DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB BASED RESERVATION

SYSTEM FOR A HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

A CASE STUDY OF PARAGON HOTEL

IBY

YASHIR ADAMS

BIT/41052/91IDU

dlAND

TUSIME ROBERT

B1T140375/91IDF

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF APPLIED

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A

BACHELOR DEGREE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY OF KAMPALA

INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2012

1

_ _ _ _-~~- ~ — = = -~. =-~. -=.I

DECLARATION

We declare that this project has no any duplication of it from any institution of higher learning

either for the reward of Certificate, Diploma, Degree or beyond in the field of computer studies.

It is the work achieved for our research and analytical study. We are presenting this work for the

award of a Degree at Kampala International University for the year 2011/2012.

Name: YAS r~Ai ms ~

Signature

Name: TUSIME Robert Date. &4~2~i ~YJ~LZSignature..~

APPROVAL

This is our research and is submitted to the college of computer studies with the approval of our

supervisor from the department of Applied Science and Technology of Kampala International

University.

Name: Mr. Grace Kamulegeya Date

Signature.~

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to acknowledge to Mr. Grace Kamulegeya for the lecturing of web-based database

Development. The PARAGON HOTEL IT staff for the logical database design techniques which

are the parts of web-based database modelling and development techniques used in the project.

Special thanks go to my father Captain Bosco P’Ogwaro who has managed to pay my tuition fee

from my Kindergarten to university, my mother Khadija Ramadhan, and my daughter Xari

Adams Atim who have given me moral support to finish this report.

Special thanks go to my father Mwumvaneza Cyrille who has managed to pay my tuition fee

from my Kindergarten to university, my mother Uwamariya Yolande, and my Sisters Sabine

Ingabire, Mireille Asiimwe and Martine Ituze who have given me moral support to finish this

report.

More thanks go to our supervisor Mr. Grace Kamulegeya who has given us the continuous

support throughout the project.

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ABSTRACT

This system has mainly been made for an online reservation of a Hotel. The system has been

designed with front-end as Html!php/javascripts and backend as MySqi. The project Online

Reservation System for Hospitality Industry manages and maintains the records of guests and

rooms in the hotel. The rooms have different categories such as Single Rooms, Executive Twin,

Executive Deluxe, Executive Suites and Apartments etc. So there charges and records will be

maintained accordingly.

This system has been made in a user friendly interface, so that:

~ Guests can easily make reservations online,

Receptionist can view all the reservations made and can as well make feed backs to

Guests if necessary.

The Administrator can View, Delete and Assign Reservations.

A reservation is the end result of the decision process, but to better understand the value of an

online reservation system, getting to that end result, this study investigates the pre-purchase

decision thinking of guests. It evaluates the effectiveness of the system to all guests looking at

how purchase decisions were made within other industries relating it back to the hospitality

industry.

Keywords: Hotels, Online Reservation Systems, Pre-Purchase Decisions

iv

SET OF ACRONYMS

DBMS Database Management System

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram

RAM Random Access Memory

DDL Data Definition Languages

LAN Local Area Network

PK Primary Key

FK Foreign Key

MHZ Mega Hertz

CD/DVD RW Compact Disc/Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable

GB Giga Byte

MB MegaByte

CAT 5 Category 5

~ WBRSHI A Web Based Reservation System for Hospitality Industry

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION i

APPROVAL . ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

SET OF ACRONYMS v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER ONE 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1

1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2

1.2. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 41.3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5

1.4. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5

1.4.1.Intimeandspace 5

1.4.2. The domain 5

1.5. CHOICE AND INTEREST OF THE STUDY 5

1.5.1. Choice 5

1.5.2. Interests of the study 6

1.5.3. Choice and study interest 6

1.6 METHODOLOGY 7

1.6.1 Data collection methodology 7

1.6.2 Software development process methodology 7

1.6.3 Design and analysis tools 7

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 7

CHAPTER TWO 9

LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.0. INTRODUCTION 9

vi

2.1. WEB BASED RESERVATION CONCEPTS. .9

2.1.1. Reservation 9

2.1.2. Importance of online reservation 9

2.1.3 What is an online reservation process? 10

2.1.4 Online reservation process design guidelines 10

2.1.5 Overall structure of an online reservation process 11

2.2. DATABASE CONCEPTS 13

2.2.1. Database 13

2.2.2. Data 13

2.2.3. Entity or table 14

2.2.4. Relationship 14

2.2.7. Normalization 15

2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEM .16

2.3.1. System 16

2.3.2. Information system 17

2.4. WEB CONCEPTS 17

2.4.1. Computer network 17

2.4.2. Web page 18

2.4.3 Website 18

2.4.4. Protocol 19

2.5 TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED 20

2.5.1 Internet 20

2.5.2 Web Server 21

2.5.3 Web client 21

2.5.4 Apache 21

2.5.5 MYSQL 21

2.5.6 CSS 22

2.5.7 HTML 22

2.5.8PHP 22

CHAPITER THREE 23

METHODOLOGY 23

3.1. STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 23

3.1.1. Introduction 23

vii

3.1.2. Supporting tools analysis .23

3.3 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS 27

3,4 DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS 27

3.5. METHODS AND TECHNICALS 28

3.6 DATABASE CONCEPTS 30

3.7. TOOLS, THECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED 33

3.7.1. INTERNET 33

3.7.2 CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE 33

3.7.3 WEB APPLICATION 34

3.7.4. WEB SERVER 34

3.7.5. APPLICATION SERVER 34

3.7.6. MYSQL 34

3.7.7. APACHE 35

3.7.8PHP 35

3.7.9 HTML 35

3.7.10 JAVA SCRIPT 36

CHAPTER FOUR 37

IMPLEMENTATION 37

4.0 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM 37

4.1 SYSTEM ACTORS 37

4.2 ACTOR GLOSSARY OF WBRSHI 38

4.3 SYSTEM OUTLINE OF WBRSHI 38

4.4 DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS) 39

4.4.1 DFD S~bols 39

4.4.2 Data flow Diagram 39

4.6 DATA DICTIONARY 41

4.7 .REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS 44

4.7.1. Software and hardware requirements for the proposed system 44

4.7.2. Functional Requirements 44

4.7.3. Non-Functional Requirements 45

4.8 INTERFACE DESIGN (User Interface) 46

4.9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 54

4.10 VERIFICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS 54

viii

CHAPTER FIVE .55

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 55

5.0. CONCLUSION 55

5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS 55

5.2 FUTURE WORK 56

REFERENCES 57

APPENDICES 59

Appendix A 59

Sample Interview Question 59

Appendix B 61

Budget 61

Appendix C 62

Time Frame 62

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Process symbols .23

Figure 3.2 Data flow symbols 23

Figure 3.3 Data store symbols 24

Figure 3.4 Duplicate data symbols 24

Figure 3.5 External entity symbols 24

Figure 3.6 Duplicate external symbols 25

Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship notations 26

Figure 3.8 General overview of waterfall level 29

Figure 4.1 Actor glossary 37

Figure 4.2 system outline 37

Figure 4.3 DFD symbols 39

Figure 4.4 Level 0 data flow diagram 39

Figure 4.5 Entity relationship model WBRSHI 40

Figure 4.6 Administration table for WBRSHI 41

Figure 4.7 Flight table for WBRSHI 41

Figure 4.8 Guests table for WBRSHI 42

Figure 4.9 Receptionist table for WBRSHI 42

Figure 4.10 reservation table for WBRSHI 42

Figure 4.11 room categories table for WBRSHI 43

Figure 4.12 Rooms table for WBRSHI 43

Figure4.13 home page 45

Figure 4.14 Accommodation page 46

Figure 4.15 Gallery page 47

Figure 4.16 Gallery + page 47

Figure 4.17 Recreation page 48

Figure 4.18 Business centre page 42

Figure 4.19 Reservation page ~49

Figure 4.20 Thanks page 50

Figure 4.21 Employees page 50

Figure 4.22 Receptionist page 51

x

Figure 4.23 Administrator page .52

xi

CHAPTER ONE:

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

LO HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

The history of PARAGON HOTEL spans the twentieth century, beginning in 1999 as a simple

guest cottage and now, the 98 room resort is renowned as one of the Uganda’s great landmark

properties.

PARAGON HOTEL began as one of the first hotel in Kampala’s spectacular West Shore. Never

had anyone built on Busaabala. However, Mr. Balondemu James the Ugandan owner, had only

great success over the ensuing 16 years with the newly burgeoning tourist trade of visitors who

wished to stay in close proximity to the island’s famed pink sands.

In 2002, Balondemu James sold his guesthouse to Mr. Ogwambi Kenneth, who realized he was

purchasing the finest hotel site near the island, Mr. Ogwambi Kenneth renamed the hotel

PARAGON HOTEL and over the next twelve years he reinvested his earnings to eventually

expand the hotel to 200 rooms, adding two wings and the front entrance area. Guests, who then

arrived by ship, disembarked in nearby Busaabala landing site and were transported to

PARAGON HOTEL by private cars or public taxi. Due to its ideal location and magnificent

beach (Busaabala), PARAGON HOTEL was also the place to be during College Weeks from the

90’s through the 2000’s. Thousands of students came to the hotel over the holidays breaks to

enjoy live music, a beauty pageant and to socialize.

Today, PARAGON HOTEL Kampala is an intimate luxury hotel. Guests enjoy personalized

service and privacy is assured. PARAGON HOTEL has recaptured the spirit of when it was the

grand dame of Kampala, a quality hotel with a sense of place and history with the most modern

operations.

PARAGON HOTEL overlooks the sparkling blue waters of South Shore and is within close

distance of Busaabala beach. PARAGON HOTEL is a brilliant assemblage of 98 rooms and

I

suites spread amongst 50 acres of lush manicured gardens that gently slope down to a signature

pink sand beach.

Guests will be delighted to find that the newly refurbished 98 guestrooms are gracefully arranged

along paved paths that wind through a tamed jungle of subtropical flora, exotic plants and

manicured green lawns. The guest rooms and suites herald a distinct Rose flowers with pastel

interiors, tile and wood floors, open-beamed ceilings and private patios. Nestled around the

temperature controlled 25-metre swimming pool, the fitness room, Kid’s Club and spa inhabit

the Garden level of the hotel. The newly renovated gift shop, new Desmond Fountain Art

Gallery and business centre are directly behind the majestic lobby.

PARAGON HOTEL, now managed by PARAGON HOTELS Group, lies in Kampala central.

PARAGON HOTEL is thirty five minutes from downtown Kampala’s capital, and one hour

thirty minutes from the airport in Entebbe.

ABOUT PARAGON HOTELS GROUP

PARAGON HOTELS Group is the award-winning owner and operator of some of the east

Africa’s most prestigious hotels and resorts. The Group now operates, or has under development,

44 hotels representing almost 11,000 rooms in 5 countries, with 9 hotels in east Africa, 1 in

Uganda and 2 in Burundi, 1 in Tanzania, 2 in Rwanda and 3 in Kenya Africa. In addition, the

Group operates, or has under development, 3 Residences in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania

connected to its properties.

Li. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Based on the research conducted, the proponents (us) found out the problem of this

study is: How will this system help the management and the staff of Paragon Hotel to have an

accurate service at the same time to monitor the records of the Guests?

Li.i Main Problem:

The main problem of this study is the inaccurate reservation of the guests.

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LL2 Specific problem

1. Low in security

2. Time monitoring

3. Less data integrity

4. Difficulty in searching and retrieving files

5. Possible loss of records and retrieving files

6. Difficulty in finding the availability of rooms

L1.3 General Problem

When starting new hotel, owners need to build their business. As a potential customer, there are

hundreds of hotels to choose from, just miles from your doorstep. More and more hotels have

turned to online reservation systems as a way of getting their name out into the market faster

(Online reservation).

Systems have become popular to independent hotels and upscale chains. For both categories of

hotels, you get access to a way of getting your name out there, as well as table management

sofiware to run your business successfully. However, chain hotels have an advantage over an

independent hotel, in that chain hotels have an established brand name and brand image attached

to their location.

Guests have an idea what to expect before walking in the door or doing an information search on

the particular company/hotel.

New chain hotels enter the market with brand recognition. Most potential customers in their

target audience know what to expect from the hotel already.

Chain hotels already have allocated money to marketing, public relations, advertising; all ways

of reaching potential customers. Pre-decisions are based on better information, customer

preference, and consumer’s control. Customers rarely rely on one source as a means for making

decisions.

This raises the question, with all ways of reaching potential customers, are online reservation

systems profitable for chain hotels?

3

This study will investigate customer’s pre-purchase decision in choosing a hotel and then

booking a reservation. Studies have been conducted on customer’s pre-purchase decision

making; however, few studies have looked at what factors go into a guest’s decision in booking a

reservation at a specific hotel.

LL4 Justification

Hotels spend thousands, possible millions of dollars a year trying to reach potential guests,

depending on the hotel or hotel chain. With all of this money that goes into reaching potential

new guests, or bringing back old guests, what really works?

Online reservation systems have combined two issues that hotels face into one.

Online reservation system industries configure the information technology aspect of managing

reservations and a way to market your hotel out to the public. Online reservation systems are not

just a place to book a reservation, but a search database for potential guests to find the right hotel

for the occasion, in the right location, and at the right time.

Through the internet, there are so many ways of getting your name out potential guests.

While these online reservation systems do create ease in the IT area of the hotel, does it make

sense for chain hotels to use them?

This study will look into why guests choose to make reservations through which ever method

they choose and what factors go into their final decision.

1.2, TflE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purposes of this study are to propose and test a theoretical model to find out if chain hotels

should utilize online reservation systems to attract new customers and regain the old customers.

This study is conducted looking through the customer’s pre-purchase decision making process;

the specific objectives of this study are to:

To investigate how guests make a decision in making a reservation for a hotel,

~ To examine the impact of online reservation systems in the customer’s decision process,

And to determine why guests choose a particular reservation method.

4

1.3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To achieve the objectives of this study, the following hypotheses were investigated:

~ The purpose of your hospitality experience is most important when considering options

where to have the hospitality.

Word of Mouth is the strongest variable in making your final decision for a reservation.

Online reservation systems have no significance on repeat guest decisions.

Online reservation systems are not creating incremental revenue; in other words the

customer would have gone to the hotel anyway. They are only using the online

reservation system to make the reservation.

1.4. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

L4.1. In time and spaceIn terms of space, our study took place in Uganda in the Central region, in Kampala district

especially in the divisions.

The progress of technology and its wonderful speed make our research useful and valid. In our

country the technological companies like MTN Uganda, Uganda Telecom, Airtel Uganda, and

Orange etc. make the information diffusion rapid and precise.

1.4.2. The domainOur study is only about the field of information technology in the case of linking and connection

allowing the communication ways of the divisions with the help of new technology ie; using the

internet. We know that here in Uganda, the internet has been used since 90’s by the Ugandan

telecommunication (UTL) and now it is wide.

At the apparition of this new technology, it was the peculiarity of the great public institutions,

superior institutes and universities. But now it is available in different cities of the country and in

coming days the whole country will be connected to the great cable in Indian Ocean.

1.5, CHOICE AND INTEREST OF THE STUDY

1.5,1. ChoiceThe choice of this study is due to the lack of appropriate use of internet in different activities of

the hospitality industry. The use of this wonderful tool remains in need and there are no doubts

that the workers and the people are in high will of this technology.

5

L5~2~ Interests of the study

L5.2~L Personal interest

The interest of this work is first of all for us who dream to be experts in information technology,

because the latter wishes to make our continent a true society dominated by technology.

L5.2.2. Academic interest

We will be able to apply this knowledge to the course of “Web-based database”.

L5.2~3~ Public interest

This study has also an important public interest because it wants to destroy the problems caused

by the long time spent by the people who make the endless line in front of the hotel receptions.

1.5~3~ Choice and study interestThe communication plays a very important role in different fields of activities. It makes easy the

huge task and insures the progress of all activities of all domains.

Every enterprise or institution has to seek the powerful means in order to live in conformity with

the modem communication. It is obvious that our country is not left behind about the information

technology and we have to be proud of it.

The choice of the subject is motivated by the wonderful means of communication characterized

by the speed, low cost easy information exchange among different divisions of Kampala district.

The process of using internet and other scientific tools of our modern world will adjust all

mistakes and misunderstandings caused by the classic and then appropriate means.

6

1.6 METHODOLOGY

1.6.1 Data collection methodologyIn this project as a part of research methodology, the following tools will be used as data

collection:

The study will be conducted at Paragon Hotel using interviews to gather the necessary

data helpful to the realization of our project.

The college of Applied Sciences and technology library will provide us with books

elucidating basic concepts and terminology used in our project.

~ Point of view from other Web designers and programmers, internet tutorials and online

forums to test the effectiveness of the system.

1,6.2 Software development process methodologyThe methodology will be used in this project is based upon the standard of analysis and design as

well as software engineering process. It covered some of the steps used in a system analysis and

software engineering. The Waterfall model was chosen to be followed during the development of

this project because the Waterfall model reduces schedules time and rework task.

1.6.3 Design and analysis toolsTo understand deeply the analysis and the design domain, some tools will help to achieve the

aim of this project. Tools that will be used are:

Front end (interface tool): html, JavaScript, php, Photoshop, css etc

Back end (database tool): MySQL 5.0.45

Server: APACHE

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This project is composed with five chapters:

1. The first chapter will focus on the general introduction that shows the general

introduction the statement of the problem, the scope of the problem, motivation and the

objectives of the project.

2. The second chapter will deal with the theoretical concepts (literature review) on which

we will base our development process.

7

3. The third chapter will deal with the methodologies used in the new system, which specify

the standards of development process used and the system analysis.

4. The fourth chapter will deal with the implementation (design and conception) of the

project.

5. The fifth chapter will concern with the conclusion and recommendations.

8

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief description about the terms that are used during the

development web based application on client-server architecture. It provides definitions and

characteristics of technologies used.

2.1. WEB BASED RESERVATION CONCEPTS

2.1,1. Reservation’The act of reserving, or keeping back; concealment, or withholding from disclosure; reserve

something withheld, either not expressed or disclosed, or not given up or brought forward.

2.1.2. Importance of online reservation

Speed and Flexibility

With online reservation systems, customers have the freedom of choosing the service or merchandise

among what is available and knowing precisely what they are getting. Since the reservation is made in

real time, the customer receives immediate assurance that what he wants is or is not available. Also,

because customers conduct their own transactions and receive confirmations, they are free to make

changes during or even afler the process, with a minimum of complicating factors.

Guarantees against No-Shows and Fraud

Merchants can also protect themselves with online reservation systems because many systems require

payment upfront or a credit card guarantee to hold the reservation. Requiring valid email addresses and

website registration, along with having software in place, which collects IP addresses, also helps to guard

against online fraud. Reservation systems can also be adjusted to require minimum stays or minimum

purchase levels for users.

1 http: //en,Wikipedia.org/wikilreservation

9

Precise Head Counts

By using an online reservation system, merchants can have a precise running head count of

purchases and reservations. Precise head counts can circumvent the problem of under booking to

avoid disappointing customers, or overbooking to make sure a sufficient number of actual

transactions go through. The system can also be set up to record unique visits to the website to

help the merchant collect information on how well the site is working to attract customers.

2.1.3 What is an online reservation process?

An online reservation process determines how the user navigates through a series of sequential

phases in an online hotel reservation system.

For example, a user may:

Enter required city and stay-date

~ Review options from available hotels, rooms, and rates

~ Select a suitable hotel, room, and rate

Enter guest and payment details

Confirm reservation

2.1.4 Online reservation process design guidelines

The following guidelines indicate what we consider best industry practice. They are not ‘set in

stone’ but should be considered in context with your own site-design goals.

We do not want to stifle innovation; we simply want to draw your attention to the factors that

will work in a majority of hotel booking website scenarios. You can use the guidelines as a

checklist for existing and proposed designs.

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2.1.5 Overall structure of an online reservation process

A. Travel and hotel reservation agency

In order of preference, you should aim to implement:

Reservation process style B (all relevant rates displaying)

Reservation process style A (range of rates displayed — FROM> TO)

Reservation process style A (FROM rate showing)

B. Hotel chain

If you only have a few properties with minimal overlap in any particular location, use either

directory style E or F.

If you have multiple properties in a particular location, your requirements will be similar to a

travel or hotel booking agency.

C. Generally

If you are planning an ‘exotic’ reservation process, ensure that the difference is clear to users and

that it is explained well.

Consider creating functionality that gives users a quick overview of the rough costs for different

quality hotels in a city, to help with budgeting prior to deciding to travel. This will save users

from devising their own navigation strategy on how many dates or rates to check in order to

generate their own average price.

If you are using a booking-process style, such as style A, where a user has to select a hotel prior

to seeing what rates are available, ensure that the hotels that the user has previously viewed are

marked in some obvious way. This will help to stop users accidentally selecting the same hotel

again. A simple method of implementation is to use the default browser behaviour of letting the

font colour change on visited hyperlinks.

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ft Multi-room reservations

Aim to allow all multi-room and uneven occupancy combinations to be booked online:

~ one room, for two adults

~ one room, for one adult

two rooms, each with two adults (same room type / rate, same occupancy

level)

two rooms, each with one adult (same room type / rate, same occupancy level)

E~ Displaying rate values

~ Let users know whether the rate is for the total stay or per night, whenever a

rate or rate range is stated.

~ Let users know whether the rate is per person or per room, whenever a rate or

rate range is stated

~ Let users know whether the rate is inclusive or exclusive of tax or

supplements.

~ Let users know whether the rate is inclusive of value added elements, such as

breakfast

~ Let users know whether the rate is quoted for single or double occupancy — in

particular if the user has not yet supplied that information at the start of the

booking process.

Aim to show rates that are inclusive of sales tax, wherever possible.

Display the currency for each rate.

R Children

If you allocate children to rooms, ensure that it is clear to the user whether

they have to allocate at least one adult to each room

Ensure that you mention, in the help section, an explanation of the regulations

surrounding reservations including children

~ Ensure that the age that a child is considered an adult, within each hotel, is

clearly shown

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G0 Multi-room check-out

Special requests — Allow users to input a short text message specifying a

request for each room in a multiple-room reservation

Smoking / non-smoking — Allow users to specify whether each room in a

multiple-room reservation is a smoking or non-smoking room

Enable the user to enter a guest name for each room they are reserving

~ Indicate that these requests are requests only, and cannot be guaranteed by the

hotel

2.2, DATABASE CONCEPTS

2.2.L Database2

The term database means a collection of related data organized, in a way that can be processed

by application programs. By related we mean that the data describes a domain of interest to a

group of users and that the users can use the data to answer questions concerning that domain.

By organized we mean that the data are structured so as to be easily restored, manipulated and

retrieved by users.

2.2.2. Data3

Data consists of series of facts or statements that may have been collected, stored, and/or

manipulated but have not been organized into context. When data is organized it becomes

information.

Information is data that has been processed in a way that it makes it meaningful. Databases are

designed to provide meaningful information. This information can only be provided if

appropriate data exists in the database and the database is structured in such a way to support that

information.

2http:I en .wikipedia.org/wiki/database

3http:/ www .webopedia.com! TERM/data

13

2.2,3. Entity or table4

Entity is a conceptual or physical thing that can be identified in the user’s work environment,

something about which the organization wants to hold information. In the case of the project,

entity may be physical thing such as student, or conceptual thing like saving.

2.2.4. Relationship5

A relationship works by matching data in key fields — usually a field with the same name in both

tables. In most cases, these matching fields are the primary key from one table, which provides a

unique identifier for each record, and a foreign key in the other table. A foreign key is a column

or combination of columns used to establish and enforce a link between the data in two tables.

A. One to one6

One-to-one: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with one other instance of another entity

(B). For example, in a database of employees, each employee name (A) is associated with only

one social security number (B).

B. One’.to-many7

One-to-many: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with zero, one or many instances of

another entity (B), but for one instance of entity B there is only one instance of entity A. For

example, for a company with all employees working in one building, the building name (A) is

associated with many different employees (B), but those employees all share the same singular

association with entity A.

4http;!www.wikipedia.org!wikldatabase/entity~ http:/www.wikipedia.org/wikldatabase/relationship6 http://pub1ib.Bou1der./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/one to one/zs.jsp?~‘ http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/one_to_many/zs.jsp?

14

C. Many-to-many8

Many-to-many: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with one, zero or many instances of

another entity (B), and one instances of entity B is associated with one, zero or many instances of

entity A. For example, for a company in which all of its employees work on multiple projects,

each instance of an employee (A) is associated with many instances of a project (B), and at the

same time, each instance of a project (B) has multiple employees (A) associated with it.

2.2.5 A primary key9

A primary key consists of a column or columns whose value uniquely identifies a row. There can

only be one primary key per table. When you define a primary key for a table, you create a

constraint on data in the table, which ensures that any row in the table can be uniquely identified

by its key columns.

2.2.6 A foreign key’°

A foreign key consists of one or more columns in a table whose value in one row uniquely

identifies another row in the same or another table.

2.2.7. Normalization”

Normalization is a method of organizing your data to prevent redundancy. Normalization

involves establishing and maintaining the integrity of your data tables as well as eliminating

inconsistent data dependencies. Normalization requires that you adhere to rules, established by

the database community, to ensure that data is organized efficiently. These rules are called

normal form rules:

8 http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW!manyjo_many/zs.jsp?~ http:// databasev.co.uk/ primary- foreign-key-constraints.html

‘°http:// databasev.co.ukl primary- foreign-key-constraints.htmi“http://www.databasev.co .uklnormalization.html

15

A. First normal form (1 NF)

Table faithfully represents a relation and has no “repeating groups”.

B. Second normal form (2NF)

No non-prime attribute in the table is functionally dependent on a part (proper subset) of a

candidate key.

C. Third normal form (3NF)

Every non-prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on every key of the table0

D. Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)

Every non-trivial functional dependency in the table is a dependency on a super key.

2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEM

2.3.1. System’2

A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities real or abstract, forming an integrated

whole. The concept of an integrated whole can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a

set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and

from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.

12 http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/systems

16

2.3,2. Information system’3

The term information system (IS) refers to a system of people, data records and activities that

process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization’s manual

and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based

information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in

a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the

organization. Computer-based information systems are in the field of information technology.

The discipline of business process modeling describes the business processes supported by

information systems.

A. Management information system’4

Management Information System (MIS) is a computer system, usually based on mainframe or

microcomputer designed to provide management personnel with up —to —date information on

organization’s performance ; ex: inventor and sales .These systems output information in a form

that is useable by managers at all levels of the organization :strategic , tactical and operational.

B, Decision support system’5

Decision support system is an information system that either helps to identify decision making

opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.

2.4. WEB CONCEPTS

2.4.1. Computer network’6

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified

according to a wide variety of characteristics.

~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/information-system14 http://wikipedia.org/wiki/management-information-system~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/decision-support-system16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computer-network

17

A. PAN (Personal area network)17

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer

devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are printers, fax

machines, telephones, PDAs and scanners. The reach of a PAN is typically about 20-30 feet

(approximately 6-9 meters), but this is expected to increase with technology improvements.

B. LAN (Local Area Network)18

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home,

office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. Current wired LANs are most

likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards like ITU-TG.hn also provide a

way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power

lines).

C. WAN (Wide Area Network)19

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e. any network

whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. Less formally,

a WAN is a network that uses routers and public communications links. Contrast with personal

area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or

metropolitan area networks (MANs), which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or

specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.

2.4.2. Web page2°A web page is a block of data available on the world-wide web, identified by an URL.

2.4.3 Wcbsite21

A website is a set of interconnected web pages, usually including a homepage, generally located

on the same server, and prepared and maintained as a collection of information by a person,

group, or organization.

17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/networkingIpan18 http:I/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/networking/lan19 http:I/ en.wikipedia.org!wiki/networking/wan

20http:// en.wikipedia.orglwikilHTML/web-page21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML/website

18

A. Static web page22

A static web page is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, in contrast to

dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application. A static web page displays the

same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modem capabilities of a web server

to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the

server is configured to do so. Static web pages are often HTML documents stored as files in the

file system and made available by the web server over HTTP.

B. Dynamic web page23

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based

on certain criteria. Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content.

Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.

2.4.4. Protocol24In human communication, the protocols are separate rules about appearance, speaking, listening

and understanding. All these rules, also called protocols of conversation, represent different

layers of communication. They work together to help people successfully communicate. In

information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a

telecommunication connection use when they communicate.

Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are

protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange

at the application program level.

In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more

protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must

recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.

22 http:!/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/static-web-page23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wikildynamic-web-page24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protoco1

19

A~ HTTP25

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a request-response standard typical of client-server

computing. In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application

running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server. The client, which submits HTTP

requests, is also referred to as the user agent. The responding server, which stores or creates

resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server. In between the user

agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels.

B. URL26

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously Universal Resource Locator) - usually

pronounced by sounding out each letter but, in some quarters, pronounced “Earl” - is the unique

address for a file that is accessible on the Internet. A common way to get to a Web site is to enter

the URL of its home page file in your Web browser’s address line. However, any file within that

Web site can also be specified with a URL Such a file might be any Web (HTML) page other

than the home page, an image file, or a program such as a common gateway interface application

or Java applet. The URL contains the name of the protocol to be used to access the file resource,

a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet, and a pathname, a hierarchical

description that specifies the location of a file in that computer.

2.5 TOOLS, TECHNIQUES ANI) LANGUAGES USED

2.5.1 Internet27Internet is a publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data

by using IP, the Internet Protocol.

25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intemetIhttp

26http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/internetlurl27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet

20

2.5.2 Web Server28A web server is computer program using client/server architecture that is responsible for

accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as web browsers, and serving them

HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are web pages such as HTML

documents and linked objects (images, etc.).

Two popular web servers are Apache, the most widely installed web server, and Microsoft’s

Internet Information Server (uS). In the case of the project, Apache has been used.

2.5.3 Web client29

Web clients are known as web browsers, clients are computers program that uses HTTP

(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf

of the browser user. Most browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) but a

Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client programs

are more popular. is often used in conjunction with CSS and/or JavaScript.

2,5.4 Apache3°Apache is short for Apache HTTP Server Project, a robust, commercial-grade and freely-

available open source HTTP Web Server software produced by the Apache Software

Foundation. It is the most commonly used web server on the internet, and is available on many

platforms, including Windows, Unix/Linux and Mac OS X.

2.5.5 MYSQL31MySQL is a very fast, robust, relational database management system (RDBMS) which controls

access to data to ensure that multiple users can work with it concurrently, to provide fast access

to it, and to ensure that only authorized users can obtain access. Hence, MySQL is a multiuser,

multithreaded server. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL), the standard database query

language.

28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/web_server29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/webc1ient30 http: //en.Wikipedia.org!wiki/apache31 http:/ en .wikipedia.org/wiki!mysql

21

2.5.6 CSS32

CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a W3Copen standards programming language for specifying

how a web page is presented. It allows web site designers to create formatting and layout for a

web site independently of its content.

2.5.7 HTML33

HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is the W3C standard language with which all web pages

are built. It is the predecessor to XHTML, but HTML is often still used to describe either one. It

is often used in conjunction with CSS andlor JavaScript.

2,5.8 FlIP34

PHP is a recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor. It is a popular server-side

scripting language designed specifically for integration with HTML, and is used (often in

conjunction with MySQL) in Content Management Systems and other web applications. It is

available on many platforms, including Windows, Unix/Linux and Mac OS X, and is open

source software.

32 http://www .webopedia.com/TERM!css~ http:/!www.webopedia.comJTERM/html

34http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/php

22

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes all methods and techniques used to conduct this research.

3.1. STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.LL Introduction

With the development of information technology, system analysis also develops more and more

vigorously and has a significant role in a life cycle of an IT application and of IT projects in

general. At the moment, there is no method that ensures success and that can be viewed as a right

way for analysis but the application of structured system analysis increases the chance of success

for most of typical applications and it proves efficient in a range of analysis in real life. Until

today, system approach is still viewed as a sound foundation for structured system analysis.

Structural system analysis is a modem approach to different analysis and design phases of the

system development process which is accepted because of its strong points over other traditional

approaches.

3.1,2, Supporting tools analysis

In the process of system analysis, models are constructed to give an overview or stress on aspects

of the whole system. This enables analyst to contact users in the best way and when users’ need

is changed, it is possible to modify or construct a new model. Two important modelling tools

used in system analysis are:

3.13 Data flow diagram (DFD)35:

A data flow diagram describes the information flow in the system. There are different sets of

symbols available for data flow diagrams, depending on accepted conventions:

~ http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/data_flow_diagram/index.jsp?

23

3.1 .4Process36:

A process is an organised set of activities which transforms inputs to outputs. The symbol for a

process is a rounded rectangle.

Unique identifier Where/by whom it’s done~erAccoun~

Output data ~ ~In put dataCreate User

is done

Figure 3.1 Process symbol37

3.1.5 Data flow38:

A data flow is a path for data to move from one part of the system to another. A data

flow is shown as a directed line on the diagram.

From Use meaningthll name ~ To

Figure 3.2 Data flow symbol39

36 topic=/com./bm.db2.vdb.olap.doc/process.Html~‘ http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html~ http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/data-flow~ http://www.dbnormalization.com /database-anomalies

24

3.1.6 Data store40:

A data store represents data that is retained for later processing. A data store is shown as an

open-ended rectangle.

Data store name1i~r Account file

Figure 3.3 Data store symbol4’

As with external entities, it is common practice to have duplicates of data stores to make a

diagram less cluttered.

Duplicate data storeData store name

User Account file

Figure 3.4 Duplicate data store symbol42

3.1.7 External entity43:

An external entity represents a person, organization, or other system that provides data or

receives output from the system. An external agent is depicted by an overlapping rectangle.

~~~—~——ExternaI entity name

Figure 3,5 External entity symbols44

It is common practice to have duplicates of external entities in order to avoid crossing lines, or

just to make a diagram more readable.

3.1.8 A duplicate external entity

40http://www .webopedia.com/data-fiow41 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukl’—tdrewry/dfds.html42 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukl—tdrewry/dfds.html‘~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row

~ http ://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html

25

External entity name

Figure 3.6 Duplicate external entity symbols45

3.2 ENTITY-RELATIONSifiP DIAGRAM (ERD)46:

An entity-Relationship diagram is a network model that describes stored data of a system at a

high level of abstraction. ERD has a major benefit: it highlights the relationship between data

stores on DFD which would otherwise only be seen in the specification process. The main

components of an ERD include:

3.2.1 Entity47:

An entity is a subject, a duty, or an event that has a significant meaning to the future system and

is displayed by a rectangle with round corners. Each entity has its own name.

3.2.2 Attribute48:

Attributes are the characteristics of the entity displayed by fields or columns of a table.

3.2.3 Relationship49:

A relationship shows connections among the system’s entities. These connections are displayed

by triangle headed arrows. There are four major types of relationship used in ERDs: One - one

relationship, One - many relationships, Many — One relationship, Many - many relationship.

~ http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html46 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/—tdrewry/dfds.html“i http:/!www .webopedia.com/entity‘~ http://www .webopedia.com/attribute~ http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal-forms

26

EntitY\

rDeptld

3.3 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS

Structured method is understandable

Powerful and expressive notations

~ Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are good for communicating with users

~ The method is complete—it covers architectural design to low level design

Modularization criteria are part of the method

3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS

Little guidance for creating data flow diagrams or refining structure charts

Poor for algorithmically intense systems with little data, e.g. mathematical systems

50 http://www.utexas.edu/its/windows/database/datamodeling/dm/erintro.html

name

ntity Name

Project 1

ErQJ~etIdk<

Attribute Name

ManadatoryExistence

Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship Notations5°

OptionalExistence

27

3,5. METHODS AND TECHNICALS

There several mainstream process models:

3,5,1 seat-of-pants, do-it-, or adhoc51:

This is no plan at all and no organization or serious developer would admit to using such an

approach.

3.5.2 Prototyping52:

It is the practice of building an early version of a system which does not necessarily reflect all

features of the final system, but rather those which are of interest.

3.5.3 Waterfall model53:

It is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model for software engineering.

Often considered as the classic approach to the system development life cycle, the waterfall

model describes a development method that is linear and sequential.

3.5.4 Spiral model54:

This combines different features of waterfall model and those of prototyping. The main feature

of the spiral model is the recognition that there is often enormous uncertainty at many stages

during a software development project.

In this study, the methodology used is the linear sequential model or waterfall model which is a

standard model for development systems.

In “The Waterfall” approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate

process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software

Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other

so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it

is signed off, so the name “Waterfall Model”, The stages of “The Waterfall Model” are:

~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/adhoc52 http://wikipedia.org/wiki/prototyping~‘ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waterfall~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spiral

28

i. Requirement Analysis and Definition: All possible requirements of the system to be

developed are captured in this phase.

ii, System and Software Design: Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important

to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like?

a. The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and

system design is prepared.

iii. Implementation and Unit Testing: On receiving system design documents, the work is

divided in modules/units and actual coding is started.

iv, Integration and System Testing: As specified above, the system is first divided in units

which are developed and tested for their functionalities.

v. Operations and Maintenance: This phase of “The Waterfall Model” is virtually never

ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed come up afier

its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of

the system.

We can summarize the waterfall in analysis and design, coding and tests of a system. Among this

model, the great part of study is covered at the time of the analysis and systems design.

29

General Overview of “Waterfall Model”

Figure 18: General overview of Waterfall Model55

3.6 DATABASE CONCEPTS

3.6.1 Data56

Data are distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. Data can exist in a

variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic

memory, or as facts stored in a person’s mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a

single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural

form of the word.

~‘ http://www.buzzle.comlshowlmage.asp?image= 1449~6 http :/!www.softpanorama.org/SE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml.

30

3.6.2 Database57

A database is an organized collection of logically related data. The term organized means that

data are structured so as to be easily stored, manipulated, and retrieved by users. The term related

means that the data describes a domain of interest to a group of users, and that those users can

use the data to answer questions concerning the domain.

3.6.3 Database Management System58

Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables you to store,

modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs,

ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on

mainframes. The database management system manages user requests. In handling user requests,

the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data and security. The most popular DBMS are MS

access, Oracle, Sql Server, and MySQL.

There are two essential parts in database management system:

The database

~ The database management system

Three objectives always drove the development and evolution of database technology:

The need to provide greater independence between programs and data thereby reducing

the maintenance costs

The desire to manage increasingly complex data and structures and types

The desire to provide easier and faster access for users who have neither a background in

programming languages nor a detailed understanding of how data are stored in databases.

Database technology was developed largely to overcome the limitations of file processing

systems. The database is processed by the DBMS, which is used by both developers and users,

who can access the DBMS either directly or indirectly via application programs.

~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilDatabase-management-system

31

In a database system programs uses DBMS to access the stored data, all the application data is

stored in a single facility called the database. An application program can ask the DBMS to

access stored data.

With well structured database processing, the duplication is minimal. For example for a

customer’s number, name, telephone, and address in any given database for any given customer,

they are stored only once and whenever these data are needed, the DBMS can retrieve them ,and

when they are modified, only one update is necessary. Because data are stored in only one place,

data integrity problems are less common.

3.6.4 Data Base Processing

Database processing reduces the dependency of programs on file formats. All record formats are

stored in the database itself and they are accessed by the DBMS, not by application programs. A

database contains four main elements:

i, User data59: Database represents user data as relations. A relation is taken as a table of

data. The columns of the table contain fields or attributes, and the rows of the table

contain records for particular entities in the business environment.

ii. Metadata60: A database is self-describing, which means that it contains a description of

its structure as part of itself. This description of the structure is called metadata. Since

DBMS product are designed to store and manipulate tables, most products store the

metadata in the form of tables, called system tables.

iii. Index61: It is a type of database data that improves the performance and accessibility of

the database.

iv. Application metadata62: An application metadata is the final type of data that is stored

in a database system, which is used to store the structure and format of user forms,

reports, queries and other application component.

~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/user-data

60 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metadata

61 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index

32

3.7. TOOLS, THECIINIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED

3.7.1. INTERNET63

The term “Internet” was originally coined in the 1970s and refers to the global network of public

computers running Internet Protocol. The Internet supports the public WWW and many special-

purpose client/server software systems. Internet technology also supports many private corporate

intranets and private home LANs.

3.7.2 CLIENT/SERVER ARCfflTECTURE64

Client-server architecture is network architecture in which each computer or process on the

network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to

managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers).

Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run applications. Clients on server for resources

such as files, devices, and even processing power. Shortly after computers were used in business,

programmers realized that most business applications had three distinct components:

i, The User Interface.

ii. The Business Logic.

iii. The Data Management.

Client/Server systems are those computer applications that are developed with a conscious effort

to identify the three components above and to determine where these components reside in a

system of networked computers.

Client and Server often have two meanings in the same context. The client can be both a

computer type and the software that contains the user interface code. The server can mean a

computer type or the software that provides services.

62 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/application-metadata63 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intemet64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/c1ient-server~architecture

33

3.7.3 WEB APPLICATION65

A web application is an application delivered to users from a web server over a network such as

the World Wide Web or an intranet.

3.7.4. WEB SERVER66

A Web server is a program that, using the client/server model and the World Wide Web’s

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users (whose

computers contain HTTP clients that forward their requests). Shortly, a web server is a computer

that delivers (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain

name.

3,7,5. APPLICATION SERVER67

A server is a program that handles all application operations between users and an organization’s

backend business applications or databases. Application servers are typically used for complex

transaction-based applications. To support high-end needs, an application server has to have

built-in redundancy, monitors for high-availability, high-performance distributed application

services and support for complex database access.

3.7.6. MYSQL68

MySQL is an open source RDBMS that relies on SQL for processing the data in the database.

MySQL provides APIs for some programming languages like C, C++, Java or PHP. MySQL is

most commonly used for Web applications and for embedded applications and has become a

popular alternative to proprietary database systems because of its speed and reliability. MySQL

can run on UNIX, Windows and Mac OS.

65 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/web-application66 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/web-server67 http://en.wikipedia,orglwiki!application-server68 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/mysql

34

3.7.7. APACHE69

Apache is generally recognized as the world’s most popular Web server (HTTP server).

Originally designed for UNIX servers, Apache has been ported to Windows and other network

operating systems (NOS). The name “Apache” derives from the word “patchy” that the Apache

developers used to describe early versions of their software.

Apache provides a full range of Web server which supports plug-in modules for extensibility.

Apache is reliable, free, and relatively easy to configure.

The Apache HTTP server is free software distributed by the Apache Software Foundation. The

Apache Software Foundation promotes various free and open source advanced Web

technologies.

3.7.8 PHP7°

Hypertext Pre-processor is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially

suited for Web development and can be embedded into Hyper Text Markup (HTML) pages that

are then saved with a ,PHP file extension. PHP is an open source server side programming

language extensively used for web scripts and to process data passed via the Common Gateway

Interface from HTML forms. In an HTML document, PHP script is enclosed within special PHP

tags. Because PHP is embedded within tags, the author can jump between HTML and PHP

instead of having to rely on heavy amounts of code to output HTML. And, because PHP is

executed on the server, the client

3.7.9 HTML7’

Hyper Text Markup Language, the coding language used to create hypertext documents for the

World Wide Web. In HTML, a block of text can be suffounded with tags that indicate how it

should appear (for example, in bold face or italics). Also, in HTML a word, a block of text, or an

image can be linked to another file on the Web. HTML files are viewed with a World Wide Web

browser.

69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apache70 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/php‘~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/languages/html

35

3.7.10 JAVA SCRIPT72

A scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web authors to design interactive sites.

Although it shares many of the features and structures of the full Java language, it was developed

independently. JavaScript can interact with HTML source code, enabling Web authors to spice

up their sites with dynamic content. JavaScript is endorsed by a number of software companies

and is an open language that anyone can use without purchasing a license. It is supported by

recent browsers from Netscape and Microsoft, though Internet Explorer supports only a subset,

which Microsoft calls Jscript.

72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1anguages/java_scripts

36

CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION

4.0 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The new system will be a dynamic web based system that will help Guests, System administrator

and other stakeholders to access the information on web based hotel reservation system; the

information of this new system will be from basically any computer and the server computer

through the web browser and internet connection.

The guests who will visit the system for the purpose of viewing the current amount or reserving a

room in the hotel shall be given full information about the rooms available for reservation and

their specification.

The System administrator will be able to view the transactions of the Guests.

4.1 SYSTEM ACTORSAn actor is a person, organization, or external system that plays a role in one or more interactions

with a determined system.

The WBRSHI has two categories of the system users. They are:

> Administrator

> Guests

37

4.2 ACTOR GLOSSARY OF WBRSfflESCRWT.JO

Staff in charge of administering the hotel reservation system.Administrator He reserves the right of:

~ Modification of passwordView Guests transactions

“ Print the report

Guests Guests who have reserved with Paragon hotel. They reserve the right of:“ Reservation requestc~’ Cancel the reservation request“ Print his/her transactions or status

Figure 4.1: Actor glossarySource: Own Drawing

4.3 SYSTEM OUTLINE OF WBRSHI

INPUTSFirst NameMiddle Name PROCESSLast Name RegistrationGender ~\ VerificationPhone V Valid usemame & password for adminE-Mail Generate reportsCountryCityAddressI1)TypeID NumberID CountryDate of ReservationDate of Arrival OUTPUTSDate of Departure Confirmation messagesCategory of Room Transaction displayedNumber of Beds Status displayedBath Availability Print the transaction reportAir Conditioner Print the status reportRemarksFlight NumberAirlineTime of Arrival

Figure 4.2: System outlineSource: Own Drawing

38

4.4 DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS)

A data-flow diagram is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data through an information

system. DFDs is also an excellent tool for summarizing and organizing detailed information

about a system’s boundaries, processes, and data entities, providing the analyst with a logical

map of the system.

4.4.1 DFD Symbols

External entity

H Process

Dataflow-,~

L~

Figure 4.3: DFD SymbolsSource: Owner Drawing

Data Store

4.4.2 Data flow Diagram73The context diagram represents the entire system under investigation, It is used to clarify and

agree to scope of the investigation the system under investigation is represented as a single

process, connected to external entities by data flows and resource flows. On the following pages

detailed higher level DFDs are elaborated in PMAS logical system.

~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/data-flow_diagram

39

Reservation

Confirmation message

Flight information

Display transaction

Display status

Figure 4.4: Level 0: Data flow DiagramSource: Own Drawing

~GUESTS

Guest’s identifications

4WBRSHI

A WEB BASED RESERVATION SYSTEMFOR HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Login and password

SYSTEMADMINISTRATOR

40

1.5 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DESIGN

The entity-relationship model is mainly used as a language for conceptualization of the structure

of information systems applications. Conceptualization of database or information systems aims

in a representation of the logical and physical structure of an information system in a given

database management system (or for a database paradigm), so that it contains all the information

required by the user and required for the efficient behavior of the whole information system for

all users. Furthermore, conceptualization may target to specify the database application processes

and the user interaction. Description of structuring is currently the main use of the entity-

relationship model.

flight_numberairlinearrival_limeguest_Id

guest Idfirst_name rc5€C.asfOfl~

middle_flame reservation_idlast_name reservation_dategender arrIval_dateaddresS departure_datecity remarkscoufltiy guest_idphone room_umberc_mallIdefltIfICStIOfl_tYPeIdentIficatIOn_numberidentificatiOfl_cOUfltIY

room_ca~e<JOIi~

category_Idcategory_flamenumber_Of_bedsbath_avaIlabIlItyair_conditioner

Figure 4.5: Entity Relationship Model of WBRSHISource: Own drawings

4.6 DATA DIC IONARY

41

i~ room_numbercategoryJd

Data dictionary is an organized listing of all data elements pertinent to the system, with precise,

rigorous and definitions.

The following table shows both Guests and system administrator a common understanding of all

inputs, outputs, and components of WBRSHI.~ ~~

4. ~ —-

~J S..v.r locathoet C ~ Dat.bes.: pwegonhotel_dztebsse —-

administrators

Dataflese Tetae cmiinei1~ b~oDB free 11264KBp~hnte(databaS_______________ Fleid 1~.p. Wufl Defeult Comments

Jiateldelabese ~ vardiai(30) No(7) pesomed vardtat~3O) NO

B~fl~fl1O VBlttl6t(30) NO

B laBjeene vardtajt3O) No

Figure 4.6: Administration table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

flights

Tette cocine,I~ NOGOB free 11264 KS (guestjd) REFER peregOnj~el_daSeQUe~SC~

Field lype NuU Default Comment.

~LtMt~t eedis~5) NOauestjd uf(IO) Yes MiLLefitne vard1~t(3O) Noainvat tune vatdnv~30) No

Figure 4.7: Flights table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

+

+ locates

__________________ guestsTable coniTtertS finDS flee 11264 KS

O~tabese Field ?~pe Null Default Comment.P-M~c&~~ u*(1O) No

trstJlame vatdiarçlo) Noon_Ji tS ntdele_naine vardtar(30) No

(7) taints vardw(30) No

gender vardsar(9) Noad~ess vardwt3d) Nosty vardiat(3B) No

S —___ cctltry vacdiaz(30) No

B ~°~°‘~.°~° geone vardlat(30) Noejnalt vardlai(36) NoidettiflcaSonJWe valdiat(15) NoI~ltcatneffiST~ vantar(30) NoidaitjtCldCol_Coeiny vagdias{30) No

Figure 4.8: Guests table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSffl)

42

recepdonlsts

Taec~nlaS hiioDBti~e 11264 IcE

Retd 1~p. Nu~ O~cE~ .ardiart3O) Nopas9acKd ~ Noblstj~rne vard~(3O) NoIa~name va~3O) No

Figure 4.9: Receptionists table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

‘~ +

+ I.~ae.~eeme ~ia1ar~3J) iw

reservations

Oalatrese Table cmmnetls hreDB tree. 11264 KB, (~ieEjd~ REFER~p~J1o1eiRatatr3S - Reid 1~’pe NKB DefaKB Comment,

reoens~i_M b~(6) No0m,Jrlajbltabase ~ieatfd bE(S) Vee MILL

roonijuIt~ uS(S) Yes NULLresemaBeLdate rd10430) NoamsaLdate satdw(30) Nod~attrzedate vardw(30) NormTeflCS vardial(30) No

Figure 4.10: Reservations table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

rocin_categoiles

Table coownels bEs~O8 free 11264 KB

Reid 1~pe Nil D.4reSt Comment,catemm Id 1(4) NocateQocyjsene vardse(35) Noaaismbljeda 5(5) NobaIb_evatIabitty vardlatib) Noair_cmabbofler seidwtB) No

Figure 4.11: Room Categories table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

room’s

Table conanerSu biloOti tree 11264 KB (cateQoryjd) REFER pra000jaI&databaslrOlflSateQO

Raid 1~pe Nil Detail Commeniaroom i~si5aI u5I5) Nocategoi~Jd uS(15) Yes MILL

Figure 4.12: Rooms table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

43

4.7 .REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

4.7.1. Software and hardware requirements for the proposed system4.7.1.1 on the server-side

~ Windows operating system (XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7)

A windows-based server application that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests. The

package must include: Apache 2.2.6, MySQL 5.0.45, PHP version 4 or 5

~ PhpMyAdmin version 2.10.1 for database management

Ethernet Card and internet connection.

4.7,1.2 .on the client —side

~ Windows or Linux operating systems;

—~ Web client;

Ethernet card and internet connection.

Anti virus

4.7.1.3. Hardware Requirements for the System

Computer Pentium 4 processor of at least 1.8 GHZ

~ Random access Memory (RAM) at least 516MB.

~ Hard disk drive (HDD) at least 40 GB.

CD ROM drive and writer.

Monitor

UPS unit and stabilizer

4.7.2. Functional Requirements

Functional requirements refer to the features that must be included in the system to satisfy the

business needs and be acceptable to the users.

WBRSHI reservation system met the following functional requirements:

— The system Allows users (Guests) to browse on the system for the hospitality industry

(hotel) in order to know more about the hotel, and make reservations.

The system Allows the Administrator (or anyone who has authorized access) to use the

database or accessing information from the database and produce a list of Guests who

have reserved and their reservations.

44

4.7,2,L Guests

In this software, a guest is anyone who is intends to make a reservation in Paragon Hotel. He has

limited access to the whole system. Before making reservation, the following options are

available: Guest’s identifications, Reservation, Flight information.

Guest’s identifications: The Guest can fill in the following information: First

Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Gender, Phone, E-Mail, Country, City,

Address, ID Type, ID Number and ID Country.

Reservation: The Guest can fill in the following information: Date of

Reservation, Date of Arrival, Date of Departure, Category of Room, Number of

Beds, Bath Availability, Air Conditioner and Remarks.

~ Flight information: The Guest can fill in the following information: Flight

Number, Airline, and Time of Arrival.

4.7.2.2 System Administrator

The system administrator in Paragon Hotel is in charge of administering the system i.e. Ensure

all reservation go to their righteous guests there after making that mission accomplished, The

administrator will have all privileges. After logging in as the administrator of the system, the

following options are available: user name and a password.

4.7.3. Non-Functional Requirements

Non functional requirements describe the features, characteristics, and attributes of the system as

well as any constraints that may limit the boundaries of that system. The following were

identified as the non functional requirements for the reservation system in the department of

information technology.

The system is reliable and always available.

The user interface is consistent throughout the application.

45

1.8 INTERFACE DESIGN (User Interface)

User interface design is the specification of a dialogue between the system user and the

Domputer. The user interfaces were developed as html and Php based interface, with a menu-

driven strategy that requires the user to choose an action from a menu or a list of alternatives.~p~~H~d1

TO

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Figure 4.13: Home page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

MARE YOUR-• RESERVAflORS

46

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Figure 4.14: AccommodatiOn page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

47

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Figure 4.15: Gallery page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

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Figure 4.16: Gallery+ page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

48

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Figure 4.17: Recreation page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSFII)

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Figure 4.18: Business Centre page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

49

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Figure 4.19: Reservation page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

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50

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provided

Figure 4.21: Employees page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

Figure 4.20: Thanks page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

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Figure 4.22: Receptionist page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

52

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Figure 4.23: Administrator page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industrySource: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)

4.9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

To implement this application, the apache server is used, along with MySQL as the database

server; PHP is a server-side scripting language. WAMP Server is a WAMP software bundle that

installs web server services into the windows computer and allows quick-and-easy development

of PHP and MySQL on a localhost (also known as 127.0.0.1),

Is it possible to develop a web based reservation system for hospitality industry, under the online

application to promote good mutual understanding with Guests?

4.10 VERIFICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis of this project is to make it possible to develop a web based reservation system

for hospitality industry, under the online application to promote good mutual understanding with

Guests. This will help the Guests and Administrator reserve or cancel through the WBRSHI for

the daily activities.

The tested and verified software clearly proves that a web based reservation system can be

managed online; and also, it demonstrates how every guest reservation can transfer, view status

online, access the database and retrieve the needed information about the Guests and their

reservations status. The researcher worked hard to make the system efficient, accurate and

satisfying to the Hotel management. Thus the hypothesis has been successfully achieved since

the results are as the hypothesis expected.

54

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0. CONCLUSION

The main objective of the current project was to provide a web based application, which will be

used by Paragon Hotels in the management of the hotel. We tried to analyze the existing hotel

management system offered by Paragon Hotel to its guests, and we clearly showed how the

system can migrate from paper-based to a web application system.

This objective has been successfully achieved with a practical solution which shows that using

Web based reservation system for hospitality industry is effective. A data-processing tool has

been developed for the service of managing Web based reservation system for hospitality

industry through a web application.Therefore, the Online hotel reservation System came up with

various features in which we would attempt to number the following ones:

~ List all guests and their transaction.

This work shows that the project with the above features can make the reservation

department more effective in order to improve the time saving and quality of services and

reduce the wasted paper during the reservation and payment to the hotel.

5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on experiences, investigation carried out and some constraints encountered, to finish this

research the following recommendations are mentioned, for the great success of the present

system:

The project ended with software product. The wisdom of software engineering

teaches that software is never completed .Thus; we suggest this software to be

considered as product in progress.

~ Some imperfections must be revised and corrected before the deployment and

functionality of Web based reservation system for hospitality industry.

55

For further research, the researcher is suggesting to use this system which can

manage Web based reservation system for hospitality industry such as online

transfer, payment among the guests Worldwide.

Further, object oriented or waterfall models are recommended as the basis of a

final deliverable since a prototype is limited in functionality such as involvement

of administrator and guests.

For Paragon Hotel, I recommend to implement this software in professional

environment of Web based reservation system for hospitality industry.

5.2 FUTURE WORK

Lastly, the project to be hosted by any service provider to ensure that whatever intended in the

project doesn’t back fire, i.e.: To make sure that the project does importation and exportation of

data to php myadmin (Retrievable).

56

REFERENCES

Books:

PRESCOTT, M, & All. (May 1999). Modern Database Management: 5th edition.p.4. AddisonWesley Lonman, Inc.

RICHARD, T, &Watson. Data Management: Databases and Organization. 3’~ edition.p.25.

MILLER, T. & Schuh, J. H. (2005). Promoting reasonable expectations: Aligning student andinstitutional views of the college experience. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

R. Blair Smith, OH (June 2003). Learning HTML: l2thedition. Charles Babbage Institute,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

ROGER S. Pressman, Ph.D. (1998).Software engineering: 5th edition.

JENNIFER Niederst Robbins. (July 2000). Learning Web design: 3th edition.

ELIZABETH Naramore, Gerner, Jason. (2001). Beginning PHP5, Apache, and MySQLWebDevelopment: Yann Le Scouarnec, Jeremy Stolz and Michael K. Glass

GERAL, V, POST. (2002).Database Management Systems: 1st edition, P34. Designing andBuilding Business Applications.

Web references:

1. http://www.dbnormalization.com /database-anomalies

2. http://www.databasev.co.uk! data-redundancy.html

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki!Normal-forms

4. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Database-management-system

57

5. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-architecture

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-Network

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiJ1ntemet

8. http://www.softpanorama.org/SE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfa11_mode1

10. http://www.site.uottawa.calschoollresearchllloseng/supportMaterial/slides

edition 1/htmlSlides/Chapterl 1 /tsldOO9.html

11. http://www.softpanorama.orgISE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML

13. http://eu.wikipedia.org/wikilCascading_Sty1e_Sheets

14. http://www.php.net

15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki1Adobe_Dreamweaver

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache

19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_F1ash

20. http://www .webopedia.coml TERM/C/Computer system.html

21. http://publib.Boulder./bm.comlinfocenter/db2/MW/V8/index.jsp?

22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row

23. http://databasev.co.uk/ primary~ foreign-key-constraints.html

58

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Sample Interview Question

Sample interview questions for Paragon Hotels.

Introduction

“Our names are Tusime Robert and Yashir Adams, We are third year students at Kampala

International University and we are pursuing a Bachelors degree in Applied Science and

Information Technology. The purpose of our visit at this company is to study, investigate,

analyze and examine the performance of the service offered to customers. Thereafter design an

appropriate web based system for your company that will handle the customers’ management

problem. The desire of the company is to attain large market for their services as the company

desires to expand in the near future.

We intend to use the information for our research project which is a partial fulfilment for our

award degree in Applied Science and I infonnation technology.

59

Questions

1. What is the name of your company? _________________________________________

2. Who is the head of the company?

3. When did your company begin to operate? _______________________________

4. What type of service do you offer?

5. What is the market coverage of your services?____________________________________

6. What are the specific market places? ____________________________________________

7. What problems do you encounter in the market?_______________________________

8. How is the problem ofpoor services performance brought about?_________________

9. Do you have specific customer(s) or not?

10. Are customers aware your company services?

11. Are you interested in having a web based reservation system? No ~ Yes ~

12. Is the company ready to support the developer in implementing the prototype for the

company system? Yes LI No []13. Is the company staff ready to assist the developer to identify errors or identify

requirements when a prototype is presented for test? Yes LI No LI

60

Appendix B

Budget

ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY AMOUNT

Library and Internet 40.000/=

Transport 150.0001=

Feeding 50.000&

Typing and printing 25.000/ 1 copy 25.0001=

Report

Binding and printing 20.000/ 3 copies 60.000/=

ryping and printing report 30.000/= 4 copies 120.0001=

Binding report 10.0007= 4 copies 40.000/=

Photocopying 30.000/=

Vliscellaneous 36.0007=

TOTAL 55L000/=

61

r

Appendix C

ime Frame

Activity Months (2011) Months (2012)

October November December January May September October

Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks

Proposal

Writing

Data

Collection

Data

Analysis

Report

Writing

Report

Editing

Report

~ Submission

62