Towards a European tephrochronological framework for Termination 1 and the Early Holocene

doi 101098rsta20010964 767-802360 2002 Phil Trans R Soc Lond A

CHRIS S M TURNEYSIWAN M DAVIES NICHOLAS P BRANCH J JOHN LOWE and Holoceneframework for Termination 1 and the Early Towards a European tephrochronological

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101098rsta20010964

Towards a European tephrochronologicalframework for Termination 1 and

the Early Holocene

By Siwan M Davies Nicholas P BranchJ John Low e a n d Chris S M Turneyy

Centre for Quaternary Research Department of GeographyRoyal Holloway University of London EghamSurrey TW20 0EX UK (smdaviesrhulacuk)

Published online 19 March 2002

The record of deposition of tephras in Europe and the North Atlantic during theperiod 18580 14C ka BP (the Last Termination and Early Holocene) is reviewedAltogether 34 tephras originating from four main volcanic provinces (Iceland theEifel district the Massif Central and Italy) have been identishy ed so far in geologicalsequences spanning this time-interval Most of the records have been based untilvery recently on observations of visible layers of tephras Here we report on thepotential for extending the areas over which some of the tephras can be traced bythe search for layers of micro-tephra which are not visible to the naked eye andon the use of geochemical methods to correlate them with known tephra horizonsThis approach has greatly extended the area in Northern Europe over which theVedde Ash can be traced The same potential exists in southern Europe which isdemonstrated for the shy rst time by the discovery of a distinct layer of micro-tephraof the Neapolitan Yellow Tunot in a site in the Northern Apennines in Italy far tothe north of the occurrences of visible records of this tephra The paper closes byconsidering the potential for developing a robust European tephrostratigraphy tounderpin the chronology of records of the Last Termination and Early Holocenethereby promoting a better understanding of the nature timing and environmentalenotects of the abrupt climatic changes that characterized this period

Keywords non-visible tephra layers electron microprobeabrupt climate change Late Glacial period

1 Introduction

A series of abrupt high-amplitude climatic changes characterizes Termination 1 andthe Early Holocene (shy gure 1) especially during the transition between the last coldstage and the present interglacial usually termed the `Late Glacialrsquo (ca 1390 14C kaBP or 14790 GRIP ice-core ka BP) (due to signishy cant dinoterences in the time-scalesderived from ice-core radiocarbon and varve dating the basis of all age estimatesquoted in this paper are specishy ed thus 14C = radiocarbon years (uncalibrated)

y Present address School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology Queenrsquo s University Belfast BelfastBT7 1NN UK

Phil Trans R Soc Lond A (2002) 360 767802

767

creg 2002 The Royal Society


768 S M Davies and others

- 42 - 40 - 38 - 36 - 34

Holocene

Greenland stadial 1

Greenland interstadial 1

Greenland stadial 2

GI-1aGI-1b

GI-1c

GI-1d

GI-1e

GR

IP ic

e co

re (

year

s B

P)

18O permil (SMOW)d

11 000

12 000

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

17 000

18 000

19 000

20 000

Figure 1 The Greenland event stratigraphy scheme based on the macr 18 O record (SMOW) andstratigraphic terminology for the Last Termination and Early Holocene (after Bjorck et al 1998 Walker et al 1999)

cal = calibrated radiocarbon years GRIP ice-core yrs refers to the GRIP ss08c time-scale) (Walker 1995 Lowe et al 1999) The most pronounced features in the climaticrecords for this period are abrupt warmings at the start of Greenland Interstadial 1(the GI-1e thermal maximum) and at the onset of the Holocene and a short periodof severely cold conditions corresponding to the `Younger Dryasrsquo stadial or theGS-1 event (Greenland Stadial 1) in the proposed Greenland stratotype sequence(see Bjorck et al 1998 Walker et al 1999)

A broadly similar pattern of climatic changes has been inferred from records of theLast TerminationEarly Holocene obtained from widely scattered localities through-out the North Atlantic region and which have been derived from a wide range ofproxy data These include for example macr 18O and snow-accumulation records fromthe Greenland ice cores (Alley et al 1993 Dansgaard et al 1993) fossil beetle andchironomid assemblages from the British Isles (Atkinson et al 1987 Coope et al 1998 Lowe et al 1999 Brooks et al 1997) greyscale variations reregecting ratesof sediment accumulation in laminated deposits of the tropical Atlantic (Hughenet al 1996 1998) and macr 18O variations in Swiss German and Dutch lake sediment

Phil Trans R Soc Lond A (2002)


European tephrochronological framework for Termination 1 769

sequences (Lotter et al 1992 von Grafenstein et al 1999 Hoek amp Bohncke 2001)A question that is pivotal to understanding the climate-driving mechanisms in theNorth Atlantic region is whether the abrupt events as well as the environmentalresponses to them were synchronous within the continental marine and polar icerealms or whether there were signishy cant `leadsrsquo and `lagsrsquo between them

The Greenland ice-core records suggest that some of the climatic transitions duringthe Last Termination took place within only a few decades (Mayewski et al 1997)while the short-lived cooling events within GI-1 lasted some 100300 ice-core yr atmost Determining the precise timing and duration of equivalent events representedin the ocean and continental records is extremely dimacr cult at present because of theuncertainties associated with the dating methods employed Age estimates obtainedusing the most widely adopted method radiocarbon dating have error ranges at 1frac14that are rarely better than sect50 14C yr and which frequently exceed sect100 14C yror more Interpretations of radiocarbon ages are complicated still further by uncer-tain calibration procedures and the distorting inreguences of radiocarbon `plateauxrsquo|episodes of near-constant radiocarbon age (see Lowe amp Walker 2000) Radiocarbondates obtained from marine sequences of Last Termination age are particularly sus-pect due to the inreguences of marine reservoir errors (Sikes et al 2000 Waelbroecket al 2001) There are equally wide uncertainties associated with other methodssuch as varve counting while the ice-core records themselves in the segment ofthe records that span the Last Termination may have systematic errors exceeding200 years (Stuiver amp Grootes 2000) A further problem is that some of the climatechanges at this time may have been time-transgressive (Coope et al 1998 Witteet al 1998) signishy cantly undermining the use of conventional approaches such asclimatostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for correlating the records It is evidentthen that conventional approaches to the dating and correlation of events duringthe Last Termination are inadequate for testing the hypothesis that abrupt climaticchanges during this period were truly synchronous at the continental or global scale

The problems of dating and correlating sequences that span the Last Terminationhave been reviewed through a series of workshops organized by the INTIMATE group(INTegration of Ice core MArine and TErrestrial records of the Last Termination|a core programme of the International Quaternary Union (INQUA) Palaeocli-mate Commission (httpwwwgeoguunlfgpalaeoclimateintimate)) (Bjorck etal 2001) which has recommended a set of proposals for improved precision in thefuture (Lowe et al 2001) Central to these proposals is the application of correlationtools that can provide independent tests of the age estimates and correlations basedon radiocarbon dating varve chronology and ice-layer counting

One of the approaches recommended by the INTIMATE and COTAV (INQUACommission on Tephrochronology and Volcanism) groups is tephrochronology forthere is growing evidence to suggest that this technique has the potential to resolvesome of the pressing geochronological issues while some tephras may be detectableover much wider geographical areas than appreciated hitherto Here we examine thepotential for developing a tephrostratigraphical and tephrochronological frameworkfor Europe for the period 18580 14C ka BP (encompassing the Last Terminationand the Early Holocene) It is argued that such a scheme will provide a rigorousunderpinning structure for geochronological models for this period and hence leadto improved understanding of the mechanisms timing and environmental enotects ofabrupt climatic changes during the Last Termination




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(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Altogether 34 tephra layers have been reported from sediment sequences in Europeand the NE Atlantic region which date to the period between 185 and 80 14C ka BP(table 1) Because tephra layers are deposited virtually instantaneously (in geologicalterms) they enotectively represent time-parallel marker horizons within stratigraphicalsequences (Westgate amp Gorton 1981 Sarna-Wojcicki 2000 Turney amp Lowe 2001) Intheory therefore all 34 tephras could prove valuable for correlation purposes eitherin a local context or in those cases where the ash deposits have been widely dispersedbetween regional sequences In practice however very little is known about the fullgeographical dispersal of the majority of the ash layers listed in table 1 Furthermorecorrelation by tephrostratigraphy will only work if the various ash layers have wellcharacterized geochemical signatures While some geochemical data are available forthe majority of the tephras listed in table 1 the collective data are far from robustand no geochemical data have yet been published for some

Nonetheless there is mounting evidence to show that some of the tephra depositslisted in table 1 are not only geochemically distinct but are also much more widelydispersed across Europe than was initially realized Stratigraphic records of thebetter-known tephras were initially limited to observations of visible tephra layersThe development of a technique that enables detection of tephra layers that are invis-ible to the naked eye (micro-tephra) in Late Glacial sequences has greatly extendedthe area over which some of the ashes can be traced (Lowe amp Turney 1997 Turneyet al 1997 Turney 1998 Wastegard et al 1998 2000a b) Most of this research sofar has focused on micro-tephra layers originating from Icelandic centres distributedthroughout northern Europe Here we report on further development of this line ofresearch with new evidence for the occurrence of micro-tephra layers in a site insouthern Europe The results suggest that there is great potential for tracing someash layers that originated from Italian volcanic complexes over much larger tracts ofsouthern and central Europe than records of visible tephra deposits allow This inturn greatly enhances the scope for making precise correlations not only betweenparts of southern Europe but also between continental and marine (MediterraneanSea) sequences

2 Micro-tephra extraction techniques

Micro-tephra horizons are composed of glass shards that are generally between 80and 24 m m (long axis) in size and that are present in such low concentration insedimentary sequences that they can only be detected by the use of a particle sep-aration technique Several factors inreguence the concentration of shards such as dis-tance from the volcanic source precipitation patterns during the eruption and sub-sequent tephra dispersal and sedimentary processes within the catchment In someterrestrial sequences micro-tephra horizons with a peak concentration (peak con-centration tends to coincide with the shy rst occurrence of glass shards in a sedimentsequence which is then taken to mark the time of maximum ash deposition) as lowas 10 shards cmiexcl3 has been conshy rmed whereas other sites have recorded as muchas 8000 shards cmiexcl3 (Turney et al 1997) In complete contrast tephra horizons inthe GRIP ice core have been identishy ed based on a single glass shard only (Gronvoldet al 1995)

Enotective separation techniques for the detection and isolation of tephra particlesfrom sedimentary sequences have been developed These include ashing of organic




matter (Pilcher amp Hall 1992) digestion of biogenic and opaline silica (Rose et al 1996) the use of magnetic properties of ash layers (see for example Oldshy eld et al 1980 van den Bogaard et al 1994 Pawse et al 1998) X-ray analysis (Dugmore ampNewton 1992) and a density separation (regotation) technique (Turney 1998) Den-sity separation has proved exceedingly useful for the detection of small glass shardspresent in low concentrations in mineral-rich Late Glacial sediments This involvesthe separation and concentration of particles of predetermined specishy c gravity withthe use of a heavy liquid and subsequent identishy cation of glass shards with the useof a polarizing light microscope (for further details see Turney (1998)) This methodhas been particularly successful in the detection of tephras of rhyolitic compositionthat have a specishy c density of 2325 g cmiexcl3 (Lowe amp Turney 1997 Turney et al 1997 2001 Turney 1998 Wastegard et al 1998 2000a b) It is this technique thathas resulted in the wider recognition of micro-tephras in Europe as discussed below

3 Geochemical ` ngerprintingrsquo of tephra layers

The 34 tephras listed in table 1 have originated from four major volcanic complexesIceland the Massif Central in central France the Eifel district near Bonn and threevolcanic centres in Italy (the Campanian group Etna and the Aeolian Islands (seeshy gure 2)) An important matter to resolve is the extent to which the various magmasand ashes generated by these volcanic complexes can be geochemically shy ngerprintedThis is especially important in the case of tephras which have originated from thesame volcanic centre in which there may have been limited geochemical evolution ofmagmas over time In this section we summarize the approach generally adopted todetermine the geochemical character of visible and micro-tephras as background tothe geochemical data summarized in table 1 In the subsequent section of the paperwe review the present state of knowledge concerning all 34 tephras listed in table 1

Glass shards formed during the rapid cooling of magma are thought to have acomposition that is representative of the bulk geochemistry of the magma (Barker1983) hence widely dispersed glass particles are regarded as the most appropriateconstituents of pyroclastic material for geochemical analysis If a tephra deposit canbe shown to have a distinct geochemical signature then it can be used to correlatethe stratigraphic units in which it occurs (tephrostratigraphy) as well as to datethese units (tephrochronology) if the ages of the tephras are known (Westgate ampGorton 1981) A key element of building a tephrostratigraphical framework there-fore is to establish as rigorously as possible the geochemical composition of theindividual tephras used in its construction Robust and directly comparable geo-chemical datasets are dimacr cult to assemble for glass however because it is highlyunstable material particularly prone to sodium mobilization

The technique most widely employed to establish the geochemical signature of atephra is electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) This enables grain-discrete determi-nations of the major elements within an individual glass shard which is of particularbeneshy t in the analysis of micro-tephra layers which generally contain glass particlesin low concentration The glass surface is bombarded with an electron beam and theX-ray energy produced is unique to each element while the intensity of the signalemitted is proportional to the amount of that element in the glass shard (Hunt amp Hill1993) Measurement can be by either energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) or wave-length dispersive spectrometry (WDS) EDS has a lower precision mainly because




N

0 500 km

Confirmed records of Vedde Ash (visible occurrences)

New records of Vedde Ash from flotation method

Extended area of Vedde Ash detection (micro-tephra)

Known area of Laacher See Tephra (visible occurrences)

Confirmed records of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (visible occurrences)

New record of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff from flotation method

Known area of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff

Volcanic centres of particular relevance to this study

Other major volcanic centres in Europe

Figure 2 Location of the principal volcanic centres that were active during Termination 1 andthe Early Holocene The known distribution of the Vedde Ash (VA) Laacher See (LST) andNeapolitan Yellow Tureg (NYT) are shown

the behaviour of each element cannot be monitored independently during measure-ment and so this approach fails to detect for example any signishy cant mobilizationof sodium during the bombardment process (Hunt amp Hill 1993) Although WDSrequires a higher beam current and a longer counting time than EDS the formeronoters the distinct advantage of sequential acquisition of elemental data so that thedegree of sodium loss can be tracked The morphology of individual glass shards canalso distort EDS data a problem that is reduced when using WDS because for thisprocedure glass shards are mounted in an epoxy resin and polished to provide aregat surface for analysis Hence data should always be obtained using WDS whereverpossible

Even when WDS is used as a common tool for determining the geochemical spectraof samples aberrant results can arise that inreguence data comparisons For examplesome glass shards may contain tiny crystalline inclusions of feldspar and these shouldbe avoided when selecting surface points for analysis (Hunt amp Hill 2001) Hunt amp Hill




6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland

Veidivoumltn-Dyngjufjoumlll

Katla (basalt)

Grimsvoumltn-Kverkfjoumlll

Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0

Icelandic volcanic centres8

10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian

Figure 3 Bi-plot of SiO2 and K2 O concentrations in tephras derived from the main Europeanash provinces (modimacred after Mangerud et al 1984) The Campanian Massif Central and Etnaconcentrations are based on the data presented in table 1

(2001) have concluded that small variations in the laboratory procedures employedto determine glass chemistry can lead to misidentishy cation of sources for glass shardsand give an example of shards with a Jan Mayen provenance wrongly attributedto an Icelandic source Clearly there is a need for standardization of laboratoryprocedures and while a number of recommendations have recently been advocated(Froggatt 1992 Hunt amp Hill 1993 Hunt et al 1998) there is still some variation inlaboratory and operator practice (Hunt amp Hill 1996) Standardization is also requiredin the form in which results are presented to ensure comparability Normalizationof the data to 100 a practice employed by some researchers can obscure poorresults and hence lead to incorrect comparisons (Hunt amp Hill 1993) However othersargue that it may actually facilitate comparisons between samples by removing thedistorting enotects of the water component contained in glass shards (see for exampleFroggatt 1992) The majority of the published Italian and some of the Eifel datahave been normalized while those from other parts of Europe have not and hencedata comparisons are not always straightforward

Table 1 provides mean values and standard deviations for major oxide concentra-tions obtained from those tephras for which data are presently available The tableincludes previously unpublished WDS results for the Neapolitan Yellow Tunot (NYTdiscussed in x 4 below) and for the Mercato Tephra While individual tephra layersmay be geochemically distinct the geochemical envelopes representing the collectivedata obtained from all of the tephras assigned to each major volcanic province showsignishy cant overlaps as is illustrated in the bi-plots and ternary plots (shy gures 3 and 4)of selected oxide concentration data It is clear therefore that measurement of majoroxide concentrations does not satisfactorily discriminate between some tephras orig-inating from dinoterent volcanic centres (as noted by van den Bogaard amp Schmincke(1985) and Frezzotti amp Narcisi (1996) with respect to Eifel and Italian tephras)nor of tephras of dinoterent age originating from the same volcanic centre (Bond et




40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg

regregregregreg regregregregreg

FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F

l shyshyshyshyshy shyshyshyshyshyshy

F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F

shy ItalyMassif Central

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)

Figure 4 Plots of selected geochemical data obtained from tephras of Termination 1 age (seetable 1) (a) Bi-plot of mean SiO2 and K2 O values (b) Bi-plot of mean FeO and TiO2 values(c) Ternary plot indicating variations in the proportions of FeO CaO and K2 O (d) Ternaryplot indicating variations in the proportion of CaO Na2 O and K2 O

al 2001) Individual tephra layers are presently assigned to a particular volcanicevent on the basis of a combination of criteria usually including examination of thephysical properties (eg refractive index and surface detail of the glass shards) thestratigraphic position of the layer and independent assessment of the age of the layeras well as any geochemical data that may be available The construction of a tephro-stratigraphical scheme would clearly beneshy t from the application of a more diagnostic




geochemical tool One approach that has promise is the analysis of trace and rareearth elements using an ultraviolet laser ablation inductively coupled plasma massspectrometer (UV-LA-ICP-MS) (Pearce et al 1996 1999 Eastwood et al 1999)This approach has been applied successfully to analysis of tephras of Mid-Holoceneage but not yet to tephras that fall within the period of interest here

4 Tephra layers in Europe and the North Atlantic regiondated to between 185 and 80 14C ka

(a) Icelandic province

The Icelandic volcanic systems are divided into three main groups based on theirgeochemical characteristics tholeiitic basalts transitional alkali basalts and alkaliolivine basalts (Jakobsson 1979) Collectively magmas from the Icelandic provincespan a wide geochemical spectrum although individual volcanic centres have tightgeochemical distributions (shy gure 3) for four of the main centres Grimsvotn-Kverfjolland Veidvotn-Dyngjufoll which form part of the northern (tholeiitic) volcanic zoneand Hekla and Katla which fall within the eastern (alkali olivine basalt and transi-tional alkali basalt) volcanic zone (Haregidason et al 2000) These appear to be thekey centres for the tephras listed in table 1 that have been assigned an Icelandicorigin

One of the best-known and most widely dispersed tephra horizons in northernEurope that has an Icelandic origin is the Vedde Ash (VA) which was depositedca 103 14C ka BP (Birks et al 1996 Wastegard et al 1998) within the GS-1Younger Dryas chronozone This ash is believed to originate from the Katla complexwithin the transitional alkali basalt province (Mangerud et al 1984 Lacasse et al 1995) in the south of the island The ash has a bimodal geochemical composition (rhy-olitic and basaltic) which is thought to reregect derivation from two separate magmachambers Studies of recent volcanic events in Iceland have shown that the mostexplosive eruptions generating the largest amounts of tephra occur in this tran-sitional alkali basalt province (Haregidason et al 2000) It is also believed that thewidespread distribution of this ash was caused by the development of co-ignimbriteash plumes during an ignimbrite-forming eruption (Lacasse et al 1995)

Layers of VA that are visible to the naked eye have been found in lake sediments inwestern Norway (Mangerud et al 1984) and the Inner Hebrides Scotland (Davies etal 2001) and in marine cores throughout the NE Atlantic (see for example Kvammeet al 1989 Lacasse et al 1995) in the northern North Sea (Long amp Morton 1987)on the Iceland plateau (Ruddiman amp McIntyre 1981 Sejrup et al 1989) and on theeast Greenland continental margin (Stein et al 1996) The distribution of the VAin North Atlantic marine sequences is characterized by an arcuate lobe extendingsouthwest from the Denmark Strait and curving eastwards to mid-latitudes in theNorth Atlantic (Lacasse et al 1995) This strongly suggests deposition from raftedice which was displaced to the southwest and south in a circulating counterclockwisegyre (Ruddiman amp Glover 1972) This may well reregect Katlarsquos close proximity tothe southern coast of Iceland with the Vedde tephra being deposited on ice thatcalved directly into the North Atlantic (Haregidason et al 2000) However depositionvia the atmosphere almost certainly took place as well as is indicated by the recentdiscoveries of rhyolitic VA in micro-tephra form in several sites in Scotland (Turneyet al 1997) southern Sweden (Wastegard et al 1998 2000a) and western Russia




(Wastegard et al 2000b) A more recent discovery of a relatively high concentrationof rhyolitic VA glass shards in the northern Netherlands indicates that the ash maywell have been dispersed much further south than previously thought (S M Davies2002 unpublished work) Finally glass shards assigned to the VA have also beendiscovered in the GRIP ice core and dated to 11 980 sect 80 GRIP yr BP (Gronvold etal 1995) This discovery is extremely important for it indicates that the VA maywell provide a reliable time-parallel marker horizon between ice-core marine andterrestrial records

Two other important Icelandic ash layers the Borrobol and Saksunarvatn Tephraswere deposited near the beginning and end of the Last TerminationEarly Holoceneinterval respectively The Borrobol Tephra was discovered for the shy rst time in lakesediments in several sites in Scotland and as yet is known only in micro-tephra formIt has been dated in Scottish sites to ca 123 14C ka BP (Turney et al 1997) Whatis thought to be a contemporaneous tephra has been detected in marine sedimentson the North Icelandic shelf (Eirplusmn ksson et al 2000) This certainly has a very similargeochemical composition to those reported from Scotland but the horizon in whichit was discovered on the North Iceland plateau has been dated to 134 14C ka Theage discrepancy between the Scottish and Icelandic Borrobol Tephra layers may wellreregect the inreguence of a marine reservoir error although the possibility that severaltephras with similar geochemical composition were erupted over a period exceeding1000 yr cannot be ruled out (Larsen 2000)

The Saksunarvatn Ash appears to have been one of the largest Holocene eruptionsin Iceland It has a tholeiitic basaltic composition which is considered to indicate anorigin in the Grimsvotn or Kverfjoll complex (shy gure 3) (Mangerud et al 1986) Layersof this ash have been identishy ed in sites on the Faroe Islands (Mangerud et al 1986Dugmore amp Newton 1998 Wastegard et al 2001) the Shetland Isles (Bennet et al 1992) northern Germany (Merkt et al 1993) western Norway (micro-tephra) (Birkset al 1996) and in the GRIP (Gronvold et al 1995) and NordGRIP ice cores (S MDavies 2002 unpublished work) It has been dated to between 9060 and 8930 14C kaBP (Birks et al 1996) in Norway and to ca 10 240 sect 30 GRIP yr BP in the GRIPice core (Gronvold et al 1995) The Saksunarvatn Ash may thus provide a secondimportant widespread time-parallel marker between ice-core marine and terrestrialrecords

Other Icelandic tephras of rhyolitic amacr nity are less well known in terms of theirdistribution and geochemical variation The Hogstorpsmossen Tephra reported fromSweden (Bjorck amp Wastegard 1999) and the L3754 tephra discovered in the FaroeIslands (Dugmore amp Newton 1998) are known from single sites only and so theirpotential for tephrostratigraphy is uncertain at present Furthermore the geochem-ical spectrum of the Hogstorpsmossen Tephra is based on a small dataset with lowanalytical totals

A number of tephras of basaltic composition have originated from Iceland buttheir distributions are largely conshy ned to Iceland or to marine cores collected fromclose to the Iceland coast or in the North Atlantic These include the tephras listedas 1-THOL-1 1-THOL-2 KOL-GS-2 GS-2BAS-1 GS-2BAS-2 GS-2BAS-3 andGS-2BAS-4 in table 1 (Kvamme et al 1989 Bjorck et al 1992 Eirplusmn ksson et al 2000 Haregidason et al 2000) The shy rst two in this list are tholeiitic basaltic tephrasassociated with the VA in a complex series of tephras collectively termed NorthAtlantic Ash Zone 1 (NAAZ1) which has been detected in numerous marine cores




from the North Atlantic Initially thought to represent a single eruption analysisof high-resolution sediment sequences from Lake Torfadalsvatn in northern Iceland(Bjorck et al 1992) the Hebridean Shelf near NW Scotland (Austin amp Kroon 1996)the St Kilda Basin (Hunt et al 1995) and the open North Atlantic (Bond et al 2001)has demonstrated that NAAZ1 comprises a series of distinct ashes that probablyreregect separate eruption events 1-THOL-1 is thought to originate from Veidivotn(shy gure 3) while Grimsvotn may have been the source of 1-THOL-2 (Kvamme et al 1989)

KOL-GS-2 is also of tholeiitic basaltic composition but is thought to originatefrom the Kolbeinsey Ridge system (Eirplusmn ksson et al 2000) To date this tephra hasbeen detected in one marine core only within the same record on the North Ice-landic shelf as that from which the correlative of the Borrobol Tephra was alsoreported (Eirplusmn ksson et al 2000) GS-2BAS-1 to GS-2BAS-4 are of uncertain ori-gin but are thought to have been deposited at roughly the same time as KOL-GS-2(ca 134 14C ka BP (Haregidason et al 2000))

The limited distribution of these basaltic tephras a feature that is not unique toIcelandic basaltic material may reregect two factors the relative magnitude of the vol-canic eruptions from which they were derived and the limited aerial transportationof basaltic glass which is denser than rhyolitic material However a rather surpris-ing recent discovery is that of visible basaltic VA in a site on the Isle of Skye inthe Inner Hebrides Scotland (shy gure 5) (Davies et al 2001) All other occurrencesof VA in Scotland are exclusively of rhyolitic material and in micro-tephra formonly (Turney et al 1997 Turney 1998) Clearly basaltic tephra must have beentransported subaerially as far south as Skye and the reason why it has not beendetected at other sites in Scotland is puzzling We suspect that this partly reregectsthe laboratory methods employed to separate glass shards present in low concentra-tion within a micro-tephra layer from the host sediment The technique used is adensity-separation (regotation) procedure (Turney 1998) and as basaltic shards havea specishy c density similar to quartz one of the most abundant minerals in lake sedi-ments of Late Glacial age basaltic material is dimacr cult to detect using this methodThis hypothesis is currently under investigation and alternative detection methodsare being explored including magnetic separation (Mackie et al 2002)

Several other events listed in table 1 that are of probable Icelandic origin includetephras recorded in the GRIP ice core including visible (eg the `Black Featherrsquo)tephras as well as uncertain tephras inferred from distinct Ca peaks (S Johnsen2001 personal communication) No glass shards have yet been detected in the latterbut a volcanic origin is assumed because high Ca peaks are associated with knowntephras in other Greenland ice cores (S Johnsen 2001 personal communication)These are referred to as ùnknownrsquo in table 1 No geochemical analyses are availablefrom these horizons so their origin must remain speculative but a possible source isIceland in view of its proximity to the Greenland ice sheet and assumed atmosphericcirculation patterns

(b) Eifel province

There are two prominent tephra events dated to the Termination 1Early Holocenetime-span that originated from the Eifel province the Laacher See Tephra (LST)and the Ulmener Maar Tephra (UMT) Visible occurrences of the LST indicate that




Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)

organic lake mudsHolocene

silty clayGS-1Younger Dryas

organic lake mudsGI-1Alleroslashd

100 microm

(a)

(b)

Figure 5 (a) Photograph of the visible VA layer discovered at Loch Ashik Isle of Skye InnerHebrides Scotland (b) Light microscope photograph showing the rich content of basaltic shards(examples are indicated by the arrows) within this layer (8024 m m size fraction)

this ash was dispersed over much of central Europe (van den Bogaard amp Schmincke1985 Friedrich et al 1999 Litt amp Stebich 1999) The LST is dated by radiocarbonto ca 110 14C ka BP (van den Bogaard amp Schmincke 1985) and to 11 063sect12 14C BP(Friedrich et al 1999) by varve chronology to 1288 varve ka BP (Brauer et al 1999Litt et al 2001) and by ArAr dating to 129 ka cal BP (van den Bogaard 1995) Ithas a phonolitic composition and is thought to have originated from a plinian andphreatomagmatic eruption with the distal ash being carried in three distinct plumesone to the northeast towards Poland one to the west and the third to the southcovering the Jura Mountains and north Italy (van den Bogaard amp Schmincke 1985Juvigne et al 1995 Bossuet et al 1997) This pattern is thought to reregect altitu-dinal variations in the predominant wind direction Sedimentary sequences near thevolcanic source indicate that the LST consists of three main layers which represent




dinoterent eruption phases These are grouped together as the Laacher See TephraFormation but the three individual units can be traced within and between a seriesof depositional fans The geochemical data obtained from these three LST layersshow signishy cant variations as reregected in the ternary plots (shy gure 4)

The Early Holocene Ulmener Maar Tephra (UMT) is of rhyolitic composition andappears to be restricted to sites in Germany though this conclusion is also based onrecords of visible tephras only It is dated to ca 956 14C ka BP and to 110 varve ka(Zolitschka et al 1995 Litt et al 2001)

(c) Massif Central province

The Massif Central tephras are mainly of basaltic trachyandesitic compositionwhich is distinct from the other ash provinces (shy gures 3 and 4) and their known dis-tributions are mostly conshy ned to the Massif Central region The ages of the MassifCentral tephras are based on radiocarbon dates obtained from mire and lake sedi-ments which `bracketrsquo the tephras The La Nugsup3ere Tephra with an age of 114 14C kaBP is the oldest Massif Central tephra identishy ed so far within the time-span of inter-est (Etlicher et al 1987 Juvigne et al 1996) The two Godivelle Tephras (5 and 4)are close in age but extensive radiocarbon dating suggests distinct ages of 107and 103 14C ka BP respectively (Juvigne et al 1996) The age of the Puy de DomeTephra is less certain as the estimate is based on only one radiocarbon date froma site in the southern Chaplusmn ne des Puys (table 1) This tephra is thought to havea trachyte composition (Juvigne 1993) although no major element concentrationshave yet been published

The ChopineKilianVasset tephras are thought to be derived from three separateEarly Holocene eruptions although the stratigraphic succession is not known atpresent These trachytic tephras have been radiocarbon dated to ca 854sect150 14C kaBP but are thought to have erupted separately within ca 260 yr (Juvigne et al 1996) This series of tephras is considerably more widespread than the others fromthe region having been identishy ed as far east as the Jura Mountains (Martini amp Duret1965 Martini 1970) Some other ash falls that originated from the Chaplusmn ne des Puysappear to be of local importance only (Vernet et al 1998 Vernet amp Raynal 2001)Geochemical data are currently available for only three of the Massif Central tephrasand so far as is known no attempt has yet been made to identify these tephras inmicro-tephra form

(d ) Italian provinces

The Italian tephras from this period can be assigned to three main volcanic com-plexes the Campanian volcanic shy elds around Naples Etna on Sicily and the AeolianIslands The Campanian complex which includes the Phlegrean Fields Vesuviusand Ischia is mainly trachytic in composition with a geochemical spectrum that isquite distinct from those of the Etna complex and of the Aeolian Islands (shy gure 3)Tephras originating from one or more of these three complexes have been detectedin marine cores from the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas as well as other parts of theMediterranean Sea (Keller et al 1978 Paterne et al 1986 1988 1990 Langone etal 1996) and in lake sequences in southern Italy such as Lago Grande di Monticchio(Newton amp Dugmore 1993 Narcisi 1996 Allen et al 1999) and central Italy such asLago Albano near Rome (Calanchi et al 1996) Some work has also been conducted




in or close to the volcanic source areas in an attempt to establish the full sequenceof volcanic eruptions during the Late Quaternary (see for example Di Vito et al 1999) There are nine Italian tephras reported from marine and lake sequences thatdate from the period between 185 and 80 14C ka BP In all instances the recordsare of visible layers of tephra The ages of some of these are poorly established atpresent with conregicting data obtained from dinoterent sites The ages suggested intable 1 are those favoured in the most recent publications but these may requirere-assessment in the light of future research

The two oldest known tephras in the time-period of interest are the L9 and Green-ish Tephras both recorded as separate features within the annually laminated Lagodi Monticchio maar sequence The lowest of the two L9 is considered to be the cor-relative of the `basalrsquo plinian eruption of Vesuvius (Narcisi 1996) Age estimates ofa palaeosol that underlies the Vesuvius tephra sequence are ca 1617 14C ka BP forthis event (Delibrias et al 1979) L9 has a trachytic composition very similar to theGreenish Tephra (table 1) However L9 which is also a product of Vesuvius is foundstratigraphically below the Greenish Tephra in the Lago di Monticchio core TheGreenish Tephra is dated in the Monticchio sequence to 17 560 varve yr BP (Allenet al 1999) and has a calibrated radiocarbon age estimate of 17 830 sect 300 cal BP(Andronico et al 1995) Both tephras have a dominantly eastwards dispersal basedon the occurrences of visible layers (Santacroce 1987 Narcisi 1996) Both tephrasalso have a trachytic composition and as can be seen from table 1 the reportedgeochemical spectra are very close indeed with the standard deviations overlappingfor almost every major element This could present problems for tephrostratigra-phy where only one of the tephras is evident in a sediment sequence in particularbecause they are so close in age This is a good example of where an analysis oftrace and rare earth elements might be required to make a clear distinction betweentephras with very similar major oxide concentrations

The Y-1 Tephra also termed the Biancavilla Montalto Ignimbrite (Vezzoli 1991)is a product of Etna and has been identishy ed as a visible benmoritic tephra horizonthroughout the central Mediterranean (Paterne et al 1988) including central Italyand the Adriatic Sea (Vezzoli 1991 Narcisi 1993 Calanchi et al 1996) It has anestimated age of ca 140 14C ka BP The Unita dei Tefra Superiori tephra which hasbeen detected as far east as Lago di Monticchio in south-central Italy (Narcisi 1996)is also dated to ca 140 14C ka BP (Alessio et al 1976) but it is thought that thesource of this tephra lies in the Phlegrean Fields No geochemical data are availablefrom the presumed source region|the data reported in table 1 were obtained fromthe Lago di Monticchio record (Narcisi 1996)

The NYT which is equivalent to the C-2 tephra reported from various marinesequences has also been traced throughout central Italy and the Adriatic Sea (Pat-erne et al 1988 Calanchi et al 1996 Di Vito et al 1999) (shy gure 2) In the centralApennines region it formed the parent material for a soil that started to developat the beginning of the Holocene period (Frezzotti amp Narcisi 1996) Also originatingfrom the Campi Flegrei caldera it is dated to ca 120 14C ka BP (Di Vito et al 1999) Published geochemical data based on EDS indicate three dinoterent geochemicalpopulations varying from latite to phonotrachyte in composition (Orsi et al 1992Paterne et al 1988) (table 1) We report in x 4 of this paper on new data obtainedfrom the NYT by WDS and it is the mean of these new data that is included intable 1 Comparisons with the previously published EDS data are provided (table 1)




The new data indicate clearly that the NYT originated from the Campanian volcaniccentre

In the interval between the dispersal of the NYT (ca 120 14C ka BP) and 95 14Cka BP there appear to have been as many as 34 eruptions in the Campi Flegrei caldera(Di Vito et al 1999) Of these only one appears to have been detected widely in theregion the Pomici Principali (also termed the Agnano Formation or C-1 tephra inmarine records (Paterne et al 1988) This was the product of the highest magnitudeeruption from this epoch and is dated to between 976 sect 300 and 1032 sect 50 14C kaBP (Delibrias et al 1979 Di Vito et al 1999) or to 122 varve ka BP based on theMonticchio varve chronology (Allen et al 1999) It is trachytic in composition andappears to have had a mainly eastwards dispersal

The Mercato Tephra dated to ca 80 14C ka BP and originally analysed usingEDS has a phonolitic composition and is believed to have been generated by Vesu-vius (Paterne et al 1988) New WDS data obtained from reference samples col-lected from an exposure to the west of Naples support these conclusions (table 1 andAppendix A) The silica content of the WDS analyses are ca 3 lower than thoseobtained using EDS (table 1) which may reregect the fact that the EDS data werenormalized

The only tephra listed in table 1 that is thought to have originated from the AeolianIslands is the Pollara pumice also referred to as the E2 tephra in marine sequences(Paterne et al 1986 1988) The limited geochemical data available so far suggest itto be the only Italian tephra listed in table 1 that is rhyolitic in composition Littlemore is known about this ash which has not been recorded extensively except thatits age is estimated to be ca 130 14C ka BP (Keller 1980)

5 Extending the known distributions of European tephras

Figure 2 summarizes schematically the known distributions of three of the tephrasreferred to in the preceding section the VA the LST and the NYT Following theintroduction of a laboratory method that enables the detection of micro-tephra parti-cles in mineral-rich sediment the VA has been traced to sites that are located muchfarther south (into The Netherlands) and east (as far as St Petersburg) than thedistribution limits based on occurrences of visible layers of the ash As a result con-tinental sequences over a much larger area in northern Europe can now be correlateddirectly with marine and ice-core records using the VA as a time-parallel marker

This suggests therefore that other prominent ash layers such as the LST andNYT should also be detectable over larger tracts of Europe than is presently thecase if suitable sites are examined for the presence of micro-tephra horizons To testthis assertion we examined lake sediment deposits of Last Termination age froma site in the northern Apennines in order to establish whether the NYT could bedetected in micro-tephra form The site selected Prato Spilla `Crsquo lies well to thenorth of the localities in central and southern Italy and in the Adriatic Sea fromwhich visible records of the NYT have been reported Prato Spilla `Crsquo lies at an alti-tude of ca 1350 m in the Appennino Parmense ca 60 km south of Parma and 15 kmeast of Pontremoli The site contains a continuous sediment sequence spanning theLast Termination and most of the Holocene Detailed pollen and coleopteran strati-graphical records which have been radiocarbon dated have been published for thissite (Lowe 1992 Ponel amp Lowe 1992 Lowe amp Watson 1993)




Figure 6 Light microscope photograph of an NYT glass shard from Prato Spilla Crsquosequence assigned on geochemical grounds to the NYT

The methods adopted for sub-sampling of the Prato Spilla `Crsquo sequence for thequantishy cation of glass shard concentrations and for subsequent electron microprobeanalysis of selected glass shards followed those described elsewhere (Turney 1998)In summary contiguous samples of 1 cm stratigraphic interval were extracted fromthe sequence to establish presenceabsence of glass shards Each of the 1 cm3 blocksin which tephra particles was detected was then examined with more care andshard concentrations were quantishy ed for each sub-sample Micro-tephra particleswere detected in shy ve samples (shy gure 6) but were predominantly clustered around500 cm in the part of the sequence assigned on pollen-stratigraphic grounds to theLate Glacial Interstadial or the Àllerfrac12drsquo|indeed the part of the succession in whichthe NYT would be expected to occur Peak concentrations of micro-tephra particlesreach 225 shards cmiexcl3 and are conshy ned to a single 1 cm thick sample in the sequencewhich probably represents the time of maximum deposition of the ash

Electron microprobe measurements based on WDS were obtained from the surfacesof 21 separate glass shards extracted from the sample with peak shard concentrations(Appendix A) Since only EDS measurements were available for the NYT prior to thepresent study we also obtained WDS measurements from 17 shards extracted fromthe visible layer of NYT that is exposed on Procida Island which lies in the type-locality for the NYT close to the city of Naples (Appendix A) The results providenot only a more comprehensive geochemical dataset for the NYT than was previ-ously available but also a consistent basis for comparison with the Prato Spilla `Crsquodataset All of the WDS data reported here (Appendix A) were measured at the samelaboratory (Tephrochronology Analytical Unit University of Edinburgh) using thesame sample pretreatment and preparation protocol The WDS results for the NYTdinoter to a minor degree from the EDS results (table 1 and Appendix A) especiallywith respect to the amounts of silica aluminium and calcium measured The EDS




4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (

) Neapolitan Yellow Tuff(Procida)Neapolitan Yellow Tuff(Prato Spilla lsquoCrsquo)

0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)

Figure 7 Bi-plots of SiO2 K2 O SiO2 MgO and FeOTiO2 for the WDS analyses obtainedfrom glass shards of the NYT from Procida (Naples) and Prato Spilla Crsquo Means and standarddeviations are shown

results show a higher degree of statistical scatter than the WDS measurements whichmay reregect the fact that the data were normalized combined with the inreguence ofvariation in water content between shards

There is a very close correspondence between the WDS data for the Prato Spilla `Crsquomicro-tephra shards and those obtained from the type-material near Naples (shy g-ure 7) The geochemical data strongly suggest therefore that the NYT is representedat the Prato Spilla `Crsquo site by a discrete layer of micro-tephra particles This conclu-sion is compatible with the pollen-stratigraphic data from the site and accords withage estimates for the NYT (ca 120 14C ka BP) obtained from other sites (Paterneet al 1990)

These results encourage us to believe that many if not all of the tephras listedin table 1 will be detectable over much larger tracts of Europe than is presently thecase if appropriate research is undertaken to detect layers of micro-tephra particlesin selected sites The authors are presently engaged in a major continent-wide pro-gramme of research in collaboration with a number of European research groupsdesigned to test this hypothesis The focus in this research is on those parts of Europewhere we expect to shy nd overlapping àpronsrsquo of tephra deposition originating fromthe Italian Eifel Massif Central and Icelandic provinces For example a number ofsites in parts of southern France northern Italy and perhaps western Switzerlandmay have received inreguxes of micro-tephra originating from the Italian and Eifelprovinces and perhaps also from the Massif Central Sites in parts of Germany Den-mark and southern Sweden for example may in turn have received tephra depositsfrom both of the Icelandic and Eifel provinces If this proves to be the case then thestage will be set for the construction of a tephrostratigraphical framework for Europewhich will enable Last Termination sequences to be correlated on a continent-widebasis using micro- and visible tephra layers as time-parallel stratigraphic markersFurthermore there is also the possibility that other tephras remain to be discovered




those which either because of the magnitude or nature of some volcanic eruptionswere distributed over parts of Europe in micro-tephra form only

6 European tephrostratigraphy and the chronology of eventsduring the Last Termination and Early Holocene

One of the crucial issues in Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental research thatremains to be resolved is the degree to which climatic events inferred from oceanicterrestrial and ice-core records were synchronous during the Last Termination andEarly Holocene If the ice-core records provide realistic estimates of the rates anddurations of climatic events during this period then comparisons between individ-ual records have to be enotected with at least a decadal precision The problem thispresents and the role that tephrostratigraphy can play in resolving some of thedimacr culties involved are put into perspective in shy gure 8

Figure 8 shows some of the data used to calibrate radiocarbon dates (the LakeSuigetsu and Cariaco Basin datasets) plotted against the GRIP ss08c ice-core recordof macr 18O variations The latter has been selected by the INTIMATE group as an arbi-trary and temporary standard for this period and used to deshy ne an event stratig-raphy scheme (shy gure 1) for the Last Termination (see Bjorck et al 1998 Walker etal 2001) As has been alluded to in earlier sections of this paper the uncertaintiesassociated with all of the dating methods currently employed preclude precise com-parisons of ice-core marine and terrestrial records Oceanic and terrestrial recordsmostly rely upon radiocarbon dating locally supplemented in a few cases by varvechronology Imprecisions in radiocarbon dates can arise through site-specishy c fac-tors (eg hard-water or mineral carbon errors in freshwater sequences and reservoirerrors in marine sequences) sample selection laboratory measurements of 14C activ-ity and other factors (Lowe amp Walker 2000) Further imprecision may be introducedby the calibration of radiocarbon dates since the uncertainties in the dataset usedto calibrate pre-Holocene radiocarbon dates INTCAL98 are far higher than forthe Holocene which is based on dendro-calibration (Stuiver et al 1998) There arealso uncertainties anotecting varve chronologies while the ss08c ice-core chronologyfor the Last Termination dinoters signishy cantly from the GISP2 record and indeedfrom other models of the GRIP record (Lowe et al 2001) Published comparisonsbetween ice-core marine and terrestrial records for the Last Termination seldom takeinto account the true magnitude of the dating uncertainties involved and frequentlyemploy circular reasoning

Figure 8 shows the positions on the radiocarbon time-scale of 20 of the tephrasdiscussed earlier in this paper these being the ones for which reasonably conshy dentradiocarbon age estimates can be made (though these will be subject to revised esti-mates in the future) A high number of these occur in the period 14080 14C kaBP but we conshy dently anticipate the discovery in the future of additional tephras(perhaps in micro-tephra form only) which will date to the period 185140 14C kaBP Tephras detected in the GRIP ice core over the same time-interval are plottedon the calendar time-scale in shy gure 8 By providing key `time-linesrsquo between recordstephrostratigraphy can help to resolve some of the dating uncertainties referredto earlier by for example enabling direct comparisons of discrepant age estimatesobtained using dinoterent methods (cf Litt et al 2001) It can also provide estimatesof the magnitudes of the reservoir errors that anotected various marine sectors at dif-




-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574

radiocarbon dated European tephra horizons

Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0

GISP2 volcanicsulphate conc (ppb)

1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff

GISP2 18O (permil) dGRIP 18O (permil) d

Figure 8 For description see opposite




ferent times through a comparison of radiocarbon dates obtained from marine andterrestrial horizons in which the same tephra has been detected (see for exampleAustin et al 1995 Bondevik et al 2001 Haregidason et al 2000) Tephrostratigraphymay provide an independent test of suggestions that some of the climatic changesduring the Last Termination were time-transgressive as illustrated for some appar-ently contrasting climatic trends in Iceland Britain and NW Russia (Lowe 2001) Ofparticular importance as far as establishing `leadsrsquo and `lagsrsquo in climatic changes isconcerned are the tephra records from the Greenland ice cores The discovery of theVedde and Saksunarvatn ashes in the GRIP record (Gronvold et al 1995) alreadyprovides a basis for making direct comparisons between marine terrestrial and ice-core records It is a matter of some urgency that the incidence of tephra depositsin the Greenland ice cores be more fully explored in the hope that this will lead tothe recognition of additional time-parallel links between the ice-core records on theone hand and oceanic and terrestrial records on the other An investigation of thenew NordGRIP record for this purpose is currently in progress (S M Davies 2002unpublished data)

Finally a fuller and more reshy ned tephrostratigraphical scheme for Europe will alsohave other applications It will provide an important database for those investigatingthe timing and frequency of volcanic eruptions in Europe during the past 20 000 yror so as well as of the geochemical evolution of the dinoterent volcanic centres overthat period A fuller record of the distribution of micro-tephras may also provideinformation on atmospheric circulation patterns during the dispersal and depositionperiods as well as on the nature and altitude of the eruption columns which mayin turn provide inferences about magma viscosity

This paper is a contribution to the INTIMATE project of the INQUA Palaeoclimate Com-mission and the work is supported by a Leverhulme Trust Research project (grant allocationnumber F07537C) entitled Testing hypotheses of rapid climate change using tephrochronol-ogyrsquo SMDrsquo s contribution was completed during possession of a NERC PhD studentship(GT 0499ES162) We are extremely grateful to Dr Peter G Hill for his assistance withthe EPMA analyses at the Tephrochronology Analytical Unit University of Edinburgh We alsothank Dr G Mastrolorenzo (Vesuvius Observatory) and Miss G Swindle for assistance duringthe macreld investigations in Naples Thanks are also expressed to two anonymous reviewers forcomments on an earlier draft

Appendix A

Table 2 shows the major oxide concentrations of NYT glass shards from Procidaand Prato Spilla `Crsquo and of the Mercato Tephra from the Naples area (see x 4 forsite context) All oxides are shown as weight and total iron is expressed as FeO

Figure 8 Radiocarbon calibration curve for Termination 1 and the Early Holocene compared with theGRIP macr 18 O event stratigraphy the GRIP ss08c and GISP2 macr 18 O records (wwwngdcnoaagov) andknown tephra horizons from this period The shaded areas represent the cooler climatic episodes andare labelled with the Greenland stratotype terminology (Bjorck et al 1998) Where radiocarbon agesare reported in table 1 as a range the mean is given here Abbreviations for GRIP horizons are asfollows Un unknown (approximate positions are given (S Johnsen 2001 personal communication))SA Saksunarvatn Ash VA Vedde Ash BF Black Feather Sulphate concentrations from the GISP2record are also shown (Zielinski et al 1996) Open circles denote radiocarbon calibration data fromLake Suigetsu (Kitagawa amp van der Plicht 2000) Filled circles denote radiocarbon calibration data fromCariaco Basin assuming a marine reservoir age of 420 14 C yr (Hughen et al 1998)




Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)




Analyses were undertaken on a Cambridge Instruments Microscan V dual spectrom-eter at the Tephrochronology Analytical Unit University of Edinburgh This usedwavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV abeam current of 15 nA and a beam diameter of 1 m m A 10 s peak count per elementwas employed with sodium measured in the shy rst and last counting period to monitorany sodium mobilisation A ZAF procedure was applied to correct for counter deadtime atomic number absorption and reguorescence enotects (Sweatman amp Long 1969)Calibration was undertaken using a combinaton of standards of pure metals sili-cates and synthetic oxides and a secondary standard of andradite was also analysedto monitor any drift in the readings

References

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Bond G C Mandeville C amp Horeg man S 2001 Were rhyolitic glasses in the Vedde Ash andin the North Atlanticrsquo s Ash zone 1 produced by the same volcanic eruption Quat Sci Rev20 11891199




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Coope G R Lemdahl G Lowe J J amp Walkling A 1998 Temperature gradients in northernEurope during the last glacialHolocene transition (149 ka BP) interpreted from coleopternassemblages J Quat Sci 13 419433

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Davies S M Turney C S M amp Lowe J J 2001 Identimacrcation and signimacrcance of a visiblebasalt-rich Vedde Ash layer in a Late-glacial sequence on the Isle of Skye Inner HebridesScotland J Quat Sci 16 99104

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Hughen K A Overpeck J T Peterson L C amp Trumbore S 1996 Rapid climate changes inthe tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation Nature 380 5153

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Hunt J B amp Hill P G 1993 Tephra geochemistry a discussion of some persistent analyticalproblems Holocene 3 271278

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Juvignparae E amp Gewelt M 1987 La Narse drsquo Ampoix comme tparaephrostratotype dans la Chasup3 ne desPuys mparaeridionale (France) Bull Ass Fr Etud Quat 29 3749

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Larsen G 2000 Holocene volcanism in Iceland and tephrochronology as a tool in volcanologyIn Iceland 2000 modern processes and past environments Keele University UK




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Lowe J J amp Walker M J C 2000 Radiocarbon dating the last glacialinterglacial transition(ca 14914 C ka BP) in terrestrial and marine records the need for new quality assuranceprotocols Radiocarbon 42 5368

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Lowe J J Birks H H Brooks S J Coope G R Harkness D D Mayle F E SheldrickC Turney C S M amp Walker M J C 1999 The chronology of palaeoenvironmental changesduring the Last GlacialHolocene transition towards an event stratigraphy for the BritishIsles J Geol Soc Lond 156 397410

Lowe J J Hoek W Z amp INTIMATE group 2001 Inter-regional correlation of palaeoclimaticrecords for the Last GlacialInterglacial transition a protocol for improved precision recom-mended by the INTIMATE project group Quat Sci Rev 20 11751187

Mackie E Davies S M Turney C S M Dobbyn K Lowe J J amp Hill P 2002 The useof Magnetic Separation Techniques to detect basaltic microtephra in last glacialinterglacialtransition (LGIT 1510 ka cal BP) sediment sequences in Scotland Scot J Geol (In thepress)

Mangerud J Lie S E Furnes H Kristiansen I L amp Liquest mo L 1984 A Younger Dryas ashbed in western Norway and its possible correlation with tephra beds from the Norwegian Seaand North Atlantic Quat Res 21 85104

Mangerud J Furnes H amp Jparaohansen J 1986 A 9000 year-old ash bed on the Faroe IslandsQuat Res 26 262265

Martini J 1970 Recherche de retombparaees volcaniques dans le sud-est de la France et la Suisseoccidentale Arch Sci 23 641674

Martini J amp Duret J J 1965 Note preliminaire sur la presence drsquo un niveau de cendres vol-caniques dans des sparaediments post-glaciaires des environs de Genmicroeve Arch Sci 18 587588

Mayewski P A Meeker L D Twickler M S Whitlow S Yang Q Lyons W B amp Pren-tice M 1997 Major features and forcing of high latitudes Northern Hemisphere atmosphericcirculation using a 110 000 year long glaciochemical series J Geophys Res 102 345365

Merkt J Muller H Knabe W Muller P amp Weiser T 1993 The Early Holocene Saksunarvatntephra found in lake sediments in NW Germany Boreas 22 93100

Narcisi B 1993 Segnalazione di un livello piroclastico di provenienza etnea nellrsquo area del Fucino(Italia Centrale) Quaternario 6 8792

Narcisi B 1996 Tephrochronology of a Late Quaternary lacustrine record from the Monticchiomaar (Vulture volcano southern Italy) Quat Sci Rev 15 155165




Newton A J amp Dugmore A J 1993 Tephrochronology of Core C from Lago Grande di Mon-ticchio In Paleolimnology of European Maar Lakes (ed J F W Negendank amp B Zolitschka)Lecture Notes in Earth Science vol 49 333348 Springer

Oldmacreld F Appleby P G amp Thompson R 1980 Palaeoecological studies of lakes in theHighlands of Papua New Guinea J Ecol 68 457477

Orsi G Drsquo Antonio M de Vita S amp Gallo G 1992 The Neapolitan Yellow Tureg a large mag-nitude trachytic phreatoplinian eruption eruptive dynamics magma withdrawal and calderacollapse J Volcanol Geotherm Res 53 275287

Paterne M Guichard F Labeyrie J Gillot P Y amp Duplessy J C 1986 Tyrrhenian Seatephrochronology of the oxygen isotope record for the past 60 000 years Mar Geol 72259285

Paterne M Guichard F amp Labeyrie J 1988 Explosive activity of the south Italian volca-noes during the past 80 000 years as determined by marine tephrochronology J VolcanolGeotherm Res 34 153172

Paterne M Labeyrie J Guichard F Mazaud A amp Maitre F 1990 Fluctuations of the Cam-panian explosive volcanic activity (south Italy) during the past 190 000 years as determinedby marine tephrochronology Earth Planet Sci Lett 98 166174

Pawse A Beske-Diehl S amp Marshall S A 1998 Use of magnetic hysteresis properties andelectron spin resonance spectroscopy for the identimacrcation of volcanic ash a preliminary studyGeophys J Int 132 712720

Pearce N J G Westgate J A amp Perkins W T 1996 Developments in the analysis of singleglass shards in volcanic deposits by laser ablation ICP-MS quantitative and single internalstandard multi-element methods Quat Int 3436 213227

Pearce N J G Westgate J A Perkins W T Eastwood W J amp Shane P 1999 Theapplication of laser ablation ICP-MS to the analysis of volcanic glass shards from tephradeposits bulk glass and single shard analysis Global Planet Change 21 151171

Pilcher J R amp Hall V A 1992 Towards a tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north ofIreland Holocene 2 255259

Ponel P amp Lowe J J 1992 Coleopteran pollen and radiocarbon evidence from the Prato Spillarsquo Drsquo succession N Italy C R Acad Sci Paris Sparaer II 315 14251431

Rose N L Golding P N E amp Battarbee R W 1996 Selective concentration and enumerationof tephra shards from lake sediment cores Holocene 6 243246

Ruddiman W F amp Glover L K 1972 Vertical mixing of ice rafted volcanic ash in NorthAtlantic sediments Geol Soc Am Bull 83 28172836

Ruddiman W amp McIntyre A 1981 The North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciationPalaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 35 145214

Santacroce R 1987 Somma Vesuvius Quad Ric Sci 114 252

Sarna-Wojcicki A 2000 Tephrochronology In Quaternary geochronology methods and applica-tions (ed J S Noller J M Sowers amp W R Lettis) AGU Reference shelf vol 4 pp 357377Washington DC American Geophysical Union

Sejrup H P Sjiquest holm J Furnes H Beyer I Eide L Jansen E amp Mangerud J 1989Quaternary tephrochronology on the Iceland Plateau north of Iceland J Quat Sci 4 109114

Sikes E L Samson C R Guilderson T P amp Howard W R 2000 Old radiocarbon agesin the southwest Pacimacrc Ocean during the last glacial period and deglaciation Nature 405555558

Stein R Nam S-I Grobe H amp Hubbersten H 1996 Late Quaternary glacial history andshort term ice rafted debris deg uctuations along the East Greenland continental marine In LateQuaternary palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic margins (ed J T Andrews W E NAustin H Bergsten amp A E Jennings) pp 135151 Geological Society London SpecialPublication




Stuiver M amp Grootes P M 2000 GISP2 oxygen isotope ratios Quat Res 53 277284

Stuiver M Reimer P J Bard E Beck J W Burr G S Hughen K A Kromer BMcCormac G Van der Plicht J amp Spurk M 1998 INTCAL 98 radiocarbon age calibration24 0000 cal BP Radiocarbon 40 10411083

Sweatman T R amp Long J V P 1969 Quantitative electron microprobe analysis of rock formingminerals J Petrol 7 332379

Turney C S M 1998 Extraction of rhyolitic ash from minerogenic lake sediments J Paleolim-nol 19 199206

Turney C S M amp Lowe J J 2001 Tephrochronology In Tracking environmental changes inlake sediments physical and chemical techniques (ed W M Last amp J P Smol) DordrechtKluwer Academic

Turney C S M Harkness D D amp Lowe J J 1997 The use of microtephra horizons tocorrelate Lateglacial lake sediments successions in Scotland J Quat Sci 12 525531

Turney C S M Lowe J J Wastegordm ard S Cooper R amp Roberts S J 2001 The developmentof a tephrochronological framework for the last glacialHolocene transition in NW EuropeIn Tephras chronology archeology (ed E Juvignparae amp J-P Raynal) pp 101109 Dossiers delrsquo ArchparaeoLogis no 1 France

van den Bogaard P 1995 40 Ar39 Ar ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra(12 900 yrs BP) chronostratigraphic and petrological signimacrcance Earth Planet Sci Lett133 163174

van den Bogaard P amp Schmincke H 1985 A widespread isochronous Late Quaternary tephralayer in central and northern Europe Geol Soc Am Bull 96 15541571

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Vernet G Raynal J P Fain J Miallier D Montret M Pilleyre T amp Sanzelle S 1998Tephrostratigraphy of the last 160 ka in western Limagne (France) Quat Int 4748 139146

Vezzoli L 1991 Tephra layers in Bannock Basin (eastern Mediterranean) Mar Geol 1002134

von Grafenstein U Erlenkauser H Brauer A Jouzel J amp Johnsen S J 1999 A mid Euro-pean decadal isotope-climate record from 15 500 to 5 000 yrs BP Science 284 16541657

Waelbroeck C Duplessy J-C Michel E Labeyrie L Paillard D amp Duprat J 2001 Thetiming of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate records Nature 412 724727

Walker M J C 1995 Climatic changes in Europe during the last glacialinterglacial transitionQuat Int 28 6376

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Wastegordm ard S Bjorck S Possnert G amp Wohlfarth B 1998 Evidence for the occurrence ofVedde Ash in Sweden radiocarbon and calendar age estimates J Quat Sci 13 271274

Wastegordm ard S Turney C S M Lowe J J amp Roberts S J 2000a The Vedde Ash in NWEurope distribution and geochemistry Boreas 29 7278




Wastegordm ard S Wohlfarth B Subetto D A amp Sapelko T V 2000b Extending the knowndistribution of the Younger Dryas Vedde Ash into northwestern Russia J Quat Sci 15581586

Wastegordm ard S Bjorck S Grauert M amp Hannon G E 2001 The Mjparaauviquest tn tephra and otherHolocene tephra horizons from the Faroe Islands a link between the Icelandic source regionthe Nordic seas and the European continent Holocene 11 101109

Westgate J A amp Gorton M P 1981 Correlation techniques in tephra studies In Tephra studies(ed S Self amp R S J Sparks) pp 7394 Dordecht Reidel

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101098rsta20010964

Towards a European tephrochronologicalframework for Termination 1 and

the Early Holocene

By Siwan M Davies Nicholas P BranchJ John Low e a n d Chris S M Turneyy

Centre for Quaternary Research Department of GeographyRoyal Holloway University of London EghamSurrey TW20 0EX UK (smdaviesrhulacuk)

Published online 19 March 2002

The record of deposition of tephras in Europe and the North Atlantic during theperiod 18580 14C ka BP (the Last Termination and Early Holocene) is reviewedAltogether 34 tephras originating from four main volcanic provinces (Iceland theEifel district the Massif Central and Italy) have been identishy ed so far in geologicalsequences spanning this time-interval Most of the records have been based untilvery recently on observations of visible layers of tephras Here we report on thepotential for extending the areas over which some of the tephras can be traced bythe search for layers of micro-tephra which are not visible to the naked eye andon the use of geochemical methods to correlate them with known tephra horizonsThis approach has greatly extended the area in Northern Europe over which theVedde Ash can be traced The same potential exists in southern Europe which isdemonstrated for the shy rst time by the discovery of a distinct layer of micro-tephraof the Neapolitan Yellow Tunot in a site in the Northern Apennines in Italy far tothe north of the occurrences of visible records of this tephra The paper closes byconsidering the potential for developing a robust European tephrostratigraphy tounderpin the chronology of records of the Last Termination and Early Holocenethereby promoting a better understanding of the nature timing and environmentalenotects of the abrupt climatic changes that characterized this period

Keywords non-visible tephra layers electron microprobeabrupt climate change Late Glacial period

1 Introduction

A series of abrupt high-amplitude climatic changes characterizes Termination 1 andthe Early Holocene (shy gure 1) especially during the transition between the last coldstage and the present interglacial usually termed the `Late Glacialrsquo (ca 1390 14C kaBP or 14790 GRIP ice-core ka BP) (due to signishy cant dinoterences in the time-scalesderived from ice-core radiocarbon and varve dating the basis of all age estimatesquoted in this paper are specishy ed thus 14C = radiocarbon years (uncalibrated)

y Present address School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology Queenrsquo s University Belfast BelfastBT7 1NN UK

Phil Trans R Soc Lond A (2002) 360 767802

767

creg 2002 The Royal Society



- 42 - 40 - 38 - 36 - 34

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Greenland stadial 1


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Tab

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070

010

523

723

192

867

419

831

977

736

326

9

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

5(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Laach

er11

000

sect50

39

578

4

228

515

604

5

03

2113

553

7

100

ED

SL

aach

erS

ee1820

See

(E)

11

063

sect12

(06

9)

(0

26

)(0

07)

(00

5)

(0

03

)(0

75

)(0

33)

29

595

501

0214

818

200

700

210

485

969

9

100

ED

S(0

70)

(00

7)

(02

8)

(01

4)

(00

8)

(00

5)

(01

3)

(09

7)

(04

2)

27

604

801

8210

019

200

200

614

174

272

1

100

ED

S(0

55)

(00

7)

(01

7)

(02

3)

(00

5)

(00

9)

(02

7)

(06

4)

(04

7)

30

598

604

3201

823

300

102

018

071

578

0

100

ED

S

(07

7)

(02

3)

(04

6)

(03

3)

(00

4)

(02

5)

(06

1)

(08

)(0

46)

un

kn

own

12

820

sect60

(C

ap

eak)

(16684

m)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































- 42 - 40 - 38 - 36 - 34

Holocene

Greenland stadial 1


Greenland stadial 2

GI-1aGI-1b

GI-1c

GI-1d

GI-1e

GR

IP ic

e co

re (

year

s B

P)

18O permil (SMOW)d

11 000

12 000

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

17 000

18 000

19 000

20 000














Tab

le1

Tep

hra

hori

zon

sof

Ter

min

ati

on

1an

dE

arl

yH

olo

cen

eage

repo

rted

from

site

sin

Euro

pe

(Mea

nm

ajo

rox

ide

con

centr

ati

on

valu

esas

wei

gh

t

an

dst

an

dard

dev

iati

on

s(s

how

nin

pare

nth

eses

)are

show

nfo

rea

chte

ph

rafo

rw

hic

hd

ata

are

avail

ab

le

Wh

ere

ther

eare

no

data

avail

ab

le

this

isin

dic

ate

dby

an

ast

eris

k

Tota

lir

on

isex

pre

ssed

as

FeO

R

ad

ioca

rbon

ages

va

rve

ages

an

dic

e-co

reages

(exp

ress

edB

Pre

lati

ve

to1950)

of

each

tep

hra

are

giv

enw

her

ekn

own

T

he

ap

pro

xim

ate

posi

tion

sof

the

un

kn

own

Ca

pea

ks

inth

eG

RIP

ice

core

are

incl

ud

ed(S

Joh

nse

n2001

per

son

al

com

mu

nic

ati

on

)T

he

sou

rce

of

the

St

2-1

85

B

lack

Fea

ther

tep

hra

K

OL

-GS

-2

GS

-2B

AS

1-4

an

dL

3574

are

not

kn

ow

n

Ab

bre

via

tion

sare

as

foll

ows

n

nu

mb

erof

an

aly

ses

(wh

ere

avail

ab

le)

use

dto

der

ive

the

mea

nd

ata

show

n

EP

MA

el

ectr

on

pro

be

mic

ro-a

naly

sis

WD

S

wav

elen

gth

dis

per

sive

spec

trom

etry

E

DS

en

ergy

dis

per

sive

spec

trom

etry

IC

Ic

elan

d

E

Eif

el

MC

M

ass

ifC

entr

al

IT

Italy

T

he

varv

eage

for

the

Mer

cato

(V-1

)(I

T)rsquo

row

is9680

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

un

kn

own

9500

sect30

(C

ap

eak)

(14656

m)

Mer

cato

8000

sect50

36

572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

0963

8W

DS

Ves

uv

ius

1

(V-1

)(I

T)

(02

6)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

0)

(03

9)

(01

1)

(02

5)

608

101

4201

717

2

02

515

280

264

6

100

ED

S2

10

621

401

8216

318

902

100

215

255

766

501

8100

ED

S35

(05

8)

(01

1)

(05

0)

(01

6)

(01

2)

(00

4)

(01

6)

(06

1)

(02

8)

(01

4)

Ch

op

ine

8540

sect150

C

hain

e6

Kil

ian

d

esP

uy

s

Vass

et(M

C)

Sak

sun

arv

atn

89309060

10

240

sect30

20

497

328

1125

7134

302

156

1102

226

504

2

976

4W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

7

(IC

)(1

5286

m)

(06

8)

(02

3)

(04

7)

(04

9)

(00

6)

(07

9)

(05

3)

(02

3)

(00

8)

(0

99)

Kver

kfj

oll

Hogst

orp

s-ca

9000

2681

501

115

914

900

500

706

130

435

8

886

6W

DS

Sn

frac12fe

ll-

8

moss

en(I

C)

(22

0)

(00

1)

(02

3)

(00

9)

(00

6)

(00

3)

(00

4)

(04

2)

(00

0)

(2

90)

sjok

ull

L3574

(IC

)ca

9000

8662

06

5145

859

501

908

234

141

20

2

979

1W

DS

910

000

(47

5)

(06

3)

(11

7)

(28

6)

(00

9)

(10

0)

(13

8)

(01

9)

(03

7)

(1

46)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

ages

for

the

Ulm

ener

Maar

(E)rsquo

row

an

dth

eP

om

ici

Pri

nci

pali

(IT

)rsquoro

ware

11

000

an

d12

180

yea

rs

resp

ecti

vel

y)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ic

hori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-1

9200

7493

612

2144

7101

001

987

1136

819

701

1

998

1W

DS

Vei

div

otn

10

11

(IC

)(0

45

)(0

08

)(0

15)

(01

)(0

08

)(0

25)

(02

7)

(01

4)

(00

6)

Ulm

ener

956

0

12

Maar

(E)

Pu

yd

e97

90

sect1

75

P

uy

de

6

13

Dom

eD

om

e

(MC

)

Pom

ici

976

0sect

300

605

205

1179

539

0

09

432

033

286

7100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

2

4

Pri

nci

pali

10

32

0sect

50

Fie

lds

14

15

(IT

)

God

ivel

le1

030

010

557

516

2204

553

2

18

261

445

243

3

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

4(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Ved

de

10

31

0sect

50

11

98

0sect

60

11

704

602

9129

536

301

702

013

846

433

4

970

6W

DS

Katl

a7

Ash

(IC

)(1

63

95

5m

)(0

92

)(0

03

)(0

22)

(02

9)

(00

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(04

0)

(01

1)

(1

22

)

20

464

845

1125

8145

502

049

896

230

307

4

967

0W

DS

Katl

a17

(01

8)

(01

1)

(01

5)

(01

7)

(00

2)

(00

7)

(01

9)

(00

6)

(00

4)

(0

42

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

age

for

the

Laach

erS

ee(E

)rsquoro

wis

12

880

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-2

10

70

0

13

470

727

7152

9132

002

364

7110

928

104

6

994

0W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

10

11

(IC

)1

080

0(0

95)

(03

)(0

38

)(0

5)

(00

6)

(08

6)

(07

4)

(02

6)

(00

6)

un

kn

own

12

385

sect6

0

(Ca

pea

k)

(16

530

m)

God

ivel

leca

1

070

010

523

723

192

867

419

831

977

736

326

9

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

5(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Laach

er11

000

sect50

39

578

4

228

515

604

5

03

2113

553

7

100

ED

SL

aach

erS

ee1820

See

(E)

11

063

sect12

(06

9)

(0

26

)(0

07)

(00

5)

(0

03

)(0

75

)(0

33)

29

595

501

0214

818

200

700

210

485

969

9

100

ED

S(0

70)

(00

7)

(02

8)

(01

4)

(00

8)

(00

5)

(01

3)

(09

7)

(04

2)

27

604

801

8210

019

200

200

614

174

272

1

100

ED

S(0

55)

(00

7)

(01

7)

(02

3)

(00

5)

(00

9)

(02

7)

(06

4)

(04

7)

30

598

604

3201

823

300

102

018

071

578

0

100

ED

S

(07

7)

(02

3)

(04

6)

(03

3)

(00

4)

(02

5)

(06

1)

(08

)(0

46)

un

kn

own

12

820

sect60

(C

ap

eak)

(16684

m)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References






















































































































































Tab

le1

Tep

hra

hori

zon

sof

Ter

min

ati

on

1an

dE

arl

yH

olo

cen

eage

repo

rted

from

site

sin

Euro

pe

(Mea

nm

ajo

rox

ide

con

centr

ati

on

valu

esas

wei

gh

t

an

dst

an

dard

dev

iati

on

s(s

how

nin

pare

nth

eses

)are

show

nfo

rea

chte

ph

rafo

rw

hic

hd

ata

are

avail

ab

le

Wh

ere

ther

eare

no

data

avail

ab

le

this

isin

dic

ate

dby

an

ast

eris

k

Tota

lir

on

isex

pre

ssed

as

FeO

R

ad

ioca

rbon

ages

va

rve

ages

an

dic

e-co

reages

(exp

ress

edB

Pre

lati

ve

to1950)

of

each

tep

hra

are

giv

enw

her

ekn

own

T

he

ap

pro

xim

ate

posi

tion

sof

the

un

kn

own

Ca

pea

ks

inth

eG

RIP

ice

core

are

incl

ud

ed(S

Joh

nse

n2001

per

son

al

com

mu

nic

ati

on

)T

he

sou

rce

of

the

St

2-1

85

B

lack

Fea

ther

tep

hra

K

OL

-GS

-2

GS

-2B

AS

1-4

an

dL

3574

are

not

kn

ow

n

Ab

bre

via

tion

sare

as

foll

ows

n

nu

mb

erof

an

aly

ses

(wh

ere

avail

ab

le)

use

dto

der

ive

the

mea

nd

ata

show

n

EP

MA

el

ectr

on

pro

be

mic

ro-a

naly

sis

WD

S

wav

elen

gth

dis

per

sive

spec

trom

etry

E

DS

en

ergy

dis

per

sive

spec

trom

etry

IC

Ic

elan

d

E

Eif

el

MC

M

ass

ifC

entr

al

IT

Italy

T

he

varv

eage

for

the

Mer

cato

(V-1

)(I

T)rsquo

row

is9680

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

un

kn

own

9500

sect30

(C

ap

eak)

(14656

m)

Mer

cato

8000

sect50

36

572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

0963

8W

DS

Ves

uv

ius

1

(V-1

)(I

T)

(02

6)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

0)

(03

9)

(01

1)

(02

5)

608

101

4201

717

2

02

515

280

264

6

100

ED

S2

10

621

401

8216

318

902

100

215

255

766

501

8100

ED

S35

(05

8)

(01

1)

(05

0)

(01

6)

(01

2)

(00

4)

(01

6)

(06

1)

(02

8)

(01

4)

Ch

op

ine

8540

sect150

C

hain

e6

Kil

ian

d

esP

uy

s

Vass

et(M

C)

Sak

sun

arv

atn

89309060

10

240

sect30

20

497

328

1125

7134

302

156

1102

226

504

2

976

4W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

7

(IC

)(1

5286

m)

(06

8)

(02

3)

(04

7)

(04

9)

(00

6)

(07

9)

(05

3)

(02

3)

(00

8)

(0

99)

Kver

kfj

oll

Hogst

orp

s-ca

9000

2681

501

115

914

900

500

706

130

435

8

886

6W

DS

Sn

frac12fe

ll-

8

moss

en(I

C)

(22

0)

(00

1)

(02

3)

(00

9)

(00

6)

(00

3)

(00

4)

(04

2)

(00

0)

(2

90)

sjok

ull

L3574

(IC

)ca

9000

8662

06

5145

859

501

908

234

141

20

2

979

1W

DS

910

000

(47

5)

(06

3)

(11

7)

(28

6)

(00

9)

(10

0)

(13

8)

(01

9)

(03

7)

(1

46)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

ages

for

the

Ulm

ener

Maar

(E)rsquo

row

an

dth

eP

om

ici

Pri

nci

pali

(IT

)rsquoro

ware

11

000

an

d12

180

yea

rs

resp

ecti

vel

y)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ic

hori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-1

9200

7493

612

2144

7101

001

987

1136

819

701

1

998

1W

DS

Vei

div

otn

10

11

(IC

)(0

45

)(0

08

)(0

15)

(01

)(0

08

)(0

25)

(02

7)

(01

4)

(00

6)

Ulm

ener

956

0

12

Maar

(E)

Pu

yd

e97

90

sect1

75

P

uy

de

6

13

Dom

eD

om

e

(MC

)

Pom

ici

976

0sect

300

605

205

1179

539

0

09

432

033

286

7100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

2

4

Pri

nci

pali

10

32

0sect

50

Fie

lds

14

15

(IT

)

God

ivel

le1

030

010

557

516

2204

553

2

18

261

445

243

3

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

4(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Ved

de

10

31

0sect

50

11

98

0sect

60

11

704

602

9129

536

301

702

013

846

433

4

970

6W

DS

Katl

a7

Ash

(IC

)(1

63

95

5m

)(0

92

)(0

03

)(0

22)

(02

9)

(00

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(04

0)

(01

1)

(1

22

)

20

464

845

1125

8145

502

049

896

230

307

4

967

0W

DS

Katl

a17

(01

8)

(01

1)

(01

5)

(01

7)

(00

2)

(00

7)

(01

9)

(00

6)

(00

4)

(0

42

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

age

for

the

Laach

erS

ee(E

)rsquoro

wis

12

880

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-2

10

70

0

13

470

727

7152

9132

002

364

7110

928

104

6

994

0W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

10

11

(IC

)1

080

0(0

95)

(03

)(0

38

)(0

5)

(00

6)

(08

6)

(07

4)

(02

6)

(00

6)

un

kn

own

12

385

sect6

0

(Ca

pea

k)

(16

530

m)

God

ivel

leca

1

070

010

523

723

192

867

419

831

977

736

326

9

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

5(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Laach

er11

000

sect50

39

578

4

228

515

604

5

03

2113

553

7

100

ED

SL

aach

erS

ee1820

See

(E)

11

063

sect12

(06

9)

(0

26

)(0

07)

(00

5)

(0

03

)(0

75

)(0

33)

29

595

501

0214

818

200

700

210

485

969

9

100

ED

S(0

70)

(00

7)

(02

8)

(01

4)

(00

8)

(00

5)

(01

3)

(09

7)

(04

2)

27

604

801

8210

019

200

200

614

174

272

1

100

ED

S(0

55)

(00

7)

(01

7)

(02

3)

(00

5)

(00

9)

(02

7)

(06

4)

(04

7)

30

598

604

3201

823

300

102

018

071

578

0

100

ED

S

(07

7)

(02

3)

(04

6)

(03

3)

(00

4)

(02

5)

(06

1)

(08

)(0

46)

un

kn

own

12

820

sect60

(C

ap

eak)

(16684

m)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

ages

for

the

Ulm

ener

Maar

(E)rsquo

row

an

dth

eP

om

ici

Pri

nci

pali

(IT

)rsquoro

ware

11

000

an

d12

180

yea

rs

resp

ecti

vel

y)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ic

hori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-1

9200

7493

612

2144

7101

001

987

1136

819

701

1

998

1W

DS

Vei

div

otn

10

11

(IC

)(0

45

)(0

08

)(0

15)

(01

)(0

08

)(0

25)

(02

7)

(01

4)

(00

6)

Ulm

ener

956

0

12

Maar

(E)

Pu

yd

e97

90

sect1

75

P

uy

de

6

13

Dom

eD

om

e

(MC

)

Pom

ici

976

0sect

300

605

205

1179

539

0

09

432

033

286

7100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

2

4

Pri

nci

pali

10

32

0sect

50

Fie

lds

14

15

(IT

)

God

ivel

le1

030

010

557

516

2204

553

2

18

261

445

243

3

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

4(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Ved

de

10

31

0sect

50

11

98

0sect

60

11

704

602

9129

536

301

702

013

846

433

4

970

6W

DS

Katl

a7

Ash

(IC

)(1

63

95

5m

)(0

92

)(0

03

)(0

22)

(02

9)

(00

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(04

0)

(01

1)

(1

22

)

20

464

845

1125

8145

502

049

896

230

307

4

967

0W

DS

Katl

a17

(01

8)

(01

1)

(01

5)

(01

7)

(00

2)

(00

7)

(01

9)

(00

6)

(00

4)

(0

42

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

age

for

the

Laach

erS

ee(E

)rsquoro

wis

12

880

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-2

10

70

0

13

470

727

7152

9132

002

364

7110

928

104

6

994

0W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

10

11

(IC

)1

080

0(0

95)

(03

)(0

38

)(0

5)

(00

6)

(08

6)

(07

4)

(02

6)

(00

6)

un

kn

own

12

385

sect6

0

(Ca

pea

k)

(16

530

m)

God

ivel

leca

1

070

010

523

723

192

867

419

831

977

736

326

9

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

5(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Laach

er11

000

sect50

39

578

4

228

515

604

5

03

2113

553

7

100

ED

SL

aach

erS

ee1820

See

(E)

11

063

sect12

(06

9)

(0

26

)(0

07)

(00

5)

(0

03

)(0

75

)(0

33)

29

595

501

0214

818

200

700

210

485

969

9

100

ED

S(0

70)

(00

7)

(02

8)

(01

4)

(00

8)

(00

5)

(01

3)

(09

7)

(04

2)

27

604

801

8210

019

200

200

614

174

272

1

100

ED

S(0

55)

(00

7)

(01

7)

(02

3)

(00

5)

(00

9)

(02

7)

(06

4)

(04

7)

30

598

604

3201

823

300

102

018

071

578

0

100

ED

S

(07

7)

(02

3)

(04

6)

(03

3)

(00

4)

(02

5)

(06

1)

(08

)(0

46)

un

kn

own

12

820

sect60

(C

ap

eak)

(16684

m)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

eva

rve

age

for

the

Laach

erS

ee(E

)rsquoro

wis

12

880

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

IT

HO

L-2

10

70

0

13

470

727

7152

9132

002

364

7110

928

104

6

994

0W

DS

Gri

msv

otn

10

11

(IC

)1

080

0(0

95)

(03

)(0

38

)(0

5)

(00

6)

(08

6)

(07

4)

(02

6)

(00

6)

un

kn

own

12

385

sect6

0

(Ca

pea

k)

(16

530

m)

God

ivel

leca

1

070

010

523

723

192

867

419

831

977

736

326

9

999

5W

DS

Lac

Ch

au

vet

6

16

5(M

C)

Lac

drsquoe

nH

au

tP

uy

de

Tart

are

tL

ac

de

laF

age

Laach

er11

000

sect50

39

578

4

228

515

604

5

03

2113

553

7

100

ED

SL

aach

erS

ee1820

See

(E)

11

063

sect12

(06

9)

(0

26

)(0

07)

(00

5)

(0

03

)(0

75

)(0

33)

29

595

501

0214

818

200

700

210

485

969

9

100

ED

S(0

70)

(00

7)

(02

8)

(01

4)

(00

8)

(00

5)

(01

3)

(09

7)

(04

2)

27

604

801

8210

019

200

200

614

174

272

1

100

ED

S(0

55)

(00

7)

(01

7)

(02

3)

(00

5)

(00

9)

(02

7)

(06

4)

(04

7)

30

598

604

3201

823

300

102

018

071

578

0

100

ED

S

(07

7)

(02

3)

(04

6)

(03

3)

(00

4)

(02

5)

(06

1)

(08

)(0

46)

un

kn

own

12

820

sect60

(C

ap

eak)

(16684

m)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le1

(Con

t)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

La

Nu

gmicroere

ca11

400

12

549

922

9160

470

002

324

454

744

538

972

4W

DS

La

Nu

gmicroere

6

21

(MC

)

Nea

poli

tan

ca12

000

17

588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9

962

8W

DS

Cam

pi

1Y

ello

w(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(0

78)

Fle

gre

i

Tu

reg(I

T)

568

106

0194

448

7

17

451

938

75

5

100

ED

S

596

804

9192

940

3

06

435

034

588

9

100

ED

S2

14

619

403

1196

329

9

02

019

943

485

7

100

ED

S

Borr

ob

ol

ca12

300

18

733

601

1122

914

700

601

207

635

837

6

955

1W

DS

Hek

la22

(IC

)(0

35)

(00

2)

(01

8)

(00

9)

(00

2)

(00

2)

(00

3)

(01

4)

(00

9)

(0

47)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(Ca

pea

k)

(17458

m)

un

kn

ow

n14

650

sect200

(C

ap

eak)

(17506

m)

E-2

P

oll

ara

ca13

000

766

302

7138

810

8

01

015

025

239

7

100

ED

SA

eoli

an

2

23

24

pu

mic

e(I

T)

Isla

nd

s

KO

L-G

S-2

13

400

18

490

910

6148

8100

702

184

9126

521

400

902

8989

6W

DS

25

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-113

400

3497

417

0132

7124

402

266

6118

124

802

103

4988

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le1

(Con

t)

(Th

evarv

eage

for

the

Gre

enis

h(I

T)rsquo

row

is17

560

yea

rs)

GR

IPage

tep

hra

age

(ss0

8c

volc

an

ich

ori

zon

(14C

yrs

)ti

me-

scale

)n

SiO

2T

iO2

Al 2

O3

FeO

Mn

OM

gO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

P2O

5to

tal

EP

MA

sou

rce

ref

GS

-2B

AS

-213

400

6497

933

2122

4147

902

445

389

829

905

205

4979

4W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-313

400

2538

529

9125

7131

203

132

174

729

507

707

7980

1W

DS

26

(IC

)

GS

-2B

AS

-414

000

7503

617

4145

1113

202

155

3100

528

010

5

975

7W

DS

26

(IC

)

Un

ita

dei

ca14

000

5648

804

7184

625

901

602

217

432

679

302

8100

ED

SP

hle

gre

an

3

27

Tef

ra(0

53

)(0

13

)(0

25)

(07

4)

(01

4)

(01

6)

(01

6)

(03

4)

(06

6)

(01

6)

Fie

lds

Su

per

iori

(IT

)

Y-1

(IT

)ca

14

000

16

600

413

7169

555

502

218

242

262

229

306

8100

ED

SE

tna

28

Bla

ck17

000

sect300

Fea

ther

(17890

m)

Gre

enis

hca

15

000

9618

704

190

731

601

804

328

531

586

202

6100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

4

(IT

)(0

70

)(0

08

)(0

45)

(06

8)

(01

0)

(01

0)

(05

9)

(05

3)

(05

8)

(01

6)

29

L9

(IT

)ca

16

000

15

626

704

4188

630

401

103

329

429

683

402

7100

ED

SV

esu

viu

s3

15

17

000

(14

2)

(01

4)

(07

2)

(11

1)

(00

9)

(02

4)

(06

6)

(04

8)

(06

5)

(01

8)

St

2-1

85

18

500

7504

015

1145

5112

002

466

9114

525

206

6

992

2W

DS

26

(IC

)

Ref

eren

ces

1

this

stu

dy

2

Pate

rne

etal

(1988)

3

Narc

isi

(1996)

4

All

enet

al

(1999)

5

An

dro

nic

oet

al

(1995)

6

Ju

vig

nparae

et

al

(1996)

7

Bir

ks

et

al

(1996)

8

Bjo

rck

ampW

ast

egordma

rd(1

999)

9

Du

gm

ore

ampN

ewto

n(1

998)

10

Bjo

rck

et

al

(1992)

11

Kva

mm

eet

al

(1989)

12

Zoli

tsch

ka

etal

(1995)

13

Ju

vig

nparae

ampG

ewel

t(1

987)

14

Di

Vit

oet

al

(1999)

15

Del

ibri

as

etal

(1979)

16

Ju

vig

nparae

etal

(1987)

17

Dav

ies

et

al

(2001)

18

van

den

Bogaard

ampS

chm

inck

e(1

985)

19

Fri

edri

chet

al

(1999)

20

Bra

uer

eta

l(1

999)

21

Etl

ich

eret

al

(1987)

22

Tu

rney

etal

(1997)

23

Pate

rne

et

al

(1986)

24

Kel

ler

(1980)

25

Eir

parasup3kss

on

etal

(2000)

26

Hadeg

idaso

net

al

(2000)

27

Ale

ssio

etal

(1976)

28

Vez

zoli

(1991)

29

San

tacr

oce

(1987)




















N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References































































































































































N

0 500 km
















6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































6

4

2

40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

Laacher See

Iceland


Katla (basalt)


Hekla

Katla (rhyolitic)

0


10

Massif Central

Etna

Campanian







40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































40 50 60 70 80

K2O

(

)

SiO2 ()

shyshyshyshy

shy

shyshy

shyshyshy

shy

shy

shy

shy

reg

reg regreg


FF

F

ll

l

l

4 8 12 16

reg

regreg

regreg

regregreg

regreg

regregreg

shy

F


F

F

l

ll

FeO ()

TiO

2 (

)

reg

l

Iceland

Eifel

F


100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

CaO

FeO

K2O

regregreg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

reg

regregreg

shyF

F

F

regreg

l

lllshy

shyshyshy

shyshyshy

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

regreg

reg

reg

regreg

l

l

ll

shy

shyshy

shyshy

shy

shyshy

FF

F

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

20

100 80 60 40 20

K2ONa2O

CaO

(c) (d)

(a)

(b)



























(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References




































































































































































(b) Eifel province





Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Vedde Ash

615 625 635 645 655depth (cm)




100 microm

(a)

(b)







































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References
















































































































































































4 8FeO ()

TiO

2 (


0

1

2

3

40 50 60 70

MgO

(

)

SiO2 ()

K2O

(

)

40 50 60 70

0

04

08

4

8

12

SiO2 ()

(a)(b)

(c)
















-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References























































































































































-44

-40

-36

-32

cale

ndar

yea

rs B

P

8000

9000

10 0

00

11 0

00

12 0

00

13 0

00

14 0

00

15 0

00

16 0

00

17 0

00

18 0

00

14C age (BP)

VA

SA

Un

Un

Un

Un

Un

BF

Hol

ocen

eG

S-1

GI-

1aG

I-1b

GI-

1cG

I-1d

GI-

1eG

S-2

aG

S-2

bG

S-

2c

Bor

robo

l

La

Nug

egravere

Laa

cher

See

God

ivel

le 5

amp I

-TH

OL

-2

Puy

de D

ocircme

I-T

HO

L-1

Saks

unar

vatn

Houmlg

stor

psm

osse

nU

lmen

er M

aar

amp L

3574


Cho

pine

Kili

an V

asse

tM

erca

to

God

ivel

le 4

Pom

ici P

rinc

ipal

i amp V

edde

Polla

ra p

umic

eK

OL

-GS-

2 amp

GS

-2B

AS-

12

3

GS

-2B

AS-

4 U

nita

dei

Tef

raSu

peri

ori amp

laye

r Y

-1

Gre

enis

h

L9

20 0

0018

000

16 0

0014

000

12 0

0010

000

-44

-40

-36

-32

800

600

400

200 0


1000

Nea

polit

an Y

ello

w T

uff









Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References


















































































































































Appendix A






Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le2

Majo

roxi

de

con

cen

trati

on

sof

NY

Tgl

ass

shard

sfr

om

Pro

cida

an

dP

rato

Spil

laC

rsquoan

dof

the

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

from

the

Naple

sare

a(s

eex4

for

site

con

text

)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

roci

da)

1584

204

0177

634

201

106

828

635

197

5969

1W

DS

2598

603

9178

027

101

204

924

244

583

4965

8W

DS

3586

604

5173

631

100

805

924

342

183

0951

9W

DS

4583

903

9177

933

000

906

924

540

486

9958

3W

DS

5605

106

8179

126

901

204

923

243

086

1976

4W

DS

6591

704

5177

332

801

006

425

740

887

8968

0W

DS

7581

804

1178

031

501

107

125

640

086

9956

1W

DS

8589

504

2179

533

701

506

926

740

987

5970

4W

DS

9592

003

9178

135

101

007

026

443

585

7972

7W

DS

10

591

404

2174

631

601

105

723

442

482

6957

0W

DS

11

593

403

6177

131

301

506

726

439

188

5967

6W

DS

12

588

103

8176

128

100

505

525

141

583

4952

1W

DS

13

577

003

8176

533

500

807

228

140

384

8952

0W

DS

14

586

004

7179

735

300

706

827

842

984

6968

5W

DS

15

588

104

2180

629

400

505

924

937

993

0964

5W

DS

16

579

603

9178

536

501

308

228

836

087

1959

9W

DS

17

580

103

9177

631

500

907

327

039

488

9956

6W

DS

mea

n588

104

2177

631

901

006

525

940

686

9962

8

sd

(0

71)

(00

7)

(01

8)

(02

8)

(00

3)

(00

9)

(01

8)

(02

5)

(03

8)

(07

8)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Nea

poli

tan

Yel

low

Tu

reg(P

rato

Spil

laC

rsquo)

1552

105

4177

247

401

914

38

735

578

9951

1W

DS

2557

305

7179

845

701

512

640

136

581

5960

6W

DS

3595

004

4173

724

302

003

117

652

877

8950

7W

DS

4575

704

2179

433

001

406

627

043

083

6953

7W

DS

5599

904

0178

826

401

304

421

841

688

4966

5W

DS

6591

103

8177

826

601

105

022

443

888

8960

2W

DS

7565

304

5180

939

501

410

532

535

791

8962

1W

DS

8597

606

9180

826

501

604

821

546

684

6970

7W

DS

9571

805

6179

939

801

109

932

240

883

6964

7W

DS

10

588

603

7176

527

601

104

721

042

487

7953

3W

DS

11

559

404

9180

544

501

812

339

435

878

6957

2W

DS

12

594

704

0181

328

301

705

522

144

785

6967

9W

DS

13

611

103

7187

016

900

802

419

938

195

9975

8W

DS

14

599

204

4181

128

601

404

620

844

986

6971

6W

DS

15

601

204

4177

328

302

004

722

446

385

5972

1W

DS

16

595

104

5176

428

801

504

722

744

884

3962

8W

DS

17

603

704

1177

825

101

503

520

348

181

2965

3W

DS

18

558

704

5179

647

401

813

139

836

879

0960

7W

DS

19

589

602

8178

830

901

606

622

436

091

8960

5W

DS

20

553

606

3178

647

401

913

840

136

978

0956

6W

DS

21

579

004

0175

739

000

708

328

338

286

7959

9W

DS

mea

n582

804

6179

033

401

507

427

341

484

8962

1

sd

(1

87)

(01

0)

(02

7)

(09

2)

(00

4)

(03

9)

(08

0)

(04

9)

(05

0)

(07

0)




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)

1575

202

7194

219

701

101

016

374

766

9951

8W

DS

2575

802

9194

523

902

201

520

273

564

5959

0W

DS

3574

301

4205

219

101

100

416

481

266

1965

2W

DS

4575

500

7206

018

002

000

415

181

669

3968

6W

DS

5580

000

9208

018

601

300

515

883

367

1975

5W

DS

6571

001

0206

016

101

600

515

078

967

1957

2W

DS

7577

501

1201

117

101

500

620

675

655

4950

5W

DS

8573

700

9212

717

101

900

815

187

564

2973

9W

DS

9580

301

3208

715

801

400

824

81

754

1968

1W

DS

10

574

400

6211

18

402

00

516

480

567

8971

6W

DS

11

577

200

7214

212

501

200

829

879

247

962

6W

DS

12

572

200

9211

217

301

501

15

980

465

9966

3W

DS

13

571

800

7210

417

402

201

16

184

467

2971

2W

DS

14

567

300

9208

916

901

400

917

383

262

5959

3W

DS

15

568

600

8205

918

202

101

414

682

666

6960

8W

DS

16

572

501

1211

318

202

01

215

884

364

5970

9W

DS

17

572

901

2212

916

502

101

215

883

667

2973

4W

DS

18

573

01

4211

716

301

801

416

83

365

5970

4W

DS

19

569

201

1207

418

602

101

414

982

964

961

6W

DS




Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References















































































































































Tab

le2

(Con

t)

nS

iO2

TiO

2A

l 2O

3F

eOM

nO

MgO

CaO

Na

2O

K2O

tota

lE

PM

A

Mer

cato

Tep

hra

(Naple

s)(c

on

t)

20

567

600

9211

417

01

501

14

780

562

1956

7W

DS

21

573

801

4210

516

501

900

814

184

968

1972

WD

S

22

576

100

7208

814

501

200

921

79

856

5959

5W

DS

23

568

200

6209

916

801

800

915

784

664

8963

3W

DS

24

568

501

2204

817

01

901

215

286

466

5962

7W

DS

25

563

400

8208

016

201

500

614

386

862

0953

6W

DS

26

576

500

9208

716

801

700

718

282

462

6968

5W

DS

27

567

501

0211

217

401

800

713

189

265

4967

3W

DS

28

565

301

3209

817

102

000

816

484

565

1962

3W

DS

29

564

501

1207

716

801

900

515

787

764

9960

8W

DS

30

566

401

0204

517

001

801

014

582

664

1952

9W

DS

31

581

700

7210

015

201

900

517

885

460

1973

3W

DS

32

573

200

8203

517

801

600

914

585

165

0962

4W

DS

33

568

001

0208

217

202

000

714

588

061

4961

0W

DS

34

570

100

6210

216

401

600

715

388

165

7968

7W

DS

35

573

201

0209

916

801

601

013

289

964

2970

8W

DS

36

576

201

5207

816

201

900

717

384

460

9966

9W

DS

mea

n572

801

2206

817

501

700

816

682

564

963

8

sd

(0

26)

(00

3)

(04

2)

(01

3)

(00

1)

(00

2)

(01

)(0

39)

(01

1)

(02

5)





References
















































































































































References














































































































































Towards a European tephrochronological framework for Termination 1 and the Early Holocene

Documents

Transcript of Towards a European tephrochronological framework for Termination 1 and the Early Holocene