, civilization, education and identity.As Jews, we've seen all too often how fragile lifecan be.

It is vital that we document our contributions asa people while also countering the smears and liesthat have emerged from anti-Semitic parts of theworld where we thought we'd never see anotherswastika or anti-Israel slur. Among the world’smany Jewish organizations, only YIVO preserves,documents and celebrates Eastern Europeanculture and the Yiddish language; it is a Library ofCongress of our history and heritage.

The universality of Eastern European cultureand connection was brought home to me thisPeysekh, which I celebrated with cousins in Israel.Their mishpokhe (those who survived the war)emigrated from Kovno, Lithuania, as did mine.Though raised in different hemispheres, the sederplates and dinner were instantly recognizable —chicken soup and kneydlekh (with gribenes), gefiltefish, chopped liver, the most powerful khreyn,flanken and kompot. Since I speak no Hebrew, ourcommon tongue was Yiddish. It was also the lan-guage of the lullabies they sang to their children,

hushing and comforting them after we learned of the bombingin Netanya. In that bombing, amore distant cousin — older and originally from EasternEurope — and his wife werekilled. That's how I learned that our funeralcustoms are similarly familiar.

This experience reinforced my view that theheritage YIVO preserves is not archaic; rather it is a common bond that embraces so manycommunities worldwide. With your support and hard work, we will enjoy some nakhes by re-opening YIVO affiliates in Israel, Mexico, South America and wherever else our remnantshave taken root.

But documenting our Eastern European heritageis an expensive proposition, made possible onlythrough generous contributions from YIVO'sfriends and benefactors.

Please support YIVO — its library, archives,public programs, EPYC Program, The YIVOEncyclopedia, research projects, language in-struction and all the many other activities weconduct. Also, please consider making a PlannedGift to help ensure YIVO's long-term future.

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Rosina K.Abramson

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Planned Giving: New Opportunities Opening

A Building Block of YIVO’s Futureby Rosina K. Abramson, Planned Giving Committee, YIVO National Board of Directors

Nathan Goldstein

“YIVO Enriches My Soul”Nathan Goldstein’s Planned GiftYields Fixed Income for Life

Nathan Goldstein of Skokie,Illinois, has become the

newest participant in YIVO’sCharitable Gift Annuity Pro-gram. Goldstein’s donation will provide him with a fixedpayment for his lifetime while helping to support YIVO’s mis-sion of preserving yidishkaytfor future generations. A portionof the income is also tax-free.

Born in 1924, Goldstein sayshe was raised with “Yiddish in my life.” Yiddish was thespoken language of his parentsand in his home. Following inthe footsteps of his father,Isidore (Itzhak Leyb), who formore than 30 years was an

active member of the Chicagochapter of YIVO, Goldsteincelebrates the spirit and tra-ditions of his parents whohailed from Sakai, Lithuania,and Mozyr, Belorussia.

“YIVO enriches my soul,” he explained, “and that is themost important reason for mydonating this money. In addi-tion, my retirement will besecured, as I will receive fixedpayments, at an attractive rate,for my lifetime. By establishinga charitable gift annuity, I amhelping myself while helpingYIVO. I hope others will join me in supporting this wonderfulorganization.”

YIVO annuity schedule:If you are

657075808590

You canreceive:*

6.7%7.2%7.9%8.9%10.4%12.0%


YIVO’s Leadership Forumheld its First Annual Food As

Roots Series with more than 75attendees at two special culinaryexperiences. Katja Goldman de-monstrated traditional EasternEuropean cooking at her home,and Sima Ghadamian preparedtraditional Persian cuisine athers. Renowned food critic andauthor Mimi Sheraton attendedKatja’s class.

Leadership Forum Chair CathyW. Zises said, “It was great toshare the memories of our mo-thers and grandmothers andrenew our commitment to theJewish community. By talkingand sharing these poignant mem-ories, we honor and celebrateour roots and heritage — what ispast, what is current, and whatis our future. Through a newCulinary Committee created bythe Leadership Forum, we willshare our common interest in

culture through food and theJewish home. This will be apowerful link in the chain ofcontinuity. Preserving our peo-ple’s history and its past will beour gift to the future.”

The First Annual Food As Roots Series helped raise moneyfor the Educational Program on Yiddish Culture (see EPYC,page 11), a comprehensive highschool level curriculum cur-rently being developed for a

variety of different academicsettings to familiarize studentswith the rich and dynamicculture and history of EastEuropean Jewry.

Mimi Sheraton has agreed tochair the Foods As Roots series,which will now become an an-nual event. Helen Nash, long-time YIVO friend and supporter,gourmet kosher chef and notedphilanthropist, has agreed tohost a future class.

Please log onto our website atwww.yivoinstitute.org for copiesof the menus from both sessionsof the Food As Roots series.

Leadership Forum Holds First AnnualFood As Roots Series

Cook and hostess Sima Ghadamian (L)and Leadership Forum Chair Cathy Zises.

Food As Roots Chair Mimi Sheraton withKatja Goldman, hostess and Chef.D

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In Honor, In MemoryDear Friends:

Think about honoring thememory of a loved one, orpaying tribute to a familymember, relative or friend, by erecting a memorial plaquein the Kovno, Shavl, Bialystokor Vilna rooms. Your supportwill help carry on YIVO’smission and ensure that theculture and life of Jews in EastEurope will live forever. Yourplaque will help sustain theimportant work that beganover 75 years ago in Vilna forgenerations to come.

For more information, callElla Levine at: (212) 294-6128.

YIVO and Penn [continued from page 1]

“Fellows at the Center for Juda-ic Studies will receive special ac-cess to YIVO’s collections andthe privilege of visiting-scholarstatus at our library and ar-chives,” Rheins noted. “YIVO’sacademic staff members have, inturn, been invited to participatefully in the Center’s weeklyseminars, in which the fellowsshare and discuss their latest re-search. This fine and timely planwill benefit us all.”

Additionally, YIVO and theCenter for Advanced JudaicStudies will cosponsor a year-long lecture series featuringsome of the most distinguishedinternational scholars in the fieldof East European Jewish Studies.A spring conference at YIVO willshowcase the program’s work.

Among the questions the se-minar will consider are: Whathistorical factors made the rise ofmodernism possible among East

European Jews? What were thelines of influence between Jewsand their mostly Slavic neigh-bors? How have the pioneeringfigures of Jewish scholarship inEastern Europe, including thefounders of YIVO, shaped thefield’s intellectual lineage? Inwhat ways did East EuropeanJewry remain a coherent entityacross the periodic re-castings of political boundaries in theregion? To what degree does the phenomenon of “crisis”adequately define the roots ofthe radical changes that charac-terize the modern period of EastEuropean Jewish history?

The collaborative effort will be jointly supervised by Prof.Benjamin Nathans of the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, this year’sFellowship Program Coordinator,and Prof. Allan Nadler of DrewUniversity, YIVO’s Coordinatorof Academic Affairs.

Eta Wrobel, Rosina K. Abram-son and Mira Jedwabnik Van

Doren were the guests of honorat YIVO’s Second Annual Inter-national Women’s Division Lun-cheon. Held at the Center forJewish History and entitled “AHeritage Journey — Me’dorLe’dor,” the April 14th event was chaired by Fanya GottesfeldHeller and co-chaired by CindyK. Stone and Jonathan I. Mishkin.

Wrobel, founder of YIVO’s In-ternational Women’s Divisionand an activist for yidishkayt andthe Jewish people worldwide,received the Lifetime Achieve-ment Award. She is NationalVice President of AKIM, founderof the Survivors’ Chapter of

Hadassah in Queens and a sup-porter of Israel Bonds.

Born in Lukow, Poland, Wro-bel escaped to the woods withher father as the ghetto wasburnt to the ground, and by theage of 21, she joined a partisangroup, serving as both a rescuerand a fighter. (See article onPartisans, page 12)

Abramson, a dedicated YIVOBoard Member who serves onthe Governance and PlannedGiving Committees as well asthe ad hoc Strategic PlanningCommittee, received the firstMe’dor Le’dor Award. Abramsonand her family helped createYIVO’s Kovno Memorial Room.A lawyer andmediator committedto public service,justice, equity and“making a differ-ence,” Rosina also isDirector of the CivilRights Division ofthe Anti-DefamationLeague.

Mira JedwabnikVan Doren, an art-ist and filmmakerwhose work hasbeen widely exhib-ited, is working onthe documentaryentitled “Vilna: The Vanished City,”which tells the story of the Jewish

community that existed betweenthe two world wars. JedwabnikVan Doren received the first Vil-na Award. A native of Vilna, sheleft with her parents in 1939 onthe Stefan Batory, the last shipout before the Second WorldWar. Mira heads The Vilna Pro-ject, Inc., and is dedicated topreserving and documenting therichness and diversity of JewishVilna and to disseminating itscultural legacy.

Guest Speaker Naomi Levine,Special Assistant to the Presi-dent of New York University,discussed the importance of ed-ucating our youth in the fun-damentals of Jewish history to help protect our culture. “It is a responsibility we all share,” Levine said,“and YIVO is a power-ful force in moving usforward.”

YIVO’s Second AnnualInternational Women’sDivision Luncheon helpedraise money for the Edu-cational Program on Yid-dish Culture. (See relatedarticle on EPYC, page 11.)

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Wrobel, Abramson and Van DorenHonored by International Women’s Division

Honorees Eta Wrobel, Rosina K. Abramson and Mira Jedwabnik Van Doren.

Guest speakerNaomi Levine

Fanya Gottesfeld Heller, chair of theSecond Annual Women's Division Luncheon and a longtime member of the YIVO Board of Directors. Event co-chairs Cindy K. Stone and Jonathan I. Mishkin.


Statement from YIVO’s Trustees

Rising Anti-Semitism: A Threat to Us AllThe trustees of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research view the recent worldwide emergence of virulent

anti-Semitism with genuine alarm. YIVO is dedicated to studying and preserving the history, memory andculture of the vanished communities of East European Jewry. That the very dark forces responsible for thebrutal eradication of European Jewish civilization have once again raised their ugly heads is a matter of thegravest concern to us all.

As representatives of a Jewish academic institution of European origin — founded in 1925 in Vilna,Poland — that was destroyed by the Nazis in 1941, we at YIVO are appalled by the recent outbursts ofanti-Jewish expression and violent anti-Semitic incidents across Europe. Synagogues in France and Belgiumfire-bombed and burned; Jewish youth in Paris attacked during soccer practice; Jewish school buses stoned;Jewish schools and cemeteries defaced; yeshivas and kosher butcher shops fired at; and Jews beaten on thestreets of Berlin, Paris and Kiev. Moreover, demonstrators all across Europe parade with banners equatingthe Star of David with the swastika. In times such as these, we dare not be silent! Nor can we accept thesimplistic excuse that these and countless more assaults on Jews and Judaism are a response by the Arabcitizens of European lands to the current tragic situation in the Middle East. In fact, some of the worstexpressions of anti-Semitism have emerged from the highest political, intellectual and social quarters in Europe.

Members of European governments, the press and leading academic institutions, who must know better, have contributed in an unconscionable way to these dangerous trends. The examples are as wide-spread as they are disturbing. The French government’s envoy to London recently referred to the State of Israel in the most disparagingly vulgar terms, implying that it was threatening a third world war. Morethan 120 European academics signed a full-page ad in the British daily, The Guardian, calling for a boycott of all scholarly exchanges with Israeli academic institutions. The Danish Skilled Workers’ Union enacted a boycott of all Israeli businesses. A senior Berlin police spokesman recommended that Jews in Germany not appear publicly in distinctive Jewish attire, such as yarmulkes or stars of David. The liberal Italiannewspaper, La Stampa, ran a cartoon of the baby Jesus, encircled by Israeli tanks, praying, “Don’t tell methey’ve come to kill me again."

We are deeply saddened by the saturation of many parts of the Islamic world with classical Jew-hatred,including the wide dissemination of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Arabic translation. The leading Saudinewspaper has revived the medieval blood-libel by accusing Jews of using the blood of Muslim children tobake homentashn. The Arab media regularly depict Jews as demonic figures and Islamic religious preachersregularly refer to Jews as subhumans. The rhetoric of Jew-hatred — that the Jewish State has brought"shame and humiliation" upon Islam — has sadly become common throughout the Muslim world today. It is eerily reminiscent of the classical tracts of European anti-Semitism and reads like a page lifted fromMein Kampf.

A mere half-century since the Holocaust, it seems not only that Europe has forgotten its collective guiltin history’s greatest atrocity; it has also apparently lost all sense of shame for its centuries-long oppression of the Jewish people. There is a bitter irony in that Israel’s determination to protect the lives of its citizens is the ostensible excuse for this inexcusable hatred. There is nothing in the current political struggles in theMiddle East that justifies such medieval hatred directed at the Jewish people and the Zionist movement. Wecall upon all decent people to join in the struggle against anti-Semitism and terrorism in all forms. Join withYIVO as we work together to celebrate Jewish values, culture and accomplishments — and our bonds withour brothers and sisters in Israel — as we fight hatred and bigotry worldwide. Am Yisroel khay!

May 2, 2002


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Frank Gehry as “the only Jewish architect of ourtime who has been regarded as an architecturalgenius and as a man who has never forgotten hisJewish roots.”

Gehry, whose many distinguished buildingsaround the world include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, accepted his Life-time Achievement Award, praising YIVO for“protecting the language of my parents andgrandparents and for safeguarding their past.”

Introducing Congresswoman Lowey was Dr.Martin Peretz, long-time friend and NationalYIVO Board member, who reflected on recentevents that affect world Jewry.

Lowey, elected to the United States House ofRepresentatives in 1988, is now in her seventhterm and sits on the powerful House Appropria-tions Committee. She spoke of her work on behalfof Israel and recognized the exemplary history ofYIVO and its work in meeting the “need to pre-serve Yiddish culture and language.”

Along with their awards, the two honoreesreceived unique gifts from YIVO. Gehry was given a photograph by Roman Vishniac entitled“A street in the Jewish Quarter of Bratislava,Czechoslovakia, in the 1930s.” Lowey received aposter from Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia,showing a woman holding harvested wheat. TheYiddish text reads, “All who believe in the revivalof our land through Jewish work, vote for theZionist Slate Number 6 in the Russian JewishCongress election.”

The evening closed with comments from Na-tional YIVO Board member and philanthropistMotl Zelmanowicz, who spoke in Yiddish.Echoing the challenge of Beynish Michalewicz (a leading light of the Bund almost from itsfounding), he declared, “We must direct our eyesto the young.” Zelmanowicz urged the guests todefend Jewish life in the United States and abroadand challenged them to “take the torch we carryand light the path of a better tomorrow.”

Dinner [continued from page 1]

Honoree Nita Lowey (L) conversing with YIVO BoardChairman Bruce Slovin.

Cindy Stone (L) and Cathy Zises, Co-Chairs of YIVO’sLeadership Forum, delivering their greetings in Yiddish and English.

Dr. Leon Botstein, Benefit guest speaker, and National YIVOboard member Dr. Martin Peretz, who introduced Congress-woman Nita Lowey.

National YIVO Board member and philanthropist MoltZelmanowicz, speaking in Yiddish, urges the guests to defend Jewish life in the United States and abroad.

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YIVO has launched what is to become the de-finitive reference work on the history and

culture of Jews in Eastern Europe. Jews in EasternEurope: The YIVO Encyclopedia, a multivolume,1.5-million-word project, will cover the begin-nings of Jewish settlement through the present.

The copiously illustrated encyclopedia is slatedto be published in English by YIVO and IndianaUniversity Press in 2006. The work will also beissued as a multimedia project for the nextgeneration of the Internet. An audiovisual CD orDVD companion to the print volumes is alsounder consideration.

“Most Jews — including the vast majority ofJews in the United States and the former SovietUnion and about half the Jewish population ofthe State of Israel — trace their ancestry to East-ern Europe,” said Editor-in-Chief Dr. GershonHundert. “Many seek information on their ori-gins and the lives of their ancestors, but a com-prehensive, reliable resource serving as a port ofentry to the history and culture of East EuropeanJewry does not exist. The YIVO Encyclopedia willmake it possible for these Jews to find themselvesand their heritage reflected in a major scholarlyreference work for the first time.”

Professor Hundert chairs the Department ofJewish Studies at McGill University, where heholds the Leanor Segal Chair in Jewish Studiesand is Professor of History. He is also the authorand editor of several important publications onEast European Jewish history, including two vol-umes of the journal Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry.

In December 2001, Hundert convened the first meeting of the project’s Senior WorkingGroup in New York City. Several leading scho-lars with experience in encyclopedia projectsattended, including Abraham Ascher (CUNY),Elisheva Carlebach (CUNY), Deborah DashMoore (Vassar), Paula Hyman (Yale), TheodoreRabb (Princeton) and Robert M. Seltzer (CUNY).Professors Gershon Bacon (Bar-Ilan University),Jacob Goldberg (Hebrew University), Jay Harris(Harvard), and Jerzy Tomaszewski (WarsawUniversity) are also working on the project.

Professor Bacon observed, “This is the uniquecontribution that The YIVO Encyclopedia canmake to the Jewish bookshelf: a definitive sum-mary and guide to the history and culture of EastEuropean Jewry based on the best and most up-to-date information and historiographical ap-proaches, written with an eye toward openingfurther discussion and debate over new direc-tions for research and interpretation.”

A preliminary entry list has been compiled and over 25 leading scholars from North Ameri-ca, Israel and Europe have agreed to serve as sen-ior editors. A managing editor, Peggy Hermann,began work on the project in April 2002.

The work is being funded in part by a $250,000grant from the Conference on Jewish MaterialClaims Against Germany. The YIVO Encyclopediahas also received pledges of generous supportfrom private donors and is in the final round ofcompetition for other major foundation grants.

Comprehensive Reference on Jews of Eastern Europe

YIVO Encyclopedia Project Launched

YIVO EncyclopediaEditor-in-Chief Dr.Gershon Hundert

More than 60 years afterwriting their autobiogra-

phies for YIVO contests, 15young Polish Jews of the 1930sare being published. AwakeningLives: Autobiographies of JewishYouth in Poland Before the Holo-caust, edited by Jeffrey Shandler,is being issued by Yale Univer-sity Press in September. Theseautobiographies — candid andintensely personal — not onlyreveal the struggles, ambitions,and dreams of their youngwriters, but also open a windowinto ordinary Jewish life in inter-war Poland.

The autobiographies in Awak-ening Lives were selected fromhundreds written for YIVO con-tests from 1932 through 1938. TheYIVO researchers had invitedJews ages 16-22 to write their lifehistories to help them “becomefully aware of the life of Jewishyouth.” Prizes were awarded forthe best efforts.

The nine male and six femaleauthors wrote from diversebackgrounds. Some authorswere ardently secular, otherswere devoutly religious; somewere middle or working class,others were impoverished; some

were self-taught, while otherswere highly educated. Somewere Zionists, Bundists, commu-nists; others eschewed politicalaffiliations. In their variety andrichness, their words speakacross the chasm of history,providing unique testimony on Jewish life in the final yearsbefore the Holocaust.

Awakening Lives includes achronology, a map of interwarPoland, a glossary, and an intro-duction that describes theintellectual background andliterary context of the works.

Awakening Lives, Autobiographies of Young Interwar Polish Jews, to Be Published

Save the DateA book partyfor AwakeningLives will beheld at YIVOon October 15, 2002.


EP

YCIn the shadow of Lublin’s 14th-century neo-

Gothic castle — now a museum — and less than15 minutes from the former Majdanek concentra-tion camp, YIVO scholars have gathered puzzlepieces to help them assemble a portrait of Jewishlife in this once-thriving center of Talmudicscholarship. Led by Dr. Adina Cimet, director ofYIVO’s Education Program on Yiddish Culture(EPYC), the delegation walked the streets ofPodzamcze, a district that was established for Jews who at diffferent times were alternatelybarred from and allowed to live in Lublin proper.

“Little remains of the once-crowded Jewish bor-ough of Podzamcze because most houses weremade of perishable materials like wood, and manyof the stronger buildings and community recordswere destroyed by the Nazis,” said Cimet beforeleaving on her trip. “But we are collecting pho-tographs, films, art and primary documents toenhance our picture of the richness of Jewish lifein Eastern Europe.”

Those materials will be incorporated into EPYC’scurriculum on Lublin, which is being designed forhigh school teachers, along with a web site andCD-ROM.

Among the topics in the curriculum are:

• The Jews of Podzamcze, with special emphasison the role of women

• City history and layout

• Economic, political and labor relationshipsbetween Jews and non-Jews

• Jewish autonomy and governance

• Printing houses and their output

• Religious life, including the Yeshiva and thepersonalities who made Lublin a center ofJewish scholarship from the 14th century untilthe Nazis destroyed the community

• Life along Lubartowska Street, a broad avenuewhere the six-story Yeshivat Hachmei Lublinbuilding now serves as a medical college

According to Cimet, few Jews if any remain inthe city that was home to 40,000 Jews in 1939.However, an organization called the Grodzka GateCultural Center in Lublin is developing a programto educate local students in the rich history of Jewsand other minorities in their region. Called For-gotten Past–Multicultural Traditions of the LublinRegion, it tries to break down stereotypes andfoster dialogue on issues arising from interactionsbetween minority and majority cultures.

The EPYC staff met with Dr. Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska, Professor of Jewish Studies at theMaria Curie-Sklodowska University of Lublin,and co-editor of Contemporary Jewish Writing inPoland: An Anthology. Various members of theGrodzka Center are collaborating directly with the EPYC project. In addition, Cimet delivered two lectures at the university and at the Center.

An EPYC Jewish Story

Early Lublin: Cradle of a Culture

Dr. Adina Cimet (R)discussing theEPYC programwith Grodzka Gate Cultural Center direc-tor TomaszPietrasiewicz and MonikaGarbowska of the Maria Curie-SklodowskaUniversity.

A postcard from the 1920s shows the Castle of Lublin.

Images from Today’s Lublin

This stone is froma Lublin Jewishcemetery, one ofthe oldest Jewishburial grounds inPoland. The old-est preservedtombstone in thecemetery dates to1541. Many distin-guished scholarswere buried here.

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YIVO held a special stage readingof Ghetto Cabaret, a poignant

Yiddish musical drama based ondocuments, diaries and chroniclesof the Vilna Ghetto. The April 25thworld premiere was translatedsimultaneously into English, whichwas read by Michael Fox and trans-mitted to the audience via wirelessinfrared earphones.

Written by Miriam Hoffman and Rena Berkowicz-Borow usingsource material from the YIVOArchives and Library, the show caused theaudience to laugh through tears. It featured skitsand songs that had been performed in the Ghetto,interspersed with passages from the Diaries of

Herman Kruk (to bepublished in Englishby Yale UniversityPress in collaborationwith YIVO inSeptember 2002).

Ghetto Cabaret wasdirected by SuzanneToren and performedin Yiddish by agroup of talentedactors including JakeEhrenreich, Allen

Lewis Rickman, Yelena Shmulenson-Rickman,Steve Sterner, Suzanne Toren and Hy Wolfe. JoyceRosenzweig was the musical director who accom-panied the eleven Ghetto songs that were sungthroughout this unforgettable evening.

The presentation was made possible by a grantin memory of Esther and Chaim Diamond, theSonia Staff Foundation and YIVO’s MendlHoffman Yiddish Theater Fund.

The Germans occupied Vilna in June 1941 and,with the help of the Lithuanians, murdered 35,000Jews in Ponar, a forest near Vilna. The remainingJews were herded into two crowded ghettos. Tohead the Jewish police (Judenrat), the Germans ap-pointed Jacob Gens, who thought that if the Jewsremained productive in the Ghetto, they would beallowed to live. Gens encouraged Ghetto inmatesto establish schools, libraries, a museum, a theaterand an orchestra. (The late YIVO librarian DinaAbramowicz was the Ghetto children’s librarian,working under Herman Kruk.) A wall bulletin,Geto-yedies, publicized cultural activities alongwith German-imposed rules and regulations.Remnants of the bulletins exist in the collection of the Vilna Gaon Jewish Museum in Vilnius.

Ghetto Cabaret Staged by YIVOIncludes Skits, Songs from Vilna Ghetto

The cast of Ghetto Cabaret.

Audience enjoyssimultaneoustranslation overwireless infraredheadphones.

By Esther Mishkin

While watching the new PBS documentary on theJewish partisans in the forests of Poland and White

Russia during the Shoah, I admired anew the strength andcourage they manifested: they did not flee from danger.

The people interviewed in Resistance: Untold Stories ofJewish Partisans — Eta Wrobel and the late YIVO librarianDina Abramowicz among them — tried to avenge atro-cities against the Jewish people and to defeat the enemy.

The film reminded me of a night in the Kovno Ghetto,where I was for over three years. It was after curfew on a cold and rainy night. My family was trying to go to sleep when there was a knock on the door. I wasexpecting Germans, but when I opened the door, a friend from the underground was there, drenched andtrembling.

A group of friends planning to join the partisans wantedme to accompany them, and a guide had been sent toshow us the way. I hesitated and decided to remain in theGhetto. I could not leave my parents and my youngerbrother without my protection. I also feared leavingfamiliar things to face unknown danger. I stayed in theGhetto for more than a year during the “actions” as thedeportations went on around me.

These heroic partisans experienced hate and fear evenwhile out in the forests. Still these young people (and old)were not deterred from attacking the Germans with any-thing they had on hand. They were so brave and resourceful!

Their tools were primitive compared to the might of theGermans. Yet they achieved much and inspire us all withpride. We survivors, and our offspring, will rememberand salute them for as long as we live.

On Watching Resistance, a Documentary Featuring YIVO’s Wrobel and Abramowicz

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The Israeli author and trans-lator Hillel Halkin spent a

week at YIVO as a visitingscholar. In the DistinguishedLecture series, he spoke about“The Relationship betweenModern Yiddish and HebrewLiterature.” His April 9 lectureat the Center for JewishHistory was wide-ranging. Itcovered the history of modern

Jewish literature in Eastern Europe and Israel, theidentities of the writers and political movementsbehind this literature. Halkin also discussed thegrowth of modern literature in both languages,which he believed was actually one literature, and mentioned many authors who wrote in bothlanguages. He claimed there was no basis forchoosing one language over the other and saidthat some writers preferred each language atdifferent points in their careers (in general, writinginitially in Hebrew and then shifting to Yiddish).Others wrote and often published the same worksin both languages in an effort to appeal to differentaudiences within the Jewish population.

Although Halkin believes that the “languagewar” between Hebrew and Yiddish was inevita-ble, he blamed the politicians, not the writers, inboth the Yiddishist and Hebraist camps for exa-cerbating the conflict. He also stated that from an ideological point of view, the whole idea of“Yiddishism” was a “catastrophic mistake” andthat only “Hebraism” could possibly have suc-ceeded; likewise diaspora nationalism vis-à-visZionism. In New York City, this statement wasbound to provoke a lively discussion, and whenthe question-and-answer period came, it did. Onespeaker, in particular, wondered how Halkincould separate Yiddish literature, which he enjoysand admires, from the movement that spawned it.

Nevertheless, in spite of the sharp disagreement,the audience appreciated Halkin’s erudition, loveof his subject matter and skilled presentation. Staffmembers that have had an opportunity to discussliterature and Middle East politics, another one ofhis specialties, with him, have greatly appreciatedthat as well.

Halkin, author of Letters to An American JewishFriend (1976), is revising his lecture for a forth-coming article in Commentary magazine.

Hillel Halkin, Distinguished Lecturer at YIVO

Hillel Halkin

Sh. Ansky’s The Dybbuk, perhaps the mostfamous Jewish play ever written, was actually

penned in Russian for a Russian audience. That isthe conclusion of Seth Wolitz, Gale Professor ofJewish Studies and Professor of French and SlavicLanguages at the University of Texas at Austin. As part of YIVO’s Distinguished Lecture series,Wolitz delivered the lecture “Ansky’s RussianDybbuk,” exploring the history of famous play.

“It was only after the play was canceled in theRussian theater that it debuted in Yiddish,” hesaid, noting that the Yiddish premiere was stagedby the Vilna Troupe in 1920.

Focusing on the recent discovery of manuscriptsproving that Ansky’s first draft of the play was inRussian, Wolitz said the play was written to dem-onstrate that Jews deserved a legitimate place inRussian national life. He described the playwright’sworld as “Russian in language yet Jewish in heart,”and The Dybbuk as a microcosm of the multicul-tural world in which Ansky functioned. “The playfused Jewish mystical matter and neoromanticform. Its target audience was Russian Russians,and Russian Jews who spoke Russian,” he said.

Wolitz is editor of The Hidden Isaac BashevisSinger and author of numerous articles and re-

views. He is President of the Modern LanguageAssociation’s Yiddish Section and was elected tothe Governing Board of the Western Association of the American Association for Jewish Studies in1995.

Ansky’s Dybbuk Written for Russians,Claims Professor Seth Wolitz

Professor SethWolitz lecturing at YIVO.

YIVO’s 35th Annual UrielWeinreich Program in

Yiddish Language, Litera-ture and Culture is nowunder way. The 64 studentshail from the United States,Canada, England, Israel,Germany, Malaysia, theNetherlands, Poland, Rus-sia, Sudan and Ukraine.Taking place from June 24through August 2, 2002 atColumbia University, thesummer program offers fourlevels of instruction, fromelementary to advanced.

Before starting the pro-gram, beginners wereoffered a one-day workshopon the Yiddish alphabet. Atwo-week refresher coursehelped more advanced studentsreview Yiddish studied yearsearlier, allowing them to enterintermediate or advancedclasses.

A welcoming reception for thestudents of the Zumer-program2002 was held on Friday, June28, 2002 at the Center for JewishHistory. Members of the YIVOstaff and faculty greeted themand discussed the resources inthe YIVO collections.

Uriel Weinreich faculty mem-bers include Alan Astro, AlisaBraun, Brukhe Caplan, KhaneGonshor, Eugene Orenstein,Mordkhe Schaechter and ShevaZucker.

For more information, visitwww.yivoinstitute.org and click“Courses,” or contact Yankl

Salant, Director of Yiddish Lan-guage Programs, (212) 294-6138or [email protected].

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CALLING ALL ZUMER-PROGRAM ALUMNI!If you have not received the first issue of our alumni newsletter, Zumer in nyu-york/Yiddish Summer Times, contact Yankl Salant at (212) 294-6138, fax: (212) 292-1892, e-mail: [email protected].

Students from Many Countries Flock to Weinreich Summer Program

Last year’s Uriel Weinreich participants put on a play at the siyem (graduation).

Fall 2002 semester begins in late September.

Call YIVO at (212) 246-6080 for a flier and application.


YIVO’s spring 2002 continu-ing education students

enjoyed a new class, taught byNew York University doctoralstudent Marc Caplan. JewishLiterature in Three Languagesfeatured three works originallywritten in Yiddish, Hebrew andEnglish. Also offered were thepopular Yiddish languageclasses: Intermediate Yiddish II,

taught by Sholem Berger of NewYork University School of Med-icine — new to our program —and Advanced Yiddish II, taughtagain by Dr. Paul (Hershl)Glasser, Associate Dean of YIVO.

Come and study Yiddish atYIVO. For more information,visit www.yivoinstitute.org andclick on “Courses.” Or contactYIVO at (212) 246-6080.

Jewish Literature, Yiddish LanguageTaught in Continuing Education Classes

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RECIPIENTS OF YIVO FACULTY AND GRADUATE STUDENT FELLOWSHIPS, 2002AWARD NAME AMOUNT RECIPIENT AFFILIATION TOPIC

Dina Abramowicz $5,000 Dr. Marcos Silber Tel Aviv University Efforts to Achieve Autonomy for the Jews ofLithuania and Belorussia during World War I

Prof. Bernard $5,000 Tamar Kaplan University of Pennsylvania Rabbinic Authority in the Russian EmpireChoseed Memorial

Rose and Isidore $2,500 Alisa Braun University of Michigan Becoming Authorities: Jews, Writing, andDrench Memorial the Dynamics of Literary Affirmation,

1890-1940

Vladimir and Pearl $1,500 James Loeffler Columbia University Society for Jewish Folk Music, 1881-1917Heifetz Memorial

Aleksander and $1,500 Dr. Natalia Aleksiun New York University Polish-Jewish Historians before the Alicja Hertz Holocaust: Constructing the History of Memorial Polish Jewry

Vivian Lefsky $1,500 Prof. Monika Center for Jewish Studies, The Shtetl of Kazimierz in Yiddish and Hort Memorial Adamczyk-Garbowska Maria Curie-Sklodowska Polish Literature

University (Lublin)

Abraham and Rachela $1500 Egle Bendikaite Vytautus Magnus University Thought and Policy of the Zionist Melezin (Kaunas) Movement in Lithuania

Natalie and Mendel $1,500 Dr. Edna Nahshon Jewish Theological Seminary Mock Trials and Jewish Public Discourse Racolin Memorial

Maria Salit-Gitelson $1,500 Dr. Dina Porat Tel Aviv University The Life and Times of Abba KovnerTell Memorial

Father Stanislaw Musial, aJesuit priest and essayist

from Cracow, Poland, has beenawarded the 2001 Jan Karski-Pola Nirenska Prize. Endowedby Professor Jan Karski at YIVOin 1992, the $5,000 prize goes toauthors of published worksdocumenting Polish-Jewishrelations and Jewish contribu-tions to Polish culture. The

ceremony is scheduled for June in Warsaw.Musial is a leading voice in the Polish-Jewish

dialogue of the last two decades. His writingsagainst anti-Semitism and xenophobia in Polishsociety in general, and the Catholic Church inparticular, have made him a central figure in theongoing — and deeply divisive — discourse aboutthe past and the present of Polish-Jewish relations.

He became involved in the Polish-Jewish dia-logue during the dispute over the Carmelite con-vent that was built in 1984 adjoining the site of theAuschwitz concentration camp. As Secretary ofthe Commission of the Polish Episcopate for

Dialogue with Judaism (Komisja Episkopatu Polskido Spraw Dialogu z Judaizmem) from 1986 until1995, Musial was instrumental in negotiating anagreement resulting in the convent’s relocation.

He also is known for raising difficult questionsabout the Church’s silence during the Holocaustand its lack of resolve to condemn present-dayanti-Jewish sentiments among its clergy.

“Despite everything that was done on our soil bythe Nazis,” Musial wrote, “there is still a lack ofthe common perception that anti-Semitism is in itsnature and in every form deadly.”

Born in 1938, he is best known to Polish readersthrough his frequent articles in the popular PolishCatholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny. His essayson Polish-Jewish history also have been publishedin other periodicals, including Midrash and Polin.

The late Professor Jan Karski, who establishedthe prize, was the envoy of the Polish government-in-exile during World War II who brought to theWest firsthand testimony about conditions in the Warsaw Ghetto and in German death camps.The prize is also named in memory of ProfessorKarski's late wife, choreographer Pola Nirenska.

Jesuit Priest Honored

Stanislaw Musial Awarded Karski-Nirenska Prize

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YIVO has taken the first major step towardmaking its archival and library resources

available on the Internet with the publication of an online catalog of the YIVO Library. It can befound on both the YIVO and the Center for Jewish History web sites or directly athttp://www.cjh.org/about/yivo_catalog.html.

The Library catalog includes approximately50,000 database records, mostly for publishedmaterials in (romanized) Yiddish and Hebrewtransliteration, and in other languages. While theonline catalog represents only a fraction of theLibrary’s extensive holdings, new records will beadded on a regular basis.

Ultimately, YIVO intends to make the entirecatalog of the Library, as well as extensive find-ing aids to its archival collections, available toresearchers over the Internet. To that end, theYIVO Institute is participating in a Center-wide,multi-year project to create an integrated data-base that will allow researchers to peruse thecollections of all the Center’s partners without the barriers presented by separate databases. This complex infrastructure is being prepared with the help of funding from the NationalHistoric Preservation and Records Commission. A sample of the YIVO finding aids being created by the project is available online athttp://www.cjh.org/academic/findingaids/yivo/.

In a separate initiative, the YIVO Photo Archivesis working on a new edition of People of a ThousandTowns, a videodisc of over 15,000 photographs ofJewish life in Eastern Europe, created with fundsfrom the Charles H. Revson Foundation between1981 and 1987. These photographs, now accessibleonly on a computer work station in the YIVOArchives, constitute a visual record of thousandsof pre-World War II Jewish communities inPoland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia,Estonia, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.They span the late 19th century to the early 1940sand document the lives of large Jewish centers aswell as many smaller towns and villages. In somecases, the pictures in the YIVO Archives are theonly known photographic traces of communitieswiped out by the Nazis.

The first phase of the 2002 edition, expected to becompleted this summer, will allow researchers toview People of a Thousand Towns at computerstations throughout the Center for Jewish History.Later in the year, a catalog and many of thepictures will also be available to off-siteresearchers over the Internet.

The People of a Thousand Towns Internet projecthas been made possible with funds from theConference of Jewish Material Claims AgainstGermany.

Library and Archives Finding Aids,Thousand Towns Photo Catalog Going Online


Today's medicine may be more technologicallyadvanced, but doctors, particularly oncolo-

gists, still recognize the importance of prayer inhealing. “A Jewish Doctor’s Prayer”, believed tohave been composed by Moses Maimonides, hasbeen recited by Jewish doctorsfor generations and is widelyavailable as a framed gift fornew physicians.

A less well-known prayerwas composed by the famous18th century German Jewishdoctor, Professor Marcus Herz(1747-1803), chief physician ofthe Jewish hospital in Berlin.

An oncologist at MemorialSloan Kettering Hospital who recently read about thisob scure prayer, asked hislibrarian to find the text. After

approaching several other libraries, she calledYIVO. Reference Librarian Yeshaya Metal locatedHerz’s “Prayer of a Doctor Before Visiting theSick,” in Ha-Measef (The Collector, 1790), the firstHebrew periodical, published by a group of Jew-

ish intellectuals headed byMoses Mendelssohn. Herzwas an important member of this group. Herz’s Jewish-Portuguese wife, Henriette de Lemos Herz, was a fa-mous beauty and an intel-lectual who conducted a sa-lon in her home.

Herz published severalessays on philosophy and the human soul, among thema pamphlet in which hecriticized the self-hatreddisplayed by some Jews.

YIVO Provides Little-Known Doctor’s PrayerTo High-Tech Medical Professionals

Excerpt from ”Prayer of a DoctorBefore Visiting the Sick”

“Please! O Lord that is good and does good!Maintain me with your right-hand of justiceand give me strength and deliverance in myskills.... in order to assist the crushed.... Refinemy heart to love the profession and the love of the creations of your hands. And removefrom me the lust for profit and the delusion of arrogance that pines away, only for yourName and Beauty.”

— Professor Marcus Herz’s prayer.

Ha-Measef (TheCollector, 1790),where the prayerwas published.

Brad Sabin Hill, an alumnusof YIVO’s Yiddish studies

program, has returned as Deanof the Library and Senior Re-search Librarian. Hill arrivedfrom Oxford University, wherehe was Librarian and Fellow inHebrew Bibliography at theOxford Centre for Hebrew andJewish Studies and a member ofthe Faculty of Oriental Studies.His work included planning andoverseeing the redevelopment ofthe Centre’s Hebraica researchlibrary and enhancement of itsbibliographic and referencecollections.

Earlier, Hill headed the He-brew Section of the OrientalCollections at The British Libra-ry in London and was Curatorof Hebrew in the Rare BooksDivision of the National Libraryof Canada in Ottawa.

Hill read Hebrew, Classics and Yiddish at universities in the United States (Yeshiva Uni-versity) and Canada (McGillUniversity). He is a magna cumlaude graduate in Classics fromBrown University.

“Having spent much of mycareer working with Hebraica, it is gratifying to devote my atten-tion now to Yiddish books,” Hill said. “Like many Hebrew

bibliographers, I have long main-tained a parallel interest in Yid-dish. I hope to contribute to thelong history of bibliographicwork begun by YIVO in Poland.”

“We are tre-mendouslyproud to haveBrad Sabin Hilljoin the YIVOstaff,” Dr. Carl J. Rheins, Executive Director,noted. “He previously did spe-cial studies in cataloging andbibliography through YIVO’sMax Weinreich Center. Hisknowledge, expertise andleadership skills will help keepthe YIVO Library a world-classinstitution.”

Author of a number of booksand articles on Hebrew biblio-graphy, Hill has curated ex-hibitions of rare Hebraica inOttawa, New York and London,and prepared the catalogsIncunabula, Hebraica & Judaica(1981) and Hebraica from theValmadonna Trust (1989). He alsoedited a volume of Hebrewbibliographical studies (1995)and wrote a study of Hebrewdeluxe printing on vellum(1996), both published by TheBritish Library. His articles

include studies on the history of Hebrew typography andHebrew libraries, as well as on Yiddish manuscripts andYiddish bibliography. He has

lectured widely on Hebrew and Yiddish booklore, dealingwith such subjects as Hebrewprinting in Poland and I. B.Singer’s ancestral library. Hill is a Fellow of the Royal AsiaticSociety in London, and remainsa Senior Associate of the OxfordCenter for Hebrew and JewishStudies.

Hill will help shape library ac-tivities, support research anddevelop long-range plans andprojects. He has proposed film-ing and digitizing importantYIVO Library collections; pub-lishing bibliographic works byscholars connected with YIVO inthe years before and after theWar; and producing facsimileeditions of unique or rare itemsheld by YIVO, including booksprinted in Eastern Europe on theeve of the Holocaust.


Oxford Scholar Brad Sabin Hill Returns to YIVO as Dean of the Library and Senior Research Librarian

Brad Sabin Hill

“I hope to be able to contribute tothe long history of bibliographicwork begun by YIVO in Poland...”

Lib

rary

The YIVO Library recentlyreceived a copy of Les

Maisons de Notre Enfance (TheHomes of our Childhood), abook compiled by Les Anciensdes Foyers de la CommissionCentrale de l’Enfance (The El-ders of the Homes of the CentralCommission for Children). It isan elegantly produced andextremely moving album ofphotographs of Jewish refugeechildren and youth living inhomes in France in the years

followingWorld WarII and con-tinuing, insome cases,through themiddle ofthe 1950’s.The photo-graphsdocument a wide range of activities,including study, sporting events,pageants, and play.

The Homes of our ChildhoodPhoto Album Now at YIVO

Sophie Schwarzaccompanies agroup of Jewishchildren leavingfor vacation.

YIVO continues to work with IDC Publishers,Holland, on significant microfilming projects.

A new collection, based on unique holdings in theYIVO Library, is now in preparation: the so-called“Nazi Propaganda Collection.” Received fromGermany by the YIVO Library shortly after WorldWar II, and including material transferred fromthe American Jewish Committee and the UnionCollege in Schenectady, New York, the collectioncontains approximately 5,000 volumes, including3,100 books and 266 periodical titles. The Germancollection, which was brought to the YIVO largelythrough the efforts of Z. Szajkowski, was cata-loged on cards during the 1950s by Dr. Ludwig

Blau, a refu-gee lawyer.Followingefforts byZachary Baker,former HeadLibrarian ofYIVO, thebooks in thiscollection werere-catalogedelectronicallyin the 1990s on the basis of modernLibrary ofCongressrules, withstandard sub-ject headings.

Many of thesecataloged books are unique. Scholars who haveexamined this collection, including the historianAlan Steinweis of the University of Nebraska,consider it to be one of the largest and most com-prehensive in North America of Nazi publicationsabout Jews, Judaism, and the so-called “Jewishquestion.” It contains materials of invaluable his-torical importance, especially for the study of Naziideology and its relationship to the Holocaust.

Among the works microfilmed are two editionsof Das Judentum – das wahre Gesicht der Sovjets byG. von Poehl and M. Agthe, published in Berlinduring the War. The work contains surveys ofJewish theater, music, film and scholarship, vari-ous bibliographical indices, and an essay on theJewish Autonomous Region of Birobidzhan. Thework is of interest, also, to scholars of YiddishStudies under the Third Reich. The second, ex-panded, edition includes a section on StalinistYiddish folksongs, with transliterated andannotated texts.

IDC Publishers is preparing for commercialdistribution nearly 200 reels of microfilm con-taining 1292 titles from the YIVO Library’s “NaziPropaganda Collection,” which encompassesmostly the monographs. The collection was used extensively by YIVO co-founder Dr. MaxWeinreich when he wrote his original and de-finitive study, Hitler’s Professors: The Part ofScholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the JewishPeople, published by YIVO in 1946 and recentlyrepublished by Yale University Press (1999) with a new introduction by Sir Martin Gilbert.


Extensive Birobidzhan Project Completed An extensive microfiche project entitled

“Birobidzhan: An Experiment to Create aSoviet Jewish Homeland” has been completed. Ajoint effort of YIVO and IDC Publishers, Holland,the project included 30 periodicals and 236 mono-graphs (books and pamphlets), many of which con-tain illustrations, charts and maps. Based on

YIVO holdings, the IDC collection is supple-mented by publicationsfrom Russia’s NationalLibrary in St. Petersburg.Among them is the run of the BirobidzhanskaiaZvezda (Birobidzhan Star)newspaper from the years1930 and 1932 to 1950.The paper provides achronological insider’sview of the developmentand later dismantling ofSoviet Yiddish culture.

The IDC collection doc-uments the Birobidzhanproject, the reaction ofworld Jewry and itsintegration into Kremlinpolicy. It chronicles left-wing support for theproject in the West, espe-cially the United States.

The collection includes a printed short-title cata-log, with an introduction by the YIVO Bibliogra-phic Specialist, Nikolai Borodulin, a native ofBirobidzhan.

YIVO’s Nazi Propaganda Collectionto be Issued on Microfilm

Illustration fromIkor, published in Birobidzhan,December 1932.

Lib

rary

Heinrich Hoffman. Hitler erobert dasdeutsche Herz (Berlin, c. 1938).

Lib

raryApril 16th, 2002, marked the 100th

anniversary of the dedication of thefamed Strashun Library in Vilna.At a commemoration, Brad SabinHill, dean of the YIVO Library,which houses the Strashun Collec-tion, spoke about its history andsignificance. Here are excerpts fromHill’s remarks.

The Strashun Collection is one of a handful of great

Hebrew collections built inEastern Europe, and the onlyone now held — after the vicis-situdes of the 20th century — inNorth America, and in a Jewishinstitution.

R. Matisyohu (Matthias)Strashun was an enlightenedTalmudic scholar and philan-

thropist born in Vilna andconnected by marriage with theHarkavy and Romm families(the Harkavys produced distin-guished Hebrew and Yiddishscholars, and the Romms werethe proprietors of the most im-portant Hebrew press in EasternEurope). By virtue of familywealth, Matisyohu Strashun —

who was interested in both rab-binic and secular texts, and byinclination a bibliophile — as-sembled a private library ofsome 6,000 volumes, which heleft upon his death in 1885 to theJewish community of Vilna. Healso endowed a post of librarian,and his library became one ofthe first Jewish public librariesin Eastern Europe, properlymanaged and developed overthe course of more than 50 yearsin its native Vilna. In 1901, a newbuilding was erected in thesynagogue courtyard to housethe library. The rare books werekept in a separate room, and thegeneral public was served in themain reading room, which wasused by hundreds of readers

daily. From 1928, the libraryacquired on deposit allHebrew books published inPoland. By the mid-1930sthe Strashun Library heldsome 35,000 books.

Upon the Soviet occupa-tion of Vilna in 1940, theStrashun Library wasmerged with the library of the YIVO Institute, withwhich it had close adminis-trative links. In 1941, soonafter Vilna was taken by theGermans, the YIVO Librarywas dismantled by theNazis, and the StrashunCollection was in large partshipped to Frankfurt for theintended central repositoryof the books of the extinctJewish people. Followingthe war, in 1945, 25,000 vol-

umes from the Strashun Collec-tion, together with 15,000volumes from YIVO’s pre-warlibrary, were found in a ware-house at Offenbach, nearFrankfurt, and this surviving col-lection was shipped to the YIVOInstitute in New York in 1947.The Strashun Library has sincebeen preserved at YIVO as a

special collection and forms thecore of YIVO’s collection of rareHebrew and Yiddish books andthe major part of YIVO’s pre-warcollection.

The Strashun Library has bene-fited from expert bibliographictreatment in both Europe andAmerica. The first catalog of the collection was published inBerlin in 1889. In the 1970s, oneof the outstanding Hebrew bib-liographers of the 20th century,R. Hayim Liberman, who waslibrarian of the Lubavitch libraryin Brooklyn, sorted the StrashunCollection and cataloged itsrabbinic books. In 1999, thanksto funding from Strashun’s des-cendants, namely the Corbinand Jacobs families, the cardsprepared byLiberman werecomputerized,and the work ofcataloguing thesecular portion ofthe collection thatLiberman sortedout is now beingcompleted byYIVO Librarystaff. The currentYIVO exhibit andthe exhibitioncatalog, preparedby the Head ofthe YIVO Library,Aviva Astrinsky,form a fittingmonument to thisprewar EastEuropean collection of rareHebraica, which is uniqueamong North American Hebrewcollections as a survivingremnant, “a brand plucked fromthe fire.” Through the award-winning YIVO Web site wherethe Vilna collection is describedin some detail, the name ofStrashun is now accessible incyberspace for a new generationof scholars.

THE STRASHUN LIBRARY COLLECTION

Centennial of a Famous Hebrew Library

Engraved self-portrait by Abraham ben Shabbetai ha-Kohen of Crete, in his Kehunat Avraham (Venice, 1719), a paraphrase of Psalms.

Title-page ofrabbinic responsaby Simeon benZemah of Majorca,Sefer ha-Tashbets(Amsterdam, 1741).


The researchers, academicsand artists who use YIVO’s

Sound Archives can moreeasily access its vast collectionof CDs, records and cassettetapes thanks to a reorganiza-tion and modernization of itsstorage and listening systems.Materials that do not requiretemperature or climate controlhave been placed in a largeroom next to the library, virtu-ally at the fingertips of thearchivists. And state-of-the-artaudio equipment has beeninstalled to facilitate listeningand copying of materials.

“Our new sound system includes a custom-builtturntable with an assortment of styli capable ofplaying virtually any size and speed disc pressedover the last century,” explained Sound ArchivistLorin Sklamberg. “We also have two CD burners,a DAT recorder and other playback and recordingdevices, facilitating listening to and preservingvirtually all sound formats in YIVO’s collection.”

The Sound Archives is also broadening itscollection through the acquisition of more klezmer,Yiddish song and cantorial recordings, as well asdigital collections of older materials. One of therecent musical acquisitions was Vorbei... BeyondRecall: A Record of Jewish Musical Life in Nazi Berlin

1933-1938, an 11-CD 1-DVDbox set that includes a 517-page hardbound book withhistorical, biographical andcomplete discographicalinformation and rare periodphotographs. One recent gift tothe Sound Archives was 680cassette tapes of WEVD radioprograms from the late 70sthrough the early 90s, whichwere recorded, custom boxedand cataloged by Mr. Jacob Katz.

“The Sound Archives at theYIVO Institute is an oasis ofhidden treasures in an other-

wise bleak landscape,” said composer and authorJack Gottlieb. “It is a unique resource of Yiddish(and other Jewish) recordings that even theLibrary of Congress might envy.”

According to Sklamberg, future plans includeopening a listening and computer research roomadjacent to the Sound Archives; the completecataloging of the lp collection; and continuingaudio preservation, including the recording of asmall group of rare Yiddish piano rolls.

To tour the new YIVO Sound Archives, donatematerials or arrange to volunteer, please call LorinSklamberg at (212) 294-6169, or contact him viaemail at [email protected].

Technology and ReorganizationImprove Sound Archives’ Accessibility

Ahighlight of the YIVO Sound Archives recent acquisi-tions is Vorbei... Beyond Recall: A Record of Jewish Musi-

cal Life in Nazi Berlin 1933-1938 (Bear Family, Hambergen,Germany 2001) This mammoth box set, comprised of 11CDs and a DVD, makes available for the first time in 60years the complete surviving recordings produced anddistributed by members of the Jewish Cultural League(Jüdischer Kulturbund) in Berlin. The more than 14 hoursin the collection reflects the spectrum of Jewish music ofthe time, including Yiddish comedy routines, theater, folkand art songs, classical music, cabaret, folksongs of theearly halutzim and, perhaps most importantly, cantorials of startling beauty. Featured are rare performances by cantors Sigismund Torday, Salomo Pinkasovich and Israel Bakon; popular singers Pinkas Lavender (PinchusLavenda), Willy Rosen and Lea Deganit; and the belovedtenor Joseph Schmidt.

The DVD presents a reconstructed version of the shortfilm Hebräische Melodie (Hebrew Melody), centered around

a performance of the wellknown Joseph Achron show-piece by violinist AndreasWeissgerber filmed in Jeru-salem’s Old City in the win-ter of 1934-35.

The film and recordingsare accompanied by a 518-page German/English hard-bound book about the tenyear project and of the his-tory of the Jüdischer Kultur-bund, the various Jewish-owned record labels sur-veyed in the collection(Semer, Achva, Bema and Lukraphon) and what became ofthem and their owners (the head of Semer immigrated toPalestine in 1946 and went on to found the Kol Zion,Zamir and Hed Arzi record labels).

Featured Acquisition: Jewish Music Recalled

One of the new recordings obtained by theSound Archives.

Note: The SoundArchives containsrecordings and theMusic Archiveshouses sheetmusic.


Photo from the book that accom-panies the CD collection.Khanukka celebrations in Kiel -View from the house of Rabbi Dr.A. Posner onto the NSDAP'sdistrict headquaters building.

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Just as the theme of Palestine permeatedJewish life through the ages, Jewish

music and Yiddish songs have alsodealt with the longing for and set-tling of the Promised Land. Some of these works are housed in theYIVO Music Archives and reflectthe feelings, hopes and aspira-tions of generations.

One such work is “Shivat zion”(Shives tsien) — (Return to Zion)by the eminent bard EliakumZunser (Tsunzer) (1836-1913). It is contained in his collection“Melodien zu zehn JüdischenVolksliedern,” Vilna, 1887. This isan allegoric song of the widowedMother Zion who sees her scatteredchildren return home. It was written in1882 as a tribute to the BILU movement —acronym for the Biblical motto from Isaiah 2: “Beysyakov lekhu venelkha” (House of Jacob, come andlet us go).

Students from the University of Kharkov set outfor Palestine via Constantinople to establish ag-ricultural settlements. On the way, they visitedMinsk to honor Zunser, the “singer of Zion.”Zunser then composed the song and selected the motto from Isaiah: “Lift up thine eyes roundabout, and behold: all these gather themselvestogether and come to thee.”

The words read:

What do I see through the windowpanes? Flying likedoves are my Joseph, my Benjamin, who knock on my door! Ah, heaven, God, how wondrous? I seemy children, my beloved ones, my faithful ones arecoming to me! So many years have passed. I thought Iwas lost, a desolate widow, alone at my table… Howhas it been for you since you were captured? How areJudah and Ephraim? Give me greetings!

Vos ze ikh durkh di shoybn?Es flien on vi toybn,Mayn Yoysef, mayn BenyominKlapn in mayn tir!Akh himl, got, di vunder!Ikh ze dokh mayne kinder,Di libste, di getraysteKumen on tsu mir!

In the last stanza Zunser gives the new colonistshis blessing:

These young people will be blessed by the world.They leave their homes, possessions, luxury,

happiness. Learned people, highly cultured.They want to sacrifice themselves fortheir people. They’ve sworn to hurl allthe stones that lie in the way, to sufferall hardships like in Moses’ times. Andtheir names will be remembered likeEzra’s till the end of days.

Another song of Palestine is byAbraham Goldfaden (1840-1908).YIVO has an undated copy pub-lished in London by Mazin & Co.

(In 1929 Samuel E. Goldfarbpublished the song in the United

States and Israel.) First published in“Di yidene” (Odessa, 1869), entitled

“Knaan” (Canaan), its words are:

Oh Zion, you holy land — how holy you are to me! May I forget my right

hand, if I forget you. For every step inyou is holy. God revealed Himself inyou when, through Moses, ourteacher, that godly man, He sent theTen Commandments for us. Ourholy ancestors sleep in your bosom:Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David.There our heroes are resting honor-ably with their swords. On therocky road that leads to Bethle-hem, you can see a tomb standingthere, and exactly at midnight, who-ever stands there can hear terribleweeping. There is groaning andsighing, oh woe! It is our mother’s voice.

Akh tsien, tsien du heylik land,Vi heylik bistu bay mir,Fargesn zol ikh in mayn rekhter hant,Oyb ikh vel fargesn in dir.Heylik iz dokh in dir yeder shpan,Bavizn in dir hot zikh Got.Ven er hot durkh Moyshe, dem getlekhn man,Geshikt far undz di tsen gebot.

The verse is from Psalm 137: 5: ‘Im ‘eshkahekhyerushalayim tish’kah yemini’ (If I forget thee, OJerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning).

The melodies of both songs are simple and folk-like, easily picked up and sung — one in 4/4thrhythm, the second in waltz time. The tunes are ina minor key.

Rare Yiddish Songs in Music ArchivesDemonstrate Longing for Palestine

Eliakum Zunser

Abraham Goldfaden

YIVO’s Bund Archives Collec-tion is now complete, after

the acquisition of a microficheset of more than 2,000 docu-ments held in the Russian StateArchives of Social and PoliticalHistory (RGASPI) in Moscow.The materials from the period1897 to 1914 fill gaps created in the 1920s when documentswere removed from the BundArchives in Berlin and sold tothe Soviet Union.

The acquisition closes a chap-ter in the history of the BundArchives that began in 1924when the newly created LeninInstitute in Moscow sought topurchase Bund documents re-lated to the early history of the Russian Social-DemocraticWorkers Party (RSDRP),predecessor of the Bolshevikparty. The Bund Archives, thenin dire financial straits, allowedthe Russians to copy or purchase

documents related to the earlyhistory of the revolutionarymovement in Russia, 1897 to1914, when the Bund and theRSDRP were organizationallyconnected although politicalfoes.

The Lenin Institute was espe-cially interested in the lettersand manuscripts of Lenin andhis circle as well as documentspertaining to the founding of theRSDRP, the split between theMensheviks and Bolsheviks, therevolution of 1905, etc. In 1927,the bulk of the promised docu-ments were sent to Moscow.They included Socialist news-papers and other publications,copies of manuscripts, and ori-ginal letters and manuscripts byLenin and other leaders of theRSDRP.

In Moscow, these records wereplaced in the Central PartyArchives of the Institute of

Marxism-Leninism, where theywere merged with anothergroup of Bund documents, therecords of the Bund under theBolshevik regime (from 1917through the dissolution of theRussian Bund in 1922). Like mostJewish records in the Soviet Ar-chives, the Bund collection wasoff limits to researchers until1992 when the Soviet-era restric-tions were finally lifted, openingthe way for the filming of theseand many similar Jewish recordsthat had languished in Sovietrepositories.

The set consists of 2,162 micro-fiches and includes the originalRussian finding aid and the Eng-lish-language electronic guideon CD-ROM. The purchase,from IDC Publishers of Leiden,Holland, was made possible bya generous donation from YIVONational Board member MotlZelmanowicz.

Missing Documents Acquired on Microfiche

Bund Archive Collection Completed

Anew YIVO project funded by the Jewish Ge-nealogical Society of New York will facilitate

access to thousands of case files on Jewish refu-gees who arrived in the United States between1933 and 1954. Thirty-six thousand index files on thousands of cases will be converted into anelectronic database of summary information onimmigrant families. The files were inherited bythe United HIAS Service (UHS), which formed in1954 from a merger of several relief organizationsthat helped Jews attempting to leave Germany,Austria, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Hungary, Ruma-nia and other countries during the period of Nazipersecution, World War II and its aftermath. Theorganizations included HIAS, German JewishChildren’s Aid, the National Coordinating Com-mittee, and the National Refugee Service. Duringand after the war, they were joined by the Amer-ican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, theUnited Service for New Americans and the Na-tional Council of Jewish Women: Service forForeign Born.

Long recognized as a valuable and importantarchive, these case files constitute the officialrecord of the entire European Jewish wartime

migration to the UnitedStates. They document the arrival of a wide rangeof immigrants, includingscholars, intellectuals andscientists who escaped fromGermany and Austria in the1930s and 40s; housewives,mechanics and teachers;and displaced persons whomigrated to the UnitedStates from the DP camps inGermany, Austria and Italy.

The index cards, whichinclude valuable genealogi-cal data, such as place anddate of birth, maiden nameof women immigrants,steamship and port of ar-rival, will serve as the keyto the more extensive casefiles. YIVO Archivist Gun-nar Berg and nine volun-teers are currently workingon the project.

YIVO Archives Begins Important HIAS Indexing Project

Holocaust survivors from Europe lining up at the USNA - JDC counter to be registeredas new immigrants, c. 1950. USNA and theJDC Migration Service later merged to formthe United HIAS Service.

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HISTORY• Alexander Leyfell donated his

large collection of documents andstudies on Polish Jewish history inthe 19th century.

• Terry Newell donated HymanLipstein’s Yiddish diary and auto-biography, written at the turn ofthe 20th century. Lipstein is thedonor’s great uncle.

• Laura I. Kramer donated thememoirs of her great uncleNathan Yablonski, which recounta childhood in Seirjai, Lithuania.

• Louise Grinstein Richman, and herbrother Dr. Alexander Grinsteindonated the 1923 notebook anddiary of their father, Dr. MarkGrinstein, written on board theship to the United States.

• Rebecca Briansky-Duchow do-nated her memoir of growing upin Grajewo, Poland, 1919-29.

• Walter J. Klein donated his type-script on the history of the Jewishcommunity in Neustadtl (Straz),Czech Republic, as well as hisfamily tree.

• Frank Siegel donated additionalpostcards written by his uncleBenjamin Lubelski while servingin the International Brigades inthe Spanish Civil War. Siegel alsodonated prewar postcards ofLublin, Poland.

• Historian Ruth Gay donated theVilna childhood memoirs of IrenaJaszunska, wife of Polish and Yid-dish journalist Grisha Jaszunski.

• Paul W. Ginsburg donated his essay on his recent visit toSudilkov, Ukraine.

• Joan Sulzberger donated letterswritten to her by Teddy Kollek,the longtime mayor of Jerusalem.

• Judy Kesselman donated a bio-graphical account of her uncle,Robert Kesselman, founder of theleading accounting firm in Israel.

• John M. Grossman gave a detailedsynopsis of an account of Jewishcolonists in the Entre Rios pro-vince in Argentina.

• Helen Horowitz was instrumentalin the YIVO Archives obtaininggermane portions of the estate ofJacob Lofman. Lofman was activein the Polish Hashomer Hatzair(leftist Labor Zionists) and, inNew York, with Trotskyite andShachtmanite (a rightist Socialistsplinter group) organizations.

• Shulamis Levin Friedmandonated materials relating toreunions of former residents ofthe Sholem Aleichem Houses inthe Bronx.

LANDSMANSHAFT,FAMILY AND GENEALOGY • Carl Appel donated records of

the First Plancher BenevolentSociety.

• Helen Dandy, via Rosetta Klotz,gave the records of the Ante-poler Young Men’s Benevolent

Society, as well as Workmen’sCircle school photographs.

• Dr. Bernard Lewis donatedrecords of the HomelerCongregation Ahavat Chesed, aswell as records of CongregationYeshivath Torath Chaim, both inHarlem, and of CongregationOrach Chaim.

• Naomi Freistadt donated maps ofthe various cemetery plotsbelonging to Congregation BneiRezitza in New York.

• Mildred Brauer donated the 1928constitution of the First ShpolerBenevolent Aid Society.

• Marlene L. Bishow donated re-cords of the Volper Young Men’sBenevolent Society.

• David Rogow, Yiddish actor andYIVO consultant, donated addi-tional records of the Nusach Vilnasociety.

• Family history materials usuallyinclude correspondence, pho-tographs and family trees. TheYIVO Archives recently has re-ceived such materials from thefollowing individuals: StanleyBatkin, Lorraine A. Bertan,Professor C.S. Blinderman,Leonard S. Duboff, David H.Ehrenwerth, Daniel MeyerFriedeberg, Sharon Girard, EstelleM. Guzik, Larry Kellman, CherylLappen, Milton J. Lowenstein,Richard S. Mannheimer, YIVOLibrarian Alla Markova, SaulOstrow, Milton Posner, Susan M.Rogers and Berenice Rosenberg.

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New Accessions to the YIVO Archives


Featured CollectionAlbert Catell

Papers, photos, posters andrecordings from the career

of musician Albert Catell weredonated by his widow, PaulaCatell. Originally Katz, he wasborn in Vilna in 1910 andtrained with some of the great-est cellists of all time — MishaSchneider, Julius Klengel andEmanuel Feuermann. Catelltaught at the Warsaw Conser-vatory, was First Chair of thePalestine Philharmonic in 1936,settled in New York in 1953and founded the ChamberOrchestra of New York. Catelldied in 2000.

The tapes include masters ofpossibly unpublished perfor-mances. The photos show Catellthroughout his career, and withmusicians including Chileanpianist Claudio Arrau, DavidOistrakh and Isaac Stern.

Sonia and Markusat the Marienbadresort (nowMarianske Lazne,Czech Republic),1913. Donor:Gerald Palevsky.


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• Herbert Horn donated a memoirin the form of a long Yiddishpoem entitled “Twenty Hours in a Cattle Car Traveling towardsDeath,” written by his uncle inOctober of 1942.

• Anna Altman donated the type-script of her husband Hershl’smemoir about his experiences as arefugee in the Soviet Union. Shealso donated anniversary journalsof the Grodzisker Mutual AidSociety.

• Blanche Muroff donated an Amer-ican anti-Nazi boycott leaflet fromthe early 1930s.

• Professor Dov Levin added to hispapers research materials, mainlyon the Holocaust and the Baltics.

• Professor Shlomo Eidelberg do-nated documents on Austria inthe Nazi era and the immediatepostwar years.

• Aron Hirt-Manheimer donatedHolocaust-related ephemera pub-lished in the German DemocraticRepublic.

• Cary Sperling donated a set ofbiographies he compiled on Jew-ish participants in the Warsawghetto uprising.

• Fela Infeld Glaser donated a de-tailed synopsis of the English

version of her as yet unpublishedmemoir of the Lodz Ghetto and ofAuschwitz.

LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE• Inna Goldenberg donated the

papers of her grandfather ShimenGoldenberg, a Soviet Yiddish poetand prose writer who died in bat-tle in 1942. His papers, preservedby his widow, include unpub-lished poetry, short stories and a novel.

• Ann Birstein, the distinguishedwriter, donated the papers of herfather, Bernard Birstein. He wasthe long-time rabbi of Congrega-tion Ezrath Israel, known as TheActors’ Temple, located in NewYork’s theater district. He wasalso a regular columnist for theNew York Yiddish daily The Day.

• Claire Schwarz donated materialsrelating to her father, pioneeringGalician Hebrew and Yiddishwriter and editor, Yitzhak ItcheFernhoff.

• Rhoda Newman donated anEnglish translation of AmericanYiddish writer Chana Safran’sbook-length childhood memoirs.

• Marcia Svartman donated thepapers of Brazilian Yiddish writerClara Steinberg.

• YIVO volunteer Elaine Adamenkodonated manuscripts of Yiddishliterary essays written by herfather, Herman Rabins.

• Professor Ellen Kellman donatedthe typescript of her study ofYiddish libraries in interwarPoland.

• Dr. Chana Schachner and YankevJulius each donated AmericanYiddish educational and culturalmaterials.


Leaflet urging an American economic boycott of Nazi Germany,(New York, circa 1933). Donor: Blanche Muroff.

Bar mitzvah photo taken in RivingtonStreet studio, Lower East Side, NewYork, 1920s. Donor: Berenice Rosenberg.

New Accessions [continued from page 21]

Mike Appel (father of donor), a veteran of World War I, at a Victory Bondrally in New York, circa 1942. Donor: Lorraine A. Bertan.

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MUSIC AND THEATERMATERIALS• Paula Catell donated the papers of

her husband, the cellist and con-ductor Albert Catell (see page 21),who served as First Chair in thePalestine/Israel Philharmonic,among his many accomplish-ments. This collection is the firstin the YIVO Archives that doesnot deal specifically with Jewishmusic. Included are publishedand unpublished recordings.

• Marina Gordon donated posters,programs and recordings (someunpublished) from her career as asinger of Yiddish and Russian artsongs. She was one of the first toperform such music after Stalin’sdeath in 1953.

• The storyteller and writer PeninahSchram donated documents re-lating to the career of her father,Cantor S.E. Manchester.

• Madelin Simon donated themanuscript of “Der zinger funnoit,” the cantata by MoisheRauch and Itche Goldberg.

• Stanley Shmuel Stern donated alarge number of Yiddish plays byWilliam Siegel.

• Michael Daniels donated a pro-gram of the 1928-29 season ofMoishe Broderson’s AraratYiddish Theater in Lodz, Poland.

• Judith Offer donated a video, aswell as the libretto, of her musical

“A Shirtwaist Tale,” based on theshirtmakers’ strike of 1909-10,which was performed inCalifornia in 2000.

• Doris B. Gold donated a letterfrom Ruth Rubin, the lateethnographer and singer.

• YIVO Head Librarian AvivaAstrinsky donated posters andprograms from the YidshpilTheater of Israel.

• Alan Schreck donated tapes of the“Sunday Simcha” program onNew York radio station WEVD.

• Steven Geller donated 80 78-rpmrecordings of Jewish music.

• Evelyn Cohen donated 85 33-rpmrecords of Jewish music.

• Fani and Edna Sharf donated 53recordings of Jewish music.

• Mark Gladstone donated record-ings of Jewish music and a tape ofhis grandmother Sonia Gladstoneperforming with the composerand choir director Leo Low.

• Dorothy Wasserman and Centerfor Jewish History staff memberMel Solman each donated Jewishrecordings and sheet music.

• Dr. Charles DeFanti, MarianneRohrlich, Lucille Wright, BarryYoungerman and Cantor PaulZim each donated Jewish musicrecordings and sheet music.

ART AND ARTIFACTS• Rubin Feryszka donated a still life

oil painting by the Polish Jewishartist Jakob Macznik. The latterdid not survive the Holocaust.

• The estate of Benjamin Kaplandonated paintings and a drawingby Zuni Maud, a large portrait ofthe latter by S. Teitelbaum and alarge landscape by Frank Kirk.Both Kirk and Maud wereparticipants in Yiddish culturalactivities. We wish to thankDeborah Kirschner, MarilynMarkson and Eleanor Tishler fortheir aid in securing these worksfor YIVO.

• Rachel and Rabbi Yitzhak Kleindonated oil portraits of thecomposer, pianist and choirdirector Vladimir Heifetz and ofhis wife, the Yiddish culturalactivist Pearl Shapiro Heifetz.

• Barry Faust donated paintings byhis grandmother, Rachel Ray Faust.

• Dr. Joan Tolchin donated two ori-ginal works by Selma Gubin anda letter from David Ben-Gurion.

• Martin Peretz, member of theYIVO National Board of Directors,donated a large “devotional pa-nel” for the victims of the pogromsin Tsarist Russia, which datesfrom the turn of the 20th century.

• Jeanne Siegel donated a largeketubah, handmade by JoanMesnick.

• Mrs. D. Keren donated lettersfrom the artist Saul Raskin.

• Carolyn Tobias donated biogra-phic materials on her husband,A.J. Tobias, the New Yorkmuralist.

• Anne Hecht donated an album ofdried flowers from the 1920s inPalestine.

• Sidney Gluck, Evelyn Josselsonand Helen S. Latner each madeseparate donations of artifacts ofJewish interest.

• Rabbi Irving J. Block, Irene Hackand Erica Stachelberg each madedonations of posters and antiquepostcards of Jewish interest.

Flyer advertising Argentina-basedYiddish theater and dance team of Dvora Rosenblum and Nachum Melnick,1950s. Donor: Ruth Perlmutter.

Two soldiers of the PetrozavodskRegiment of theRussian Army (A.Epstein seated),1899. Donor: JacobLofman Estate.



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PHOTOGRAPHIC, FILM ANDVISUAL MATERIALS• Margaret Siegal Weiss donated a

film of a trip she made with herfather, Morris Siegal, in 1936, tothe towns of Zborow, Poland, andBerezhany, now part of Ukraine.

• Leon H. Gildin donated a videoand the English-language rights to his award-winning documen-tary “Theresienstadt: Gateway to Auschwitz.”

• Max Mermelstein donated a videoabout the Jewish community ofSkala, Poland.

• Fay Itzkowitz donated photo-graphs taken by her father,Bernard Itzkowitz, of CampKinderland during the 1930s. The donation also includes hisphotographs of the 1939 funeral ofwriter and editor Moishe Olgin.

• Ruth Claire Turyn donated photo-graphs of her grandparents, theYiddish writer, editor andpublisher Szmuel Jakob Jackanand his wife, Riwka Blok Jackan.

• Sandra Freed donated photo-graphs of Hebrew and Yiddishwriter and editor Avrahm ShalomFriedberg and a letter from Zadoc

Kahn, the Chief Rabbi of France atthe time of the Dreyfus Affair.

• Sivia Brodsky donated photo-graphs of Jacob Teitel, one of thefirst Jewish judges in Russia.

• Natalie Schlosser donated photo-graphs of Jewish organizationsand schools in Lodz, Poland.

• Guta Brenholz donatedunpublished photographs of theMedem children’s sanatorium,near Warsaw, Poland.

• Harold Platt donated additionalphotographs of the TsukunftBundist youth organization fromMalkin, Poland.

• YIVO Archives intern, RobertFriedman, donated photographsof Jewish life in Augustow, Poland.

• Gerald Palevsky donated photo-graphs of family and of the Jewishcommunity in Ivye, Belarus.

• Libby (Libe) Reznick Taylor do-nated photographs of family andof the ORT school in Pinsk,Belarus.

• Irving Semser donated, via SimaCrane, photographs of the SofiaM. Gurevitch Gymnasium and ofthe Realgymnasium, two Yiddish-oriented middle schools in inter-war Vilna.

• Boris Borodow donated a pho-tograph of a Jewish rowing team,Vilna, circa 1936.

• Dr. Bella Hass Weinberg, formerYIVO Consulting Librarian, do-nated a photograph of the funeralof Rabbi Meir Shapiro, founder ofthe Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin,who died in 1934. The imageshows the donor’s father, CantorJacob Hass, singing the El MaleRachamim prayer.

• Hirshell E. Levine donated a large,tinted montage of photographs ofhis great-grandfather’s funeral inBraslav, Belarus, circa 1914.

• Linda Eisenstadt donated a photo-graph of Bagel Bakers’ Unionmembers with their banner inNew York, circa 1930.

• Lenora Lakowitz donated pho-tographs of the Antoshkin Clubtheatrical performances held inKharkov, Ukraine, 1927.

• Ruth Pines Perlmutter Kates do-nated photographs of Yiddishtheatrical performances inChicago and Los Angeles fromthe 1930s and 1940s and of theperformers Mordechai Meisel,Eliyohu Teneholtz and ChayimKotliansky. Also included wereletters from Yiddish writers.

• Sarah Rauch donated photo-graphs of her husband, Yiddishcultural activist Ralph Rauch.

SPECIAL THANKS • A special thanks from YIVO to

Neil Zagorin of the NationalYiddish Book Center for sendingextensive archival materials thatthe NYBC has recently received.These include account books ofthe merchant Pinkus Wolman ofCzestochowa, Poland, dated 1923-24; manuscripts of cantorial musicand a large addendum to thepapers of the Yiddish linguistNathan Susskind.

• Special thanks also to Eiran Harrisand to new YIVO zamler HerbertA. Bernhard.

CORRECTION• Apologies to Jacob Waisbord for

misspelling his name. He and hisdaughter, Myra Treitel, donatedphotographs of Jewish sport andeducational activities in interwarPoland, as well as Workmen’sCircle branch materials.

New Accessions [continued from page 23]

Yiddish poet Sh. Goldenberg (center)with Tartar writer Lutfi Gumirov (L)and Russian poet V. Poltoratsky at awriters’ congress in Moscow, July 15, 1935. Donor: Inna Goldenberg.


Program bookletfor the Israelipuppet film"Joseph theDreamer," 1962.Donor: RuthPerlmutter.

Aged to a dull orange, the1935 Russian-Yiddish cal-

endar on a worktable in YIVO’sPreservation Laboratory clearlyneeded help if it was to revealthe secrets of everyday lifeprinted on the verso (reverseside) of each of its 365 pages.Too brittle to flip or even tohandle, the 2-by-5-inch pagesare typical of many of the 1,500calendars in YIVO’s collection,dating back to the 1920s. Thecalendars, many in Yiddish,come from the cities of Vilna and Shanghai, as well as fromthe countries of Italy, Poland,Romania Russia, and the UnitedStates.

“Jews always needcalendars for Sabbathcandle-lighting times,”explained Stanley Berg-man, head of YIVO’sPreservation Depart-ment. “Because theyseem so ordinary, cal-endars have largelybeen ignored as an his-torical genre. But theyinclude a wealth ofinformation about thelife, history and socialissues that concernedpre-World War IIJewish society. Forinstance, the verso of

one page of a Russian-Yiddishcalendar describes experimentsby Kh. Vasilev on an electric eyeto read books for children, the sick and the elderly.”

Like many other treasureshandled by the lab, the calen-dar required a creative solution.After being deacidified with a special spray to prevent fur-ther deterioration, the pageswere encased in nine-windowMylar sheets and inserted into a photo album so researcherscould handle them. “We couldmicrofilm the pages,” Bergmansaid, “but then the reader wouldlose the magic of handling theoriginal.”

Bergman’s work over the pastthree months, with the help ofTatiana Alisonova, AssistantConservator, has included: re-pair and rebinding of 20 rarebooks, including a 1692 copy of the Book of Life (Sefer Khayim)from Amsterdam and conser-vation of 550 rare pamphlets(many from the Bund and Stra-shun collections), along witheight family trees. Other majorprojects include preparing 17boxes of documents (average750 per box) for microfilming,and mending, deacidifying andencapsulating a registry of do-nations made to a 17th-centurycharitable institution.

Bergman notes, “YIVO has aresponsibility to future gener-ations, as the storehouse of somany documents, books, pho-tos and other materials. We areworking against time here, butwe want to keep as much of thistreasure as possible accessible to the public, researchers andscholars.”

Fragile materials must be handled with care.

1935 calendarpages encased inprotective Mylarcan now behandled safely.

Preserving Our Treasures, Making them Accessible

Brushing on solvent and scraping awaybrittle glue from an old book’s spine.

Smoothing calf leather for areplacement book cover.

Pre

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YIV

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DONORS OF $5,000 AND ABOVEThe YIVO Institute for Jewish Research thanks the following donors for helping to preserve our

Jewish heritage through their generous support. In the last issue, Yedies acknowledged gifts of $1,000-$4,999. This issue recognizes donors of $5,000 and above from June 1, 2001 - May 31, 2002.

American Stock Transfer CompanyGeorge KarfunkelLeah and Michael Karfunkel

Dr. Sylvia Brody Axelrad

Beate and Joseph D. Becker

California Federal BankCarl B. Webb

Datascope CorporationCarol and Lawrence Saper

Donald Drapkin

EL-KAM RealtyEllen and Kamran Hakim

Ernst & YoungKatherine and Gerald D. Cohen

FAB Industries, Inc.Halina and Samson Bitensky

Mildred B. Forrell

Jerrold P. Fuchs

Michael J. Fuchs

Elizabeth and Max Gitter

Gittis Family FoundationHoward Gittis

Diane and Mark Goldman

Yvette and Larry Gralla

Greystone & Co.Stephen Rosenberg

Andrea and Warren Grover

Fanya Gottesfeld Heller

H.G. Feldman Charitable FoundationDorothy and David Rothbart

HSBC Bank USA

Erica Jesselson

Kekst and Company IncorporatedCarol and Gershon Kekst

Bettina and Russell S. Knapp

KPMG LLPRenee and Michael Regan

Lancer GroupMichael Lauer

Lehrer McGovern BovisPaul Finamore

Ruth and David A. Levine

Max and Anna Levinson Foundation

Lucius N. Littauer Foundation Inc.

Betty and Leo Melamed

Jacob Morowitz

National Foundation for Jewish Culture

New York State EducationDepartment

Doris and Martin Payson

Anna and Dr. Martin Peretz

Drs. Arlene and Arnold Richards

Charles J. Rose

Marjorie and Jeffrey A. Rosen

Morris and Alma Schapiro Fund

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Frank Gittes

Anita and Stuart Subotnick

Jacob Waisbord andMyra and Dr. Herman Treitel

Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & KatzToby and Bernard Nussbaum

Cathy and Seymour Zises

Atran Foundation, Inc.

Conference on Jewish MaterialClaims Against Germany

Tanya and Sol N. Corbin

Ann and Irwin Jacobs

Francesca and Bruce Slovin

Smart Family FoundationCindy and David Stone

Diane H. and Joseph S. Steinberg

Mayer Tendler, Carol and Mark Tendler,Ellen and Peter Weintraub

Motl Zelmanowicz

Estate of Pearl Heifetz

Estate of Israel M. Zeligman

Estate of Bernard Schepartz

Estate of Rebecca Wolk

Access IndustriesEmily and Len Blavatnik

Joan and Joseph L. Cullman 3rd

Dibner Fund, Inc.David Dibner

The FJJ Foundation, Inc.Dr. Jaime P. Constantiner

The Nash Family FoundationHelen and Jack Nash

Rosa and David Polen

Slim Fast Foods CompanyDr. Edward L. Steinberg S. Daniel Abraham

Judy and Michael Steinhardt

Stanley and Ethel Glen Family FoundationRosina Abramson and Jeffrey Glen

Vera Stern

Estate of Jacob Perlow

GIFTS OF $50,000 AND ABOVE



YIV

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JUNE 1, 2001 - MAY 31, 2002

Bank of America

Barlow Partners, Inc.George A. Hambrecht

Baruch CollegeDavid Gallagher

Beyer Blinder BelleRichard Blinder

Lotte and Ludwig Bravmann

Edythe and Eli Broad

Sharon and Jeffrey W. Casdin

Chicago YIVO Society

Forest City/Ratner CompaniesBruce Ratner

Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co.Kindy and Emanuel Friedman

Stephen Gardner

William Goldstein

Herman Kaiser FoundationRandolph M. Nelson

Edith and Martin Horowitz

Jewish Genealogical Society

J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.Anne and William B. Harrison, Jr.

Mary W. Harriman FoundationAverell H. Fisk

Matt Kamens

Tamar and Gerald Levin

Max Levitas

MacKenzie Partners, Inc.Daniel Burch

Harvey R. Miller

Jonathan I. Mishkin

Helaine and Lawrence Newman

Harold Ostroff

Evgenia S. Peretz

R.A.K. Group, LLCRandy Kohana

Rebecca E. Rieger

The Robert Wood Johnson FoundationEdward H. Robbins

Sanders Morris & Harris Don Sanders

Jay Schottenstein

Hilda Jacobs Sherwin

The Sonya Staff FoundationMarion Banzhaf

Sharon and Fred Stein

Norma and Julian Svedosh

United Refining CompanyJohn Catsimatidis

Valerie Charles Diker Fund, IncValerie and Charles Diker

Mira Jedwabnik Van Doren and John Van Doren

Vivendi UniversalRick Marker

Claudia and William Walters

Frances Weinstein

West End Financial Advisors, LLCDr. Louise Crandall and William Landberg

Judith Wilf

Zantker Charitable Foundation, Inc.Joseph H. Miller

Harry and Celia ZuckermanFoundation, Inc

Mark Zuckerman


Jacob Noah, son of Rabbi JamesProsnit and Wendy Bloch, cele-

brated his bar mitzvah on March 23 at Congregation B’nai Israel inBridgeport, Connecticut, with his

father and several rabbinic fam-ily friends presiding.

The invitation featured a photoof his great-great-grandfatherJacob Noah Bloch studying withBernhard Bloch, Jacob’s great-grandfather, circa 1887. It focusedon Me’dor Le’dor and YIVO’s rolein preserving the history andculture of Jewish life in EasternEurope.

“Just as Jacob has taken a de--light in learning about his familytree, YIVO is a place where one

can celebrate the history of ourJewish communities in Europe,” thetext read. “YIVO assists individualsin search of family history — its cul-ture, folklore and faith. In recognitionof the importance of this chain, Jacob

has chosen to make a contribution toYIVO in memory of family mem-bers…and all [who] share this daywith him.”

In his speech, Jacob discussed hisvisit to YIVO and the importance ofdiscovering his family's history inEurope. He donated all of his barmitzvah money to YIVO and askedmembers of the congregation to make similar contributions. Theyoungest of three boys, Jacob wasborn in New York City and loves tovisit Toronto where his father wasAssociate Rabbi of Holy BlossomCongregation. A committed ReformJew, Jacob excels both in academicsand athletics. He also demonstratesthe meaning of “from generation togeneration.”

Jacob Noah Prosnit Donates His Bar Mitzvah Money to YIVO

Jacob Noah visiting YIVO’s Photo Archives.

Lett

ers

Letters to YIVOReaders are encouraged to write to YIVO by regular mail or e-mail.

Requests

My grandmother was fromKonin and contributed familypictures to the Konin MemorialBook. I would like to visit YIVOand look at the book, but wouldneed assistance as I don't speakor read Yiddish. Can someone atthe Institute help me?

Bess KirnieSyracuse, NY

Reply: The YIVO Library has theKonin Memorial Book. When youvisit YIVO, please ask for ourReference Librarian Rabbi YeshayaMetal or another Library staffmember who is fluent in Yiddish.

* * *

I am looking for the Yiddishlyrics to “Oyfn veg steht a baum,”a popular Yiddish folk song. Ithas a Hebrew version called“Shir al etz.” I know an animatedshort film was made using theYiddish lyrics. Can you help mefind the Yiddish lyrics?

Fran Margulies Honolulu, Hawaii

Reply: We are sending you thesong you seek. It was, as you noted,used for the animated film, "Oyfnveg shteyt a boym."

* * *

I'm trying to locate a copy ofMayn shtetl postov. I think thatthe author is Israel Reichel. Myfather was born in Postav,Russia. Can you help locate thebook? The National YiddishBook Center in Amherst, MA,recommended that I contact you.

Ron Subeck

Reply: YIVO has the Yizkor Bookin its collection. Please visit ourreading room.

* * *

I am looking for recordings of awonderful Jewish songwriternamed Ben Zion Witler. I grew upsinging his songs, and can’t findanything on him.

Paulette EisenCawston, British Columbia, Canada

Reply: We have many recordingsby Ben Zion Witler in our SoundArchives collection, both on 78 andLP. There are also four collections of Witler’s songs on CDs fromArgentina, which are available atwww.hatikvahmusic.com.

* * *

I'm looking for information on apoet called Masha Fayok.

Liat RippRaanana, Israel

Reply: YIVO has several sourcesthat would help you. Leksikon FunDer Nayer Yidisher LiteraturVol. 7 includes an entry on the poetMarsha Fayuk-Shtuker, whosefamily emigrated to Argentina. The YIVO Library also has the book Zingendik by Mashe Sh.Payuk, in which the poem "Yizkorlikht" is found. Reference LibrarianYeshaya Metal has made a copy ofFayuk-Shtuker’s biography, whichhe is sending to you.

* * *

It was mentioned in your news-letter that YIVO has the papersand information about a nowdefunct burial society. I’d like tolook through the papers, as bothmy great-grandfather and granduncle were leaders in the society.How would I arrange a time tolook through the “boxes”?

Mike GreenbergLong Beach, New York

Reply: The YIVO Archives has therecords of the Independent OrlerBenevolent Society. Please visit ourreading room at your convenience.

Thanks from Abroad

Thank you very much for theYIVO newsletters that were sentto our Center. We kept some forourselves and distributed othersto a couple of academic andcultural institutions in Lublinthat are very interested in yourproject about the city.

Monika Adamczyk-GarbowskaHead of Center for Jewish Studies

Maria Curie-Sklodowska UniversityLublin, Poland

* * *

I received the catalog of yourStrashun Exhibition. It is awonderful booklet, and readingit I learned quite a lot. All themore I now hope to be able tosee the exhibition with my owneyes.

Prof. Dr. Stefan SchreinerInstitutum JudaicumTuebingen, Germany

Reply: The exhibition has beenextended in New York throughAugust 23. It is open to the publicMonday -Thursday from 9:00 am -5:00 pm and on Sundays from12:00 pm until 4:00 pm.

* * *

Old Flame

The photo printed in YIVO NewsWinter 2001-2002, page 26 —young people in the boat — is alittle more romantic than youknow. The dark-haired beautyfrom Mezritsh (Miedzyrzec),Feyge Goldfarb, married thehandsome Toyvie Czarny. Theycame to Canada before WorldWar II. They had three fine sons.Toyvie died in 1947. Feyge even-tually married Israel Falk, mylate father-in-law. She was agood-looking and resourcefulwoman.

Lillian FalkHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada


YIV

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A Yedies article from June,1948, describes archives of the Lodz

Ghetto donated to YIVO by NachmanZonabend, the survivor who had salvaged

them “at the risk of life and limb.” Thedocuments range from the period of “hope,” when

residents suffered from hunger, cold, illness andrandom executions, to the time of deportations to thedeath camps. An excerpt describing the earlier period:

Life in those days (the period that in the light of later developments came to be regarded as“idyllic”) was reduced to the lowest levels, butthere was a glimmer of hope for the morrow.Within the Ghettostarvation, epi-demic, wantonexecution by theNazis were takinga frightful toll ofthe people. Condi-tions in the Ghettoat that time arefaithfully depictedin a report of avisit to 28 homesby a social worker.With but slightvariations, thepicture of everyhome was thesame: peopleswollen fromhunger and dis-ease-ridden laymotionless on thefloor, since thebeds and all otherfurniture had beenused up as fuelpreviously. Thisdescription ofconditions isborne out by thenews items andannouncements inthe official Geto-tsaytung (“GhettoNews”), a Yiddish weekly which began to appearon March 7, 1941. Thus, the criminal rubric in theTsaytung, for instance, is full of reports of stiffpenalties meted out to drivers of bakery trucks forpicking off pieces from the loaves of bread, or forattempts to gain admittance to the public kitchenunder false pretense for a second helping.

Yedies then followed up with a report on thereactions of the Ghetto children to the deportationorders:

Only the older children in the affected grouprealized the full import of the decree. The youngerones remained blissfully ignorant of it and won-dered at the utter despair that seized their parents.As the fatal hour approached, I. Zelkovitch, offi-cial chronicler of the Ghetto and prewar YIVOcorrespondent, visited a number of homes and left to posterity a soul-searing account of the spir-it and mood that prevailed in them. We cull atrandom two descriptions from this account.

Five-year-old R.is having his lastmeal at home. Heis given a slice of bread, and heturns in astonish-ment to his mo-ther: “Ma, am Isick today that Iam given breadto eat?”

Mrs. L. hadbeen deported tothe Lodz Ghettofrom Danzig withher only child, agirl of four years.Her husband hadbeen taken toBuchenwald.Every morning as Mrs. L. wouldleave for work,the child wouldfollow her to the gate of thehouse and, uponthe mother’sdeparture, breakout in loud anddisconsolateweeping thatwould last forhours. Came a

day and the roles were reversed. The child, neatlydressed and with a blue ribbon in her hair, hoppedin gaily into the gray truck that was waiting nearthe gate, and the mother broke out in a loud andprolonged wail.

Fifty Years Ago in Yedies

New

Fea

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* * *

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* * *

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thbgo prHgrshei bungr hshgu,v†ci

nhr †Pdgsruey gykgfgw †cgr bhay

Tkgw sTbecrhuuw uu†x sh xyusgbyi

xyhPgbshTyi v†ci dgarhci mu sh

dgkydgcgrx zhhgrg/ mukhci suje thi

PkT. sruei nhr thi sgo bungr sh

thcgrheg crhuuw mu anutk b†rhl

)p†ruugryxw bhu-h†re(w s"r jhho

e†bxyTbyhbgr )ngexheg( tui chhkg

agfygr-d†ygxnTi )bhu-h†re(/

* * *

y˙grgr jçr b†rhlwthl vhhx cbhnhi bp≤kh aPhr†/ thl

chi T xyusgby thi sgr zungr-Pr†-drTo uu†x T sTbe tgr xyhPgbshgv†c thl dgegby †byhhk bgngi thisgr Pr†drTo/

sh pTrdTbdgbg 6 uu†fi zgbgidguugi T dguuTksheg thcgrkgcubd/nhr v†ci ayushry hgsi y†d pui 00:9chz 03:21/ b†l nhy†d pui 03:1 chz03:5 v†ci nhr dgvTy pTrahhsgbgTeyhuuhygyiw x kgemhgxw x uuTr-ayTyi tTz"uu/

tubszgrg kgrgrx zgbgi dguugituh; T zhhgr vuhfgr nsrdvw tui shxyusgbyi zgbgi Tkg zhhgr thbyg-khdgbyg tui xhnPTyhag ngbyai/

T vTrmhei sTbewcbhnhi bp≤kh aPhr†

* * *

jauçgr s"r e†bxyTbyhbgrwthl vhhx †kdT cgrsbhe†uuT tui

thl v†c cTeungi tgr xyhPgbshgpTr sgr zungr-Pr†drTo b†fi kgrbgihHsha thi hHuu†/ thl arc sgos†zhei crhuu tuhxmusrhei T ahhbgosTbe pTr sgr phbTbmhgkgr ayhmgwuu†x thr v†y nhr pTrz†rdy/ s†xv†y nhr dgdgci T ngdkgfehhy mukgrbgi hHsha kuhy sgr cgxygr Pr†-drTow T cTuuUxygr thi sgr dTbmgruugkyw mu pTryhpi zhl thi sgr hHsh-agr eukyurw tuhxkgrbgbshe zhl nhb-vdho tui dgahfykgfg Tbyuuhekubdgi/

n˙i egbygbha pui hHsha thz dg-uugi zhhgr uuhfyhe pTr nhr )thl chiT hHsha-kgrgr thi s†bgmew tuerT-Hbg(w b†r thz dguugi uuy bhay ehhipukg/ thl chi sgr graygr ngbyawuu†x v†y †bdgvuhci kgrbgi hHshathi sgo s†bgmegr tubhuugrxhygywtui sgr s†zhegr eurx pui hHuu† v†ynhr sgrkuhcy uuygr mu dhhi nhyn˙i chksubdw tui thl uugk thcgrdgcin˙i egbygbha n˙bg xyusgbyi/

T ahhbgo sTbew†kdT cgrsbhe†uuT

* * *

y˙grg jçryg agfygr-d†ygxnTiwT ahhbgo tui vTrmhei sTbe pTr

sgr ngdkgfehhy mu kgrbgi zhl hHshas† thi e†k†nchg tui kgci thi ThHshagr xçhçv cnal Tfy uu†fi/

thl uuuhi thi y†r†byg/ s† chi thl T x†mh†k†d tui T kgrgrhi thih†regr tubhuugrxhygy/ thl v†c†bdgvuhci kgrbgi zhl tui arciuugdi sh uuUbsgrkgfg eukyur-aTpubdgi pui sh khbeg hHsi thi shmuuTbmhegr tui srxhegr h†ri/Tphku nhy T duygr Trcgy thz s†xkgci s† thi bhu-h†re zhhgr y˙grpTr T eTbTsgreg/ T sTbe tgrcrhhyvTrmhehhy v†c thl s†x dg-egby y†i/

T sTbew tx≤r rygr

P"x: thl v†c dgvgry Tz thr zydguugi thi aPhy†k/ thl v†; Tz thruugy zhl cTks phki cgxgr/

* * *

y˙grgr jçr b†rhlwthl uuhk tl zhhgr sTbegi pTr

sgr tubygrayhmubdw uu†x v†y nhrdgv†kpi rgTkhzhri n˙i kTbdh†rheijkuo ≈ s†x kgrbgi zhl hHsha tuh;sgo cTrhnyi hHuu†-eurx thi e†k†n-chg-tubhuugrxhygy/

thl euo pui Puhkiw uuU ehhi auotn,g TeTsgnhag hHshag thbxyh-yumhg gexhxyhry bhy/ kgrbgi zhl shhHshag aPrTlw eukyur tui khyg-rTyur thz bhay drhbd thi n˙i kTbswcTzubsgra uugi ng uuhk s†x y†iduy/

uugi nhy T P†r h†r murhe v†cthl zhl sgruuUxy uugdi sgr hHuu†-Pr†drTow v†c thl dgyrTfyw Tz thiTzT †ry egi ngi erhdi sh cgxyghHshag sgrmHubd/ sgn†ky v†c thlnebt dguugi sh Tkg uu†x v†ci zhls† dgkgrby/

vh†r thz n˙i uuUbya neuhodguu†ri/ s†x grayg n†k thi n˙ikgci v†c thl zhl cTyhhkhey thi shhHsha-kgemhgx uu†x zgbgi dguugituh; sgr vgfxygr TeTsgnhagrnsrdv/ co Pr†pgx†r bhc†rxehv†c thl pTrayTbgiw Tz sh hHshagdrTnTyhe egi zi ek†r tui Pauy/ TsTbe sgo Pr†pgx†r Trgbayhhi v†cthl Tbysgey Ti tuhxdgmhhfbyguugky pui sgr hHshagr P†gzhg/ thlv†c tuhl dgvTy druhx vbtv pui shygTygr- tui dgzTbd-uuTrayTyi/

thl dkhhc ayTrew Tz Tk. uu†xthl v†c zhl dgkgrby uugy nhrvgkpi thi sgo arci n˙i nTdhx-ygr-Trcgy )sh ygng: F,çho puik†szagr dgy†( tui thi p†raubdgituhpi dgchy pui sgr hHshagr dg-ahfyg thi Puhki/

nhy srl-tr.wn†bheT P†khy

†Prupi pui sh zungr-xyusgbyi 1002

nhybshegr

anugxekTx

nhyi kgrgr

akuo cgrdgr

b˙gx

z YIVO News Summer 2002

uugdi sgo phko IuuhsgrayTbs: sh bhay-cTeTbyg dgahfyg pui hHshag PTryhzTbgr"

pui tx≤r nhaehi

ag, thl v†c dgeuey tuhpis†eungbyTr-phko uugdi sh

hHshag PTryhzTbgr thi sh Puh-khag tui uuxruxhag uugksgrv†c thl dgnuzy cTuuUbsgri zhhgreurTza cag, zhh zbgi dgayT-bgi pTr TzT druhxgr xFbv/

sh dguugzgbg PTryhzTbgr uu†xv†ci zhl cTyhhkhey thbgo phko ≈ muuhai zhh gyT uur†-cgkw sh p†rzhmgrhi pubgo thbygrbTmh†bTki pruhgi-†Pyhhk co hHuu†w tui shbv TcrTn†uuhya g"vw sh kTbd-h†rheg vuhPy-chckh†ygegrhi tubszgrg ≈ uuh tuhl T xlTbsgrg uu†x zbgi bhy† thi phkow v†ci dgy†i uuhpk zhhv†ci dgegby benv mu bgngi thi sh åubth-hårtk uu†xv†ci tubsz dguu†ky tuncrgbdgi/

nhl v†y s†x Tk. sgrn†by thi thhbgr T bTfy thie†uubgr dgy†w uuU thl v†c zhl dgpubgi vgfgr srÕh†r/aPgy c bTfyw x'dhhy T eTkygr rgdi/ sh dTbmg naPjvv†y b†r dguu†ky thhi zTl: ak†pi/ nhy T n†k vgri nhrT ekTP thi sgr yhr/ thl v†c zhhgr nurt dgvTyw Tz s†xzbgi syai/ thl gpi sh yhrw ayhhy s†ryi n˙bgr Tjçr pui sgr tubygrdruby/ T surfdguuhheygr pui rgdiwmhygry grw T arge!

gr sgrmhhky nhrw Tz x'thz s† T druPg uu†x ekcyzhl muayhhi mu sh PTryhzTbgr/ uuhki zhhw thl z†k tuhldhhi/ nhr rgsi s†x Truo T xl n†k c tubszgrg bTfyhegzhmubdgi/ thmyw Tz f'egi auhi gPgx y†i tui bhay ckcico rgsiw euugbek thl zhlw tui muo xu; cTakhx thl muckci thi dgy†/ f'v†c bhay ehhi vTr. Tuugemudhhi tuithcgrmuk†zi tuh; vper yTyg-nTng nhyi hHbdgri crusgrn˙bgo/ f'v†c tuhl nurt Tuugedhhi pui n˙i vhho tuiayhhi pTr T bgrw tuncTeTbygr xFbv/ chi thl vgfgr T h†r dgckhci thi dgy† tui mudgzgi Tkg Temhgx tuisgP†ryTmhgx/

f†ya sh s†zheg hubdg hHsi v†ci zhl †bdgkhyi pui sgråhbtv pui sgr Trunhegr cTpgkegrubdw v†ci zhh zhlbhay dgar†ei pTr d†rbhayw b†r zhl dgak†di nhy shsyai uuhpk zhh v†ci b†r dgegby tui nhy uu†x pTr Tdguugr x'thz zhh b†r dgeungi tubygr sgr vTby/ Tegdisgo syahai nhkhygr thz zhhgr dguugr dguugi Prhnh-yhuu/ pubsgxyuugdi v†ci zhh dgrTyguugy sgo hHshaiFçusw uugki nhr pui sgr atrh,-vPkhyv zhh dgsgbegi tui vTkyi cFçus tubszgr dTb. kgci!

tx≤r nhaehiw T dgcuhrgbg thi e†uubgw thz T hHuu†-

nhydkhs tui T uu†kubyhr thi sgr hHuu†-chckh†yge/

dgay†rci mPurv aP˙znTi cag, sgr bungr thz auhi dguugi thi srue thz mui tubsz sgrdTbdgi shchygrg cåurvw Tz x'thz dgay†rci mPurv aPznTiw sgr zk pui sgrp†kexchbgw euso uuh T phrbsheg Teyrhxg tui sh kgmyg 53-04 h†r nna sh†Pvhygrhi pui sgr gexhxygb. pubgo ygTygr/

T dgcuhrgbg thi kuckhiw v†y zh dgaPhky thi hHshai ygTygr thi PuhkiwruxkTbs tui Tngrheg tui thz tuhl dguugi T dgaukyg erTbei-auugxygrtui vhhcTow uu†x v†y thi sgr x†uugyhagr pTraheubd cg, sgr muuhhygruugky-nkjnv †rdTbhzhry T xl ygTygr-p†raygkubdgiw uuh tuhl †Pdg-bungi vgfgr yuhzby gupgkgl!

mPurv aPznTi v†y x'dTbmg kgci dgkgcy tui dg†ygny nhy hHshaiygTygr/ T sTbe thr ayTrei uuhki v†y zhl sh p†kexchbg sgrvTkyi chzivbyhei y†d tui TrhcgrdgdTbdgi thi sh vgby pui T bgo sur/

Fçus thr †bsgbe!

T bgn≤bv

Pubey muo 101yi dgcuhri-y†d pui tubszgr druhxi P†gy

thmhe nTbdgr )gr thz dgcuhri dguu†ri sgo 82xyi n˙

1091( thz tubsz dgeungi tubygr sgr vTby T mhhfgbubd

uu†x uuzy nTbdgri uuh gr zhmyw uuh aygbshew nhy T

PTPhr†x thi vTby/ uugr x'thz sgr mhhfgbgr uuhhxi

nhr bhayw b†r nhr eungi T sTbe p' b/ †xyr†uui pTri

agbegi sgo hHuu† TzT n≤bv/

c

b˙gx

u

auçg prbs tui e†kgdiwx'prhhy nhl zhhgr tl mu

cTdrhxi c sgr gpgbubd pui sgrxyrTaui-tuhxaygkubd thi sgr hHuu†-chckh†yge/

thi sgr tn,i thz s†x bhay shgrayg gpgbubd pui sgr tuhxayg-kubd ≈ pTeyha thz s†x sh muuhhyg/thi sgmgncgr v†y sgr hHuu† †ph-mhgk sgshehry sh xyrTaui-zTnkubdTkyg xprho tui sh bg eTngr pTrzgkygbg chfgrw uuU x'dgphbgi zhl sh

gkyxyg tui sh y˙grxyg her-vnmh-tu,i pui sgr s†zhegr chckh†yge/ muhgbgr sgsheTmhg thi sgmgncgrzgbgi dgeungi nhydkhsgr pui sgrcTrhnygr naPjv xyrTaui pui Tkggei uugkyw vubsgry pupmhe Pkhng-bhegx tui Pkhngbhmgx pui r' n≤,hvuxyrTauiw uu†x zgbgi zhl muzTngb-dgeungi muo grayi n†k tuh; thhi†ry s† thbgo hHuu†/

vby PrTuugi nhr sgo vubsgry-xyi huçk pui Ti Tbsgr sgsheTmhgw sh

pubgo bgo cbhi puisgr xyrTaui-chckh†-ygew uu†x thz dggpbydguu†ri thi uuhkbgTruo Pxj 2091/ thihgbgo cbhi v†ci ≤k-nhsh-jfnho zhl npkPkdguugiw p†ragrx dg-p†ray tui khhgbgrxdgkhhgby kaui-eusa-sheg xprho tui hHshagchfkgl chzi druhxijurci/ thbgo thcgreg-rgbha thz tundgeungigk ehsua-vao sgrchckh†ygegr r' j˙ek

kubxeh muzTngi nhyi ruç khhgbgrxtui p†ragrx pui xyrTaubx xprho/†cgr sh dxyheg tumru, v†y ngibhay tundgcrTfy: uuh x'ayhhy thisgr dnrtw Iduhkhi bårphi utu,hu,Purju, cTuhr"/ sh xyrTaui-zTnkubdv†y TsurfdgnTfy sh nkjnv tuidgphby zhl vby thbgo hHuu†/

nhr thbgo hHuu† prhhgi zhl zhhgrwuu†x sgr b†ngi pubgo cTrhnyi≤knhs-jfo tui tuvç-xpr r' n≤,hvuxyrTaui thz Tzuh b†gby pTrcubsinhyi hHuu† tui uu†x T druhxgr yhhkpui sgr uugky-cTrhnygr xyrTaui-chckh†ygew uu†x thz cag≤u pTr-akgPy dguu†ri ehhi syakTbstubygr sgr nnakv pui sh rumjhohnj-anow uugry vby s† Tzuh z†r-dguushe †Pdgvhy pTr sh eungshegsuru,/ thz Tzuh uuh x sh Tkygw x sh bg sgsheTmhg zgbgi p†r-dgeungi Pxj-myw tui b†l sgoTkgo uu†x v†y zhl thbgo pTrdTb-dgbgo h†rvubsgry dgyr†pi nhyxyrTaubx xprhow thz PTxhe mucrgbdgi sh uugrygr pui sgr vdsv:InTpkv ktur dsuk"w pui phbmygrbhamui T druhx khfy/ T sTbe/


tuhxmud pui crul vhkkx rgsg c sgrxyrTaui-gpgbubd )61yi TPrhk 2002(

j

ubyhew sgo 3yi pgcruTr 2002w thz thbgo ImgbygrpTr hHshagr dgahfyg"p†rdgeungi sh gpgbubd pui

sgr PgrnTbgbygr tuhxaygkubd t"b Itubszgr vhhnay†yuuhkbg"w TrTbzahry pui IpTrcTbs pui uuhkbgr hHsi thi shpTrthhbheyg ayTyi Ω buxj uuhkbg"/ sh tuhxaygkubddgphby zhl tuhpi srhyi d†riw uuU sgr hHuu† v†y zbgchur†gi/ tuh; sh uugby uuheky zhl pubTbsgr uuh Ti Tkc†othi chksgr s†x hHshag ge†b†nhag tui eukyur-dgzgkaTpykgfg kgci thi uuhkbg pTr sgr muuhhygruugky-nkjnv/ tuh; T cTzubsgr uuTby vgbdgi cr†bszgbgy†uukgi thi †bsgbe pui sh tundgcrTfyg naPju, puinhydkhsgr pui buxj uuhkbg/ sh tuhxaygkubd v†y PkTbhrysgr ehbxykgr P†k v†bygrw Prgzhsgby pui ITrygktuhxaygkubdgi"/

sgr eck,-Pbho thz p†rdgeungi thbgo Prgfyheiayhhbcgrd-zTkw uuU gx v†y zhl pTrzTnky T vhPagrguko uuhkbgr tui prbs pui uuhkbgr/ nhy sgr Pr†drTov†y †bdgphry sus r†d†uuw uuhmgp†rzhmgr pui buxj

uuhkbgw uu†x v†y sgrmhhky nhy vun†rw thi hHsha tuigbdkhaw uugdi sgr xTdgw uuh zhh v†ci nhy geabu,sgrdrhhfy zhhgr mhk/ gx v†ci tuhl dgrgsy: sgrp†rzhmgr pui buxj uuhkbgw angui PTkguuxeh xhnT erhhiwpui sgr pTruuTkyubd rgbg Tcyw pui muuhhyi sur uuhkbgr`s"r eTrk rbxw gezgeuyhuu-shrgey†r pui hHuu† uTjrui-Tjrui jçhçw crux xk†uuhiw sgr p†rzhmgr pubgo mgbygrtui p†rzhmgr pui sgr hHuu†-pTruuTkyubd/ sh nuzheTkhagPr†drTo v†y surfdgphry sh uuhkbgr zhbdgrhi tuip†kek†rhxyeg nTrHT eruP†uugxw nhy khsgr uugdi uuhkbgtui uuhkbgr dgy†/

muo xu; thz sgr guko Truh; cTeuei sh tuhxaygkubdwuu†x v†y c zhh Truhxdgrupi druhx thbygrgxw zhh nnadgdgci T yh†feg thi vTrmi/

ng egi eungi cTeuei sh tuhxaygkubd pui n†byhe chzs†bgrayhe/ ng sTr; †cgr prHgr ygkgp†bhri:0806Ω642Ω212/

Itubszgr vhhnay†y uuhkbg" c sgr

xyrTaui-

gpgbubd:

e†k†bgk akuo

P†ngrTb.w

Tçhçv

Txyrhbxeh

z

d†y v†y cTaTpi vhnk tui grsw

uu†x thz thi sgr grs?

T ahhbgrw pbgr uu†rmk/

sgr uu†rmk pui sgr grsw

sh grs pui d†y/

tui uuygr:

d†y v†y cTaTpi T chhnkw T puhdk

nhy pgsgri///

tui sh kgmyg xyr†pg:

d†y v†y cTaTpi vhnk tui grs/

uu†x thz pui sgo chhnk?

T ahhbgw pbg muudk/

uu†x thz pui sgr muudk?

T ahhbgw pbg puhdk/

uu†x thz pui sgr puhdk?

T ahhbgw pbg pgsgr/

uu†x thz pui sgr pgsgr?

T ahhiw pi ehagkg/

s†x ehagkg pTr sgr Fkvw

sh Fkv pTr sgo j,i!

†y Tzuh/ vhnk tui grs zbgimubuhpdgcubsi c d†y tuij,i-Fkv zbgi mubuhpdgcubsinhy sgr Tkuugky tui nhyd†y/ x'thz bhay ehhi druhxgrnvkl muuhai d†y tui j,i-Fkv/ gr thz s†w tuh; sgrgrsw nhy zhh tui zhh zbgis†ryw tuhpi vhnkw nhy tho/

T jhsua uuh tuh; aTdTkxT chks/ †cgr tpar zbgish chksgr Truhxdgphry puish hHshag khsgrw Tzgkfgahhbgw ekudg tuiuuUbsgrkgfg?

sh chksgr pui sh khsgrw

sh khsgr pui sgr khcgw

sh khcg pTr sh ngbyaiw

sh ngbyai pTr d†y/

d†y v†y cTaTpi vhnk tui grs///

nTex uu˙br˙l-mgbygr

v

uhi x'srhyg h†r uuh x'uugrisurfdgphry co hHuu†

TeTsgnhag xgnhbTri tuh; hHsha/s†x uu†x sgr xgnhbTr thz tuh;hHsha thz T xhni nnahl zi shhHuu†-yrTshmhg pui rgsi hHsha uuh TiTeyhuug aPrTl tuh; uuhxbaTpykgfgTrcgyi tui shxeuxhgx/

sgr dguuhhbykgfgr guko co xgnhbTr thz 03-04 puish Pr†pgx†riw xyusgbyi tui dkTy thbygkhdgbyi uu†xv†ci vb†v pui vgri T hHsha uu†ry tuh; TuuhxbaTpykgfgr ygng/ Tdç thz FsTh mu cTngreiw Tzs"rnrsfh agfygrw uu†x gr v†y nhy ebTPg sr h†rmurhe dgphry sgo grayi xgnhbTr pui sgr bgr xgrhgwv†y thmy dgphry T muuhhyi xgnhbTr/

hHsha-TeTsgnhagr xgnhbTr

crufv kTbd

eTPkTi


v†sg hus†uuhbg-

zTuugkguug co

aTdTk-nuzhhw

uuhygcxe

xgnhbTriw prhkhbd 2002sTygrgsbgrygng

52xyi hTbuTrs"r nrsfh agfygr )e†k†nchg-tubhuugrxhygy( bg uugrygr c sh crhsgr khpah.

8yi pgcruTrcrufv kTbd eTPkTi )e†k†nchg-tubhuugrxhygy(sgr †ry†s†exhagr gexPrgxh†bhzopubgo rgkhdhgzi P†gy uu/ kfygr

22xyi pgcruTrTvri P†ryb†h )hHshagr yg†k†dhagr xgnhbTr(rgkhdhgzg xhnc†ki thi sgr hHshagreTrheTyurhxyhe

8yi nTr.prunT n†vrgr )hHuu†(hHsha thbgo hHuu†-Trfhuu

22xyi nTr.sus crTui )nTxTyauxgyxgr sgr hHshagr yrT;ygfb†k†dhg-thbxyhyuy(

3yi n˙s"r vgrak dkgzgr )hHuu†(nTng-kaui thbgo thhr†PgHai dgrgo

7yi hubhvhbsg curayhi )hHshagr eukyur-mgbygrw ckgygr thi uuhby: hHshag pruhgb-eshnv ≈ ngkcuriw tuhxyrTkhg(khsgr uugdi sgr bTyur

a

nTrHT eruP†uugx]vnal pui z' s[

s

nTex uu˙br˙l-mgbygr

pui nTrHT eruP†uugx

)s"r nTrHT eruP†uugxw T

kgrgrhi pui p†kek†r thi

uuhkbgr tubhuugrxhygyw v†y

dger†di sh grayg xyhPgbshg

t"b uukTshnhr tui Pgrk jp.

pTr p†rai hHshag nuzhe/(

TrTh†ri chi thl dguugituh; T p†kek†r-gexPg-

shmhg thi uuxruxkTbs ≈ thiPhbxe tui cTrTb†uuhya/ s†ry

v†c thl dgekhci T xl hHshag khsgr/ vh†r chi thldgp†ri ehhi uuhygcxe/

uuhygcxew sh ay†y pui aTdTki! nhr thz dguugicTzubsgrx thbygrgxTby mu p†ri Tvhiw uuk f'chi dguugiT cgki mu uuhxi uugkfg khsgr v†y ngi dgzubdgi thiaTdTkx vhhnay†y/ x'thz tuhl dguugi thbygrgxTbytuhxek†riw uu†x pTr Ti tbpkux v†ci sh khsgr dgvTytuh; aTdTkx ehbxykgrhai uugd/

prHgr thz thi uuhygcxe dguugi Pr†p' sus eT.w uu†x gr v†y zhl s†ryi cTegby nhy v†sg hus†uuhbg-zTuugkguugw uu†x v†y tho dgz†dyw Tz zh egi T xl hHshagp†kexkhsgr/ v†c thl †bdgekubdgi v†sgiw v†ci nhr zhl†Pdgrgsy mu cTdgdgbgi/

Tz thl chi †bdgeungi ehhi uuhygcxe chi thl mu graydgeungi thi ekuc Ijxs"w uuU x'yrgpi zhl sh Tkyg hHsi/x'thz dguugi ac,/ sh nhydkhsgr pui ekuc v†ci nhlneck-Pbho dguugiw v†c thl zhh dgprgdyw mh gngmgr puizhh egi hHshag khsgr b†l pui yTyg-nTngi/ nhy T n†kv†ci gykgfg ngbyai nhr T z†d dgy†iw Tz thi ay†yegi tui zhbdy hHshag p†kexkhsgr b†r thhi pruh ≈ v†sgzTuugkguug/ Ithl v†c zhl auhi nhy thr mubuhpdgrgsy"wv†c thl dggbypgry/

chi thl dgeungi mu v†sgiw T zhci tui zhcgmhe-h†rhegpruh nhy zhhgr T vTrmhei anhhfk/ zh v†y nhr sgrmhhkythr dTbmi kgci/ v†sg thz dgc†ri dguu†ri thi cgkha-e†uuhyaw T aygyk pupmi ehk†ngygr pui uuhygcxewkgci aygyk kh†zbgw uuU x'thz dgc†ri dguu†ri aTdTkxnTng/ thi sh x†uugyhag myi thz thi cgkhae†uuhya†rdTbhzhry dguu†ri T hHshagr e†kuuhry IyrTey†r"w uuUx'v†ci dgTrcgy thrg gkygri/ v†sg v†y sgrmhhkyw Tzthi sgo e†kuuhry thz dguugi b†r thhi yrTey†r/ thi†bvhhc pui sgr nkjnv v†y sh naPjv zhl guuTeuHry ehhixhchr/ aPgygr v†y zh zhl tundgegry ehhi uuhygcxew uuUzh v†y sh dTbmg my dgTrcgy uuh T s†eygr/ zh thzauhi pui kTbd Ti Tknbv/ thmy uuuhby zh Tkhhi tui ac,pkgdy zh dhhi thi auk/

thl nuz z†diw Tz thi n˙i thmyhegr ygyhehhy ≈ ekcihHshag p†kexkhsgr ≈ yrgpy zhl Tkg n†k gPgx T bx/ shTkyg hHsi uu†x uuuhbgi thmy thi khyg tui uuxruxkTbs

v†ci gk-Ph bx zhl dgrTyguugy pui yuhy/ b†l sgr nkjnvv†ci zhh auhi bhy dgvTy ehhi ngdkgfehhyi mu Tbyuuhekgizhhgr eukyur/ zhhgr †py v†ci zhh bhy dgegby Tphku rgsiehhi hHsha/ x'thz zhhgr auugr mu dgphbgi gngmiw uu†x egizhbdgi hHshag khsgr tuhxdgkgrbyg b†l thi sgr naPjv/pTrarci mgi-pupmi khsgr pui thhi ngbya thz T xl/v†sg v†y nhr †cgr dgzubdgi Truo srxhe khsgrw uu†xzh egi b†l pui thr nTngi/ mh thz s†x bhy ehhi ayhekuuUbsgr?

thi sgr zhbdgrhbx rgPgryuTr zbgi s† pTrahsgbgkhsgr: mhubhxyhagw e†nhagw pTnhkhg-khsgrw khcgkhsgr/thbygrgxTbyw uu†x sh x†uugyhag myi v†ci thcgr-dgk†zy aPuri tuhpi hHshai p†kek†r tuhl/ knakw thisgo uuTrhTby pubgo cTrhnyi khs Ibjunegw n˙i zui"z†dy sgr zui sgo yTyiw Tz sh Fkv v†y bhy ehhi dgkyw zhv†y b†r T IPr†px†huzbg chfgkg"!

thl chi dguugi c v†sgi muuhh n†k/ x'thz thr auhiauugr mu zhbdgi Tzuh phk/ tuhpi muuhhyi y†d zbgi nhrthi sgr prh dgdTbdgi muzTngi thi sgr thhbmhegr uuh-ygcxegr auk/ b†l sgo zbgi nhr nhy v†sgi dgdTbdgithi aTdTk-nuzhh/ kgci sgr P†er†uuxeThT-dTxw uuU sgrnuzhh dgphby zhlw v†y ngi bhy-kTbd murhe Tuugedg-aygky sh ahhbg xeukPyur pui zhmbshei ehbxykgr nhysgr PTkhyrg thi sh vgby tui nhy zi uucgkg uu†xpkhy thcgr tho/ sgr nuzhh v†y zhl dggpby nhy gykgfgh†r murhe/ x'thz bhay ehhi druhx vuhz: sr mhngri tui Tehl/ tuh; sh uugby vgbdgi Tkyg p†y†drTphgx pui sgray†y tui pui aTdTkx naPjv/ tungyuo thz s† Tkygngck: x†pgxw T yha uuU x'khdi Tkyg hHshag chfgrw TxTn†uuTr tuh; sgr P†khmg tui T druhxgr aPhdk/ mh v†ysgr hubdgr aTdTk Trbdgeuey thi sgo aPhdk tui b,Pgkdguu†ri pui zi thhdgbgr ahhbehhy? )Tzuh v†y gr dgarh-ci thi zi tuhy†ch†drTphg/( Tk. thi sgo nuzhh v†y ngimudgdrhhy nhy druhx khcaTpy/

kgci vuhz thz s† T xgsgkg/ thi tho thz tuhl s† TxeukPyurw uu†x aygky p†r sgo hubdi phskgr aPhkbshetuh; T phsk/ tuh; sgr phsk khdy dTb. uuhygcxe thinhbhTyur/ Tkg uuhhxiw Tz aTdTkx chksgr zbgi puk nhyuuUbsgrx: e†khryg jhu,w pkHgbsheg ngbyai/ thi sgrtuhy†ch†drTphg v†y gr Tkhhi dgarhciw Tz gr v†y†Pdgkgcy s†x dTbmg kgci uuTrybshe tuh; T jhsua/ mhthz s†x dgagi? zhfgr ≈ zi druhxg eubxyw zi druhxgkhcgw zi druhx vTr. tui zi druhxgr durk/

mh thz nhr dgr†yi thi uuhygcxe mu pTrarci b†rthhi khs thi s†zhei dxy? h†/ muo xu; pui tubszgryrgpubd v†y v†sg dgzubdgi T ahhi khsw uu†x thl v†cprHgr bhay dgvgry/ aPgygr v†c thl zhl sgruuUxyw TzT uuTrhTby pui sgo khs thz Puckhehry dguu†ri thi jbvtui h†xk nk†ygex srhyi cTbs hHshag khsgrw khsgr pui

sur mu sur/ †y thz sgr ygexy:

T ayhek uuUbsgr


p

]vnal tuh; z' v[

bvhhc vh†r v†y sgr hHuu†mudgbungi uuh T nhyTrcgygr

sgo cTuuUxyi chckh†ygegr tui chc-kh†drT; crul-xhbh vhkk/ p' vhkk thzchz thmy dguugi sgr ag; pui sgrchckh†yge pubgo †exp†rsgr mgb-ygr pTr vgcrgHag tui hHshagkhnusho tui T nhydkhs pubgo †rhgb-yTkhai pTeukygy pubgo †exp†rsgrtubhuugrxhygy/ pTr sgo thz gr dg-uugi sgr ag; pubgo vgcrgHai †P-yhhk pui sgr crhyhagr chckh†yge)sh dguugzgbg chckh†yge pubgocrhyhai nuzhh( thi k†bs†i/ pTr sgothz gr dguugi sgr eurTy†r pui sgrvgcrgHagr zTnkubd pui sgr eTbTsgrbTmh†bTkgr chckh†yge thi †yTuug/T xPgmhTkhxy pui sgr vgcrgHagrtui hHshagr srue-dgahfygw v†y p'vhkk njcr dguugi T m†k eTyTk†di

tui chckh†drTphag ayushgx uugdiTkyg sruei tui F,ç-hsi/ tuhl v†cigykgfg pui zbg ≤knhsho thbgo chc-kh†drTphg-eurx thi †exp†rs nnahldguugi nhy uuhxbaTpykgfg Trcgyithbgo crhhyi ayj pui hHshagr chc-kh†drTphg cpry tui pui nhzrj-thhr†PgHag hHshag ayushgx cFkk/

thi hHuu† uugy crul vhkk ≈ uu†xyr†dy sgo yhyk IsgeTi pui sgrchckh†yge" ≈ zhl †Pdgci nhy chckh-†drTphagr p†raTrcgy tui cprynhy PkTbhri uuygrsheg chckh†yge-Pr†hgeyi/ sh p†ruhxdgzggbg Pr†-hgeyi cTvTbskgi bhay b†r TkgrkhhTxPgeyi pui sgr hHshagr khygrT-yurw b†r tuhl sh chckh†drTphg puihHshai ygTygrw nuzhe tui eubxy tuish dgahfyg pui hHshai srue/ grvTky pTr ayTre bhhyhew Tz sgrhHuu† z†k Truhxdgci uuhfyheg chc-kh†drTphag uugre mudgdrhhyg puiTn†kheg hHuu†-nhyTrcgygrxw b†ruu†x zgbgi mukhc pTrahhsgbg ygnhoehhi n†k bhay Truhx tui uu†x khdiauhi suru, kTbd uuh cTdr†ci/ muuhaish † Trcgyi uu†x uu†kyi zhfgr dg-nTfy T druhxi ruao tuhpi pgks puihHsha-p†raubd zgbgi aTmehx bhay-Truhxdgdgcgbg chckh†drTphg puisgr Tky-hHshagr khygrTyur )uu†xsh PuckheTmhg sgrpui v†y ngimudgz†dy auhi thi sh 02gr h†ri!(whgpho haurhbx rhzheg chckh†drTphagnTygrhTki uugdi sgr n†sgrbgr hHsh-agr khygrTyurw tui sgr kgmygr

cTbs pui zhkcgrmuudx druhxi kge-

xhe†i pui hHshai ygTygr)uu†x she†rgeyur sgrpui thz auhi dguugidrhhy uugi sgr njcr thz dgay†rci(/

c sgr gpgbubd pui sgr tuhx-aygkubd muo vubsgryxyi huçk puisgr uuhkbgr xyrTaui-chckh†ygewsgo 61yi TPrhk vh†rw v†y crulvhkk dgrgsy uugdi sgr dgahfyg puisgr s†zhegr chckh†ygew sh thhbmheghHshag evhkv-chckh†yge thi pTr-nkjnvshei Puhki tui khyg uu†x thz†PdgrTyguugy dguu†ri pubgo jurcithhr†Pg/ )sgo hHshai yhhk pui zirgsg uugy ngi dgphbgi tuh; z' u thisgo bungr/(

b˙gx

d

bgr sgeTi pui sgr hHuu†-chckh†yge

crul-xhbh vhkk

†


T ngbya nhy hHjux crul-xhbh vhkkw T dgcuhrgbgr thi bhu-h†rew ayTny pui chhsg mssho pui

T rcbhagr naPjv pui Tsnu"rhow njcrho tui sruegrx uu†x v†ci dgaPhkyT r†kg tuhl thi sgr hHshagr khygrTyur/ thhbgr pui zbg gkygr-zhhsgxpui nTngx msw sgr hTnPgkgr rch r' tkhgzr-jhho rTchb†uuhya zm"kw Tcgk-anxeg thhbhek uu†x v†y dgarhci eckv-xprhow v†y dgk†zy cF,ç-hsngåhu,w dgarhci tuh; hHshaw uugdi sgo cgk-ao-yuç/ )gray kTbdg h†rib†l r' tkhgzr-jhhnx vx≤keu, zgbgi sh ngåhu, Tri thi sruew 4891 thicruekhi/( vhkkx T pgygr pui yTybx msw r' Tçrvo kTuuxehw T hkhs-hruakho tui T zui pui k†nzagr rçw v†y Truhxdgdgci pTrahhsgbg uugretuh; vgcrgHa tui tuh; hHshaw c,ufo T cul sh janb†ho-vgksi †sgr sh

nTeTchhgr)bhu-h†rew 1491(w T vhxy†rhag xehmg/

jbv nk†yge T c,-anubho

sgo 9yi TPrhk thz zhl mubuhpdgeungi tuh; T nxhcvsgr dTbmgr Pgrx†bTk pubgo hHuu† mu PrTuugi sgo08xyi dgcuhri-y†d pui jbv nk†ygew tubszgr kTbd-h†rheg nuzhe-TrfhuuTreg/ jbv nk†ygew uu†x thzpTrcubsi nhyi hHuu† vgfgr pupmhe h†rw v†y †bdgvuhcithr Trcgy s† uuh s"r nTex uubrfx xgergyTragtui dgvhk;/ surl sh h†ri thz zh †bgregby dguu†ri pTridrgxyi egbgr pui hHshag khsgrw uu†x mui thr eunyngi nhy eahu, pui sgr dTbmgr uugky/ zhby 0791 phryzh T rucrhe thi p†ruugryxt"b IPgrk pui sgr hHshagrP†gzhg" v†y Truhxdgdgci phr drgxgrg e†kgemhgxhHshag khsgr thi thhbgo nhy thr nTiw h†xk nk†ygeg"vw uuh tuhl gykgfg ekgbgrg chfkgl v†y zhldgsruey thi sh hHuu†-ckgygrt"T uuhxbaTpykgfgzaurbTki/ nhr uuhbyai thr pui yhpi vTrmi kTbdgwPr†sueyhuug h†ri/ nhy nzk dghgry zhlw jbv!

)x'zhmy( jbv nk†yge )xg ayhhgiw rgfyx tuh; khbex(

e†khT c†r†sukhiw chckh†ygegr ahhbsk p†dgknTiw

xgergyTrag khhzgr )kg†( drhbcuhow TrfhuuTr k†rhi

xekTncgrdw ekTbd-TrfhuuTr )p†y†: gkhx phagr(

erhaT phagrw

p†y†Trfh-

uuTregw co

cTbegy nhy

muuhh PkTeTyi

pui hHshai

ygTygr

chshgu, pui hHuu† bun' 491 zungr 2002

hHuu†-cTbegy

hsgr zgbgi nhr s† ≈ mu tubszgr

hgrkgfi huo-yuç thihHuu† ≈ tui x'thz auhidguu†ri T yrTshmhgw Tzmuuhai sh rhhsw dgsTbegitui njaçu,w uu†x uugriTruhxdgcrTfyw z†k zhltuhl vgri s†x hHshaguu†ryw tubszgr hHshakauiw uu†x uugry auhimgbskhegr h†ri †Pdgvhytui dgayTrey pubgohHuu†/ tui nhr thz tuhl

s†x n†k dgdgci dguu†ri sh Prhuuhkgdhg s†x mu y†i/hHuu† ≈ thz sgr tuhxsrue pui tubszgr p†kex-ge-

xhxygb./ nhr eungi Tkg pui pTrahhsgbg xçhçu,wpTrahhsgbg phk†z†phag tui thsg†k†dhag ygbsgbmiwTzuh uuh x'thz s†x hHshag kgci ≈ T uuUbsgrkgfgr rgdi-cuhdi ≈ tui gx pTrchbsy tubsz Tkgngi T cau≤pu,shegruuhki: nnahl zi tubszgr dTbd mu T cgxgri tui agbgrin†rdi/ nhr Trcgyi muzTngiw nhr yruhngi muzTngiw nhrayrgci muzTngiw tui nhr anhsi muzTngi sh d†ksgbgehhy pui tubszgr eukyur tui aPrTl/

druhx thz vby tubszgr Tjrhu,/ vhhkhe zgbgi tub-szgrg tuhpdTci/ auuTrmg uu†kebx v†ci pTrsgeytubszgr hHshai vhnk/ gx crgby sgr nhyk-nhzrj/ygr†rhxyi ckhbsg pTbTyhegr n†rsi hHshag nTngxwyTygx tui ehbsgr/ s†x hHshag p†ke uuhk akuow uuhknbujvw uuhk kgci thi prbsaTpy nhy sh bhay-hHshagpgkegr/

bhay ckhbsg benv thz tubszgr srlw b†r sgr vhhkhegruuhki mu pTryhhshei tubszgr hHshag gexhxygb.w muzTnginhy ngbyai pui duyi uuhki mu cuhgi crhei pui prbs-aTpy nhy bgfyheg åubthow mu pTrzhfgri sh gexhxygb.pui nshb,-hårtk tui nhy sgo pTrzhfgri sgo vnal puitubszgr auugr dgPrUuuyi hHshai uugkyp†ke/ tui s†x thzs†l sgr dxy uu†x cTuugdy tubsz Tkgngi thbgo hHuu†!

thl eue tuh; tlw n˙bg prbsw tuh; tl cuhgrwayhmgr tui vgkpgr pui hHuu† ≈ uuhxbaTpykgrw kgrgrtui rgsbgr/ s†x thz T vhhkhegr e†kgeyhuu uu†x v†y shvhxy†rhag tuhpdTcg pui Prgzgruuhri tui †Pvhyi shgexP†bTyi tui s†eungbyi pui tubszgr bgfyi/ †cgrItuhc bhay b†l vgfgr"w uuh x'v†y dgz†dy tubszgrdruhxgr h/-k/ Pr./ b†l uuhfyhegr thz tubszgr bTmh†bTkgnhxhg pui hHuu† tui tubszgrg cTnHubdgi tbmuvTkyi tuiayTrei hHshaw tubszgr kauiw muuhai sh hubdg Tngrh-eTbgr suru,/ z†k sur b†l sur vgri zhl s†x dgzTbd puihHshai khsw sgr ekTbd pui hHshai kaui/ bhhiw hHsha y†rbhay pTrauuUbsi uugri!

zhhgr †py prgdi ngbyaiw IhHsha? pTr uu†x suuethHsha?"

nhr z†di cphrua: h†w uuk hHsha thz tubszgr aPrTlwhHsha thz sh banv pui p†kew hHsha pTrbgny T P†zhmhguu†x v†y bhay ehhi dkfi thi tubszgr dgahfygw s†xthz s†x kaui thi uugkfi x'thz e†bxgruuhry tubszgrdTbmg kgcbx-sgrpTrubdw tnubvw khhsiw prhhsiw z†rdi tui v†pgbubd/

nhr uugbsi xPgmhgk tubszgrg tuhdi mu sh hubdg thitubszgrg rhhgiw tui k†nhl tl pTrmhhki T vhxy†rhaipTey pui tubszgr dk†rrfgr pTrdTbdgbvhhyw pui pTr

sgr muuhhygr uugky-nkjnv/ tuhl sgn†ky thz sgrvhnk pTruu†keby dguu†ri nhy sh mhhfbx puiaPgygrshei jurciw pui bTmhzo tui pTahzo/ †y thihgbgo zungry†d thz p†rdgeungi T muzTngbpkh thiuuTrag pui hubdg hHshag Trcgygr tui ahkgrw hubdgcubshxyi pui Tkg gei kTbs/ tui c T yuhzby-egPhegr hubdgr njbv v†y sgr yrhcui pui hHshaiTrcgygr-ekTxw chhbha nhfTkguuhya ≈ uugkfgr thzTdç thi thhi bTfy druh dguu†ri tuh; sh eTkyg uugdipui xhchr ≈ v†y grw nhfTkguuhyaw tuhxdgrupi musgr hudby: Idgsgbeyw nhr uugygrTbgi uugri gkygrtui auuTfgrw tubszgrg vgby vhhci †i mhygri/ nuzythrw sh hubdgw †Pbgngi sh pTekgi uu†x nhr yr†di/nhy tgr khcaTpy mu hHsha tui muo hHshai p†keuugy thr nmkhj zi tui cTkuhfyi sgo uugd mui Tagbgri n†rdi/ thi sgo zgkchei dxy egby thrcTrfgri tgr dxyhe kgci tui cTaTpi bguugryi pTr tubszgr p†ke"/ thi sgo zgkci dxyuugbsi nhr zhl vby mu tlw sh hudby pui hHuu†/

zy cTdrhxy! z†k kgci sgr hHuu†! z†k kgci s†xhHshag p†ke!

zgknTb†uuhyagx rgsg co cTbegyuu

n†yk zgknTb†uuhya

˙o vh†rhei hgrkgfi hHuu†-cTbegyv†ci zhl pTrzTnky 054 dgxy tui ng

v†y dgaTpi vgfgr T nhkh†i s†kTr/ shgrbdgxy zgbgi dguugi sh sgn†erTyhage†bdrgxpruh bhyT k†uuh )bhu-h†re( tui sgrTrfhygey prgbe dgvrh/ chhsg v†ci zhh cT-eungi Ti tuhxmhhfgbubd pTr zhhgr kgcbx-tuhpyu/ dgphry sgo p†rzh. v†y crul-tkh xk†uuhiw sgr p†rzhmgr pui sgr hHuu†-pTruuTkyubd/

Isgr hHuu† v†yvhbygr zhl T druhxibgfyi tui pTr zhl T duuTkshei n†rdi!"v†y xk†uuhi tubygr-dgayr†fi/ Inhr euk-yhuuhri tubszgrguu†rmkgi tui uugkizhh tuhpvhyi b†ltuh; kTbdg suru,!"

sgr dTxyrgsbgrthz dguugi s"r kg†ic†yayhhiw sgr Prg-zhsgby pui cTrs-eTkgsza tui sgrshrhdgby pubgo Tng-rheTbgr xhnp†bhaiTregxygr/ gr v†y

dgkuhcy sgo hHuu† pTr zbg druhxgtuhpyugi thi a˙fu, nhy †Pvhyi tubszgrhHsha-hHshag hruav chzi vbyhei y†d/ grv†y tuhl p†rdgaygky pTri guko prgbedgvrhw uu†x thz cTrhny thcgr sgr uugkypTr Tzgkfg cuhaTpubdgi uuh sgr nuzhh puichkcT†w aPTbhg/ r'v†y dgz†dyw Tz dgvrhthz Isgr thhbmhegr hHshagr Trfhygey thitubszgrg ygdw T d†ui nnaw uu†x v†y †cgrbhay pTrkuhri zi Phbygkg hHs"/

p†rdgaygky pr' k†uuh v†y s"r n†yk)nTryhi( Pr.w thrx T kTbdh†rhegr jçr tuiT nhydkhs thi sgr hHuu†-pTruuTkyubd/ csgr dgkgdbvhhy v†y zhl Pr. †Pdgaygkytuh; sh vbyheg bgx tui zhhgr a˙fu,nhy hHsi/ sgr guko thz dguugi zhhgr dgrhrypui zbg rhhsw uuh tuhl pui sh uuygrsheguugrygr k†uuhxw uuU zh v†y sgrmhhky puithr ruxha-hHshagr naPjv uu†x thz dg-eungi pui ruxkTbs tui s† tuhpdgaygky IT uuTrgng cr†bexgr hHshag vhho"/ k†uuhwuu†x thz T e†bdrgx-nhydkhs auhi thi sgrzhcgygr eTsgb.w v†y sgrmhhky uuh zhTrcgy kyuç, nshb,-hårtk tui tuhl dg-kuhcy sgo hHuu† pTr zi Trcgy kyuç, sgr hHshagr aPrTl tui eukyur/

sgr kgmygr v†y dgbungi T uu†ry tuh;nTng-kaui sgr pTruuTkyubd-nhydkhs n†ykzgknTb†uuhya )zgi z' c thi sgo bungr(:Inhr uugbsi xPgmhgk tubszgrg tuhdi mu shhubdg thi tubszgrg rhhgi /// nuzy thr hubdg†Pbgngi sh pTekgi uu†x nhr yr†di"w v†ygr dgz†dyw sgrn†bgbshe sh rhhs pubgodruhxi cubshai yugr chhbha nhfTkguuhyacg, T uuTraguugr cubshai muzTngbpkh/muo xu; v†y xk†uuhi cTsTbey sgo gukotui tho T chxk tubygrdgyrhci: Ib†l ngruuh prHgr sTrpi nhr tl thmygr v†ci"/

hHshagr uuhxbaTpykgfgr thbxyhyuy ≈ hHuu† bun' 491 zungr 2002

hHuu†-cTbegy/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / c

crul-xhbh vhkk jbv nk†yge/ / / / / / d

nTrHT eruP†uugx/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / s

hHsha-TeTsgnhagr xgnhbTr/ / / / / / / v

gpgbubdgi/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / u

bgx/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / z

zungr-xyusgbyi 1002/ / / / / / / / / / / / / j

ng arcy tubsz/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / y

thbvTky YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

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hHshagr uuhxbaTpykgfgr thbxyhyuy ≈ hHuu†

YIVO hshgu, hshgu,pui hHuu†

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hgrkgfgr cTbegy Tsurl nhy druhx vmkjv

e†bdrgxpruh bhyT k†uuh nhy crul-tkh xk†uuhiw p†rzhmgr pui sgr

hHuu†-pTruuTkyubd

c

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