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i)f lllg cvsl]1-zlncl the connection berween agency and historical proces.s-remains largelyundevcloped rerritory within archaeology.

Recentll', in Ilcck er al. (2007), we suggested the evenrfirl sociology proposed byWilliam Sewcll (2005) as a fl'amework for arch:reological analysis. Scwcll bri,.,g, t*., irnpor-tant filrnlulations t. thc ncltion of the eve nt: first, a spccific construcriorr .f's1,cial struc-turc that gives marerial eviclence an equal fboring rvith ic{ca.s; ancl sec,oncl, iclcnti6catiorrof the cvcrrr with episoclcs tlrar rcsult in a significanr reorclerins of socill srnrcturcs. Ir isSewcll'.s grotrrlclilrg of social sfructures and social translirrnrrrtior.r in thc r'ateri.l rhat nrakcsit anrorablc ro rhc architecrurrrl rccorcl-

Scrvcll positiol)s thc conccpt of social stnlcfrlrc :rt thc corc his rhcory .F the cvent.scwcllls Pcfsl)cctive can bc rracecl to Anth.rry (]iclclcnsls O97g,l9fl4) thc.ry.f srr.crura-tioll rttlcl his ernrPhasis olr thc cltr:rl ancl pl.cessual lrarurc of social srnlcrllrc.'l'his drralitv irrstnlcturc is rcctrrsivcly collstitlltccl throtrgh r.ules ancl rcsorlrcres. Iror. ( litlrlcns, ,...r,r..r .1.,tlot clctr.te acttral things or peoplc, btrt insrcacl thc capecitv r. colrrnrand rcal tl-rirrgs a.clPcoplc"l'hrts' strttcttlrc is conrpr.iscrl of virtual rulcs ancl rcsorrrces rhat are c..ctccl i' socialpracticc rlrrcl has tro cnclrtl-ittg rrraterirtl aspcct. Ir.rstcacl, it clcrivcs its continrrirv throug6 tlrcol)crrttiorr ol.tntrltrorv arrcl l<ttowlcclgc ((iiclclclrs 1()84:377). So,vcll bclicvcs rhlrr this concen-ti.ll .1'soci:tl strLlcttlrc is ltr.blcnratic: If-rtrles uncl resorrrccs arc b.tlr vir.ru,rl, h,w c,rn strLr..-tttt'i:s [rc sitrrttlt:tttcott.sly cottstitrrtcc] of nrlcs ancl rcsourccs? Ancl r,r,har clistinguis6es.6c 6rrrrrthc otlrcr? lrrstclcl, Sovcll rcfirrrnulrrres Giclclens'.s rlrraliq, of srnrcrrrrc as irrtcrplav bctwccrrtttctttal scltctnes rtrrtl tllrltcrial resourcrcrs. Sewcll's schcnras, lil<c ( iiclcle rrs'.s rrrlcs, rrrc virttrrrlIttlcl cltlt be alllllictl irr a br.acl rartgc tf sirtrati()ns. H.wevcr, rcso.rccs ure uctual lurcl, irr anyitlstartce of'soci:tl rrcti()n, rtrc fixccl to spccificirics of tinrc rrncl placc (Scwcll 2(X)5:13.1). Scwcllrcfairrs thc rccursivc tlrr:rliry of (liclclcns's rhcory ofr strucrrrrrrfion srrggesting thet it is tlrcIlltttttal inrPlicatiorl of virtrral schcntus ar-rd actual rcsorrrccs t[rat constitutc s.cial st*lct'rcs.St|ttctttrcs arc rts rllttch a procluct of soci:rl [)racrice as rhcy arc rhings thrrt {cfipc practiccs.

Scwcll c.rrsitlcr.s flvc tltralitics .f s'cial srnlcrures tlrar incvira[rly lcacl t., ,rr,,.t,,r.lclt:trlgc: (l) st|uctrrrcs arc r.rrultiplc and (2) intersectinq; (.1) schcrnas arc rra6sp()slrirlc; rrncl(/+) r.es<rtr|ccs crlr-ry nttrltiplc social nrcanings, arrcl (5) rrrc unprcclictablc (Scwcll 2005:140-Jzl i)' l\t rtttv givct-t lt)olnellt' s.cial age.ts cl):tct a rrrtrltiplicity.f stnrcturcs an,.l thcsc stlrc-tttrcs itttt'rscct altcl tlvcrlap. In frtct, it is thc rnatcliality olr rcsourccs which pr1lvicle prtrclr.1- tllc cotrtirlirity t. s.ci:rl practicc. H.wcver, rhc intcrsection <lf stllctgrcs irrplics that esPccific res()tlrcc rtrav bc s<tcirrlly constitrrtccl through rnrrltiplc schenrrrs,r.dit-ftr.cnr soci.lrlgcrlts clcPcrrclirlg oll tller strttcturcs that hc or she cnacrs irr a particul:lr c()l)tcxr. Whilc theviabilit.t' of Prtrticttlrtr structrlres is linrirccl by the abiliry of agc.ts r. rcliaLrly e.acr rhcr..rtllc Iutrltiplicity of ptltential strurcturcs rcsists thc stasis of social ilrstitrrti.rs.ss.ciatccj withstrttctrtralist apProachcs. 'l'his rtrtrltiplicity of srrucrrrr('s is jrrxt:rp.sccl with thc unprcclicr-abilitv of tllc rtl,ttcrial worlcl: a bacl harvesr, a lrrrc spring, en o.1cls-clcfying vicrory ar w1rr, il'epiclcnric, or rr rlynastic Iinc that fails to procluce an heir.

It is withill rhis fbl'rrtLrl:rri.n .f st,cial strucrure thet So,vcll sirrrares rhc cvcnr. Followingthc learl ol-Marshall Srhlins (c.g., lgilI, 19g5, 199I, I995), he disrinsuisl.res the evenr as"sctlrtcnccs of occttrrcttcers that result in transformations of strrrcrurcs" (Seu,ell 2005:227)fi'.rrl h:rppc,ings, wl.rich sirnplv rcpr.cirrcc existing s.ci:ll srrucrurcs wirh.ut signilicant

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\\'hv Servell, events, and archaeology? I think the answer to this is remarkably simple.

First, if u,e take the idea of the event seriously-and I thinkwe must if we take the idea ofaqr,'no'seriousiy-then events are an inevitable and necessary aspect of social reproductionand transformation. Simply put, they are part of the archaeological record w.: are attemptingto understand. Sewell lays out a conception of the event that potentially is amenable to an

archaeological or material context and presents a fhirly comprehensive program of the event

and its relation to historicrl process. And, most importantly, I think it is possiblc, using

his framework, to :rvoid limiting an cventful analysis to nroments of historically recorcled

events. Many of the contributors to this volunre look beyond Sewell and clevelop other, and

important, ways of thinking about sociai ancl transformativc events in the :rrchaeologic:rl

record.

Hrsronrcar EveNrs Vnnsus EvnNtpur- AncuaEor-ocv

Whilc Sewell's approach was clcvcloSrccl cxplicitly to aclclrcss thc stoch:rstic ancl tcrnporally

short unfolcling of historical events, this volurne clistinguishcs between arr archaeokrgy ol-

evcnt\-the sPccific translbrrnativc historical nlonrents-and an cventfirl approach to the

archacologic,rl record. Scwcll (2005:124) points to this clistinction in his own cliscussion

of stnrctrrrc rs 1l noun that always inrplies the transitive vcrb of stnrcturinu. Sornething

structurcs somcthing else, therefore strllctures are inhcrcntly relational. I woulcl suggcst a

sirnilar cliffercrrcer bctween tlre evcnt ancl an cventful analysis. ['.vents always occur in thcplrst tcnsc ancl urc an artifnct of a historical analysis; wc clraw the boundarics of what con-

stitutcs an evcnt versus whrrt clocs not (this is not to s:ly that thc clistirrctior.r is urrrenl orarbitrary). Altcrnativcly, an cventFul perspective is primarily conccrnecl with the clynarnics

of social rcproclucrion encl changc rathcr than thc identification of trar.rsfirrr.r.rativc cvcnts inthc :rrcfracological recorcl.

'l-hc spatial scelc, tcmporality, ancl durability of an cvent are dctcrrninccl by ouranalytical scol-rc. Marriages, births, and deaths are all cvcntfirl occrrrrcnccs for incliviclu-els (b1'Scwell's standarcls es momcnts that cntail significant rearrangenrents o1-schcrnas/

lcsources). Ilrom thc perspective of affected inclividuals, horrscholcls, or ()ther localiz.ed

social ir.rstitutions thesc occllrrcnccs nray indecd be events resrrlting in firnclamental rcor-ganiz.ations of sociirl practices and expefience. From a broader perspectivc thesc occur-rcnces Ir):ly sinrplv represent the temporal exprcssion of highly clurablc, social srructures

ancl prrrctices: inclividurl fransforrnations that rcprocluce encluring social pattenrs. Scwcll

rcscrvcs the tcrm euant for major structural transformatior.rs but this is an arl>itrirry clis-

tinction, onc based in thc "wholc socict1,":rs thc historical subject. Sewell's clistinctior.r,

arbitrary as it may bc, has thc value of not ovcrly clilutillg thc signiGcance of a social cvcnttrut thcrc is t.to reason that an cvcntfill pcrspective cannot be cxtcncled to thcse localized

transfb rrnatio n s.

I thinl< that we must unclerstand these ongoing processes of social rcprodtrction as

eventful in order to fully grasp thc nature of the significant altcrations in thcse practices

that constitute an "evcnt."'l'his is especially important in thc archaeological context where

we ofien extrapolate frorl a relatively small number of examples to society in general. It is

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analysis-aud the possible chasing of chimera (Grattan this volurne). At any rare, the cara-

loguing of historical events is a hollow exercise as an end in or of itself.

An eventful analysis must deal with other temporalities as sudden or radical social

transformations can only be identified and understood within the broader conrexr of social

tra.iectories and continuities. So, while an event may characteriz.e a particular temporalityof social change, an eventful analysis lnust corrprise multiple temporal scalcs. Social trans-formatiot.ts are nevcr monolithic, exccpting the exceedingly rare circumsrances in whichparticular cultures disappear, uttcrly collapse, or are somchow complctcly subsurned withinother social traditions. In :rlmost all cases of eventful changc clnly some subset of social

lrracticcs and instituti t'tns (structures) will completely disappcar, only some rruly novel srruc-turcs will:rppear.'l'he efl-ects clf structural rupturc:rnd novel rearticulati<ln may ccrtainlycascaclc through many social dornains ar-rd practices colorir.rg strllctrlrcs with tlre:rflccts ofthc cvcnt but thcsc I<ir.rds of changes may be part of other tcmproralities and mocles of social

translirrnration as well.'lb idcntify and rrnderstar.rcl evcntful transformation.s onc nrusr also

iclentify and understarrcl continuities. As Revell points or.lt (this volume), "['l']he challcngctfrcn trccotncs that rather than a rctllrn to singlc r-rarr:rtivc of cvents with unilornl outconres,we neecl to lllow filr a morc complcx interwcaving of event ancl change." l'his incluclcsrccclgnition that thc saliencc of past cvcnts is determined in large parr by our analytical andintcrpl'ctativc fircus. l)artictrlar momcnts ir.r history rnay bc more or less cventfil dcpencl-ing on our cnrphasis on, for example, political, religious, or gcndcr-orientcd analyscs and

Iren'etivcs.-l'he

tcnclency to scparatc history into cvcnts ancl process is pcrhaprs n.risplaced, as

wc alwrrys dr,rw thc tcmporal and social subfective boundarics of the evcnt in an arbitrarylnrlnlrer onc aspect of socicty may incleed cxpcricnce rulptures that colrstiture an cvcntfulcpisocle but this does nclt mcan that all of society is evcntfirl in that nlomenr. While irt firstglance this appears to unclcrmine the significance of the evcnt ancl an evenrful perspccrive Ilrelicvc that this actually stren!]thcns it: the wholc point oFthe evcnr is ro scpdr:lre arralyti-crtllv thc cotrc:ltcnation of charrging structures ltron'r a singular social srructr-rrc or historicalsu [r jcct, lroth syrrch ron i cally anc] cliach ron ical ly.

AN EvnNrpul ANALysrs AS A RnranroNel ANALysts

'l'he tctrtporirl rcsolution oltthe evcnt crcatcs an inhcrent problenr in rrrchacolog;ical contexts.

Whilc thc alchacokrgical recorcl is ripc with thc occurrenccs of'a r{ay or an isolated momenr it isncarly illpossible, in any archaeological context, historical or prchistolical, to order rhese occur-

rr:trccs it.tto the sccltcntial resolution that Sewell (l99(r) employs in his anllysis of thc, taking ofthc llastille or the events that Sahlins (1981) describes around Oaptain Qrok's rransfrrrmarionin the Hewai'ian islar.rcis.

-fhe cluestior.r of thc temporal resolution of the cvcnt is :r very real one

in the archaeological record. Whittle et al. (this volume) expkrre the potcntial of aclvanccs inladiocarbor.r d:rtabases ar.rd statistical proccssing to llilrrow archaeological time frames, but weare still ir longway from the short-term temporalities of the traditional historical event.

Archaeology is Lrnlikely to ever attain the temporal resolution recluired ro expose rhe

unfolding sequences of actions that make up an event. 'I-his is irnplicit in the nature of

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tirne as abstract axes upon which social phenomena (material and virtual) are mapped and

clustcred (categorized in temporal-spatial assemblages) ((iiddens 1984). Materiality is notrnerely the fbrm of an object or idea, it is constitutive of it. l'his is a serious problem for any

archaeologically or materially oriented analysis oFhistory :rnd leads to the question of what

a material or archaeological perspective on thc event really looks lil<e.

Followir-rg Soia (1989) and others, an cventfi.ll perspective can foreFront the degrce

to which the rnaterial constrair.rs thc virtual. -I'hc flxcd spatial and ternpora.l matcriality ofobjects, social agents, ancl soci:rl interaction (place) in firct providcs both context ancl con-

straints on social practice and translirrmation without relying on notions of superstructure

(icleologry) or arr overly cosnitivc notion of crrlttrre to maintain social stnrcturcs :rncl practices.'fhe spatial-rnaterial context of social practicc greatly recluccs thc rarrgc o| practical options

fbr socirrl agents. Aldrecl and l.ucas (this volume) in their analysis of rnedieval lcelandic land-

sc,apes call attention to this continucd rnatcrial rcsilience of prrst practices, ancl rhcir role inshapi ne lirttrrc practiccs.

Shifiing thc focus frorn tl.rc matcrial forming thc backgrouncl firr eventfill lrction tothc material constitutingi cventful action hi.s significarrt ir.nplicrrtions firr thc tcrnporality

of cvcnts thcrnsclvcs. lf wc trrkc the rnatcrialitv of cvcntfirl transfirrnrrttions seriously we

must also questiolr the clesignntiorr of thcsc narrow teml'rrlral pcriocls with thc clonrain ofthe cvent. ln his anrrlysis o1-tlre tal<ins of the Basrillc, Scwcll (1996) inrPlics:r r.rumber ofstructrlral luptrlres ancl re:irticulations of schenlt ancl resourcc that occur in thc short rlays

spanning the pr:riocl bctween the otrtbrelk ol-violcncc ancl its politicel resolution.'lb what

clcgrec are thcsc ncw rclations of idcirs and things rcrrl at rhe end of'this sccluetrce of cvcnts?'l'hc rcshuflling of ideas is Huid ancl repicl but *rey can jrrst as rapidly lall rrpart.'l'hc fr-ag-

ilc politicrrl rcsolution of thc l]:rstille coLrld easily havc bcerr rcversecl or r-cpressecl itr conrir.rg

wccks or ycars rlenroting the significancc of that cvcnt in historical nrcnrory rrncl corrscrlrrence.'lb tlrc cicgrce that an event rcsults in a translirrnrrtrion of structures it n'rust bc rcaliz.ccl in new

plrttcnrs of- prircticc (ncw structurcs, inclucling the nrltcrial aspects of thcser structurcs) rrncl

not simply in thc inrplication of thcse stnrctures. ()nc of the bcnclits of Scwcll's conception

of a dual virtuel-actual social structure is that it rclievcs mcrrory arrtl habit fi'orn shouldcring

thc btrrclcn of culturrrl rcprocluction through a sharccl rcliancc ou thc spatial rrncl rr.ratelial.'l'hc transfirrmatioll of-structurcs becomes rcal as ir rcsults in ncw articrrlations of nratcrial

ancl spatial practicc, not sirnply new ways of rhinking. ()ne cotrsecluence firr thc cvcrrt is that

whilc thc nlptrlres ancl rcartictrlarior-rs that chrrrrrctcriz-c:ur cvent rniry occrlr ovcr l re'lativcly

slrcrrt tinrc periocl (traditional Annales l'histoire hty'rtementiel/e) tfrcy are not:rctual Llntil thcsc

new ideas have bccor.nc marrifcst in social pfactice, inclucling the creatiotr and allocation ofexisting or new actual resources. New ways of doing things requirc tinrc ancl space to comc

into being. -l'he

consequeuces of new potential strLlctLires become urore real as they permeate

thc world and nrore and more aspects of soci:rl production bccon.rc ticd to tl.rem.

(lavin Lucas (2008) has recently highlighted thc issue of thc rcversilriliry of an

archaeological event as a signi{icant cluality affecting its rcpresentation ir-r the archaeological

rccord. \7ith some caveats, I thinl< that we can provisit'rnally apply this tcst to the signifi-

cancc of events in history. Those that result in embeddecl structures are lcss reversible. lnothcr words, events are transformative only to the extcnt that they restrlt in real char-rges in

s.lollu.[.'l1c'rrrr:u-rat1y']^uouturgtlur lDfr.rotsrq u.A\o Jn()-to tuort).ro1 eLIt ur slu)^) pelrJrlrrr,,{lprr.rorsrq err:1d or irrrapuar p ello-turJ.r pur:3urp-rore-l r{lio,\\ -ro tlrerlps pulro} s^uplJOrslr.

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12 INrnclouct-toN

cliscussion (this volume) of Amazons reveals how the appearance of timelessness in historical

narrative subverts the eventfulness of the Amazotrian phenomenon.

Allison (this volume) explores perhaps the most iconic of archaeological events, the

clcstruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in nrr 79. She

cenrcnds that the dramatic nature of their destruction and preservation l.ras tended to

obsclrc the contingcnr, parricular, and eventful histories ofthese places as they have instead

becn reconsrructed as generic examples of "Roman life." Does the archaeological focus on

the rnornenr of I'ompeii's destruction, so catastrophically cvcrttful filr the residents oFthc

lost citics, mask the conrinuitics in thc broadcr region? Similarly, Grattan (this volume)

fircqses attcrltion on the spuriorrs association lretween n:rtural disastcrs, catastrophcs, ancl

social trarrsformariorr. Whilc we should not ignorc thc potential irrprtcts of euvironmcntal

changc-cspccially in our colrtemporary world-or tratural dislster irs:r social stress or

clltlrlysr fbr changc-evelrts should not be rcdtrccd to the envirottnrr:nt or extcrnal fbrc,es.

(lrrrrurr righrly caurions against looking to the cnvirtltrnrental record f<lr corrclations with

social pl-rcnonlenll as a sollrce of cxplarla.titln or caus:rlity.

TrrE QunsrIoN oF DrprsnrNc HrsroRrcar'feupoLRLITIESTunoucnour HuMAN HtsronY

Many r.noclern sc,holars have suggcsted that therc is solncthitrg tttticluc ilt the rnoclertl worlcl

rhrrt nrrrl<cs it cliflerent frorn past or contcnlpor:rry non-Wcstern s<tcierties. At the heart o1'

tlris cliflcre nce is some spccific $Testern social institution (e.g., capitalisrtt, world syste rns, the

nltiolr-stiltc) which is seen as so dceply ingrainecl throughout thc spectrttrn oltsocill strttc-

rlrcs that ir altcrs the way that modcrn socicry firnctions in ways that lttlrl{e it iltconrp:rrablc

r() orhcr societies (c.g., (iiclciens 1984; l)olanyi 1957; Waller-stcin 1974).'['his notion of a

rrnicllclv nroclern social world:rnd historical operatiorr is firtrnd itt ntatry of tlte rrinctccnth-

ccnrury socill l.ristorics rhar lay at thc fbunciatior.r oItwentieth-cel]ttlry sociology and social

history.'lir what clcgree arc thesc sentimcnts crnpirical (all oFthcsc sclrolrrrs r:rthcr cxplicitlv

clerrv any rcal knowlcdge of the premodern worlcl, so tlpou what comParative brrsis do thcv

nral<c this clairn)?

[]or Mrrrx and L,ngels (1998), the capritalisr worlcl is not just cliffcrcnt in terms of

srrll(.rurcs but in tcrnrs of historic:rl operation: changc is neccssary, coltstlltlt, ancl fastcr

than in othcr soci:rl mocles. It is:r less ccrtain world <lf constattt disrtrption, of strttctural

ilstabiliw (hcrc t11 slppofr rhc undcrlying supcrstructure of capitalisn-r although in their

rclcology capitalisnr is ultinr:rtcly unstable as well). States ntly evett orchestrate disruptivc

cvents to aclvrtnce political clr economic agcndas (Klein 2007).'l-hc starc ,r1d thc burcaucratic technologies of centralization, ir.rtegration, attd com-

r.r'rurricrrrion that extcncl the spatial (and therefbre societal) rcirch of cvents havc implications

firr rrn archrrcology of the evcnt ill premodcrtr (or non-state) scttings. Events arc situatecl ir.r

space and inhercnrly havc sites of localized action. 1-hc clegree ancl extent to which these

locaiizccl occurrences impact social structurcs has a grear deal to do with sociai integra-

tion.'I'he srlrrc-or ar-ry polirically integrativc instittrtion-has the ca;lacity to translate local

occllrrellces into social events that have eflects far beyond the locality in which they unfuld.

'uoPrro'l'utIJr Lu:)r!\i's l tt/f u vfl1tro| ul u01iltrutlu0:) rllil ').trtt.)11.t1\^ '|t011rv :[to)t/.1. lpt.lo,l u7 slu)fqo.,t([ lutlu).') 6L6 I v 'surp]r:

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14 INTRODUCTIoN

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(ircer Fiiie' War.f lB43 ro 1845 bctwcerr the Kingdotns o1'llett errci l{ewrr. ln Olio itt

gccanitt:'littuarrl a Historiral Arttltropolrryl, editecl by Alctta Ilicrsacli, pp. .37 100' Srnithsonien

Instittttiorr l'rcss, tiflashi ngton, [ )(i-

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