Use the Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool to Assist With Environmental Management

Use the EnvironmentalKnowledge and AssessmentTool to Assist withEnvironmental ManagementTerrie Boguski,a L.E. Erickson,a,b Jay Fredkin,c Ryan Green,a Leslie Jamka,a

Greg Norris,a,d Lynette Vera,b and Clinton Whiteleya,ba Center for Hazardous Substance Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506;[email protected] (for correspondence)b Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506c CABEM Technologies, MA 02461d Sylvatica, North Berwick, ME 03906

Published online 29 August 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ep.10214

Designed and built by the National EnvironmentalEvaluation and Remediation Consortium, the Envi-ronmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool (EKATTM)at www.ekat-tool.com is a web-based project man-agement and decision-support tool to identify,research, and evaluate environmental and pollutionprevention options, and safety-related issues for mate-rials used in products and systems.

The original concept of EKAT was to help MarineCorps Systems Command integrate environmentalrequirements into systems acquisition programs. Thetool can also benefit federal and state agencies, com-munities, and businesses.

EKAT contains information on technical and regu-latory requirements and serves as a resource centerwith links to references, tools, and databases to assistin research efforts and minimize unintentional safetyand environmental effects associated with productdevelopment or use. Features include project manage-ment and organizational capability, collaborationwithin project teams or the EKAT community, andcommunication through threaded discussions.

EKAT serves as a preliminary environmentalscreening tool for regulatory requirements and issues

of concern. The user may enter or download lists ofchemicals that she or he may have obtained frommaterial safety data sheets for products typically usedin activities and operations; these chemicals can thenbe screened against 14 lists of federally regulatedchemicals. Some of the federal lists for which theuser’s entered chemicals are screened against includethe Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act, the Emergency Plan-ning and Community Right-to-Know Act, various listsof carcinogenic substances, and more. Users may alsoget help estimating emissions from equipment andmanufacturing processes, or review informationresource documents and research guides, which pro-vide additional environmental information andresources in a user-friendly format.

All regulatory information, for environmental,health, and safety issues found within EKAT, is basedon United States federal laws and regulations, towhich links can be found throughout. Links to sour-ces of additional information, other than U.S. govern-mental web sites or resources, may also be found inEKAT. � 2007 American Institute of Chemical EngineersEnviron Prog, 26: 251–262, 2007Keywords: emissions, toxicology, evaluation, screen-

ing, guide� 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers

Environmental Progress (Vol.26, No.3) DOI 10.1002/ep October 2007 251

INTRODUCTION

Currently, there is a growing need for good envi-ronmental information to support decisions that affectour present quality of life and that of future genera-tions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) and others are adding new information to theInternet at a rapid rate, and provide numerous soft-ware applications to address air and atmosphericissues, solid and hazardous waste topics, water qual-ity issues, health and toxic chemical concerns, envi-ronmental education, regulations, and more.

There are few products that address these topics ina comprehensive and unified manner to assist theend user in efficient environmental management.Hence, one of the key goals of the EnvironmentalKnowledge and Assessment Tool [1], EKATTM, is tofind a way to organize the immense quantity of envi-ronmental information available electronically to facil-itate utilizing this information quickly and easily.Environmental professionals can use EKAT as aresource to screen chemicals against regulatory andsafety and health requirements, as well as to draftappropriate documentation, track risk management,or estimate life-cycle impacts.

EKAT is a web-based research, project manage-ment, decision-support software program consistingof numerous automated tools (not just one) to helpidentify, research, and evaluate environmental andsafety-related issues for products and systems. EKATincludes information on technical and regulatoryrequirements and serves as a preliminary environ-mental, solvent, and air emissions screening tool foridentifying environmental issues of concern. It can beused to compare potential chemicals for use in greenengineering applications. EKAT also serves as aresource center with links to other references, tools,and databases to assist in efforts to minimize uninten-tional safety and environmental effects by utilizingpublicly available environmental information and as-sistance tools.

Information available in EKAT has been reviewedby environmental professionals and is considered tobe from reliable sources, including the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA), and other federalagencies or departments. Databases, documents, andother information found in EKAT are reviewed annu-ally to ensure information is current and up-to-datefor each new version of EKAT.

EKAT is organized as an active project manage-ment and review system, where environmental issuesassociated with a material or activity can be eval-uated; and as a resource center where the user isable to conduct additional research to quickly locatespecific tools and other references. Users can gener-ate supporting documentation using EKAT tools or byuploading documents from outside EKAT into theirproject files.

While primarily designed to assist the MarineCorps Systems Command integrate environmentalrequirements into their systems acquisition programs,many elements of EKAT are useful to local and stategovernments, industry and business personnel,

researchers, educators, environmental consultants andassistance providers, and those with limited environ-mental knowledge or working experiences.

PROGRAM APPLICATIONS

A great deal of environmental and health andsafety information is available, and the World WideWeb makes accessing such information easier andfaster. One of the goals of EKAT is to efficiently andeffectively make use of existing tools and web sites.Some information is housed in EKAT, while other in-formation is linked to external sites, allowing the userto have up-to-date information directly from thesource.

One of the most beneficial aspects of EKAT is itsability to serve as a preliminary environmentalscreening tool for regulatory requirements and otherpotential issues of concern. Those who use EKATmay� perform screenings of chemicals used in a productor system, highlighting environmental and safetycompliance issues for materials in the system;

� use the tool for estimating chemical concentrationsin air (TECCA) to estimate the average concentra-tion in well-mixed air in a room where a volatileliquid chemical is released or spilled;

� use the emissions calculator (EmisCalc) to estimateair emissions, which may impact the need for astate air permit [2];

� use the tool for reduction and assessment of chem-ical and other environmental impacts (TRACI),developed by the U.S. EPA [3] and adapted toEKAT; and

� view information resources or research guides,which provide information and links to resourcesfor assistance with compliance requirements, envi-ronmental or safety and health issues, or otherspecific topics.The layout of EKAT is such that it is divided into

seven key areas accessible from the home page:Tools, Research, Public Forum, About, Wizard, Tutori-als, and My Projects. The EKAT home page is shownin Figure 1, and at www.ekat-tool.com. Figure 2shows a diagram of how the individual componentsof EKAT come together for the user’s projects.

ToolsEKAT contains specially designed tools and links

to external tools to assist the user in evaluating envi-ronmental and health and safety issues. These includea unit conversion tool to allow for easy conversionbetween different units of measure, an ‘‘environ-mental screening’’ feature to quickly compare a singlechemical to federal regulatory information and othersafety or health issues without setting up a project,and easy access to particularly useful environmentaltools created and maintained outside of EKAT.

For example, if an EKAT user was conducting ananalysis of a gasoline spill, and he or she discoversthe four primary components of environmental con-cern are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene(BTEX compounds), to examine the toxicological

252 October 2007 Environmental Progress (Vol.26, No.3) DOI 10.1002/ep

issues associated with these compounds, he or shemay look in the Tools sections of EKAT. Under ‘Tools– External Tools’, the user will find a link to TOXNET[4], a cluster of databases on toxicology, hazardouschemicals, and related areas maintained by the U.S.National Library of Medicine. By entering a subjectmatter inquiry, he or she can obtain chemical-specificinformation.

ResearchThe ‘‘Research’’ section provides quick access to

environmental resources for chemical-specific infor-mation, regulatory or safety and health topics, andpollution prevention alternatives. This section

includes links to information resource (IR) documentsand research guides on physical and chemical prop-erties, hazardous waste identification and manage-ment, particulates, toxicology, life-cycle costing andassessments, ecological risk assessments, and humanhealth risk assessments.

Each IR contains a summary of the particular topicthat includes an overview and links to web sites withadditional information. Seventy different IR topics areorganized under the categories of environmentalcompliance, National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA) compliance [5–7], safety and health, hazard-ous materials, explosives, pollution prevention [8],international regulations and treaties, and relevanttopics and resources. A sample IR page is shown inFigure 3.

In the example, if an EKAT user wished to learnmore about the Clean Air Act, by reviewing the IRhe or she could get an overview of the purpose ofthe regulation, links to external sites where theactual regulatory lists or information are present, fur-ther details for specific information, and additionalresources.

In addition to the numerous information resourcedocuments, EKAT contains seven detailed guides, asmentioned earlier. Research guides go into greaterdetail on their respective subjects: physical and chem-ical properties, hazardous waste management, toxi-cology, particulates, ecological risk assessment,human health risk assessment, and life-cycle costingand assessment.

If one were interested in finding information onthe physical characteristics of formaldehyde, forexample, the first thing to do would be to review the

Figure 1. The environmental knowledge and assessment home page.

Figure 2. Using the various components of EKAT.


Research Guide on Physical and Chemical Properties(Figure 4). From the Research Guide, the user canaccess EPI SuiteTM where he or she could then utilizethe EPA tool to find the desired information. EPI Suiteand the individual models included within the soft-ware are owned by the U.S. EPA [9]. Individuals maydownload and use the software on their personal andbusiness computers.

Other useful links under the ‘‘Research’’ sectioninclude information on how chemical names for thesame substance (synonyms) and Chemical AbstractServices (CAS) registry numbers may be found; howmaterial safety data sheet (MSDS) information isorganized; a link to the U.S. National Library of Medi-cine TOXNET web site, a cluster of databases on toxi-cology, hazardous chemicals, and related areas; and alink to a periodic table and associated informationprovided by Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Public ForumThis feature allows EKAT users to share informa-

tion and collaborate with other project team membersor the EKAT community through the Public ProjectList, Discussion Board, or by posting useful informa-

tion in Public Documents. The shared information isaccessible to all EKAT users or may be limited by theproject owner to a selective group of users.

The ‘‘Public Project List’’ is a list of all projects cho-sen to be published by the project owner. Title of theproject, the date the project was created, and ane-mail contact of the owner are displayed. The pro-ject owner can be contacted for additional informa-tion about a particular project.

On the Discussion Board, an EKAT user can post aquestion to the EKAT community regarding a particu-lar issue or problem (Figure 5).

AboutUsers can find out more information about the

EKAT development team and provide useful feedbackunder this section.

WizardIf one is unsure which EKAT tool to use or where

to look for information, the EKAT Wizard providesguidance. The Wizard is set up in a question/answerformat to guide users to the section(s) of EKAT whichmay be of most use.

Figure 3. Sample information resource (IR) page for the Clean Air Act.


Figure 5. Feedback on the discussion board regarding environmental screenings.

Figure 4. Physical and chemical properties research guide.


On the first page of the Wizard, the user is askedwhether he or she is seeking information about spe-cific reporting requirements, such as the Program-matic Environmental, Safety, and Occupational HealthEvaluation [10] (for the U.S. Marine Corps); generalregulatory requirements or how to estimate air emis-sions or properly handle waste; general chemical in-formation; or how to respond to a chemical spill,should one occur. On the basis of the user’s initial in-quiry, EKAT will lead him or her through a decision-tree matrix until the desired information is obtainedon a results page.

The Wizard’s opening page is shown in Figure 6.As an example, if the user were to inquire about thechemical and physical properties of a particularchemical, as in the case of formaldehyde above, theWizard suggests the following EKAT resources:� View the Physical and Chemical Properties Guidefor information on chemical characteristics.

� View the physical and chemical properties sectionof Web Research for additional resources.

� Within the National Library of Medicine’s TOXNETdatabases, the Hazardous Substances Data Bank(HSDB) reports contain a chemical/physical prop-erties section for each chemical.

� Access EPI Suite for physical/chemical propertyand environmental fate estimation models devel-oped by the EPA and Syracuse Research Corpora-tion (SRC).

� View the Periodic Table for specific informationabout individual elements.In another example, a user might need information

on the generation, transportation, disposal, or

cleanup of hazardous waste. Results from the Wizardsuggest the following EKAT resources:� View the Hazardous Waste Guide for informationon federal and state requirements.

� View the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA) IR for information on solid and hazardouswaste management, the Remediation IR for infor-mation on treatment and cleanup of contaminatedareas, and the Department of Transportation(DOT) Safety and Health IR for information ontransport of hazardous materials.

� For chemical-specific regulatory information, go to‘‘My Projects’’ to conduct an environmental screen-ing, or screen an individual chemical using the quickenvironmental screening located under tools tocompare your chemical to RCRA hazardous wastes.

� Go to ‘‘My Projects’’ to conduct a Solvent Screeningto evaluate solvents for hazardous waste compliancein the states of California, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisi-ana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.

� View the ‘‘More Information’’ link on the SolventScreening – Instructions Page for state-specific in-formation on hazardous waste regulations in Cali-fornia, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, North Carolina,South Carolina, and Virginia.

� For states other than California, Georgia, Hawaii,Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Vir-ginia, view the State Environmental RegulatoryAgency list for contact information.

TutorialsEKAT contains several tutorials to assist you with

learning how to use EKAT most effectively. Topics

Figure 6. EKAT wizard start page.


include general information on how to use EKAT andthe various sections of the program, estimating airemissions, and NEPA process training. The systemhas been set up so that most computers are able toautomatically play the tutorial of choice by simplyclicking on the appropriate link in EKAT.

My Projects‘‘My Projects’’ and the EKAT Project Manager allow

multiple EKAT users to centrally organize and reliablydocument environmental solutions, while workingcollaboratively to generate reports and make deci-sions.

While much of what has been discussed earlier inthis article involves EKAT directing the user to variouspieces of information inside and outside of the pro-gram, much of the automated assistance EKAT cangive in environmental evaluations, such as the envi-ronmental screening tool mentioned earlier, is foundunder ‘‘My Projects.’’

Once in ‘‘My Projects,’’ an EKAT user can chooseto work on an existing project, either as the primaryindividual (the owner of the project) or as a partici-pant on a project to which he or she has been invitedto provide input. The user can also be asked to sim-ply review existing project work (a project viewer),but not provide actual on-line changes.

Under ‘‘My Projects,’’ one may opt to perform anyof the following nine assessments: environmentalscreening, solvent screening, estimating the chemicalconcentrations in air (TECCA), estimating air emis-sions from a process (EmisCalc), estimating the envi-ronmental impact of a product over its life cycle(TRACI), using the environmental safety and occupa-

tional health (ESOH) compliance tool, examiningNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or Pro-grammatic Environment, Safety and OccupationalHealth Evaluation (PESHE) reporting requirements(which are specific to the U.S. Marine Corps), or con-duct a system assessment. The results can be used toselect inherently safer and greener products by com-paring alternative chemicals that might be used.These assessments are now discussed in greaterdetail.

Environmental ScreeningThe environmental screening tool actually covers

more than just environmental regulatory issues—thetool compares chemicals the user enters to federalenvironmental regulatory lists (such as the Clean AirAct, etc.), as well as highlighting key health andsafety concerns, such as whether a chemical is listedas carcinogenic, or what permissible exposure levelsOSHA has set for it. An EKAT screen preview of envi-ronmental screening results is displayed in a sum-mary table (Figure 7). The user can transfer theresults to a more-detailed report, which can be savedto a Word document. Corresponding to each of thescreened regulatory issues, such as the Clean Air Act,is an information resource (IR) document that givesspecific information pertaining to where the regula-tory list of chemicals screened against under that par-ticular regulation may be found on EPA, OSHA, andother governmental web sites.

Solvent ScreeningThe solvent screening tool evaluates solvents for

state air and hazardous waste compliance while high-

Figure 7. The environmental screening results summary page for electronic boards.


lighting specific Clean Air Act control technologyrequirements for solvent cleaning operations. Thistool is currently available for the states of California,Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, and Virginia.

TECCAThis tool is used to estimate the potential average

concentration of a chemical in the air of a roomwhere a volatile liquid chemical release or spill hasoccurred.

EmisCalcEmisCalc estimates pollutant emissions associated

with process activities, using EPA-approved air pollu-tion factors. Different processes are selected througha pull-down menu selection process (Figure 8).Results are useful for air-permitting requirements andcan also be seamlessly integrated with the modifiedTRACI assessment for life-cycle evaluations.

The U.S. EPA has a similar tool to help the publicaddress air emission concerns; it is called WebFIRE(http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/). WebFIRE is theInternet version of FIRE, the EPA’s database for airemission information.

TRACI for EKATThe Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of

Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI)was developed by the EPA and adapted to EKAT(http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/sab/traci/). TheU.S. EPA developed TRACI to assist in impact assess-ments for process design, life cycle assessment, pollu-

tion prevention, and sustainability metrics. TRACI forEKAT allows the user to evaluate the environmentalimpact of chemical emissions to air or water over aproduct’s life cycle and to make pollution preventiondecisions based on this information (Figure 9).

The impact categories addressed by TRACI includeozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutro-phication, tropospheric ozone (smog) formation, eco-toxicity, human health cancer effects, human healthnoncancer effects, and human health respiratoryeffects.

For further information regarding EPA’s Tool forthe Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and OtherEnvironmental Impacts, please visit http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/sab/traci/ or read the 2003 arti-cle about TRACI in the Journal of Industrial Ecology[11].

ESOH Compliance ToolThe ESOH compliance tool is an interactive set of

work sheets covering different types of potential haz-ards and issues relating to environmental safety andoccupational health. Each work sheet containsdetailed questions to help analyze potential environ-mental, safety, and occupational health issues.

NEPA Decision TreeThe NEPA Decision Tree assists Marine Corps users

in meeting federally mandated requirements underNEPA to consider environmental and other relatedissues for proposed actions. NEPA ensures that whenfederal agencies examine potential projects, they givethe same consideration to environmental factors as

Figure 8. Selecting the source of air emissions in the EmisCalc assessment tool.


they would to other components in the decision-mak-ing process. NEPA requires decision-makers to con-sider the environmental consequences of a proposedaction before making the decision to take the action,open the process to public involvement, and state theenvironmental impacts of, and alternatives to, theproposed action.

The NEPA Decision Tree contains different tools,including the evaluation of potential categoricalexclusions (CEs), designed to lead the user throughthe NEPA process, evaluate relevant information, andcompile a draft summary report containing user inputand tool results.

While the majority of the components in this deci-sion tree (Figures 10 and 11) are based on U.S. Ma-rine Corps guidance, there are aspects that the non-Department of Defense (DOD) user may find useful,such as the written guidance given in helping onedetermine whether a product or activity may have apotential impact on the environment by listing whatkind of issues or regulations should be reviewed orresearched further. The user is advised to examinethis tool and use it as appropriate.

PESHE Report GeneratorThe PESHE Report Generator helps create a Pro-

grammatic Environmental Safety and OccupationalHealth Evaluation report for the Marine Corps byusing information input by the user and results ofother EKAT assessment reports for the project. Thisreport can then be saved to a Word document andmodified outside of EKAT.

Systems AssessmentThe systems assessment tool provides an overview

of environmental risks and recommendations for miti-gating these risks for product systems. Information isorganized by major subsystem for each product sys-tem. Currently, only two systems are included, tacticalvehicles and computer systems.

OPERATING SYSTEMS

EKAT is a web-based solution that can run on anintranet (no outside user access besides local person-nel) or on the Internet, which allows anyone withInternet access onto the system. EKAT providesauthentication mechanisms to ensure a secure envi-ronment of sensitive data.

EKAT is based on Microsoft.net Framework Version1.1. The programming language is C#.net and thedatabase is SQL Server 2000. The system is designedto be hosted internally or by a hosting provider(Figure 12). Usage of the Microsoft.net Frameworkensures a state-of-the-art platform for EKAT, andguarantees a flexible base to grow the system overtime when new regulations and requirements requirechanges in the functionality and behavior of EKAT.

For those who may have security concerns, EKATcan be hosted internally, as well as co-located orhosted externally. The application can be run on asingle server with minimum requirements, or can bescaled for large traffic in which case the applicationand database can be maintained on separate mission-critical servers.

For the end user (the individual at the computer),EKAT is optimized to be used with MS Windows (98/

Figure 9. Entering chemical information for an TRACI-for-EKAT analysis.


Figure 10. Beginning a NEPA evaluation in EKAT.

Figure 11. The Marine Corps NEPA decision process.


NT4.0/2000/XP) with MS Word and other Office Prod-ucts, Adobe Acrobat, and a TCP/IP networking clientrunning on the workstation. The client requires abrowser and is optimized with the current version ofMicrosoft Internet Explorer (MSIE) with JavaScriptenabled. EKAT can be accessed with other compati-ble operating systems, productivity software, andbrowsers.

CONCLUSIONS

EKAT is a web-based research, project manage-ment, decision-support tool to help identify and eval-uate environmental and safety-related issues. Theprogram contains basic information on technical andregulatory requirements and is a preliminary screen-ing tool for potential issues of concern. EKAT alsoserves as a resource center, with links to other refer-ences, tools, and databases to assist users in theirresearch efforts. The project management features ofEKAT allow multiple users to work collaboratively ona project, which allows project team members toshare information and documentation, as well aswork collectively on different assessments or projects.

The tools and resources in EKAT are beneficial toboth environmental professionals and those with noenvironmental background. While those who arefamiliar with EKAT or environmental regulations maybe able to navigate quickly through the many resour-ces available, those who are less experienced mayuse the EKAT Wizard for guidance, view any of theautomated tutorials, or use the First Time User’sGuide, and search features to find applicable infor-mation.

Resource features of EKAT provide a number oftools to assist in environmental evaluations, includinginformation documents and guides, pollution preven-tion information [8, 12], contacts for environmentalagencies and assistance programs [13], and links toenvironmental tools maintained by others outside ofEKAT such as the EPA, the U.S. National Library ofMedicine, the National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA), and the UnitedStates Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).

In addition to being a resource center providing‘‘one-stop shopping’’ for a variety of environmentaltopics, the projects component of EKAT providesautomated assistance to users in their environmentalevaluations, such as examining environmental regula-tions for a material with the environmental screeningtool, or estimating potential air emissions for a manu-facturing process using EmisCalc. The tool facilitatescollaboration among EKAT users.

EKAT is available for review and use at www.ekat-tool.com. User feedback is welcome anddesired for further program development. For specificquestions about EKAT, or for an ID and password sothat one may view the site, please contact the EKATdevelopment team at [email protected].

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was partially funded through the awardof a contract from the United States Marine CorpsSystem Command (MARCORSYSCOM) to M2 Tech-nologies, Inc. The primary focus of EKAT develop-ment is to assist MARCORSYSCOM in complying withenvironmental regulations and evaluating environ-mental issues associated with acquisition of newsystems.

EKAT was designed and built by the team of M2Technologies, Kansas State University, and CABEMTechnologies as members of the National Environ-mental Evaluation and Remediation (NEER) Consor-tium. M2 Technologies manages EKAT and providesapplication development and user support; KansasState University provides subject matter expertise,application development, and content; and CABEMTechnologies provides software development andapplication development expertise.

The NEER consortium addresses complex environ-mental issues affecting the health and safety of air,water, and land. Its focus encompasses environmentalproblems across the spectrum of federal, state, andlocal responsibilities. NEER accomplishes its missionthrough scientific research, environmental training,independent assessment, technology transfer, andcommunity services/assistance with a unique teamingapproach of integrating scientific and operationalproblem solvers. For questions about EKAT, pleasevisit www.ekat-tool.com or call NEER at 800-798-7796.

LITERATURE CITED

1. Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool.(2007). Available at http://www.ekat-tool.com.

2. United States Environmental Protection Agency—Air Emission Factors and AP-42. (2006). Availableat http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html.

3. United States Environmental Protection Agency—Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemi-cal and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI).(2006). Available at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/sab/traci/.

4. United States National Library of Medicine TOX-NET Toxicology Data Network. (2006). Availableat http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/.

Figure 12. Basic representation of internet deploymentfor EKAT.


5. Council on Environmental Quality, National Environ-mental Policy Act (NEPA). (2006). Available athttp://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/nepa/nepaeqia.htm.

6. United States Environmental Protection Agency,National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). (2006).Available at http://www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/.

7. United States Department of the Navy, MarineCorps Order 5090.2A, Chapter 12—National Envi-ronmental Policy Act (NEPA). (2006). Availableat https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Policy/Marine/5090.2A/ch12.html.

8. United States Environmental Protection AgencyPollution Prevention (P2). (2006). Available athttp://www.epa.gov/p2/.

9. United States Environmental Protection Agency,Exposure Assessment Tools and Models—

EPISuiteTM. (2006). Available at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm.

10. Defense Acquisition University Acquisition Commu-nity Connection. Programmatic EnvironmentalSafety and Occupational Health Evaluation (PESHE).(2006). Available at https://acc.dau.mil/simplify/ev.php?ID51_201&ID25DO_ROOT.

11. Bare, J. (2003). TRACI: The tool for the reductionand assessment of chemical and other environmentalimpacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6, 49, 56–68.

12. EnviroSense Solvent Alternatives Guide (SAGE).(2006). Available at http://es.epa.gov/ssds/sagedown.html.

13. Small Business Environmental Home Page—Links to State Environmental Agencies and SmallBusiness Assistance Programs. (2006). Availableat http://www.smallbiz-enviroweb.org/sba/seasbapweb.html.


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