UMC Audit of Public Conveniences in 4 cities of Gujarat

Audit of Public Conveniences in Cities of Gujarat

Urban Management Centre 2013

Prepared by Urban Management Centre (UMC)

2013

All photographs are by UMC unless otherwise mentioned.

Urban Management Centre (UMC)

The Urban Management Centre (UMC) is a not-for-profit organization based in

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, working towards professionalizing urban management in India

and South Asia. UMC provides technical assistance and support to Indian state local

government associations and implements programs that work towards improvement in

cities by partnering with city governments. UMC builds and enhances the capacity of

city governments by providing much-needed expertise and ready access to

innovations on good governance implemented in India and abroad. UMC is a legacy

organization of International City/County Management Association (ICMA) and hence

is also known as ICMA-South Asia. More details are available on www.umcasia.org.

Performance Assessment System (PAS)

PAS, a five-year action research project, has been initiated by CEPT University with

funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. PAS aims to develop better

information on water and sanitation performance at the local level to be used to

improve the financial viability, quality and reliability of services. It will use performance

indicators and benchmarks on water and sanitation services in all the 400-plus urban

areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra. UMC and the All India Institute of Local Self

Governance are CEPT’s project partners in Gujarat and Maharashtra, respectively.

More details are available on www.pas.org.in.

Sanitation Scenario in Gujarat

79.4 79.7 83.2 84.5 88.74

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Census2011

% HHs with individual toilets

3.06 2.86

2.22 2.09

3.6

0

1

2

3

4

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Census2011

% HHs dependent on public toilet

PAS Data Census

• Coverage of individual toilets higher in

Gujarat by 18 percentage points • Dependency on public toilets is 18

percentage points higher in Maharastra • Open defecation is almost same in both

states

88.74

71.27

3.6

21.04

7.66

7.69

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Gujarat

Maharastra

Census 2011

% HHs individual toilets

% HHs public toilets

% HHs open defecation

Sanitation Scenario in Slums of Gujarat

Dependency on individual toilet increase and decrease on public latrine

53.57 59.9 60.75 64.82

15.32

10.9 11.17 11.38

024681012141618

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Coverage of Individual Toilet in slums (%)

Hhs depend on functional Pay &Use/Community Toilets

64.41

41.63

14.33

48.62

21.26

9.75

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Gujarat

Maharastra

Status, Gujarat and Maharashtra

Although higher coverage of individual toilets in Gujarat, very high % of slum households resort to defecate in the open

% HHs individual toilets

% HHs public toilets

% HHs open defecation

Review of four years PAS data & Census 2011 data

Selection of city (Individual toilet coverage, HHs dependent on public

toilets, % open defecation

Visit to the city

Interaction with ULB officials, understanding

issues related to sanitation

Assessment of Public Conveniences sites

Review of contracts and monitoring

system at ULB/GMFB

Identify role of ULB/GMFB/NGO

Possible interventions &

recommendations

Methodology

Wankaner - Class C Municipality

Population 35132 Population 12310 (35%)

Households 7159 Households 2462

City Area (Sq.Km.) 4.5 Slum settlements 10

No. of Wards 9 Individual toilets 1108 (45%)

Individual toilets 5083 (71%) Open defecation 541 (22%)

GUJARAT

Source: PAS 2012-13 Data

City Slum

69 63

45

20 19

7 9

34

10 0

24 28 21

70 81

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PAS 2011 Census2011

PAS 2011 Slumsurvey

Census2011

%HHs -individual toilets % HHs -public toilets

% HHs - open defecation

Sanitation Scenario in City & Slums

Major variation in slum data; City has over-estimated

coverage of individual toilets in slums

0 dependence on public toilets

City-wide Slums

Each year, ULB gives targets of constructing individual toilets. ULB has been able to build 1182 toilets over 9

years Increasing gap over the last two years owing to

change of policy in year 2008-09. Policy change where beneficiary themselves have

to construct individual toilets; no intermediary role for NGOs, increased financial assistance of Rs. 8000

Construction of Individual Toilets in Wankaner

Individual toilet in Ambedkarnagar slum

18 9 14

1100

1155

18

38 78

180

200 310 335

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Changed policy of GoG: construction by beneficiaries

TARGET

ACTUAL BUILT

Total Pay & Use toilets 12

Constructed by GUDC, post earthquake 8

constructed by NGO’s (GoG scheme) 4

Functional seats in working Pay & Use toilets

52

Pay & Use Toilets in Wankaner

4 on Road side/ Market

8 in Slums

3- Functional 1- Non functional


16

Individual Toilet Coverage (%)

33

Market Slum

Functional Non-Functional Functional Non-Functional

Total Pay & Use toilets 12 3 1 5 3

Constructed by GUDC, post earthquake 8 3 0 4 1

constructed by NGO’s (GoG scheme) 4 0 1 1 2

Functional seats in working Pay & Use toilets 52 24 -- 28 --

Pay & Use Toilets in Wankaner

On-site sewage disposal in public Conveniences

Disposal/ Reuse

Human waste Collection/ storage

Conveyance/ Transportation

Treatment

Pour flush toilet Septic tank

WW overflow into open drain

Natural drain No treatment

Cleaned by ULB No treatment Open dump

O & M in Public Conveniences

• ULB responsible for o & m of eight functional Pay & Use toilets.

• NGO who constructed the facility and responsible for o & m blacklisted by GMFB

• Insufficient staff for o& m of public conveniences (34 safai kamdar)

• ULB appoints ex-employee of safai kamdar as caretaker in five blocks and present for morning four hours only

• Only Rs. 1/- being collected from male users for using the facility

• Slum community are using the facility but no charges paid by them.

• Citizens not using the bathroom facility of blocks

Review of the 8 Functional Pay & Use Toilets

7

1

8

0

2

4

6

8

Overall conditionof the building

Overall Cleanlinessof toilets & seats

Bad

Fair

3

7 5

5

1 3

0

2

4

6

8

Open Defecationaround the

facility

Stray animals beobserved

in/around thefacility

Garbagecollection

point/bin inimmediate

vicinity

Yes

No

The buildings are in good condition, but severely lack operation and maintenance Traces of open Defecation observed in 5 toilets

5 2

1 Functional tap

Non-functionaltap

No tap facility

4

2

3

5

1 1

0

2

4

6

8

Day lighting conditionin the facilities

Ventilation conditionin the facilities

Good

Fair

Bad


5 of the blocks had functional taps Design: issues of adequate day lighting and ventilation

No electricity provision in Public conveniences

Poor maintenance and cleaning No caretaker/open in morning hours only

Inaccessibility to facility, Un hygienic conditions

around public conveniences

Inappropriate location of public conveniences

Doors in damaged condition

No. of Community toilet constructed by ULB 9

Community toilets functional conditions 4

Community toilets demolished condition 1

Functional seats in community toilets 26

Community Toilets in Wankaner

Non-functional toilets Functional toilets


No water / electricity provision in all Public conveniences

Review of the 4 Functional Community Toilets

Un hygienic conditions around community toilets

Poor maintenance and cleaning

All located in slum area and Building in damaged condition

Very bad condition of toilets

Palitana - Class B Municipality

GUJARAT

Source:PAS 2012-13 Data





Individual toilets 10674 (87%) Open defecation ND

City Slum


City-wide

83 77

40

22

4 6

42

40

13 16 18

38

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PAS 2011 Census 2011 PAS 2011 Slum survey

%HHs -individual toilets

% HHs -public toilets


Slums

Major variation in slum data; City has over-estimated

coverage of individual toilets and open defecation in slums

20 10 15 43

104

240

400

700 747

320

433

122

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Target Completed

TARGET

ACTUAL BUILT

Changed policy of GoG: construction by beneficiaries

Construction of Individual Toilets in Palitana

Each year, ULB gives targets of constructing individual toilets. ULB has been able to build 1307 toilets over 9 years Increasing gap over the last three years owing to change

of policy in year 2008-09.

Individual toilet in Bhilvas slum

Pay & Use Toilets in Palitana


Under construction 2

Constructed by NGO’s (GoG scheme) 9

Functional seats in working Pay & Use toilets 34


2 in Slums

6- Functional

1- Non functional

2- Non functional

Human waste Disposal/ Reuse


Treatment

Pour flush toilet

U/G Drainage

Pond No Treatment



4

2

6

0

2

4

6

Overall condition ofthe building


Bad

Fair

5 5 5

1 1 1

0

2

4

6

Open Defecationaround the facility

Stray animals beobserved in/around

the facility

Garbage collectionpoint/bin in

immediate vicinity

Yes

No


3 3

Functionaltap

Water to befetched fromU/G sump

2

1

2

1

2

4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Day lighting conditionin the facilities

Ventilation conditionin the facilities

Good

Fair

Bad


No electricity provision in Public conveniences

Poor maintenance and cleaning

No caretaker/open in morning hours only

Un hygienic conditions around public conveniences



Borsad - Class B Municipality

GUJARAT






Individual toilets 11000 (88%) Open defecation 130 (21%)

City Slum

90 78.4

24

10 22

1.33

1.31

39

5

0

8.67 20.29

37

85 78

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PAS 2011 Census 2011 PAS 2011 Slum surveyCensus 2011



Major variation in slum data; High open defecation in slum areas 0 dependence on public toilets


City-wide Slums

Individual toilet in Vantalav slum

22 11 17 47

130

300 250

800

909

360

0

200

400

600

800

1000

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Target Completed

Construction of Individual Toilets in Borsad

Each year, ULB gives targets of constructing individual toilets. ULB has been able to build 1937 toilets over 9 years ULB achieved 100% target till year 2009-10 because of

NGO involved in construction of toilets

Individual toilet in Rupakui slum

Pay & Use Toilets in Borsad





2 in Slums

1 - Functional



Human waste Disposal/ Reuse


Treatment

Pour flush toilet U/G Drainage

Natural drain No Treatment


2

1

1

0

1

2



Fair

Good

2 2 2

0

1

2



the facility


immediate vicinity

Yes

No


2

Functional tap

0

1

2

Day lightingcondition in the

facilities

Ventilationcondition in the

facilities

Good

Fair


Functional water taps in all toilet seats

Very good maintenance and cleaning

Caretaker reside in same building

Bathroom/wash basin functional and well maintained

Functional lighting system and electric points

Signage displayed for male and female section

Viramgam - Class B Municipality

GUJARAT






Individual toilets 10057 (80%) Open defecation ND

City Slum

77 79 90

60

2 3

8

9

21 18

2

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PAS 2011 Census 2011 PAS 2011 Slum survey



Major variation in slum data; City has over-estimated coverage of

individual toilets in slums


20 10 15 43 104

240

400

875

983

44 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Target Completed

Construction of Individual Toilets in Viramgam

Each year, ULB gives targets of constructing individual toilets. ULB has been able to build 1751 toilets over 9 years ULB achieved 100% target till year 2009-10 because of

NGO involved in construction of toilets

Pay & Use Toilets in Viramgam





4 in Slums 4- Non

functional

4 - Functional


Disposal/ Reuse

Human waste

Collection/ storage


Treatment

Pour flush toilet

Septic tank

Open drain

Pond No Treatment

Clean by ULB No Treatment Open Dump


1

2

2

1

1 1

0

1

2

3

4



Good

Fair

Bad

3 3

2

1 1

2

0

1

2

3

4



the facility


immediate vicinity

Yes

No


2 2

Functionaltap

Water to befetchedfrom U/Gsump

1

2

2

1

1 1

0

1

2

3

4

Day lighting condition inthe facilities

Ventilation condition in thefacilities

Good

Fair

Bad


No caretaker in the building

Poor maintenance and cleaning Open in morning hours only

Un hygienic conditions around public conveniences


Electricity connection cut by GEB because of not paying charges

No. of Community toilet constructed by ULB 4

Community toilets in working condition 2

Functional seats in community toilets 13

Community Toilets in Viramgam

Non-functional toilets Functional toilets

No water / electricity provision in all Public conveniences

Review of the 2 Functional Community Toilets

Un hygienic conditions around community toilets

Poor maintenance and cleaning All located in slum area and Building

in damaged condition

Very bad condition of toilets Inappropriate location of public conveniences

Can revenues sustain O&M Expenses of toilet blocks?

Estimated monthly O&M expenditure Monthly revenue generation

Estimated 15 users per toilet seat and a user charge of Rs. 2 per use

Total income of NGO in a day = 15 X 2 x 8 = Rs. 240

Total revenues of NGO per month = 240 x 30 = Rs. 7200

Sr. No. Heads Amount in Rs

1 Electricity bill 500

2 Caretaker Salary 5000

3 Cleaner Salary 2000

4 Water charges 50

5 Repair & Maintenance 500

6 Soap, Cleaning powder, Brooms, Mops etc.

950

Total 9000

Issues

Location NGO

Selection Contracts Designs

Monitoring & Evaluation

Basic Infrastructure

Information and Signage

Behavior change

ULB GMFB NGO COMMUNITY

No involvement of

community No feasibility study

during finalization of location

Contract prepared

by NGO in place of ULB

No Standard contracts for NGO

Empanelment criterion is biased

towards construction Allotment of only one/two

blocks to different NGOs Involvement of elected

wing/staff’s NGO

No design guidelines or

manual for ensuring day-light, ventilation

No material standards No consideration for

differently able

Lack of monitoring of

GMFB/ULB during construction No monitoring of Operation and

Maintenance Blacklisting of NGOs only due to

delay in construction

Lack of basic infrastructure in most of the facilities

Irregular water supply Gutter choke up/ septic tanks

filled with sludge

No IEC

campaigns on sanitation, hand wash, use of toilets

Information and user charges not displayed in most of the facilities

Recommendations • Involve community and physibility study prior to finalization of location

• Need to create community ownership for over o & m of toilets

• Allots 3 to 4 blocks per NGO for better o & m of toilets

For toilets on PPP mode ULB can

Standard contract and need to take serious action against defaulters NGOs.

Cleaning regime for all the facilities to be prepared and ensure that all the facilities get cleaned daily at least once

Monitoring regime for private service providers

Review the infrastructure related facilities and upgrade on a priority basis.

Complaints number on all toilets and feedback mechanism from citizens

Advertising on toilets for more revenue generating

Standard information and signage displayed on all facilities which includes

Location of facilities

Opening-closing timing

User charges

Complaint number

• Involve community and feasibility study prior to finalization of location

• Need to create community ownership for maintenance of toilets

• Bundling of blocks at profitable and other locations for financial sustainability

For toilets on PPP mode ULB should

• Have a standard contract and a monitoring regime, needs to take serious action against defaulting NGOs.

• Prepare a cleaning regime for all the facilities and ensure that all the facilities get cleaned daily at least once

• Review infrastructure related issues and upgrade on a priority basis.

• Standard information and signage displayed on all facilities which includes

Location of facilities

Opening-closing timing

User charges

Complaint number

• Prepare an advertising policy for revenue generation

Recommendations to improve existing facilities

Thank You

Urban Management Centre III Floor, AUDA Building

Ashram Road, Usmanpura Ahmedabad – 380014

T: +91 79 27546403 E: [email protected] W: www.umcasia.org

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.umcasia.org/

UMC Audit of Public Conveniences in 4 cities of Gujarat

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