Where global meets local. Italian social centres and the alterglobalization movement

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5 Where global meets localItalian social centres and the alterglobalization movement

Andrea Membretti and Pierpaolo Mudu

Introduction

This chapter highlights the long- lasting interaction between an Italian political and socio- cultural phenomenon, the Centri Sociali Autogestiti (self- managed social centres) and the alterglobalization movement. Centri Sociali are signi-¿FDQW�DFWRUV��QRWDEO\� LQ�XUEDQ�DUHDV�� DQG� WKHLU�KLVWRU\�FRPHV�GLUHFWO\� IURP� WKH��V��7RGD\� WKH\� LQYROYH� WKRXVDQGV�RI�DFWLYLVWV�DQG� WKHLU�SUHVHQFH�FKDUDFWHU-izes most large and medium- sized Italian cities. It is estimated that there are DERXW� �� DURXQG� WKH� FRXQWU\�� RIWHQ� RSHUDWLQJ� LQ� VTXDWWHG� EXLOGLQJV�� RIIHULQJ�social services, organizing cultural events and acting as political subjects.� 7KLV� FKDSWHU� LV� RUJDQL]HG� LQWR� WZR�PDLQ� VHFWLRQV��7KH�¿UVW� RQH� SUHVHQWV� DQ�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�RULJLQV�DQG�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKHVH�Centri Sociali. The second section explores the link between the Centri Sociali and the alterglobalization movement. In the conclusion we highlight the relevance of the construction of VSDFH�E\�WKH�Centri Sociali in terms of opening new interfaces of opportunities for those looking for alternatives to neo- liberal domination. These opportunities are linked to expanding conceptualizations and tools for networking and com-munication, supporting new struggles for the commons, and experimenting with alternative decision- making processes.

The development of Centri Sociali

Centri Sociali� RULJLQDWH� WKURXJK� VTXDWWLQJ� LQ�DEDQGRQHG�EXLOGLQJV�DQG�DUH� UXQ��WKURXJK� VHOI��PDQDJHPHQW�� E\� FROOHFWLYHV� ZKLFK� ZHUH� RULJLQDOO\�� LQ� WHUPV� RI�political orientation, radical left, autonomous or anarchist. According to Mem-bretti (2007) and Mudu (2004), and considering the origins of this social phe-QRPHQRQ��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�GH¿QH�D�Centro Sociale Autogestito as:

�� D�QHWZRUN�RI�SHRSOH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�D�KHWHURJHQRXV�VRFLR��FXOWXUDO�DQG�JHQ-HUDWLRQDO�FRPSRVLWLRQ��DOWKRXJK�\RXQJ�SHRSOH�RIWHQ�SUHGRPLQDWH�

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Where global meets local 77

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�� VKDULQJ� WKH� VDPH� VSDFH�� XVXDOO\� DQ� LOOHJDOO\� RFFXSLHG� DEDQGRQHG� EXLOGLQJ��JHQHUDOO\�LQ�ODUJH�RU�PHGLXP��VL]HG�FLWLHV��ZKHUH�WKH\�� GHYHORS�D�FROOHFWLYH�LGHQWLW\�� EXLOG�RU�HQODUJH�D�ORFDO�DQG�H[WUD��ORFDO�QHWZRUN�RI�PRYHPHQW�UHODWLRQ-

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UHODWLRQV� �WKDW� LV�� WKH� SRVVLELOLW\� RI� EHLQJ� WRJHWKHU�ZLWKRXW� EHLQJ� LQ� D�commercial framework), counter- cultural events and welfare services.

6SDFH�SOD\V�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�UROH��DV�LW�LV�WKH�PDLQ�UHVRXUFH��RIWHQ�FRQWHVWHG�E\�GLI-ferent urban actors) both for collective action and for the development of a group LGHQWLW\��,Q�IDFW� Centri Sociali�RULJLQDWHG�DV�D�VSDWLDOL]HG�DFWRU��WKH\�DUH�SK\VLFDO�centres� LQ�GH¿QHG�XUEDQ�QHLJKERXUKRRGV��DQG�HVWDEOLVKHG�DQ�RQJRLQJ�GLDOHFWLF�ZLWK�RWKHU�PRYHPHQWV�DQG�ZLWK�SROLWLFDO�LQVWLWXWLRQV��LQVLGH�D�VSHFL¿F�DQG�PXOWL-scalar socio- political milieu.� 7KH�¿UVW�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�Centri Sociali emerged in the 1970s, during the long F\FOH�RI�VWUXJJOHV� WKDW�DQLPDWHG�,WDO\� IRU�D�GHFDGH��VWDUWLQJ� LQ��%DOHVWULQL�DQG� 0RURQL� �� VHH� DOVR� 2VWHUZHLO�� WKLV� YROXPH�� &KDSWHU� �� Autonomia Operaia�EHFDPH�D�UHOHYDQW�SDUW�RI�WKLV�PRYHPHQW�GXH�WR�LWV�VWURQJ�DQWLV\VWHPLF�DWWLWXGH�� FRQWHVWLQJ� WKH� OHJLWLPDF\� RI� WKH� FRUUXSW� ,WDOLDQ� VWDWH� �%DOHVWULQL� DQG�0RURQL� ��7KH��V� ,WDOLDQ�PRYHPHQW�QRW� RQO\� HPSOR\HG� WKH� IXOO� UHSHU-WRLUH� RI� ZRUNLQJ��FODVV� VWUXJJOH�� EXW� DOVR� VRZHG� WKH� VHHGV� IRU� VXEVHTXHQW� QHZ�social movements (NSMs) involved in environmental struggles and reclaiming rights and identities.� ,Q�,WDO\�160V�WRRN�WKH�IRUP�RI�³XUEDQ�VRFLDO�PRYHPHQWV´�ZLWK�PDQ\�SHFX-OLDU�DVSHFWV��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�160�DSSURDFK��0HOXFFL��'HOOD�3RUWD�DQG�'LDQL��Centri Sociali represented a “movement area” (Melucci 1984), i.e. a network of (g)local actors sharing a common counter- culture and commu-QLFDWLQJ�LQWHUDFWLQJ�ZLWK�HDFK�RWKHU��HYHQ�LI�QRW�XQL¿HG�E\�D�VWURQJ�LGHRORJ\�RU�E\�GH¿QHG�FRPPRQ�JRDOV��7KH\�UHSUHVHQWHG�WKH�WHUULWRULDO�DQG�SK\VLFDO�H[SUHV-sion of a social and cultural milieu, claiming new rights of citizenship��DV� WKH\�ZHUH�GH¿QHG�E\�160V�LQ�WKH��V��0HOXFFL��Centri Sociali were prim-DULO\� URRWHG� LQ� WKHLU�QHLJKERXUKRRGV��PDLQO\�EOXH�FROODU��H[SUHVVLQJ� WKH�QHHGV�DQG� WKH�FODLPV�RI� WKH�SHRSOH� OLYLQJ� LQ� WKHP��SDUWLFXODUO\�\RXQJ�SHRSOH��$�QHZ�JHQHUDWLRQ� ±� GHHSO\� LQYROYHG�ZLWK� WKH� ��PRYHPHQW� WKDW� VDZ� WKH� HQG� RI� D�harsh long- term confrontation with the Italian authorities via a large series of GHPRQVWUDWLRQV��UHYROWV�DQG�UHIXVDO�RI�WKH�,WDOLDQ�ZD\�RI�OLIH�±�ZDV�IDFLQJ�WKH�ULVN�RI�VRFLDO�H[FOXVLRQ�IURP�ERWK�ZHOIDUH�VWDWH�DQG�ODERXU�PDUNHW��DV�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI� WKH� UDGLFDO� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�SURGXFHG�E\� WKH�HQG�RI� WKH� LQGXVWULDO�HUD�DQG� WKH�GUDPDWLF�WUDQVLWLRQ�WR�D�SRVW��LQGXVWULDO�RQH��,Q�WKH��V��DQLPDWHG�E\�WKLV�\RXQJ�generation, Centri Sociali� ZHUH� PDLQO\� ERUQ� LQVLGH� WKH� ³H[WUD��SDUOLDPHQWDU\´�/HIW��DQG�ZHUH�LPPHGLDWHO\�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�D�SDUWLFXODU�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�WKH�VSDWLDO�GLPHQVLRQ� RI� WKHLU� DFWLRQ� DQG� LGHQWLW\�� ,Q� IDFW�� WKH\� FDOOHG� IRU� D� ERWWRP��XS�


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78 A. Membretti and P. Mudu

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participation in the transformation of urban power relations, based on the FRQFHSW�RI� VHOI��UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ�RI� LQWHUHVWV� �D� IRUP�RI�GLUHFW�GHPRFUDF\��ZKLFK�¿UVW�KDG�WR�GHDO�ZLWK�UXQQLQJ�WKH�SK\VLFDO�VTXDWWHG�VSDFH�DV�D�OLEHUDWHG�DQG�SDU-ticipative public place (Membretti 2007). From the beginning, housing, social DQG� FXOWXUDO� VHUYLFHV�� DQG� QRQ��FRPPRGL¿HG� VRFLDO� UHODWLRQV� ZHUH� WKH� PDLQ�WKHPHV��0RYLQJ�EH\RQG�WKH�ORFDO�GLPHQVLRQ�DQG�DZD\�IURP�WKHLU�LOOHJDOO\�RFFX-pied spaces, Centri Sociali FRQWHVWHG�UHSUHVHQWDWLYH�GHPRFUDF\�DQG�LQVWLWXWLRQDO�G\QDPLFV��FRQVLGHUHG�WR�EH�D�PHDQV�RI�VRFLDOO\�VXIIRFDWLQJ�DQG�LQWHJUDWLQJ�DQ\�GLVVHQW��7KH\�SURSRVHG�D�SDUWLFXODU�DSSURDFK�WR�WKH�GH¿QLWLRQ�RI�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�FODVV� FRQÀLFW�� GHFOLQLQJ� LW� DV� WKH� FRQWUDSRVLWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� SHULSKHUDO�SRSXODU�spaces and central/bourgeois ones, inside cities that were intended as political ¿HOGV�IRU�EXLOGLQJ�ORFDOL]HG�IRUPV�RI�³FRXQWHU��SRZHU´��ZLWKLQ�D�ZLGHU�QRQ��ORFDO�and network perspective. The birth of Centri Sociali also meant a shift in political action from organ-L]HG�IRUPV�RI�DFWLYLVP�DQG�PLOLWDQFLHV�WR�H[SHULPHQWLQJ�ZLWK�DOWHUQDWLYH�ZD\V�WR�form subjectivities resistant to dominant capitalist trends (Foucault 1982). Sub-MHFWL¿FDWLRQ�±� WKDW� LV�� WKH�ZD\V�RI�SURGXFLQJ�D�VRFLDOO\�VXEPLVVLYH�VXEMHFW�±� LV�FDOOHG�LQWR�TXHVWLRQ�E\�Centri Sociali, at least for an important segment of rela-tional life. The process of domination is challenged through resisting, with an DJHQF\� WKDW� WDNHV�SODFH� WKURXJK� WKH�SUDFWLFH� DQG� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�RI� VRFLDO� UHOD-WLRQV� DQG� DFWLYLWLHV�� LQ� D�ZD\� WKDW� DOVR� UHVHPEOHV� D� GHYHORSPHQW� RI�0DUFXVH¶V�SURSRVDOV�RQ�UDGLFDO�VXEMHFWLYLW\��0DUFXVH��0DUFXVH�DUJXHG�WKDW

WKH�H[LVWLQJ�VRFLHW\�LV�RUJDQL]HG�SUHFLVHO\�WR�SUHYHQW�VXFK�D�UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI� VXEMHFWLYLW\� DQG� QHZ� VRFLDO� UHODWLRQV�� SUHVFULELQJ� LQVWHDG� D� UHJLPH� RI�GRPLQDWLRQ��DXWKRULW\��UHSUHVVLRQ��PDQLSXODWLYH�GHVXEOLPDWLRQ��DQG�VXEPLV-sion. [. . .] Instead of the need for repressive performance and competition, WKH�QHZ�VHQVLELOLW\�SRVLWV� WKH�QHHG� IRU�PHDQLQJIXO�ZRUN��JUDWL¿FDWLRQ��DQG�FRPPXQLW\��LQVWHDG�RI�WKH�QHHG�IRU�DJJUHVVLRQ�DQG�GHVWUXFWLYH�SURGXFWLYLW\��LW� DI¿UPV� ORYH� DQG� WKH� SUHVHUYDWLRQ� RI� WKH� HQYLURQPHQW�� DQG� DJDLQVW� WKH�GHPDQGV� RI� LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ�� LW� DVVHUWV� WKH� QHHG� IRU� EHDXW\�� VHQVXRXVQHVV��DQG�SOD\��DI¿UPLQJ�WKH�DHVWKHWLF�DQG�HURWLF�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�H[SHULHQFH�

(Kellner 2001: 94)

In Centri Sociali people developed the refusal of patterns of domination, being FRQVFLRXV� RI� WKH� IDLOHG� H[SHULHQFH� RI� WKH� ��V� EDVHG� RQ� ORYH�� VHQVXDOLW\� DQG�erotic liberation.� 7KH�H[SHULHQFH�RI�WKH�¿UVW�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�Centri Sociali�¿QLVKHG�DW�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH� ��V�� 7KH� EHJLQQLQJ� RI� WKH� ��V� ZDV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� WKH� HQG� RI� WKH�SUHYLRXV� SHULRG� RI� VRFLDO� PRELOL]DWLRQ�� VWURQJO\� OLQNHG� WR� WKH� WUDQVLWLRQ� RI�ZHVWHUQ�VRFLHWLHV�WR�D�SRVW��LQGXVWULDO�HFRQRP\�DQG�WR�D�UDGLFDO�UH��RUJDQL]DWLRQ�RI�urban regimes. In this context, Centri Sociali� WHQGHG� WR� EHFRPH� LQFUHDVLQJO\�DOLHQ� VXEMHFWV� LQVLGH� WKHLU� FKDQJLQJ�QHLJKERXUKRRGV�� SURJUHVVLYHO\� ORVLQJ� WKHLU�linkages with a social composition that was shifting from the working- class GLPHQVLRQ�WR�D�ZKLWH��FROODU�RQH�DQG�WR�QHZ�IRUPV�RI�HPSOR\PHQW��*HQWUL¿FDWLRQ�


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DQG� WKH� VSUHDG� RI� KHURLQ� SXVKHG� RXW� VHYHUDO� RI� WKHVH� DFWRUV��PHDQZKLOH�� ORFDO�DXWKRULWLHV� PDGH� DQ� HIIRUW� WRZDUGV� D� JHQHUDOL]HG� HYLFWLRQ� RI� VTXDWWHG� SODFHV��Centri Sociali�EHFDPH� LVRODWHG�DQG�JKHWWRL]HG� LQVLGH� WKH�ZLGHU�VRFLHW\�DV� WKHLU�FDSDFLW\� WR� PDLQWDLQ� H[WUD��ORFDO� UHODWLRQVKLSV� GHFUHDVHG�� WKH� VTXDWWHG� VSDFH�EHFDPH�WKH�ODVW�IURQWLHU�WR�EH�GHIHQGHG�E\�LWV�RFFXSDQWV��LQ�VRPH�FDVHV�WKURXJK�FRQÀLFW�ZLWK�WKH�VXUURXQGLQJ�QHLJKERXUKRRGV� In the second half of the 1980s a second generation of Centri Sociali materi-DOL]HG��([DPSOHV�RI�VTXDWWLQJ�NQRZQ�LQ�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�RI�(XURSH��IRU�H[DPSOH�*HUPDQ\��6ZLW]HUODQG�DQG�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��ZHUH�GLVFXVVHG��EXW� WKH�PRYHPHQW�ZDV�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�PL[LQJ�WRJHWKHU�D�QHZ�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�DFWLYLVWV��,Q�ELJ�,WDOLDQ�cities, autonomists, punks and underground cultures were intermixed, originat-ing a new wave of Centri Sociali (Moroni et al.� �� 'D]LHUL� �� 0XGX��7KLV�³FRQWDPLQDWLRQ´�KDG�EHHQ�EXLOW�WKURXJK�D�FRQVFLRXV�VSDWLDO�VWUDWHJ\�where Centri Sociali constituted spaces of “amalgamation” for self- management practices (Mudu 2012). In the second half of the 1980s there was a conscious recognition in Centri Sociali of a previous condition of ghettoization, and the JRDO� RI� EUHDNLQJ� RXW� RI� WKH� JKHWWR� ZDV� FOHDUO\� LGHQWL¿HG�� DPDOJDPDWLQJ� WKH�DSSDUHQWO\� LUUHFRQFLODEOH�¿JXUHV�RI�SXQNV��DXWRQRPLVWV�� VWXGHQWV�� IRUPHU� OHIWLVW�PLOLWDQWV�� DQG� SUHFDULRXV� ZRUNLQJ��FODVV� \RXWK�� 7KLV� DPDOJDPDWLRQ� KDSSHQHG�through building self- managed projects (to produce non- commercial music, for example) and an intense networking that linked a new disconnected generation DW�ORFDO�DQG�QDWLRQDO�OHYHOV��0XGX��7KLV�VSDWLDO�VWUDWHJ\�FRQVWLWXWHG�D�PXO-WLVFDODU�SHUVSHFWLYH�ZKLFK�TXLFNO\�VWDUWHG� WR�EUHDN� WKH�JKHWWRL]DWLRQ�DQG�VRFLR��SROLWLFDO�LVRODWLRQ�DQG�FRQVWUDLQWV�LQKHULWHG�IURP�SUHYLRXV�FRQÀLFWV��1HYHUWKHOHVV��from their origins, Centri Sociali represented a complex collective experience ZLWK�VLJQL¿FDQW�JHRJUDSKLFDO�GLIIHUHQFHV��ZKHQ�FRQVLGHULQJ�WKH�FDVH�RI�QRUWKHUQ�,WDO\� �0RQWDJQD� ��0HPEUHWWL� �� RU�ZLWK�0LODQ� �,EED� �� 5XJJLHUR��YHU\�GLIIHUHQW�IURP�7XULQ��%HU]DQR�et al��DQG�5RPH��0XGX��IURP�1DSOHV��'LQHV�� From the beginning, Centri Sociali have kept an international perspective DOLYH��ZKLFK� LV� OLQNHG� WR� WZR�PDLQ� IHDWXUHV�� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� VROLGDULW\� �LQVLGH� DQ�DQWL��LPSHULDOLVWLF� LGHRORJ\��ZKLFK�ZDV�PRVWO\� D� KHULWDJH� IURP� WKH� ��V�� DQG�WKH�FLUFXODWLRQ�RI�QRQ��FRPPHUFLDO�PXVLF��PRVWO\�SXQN�RU�UDJDPXI¿Q� In 1990, another crucial phase of development of Centri Sociali followed the QDWLRQDO�ZDYH�RI�SURWHVW�FDUULHG�RXW�E\�WKH�VWXGHQW�PRYHPHQW�DJDLQVW�WKH�SULYDWL-]DWLRQ�RI�XQLYHUVLWLHV��7KLV�PRYHPHQW��KLJKO\�GLYHUVL¿HG�DQG�RQO\�OLJKWO\�LGHR-ORJLFDO�� UHSUHVHQWHG� D� JUHDW� RSSRUWXQLW\� IRU� Centri Sociali to break their socio- political isolation: students, looking for places in which to meet and RUJDQL]H� DFWLYLWLHV�� IRXQG� DQ� LPSRUWDQW� SK\VLFDO� DQG� VRFLR��FXOWXUDO� UHVRXUFH� LQ�these occupied spaces. Moreover, the student movement carried out a new wave RI� VTXDWWLQJ�� FUHDWLQJ� QHZ� Centri Sociali�� SDUWLDOO\� LQVSLUHG� E\� WKH� V\PEROLF�horizon of the old ones and viewing the practice of self- management as a crucial SRLQW��EXW�DWWDFKLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�DQG�SDUWLFXODU�DSSURDFKHV�WR�WKH�PHDQLQJ�RI�VTXDW-WLQJ� DQG� WR� WKH� JRDOV� WR� EH� DFKLHYHG� WKURXJK� LW�� 7KH� VTXDWWHG� VSDFH� EHFDPH� D�UHVRXUFH� WR� LQYHVW� LQ� D� ZLGHU� DUHQD�� DYRLGLQJ� DQ\� WHPSWDWLRQ� WR� ORFDOLVP� DQG�


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Figure 5.1� ��,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVP��WKH�ER\FRWW�FDPSDLJQ�DJDLQVW�WKH�6RXWK�$IULFDQ�and Israeli governments.

�VHOI��GHIHQFH��7KLV�QHZ�DWWLWXGH�FRQWULEXWHG�WR�WUDQVIRUPLQJ�WKH�LPDJH�RI�&entri Sociali�DV�LW�ZDV�SHUFHLYHG�E\�RWKHU�VRFLR��SROLWLFDO�DFWRUV�DQG�E\�VRPH�DVSHFWV�RI�public opinion. Centri Sociali started to be considered as public spaces, charac-WHUL]HG�E\�D�SROLWLFDO�DSSURDFK�WR�FKDQJH�UHDOLW\�DQG��DW�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��WR�EH�RSHQ�to different populations (e.g. migrants) and groups (e.g. students) and open to HPEUDFH�QHZ�SROLWLFDO�LVVXHV�VXFK�DV�NQRZOHGJH�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�RU�PLJUDQWV¶�QHHGV��Centri Sociali developed an original music scene of hip- hop bands which EHFDPH�IDPRXV�DOO�RYHU� ,WDO\��1HZ�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�DQG�SURIHVVLRQDO� VNLOOV�ZHUH�GHYHORSHG�E\�DFWLYLVWV��VHWWLQJ�WKH�EDVLV�IRU�VXEVHTXHQW�LQWHUQDO�GHEDWH�DERXW�WKH�role of Centri Sociali in transforming urban environments and the wisdom or otherwise of accepting legalization and managing them as “social enterprises” –


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that is, to organize public activities with an economic dimension in order to SURYLGH�VRFLDOO\�DQG�SROLWLFDOO\�RULHQWHG�VHUYLFHV��,Q�WKLV�VHQVH��WKH�RULJLQDO�LGHD�from the 1970s – of “spatial networks” organizing a self- managed response to welfare and cultural needs of their surrounding neighbourhoods – was resusci-tated and re- invented on a metropolitan scale, attracting people from larger areas: this marked the beginning of new “glocal” identities and practices. In the 1990s Centri Sociali animated a strong debate about their possible role in the transition from welfare state to welfare communities. It was also in this period WKDW�WKH\�SDUWLFLSDWHG�DFWLYHO\�LQ�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�RI�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW��both on the socio- cultural and political levels. In the 1990s it was clear that people participating in Centri Sociali were OLQNHG�E\�GLIIHUHQW�SROLWLFDO�QHWZRUNV��Autonomia�GLG�QRW�H[LVW�DQ\PRUH��DQG�WZR�groups of post- autonomists emerged: the North- Eastern groups (later Tute Bianche and then the Disobbedienti network), which had civil disobedience and GLUHFW�DFWLRQV�LQ�WKHLU�UHSHUWRLUH�RI�FRQÀLFW��DQG�WKH�UDQN��DQG�¿OH�UDGLFDO�XQLRQ�RI�Cobas��&RPLWDWL�GL�%DVH��%\�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH��V��WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYH-PHQW�LQ�,WDO\�FRQVWLWXWHG�D�GLYHUVL¿HG�QHWZRUN�RI�DVVRFLDWLRQV�� LQIRUPDO�JURXSV�DQG�SROLWLFDO� SDUWLHV�� DW� WKDW� WLPH�PRVWO\� UHXQLWHG�XQGHU� WKH�QDPH�RI� ³Rete No Global” (Anti- globalization Network). The three main areas of this wide network included: Centri Sociali (with various distinctions), the Lilliput�QHWZRUN��&DWK-olic groups and environmental associations) and leftist associations and parties (e.g. Attac, Rifondazione Comunista). To complete the picture it is worth adding WKDW��DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�FHQWXU\��PDQ\�&entri Sociali had anarchist inclina-WLRQV��ZKLOH�RWKHUV�KDG�RUWKRGR[�0DU[LVW� LQÀXHQFHV�� RU�ZHUH� UDGLFDO�ZLWKRXW� D�particular attachment (Mudu 2009).� $W�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�QHZ�PLOOHQQLXP��SROLWLFDO�DQDO\VLV�DQG�SULRULWLHV�ZHUH�changing and some Centri Sociali� ZHUH� GLUHFWO\� LQYROYHG� LQ� LPSRUWDQW� SXEOLF�campaigns and events inside the alterglobalization movement, based around the promotion of sustainable development, fair trade, and the defence of the commons. For example, Centri Sociali organized and hosted meetings and exhi-ELWLRQV�RI�WKH�VR��FDOOHG�³QHZ�UXUDOLW\´��FR��RSHUDWLQJ�ZLWK�)UHQFK�PRYHPHQWV�RI�peasants or with the Italian groups and associations promoting fair trade and the ³DJULFXOWXUH�RI�SUR[LPLW\´��H�J��WKH�³terra/Terra”, “Genuino Clandestino”, cam-piaperti projects) and the related call for an anti- capitalist approach to the use of the land and to the production/marketing of food. Several Centri Sociali sup-SRUWHG�WKH�UHFHQW�QDWLRQDO�UHIHUHQGXP�LQ�,WDO\��DJDLQVW�WKH�SULYDWL]DWLRQ�RI�WKH�FRPPRQV��SDUWLFXODUO\�ZDWHU��DQG�RIIHUHG�WKHLU�VSDFHV�DQG�UHVRXUFHV�WR�ORFDO�FRPPLWWHHV��DFWLYH�LQ�WKLV�¿HOG��ZLWKLQ�D�ZLGHU�QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�QHWZRUN�of groups, part of the alterglobalization movement.

Some theoretical considerations on the development of Centri Sociali

Even though Centri Sociali represent a diverse and often divided movement area �0HOXFFL��IRU�PRUH�WKDQ�WKUHH�GHFDGHV�WKH\�KDYH�FRPH�WRJHWKHU�WR�


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Figure 5.2 2008: national event in support of local agriculture and against capitalist land JUDEV��&HQWUR�6RFLDOH�/HRQFDYDOOR��0LODQ�


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collaborate in building and preserving situated and self- organized socio- political QHWZRUNV��DXWRQRPRXV�IURP�RI¿FLDO�LQVWLWXWLRQV�DQG�SROLWLFDO�SDUWLHV��DQG�DFWLQJ�as alternatives to the cultural and economical mainstream (Mudu 2004). Most of these networks, while coming to terms with past periods of closure and self- GHIHQFH� IURP� H[WHUQDO� ³WKUHDWV´�� KDYH� LQFUHDVLQJO\� GHYHORSHG� DQ� RULHQWDWLRQ�towards their relationship with the space around them – in terms of dialectics DQG� FRQÀLFW�� EXW� DOVR� RI� DWWHPSWHG� UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� RI� ORFDO� LVVXHV� �0HPEUHWWL�� DV� ZHOO� DV� ZLWK� DQ� ³RXWVLGH� ZRUOG´� ZKLFK� LV� LQFUHDVLQJO\�globalized. The construction of Centri Sociali�VSDWLDOLW\�LV�WKH�UHVXOW�RI�D�FRPSOH[�PL[WXUH�RI�IDFWRUV��WKH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�SDUWLFLSDQWV��VTXDWWHG�SODFH��DQG��SROLW-ical context. Centri Sociali�PLUURU�WKH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�VRFLHW\��EXW�D�FUXFLDO�GLI-IHUHQFH� LV� WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�H[SORULQJ� WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI� UDGLFDO�VXEMHFWLYLWLHV�and a range of alternative forms to neo- liberal domination processes (Aaster et al�� ,Q�SDUWLFXODU�� WKH\�H[WHQG�GHFLVLRQ��PDNLQJ�DUHQDV� IRU� LQWHUVXEMHFWLYH�agreement about far more issues than those which liberals recognize as public �3XUFHOO�� 7KH�VTXDWWHG�SODFHV�FRQVWLWXWH�D�ORQJ�OLVW�RI�DEDQGRQHG�EXLOGLQJV�WKDW�GR�QRW�SUHVHQW�D�FRPPRQ�W\SRORJ\��H[FHSW�LQVRIDU�DV�WKH\�DUH�DOO�SRVW��LQGXVWULDO�SHUPD-QHQFLHV��RIWHQ�DZDLWLQJ�GHPROLWLRQ�RU�UDGLFDOO\�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�E\�VR��FDOOHG�XUEDQ�UHJHQHUDWLRQ� SROLFLHV�� 6FKRROV�� IDFWRULHV�� VKRSV�� FLQHPDV�� DQ\� VSDFH� FDQ� EH� D�Centro Sociale. Space can open or limit the possibilities available to these actors: large factories can host dozens of different activities, while a small shop can host MXVW�D�IHZ��3ROLFH�UHSUHVVLRQ��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�VPDOO�FLWLHV��RU�DWWDFNV�E\�JURXSV�RI�IDVFLVWV�LQ�ELJ�FLWLHV��FDQ�UHSUHVHQW�VHULRXV�FRQVWUDLQWV�RQ�DFWLRQ��6TXDWWLQJ�±�WKH�occupation of an abandoned place – is a space–time transformation, mixing the WLPH�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�WKH�VSDFH�WR�EH�WUDQVIRUPHG��$OWKRXJK�FRPSOHWHO\�WUDQVIRUPHG�LQ� LWV� VRFLDO� XVH�� WKH� VTXDWWHG� SODFH� LV� XVXDOO\� UHQDPHG� LQ� FRQWLQXLW\� ZLWK� LWV�RULJLQV��RIWHQ�WKH�IRUPHU�QDPH�LV�DGRSWHG��IROORZHG�E\�³occupato” (occupied) or SUHFHGHG�E\�³ex´� �³IRUPHU´�� LQ�RWKHU� FDVHV� D�QHZ�QDPH� LV�SURSRVHG��7KLV� UH��appropriation of space through using “ex”, proclaims the linguistic break- up of the former social space and a renewed, antagonistic existence (Tiddi 1997). 6TXDWWLQJ�� JUDI¿WL� DQG� SRVWHUV� PHDQ� WKH� LQVHUWLRQ� RI� GLIIHUHQW� VLJQV�� GLIIHUHQW�visual stimuli in a neighbourhood (Martínez 2007). The label “Centro Sociale” represents the fast and irreversible appropriation of an old label attached to com-PXQLW\� FHQWUHV� UXQ� E\� ORFDO� DXWKRULWLHV� �6RPPLHU� ��7KH� SODFHV� RI�Centri Sociali emerge as particular forms of space, ones created through acts of naming DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�GLVWLQFWLYH�DFWLYLWLHV�DQG�V\PEROV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�SHRSOH�VTXDW-ting. In this labelling process, the adjective “autogestito” (“self- managed”), ZKLFK�DOO�WKHVH�DFWRUV�XVH�WR�GHVFULEH�WKHLU�VSDFHV�DQG�KRZ�WKH\�RUJDQL]H�WKHP��LV�DOVR�YHU\�LPSRUWDQW��Centri Sociali, despite their internal and ongoing tensions DQG� LGHRORJLFDO� GLIIHUHQFHV� �3LD]]D� �� 0XGX� �� KDYH� GHYHORSHG� D�FRPPRQ� EDFNJURXQG� RI� SUDFWLFHV� DQG� UHSHUWRLUHV�� 7KLV� ¿UVW� FRQFHUQV� WKHLU�DSSURDFK� WR� RUJDQL]LQJ� WKHLU� LQQHU� DQG� H[WHUQDO� VSDFHV�� )ROORZLQJ� :HLFN¶V�DSSURDFK� ��ZH�FRXOG�VD\� WKDW�� LI�³RUJDQL]LQJ� LV� VHQVH��PDNLQJ´�� LW�FDQ�EH�


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DOVR� DQ� DFWLYLW\� RI� ³VSDFH��PDNLQJ´�� 6HFRQG�� WKHUH� LV� D� FRPPRQ� IUDPLQJ� RI�KXPDQ�DQG�LQWHU��FXOWXUDO�UHODWLRQVKLSV�RSHUDWHG�LQ�WKLV�ZD\�RI�RUJDQL]LQJ�WKURXJK�the practice of autogestione (self- management).� 3ROLWLFDO� FRQWH[W� FDQ� EH� LQWHUSUHWHG� WKURXJK� VFDODU� VWUDWHJLHV�� $WWHQWLRQ� WR�implicit conceptualizations of space is crucial to practices of resistance and of EXLOGLQJ� DOWHUQDWLYHV� �0DVVH\� �� 0DQ\� Centri Sociali� GHI\� HDV\� FDWHJRU-ization, tending to be multifaceted, heterogeneous and open, rather than homo-geneous and bounded. Centri Sociali�KDYH�EHHQ�GH¿QHG�DV�³YLUWXDO�FRPPXQLWLHV´��$GLQRO¿�et al�� EXW� WKH\� UHIXVHG� WKH� LGHD�RI� FRPPXQLW\��ZKLOH�YLUWXDOLW\�FDQ� HTXDOO\� EH� IRXQG� LQ� VKRUW��WHUP� VRFLDO� UHODWLRQV� SRVWHG� RQ� WKH� ZHE��Centri Sociali� KDYH� DOVR� EHHQ� GH¿QHG� DV� ³FRQFUHWH� XWRSLDV´� �5DPSDOOR� DQG� 9DFFDUR��7LGGL��EXW�XWRSLDV�DUH�VLWHV�ZLWK�QR�UHDO�SODFH��)RXFDXOW��Centri Sociali are more similar to “heterotopias of deviation”, “in which individuals, ZKRVH�EHKDYLRXU�LV�GHYLDQW�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�UHTXLUHG�PHDQ�RU�QRUP��DUH�SODFHG´�(Foucault 1986: 25). In general terms, Centri Sociali�WU\�WR�NHHS�WKH�ERXQGDULHV�RI�WKHLU�VTXDWWHG�SODFHV�RSHQ�DQG�SRURXV��HPERGLPHQW�LQ�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�Centri Sociali LV�WKH�¿UVW�VFDOH�WR�EH�FRQVLGHUHG��,Q�WKHRUHWLFDO�WHUPV��LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�FRQVLGHU�WKDW�SODFHV�DUH�SURJUHVVLYHO\�H[SHULHQFHG��³D�SODFH�LV�D�FRPSOH[�RI�LQWHUVHFWLRQV�DQG�RXWFRPHV�RI�SRZHU�JHRPHWULHV�WKDW�RSHUDWH�DFURVV�PDQ\�VSDWLDO�VFDOHV��IURP�WKH�ERG\�WR�WKH�JOREDO´��0DVVH\��,Q�Centri Sociali the experience of placing oneself within a social space happens through different power geometries from the dominant ones. For example, a particular emphasis is put on having people not being passive recipients of events, but taking action and overturning gender dominance. This means operating a convergence of practices in order to put the UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ�RI�VSDFH�DQG�LWV�UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO�IRUPV�LQ�FORVH�SUR[LPLW\��/HIHE-YUH��5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ�RI�VSDFH�LV�RSHUDWHG�E\�DOO�RI�WKRVH�ZKR�LGHQWLI\�ZKDW�LV�OLYHG�DQG�ZKDW�LV�SHUFHLYHG�ZLWK�ZKDW�LV�FRQFHLYHG��ZKLOH�D�VSDFH�GLUHFWO\�OLYHG�WKURXJK�LWV�DVVRFLDWHG�V\PEROV�LV�WKH�VSDFH�ZKLFK�WKH�LPDJLQDWLRQ�VHHNV�WR�FKDQJH�and appropriate (Lefebvre 1991). In Centri Sociali the space of discourses, con-FHSWXDOL]LQJ�DQG�SODQQLQJ�RYHUODSV�ZLWK�VSDFH�OLYHG�WKURXJK�LPDJHV�DQG�V\PEROV�linked to the clandestine or underground side of social life, and to art (Lefebvre ��2YHU�WKH�\HDUV��WKH�SUDFWLFHV�RI�UHVLVWDQFH�GHYHORSHG�E\�WKH�Centri Sociali FRPELQHG�PDQ\�LVVXHV��DQG�PDGH�WKHP�EUHDN�RXW�RI�VHOI��JKHWWRL]DWLRQ�DQG�UHVFDOH�their action (Figure 5.3).� 7KLV� WHQVLRQ� EHWZHHQ� D� GHVLUHG� NLQG� RI� VSDWLDO� DXWRQRP\1 and, at the same time, a re- conceptualization of the relationship with the surrounding space, in a glocal approach, has been the basis of the enactment2��:HLFN��RSHUDWHG�E\�Centri Sociali�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKHLU�SK\VLFDO�DQG�VRFLR��FXOWXUDO�HQYLURQPHQW��7KLV�phenomenon can also be described as a reaction to one of the main aspects of globalization, i.e. the crisis of the dimension of place (Augé 1993), related to a JHQHUDO�SURFHVV�RI�UH��RUJDQL]DWLRQ�RI�VSDFH��SXVKHG�E\�WKH�SRVW��LQGXVWULDO�VRFLR��HFRQRPLF� UHVWUXFWXUDWLRQ� �6Z\QJHGRXZ� �� DQG� FRUUHODWHG� VRFLR��FXOWXUDO�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV��VXFK�DV�GLVHPEHGGLQJ�SURFHVVHV��*LGGHQV�� Two main different approaches to the role of Centri Sociali�ZLWKLQ�VRFLHW\�IDFHG�HDFK�RWKHU�LQ�WKH�PRYHPHQW��0HPEUHWWL��RQH�IRFXVHG�RQ�WKH�RSSRUWXQLW\�WR�


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Practices of resistance

Squatting Negotiation for legalization

Sociality

SubjectivesDifferent visions

Self-representation of interests New codes of communication

Self-management of needs

CommonsAlterglobalization

movementWelfare

Internationalism

Self-ghettoization“Broken circle”

Communities

Close networkLarge networkActionsDirections

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Time

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

of s

pace

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

of s

pace

Rep

rese

ntat

iona

l spa

ce

– sc

ale

+

Figure 5.3 Centri Sociali: the rescaling of action through time and space.

develop a network of self- managed cultural and social services in order to attract more people inside these spaces and to involve them in the construction of a bot-WRP��XS�SROLWLFDO�DOWHUQDWLYH�WR�WKH�SULYDWL]DWLRQ�RI�ZHOIDUH�DQG�RI�WKH�HQWLUH�VRFLHW\��The other approach connected to the heritage of the 1970s, understood Centri Sociali�DV�D�NLQG�RI�SROLWLFDO�YDQJXDUG�LQ�DQ�HPHUJLQJ�SRVW��LQGXVWULDO�FODVV�FRQÀLFW��HPSKDVL]LQJ� WKH� QHFHVVLW\� RI� EXLOGLQJ� VWURQJ� SROLWLFDO� LGHQWLWLHV� DQG� QHWZRUNV��DLPLQJ� WRZDUGV� D� UHYROXWLRQDU\�SURFHVV��2WKHU� DSSURDFKHV�ZHUH� DOVR�GHYHORSHG��IRU�H[DPSOH��PDQ\�DQDUFKLVWV�VWLOO�FRQVLGHUHG�LW�SRVVLEOH�WR�GLVFRQQHFW�WKHPVHOYHV�IURP�GRPLQDQW�VRFLDO�WUHQGV�E\�EXLOGLQJ�Centri Sociali with no local connections EXW�QHWZRUNHG�DPRQJ�WKHPVHOYHV�WR�DOORZ�VXUYLYDO�DQG�PRELOLW\�RI�V\PSDWKL]HUV� The case of Leoncavallo, the most famous Italian social centre, shows, in dif-IHUHQW�ZD\V�DQG�DW�GLIIHUHQW�VFDOHV��KRZ�VHYHUDO�Centri Sociali have operated in WKH�ODVW��\HDUV�DV�SURYLGHUV�RI�VHOI��PDQDJHG�SXEOLF�VHUYLFHV��0HPEUHWWL��7KHVH� VHUYLFHV�GHYHORSHG�� LQIRUPDOO\�� DV� D� UHVSRQVH� WR� WZR�GLIIHUHQW�EXW� LQWHU-WZLQHG� FDWHJRULHV� RI� QHHGV�� WKH� ¿UVW� FRQFHUQHG�ZLWK� FXOWXUH� DQG� VRFLDOLW\�� WKH�second with welfare and social needs. Since the beginning of the 1990s, several Centri Sociali have reacted to the growing demand for spaces for the production RI�DQ�DXWRQRPRXV�DQG�QRQ��FRPPRGL¿HG�FXOWXUH�RIIHULQJ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�VRFLDO�exchange, under the banner of non- exploitative relationships between people. 6RFLDOLW\� DQG� FXOWXUDO� QHHGV� FURVV� WUDGLWLRQDO� FODVV� ERXQGDULHV�� VRPH� LQWHUQDO�


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VXUYH\V��FDUULHG�RXW�DPRQJ�XVHUV�RI�Centri Sociali cultural services, show how DWWHQGDQFH� DW� FRQFHUWV�� SOD\V�� GHEDWHV� DQG� H[KLELWLRQV� LV� ODUJHO\� GLYHUVL¿HG�according to age, gender, work conditions and place of residence. An increasing number of Centri Sociali�KDYH�EHHQ�RSHUDWLQJ�LQ�D�¿HOG�WKDW�FRXOG�EH�GH¿QHG�DV�³FLYLO�ZHOIDUH´��GH�/HRQDUGLV��±�VHUYLFHV�VWURQJO\�LQWHU��UHODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�FLW-izenship dimension, i.e. the concrete response to those basic rights (right to food, FORWKLQJ�� KRXVLQJ�� KHDOWK�� ZLWKRXW� ZKLFK� D� KXPDQ� EHLQJ� QRW� RQO\� FDQQRW� EH�GH¿QHG� DV� D� FLWL]HQ�� EXW� FDQQRW� HYHQ� SRVVHVV� KXPDQ� GLJQLW\�� 7KH� GHPDQG� IRU�these services arises from migrants, the homeless, people with mental health LVVXHV�DQG��PRUH�JHQHUDOO\��SHRSOH�EHORZ�WKH�SRYHUW\�WKUHVKROG�

Centri Sociali and the alterglobalization movement: spatialized networks for a glocal action

,Q�,WDO\��WKH�XQRI¿FLDO�ELUWK�RI�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW�LV�XVXDOO\�OLQNHG�WR�WKH�=DSDWLVWD�XSULVLQJ�LQ�&KLDSDV��0H[LFR��2Q��-DQXDU\��WKH�=DSDWLVWDV�LVVXHG� WKHLU� )LUVW�'HFODUDWLRQ� RI� WKH� /DFDQGRQ� -XQJOH� DQG� WKHLU� 5HYROXWLRQDU\�/DZV��7KH�GD\�FKRVHQ�ZDV�WKH�GD\�ZKHQ�WKH�1RUWK�$PHULFDQ�)UHH�7UDGH�$JUHH-PHQW��1$)7$��FDPH�LQWR�HIIHFW��7KH�=DSDWLVWDV�LPPHGLDWHO\�UHFHLYHG�WKH�DWWHQ-tion of the Italian radical left activists and Centri Sociali�� ,Q� WKH� KLVWRU\� RI�,WDOLDQV�VROLGDULW\�PRYHPHQWV��/DWLQ�$PHULFD�KDV�DOZD\V�EHHQ�PRUH�FHQWUDO�WKDQ�DQ\�RWKHU�SDUW�RI�WKH�ZRUOG��)XUWKHUPRUH��WKH�6DQGLQLVWD�H[SHULHQFH�LQ�1LFDUDJXD�had ended in 1989, leaving a huge void in the Italian radical left. In 1996 the ³)LUVW� ,QWHUFRQWLQHQWDO�0HHWLQJ� IRU� +XPDQLW\� DQG� DJDLQVW� 1HROLEHUDOLVP´� ZDV�RUJDQL]HG�LQ�&KLDSDV��0DQ\�LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�JURXSV�IURP�,WDO\�SDUWLFLSDWHG��PRVW�were part of the Centri Sociali�QHWZRUN��7KH�DFWLYLWLHV�ZHUH�QRW�RQO\�LQ�VXSSRUW�RI� WKH� =DSDWLVWDV¶� VWUXJJOH�� EXW� DOVR� LQYROYHG� VKDULQJ� SUDFWLFHV� DQG� LGHDV�� $Q�association dedicated to this purpose, called Ya Basta!, was created in 1994. It is VWLOO� RSHUDWLQJ��PDLQO\� LQ� WKH�1RUWK�RI� ,WDO\�3� DQG� IRU� VHYHUDO� \HDUV� LW� KDV�EHHQ�hosted inside the Leoncavallo social centre in Milan.� $IWHU� WKH� 6HDWWOH� SURWHVW� RI� �� WKH� �� :RUOG� %DQN� PHHWLQJ� LQ� 3UDJXH�DWWUDFWHG� WKRXVDQGV� RI� SHRSOH� �PDQ\� IURP� WKH�Centri Sociali) who demonstrated ZLWK�YDULRXV�WDFWLFV��VHH�)LJXUH��7KH�¿UVW�:RUOG�6RFLDO�)RUXP�ZDV�KHOG�IURP��±��-DQXDU\��LQ�3RUWR�$OHJUH��%UD]LO��DQG�WKH�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�RI�,WDOLDQ�DFWLY-LVWV�ZDV�VLJQL¿FDQW��0RUH�LPSRUWDQWO\��WKH�¿UVW�(XURSHDQ�6RFLDO�)RUXP��(6)��RI�WKH�alterglobalization movement was held in Florence in November 2002. Centri Sociali�LPPHGLDWHO\�WULHG�WR�SURYLGH�WKH�SROLWLFDO�EDFNERQH�IRU�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW��EXW�WKH�GLI¿FXOWLHV�RI�SXUVXLQJ�VXFK�DQ�DPELWLRXV�UROH�ZHUH�FRPSRXQGHG�E\�QDwYHWp�LQ�PDQDJLQJ�WKH�QHZ�IRUPV�RI�GHPRQVWUDWLRQV�DQG�UHSUHVVLRQ�DQG�D�SURE-OHPDWLF�GLDOHFWLFDO�ULYDOU\�EHWZHHQ�WKH�YDULRXV�QHWZRUNV�RI�Centri Sociali. In par-WLFXODU�� WKH� DQDO\VHV� DQG� SURSRVDOV� RI� WKH� SRVW��DXWRQRPLVW� Disobbedienti/Tute Bianche and the Cobas differed both from each other and from other components RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW��7KH�GLYLVLRQV�HPHUJHG�EODWDQWO\�LQ�*HQRD�LQ��0XGX�� 7KH� ³PRYHPHQW� RI� PRYHPHQWV´� ZDV� VKDSHG� LQ� ,WDO\� E\� WKHVH� SUH��H[LVWHQW�DFWRUV�� E\� WKHLU� FROOHFWLYH� FRGHV�PHPRULHV�ODQJXDJHV�� DQG� E\� WKHLU� VSDWLDOO\�


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URRWHG�UHSHUWRLUHV��H[HPSOL¿HG�LQ�WKH��*HQRD�GHPRQVWUDWLRQV�DJDLQVW�WKH�*��VXPPLW��,Q�*HQRD�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�YDULRXV�EORFNV�RULHQWHG�WRZDUGV�GLIIHUHQW�XVHV�RI�VSDFH�IRU�GHPRQVWUDWLQJ�ZDV�HYLGHQW��SDFL¿VW��TXHHU�VSHFWDFXODU��RU�YLROHQW� In the 1980s a famous slogan circulating within Centri Sociali was “Smash the ghettos”, an indicator of the gated social conditions surrounding past strug-gles. In less than a decade another famous slogan – “Another world is possible” ±�FHUWL¿HG�WKH�UH��VFDOLQJ�RI�YLVLRQ�DQG�DFWLRQ�� 0RUH� UHFHQWO\�� WKH� EXLOGLQJ� RI� QHWZRUNV� LQYROYLQJ�Centri Sociali has hap-SHQHG�WKURXJK�PRELOLW\��H�J��,QWHUVTXDW��VHH�2ZHQV�et al��WKLV�YROXPH��&KDSWHU��&ULWLFDO�0DVV� F\FOLQJ�� DQG� WKH� LQWHUQHW�� ,QWHUVTXDW� LV� D� QHWZRUN� RI�)UHQFK�VTXDWWHUV�DQG�Centri Sociali aimed at promoting the exchange of ideas, discus-VLRQV� DQG� DUWLVWLF� H[KLELWLRQV� OLQNHG� WR� WKH� VTXDWWLQJ� H[SHULHQFH�� RUJDQL]HG� LQ��,Q��WKH�)28��Festival des Ouvertures Utiles), a self- managed festival, ZDV�RUJDQL]HG�LQ�3DULV��LQ��WKH�IHVWLYDO�MXPSHG�VFDOH�WR�WKH�(XURSHDQ�GLPHQ-VLRQ��DQG�ZDV�KHOG�LQ�%UXVVHOV��,Q��,QWHUVTXDW�ZDV�RUJDQL]HG�LQ�5RPH�DW�WKH�)RUWH�3UHQHVWLQR�Centro Sociale. Music – the organization of gigs and produc-tion of records – has been assimilated into a nomadic process which allows mul-tiple identities within single resistant subjectivities. The circulation of news, building of different images, and direct articulation of their own messages has been a crucial point for Centri Sociali and the alter-JOREDOL]DWLRQ� PRYHPHQW� �H�J�� VHWWLQJ� XS� ,QG\PHGLD�� 7KH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI�media activism represented a long- term shared experience. At the beginning of WKH��V�(XURSHDQ�VRFLDO� FHQWUHV�ZHUH�DOUHDG\�FRQQHFWHG� WKURXJK� WKH�(XUR-SHDQ�&RXQWHU�1HWZRUN��(&1��$QDUFKLVWV�VDZ�WKH�LQWHUQHW¶V�SRWHQWLDO�HDUO\�RQ��JRLQJ�RQOLQH� HDUOLHU� WKDQ�PDQ\�RWKHU� JURXSV�RQ� WKH�/HIW� �2ZHQV� DQG�3DOPHU�� 2QH� UHDVRQ� IRU� WKLV� HDUO\� GLIIXVLRQ� RI� LQWHUQHW� SUDFWLFHV� ZKLFK�PDQ\�anarchists mention is the convergence between the decentralization of anar-FKLVW�WKHRU\�DQG�WKH�GHFHQWUDOL]HG�VWUXFWXUH�RI�F\EHUVSDFH��2ZHQV�DQG�3DOPHU�� 7KH� VSUHDG� RI� ,QG\PHGLD� VXJJHVWV� WKDW� Centri Sociali produced and ZHUH� HPEHGGHG� LQ� D� P\ULDG� RI� LQWHU��OLQNDJHV� DQG� LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLHV� ZLWK� D�multitude of places at a global scale. Centri Sociali� DFWLYHO\� DQG� LQWHQVHO\�H[SORUHG�QHWZRUNLQJ��,QGHHG��WKH\�FRQVWLWXWHG�DFWLYH�QRGHV��DQG�QHZ�UHODWLRQV�ZHUH�VHW�XS�IURP�VFUDWFK��7KH�XVH�RI�WKH�:HE�KDV�WKUHH�SULPDU\�JRDOV��FRQ-QHFWLQJ� DGKHUHQWV�� IRUPLQJ� FRDOLWLRQV�� DQG� �� VSUHDGLQJ� WKHLU� LGHDV� WR� D�ZLGHU� DXGLHQFH� �2ZHQV� DQG� 3DOPHU� �� 7KHVH� JRDOV� KDG� D� WHPSRUDO�VHTXHQFH��DQG�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQ�RI�SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZDV�ZLGHO\�XVHG�DQG�FRQVROLGDWHG�GXULQJ�WKH��V��%HU]DQR�et al. 2002). The formation of coalitions became an issue at the end of the millennium, and the diffusion of ideas to a wider audi-ence is still an issue.� 7KHVH�FRPSOH[�LQWHUDFWLRQV�DQG�UHÀH[LYH�SURFHVVHV�FUHDWHG�D�IHUWLOH�HQYLURQ-ment, an innovative socio- spatial milieu which, for the alterglobalization move-PHQW��UHSUHVHQWHG�ZKDW�ZH�FRXOG�GH¿QH��IROORZLQJ�.RHKOHU�DQG�:LVVHQ��as “an infrastructure for a glocalized protest”. The main elements of this socio- spatial and cultural infrastructure represent important resources for collective mobilization, as shown in Table 5.1.


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� 'XH� WR� WKLV� FUHDWLYH� DQG� VSDWLDOO\� URRWHG� LQWHUDFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ�Centri Sociali and the alterglobalization movement, a reciprocal contamination and a kind of ongoing mutual learning was produced, with a transferring of issues/agendas and of skills, but also of activists. Centri Sociali�VKRZHG��LQ�PDQ\�FDVHV��D�UHÀH[-ive attitude� DQG� D� FRQVHTXHQW� FKDQJH� LQ� VRPH� RI� WKHLU� DSSURDFKHV� DQG� JRDOV��VWDUWLQJ�IURP�WKH�VFDOH�RI�DFWLRQ��)RU�PDQ\�Centri Sociali the scale of action is a FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�ERWK�WKH�ZD\�WKHLU�VSDFH�LV�RSHUDWLRQDOL]HG�DQG�WKH�SRVVLELOLWLHV�RIIHUHG� E\� D� IDU��UHDFKLQJ� WUDQVQDWLRQDO� DFWLYLVP�� 7UDQVQDWLRQDO� DFWLYLVP� DQG�ERUGHU�FURVVLQJ�DUH�YLWDO� IRU� UHVLVWLQJ� WKH�QHR��OLEHUDO�VSDWLDO�SURMHFW� �5RXWOHGJH�� 'HOOD� 3RUWD� �� DQG� WKLV� LV� QRW� QHZ� LI� ZH� FRQVLGHU� WKH� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VROLGDULW\�KLVWRU\�RI�WKH�ZRUNLQJ��FODVV�PRYHPHQW�RU�WKH�JUHDW�PRELOLW\�RI�DQDU-FKLVWV�D�FHQWXU\�HDUOLHU��7XUFDWR��7KH�QRYHOW\�OLHV�LQ�D�VFDOH�RI�DFWLRQ�WKDW�VLPXOWDQHRXVO\�HPEHGV�PXOWLSOH�VFDOHV�DQG�SURYLGHV�D�FRQWLQXLW\� WKDW� LV�KDUGHU�WR�EUHDN�E\�WDFWLFV�RI�UHSUHVVLRQ�DQG�H[LOH��7UDQVQDWLRQDOLVP�LV�D�EXLOW��LQ�FKDUDF-WHULVWLF�RI�PDQ\�Centri Sociali��GLUHFWO\�OLQNHG�WR�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKHLU�WDFWLFV�DQG�awareness of the role and resources attached to open network organizations. %RGLHV��\RXQJ�ERGLHV��UHSUHVHQWHG�D�UHVRXUFH�IRU�FRQQHFWLQJ�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]D-tion movement and struggles all over Europe, and in this kind of movement \RXQJHU�DFWLYLVWV�DUH�PRUH�OLNHO\�WR�IHHO�DWWDFKPHQWV�WR�D�JOREDO�WKDQ�WR�D�PHUHO\�

Table 5.1 Centri sociali as an infrastructure of resources for the alterglobalization movement

Resource Characteristics

3XEOLF�SODFHV 6TXDWWHG�SODFHV��JUDGXDOO\�RSHQHG�WR�D�ZLGHU�SXEOLF�RI�³XVHUV´��PDLQO\�WKURXJK�WKH�RIIHULQJ�RI�ZHOIDUH�DQG�cultural self-managed services, and offering a basis for co-ordination/meeting between different actors of the movement

Social networks Networks were built through socio-political and cultural activities, inside urban spaces and between them, at the QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VFDOHV��LQFUHDVLQJO\�LQFOXGLQJ�F\EHU�VSDFH

'HFLVLRQDO�SURFHVVHV 'HFLVLRQ�PDNLQJ�GHULYHG�IURP�WKH�SUDFWLFH�RI�VHOI�management, based on non-hierarchical relationships, cluster organization and consensus-reaching methods

5HSHUWRLUHV�RI�DFWLRQ $�QHZ�DSSURDFK�ZDV�SURSRVHG�IRU�WKH�V\PEROLF�UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ�DQG�FRQFUHWH�PDQDJLQJ�RI�XUEDQ�FRQÀLFWV�(e.g. demonstrations and protest actions) and the associated collective use of space as a resource for mobilization

&RGHV�RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ Innovative approaches to the communication of socio-political issues were developed, in terms of languages used, of media activated, and of the construction of collective codes, with a performative power. These codes often derived from the underground culture of previous decades


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local scale of action (Tarrow 2005). Furthermore, Centri Sociali considered and deepened the issue of sustainable development (not part of their culture until the HQG�RI�WKH��V��UHODWHG�WR�OLIHVW\OHV�UHSUHVHQWLQJ�DOWHUQDWLYHV�WR�FRPPRGL¿FD-WLRQ� DQG� PLQGIXO� RI� FDULQJ� IRU� SODFH�� DQG� DOVR� UH��WKRXJKW� WKH� TXHVWLRQ� RI� WKH�UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� RI� LQWHUHVWV� DW� D� JORFDO� OHYHO�� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI� WKH� ³12�7$9´�PRELOL]DWLRQ�LQ�WKH�9DO�6XVD�YDOOH\4��'HOOD�3RUWD�DQG�3LD]]D�� We can sum up the main areas of mutual learning between Centri Sociali and the alterglobalization movement in four points:

�� 6SDFH�V�DQG�VTXDWWLQJ�� 1HWZRUNLQJ�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWLQJ�� &RPPRQV�DQG�VKDUHG�LQWHUHVWV�� 6HOI��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�GHFLVLRQ��PDNLQJ

Most Centri Sociali� WRGD\� DUH�ZKDW�ZH� FDQ� FDOO�� IROORZLQJ�/DYLOOH¶V� GH¿QLWLRQ��³SXEOLF�VSDFHV�RI�SUR[LPLW\´�±�WKDW�LV��SODFHV�RSHQ�WR�PXOWLSOH�GHPDQGV�and purposes, often serving different groups and even external users. Within the DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ� PRYHPHQW� WKH� DFWLRQ� RI� LOOHJDO� DQG� SURORQJHG� VTXDWWLQJ� LQ�urban spaces in order to liberate and offer them for public use has been recog-QL]HG�DV�D�IXQGDPHQWDO�WRRO�RI�FRQÀLFW�DQG�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ��0RUH�UHFHQWO\��WKLV�KDV�EHHQ�HYLGHQW�LQ�WKH�DFWLRQV�RUJDQL]HG�E\�WKH�³��0´�PRYHPHQW�LQ�6SDLQ�RU�WKH�³2FFXS\�:DOO�6WUHHW´�PRYHPHQWV��H�J��WKHLU�LOOHJDO�FDPSV�DQG�WKH�VTXDWWLQJ�RI�SXEOLF�VTXDUHV��Centri Sociali and the “movement of movements” share the idea �DQG�WKH�FRQFUHWH�SUDFWLFH��WKDW�VSDFH�LV�WDQJLEO\�WKH�FHQWUH�DQG�WKH�QRGH�RI�QHW-ZRUNV�ZLWK� ORQJ� DQG� VKRUW� WLHV�� HQKDQFHG� DQG� VWUXFWXUHG� E\� WKH� LQWHUQHW� �DV� D�PHDQV�IRU�WUDQV��VSDWLDO�FRQQHFWLRQV��EXW�VWLOO�IXQGDPHQWDOO\�ORFDWHG�LQ�LWV�SK\V-LFDO��V\PEROLF�DQG�IDFH��WR�IDFH�GLPHQVLRQ�� 2YHU� WLPH� Centri Sociali have shifted from a defensive and identitarian approach to an open network conception of action and communication proc-esses, thanks also to their engagement with the international and boundless dimension of the alterglobalization movement. This process has involved a UHIXVDO�RI�DQ\�FRPPXQLWDULDQ�K\SRWKHVLV�RU�LGHRORJLFDO�XWRSLDQ�SURMHFWV�DQG��RQ�WKH� FRQWUDU\�� KDV� SODFHG� WKH� HPSKDVLV� RQ� QHWZRUNLQJ� EHWZHHQ� GLIIHUHQW� DQG�heterogeneous actors, on the basis of a shared horizon of glocal actions and com-PXQLFDWLRQ�SURFHVVHV��2Q� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�� WKH� DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW�KDV�SDUWLDOO\�OHDUQHG�DQG�XVHG�D�VHW�RI�V\PEROLF�FRGHV�RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�FUHDWHG�E\ Centri Sociali� GXULQJ� WKHLU� ORQJ� KLVWRU\�� DGDSWLQJ� WKHP� WR� WKH� QHZ� DQG� SRVW��LGHRORJLFDO�IUDPH�RI�FRQWHPSRUDU\�PRELOL]DWLRQ�� 'XH� WR� WKHLU� FKDQJLQJ� UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWK� WKHLU� VSDFH� DQG� ³H[WHUQDO´� VRFLHW\�DURXQG�WKHP��GULYHQ�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�ZLWK�RWKHU�DFWRUV�LQ�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�movement, most Centri Sociali�KDYH�SURJUHVVLYHO\�IRFXVHG�WKHLU�DFWLRQ�RQ�VDIH-JXDUGLQJ� WKH�FRPPRQV� �VRLO��ZDWHU�� HQHUJ\��EXW� DOVR�GHPRFUDWLF�SURFHVVHV� DQG�welfare services) and researching alternative glocal models of development, emphasizing a concrete dimension of a set of values that include, for example, GLUHFW� DFWLRQ� DQG� UHDO� VXVWDLQDELOLW\� RI� ZRUN�� KXPDQ� VRFLDELOLW\�� ODQG� FRQWURO��


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PXWXDOLW\�� DQG� FRQGLYLVLRQ� RI� UHVRXUFHV�� 7KH� GHIHQFH�SURPRWLRQ� RI� WKHVH� FRQ-FUHWH� YDOXHV� E\� WKH� DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW� FDQ� UHO\� RQ� WKH� UHSHUWRLUH� RI�DFWLRQV�DQG�V\PEROLF�FRGHV�GHYHORSHG�E\�Centri Sociali�GXULQJ�WKHLU�ORQJ�KLVWRU\�RI�PRELOL]DWLRQ� �DV� VKRZQ�� IRU� H[DPSOH�� LQ� WKH� VSDWLDO� GHIHQFH�DWWDFN� VWUDWHJ\�DGRSWHG�E\�WKH�PRYHPHQW�GXULQJ�WKH�GHPRQVWUDWLRQV�DJDLQVW�WKH�7$9�SURMHFW�� ,Q� UHFHQW� \HDUV� Centri Sociali have explored and widened their decision- PDNLQJ�SURFHVVHV��QRW�ZLWKRXW�LQQHU�FRQÀLFWV��RSHQLQJ�XS�D�KDUVK�GHEDWH�ZLWKLQ�WKHLU� QHWZRUNV� ±� DQG� PRUH� EURDGO\� ZLWKLQ� WKH� ZKROH� PRYHPHQW� ±� DERXW� WKH�PRGDOLW\� DQG�SRVVLELOLW\�RI� VHOI��PDQDJHPHQW� LQ�GLIIHUHQW�¿HOGV�RI� VRFLHW\� �H�J��VHUYLFHV��HFRQRP\��SROLWLFV��,QVLGH�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW��VHYHUDO�FRO-lective actors, often structured in more hierarchical relationships, have learned GLIIHUHQW� ZD\V� RI� RUJDQL]LQJ� WKHPVHOYHV� DQG� PDQDJLQJ� WKHLU� SXEOLF� DFWLRQV��looking at the approach of autogestione. At the same time, Centri Sociali have had to face the challenge of rescaling in respect of the concept and the practice of self- management, in an attempt to adapt this approach to wider territorial and communicational arenas.

Conclusion

7HQ�\HDUV�DIWHU��DIWHU�WKH��*HQRD�SURWHVWV�DQG�WKH�DQWL��ZDU�GHPRQVWUD-WLRQV�RI�WKH�ODVW�GHFDGH��HYHQ�LI�ZH�DUH�LQ�D�SHULRG�RI�XQFHUWDLQW\�DERXW�WKH�GHYHO-opment of the alterglobalization movement, it has to be recognized that the Italian Centri Sociali (or a great part of them) have embedded most of the issues of this movement in their practices. At the same time, through participation in national and international networks RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�DQG�FR��RSHUDWLRQ��WKH�OHJDF\�RI�Centri Sociali has been made DYDLODEOH� WR� WKH� IXWXUH� RI� WKH� PRYHPHQW� LWVHOI�� LQ� ,WDO\� DQG� LQ� WKH� UHVW� RI� WKH�world. Centri Sociali pushed for a deconstruction of the North–South divide in (XURSH�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�PRYHPHQWV�DQG�GH¿QLWLRQV�RI�WKH�³ULJKW�WR�WKH�FLW\´��/HRQ-tidou 2010). At a national level, Centri Sociali have provided an important infra-structure of spaces, repertoires and socio- cultural resources for several glocalized SURWHVWV�DFWLRQV�DQG��DW�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��WKH\�KDYH�PDLQWDLQHG�PDQ\�IXQGDPHQWDO�connections with the alterglobalization movement. The main areas of mutual learning between Centri Sociali and the alterglobalization movement include: (1) VSDFH�V� DQG� VTXDWWLQJ�� QHWZRUNLQJ� DQG� FRPPXQLFDWLQJ�� FRPPRQV� DQG�VKDUHG�LQWHUHVWV��DQG��VHOI��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�GHFLVLRQ��PDNLQJ�� :H�FDQ�VD\�WKDW�VRPH�RI�WKH�DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ�PRYHPHQW¶V�SDUWLFXODU�WKHPHV��such as the demand for new “radical subjectivities”, the call for a “civil and bot-WRP��XS�ZHOIDUH´��DQG�WKH�GHPDQG�IRU�WKH�³ULJKW�WR�WKH�FLW\´�FDQQRW�EH�LQWHUSUHWHG�without reference to the fact that innovative forms of “urban” mobilization, GHYHORSHG� E\� Centri Sociali�� LQÀXHQFHG� DQG� VWLOO� LQÀXHQFH� WKH� PRYHPHQW¶V�G\QDPLFV��FXOWXUHV�DQG�DJHQGD��QRW�RQO\�LQ�,WDO\��EXW�DOVR�LQ�WKH�UHVW�RI�(XURSH��Furthermore, Centri Sociali� UHSUHVHQW�RQH�RI� WKH�PDLQ�FDWDO\VWV�RI� WKH�DOWHUJOR-balization movement in terms of spatialization: due to their direct action and V\PEROLF� SURGXFWLRQ�� DOZD\V� situated although oriented towards a global


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DSSURDFK�� VSDFH�KDV�EHFRPH�PRUH� UHOHYDQW� LQVLGH� WKH�PRYHPHQW¶V� DJHQGD� DQG�SUDFWLFHV��HVSHFLDOO\�DW�WKH�XUEDQ�OHYHO��7KXV��Centri Sociali have contributed to WKH� ULVH� RI� D� PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO� FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ� RI� WKH� PRYHPHQW¶V� VSDFH��IRFXVHG�RQ�WKH�WKUHH�PDLQ�DVSHFWV�RI�WKLV�FRQFHSW��+DUYH\��WKH�GLPHQVLRQV�RI�DUHD��WHUULWRU\��RI�QHWZRUN��UHODWLRQVKLSV��DQG�RI�SODFH��LGHQWLW\��

Notes�� ,Q�D�IHZ�FDVHV�WKLV��VSDWLDO�DQG�WHPSRUDO��DXWRQRP\�KDV�EHHQ�UDGLFDOO\�SXUVXHG��IROORZ-LQJ� WKH�DOOXUH�RI� WKH�³7HPSRUDU\�$XWRQRPRXV�=RQHV´� WKHRUL]HG�E\�+DNLP�%H\��%H\�2007).

�� :HLFN�XVHV� WKH� WHUP�HQDFWPHQW�ZLWK�UHJDUG�WR� WKH�FDSDFLW\�RI�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�WR�FUHDWH�DQG� WR�JLYH� VHQVH� WR� WKHLU� VRFLR��FXOWXUDO�DQG�SK\VLFDO�HQYLURQPHQW��SUHFLVHO\� WKURXJK�WKHLU�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�G\QDPLFV��³RUJDQL]LQJ�LV�VHQVH��PDNLQJ´��:HLFN��

�� ,W� LV� ZRUWK� PHQWLRQLQJ� WKDW� EHWZHHQ� )HEUXDU\� DQG� 0DUFK� �� WKH� ,WDOLDQ� SRVW��DXWRQRPLVW�³7XWH�%LDQFKH´��:KLWH�2YHUDOOV��HVFRUWHG��=DSDWLVWD�FRPPDQGHUV�GXULQJ�D�ORQJ�PDUFK�RI��NLORPHWUHV�IURP�WKH�/DFDQGRQ�-XQJOH�WR�0H[LFR�&LW\��%HFXFFL�2003).

�� )RU� �� \HDUV� WKH� 12��7$9� PRYHPHQW� KDV� FRQWHVWHG� D� KLJK��VSHHG� UDLO� FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�7XULQ�LQ�,WDO\�DQG�/\RQV�LQ�)UDQFH�

References$$67(5�� &�6�� &R[� �� &�6�� /HRQFDYDOOR�� 0RURQL� 3�� Centri Sociali. Milan:

Shake.$GLQRO¿� )�� %DVFHWWD��0�� *LDQQHWWL��0�� *ULVSLJQL��0��0RURQL�� 3�� 4XDJOLDWD�� /�� DQG�9HFFKL��%��Comunità virtuali. 0DQLIHVWROLEUL��5RPD�

Augé, M. (1993) Nonluoghi. Milano: Eleuthera.%DOHVWULQL��1��DQG�0RURQL��3��L’orda d’oro 1968–1977. Milan: Feltrinelli.%HFXFFL�� 6�� ³'LVREEHGLHQWL� H� FHQWUL� VRFLDOL� IUD� GHPRFUD]LD� GLUHWWD� H� UDSSUHVHQ-

tanza”. Quaderni di Sociologia��;/9,,��±��%HU]DQR��/��*DOOLQL��5��DQG�*HQRYD��&��Liberi tutti. Turin: Ananke.%H\��+��T.A.Z., Shake edizioni, Milano.'D]LHUL��6��Italia overground.�&DVWHOYHFFKL��5RPD�'H�/HRQDUGLV��2��In un diverso welfare. Feltrinelli, Milano.'HOOD�3RUWD��'��Globalization from below.�0LQQHDSROLV��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�0LQQHVVRWD�'HOOD�3RUWD��'��DQG�'LDQL��0��Social Movements ��QG�HGQ��2[IRUG��%ODFNZHOO�'HOOD� 3RUWD��'�� DQG� 3LD]]D��*�� Le campagne contro la Tav in Val di Susa e il

Ponte sullo Stretto. Milano: Feltrinelli.'LQHV��1��³&HQWUL�6RFLDOL´��Quaderni di sociologia, XLIII (21): 90–111.)RXFDXOW��0��³7KH�6XEMHFW�DQG�3RZHU´��Critical Inquiry, (8) 4: 777–795.)RXFDXOW��0��³2I�2WKHU�6SDFHV´��Diacritics, 16:1, Spring: 22–27.*LGGHQV��$��The Consequences of Modernity.�&DPEULGJH��3ROLW\�3UHVV�+DUYH\��'��Space and Global Capitalism��/RQGRQ±1HZ�<RUN��9HUVR�Ibba, A. (1995) Leoncavallo 1975–1995��*HQRYD��&RVWD�H�1RODQ�.HOOQHU�� '�� ³0DUFXVH� DQG� WKH�4XHVW� IRU� 5DGLFDO� 6XEMHFWLYLW\´�� ,Q� 3DULV�� -�� DQG�:LONHUVRQ��:��HGV��1HZ�&ULWLFDO�7KHRU\��/DQKDP��5RZPDQ��/LWWOH¿HOG��SS��±��

.RqKOHU��%��DQG�:LVVHQ��0��³*ORFDOL]LQJ�3URWHVW´��International Journal of Urban and Regional Research��9ROXPH��'HFHPEHU��±��


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Where global meets local. Italian social centres and the alterglobalization movement

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