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7

Illa Vij

Workbook

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Preface

As an internationally accepted language, English plays a central role in shaping the careers and lives of young people worldwide. For Indians, English is not only a window to the world, but a bridge between the languages and cultures at home. It carries the images of progress and modernity, and is a synonym for success in the globalized world. Consequently, there is tremendous demand for quality English education. In order to understand, interpret and respond eff ectively to a fast-changing world, learners require applied practice and the best-available language-learning tools. In Real English, learners and facilitators will fi nd a systematic exposition of language concepts and thorough practice for each language skill, with focus on the larger goal of language-enabling. Th e workbook reinforces the concepts learnt in the coursebook through extra exercises. It is guided by the twin objectives of ELT, language development and language use, in its structuring and grading of exercises and activities. It provides exposure to language in a variety of contexts with ample scope for practice. Th e workbook complements the coursebook. It helps develop and reinforce concepts of grammar, off ers practice in contemporary usage, develops vocabulary and facilitates development and honing of the skills of reasoning and interpretation of facts, fi gures, tables and pictures. Its distinguishing feature is its easy accessibility to both teacher and learner. Th e instructions are clear and focused. It promotes gradual learner autonomy in learning and practising language. It also facilitates the development of cognitive skills and encourages creativity. Real English workbooks off er an excellent language-learning experience with challenge and fun.

Illa Vij

Contents

1. Using May/Might 1

2. Prepositional Verbs 3

3. Magnanimity Rewarded 5

4. Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely 8

5. Punctuation: Colon and Semicolon 10

6. Adjectives and Similes 12

7. Prefi xes for Negation 14

8. Reported Speech 16

9. Incredible Spiders 19

10. Spelling 21

11. Adverbial Clause of Time 22

12. Collocations and Spelling 24

13. Suffi xes, Synonyms and Sounds of Th ings/Animals 26

14. Siachen Glacier 29

15. Passive Voice 32

16. Homonyms, Homophones and Homographs 35

17. Restrictive Relative Clause 36

18. Th e Dandi March 39

19. Past Perfect Tense 42

20. Th e Infi nitive 44

21. P.G. Wodehouse 47

22. Idioms 49

23. As, Since and Because 51

24. Adjectives and Adjective Order 53

25. Spelling 55

1

A. Use may/might to frame answers to the following ques ons. 1. Will she come to school tomorrow?

2. Do you think it will snow here this month?

3. May I use your car?

4. Could I please borrow this book for a day?

5. Will you be able to board the train on time?

6. Will the Class 10 result be declared today?

7. Why do I need to work so hard at my studies?

8. Could you please help me fi nd my camera?

B. Write ve sentences in the form of a no ce informing students of Class 7 what they may do/carry while on a school trip.

Example: You may carry your own camera.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Using May/Might1

2

C. Use may or might to complete the sentences.1. We were hoping you take us for a movie.

2. God help you!

3. You take these medicines whenever you are in pain.

4. I go for the seminar, but the chances are remote.

5. Members of the club choose any two eventsthey wish to participate in.

6. Chances are rare, but the students of Towering High School join us if they get permission from their principal.

7. He just agree at the last minute.

8. You go if you wish to.

D. In the following sentences write whether may has been used to express a possibility, to take or give permission or to express a wish.

1. Suraj may leave for Mumbai tomorrow.

2. May you succeed in your academic career.

3. May I go into this room?

4. You may raise the curtain now.

5. Th ey may not like to sit in the lawn.

6. May there be a lot of happiness in her life.

7. May I put out these candles?

8. I may not attend tonight’s programme.

E. In the following sentences write whether might has been used as the past tense form of may, to indicate a possibility or to reproach someone.1. You might work a little faster.

2. Th is map might help us reach there.

3. Soumi said she might quit her job.

4. Uday might not be able to reach here on his own.

5. Swati said she might cancel her plan to visit Kolkata.

6. Th ey might not see the house from the road.

7. Saroj wrote to me that she might write a new bookon gardening.

8. You might remove these chairs from here.

3

A. Use preposi ons to make three phrases with each of the following verbs. You may refer to a dic onary. Frame a sentence with any one of the phrases that you have made in each group.

Example: take : take out, take away, take on, take to

I will take away your toys if you don’t stop crying.

1. pick :

2. look :

3. put :

4. fall :

5. get :

B. Fill in each blank with a preposi on to make a phrase that will help to complete the sentence.

1. Th ey decided a venue for the party.

2. I disagree her on this point ofour discussion.

3. Please look a better venue.

4. Let’s move to another spot.

5. I can’t make what the problem is.

6. Leave this heavy luggage. You cantake it later.

7. Don’t worry, I’ll cope all theproblems.

8. Please drink the cold coff ee fast.

Prepositional Verbs2

4

C. Choose two adjec ves that could be used to describe the given nouns. Then, use them to make four-word phrases. Make a sentence with each phrase that you have made.

Example: children : energetic, fast, lively, deep

Phrase : some lively, energetic children

Sentence : I met some lively, energetic children in the park.

1. sea : wide, turbulent, blue, stocky

Phrase :

Sentence :

2. wind : howling, transparent, destructive, heavy

Phrase :

Sentence :

3. market : thin, busy, dark, crowded

Phrase :

Sentence :

4. soldiers : pretty, fearless, high, determined

Phrase :

Sentence :

5. child : narrow, thin, low, frail

Phrase :

Sentence :

6. biscuits : calm, stocky, stale, bitter

Phrase :

Sentence :

D. Write a paragraph in about 80–100 words to describe a Christmas party at your home. Use eight four-word phrases in the paragraph.

You may begin like this:

Th e party is in a large, green lawn . . .

5

Th e Pandavas were exiled for thirteen years, and they experienced many moments of joy, anxiety, trials and tribulations. Th ey moved about in the deep, rich beautiful forests inhabited by numerous animals. Th ey also encountered dangerous situations where their strength and unity were put to test. Once, towards the end of the twelfth year of the exile, a Brahmin came to them in distress. He lamented that a deer had run away with the arani (a pair of wooden blocks used to make fi re by friction) he used to light fi re to do his prayers. He felt agitated and anxious because without lighting a fi re he could not complete his prayers. Th e Pandavas, valiant as ever, got ready to help the Brahmin. Th ey immediately picked up their weapons and went in search of the deer by following its hoof-marks. Th ey saw the stag in a distance and they gave it a good chase. As soon as the stag was about to be shot, it simply disappeared. Tired after the futile chase, the Pandavas settled down under a tree to rest. Since all the brothers were thirsty, Yudhishthira asked Nakula to fetch some water in a quiver for all of them. Nakula climbed up a tree and tried to see if there was any lake or river nearby. He heard the chirping and cries of some birds, and instantly he knew that there would be some water in the vicinity. He climbed down the tree, and followed the cries of the birds. Nakula came to a large freshwater lake. Th e lake was devoid of any living creature except a crane. He bent down to drink water

before collecting some for his brothers. But, as soon as he raised the water to his lips, he heard a voice. Th e crane spoke ‘Stop, son of Madri. You must answer my questions before you drink my water, or else this water will turn into poison.’ But Nakula was extremely thirsty, and he chose to ignore the command of the bird. As soon as the water went through his lips, he died and fell beside the lake. When Nakula didn’t return, Yudhishthira sent Sahadeva to see why their brother had not returned. Sahadeva followed the birds’ cries to the lake and saw his brother lying lifeless along the lake. Sahadeva was deeply grieved but before taking any action, he decided to quench his thirst. He bent to drink water and the same voice spoke again, ‘Stop, son of Madri. You must answer my questions before you drink my water, or else this water will turn into poison.’

Magnanimity Rewarded3

6

But Sahadeva too, like Nakula, didn’t care about the warning; he drank the water and died. Yudhishthira got quite worried now. He sent Arjuna in search of the two boys. Arjuna found his young brothers lying dead at the edge of the lake. Enraged that someone had killed his brothers, Arjuna felt determined to avenge their death. As soon as he bent to drink water, he heard a voice, ‘Stop, son of Kunti. You must answer my questions before you drink my water, or else you will meet the fate of your brothers.’ Unfortunately, Arjuna too paid no heed and drank the water; he died as the water touched his lips. When Arjuna did not return, Yudhishthira grew alarmed, and Bhima went off in search of his brothers. He too had a similar experience; hence, he met the fate of his three brothers. Since none of the brothers returned with water, Yudhishthira got extremely anxious and went in search of his younger

brothers and water. On reaching the lake, Yudhishthira found all his brothers lying dead. Before searching for the killer of his brothers, Yudhishthira decided to drink some water from the lake. But before he could raise the water to his lips, the crane spoke these words that startled Yudhishthira: ‘Do not drink this water, son of Kunti, until you have answered my questions or you too will die like your brothers.’ Yudhishthira humbly allowed the water that he had gathered to drink to fl ow out of his hands. He stood up to answer the questions. He asked the crane humbly, ‘Who are you? You cannot be an ordinary crane. Only people with some divine powers could have killed my brothers.’ Th e crane replied, ‘I am a yaksha.’ Th e bird changed into a formidable yaksha. Th e yaksha asked Yudhishthira numerous mystical questions and for each question the latter gave a perfect answer. Th e yaksha was delighted with Yudhishthira’s answers and he granted him

7

the life of any one brother. He could choose any one brother among the four lying dead. Yudhishthira looked at all his brothers and instantly said, ‘I would like Nakula to live.’ Th e yaksha asked Yudhishthira the reason for his choice. Yudhishthira replied gently, ‘My father married Kunti and Madri; hence, I have two mothers. Each mother should have one son living.’ Th e yaksha was deeply impressed with his magnanimity. He said, ‘Th ey all shall live.’

As the yaksha spoke, the four Pandavas opened their eyes. Yudhishthira looked at the yaksha and asked once again, ‘Who are you?’ Th e yaksha disappeared and in his place stood Yama, the lord of Justice and Death. Yama explained that he had created the problem to test Yudhishthira’s magnanimity and virtue. He had turned into a stag and carried away the Brahmin’s wooden sticks. Th en Yama smilingly said, ‘Here, take these back to the Brahmin.’ Th e fi ve brothers left the lake with the pieces of wood that would enable the Brahmin to complete his prayers.

Comprehension

A. Complete the family tree of the Pandavas.

Pandu Kunti Madri

B. Answer the following ques ons.

1. Why was the Brahmin distressed?

2. How did the Pandavas respond to the Brahmin’s request?

3. What happened to the four Pandavas who went to the lake and why?

4. How did Yudhishthira win over the yaksha?

5. What choice did the yaksha give Yudhishthira? What choice did he make and why?

8

A. Rewrite each of the following sentences, placing the adverb in the correct posi on.

Example: She is late for the music lesson. (rarely) She is rarely late for the music lesson.

1. I had wanted to meet Mr Ruskin Bond. (always)

2. We meet him in Mussoorie. (frequently)

3. My dog barks at strangers. (rarely)

4. I have the opportunity to travel. (seldom)

5. I managed to climb the hill. (scarcely)

6. I watch horror fi lms. (hardly ever)

7. I could see the camel coming down the sand dune. (barely)

8. I could hear the birds twittering in their nest. (hardly)

9. Sandeep watches TV serials. (rarely)

10. Akhtar can ride a horse. (barely)

B. Answer these ques ons using the adverb given. Example: Could you bring our luggage too? (scarcely) Sorry, I can scarcely carry my own.

1. Do you go to the gym? (rarely)

2. Do you visit your old friends? (hardly ever)

3. Can you speak French fl uently? (barely)

4. Do you play cricket? (seldom)

5. Did you reach the airport on time? (barely)

6. Would you like to make a contribution for the orphanage? (scarcely)

7. Would you like to go for morning walks with me? (scarcely)

8. Do you win every debate competition that you participate in? (rarely)

9. Does Vikram practise badminton a lot? (hardly)

10. Do the leaders of the People Party visit this village? (seldom)

Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely4

9

C. Frame a sentence with each of the following adverbs. Use the verbs given in brackets.

1. barely (breathe)

2. scarcely (draw)

3. hardly (drag)

4. seldom (skate)

5. rarely (swim)

6. frequently (visit)

7. always (pray)

8. never (hit)

D. Complete the following dialogue using scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly everor rarely.

Amit : Rhea, can I use some of your red paint to complete my painting?

Rhea : I am sorry Amit, .

Amit : Do you think I could ask Ramesh to give me some?

Rhea : Ramesh shares his things with others.

Amit : I’ll go and buy some paint.

Rhea : You better hurry. Th ere .

Amit : It’ll take me ten minutes to go and get back.

10

A. Insert a colon or a semicolon in the blanks as appropriate.

1. I’m going to the fruiterer I need to buy apples.

2. I wanted to visit my uncle today however, I have a project to complete.

3. After many hours of discussion the council members took a decision the inauguration of the museum would be called off .

4. I enjoy walking in the following places hills, beaches, fi elds and forests.

5. Our picnic basket had many things a cake, a bottle of lemonade, two packets of chips and a large watermelon.

6. Jaya was determined to meet the judge hence, she waited till he came out of his chamber.

7. I was tired after the day’s work I chose not to go for the party.

8. Th e trains to Hyderabad depart at these times 6 15 a.m. and 7 10 p.m.

B. Colons and semicolons have been used incorrectly in some of the following sentences. Make necessary correc ons and write ‘no error’ where you think there is no error.

1. Basic language skills include; reading, writing, listening and speaking.

2. Samuel Johnson: ‘Hope is itself a species of happiness, and perhaps, the chief happiness which this world aff ords.’

3. Th e prayer service began at 9:00 a.m.

4. Nitya behaves very rudely: for example, today she walked out of the class without asking the teacher.

5. We have invited Ms Narang, Secretary, Social Welfare Department: Mr Guha, Secretary, Child Welfare Council: and Mrs Mani Ram, Member, Senior Citizens’ Association.

Punctuation: Colon and Semicolon5

11

6. My aunt bought some home-made jam from Bani, who is known for her cooking skills, but this lot was not so delicious as expected.

7. I tried very hard; I succeeded.

8. Buddha; ‘Th ousands of candles can be lighted from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened. Happiness never decreases by being shared.’

C. Rewrite the following paragraph using colons and semicolons wherever necessary.

Many animals survive the winter by hibernating. Th ey keep alive by sleeping through most of the winter. Th e following are some of the cold-blooded animals that hibernate frogs, toads, lizards, snakes and turtles.

Th e badger, a warm-blooded animal, hibernates through winter however, if the weather gets comfortably warm, it gets up off and on to feed itself. Before hibernating, the hedgehog family gathers moss, bracken, and leaves to make a soft bed to sleep on moreover they eat plenty of birds, worms, eggs and bulbs of plants.

Th ese are a few other warm-blooded animals that hibernate: groundhogs, bears, bats, and squirrels.

A large number of insects die in winter while some of them survive by hibernating at any one of the four stages of their life cycle for example most butterfl y species hibernate while they are in the pupa stage.

12

A. Complete the table below by wri ng the following words in the correct columns.

generous frugal lethargic benevolent slothful charitable

inactive miserable thrifty sluggish inert magnanimous

kind economical lazy

B. Poets use imagina on and crea vity to write their poems. Very o en the message is short and simple, but its presenta on involves the use of words that make vivid and colourful imagery.

Example: Th e fi sh swam in the sea.

Th e colourful fi sh swam freely in the sparkling, blue sea.

Use adjec ves and adverbs of your own to improve the following sentences.

1. A lady entered the shop.

2. Flowers bloomed in the garden.

3. Th e city was surrounded by soldiers.

4. Th e stars shone in the sky.

5. I stood and watched the sun rise.

6. Th e rabbits ran across the park.

7. Th e boat sank into the river.

8. Th e children watched the circus.

Adjectives and Similes6

13

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct words to make similes.

snail Solomon cat gentle cool fox rock

ebony butter sweet clear gold sharp fi ddle

1. as as a cucumber

2. as as a lamb

3. as wise as

4. as unfeeling as a

5. as crafty as a

6. as black as

7. as agile as a

8. as slow as a

9. as as crystal

10. as as a needle

11. as soft as

12. as fi t as a

13. as as honey

14. as good as

D. Circle the odd one out.

1. freak stream break streak

2. grouch grouse ground group

3. plough rough tough enough

4. change cheer Christmas challenge

5. should could would mould

6. push rush crush hush

7. home dome come Rome

8. frown grown drown gown

14

A. The pre xes dis-, non-, in-, im- and un- mean not. Write four words beginning with each of them. You may refer to a dic onary.

B. Fill in the blanks with the opposites of the words in brackets. The words should begin with the pre xes you have used above.

1. It is (realistic) to think that she will let us stay here for a month.

2. It was very (practical) of her to have spent all her money in buying a house.

3. Th e (smoking) zone is that side.

4. Hari is one of the most (reliable) people I have ever met!

5. Th is much food is (adequate) for forty guests.

6. I am sure a city called Haidarali is (existent).

7. She gave a very (impressive) dance performance.

8. I am going to (associate) myself from their group.

9. Th e staff at the footwear showroom were very (helpful).

10. Most members of the union are rude and (polite).

C. Rewrite the following paragraph using the antonyms of the words in italics.You might need to change an ar cle or a preposi on to suit the antonyms.

Miss Helena was an unkind and malevolent teacher. Her unhelpful attitude made her very unpopular amongst her colleagues. She was unamiable by nature and did not encourage children from interacting with her. Her unsociable nature kept her distant from most parents. Th e only person who liked her in school was the school canteen manager who agreed with her on various issues related to the students’ health and diet.

Pre xes for Negation7

15

D. Use the pre xes il-, de- or mis- to make antonyms of the following words. You may refer to a dic onary.

1. legal

2. appropriate

3. linked

4. activated

5. literacy

6. judged

7. management

8. legible

9. logical

10. mystify

11. recognize

12. conduct

13. behaviour

14. motivated

E. Frame sentences with any six antonyms that you have made.

16

A. Read the conversa on between Som and his father.

Som : Dad, when will you buy a new car?

Father : I can’t decide whether to buy a big-sized caror a small-sized one.

Som : I think we should buy a small one.

Father : I always thought you liked big and spacious cars.

Som : Yes, I do. But I have realized small cars take lessspace on the road and consume less fuel.

Father : I appreciate your thoughtfulness. I am glad that you are practical and care about the world.

Now complete the following report.

Som asked his father buy a new car. Father a big-sized car or a small-sized one. Som

a small one. Father told Som he liked big and spacious cars.

Som that small cars take less space on the road and consume less fuel. Father told Som thoughtfulness and he

practical minded and cared about the world.

B. Report the following statements.

1. Raman said to his mother, ‘When will Farid return from the summer camp?’

2. Th e teacher said, ‘Th e earth is round.’

3. Th e priest said to the congregation, ‘Honesty is the best policy.’

4. Gauri said, ‘Rachna, I will not be able to join you for the school picnic.’

5. Th e gardener said, ‘I will not allow these children to pluck any fl owers from this garden.’

.

Reported Speech8

17

6. Th e shopkeeper said to the customer, ‘When did you buy this bag from my shop?’

7. Rahul’s mother said to him, ‘I do not want you to miss your mathematics class today.’

8. Rahul said to his mother, ‘I cannot aff ord to miss any class this term.’

C. Choose the correct op ons.

1. Farid (complained that/complained) he had not received the packet.

2. Devina (told Madhu/asked Madhu) if she would like to join her for dinner.

3. He (said/said that) he was not feeling well.

4. Jaya (suggested that/suggested) we should try the new restaurant.

5. She (asked that/asked) me why I had not done my work.

6. Disha (told Hari/said to Hari) that she would not be joining the adventure club.

7. Tara (said/told) that she was upset over her performance.

8. Bina (inquired/inquired that) if the tickets were available for the next show.

D. Talk to your partner. Ask her/him the following ques ons and write down the answers in the space given under each ques on. Report the conversa on.

1. Since when have you been in this city?

2. What do you like the most about it?

3. What is the major change that you would like to see in (name of your city/town)?

4. Which is the place you wish to visit sometime in the near future?

I asked since when she/he

city. She/He replied that

. When I asked her/him what she/he ,

she/he told me . I inquired

18

what

to which she/he replied .

I inquired and she/he told me

sometime in the near future.

E. Write dialogues in the bubbles and then report the conversa on between Sally and her brother Jerry.

19

Spiders look like insects, but they are not. Th ey belong to a group of animals called Arachnida. Mites and scorpions also belong to this category. Th ey have four pairs of legs, whereas insects have three pairs. Spiders are unable to fl y and have no wings. Th ey also have fangs to bite with, and are poisonous in most species. Th ey have an immense capacity to spin silk with their spinnerets attached to the rear of their abdomen.A single silken thread is called a dragline and is amazingly used to make a home, catch a prey or simply for hanging about in the air. Since a spider can only take in liquid, it has to pre-digest its prey, that is, spread digestive juices on it and then take it in a liquid form. Spiders are known for eating insects, but there are a few of them which eat small animals like tadpoles, mice and small fi sh. We have read about cowboys lassoing the guys they chase. We even have a spider that plays cowboy! Th e bolas spider has a unique way of catching its prey. Th e poor victim is actually lassoed. Th e spider spins out its silken thread onto a branch, and then grasping it with its hind legs moves to another branch and fi rmly pastes it at the other end. What it has now is a loosely hung line of silk. It further strengthens the string with more dragline. Somewhere at the middle of the line it draws another silk line with its spinneret and secretes a liquid which forms a globule at the end of the line. Th e globule is sticky and acts as a noose that holds on to the prey, until it is wrapped up in more stringy silk. With the lasso ready,

it is all set to catch its prey. As the insects approaches, the spider swings the lasso at it. Th e viscid ball strikes the prey and holds on to it. Th e spider quickly gives the insect a venomous bite and then rolls it up in sheets of silk, like an Egyptian mummy. In case the spider does not want to store its meal, it may even devour it without wrapping it up. Trapdoor spider! Sounds like a villain on the job. Th e trapdoor spider digs a tiny tunnel like a burrow into the soil, using its comb-like rake on the margin of its jaw. It uses its silk to bind grains of soil together and deposit them away from the hole. Th e walls of the home are made waterproof with saliva and soil, and then lined with silk. It also spins a silken-hinged door at the mouth of the tunnel which conceals the burrow. It likes to live alone and protects it with all its might. On growing bigger, it enlarges the burrow. Th is home protects the spider from extreme heat, strong sunlight and rain. Th e burrow also serves as a hiding place; the spider, hidden there, watches out for its prey. On spotting a worm or an insect, the

Incredible Spiders9

20

‘villain’ suddenly seizes it and takes it into the burrow to devour it. Th is is also a home for the spiderlings that emerge from the eggs that are laid in the burrow. Most animals living on land are able to go underwater for a specifi c period of time. Th e water spider outdoes all others by having an ability of staying underwater for hours, and at times days at a stretch. It sleeps and even rears the young ones there. What it does to achieve this is incredible. It fi rst spins a large web underwater, supported onto stems of water plants. It lives in this web and has a clever way of supplying air for itself and the young ones. It goes to the water surface,

thrusts its legs into the air with a kind of a clutching motion, and quickly brings itself down to the web. It actually traps a bubble of air on its hairy body. It enters the web from beneath and releases the air into it. It repeats this action till an air sac is formed. Th is sac is closed from above and open from below. Th e mother spider lives in this sac and even hangs her eggs from the ceiling of the sac. When the air supply gets vitiated, it pierces a hole at the top, allowing it to escape. Th en, it repairs the sac and once again fi lls it with air. Th is web is used only as a home and not for catching any prey. For its meals, it looks for water lice in the water.

Comprehension

A. State whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Mites are insects but scorpions are not.

2. Th e dragline of the spider helps it to catch its prey.

3. Spiders are not capable of eating animals like rats.

4. Th e spider with a ‘lasso’ can stay underwater for days at a stretch.

5. Th e water spider uses its web for rearing young ones only.

6. A spider can ingest only liquid food.

B. Complete the following statements. 1. Spiders have an immense capacity to spin silk with . . .

2. A bolas spider does not wrap up its prey when . . .

3. Th e water spider’s large web underwater is supported . . .

4. For its meals, a water spider has . . .

C. Answer the following ques ons. 1. How does a bolas spider prepare its lasso to catch its prey?

2. Why does the writer compare the spider’s victim to an Egyptian mummy?

3. How does the trapdoor spider make its home a safe place to live in?

4. How does the mother water spider ensure that her young ones get fresh air to breathe?

21

A. Fill in ei, ie or ea to make sensible words.

1. p ceful 6. pr ch

2. gr f 7. dec ve

3. dec sed 8. dis se

4. n ce 9. rel ve

5. bl k 10. perc ve

B. Tick the correct spelling.1. agression aggression agresion

2. packageing packagging packaging

3. lovebal lovable loveble

4. trully truly truely

5. mischivous mischievious mischievous

6. sincerely sincerly sincereley

7. business buisness buissness

8. thorough thorogh thurough

C. In each of the following sentences a word has an incorrect le er making it an inappropriate word for the sentence. Find the word and replace it with the correct word.

Example: He quickly wore his skippers and ran out. slippers

1. Th e children were brightened by the eerie-looking creature.

2. Heena created such a fuse about that minor incident!

3. Th e children ran into the mouse clapping their handscheerfully.

4. Th e members of the club voted for the net secretary.

5. You cannot measure the toy you get from playing with children.

6. By the time we reached the diver, we were too tired to dive into the water.

7. Th is fi sh is so bond that I can count its bones.

8. Th e miners have found a lot of dead in this area.

Spelling10

22

A. Complete the following sentences. The adverbial clauses have been provided for each sentence.

1. while I am teaching.

2. When I have decided the menu, .

3. after we threatened to report the matter to the police.

4. After the duties were allotted, .

5. before the workers leave.

6. Before you sleep .

7. ever since they went to the US.

8. as the martyr’s body was carried through the streets.

B. Fill in the blanks with conjunc ons such as when, before, ll, since, as, a er, as soon as, etc.

1. he jumped over the fence, the police caught him.

2. I would like you to help us we need your support.

3. he heard about my promotion, he rushed to congratulate me.

4. I call you, please wait in the corridor.

5. leaving the party, he thanked the host.

6. I was cooking, my daughter cleaned the room.

7. I shall not visit you you apologize for your rude behaviour.

8. Do not disturb her she is saying her prayers.

C. Given below are pairs of sentences. Join them using the conjunc ons ll, when, as soon as, a er or while.

1. It was raining hard. I woke up in the morning.

2. Mary was crying. Farid was laughing.

Adverbial Clause of Time11

23

3. I had completed my work. I went to Neha’s house.

4. He saw the accident. He rushed to help the victims.

5. You must wait here. I will come.

6. I felt disappointed. I was told that I had not been selected for the quiz competition.

7. I had taken the medicine. I felt better.

8. I was shocked. I found that my bag was missing from the car.

D. Tick the clauses that would help to complete the following sentences.

1. I’ll help you .

a) while I have completed my work b) after I have completed my work

2. , I shall inform you.

a) At the time I get the news b) As soon as I get the news

3. , I knew I had found our lost dog.

a) When I heard the bark b) Until I heard the bark

4. , we can talk about the next project.

a) After I have seen you work b) Till I have seen your work

5. Wait here .

a) till she returns b) as she returns

6. I have been living here .

a) after my second son was born b) since my second son was born

7. Can we add sugar ?

a) before the milk boils b) until the milk boils

8. , please switch off all the lights.

a) Before you leave the classroom b) After you leave the classroom

24

A. Tick the correct op ons to complete the following sentences.

1. I missed/lost the fl ight to Delhi.

2. I want you to tell/give me the truth.

3. She has learned to do/run the shop well.

4. I would like to make/do an appointment with the dentist.

5. He spoke/gave a speech on health and hygiene.

6. Unless you work tough/hard, you won’t improve yourgrades.

7. She’s created/made a mistake by leaving her job in haste.

8. Will you keep/have a meal with me?

B. Match the words in Column A with the ones in Column B to make phrases with the correct colloca ons.

A B 1. pay a) time

2. keep b) your respects

3. go c) worried

4. get d) early

5. come e) control

6. take f ) sailing

7. waste g) an exam

8. catch h) a cold

C. Complete the following ‘spidergrams’ to keep a record of some colloca ons.

take

a break

Collocations and Spelling12

25

D. Add -ary, -ery, -ory or -ury to complete the incomplete words in the sentences given below.

1. I enjoy working in the chemistry laborat .

2. Geeta has got an award for brav .

3. Her performance was just satisfact .

4. Th e slum-dwellers live in utter mis .

5. We need the volunt services of a fewstudents from your school.

6. You mustn’t cry over such a minor inj .

7. He works for ten hours at the fact .

8. Th e burgl was a horrifying experience forall of us.

break

make

go

26

Study the following suffi xes carefully.

-er and -or are usually used to form nouns that name persons, machines and thingswho/which do specifi c things.

Example: swimmer, instructor, amplifi er

-ics and -ology help to form subjects of study.

Example: economics, anthropology

-ness helps to make abstract nouns from adjectives.

Example: rich – richness

A. Write three words, other than the examples given, ending with the following su xes.

1. -er

2. -or

3. -ics

4. -ology

5. -ness

B. Rearrange the jumbled adjec ves and add the su x -ness to make nouns. You may need to change the spelling. Frame a sentence with each of the words you have made.

Example: TTIEBR - bitter + ness = bitterness

I couldn’t bear the bitterness of the cough syrup.

1. LUDO :

Sentence :

2. MPEYT :

Sentence :

3. SRIOEUS :

Sentence :

4. SLFEIHS :

Sentence :

Suf xes, Synonyms and Soundsof Things/Animals13

27

5. KNDI :

Sentence :

6. LZYA :

Sentence :

7. GEATR :

Sentence :

8. SWTEE :

Sentence :

C. Write the following words in the correct columns. Combine them with the su xes to make new words. Some words will go into more than one column.

care meaning faith penny duty watch

peace help fate fruit thank fear

-less -fulcareless careful

D. Complete the following table by wri ng the following words in their correct columns.

dearth fl ood glut defi ciency paucity excess overabundance

scarcity proliferation shortage plethora defi cit surplus lack surfeit

too little too much

28

E. In the word search nd words that mean the same as the following.

Th e following clues will help you:

1. not giving up

2. self-respect

3. responsibility

4. emotion felt on loss of someone

5. without fear

6. without thinking of oneself

7. faithfulness

8. bravery

F. Complete the following paragraph with the correct ‘sound words’ from the box.

lapping screaming shot rustling

honking squeaking talking baying

As soon as we entered the woods we heard the monkeys’

. As we walked a little deeper into the

forest we heard the awful of the hounds.

We were certain that there were some hunters in the woods

because we heard the of a heavy vehicle

and the of a gun. We quickly turned

back, but we were quite lost. We walked on till we heard

the of water. We followed the sound and

reached a narrow stream that ran through the woods. We

sat under a tree and thoroughly enjoyed the

of leaves and the of the rabbits that ran

around the place. A little later, we walked on till we found

our way out of the woods. Th e only sound that accompanied

us throughout was the of parrots.

A F G D K Q R E

G R I E F M A K

E D U T Y D T F

L M V E O L K J

F E A R L E S S

L O R M T S V C

O P R I D E Y O

Y W N N Q L Z U

A P C A J F D R

L C J T A L K A

T B A I M E M G

Y B S O M S K E

E S I N I S L C

29

A glacier is a frozen mass of soft snow and hard ice, and it holds large quantities of fresh water. It forms high up in the mountains. It is not completely stationary and moves by at least a few millimetres every year. Glaciers are found in all the high mountain ranges of North and South America, Asia, Europe and the Polar regions. In India, glaciers are found in the higher ranges of the Himalayas, and all the mighty rivers in the country originate from these glaciers. Siachen Glacier, 73 km long and 5 km wide, is India’s largest glacier. Its height ranges from approximately 12,000 feet to 16,000 feet. Th e average winter temperature varies between minus 40 degrees to minus 60 degrees Celsius and in summers it varies between minus 10 degrees to minus

25 degrees Celsius. Siachen is not inhabited, and common people cannot live there. Th e bitterly cold weather, the lashing winds and the non-availability of common resources make it a harsh place for survival. Only the strong and courageous soldiers of the Indian Army live in this climatically hostile area. Life in Siachen is not an easy one for the soldiers. Th ere are no roads, tracks, water pipelines, electricity powerlines or buildings for protection. All our intrepid soldiers live in caves, special arctic tents and fi bre-glass-reinforced plastic huts to protect themselves from the tortuous weather. Th eir jackets and trousers are made water- and snow-proof; layers of warm, thermal clothing protects them from the cold, piercing winds. Each

Siachen Glacier14

30

Comprehension

A. Choose the correct op ons.

1. A glacier

a) is always stationary.

b) is not completely stationary.

c) moves only in summers.

2. Th e impact of prolonged isolation on soldiers

a) could be benefi cial.

b) could be fairly negative.

c) is of no signifi cance.

3. Glaciers are found

a) in some continents of the world.

b) in all continents of the world.

c) only in the Polar regions.

of their boots comprises a warm inner boot and an outer water-proof boot. Carelessness or lack of proper clothing can result in frostbite within a matter of minutes, at times ultimately needing amputations. Prolonged isolation and confi nement to shelters during snowfalls and blizzards can be very stressful for the soldiers. Th ey eat dehydrated, precooked food and water is not readily available. Since there is no water to drink, snow has to be melted to make water for drinking, cooking, washing and other purposes. Th e soldiers use special equipment such as ice axes, crampons and ladders for their movement on the glacier. To cover about 25 km beyond an altitude of 4,200m requires fi ve to six days. On ice surfaces movement becomes even slower and more strenuous. Due to steep gradients, crevasses

and frequent avalanche hazards, driving special snow scooters across this area is not only strenuous and hazardous, but also extremely time consuming. A snow scooter usually covers about 80 kilometres in fi ve to six hours. Th e slopes of the mountains are unstable and the mountainous area is subject to frequent landslides and avalanches which sever surface communications for days. Every soldier who is required to serve in Siachen has to undergo a rigorous training for a month and no soldier is made to serve at heights above 16,000 feet for more than three months in a span of three years. Th is rule is followed because the climatic and living conditions on the Siachen Glacier can have profound adverse eff ects on the human body. It is only the bravest of the brave who can live in Siachen. And our soldiers do that to protect their motherland.

Courtesy Brig. (Retd) M.S. Gill

31

4. Every soldier who is required to serve in Siachen has to undergo a

a) rigorous training for one year.

b) rigorous training for one month.

c) a simple training for one year.

5. A soldier serves only for three months in a span of three years at heights

a) above 12,000 feet.

b) below 16,000 feet.

c) above 16,000 feet.

6. Soldiers at Siachen do not use

a) motorcycles.

b) ice axes.

c) waterproof boots.

7. Th e average summer temperature at Siachen is

a) minus 40 degrees to minus 60 degrees Celsius.

b) 10 degrees to 25 degrees Celsius.

c) minus 10 degrees to minus 25 degrees Celsius.

B. Answer the following ques ons.

1. Why is the Siachen Glacier an unsuitable place for habitation?

2. How do the soldiers protect themselves from the hostile weather in Siachen?

3. How is water made available for various uses?

4. What are the hurdles faced by a soldier commuting across the glacier?

5. What could be the result of a frostbite?

C. The phrases/sentences given below are from the passage. Replace the word in italics with a synonym.

1. It is not completely stationary.

2. All our intrepid soldiers live in caves.

3. Protect themselves from the tortuous weather.

4. Driving special snow scooters across this area is strenuous and hazardous.

5. Living in Siachen can have profound adverse eff ects on the human body.

32

A. Write A in front of ac ve sentences and P in front of passive sentences. 1. Clara bought the children some educational CDs.

2. Th e truth was revealed by the students.

3. Everyone was given a treat.

4. Hari took the dog for a walk.

5. Th e new edition of this book will be published next year.

6. Th e trainer gave the boys permission to leave.

7. Th e prize-winning story was written by Gayatri.

8. Th e tourists were guided by the guide.

B. Change the following sentences into passive voice. Example: Sheela sang a song.

A song was sung by Sheela.

1. Judy wrote a few letters.

2. Th e teacher gave an inspiring lecture.

3. Anita learnt the tables.

4. Mother Teresa helped the slum-dwellers.

5. David chased the rabbits.

6. Hari broke the desk.

7. Farah plays the guitar.

8. Stephen bought the biscuits.

Passive Voice15

33

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Tara was (tell) by her cousin Heena

that they both would be going for a trek in the hills.

A few clothes and some tins of preserved food were

(pack) by the two girls. Th e route to be

followed was (explain) by Heena’s father.

A torch was (put) into their backpack

by Heena’s mother and the girls were

(instruct) by their parents that they should be cautious

at all times. Th e girls were (drop) at a

point on the highway by their driver.

2. Maria decided to bake a cake. Th ree eggs were

(beat) well and a cup of sugar was

(add). Th e mixture was further

(beat) and a cup of oil was added. Two

teaspoons of baking powder and two tea cups of fl our

were (add) to the mixture and beaten

well. Th e mixture was (pour) into a

baking dish and (bake) at 180 degrees

centigrade for 45 minutes.

3. A car coming from Shimla was (hit) by a

speeding truck. Th e driver of the car was

(injury). An ambulance was (call) by a

passer-by and the victim was (take) to

a nearby hospital. Th e truck driver was

(arrest) and an inquiry was (order) to

investigate the cause of the accident.

34

D. Write your own recipe for a delicious sandwich. Use any bread and lling/spread of your choice.

You may begin like this:

Two large slices of freshly baked brown bread should be taken.

E. Cut out any four news headlines in the passive voice from old newspapers and s ck them in the space given below.

Example: Nine Awarded for Bravery

35

Homonyms are words which have the same spelling and pronunciation as each other but their meanings and origins are diff erent.

Example: dear (a loved one), dear (costly)

Homophones are words which have the same pronunciation as each other but their spellings and meanings are diff erent.

Example: dough, doe

Homographs are words which are spelt the same as each other but their pronunciation and meanings are diff erent.

Example: desert (a dry barren place), desert (abandon a place)

A. Fill in the blanks with homophones of the italicized words to complete the sentences.

1. Th ey have decided to labour on higher wages.

2. Th e council members have decided to the convict.

3. Your dress will the shoes, and you are bound to get a compliment for your attire.

4. I paid a bus of twenty rupees to reach the fair at Central Park in the city.

5. Playing loud band music is in this part of the city.

6. Santa gave us many presents in the of our parents.

7. I am the person who has not taken a study loan for this course.

B. Use the homographs/homonyms of the words in italics to make sentences of your own. Your sentence should clearly bring out the meaning of the word.

1. We cannot fi nd many does in the forest.

2. Th is is the course we should follow.

3. I have learned the lesson quite well.

4. Please present your ideas to the class.

5. Did you manage to record her song?

6. I cannot row a boat by myself.

7. I bought the stationery from Study Well.

8. Th e sow could not fi nd her piglets.

Homonyms, Homophones and Homographs16

36

A. Underline the rela ve clauses in the following sentences.

1. Th e school that I attended last year has shut down.

2. Th e books which were lying in the verandah have got wet in the rain.

3. Tara was the one who helped me out last evening.

4. Gandhi became the leading fi gure in the struggle thatgot us freedom.

5. Th e boats that are sailing in a row belong to my uncle.

6. People who value time are usually successful in life.

7. My friends on whom I relied have let me down.

8. Th e fl orist whose shop was robbed is my neighbour.

B. Match the two columns to make sensible sentences.

A B 1. Th ese are the presents a) whose bags have been stolen.

2. Th ose are the fl owers b) that departed on time has still not arrived.

3. My cousin c) which should be wrapped for Christmas.

4. Th e saplings d) whom you met yesterday is willing to help us.

5. Th ey are the boys e) that I wanted for making an arrangement.

6. Th e operator f ) that I planted last year have grown quite well.

7. Th e cake g) who works here is not attending any calls.

8. Th e train h) that I bought last evening has got spoiled.

C. Frame sentences with the following clauses.

1. that cannot be repaired

2. whom dad taught to drive a car

Restrictive Relative Clause17

37

3. who cooked this meal

4. which we bought last year

5. whose cycle has been stolen

6. who fetches the children from school

7. who won the prize

8. that we use regularly

D. With the help of who, that, which, whom or whose, link the following pairs of sentences.

Example: Th ey have employed a teacher. We interviewed her last week.

Th ey have employed the teacher whom we interviewed last week.

1. Th e house is in ruins. Th e house was built in the nineteenth century.

2. I was introduced to the scientist. Th e scientist had worked in India fi ve years ago.

3. I love my aunt the most. She is arriving today.

4. I have gifted her some dresses. I bought them from Dress Well.

5. Th is pizza is stale. I bought it from Fresh Fast Food.

6. Th ose children belong to our school. Th ey are playing on the swing.

7. A student’s painting was awarded the fi rst prize. He is my nephew.

38

8. Th e tunnel is very long. We passed through it.

E. Read the following paragraphs. Underline the restric ve rela ve clauses.

Timothy and Larry were determined to help the police in fi nding the thieves and the jewels which had been stolen from the bank. Th ey got a clue from one of the peons who worked in the bank, but he was too scared to speak about it openly. He made a rough map that would help the boys to reach the spot where the treasure had been hidden.

Th e boys took the route which they had been told to them. Th ey reached a spot that had been marked on the map. Th en they followed a narrow track that fi nally took them to a cave. In the cave, they found a box whose lock was sealed. It had been left there by the robbers who had robbed the bank.

Larry called up the police and they reached the spot within no time. Th e police opened the box and found a large number of jewels in it. Th e police offi cer who thanked the boys said that the cave would give them some clues to trace the off enders.

F. Some of the following sentences have a wrong rela ve pronoun. Correct them using the correct ones. Write ‘correct’ when there is no mistake.

1. Ayesha met the man who had travelled 200 km on foot.

2. Th e cow who was sick died yesterday.

3. Who is the girl which was nominated as the leader of the group?

4. Th ere are thirteen houses in this neighbourhood which are aff ected by the fl ood.

5. Name the sportspersons which won the Arjuna Award in 2017.

39

Th e Dandi March, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. Th e Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi’s principles of non-violent protest called satyagraha. In Sanskrit the word satya means ‘truth’, and aagraha means ‘asking for’. It was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India. Th e campaign began with the Salt March to Dandi. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 78 male satyagrahis set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi, Gujarat, over 390 kilometres from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram. According to the media, about 100,000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmedabad. Th e fi rst day’s march of 21 kilometres ended in the village of Aslali. Here Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000 people. Gandhi

and his followers halted at many villages. Crowds welcomed the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches to tell people why the salt tax was inhumane and the Salt Satyagraha was essential. Th e villagers willingly provided Gandhi and his men food and a place to rest and wash. Th e villagers gave donations and registered as new satyagrahis. Many village offi cials resigned from their jobs to end their cooperation with British rule. Th ousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined Gandhi. Every day, more and more people joined the march. At Surat, they were greeted by 30,000 people. When they reached the railhead at Dandi, more than 50,000 had gathered to support them. Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way. Journalists, in India and across the world, were keeping a track

The Dandi March18

40

of this incredible march. Near the end of the march, Gandhi declared, ‘I want world sympathy in this battle of Right against Might.’ Gandhi and his followers reached Dandi on 5 April. On 6 April, after a prayer, Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, ‘With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.’ He then boiled the salt in sea water to produce ‘illegal’ salt. He urged his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore. Gandhi wouldn’t rest. He planned to raid Dharasana Salt Works; but before

he could do so, he was arrested on 5 May 1930. During the period of the satyagraha against the salt tax, over 80,000 Indians were jailed. Th is prolonged movement was reported through newspapers and newsreels right across the world. Th e campaign had a signifi cant eff ect on changing the attitude of the people across the world and the British towards Indian independence. It also inspired large numbers of Indians to actively join the fi ght for freedom. Th e march to Dandi was indeed one of the most historic moments of India’s struggle for freedom.

Comprehension

A. Choose the best op ons.

1. Satyagraha means

a) asking for truth.

b) nonviolence.

2. Satyagraha is a word.

a) Gujarati

b) Sanskrit

3. Gandhi and his followers fi rst halted at

a) Aslali.

b) Sabarmati Ashram.

4. Th e march began with

a) many men and a few women.

b) only men.

5. Gandhi was arrested

a) one month after he fi rst made ‘illegal’ salt.

b) a week after he made ‘illegal’ salt.

6. India won independence years after the Dandi March.

a) 30

b) 17

41

7. Sarojini Naidu, who participated in the Dandi March, was a leader and a .

a) novelist

b) poet

B. Match the following.

site approximate number of people gathered

1. the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmedabad 50,000

2. Aslali 30,000

3. Surat 4,000

4. railhead at Dandi 100,000

C. Answer the following ques ons.

1. How did the villagers support Gandhi and his followers?

2. Why did Gandhi give speeches in the villages he halted to rest?

3. What did Gandhi do at Dandi?

4. What impact did the march have on the people of India and those in other parts of the world?

D. Choose a word from the speci ed paragraphs to complete the following statements.

1. On our way to Shimla, we for a night at Kasauli. (para 2)

2. Th e social workers the people to come forward and help the victims of the fl ood. (para 5)

3. My parents play a very role in my life. (para 6)

4. I am deeply by the young leaders of the world. (para 6)

42

A. Fill in the blanks with the past par ciples of the appropriate verbs given in the box.

rise take sleep strew forget fl y do burn

1. He had before dinner was served.

2. Th e water had so high that the people had to be evacuated to safer places.

3. I had permission from my parents before I volunteered to teach the slum-dwellers.

4. Scraps of papers had been all over the place and it took me an hour to clean the lawn.

5. I had completely about the party till the time Reena called up and asked me what I was planning to wear that evening.

6. Th e new aircraft was by the most experienced pilot before it was sold to the airlines company.

7. I had the cooking an hour before the guests arrived.

8. Th e hut had completely down before the fi re engines arrived.

B. Choose the correct op on.

1. Th e plane had left/left before we arrived at the airport.

2. She had come/came to visit me before she left for Canada.

3. Th e rain had stop/stopped before we came out of the house.

4. She sang/had sung that song in the fi rst round also.

5. I had sought/seeked my friend’s help before I asked theteacher for her assistance.

6. He had hit/hitted the dog before it died of injuries.

7. I had saw/seen the movie before she did.

8. I learnt French after I had learned/learned German.

Past Perfect Tense19

43

C. Match the columns to make sensible sentences.

A B 1. Tina had left the museum a) but she continued to tell lies.

2. Since the fl ight had been delayed, b) but they did not keep their word.

3. I reached the hospital on time c) but the doctor had left for an emergency.

4. Geeta had been warned earlier d) the fi re engine reached the spot.

5. Rohit rushed to the auditorium e) the ambulance had reached the spot.

6. Before I could call for help, f ) but his turn had been taken by another student.

7. Th e fi re had died long before g) before I reached there.

8. Th e organizers had promised to h) we managed to board the plane.invite a fi lm star for the show

D. Five past perfect phrases are missing from the following paragraph. Choose the phrases from the box and insert them wherever appropriate.

had been asked had broken out had complained

had been built had sent

Th e municipal corporation’s decision to demolish the illegal structures that without the permission of the corporation was a hard one. Th e

residents of the area against these encroachers but no action was taken. A fi re that in one of these sheds propelled the government into action. Th e corporation several warnings before it was compelled to send legal notices to all the shed owners. Before the structures were broken down the people to move out to other places.

E. Frame sentences in the past perfect tense using the following verbs. 1. rise

2. teach

3. deliver

4. sleep

5. steal

6. forgive

7. lose

8. sting

44

A. Rewrite the sentences beginning with it.

Example: To drive a car is easy.

It is easy to drive a car.

1. To tell a lie is wrong.

2. To walk on the hot sand is diffi cult.

3. To bring him back is my duty.

4. To study here is a privilege.

5. To hurt animals is cruel.

6. To play is every child’s desire.

7. To water the plants regularly is essential.

8. To speak loudly is impolite.

B. Join the following sentences using in ni ves.

Example: Th e children bought a beach ball. Th ey wanted to play.

Th e children bought a beach ball to play.

1. Anita went to the confectioner. She wanted to buy some pastries.

2. Father switched on the TV. He wished to watch the news.

The In nitive20

45

3. My teacher gave me some books. She wanted me to return them to the librarian.

4. Hari bought a new bat. He wanted to use it for thefi nal match.

5. Th e teachers had a meeting. Th ey felt the need to discussthe school discipline.

6. Our neighbours have gone to Kolkata. Th ey wanted to meet their grandchildren.

7. Mummy bought a new oven. She wishes to bake cakes at home.

8. She painted the box. She wanted to give it a new look.

C. Complete the following sentences with suitable in ni ve phrases.

1. Amina likes .

2. Our dog doesn’t like .

3. We wanted .

4. Th e horse tried .

5. Th e hotel manager wanted .

6. Th e policeman tried .

7. I might go to Odisha .

8. Geeta hopes .

46

D. Complete each of the following sentences using one of the verbs given in Box A in the past tense and the in ni ve form of the ones given in Box B.

Arefuse plan try jump want have wish shout

Bplay help wake up gain catch visit study board

1. He any of us with our work.

2. Sheela the bus, but it drove off before she could do so.

3. Susan his attention but he simply pretended he had not heard her.

4. Th is morning we Granny, but then we heard that she was planning to visit us instead.

5. I early to catch the train.

6. Rahul the ball, but he just missedthe catch.

7. Th e children a little longer, but the watchman asked them to leave.

8. Mani at Harvard, but her father couldn’t aff ord the high fee.

E. Make a set of eight rules/warnings for students in a boarding school by adding an in ni ve of your choice to the incomplete sentences. Include rules to be followed in the play eld, classroom and the dormitory.

Example: Every new student is required to give a brief introduction of herself/himself to all his roommates.

1. It is important for every student .

2. It is dangerous .

3. It is essential .

4. Remember .

5. It is a sports rule .

6. Every student is allowed .

7. You are not allowed .

8. Th e students are expected .

47

Th e British author Pelham Grenville Wodehouse wrote almost 100 novels and authored 36 plays. He was also involved in the making of 24 fi lms. Pelham was born in 1881 in Guildford, England. His friends and relatives called him Plum because as a child he would say Plum instead of Pelham. His father lived on a pension and could barely aff ord to educate his four sons. Wodehouse fi rst worked as a junior clerk in the London branch of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank. He began writing stories for boys’ magazines. After six of his stories were well received, he resigned from his job at the bank and entered the fi eld of adult fi ction. In 1914, he married Ethel Rowley. Th ey both loved animals and their house was usually full of pets. As a drama critic, he brought out lively, humorous articles. Th e tall, well-built P.G. Wodehouse had an impressive personality and was also very good-natured. He had an abiding faith in the goodness of man. One day while sitting on the top fl oor of a mansion (hired for supervising rehearsals), Plum dropped a letter, due to be posted, out of the window. Quite alarmed, his friend asked him to explain that act. Plum replied that he couldn’t make the eff ort to go and post the letter, so he expected some good soul to post it for him. Not convinced, the friend asked Wodehouse to ‘post’ him a letter in the same manner. Two days later, the friend received a letter through a man who had picked it

up in the street. When the friend called up Plum to give him the news, the happy sender explained that he had tossed it out of the window only twenty minutes back. Such was his faith in humanity. Ethel and Plum lived happily in a household full of pets at Le Touquet in Northern France. With the war coming up, the couple was advised to leave and take a fl ight across the Channel. But the fl ight meant parting with the animals and keeping them in a six-month quarantine. Neither of them was willing to leave these animals in confi nement devoid of love. Instead, they decided to drive down to Portugal with the animals and then sail with the animals from Lisbon to America. But, before they could even leave France, the Nazis had reached. Initially, the Nazis were convinced that the Wodehouses were harmless, because Plum had no military or political affi liation. Th ey were allowed to live in their home, provided Plum made a daily appearance at the commandant’s offi ce.

P.G. Wodehouse21

48

But suddenly, one day he was asked to pack his bags and leave with the Nazis. Ethel was allowed to live in occupied France, while Plum was taken from one prison to another and fi nally brought to Tost, Poland. While in prison, Plum maintained a diary, recording the rigours faced by the 800 prisoners. His writings in the prison too were marked with a touch of humour and gaiety. Later, a friend of his addressed a petition to the German Prison Authority, seeking the release of the author. Th e petition was also signed by the editors of

the magazines Plum had worked for and also by a number of Senators. Eventually, Plum was released and sent to Berlin where he lived in a hotel, for which he paid from the amount that came to him as royalties of the European editions of his books. P.G. Wodehouse moved to New York City in 1947 and became its citizen in 1956. In 1975, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. Th e very same year he died. Th e world might have lost him but he has left behind the unforgettable scatterbrained Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves.

A. Fill in the blanks to complete the owchart.

Wodehouse worked at the and Shanghai Bank.

He began writing stories for .

He resigned from his job at the bank and entered .

Plum married .

Plum was taken from one prison to another and fi nally .

A petition was sent to , seeking the release of Plum.

Plum was released and sent to Berlin.

B. Answer the following ques ons. 1. Which incident convinced Plum’s friend that Plum’s faith in humanity was not

futile?

2. Why did Plum and his wife not take a fl ight to America? What did they plan to do instead?

3. How did Plum pass his time in the prison?

4. Which important event of Plum’s life took place in the year he died?

49

A. Match the following ‘word’ idioms with their meanings.

A B 1. word of honour a) make the fi nal remark in an argument

2. weigh one’s words b) clever use of language

3. not mince words c) a serious and sincere promise

4. have the last word d) choose one’s words carefully

5. play on words e) make a request or give an order

6. say the word f ) speak plainly and directly

7. in a word g) right from the start

8. from the word go h) very briefl y

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate idioms from the ones given above.

1. I knew that it would be an easy task for me.

2. Jai is ready to give his that he will not let us down.

3. As soon as the police inspector , his men will begin the investigation.

4. A tongue-twister is a .

5. While giving your explanation, you must to avoid any mistakes.

6. , I’ll say that he has been magnanimous.

7. She did while rebuking him for his bad conduct.

8. Prashant always wants to in every discussion that we have.

C. ‘Body’ idioms

Th e prisoner complained that people would turn their backs on him.

Turn one’s back means ‘ignore or reject someone previously known or close to you’.

Here are some more expressions related to the body. Infer the meaning of the expressions from the context.

Idioms22

50

Write the meanings down and check your answers by looking up in a dic onary or asking your teacher.

1. Th e smuggler feared the long arm of the law.

2. Unpleasant people must be kept at arm’s length.

3. Th e proprietor has shut his eyes to the problems faced by the workers.

4. I had to pay through the nose for this carpet; I wonder if it was worth it.

5. I am going to fi ght tooth and nail to get this order for my company.

6. I have burned my fi ngers once and I am not going to invest my money with you.

7. If you see the problem through my eyes you will understand the cause of my agitation.

D. With the help of a dic onary, write an idiom related to each of the following animals. Then write their meanings.

1. cat

idiom :

meaning :

2. dog

idiom :

meaning :

3. horse

idiom :

meaning :

4. lion

idiom :

meaning :

5. mouse

idiom :

meaning :

51

A. Match the following to make sensible sentences.

A B 1. Since dad promised to take us a) because he wants us to enjoy

for a holiday, watching nature.

2. Since Granny dislikes long b) we shall leave the house earlyjourneys, in the morning.

3. As the journey is a long one, c) because the roads are in poor condition.

4. Th e journey is expected to be d) we are going to Nainital for a week.a very rough one

5. Dad is not going to allow any of e) we are going to miss her a lot.us to read during the journey

6. Since Granny will not be with us, f ) she will not join us for this holiday.

B. Use as, since or because to complete the following sentences.

1. we were asked to reach there before sunrise, we left the house very early.

2. His services were extended he worked earnestly.

3. I have been trained to give fi rst aid, I think I am competent enough to bandage this wound.

4. We will have to reschedule the wedding my cousin cannot get leave this year.

As, Since and Because23

52

5. my mother is unwell, I will not be able to join you for the trip to Rajasthan.

6. our team is a united one, we usually win all the matches.

7. I couldn’t run any further I had sprained my ankle.

8. it is getting dark, we should return home.

C. Complete the following paragraph using as, since or because.

Neha is popular among her friends she is very friendly by nature. she is very sensitive, she cannot see anyone in pain. All the teachers

are very fond of her she is a sincere student. she is the class leader, she ensures that all her classmates work as a united group.

she is a brilliant and hard-working student, the principal has decided to nominate her for the Student of the Year award.

D. Look at the picture given below. Write six sentences using since, as or because to describe the picture.

Example: Th e sky has grown dark because of the heavy grey clouds.

53

A. Look at the picture given below. Write a paragraph to describe the scene. Use at least two adjec ves to describe the nouns you see in the picture.

B. Rewrite the following jumbled sentences and remember to place the adjec ves in the correct order.

1. I my like old tunic chequered.

2. bear she gifted big me a brown.

Adjectives and Adjective Order24

54

3. he man kind is a old.

4. mummy plastic small bought three toys.

5. she colourful has a semi-precious collection of stones.

6. our brown library has wooden tables.

7. black she large has sparkling eyes.

8. chicken a large we ordered spicy pizza.

C. Complete the following paragraph by lling in adjec ves in each blank in their correct order.

Uncle Sam has gifted me a kitten. She has

hair and eyes. I have used a

basket to make her bed. My new pet looks

even prettier when she curls up on the cushions that

I have placed in the basket. Father has bought a ball for

her to play and my younger brother likes to scare her with

a toy dog. My little kitten is quite playful

and she often chases squirrels across the garden.

D. Look around your classroom and write a descrip on of it.

Or

Describe the view from your classroom window.Remember to use two or three adjectives for the things or people you describe. Include at least eight nouns in the description.

55

A. Read the following poem and underline the words beginning with a blend and circle the ones that begin with a digraph.

How Doth the Li le Crocodile

How doth the little crocodile

Improve his shining tail,

And pour the waters of the Nile

On every golden scale!

How cheerfully he seems to grin,

How neatly spreads his claws,

And welcomes little fi shes in

With gently smiling jaws!

Lewis Carroll

B. Complete the words in the sentences with -us, -ous, -eous or -ious.

1. We had an adventur holiday last month.

2. Aunt Dina has lost some prec stones.

3. Ours is a relig family.

4. Jaya wants to watch the circ .

5. Professor Smith is quite fam in our college.

6. I am ashamed of your atroc behaviour.

7. It was very courag of him to have dived into the water and saved her from the shark.

8. I like children who are court .

Spelling25

56

C. Some words below are spelled incorrectly. Circle them. Write their correct spelling. You may refer to a dic onary.

1. mysterious 9. tedeious

2. tigeress 10. vigoruos

3. luxurius 11. furious

4. delicious 12. hilarius

5. previos 13. dangerus

6. gracious 14. spacious

7. instantaneus 15. infectius

8. mysterius 16. marvellos

D. Circle the misspelled words in the following passage. Correct and rewrite them below.Th at was twetny-fore hours ago. Since then noboby had come neer him. Th e day befour, all day long, he had wached his parents fl yng about with his brothers and sistter, perfecting then in the art of fl ight, teaching them how to skim the wavs and how to dive for fi sh. Standing on a rock, he nad, in fact, seen his older brother catch his fi rst herring and devor it, while his parents circled around raising a pruod cackle. And all the morning the whole family had walked about on the big plato midway dowm the oposite clif taunting him for his covardice.