ED 132 859

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PUB DATECONTRACTNOTEAVAILABLE FROM

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ABSTRACT

DOCUMENT RESURE

FL 008 261

McAlpin, David W.A Core Vocabulary for Tamil. Final Report.Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Inst. of South AsiaRegional Studies.Bureau of Postsecondary Education (DHEW/OE),Washington, D.C. Div. of International Education.Nov 76300=75-0314146p.South Asia Regional Studies, 820 Williams Hall CU,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 19174 .

MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage.Diacritical Marking; Dialects; Diglossia; DravidianLanguages; *Glossaries; Instructional Materials;*Language Instruction; Language Variation;Pronunciation; Second Language Learning; Semantics;*Standard Spoken Usage; *Tamil; Uncommonly TaughtLanguages; *Vocabulary; Word Frequency; Word Lists;*Written Language

This vocabulary list is directed towards the Tamilinstructor and the advanced student. Its primary goal is to bringsome order to the teaching of vocabulary in the first two years ofTamil instruction. A secondary goal is to help the student throughthe vocabulary maze of Tamil diglossia. Three main criteria wereemployed in selecting words for the list: high frequency, usage, andsemantic adequacy. The list is primarily in Modern Literary Tamil(MLT) and is glossed in both Colloquial Tamil (CT) and in English.High Literary Tamil (HLT) words have been entered in brackets afteror ander the main MLT entry as a third variant. As the normal scriptused for MLT is in many ways ambiguous for colloquial pronunciation,a system of diacritics has been added to make the pronunciationclear. Appendix 1 groups the words by Semantics and usage and allowsfor access to the list through CT or English. Appendix II gives thefew words which have a high frequency in LT but were not included inthe main list because of a more common synonym. (Author/AM)

* Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished *

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every. effort ** to obtain the best copy availableNevertheless, items of marginal *

reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality ** of the microfiche and hardcopy'reproductions ERIC makes available ** via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not ** responsible for the quality of the-original document. Reproductions ** supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made frOm the original. ************************************************************************

1

IITLE VI, NDEA, SEC. 602Contfact No. 300-75-0314

C:r

CO

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHEDUCATION & WELFARENC, TIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

TTTIS DOENNIENT NAt FIF EN LEPRO-DUCED EXAC TL Y AS RECEIVED FRomTHE PERSON OP ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POiNT OE VIEW OR OPINIONSSTA 1 FO DO NOT NECEV,APILY REPRE-SENT OFFICIAL NA TIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUEATION POSITION OR 001 IC r

Final ReportUSOE Contract 300-75-0314

A CORE VOCABULARY FOR TAMIL

BY

DAVID W. McALPIN

Department of South Asia Regional StudiesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19174

Novembe , 1976

Copies available from:

South Asia Regional Studies820 Williams Hall CUUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19174

Research and production costs were supported by a contract with theUnited States Office of Education (No. 300-75-0314). This supportis gratefully acknowledged. Materials in the Listfor Modern Tamil used with the author's permission.

This volume is dedicated to R. Shanmugam whose innovative andfundamental work of many years made this project possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction viiiUse of Vocabulary List ix

Conventions for Writing Colloquial TamilSources Used xiiAbbreviations and Symbols xiii

ALPHABETICAL LISTING 1-68

APPENDIX T. Words Grouped by Topic, Use, and Semantics 69Section One Function Words

A. Pronouns and Deictics 691. Personal and Resumptive Pronouns 692, Deictic and Interrogative Pronouns 693. Other Deictics 70Postpositions 721. Postpositions with Simplex Nouns 72

a. With Nominative 72b. With Accusative 72C. With Dative 72d. With Oblique 73e. With Dative or Oblique 73

2. Postpositions with Verbal Forms 74a. With Participles 74b. With Participial 74c. Postpositions and Clitics with

conditionalsC. Clitics

Sentence Markers1. Conjunctions2. Interjections, Address Forms, and Tag Markers

E. Verbs with Special UsesI. Impersonal Verbs2. Grammatical Verbs

F. Modifiers1. Adjectives2, Adverbs3. Colors4. Other Qualities

C. Quantifiers1. Numerical

a. Natural Numbersb. Other

2. Nonnumerical3. Related WordsTime1. Time Units2. Related Words

iv

75

75

76

7676

77

77

78797980

81

81

82828283

84

85

85

86

I. Location and Shape 87

1. General Location, Directions 87

2. Other Locatives 88

3. Place Names 88

4. Form and Shape 89

Section Two Soc-aty and the Social SciencesJ. Government, Administration, and Politics

1. Administration2. Government

a. Politics, Ruleb. Land ( Administrationc. Ward. Law

3. Related WordsK. Economics

1. Business and Finance2. Money and Salaries3. Related Words

L. Religion, Rites and FestivalsM. People and Society

1. People2. Family and Kin3. Roles and Occupations4. Related Words

90

90

90

9091

92

929393

9395

95

96

97

97

97

98

99

Section Three Biology and the WorldN. Animals and Plants 101

1. Animals 101

2. Plants 102

3. Animal and Plant Parts 102

4. Related Words 103

O. Land 103

1. Agriculture 103

2. Geography 104

3. Weather 104

P. Food 106

1. Foods 106

2. Utensils, etc. 107

3. Related Words 108

Q. Anatomy and Health 109

1. Body Parts 109

2. Health and Medicine 110

3. Related Words 111

Section Four ThingsR. Artifacts 112

1. Tools, Machines, and Miscellaneous Artifacts 1122. Transportation and Travel 1143. Dress, Clothing, and Ornament 114

S. Materials and Construction 1161. Materials and Substances 1162. Buildings 1173. Parts of Buildings 1174. Related Words 118

Section Five Humanities and SciencesT. Learning and the Arts 119

1. Education 1192. Literature and Writing 1203. Philosophy 1204. Arts and Sports 1215. Related Words 121

U. Mind and Behavior 1221. Emotions 1222. Mind 1233. Perceptions, Feelings, and Behavior 123

V. Physical Sciences 1251. Physics 1252. Measurement 1253. Movement, Verbs of Motion 126

W. Basic Abstract Nouns 127X. Basic Verbs 128

APPENDIX IT High Frequency High Literary Words not Includedin thc Coro Vocabulary

vi

131

PREFACE

A work of this nature obviously depends upon the previous workof numerous scholars and language teachers. Of particular importanceis-the work of R. Shanmugam of Madurai University and his A WordFrequency List for Modern Tamil. Without his major work, thisproject could not have been undertaken. I am grateful for his kindpermission for me to make a partial hand copy of his manuscript andto make use of this material in this vocabulary list. In a realsence this volume is directly derivative from his monumental work.

Among the people who worked on this project, special mentionmust be made of William Webster who was both the research assistantand the Tamil scribe. His patient, methodical collecting ofdisparate data is greatly appreciated as is his care in writingthe Tamil in the manuscript. Rajam Ramamurti spent countlesshours of her own time in providing stylistic equivalents in thevarious levels of Tamil. She also performed an invaluable servicein proofing the manuscript as did Mary Kroul. While principall; thetypist, Elliot Stern was of even greater service as the initialproofer and controller of foimat. He is responsible for the removalof countless inconsistencies. My thanks to all of these people andthe many others who provided specific pieces of information.

The work was made possible by a contract with the Office ofEducation, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Manythanks go to the people in the Office of Education , particularlyMrs. Julia A. Petrov, for their help at all stages of this project.

David W. McAlpinUniversity of PennsylvaniaNovember, 1976

9

vii

INTRODUCTION

The primary goal of this vocabulary list is to bring some order tothe teaching of vocabulary in the first two years of Tamil. Three maincriteria were employed in selecting words for this list: (1) highfrequtna, any word with a frequency of over 20 per 100,000 in ModernLiterary Tamil-(MLT) was normally included as was any comparable word inColloquial Tamil (CT), (2) usaga, any word comonly used by Americanstudents either in their readings or in living in South India, (3)

adequacy, a complete enough semantics to allow the student to expresshimself however haltingly and to allow Tamil to Tamil glossing In moreadvanced texts. The actual words were taken from R. Shanmugam's A WordFre_quency_List for Modern Tamil and commonly used texts along with enoughadditions to meet the adequacy criterion above. Selection in many casesbecame somewhat arbitrary, and the author solicits additions and correctionsto this list. The ultimate goal is a standard vocabulary which thestudent can have mastered completely within two years, which is in itselfadequate, and which can form a reasonable base for more advanced work.This does not mean that vocabulary should be limited to this list, butrather-that these items be stressed and 'other words deemphasized.

A secondary goal is to help the student through the vocabulary mazeof Tamil diglossia. Having been on innumerable occasions at a loss asto what the CT equivalent is of a word I knew in MLT or vice versa, Iconsidered it necessary to provide both the MLT and CT forms for everyentry. Due to differences in teaching approaches, the CT form has beengiven in both Tamil and Roman scripts. Due to the nature of the sourcesand its primary use, this vocabulary list is primarily in MIT and isglossed in both CT and English. As a result, the CT content is oftensomewhat more derivative than would have been ideal. The semanticgrouping of items in Appendix I is an attempt to allow access to the listthrough CT or English. As work advanced on this project, the number ofuseful High Literary Tamil (HLT) words became sizable. These have beenhandled as a third variant entered in brackets after or under the mainMLT entry. Thus, in varying degrees three styles of Tamil are indicatedalong with their English glosses. These English glosses try to indicatethe basic meanings which should come to the student's mind first. Rareand archaic meanings have generally been avoided, although difficultto find meanings such as CT idioms are sometimes included.

There were criteria which had to be applied to selecting variantforms even in ma% In general, the form which is the most useful isgiven. Occasionally, two alternates are given with the first slightlymore common. Readily derivable forms have not been included except whenthey have a noteworthy significance of their own. Thus, verbal nouns andcausatives are not normally given. Sanskrit loans are given in :their moreSanskritic form (.461-41m6, rather than qfikA05Lb) since the conversions ofthe Grantha letters are well known and predictable, but not vice versa,i.e, L4G-AJTIMLb implies a variant 1-415EELb, but not the other way around.The CT forms are based on urban non-Brahman norms from the central dialects,chiefly, Tiruchiruppalli, Thanjavur, and Madurai. Rarely, northern andaouthern variants are given.

viii

1 0

Due to its goals and format, this list is primarily oriented towardsthe Tamil instructor and the advanced student. In particular, in itscurrent form this list is not intended for the direct use of the beginningstudent or for self-instruction. A basic knowledge of Tamil grammar isassumed. Many of the glosses are intended more as aids to memory recallthan as totally adequate definitions. The words require considerableexplana ion of their use which can only be done in class by a teacher.

Hof_Vocabulary List

The main vocabulary list is preserved in three columns. The lefthand column which is preceded by the reference number has the ModernLiterary Tamil (MLT) form occasionally with its High Literary Tamil (HLT)equivalent in brackets. Verbs are followed by their verb classificationnumber according pa Craul's system. Verbs that exist in two classessuch as weak--strong pairs are followed by a double number such as 2./6.Irregulnr verbs have their infinitive and converbial [adverbial participle !in parentheses following the imperative. The middle column gives theColloquial Tamil (CT) equivalent of the MLT form. This is given both inRoman script according to the system used in H. Schiffman's Reader for .

Advanced Spokenjamii (see Part II, pp. 2-7) and in Tamil script withdiacritics (see next section). The Roman is given first with the Tamilfollowing or more commonly underneath. Due to the slightly varyingsystems, the two versions do not always provide the same informationconcerning pronunciation. If there is more than one CT equivalent tothe MLT form, these are numbered individually and are also glossed separatelyin English when necessary. The Roman version of CT verbs is followed bya hyphen (-) if weak and by a double:hyphen ("=) if strong; weak--strongpairs are followed by (-/7-). Irregular or rare pattern verbs (Graulsystem groups 1, 4, 5, 7) are followed by their infinitive and converbialin parentheses in both scripts. Unusual obliques a7e given for nounsinside brackets in both scripts. The right hand column gives the Englishmeaning. Different glosses of the same Tamil meaning are separated bycommas; glosses of different Tamil meanings are separated by semicolons.Occasionally, a meaning is explained rather than glossed. In this case,it is double underlined. Explanations or complex meanings may befollowed by colons which in turn are followed by common one word glosses.Optional words and grammatical explanations are normally given inparentheses. When a meaning or gloss applies only to the CT fom it issingle underlined. When a given meaning or gloss applies only to theLiterary Tamil form, it is enclosed in brackets. Glosses using termscommon only in South Asian usage are enclosed in double quotation marks.

Appendix I groups the words by semantics and usage. The entries aresomewhat abbreviated with only the Roman version of CT and shorter glossesgiven. The reference number preceding each entry refers to the main list.Within any one lettered subgrouping, a word is normally given only oncealthough it coul: go in more than one divisiom Only the meanings applicableto the semantic voup under consideration are commonly given althoughbasic meanings are sometimes included for reference. Appendix II givesthe few words which have a high frequency in Literary Tamil, but werenot included in the main list because of a more common synonym. These

words will only interest people concerned with HLT or formal MLT.

ix

11

Conventims for WritijIl_gilquial Tamil

Since the normal script used for Modern Literary Tamil is in manyways ambiguous for colloquial pronunciation, it has been necessary toadd a system of diacritics to make the pronunciation clear. As faras possible use the literary script and its conventions to indicate thepronunciations of the colloquial dialects; for example, there is no needto mark the predictably voiced consonants. The spelling conventions ofMLT should be maintained to make for easier reading and dictionary.useeven if the contrasts are not maintained in most dialects, i.e.,distinct from 67', a' distinct from OD , distinct from ogir.Grantha letters should be used -.4herever appropriate. Vowels shouldbe indicated as spoken. This requires that the vowel Om be written. asdNai since 06M is a common sequence in CT. In general, try to usethe systems that modern writers use to indicate CT in their wri-ings.

Diacritics:

§lipIposed circle 640. The letter is not to be pronounced, but itmay have a predictable effect on the preceding vowel. The letterwill have its full pronunciation when followed by another vowel.This' 'dIacritic is used only finally and contrasts with the normal_tp_4_1A (6610

6-UT --nasalize the prec2ding vowel ith:or CA-2 and :11L0 C5J

0 061-T,uj -- no vowel change. Used mainly in citation forms..431167T [0:3 for dialects with this shift.

Su.erosed _check ( ). The consonant has an optional full releasewhich is heard as a weak vowel of indeterminate quality or not, butthe surrounding phonology is as if it were followed by a fullvowel, i.e, the con nant is not part of a true consonant cluster.

06 '6- 67jr irukkree tfLT g)g glecisr

This check is commonly written in MLT as a short tp. or a , andin very slow speech can be pronounced in this way. In rapidspeech, the optional release is commonly dropped between geminateconsonants, (7-rillit = saapta (141J 0.4T.DL91- ).Either variant can be written to reflect the speed of thespeaker. However, both variants musr contrast with the form ofthe geminate followed by a_single-consonant:.

mLJuL saapda (MLT eFrrD,511-- )

ÜL ipdi -(MLT CAJL,F )

12

Subppsed line In spite of _its position, the letter is afully voiced stop. The letter tek indicates /g/ not /h/.

0ap Cu Lo de ev5, SUL 6 laldu, Li 6.0 ban'

Sub osed dot ( ). In spite of,its position, the letter is avoiceless stop. The letter d: indicates PO not is/.

siT47:511 kaapi, eileiToinlininna

Sub osed diaresis (). The consonant is palatalized. This isnot normally used when predictable. When used with the vowelit indicates the quality[m]. The letter a* indicates /g/.

g§4 vakkya (MT annjEits ), i-j(Tr6-J baank,ffirrigasir sikkaagoo

§pecial_letters. By convention:

it.L (or u ft-

([10J is spelled 454full final [u]

qe.LIIT677, foon, indu

xi

13

SOURCES USED

Anton; H. and D. Hellmann. Tamil T_Iage in Masa Media, Madras:By the Author. 1975.

Arden, A. H. A Pro ressive Crammar_of_Common Tamil. Madras: The ChristianLiterature Society fifth edition. 1942.

Asher, R. E. and R. Radhakrishnan. A Tamil Prose Reader. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1971.

0

Beck, Brenda E. F. The Human Body Image: Its Popular Description inTamil Proverbs. (mimeograph) 1975.

Fabricius, 3. P. Tamil and En!lish Dictionary. Tranquebar: Evangelical.Lutheran Mission Publishing House. fourth edition, revised'and enlarged. 1912.

Hart, George L. and K. Hart. A Tamil Primer Part II). Madison, Wisconsin:By the Author (Dept. of ,South Asian Studies). 1970.

-aswam i Raja, N. and K. Doraswamy. Conversational Tamil.Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. 1966.

Schiffman, Harold F. Reader for Advanced S -ken Tami t II:Crammaand-Glossary.-Seattle: Department of-Asian,LanguageaandLiterature. 1971.

. Intermediate Tamil: A Self-Instructional Method. Seattle:By the Author.

Shanmugam Filial, M. A Tamil Reader for Be inners Parts I & II.Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. 1966.

Shanmugam, R. A Word Freauenc -Iist for _odern Tamil. UnpublishedPh.D. dissertation, Madurai University. 1973.

Tamil pirst Reader. Madras: The Christian Literature Society. 1964.

Tamil_Lexicon, Vol, 1-6. Madras: University of Madras. 1924-36.

Visvanatha Pillai, V. A Tamil-En lish_Dictionary. Madras: The MadrasSchool Book and LiteratureSociety. eighth edition. 1972.

xii

14

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

adj.

adv.

bot.cf.

cpd(s).CT

adjectiveadverbbotanical, botanycomparecompound(s ), compoundedcolloquial Tamil

instr.

int.intr.ir.

m.

MLT

instrumentalinterjectionintransitiveirregularmasculinemodern literary Tamil

cvb . converbial (adverbial pt.) n. noundat. dative neg. negativedef. defective num. numerical, numberesp. especiallY obl. obliqueetc. et cetera pl. pluralf. feminine post. postpositionfut. future pr. presentHLT

honhigh literary Tamil (cmp,41,honorific

'pt,

sing.participle, participialsingular

imp. impersonal tr. transitiveinf. infinitive v. verb

.11BILs

withor

attached fo-weak verbstrong verb

rn

(underlined) meaning found in CT only; foreign word(double underlined) explanation, not gloss

meaning found only in HLT/MLT; HLT variant;

If

oblique stemoptional or explanationSouth Asian usage

Ta: l Al habetical Order

=The Tamil entries are alphabetized using the LpiLt follows thevowel convention as used in Fabricius' dictionary.

C9-1 c9-,

IT,

E5 ,a

FF 6T GT ag 63 ,Da gEG, omrr, G7E6

ne9i

611-

15

00

A Core Vocabu arY of Tamil Alphabetical Listing

rr

2. 4/ rr

3. .Arki6E6 Ark.41

2./6.

5.

6

7.4iLrale 3.

c.-101_7

9. OILTTL/T y4IL LIT

10. Alf. 6.

11. .g14

,.91L9AA51

12.

DikSan

41 dri-

akkaa41EtSrV

anke

elfitin%

ace-/:

4141

bayaPPaTu (4)

LJUJOUG'

aTekku,

ML-ZgaTankuL nu

(a)Taa((m)Lrr

(a)Tii

(4

aTeeTe e

4fCi-6 1.

4Hq

aTi

ALit

aTiyle4qa.1104v

eTutCe.

AG EP

dict onary

elder sister

there

move, move about, stir; move,shake (head);,agitate, shake,disturb (attached movement,ususlay one end attached andone free)

fear, be afraid

put down, restrain, control,subordinate; contain

submi obey; be subdued; becontained; calm down (intr.)

simile form for

inte "ection exsurTYlse:

strike, beat; blow (of wind),fall (of rain), beat down (ofon); print (a book, etc.)

bas_ bottom; foot; step

gt t_e base of, at the foot :

undetrteath post. + dat./obl.)

oext;after

ith time words) the onee coming one

13. OrGiii4

14. ,161)

15. g

16.

[06-irdon-LA

17. 6)4) 2.

18. 7c1615-F)

18a. a awn- 6.

19. otarrarr

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

rr

aTuppu

.91011,4

1. keTekkum6-) E66) L

2. ceeru-

aTe4101

aDvaansu6lJrrr rTif

pooTu (pooTa, pooTTu

eLi cauTLjewri:aNiln

143Tr912.1

aNe

On-r

aNNan

IcraIr 0,161-

aNNi

z9.' cr/ciT

atikam jaasti

EBEL) ri-0---1u

rompa

6) cr rr Li3 LJ

atikaaram

jle5riTW

attane, avaLavu

no0-5,5162Joi7

attaan

0/§ !Tor

atte

anta

1 ri

place for cooking fire,

hearth, stove

1. obtain, get

2. reach, approach

shut, close (door, windowtop, etc.); lock

advance (payment)

wear, put on (clothes,jewels); [adorn]

squirrel

turn of

elder brother

elder brother's wife

much, a lot (of); excess

ch off (light)

very

authority, power- command_

jurisprudence; chapter (ofbook)

that, t_at thing

that many; so many, so much

elder sista 's husband

father's sister; mother-in-law(husband's mother), older womanon father's side

that, those ( dj.)

28. prruilz

29. 411Art.51(

gardon-r'p

30. 411:jtiti

31. ei1-11.11T-

32. ..V1:_iLltpl..0

apaayam

e1Urra.11.0

apivirutti

Tialo-15)(ff.$

appaTi

064.1L5t

appaa

OfillUrr

appram

41D LJtTJLO

33.4N0aurrgt appaMuu

34. *foLoriclitebrr amerikkaa

44owrfle6izrr

36. 1.0

37.

38.01th IT_ rrwi

39. 011-ALOrrii2MAIrr

L.()

danger

development, progress

like that, in that manner, so

father, address to older maleinferiors or of endearatent

1. that side;=farther, beyond2. moreover; then afterwards3. [on the far side of, beyond

(post. dat.)]4. after (post. ± past pt.)

then, at that time

America, the United States

amerikka American

,9ino Met

2.16. ame-/: 2. become settled; be suitable,fit

6. settle, adjust; construct,install

40. çre

1. ameyti

2.

cz9tOLAtii

caantam

t1-9 T Lai

ameppu

aciL 01:1

ammaa

4IZOLC3 rr

ammaaTiyooa LAO rr

raajaa

Trrt2rr

1 8

1. peace, tranquility (political)

calmness (personal)

structure, mechanism, con-struction,'establishment;organization, constitution,institution

mother; matron, lady, form ofagidress to older woman or

golgAraigIa

oh my gosh! (expression of mildsurprise)

king

41:

42.

43.

44. an 7

45.-91cuu3 tr

46.4/

47. ,=9/70g!

48. Oic-D 7

49. f2IWi 2)

50. anJ

51. Of r

52. a

55.

56

GJ

carkkaaru

EZrr

arici

Sfrng)

arume

,94 61/.0

government; royalty, kingdom

uncooked (but husked) rice

rareness; dearness, precious-ness

rare, dear

are half, 1/2 (fraction ); wa

.617

alamaari

9/6A)WIT

ale

OK)o-U

'almirah; a (wall) cabinet withdoors, cupboard; any shelf

wave

illaaTTaa or, if not

c&crlicurrC-Lrt

avacaram hurry, haste; emergency62Jec9

avaciyam necessity, urgency, certainty

46-2.1g7w

avaru he (ho that person

41614-5'

avanka (L)PRI 67) orr

ava(L2

m6_71J01-7

avanalorr

av

416-bi

they, those people; she (hon.

she

2. be boiled, steamed6. boil, steam, cook in water

atunka(L) they, those things04r

avaLavu that -uch, so much

ewurrr ci4

4

19

57. (0.{

58

59.

60. 6.

61 ..5f0Trell

62.

63.

64. ,* gdLJJ

aRaku beauty

ARu aRutu) weep, cry

4/9

aRukku

oigkuuppiTu 4.)

eFrL EiL9G

aLavu

arcr4

1. teriyum (imp.neprna

2. puriyum (imp.

r79 L44 17°

vinaanam

53rr6vr ZD

arupatu, aruvatu(ob1.01,0J4./5

(obl. arupa t' etc.,

1:911-1T etc.)

65. ,P16131

66. ofcrto

67. glgp Lb

68.411gp.y.

69. Oarrocral:N4

70. "ren-Ly

71. .liairrorT c-

dirt, filth; dirty laundry

invite; cail

-amount, measure, limit, extent

1. know

2 under- and-

science, field of knowledge

sixty, 60

are- spank, slap

Jioruum (obl. ruum) room, c amberoth (ob W )

anupavam

010J Li CLI

experience; enjoyment

anuppu- send

4V 69anpalappu gift&oirLian9

ampu love, affection kindness

4ilb

aNNekki

Aicrim-oloour E5

5

2 0

that day

72.

73.

75. ,.3 trui

76.

77. ,v9A

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

Ir.

itgAil_D

3.

-aa

-aa... -aa

interrogative clitic as_far a yes-no rep y witexpectation neutra

or (only with questions) [clitic]

ing

1. =fthe sake of) [p t

2. for (duration, with timeunits) [post. ± norri.]in order to [post. dat.of fut. ptn.]

4. inf. of_ 'be', includingits use in equationalsentences, often used for=q6

aakaayam, aakaacam. skyE8Trun0 85ir 6L10

aa(ku) [aaka,aay

) wes,

aakku-

b@aaoiriyar, vaadyaar

airrig

iSTam aace

be- (so and so), become; happen,take place; pass (of time)

make, effect, create

editor, author; teacher, lac u er

rriT

desire

aaspattri hospital

inkliiS English

aaTu-

aaTu

aacci

6

2 1

move (in a rhythmical mannerplay, dance

goat, sheep

rule, administration, govern-Ment; sovereignty

85.

86.

87.

88.

89. ,w-3

90.

91.

92.

93.

94

95.

5)7

7Z0

cr

[ob oebum

97.

aaNi

aaNu

aataravu

v24V-6-14aattiram

'z'9 65

aapattu

eiltue5ipj aapiisu, aafiis

-aam

aamaa

wrraame

aayiram a

[obl. aayira

aayutam

Liq

aaranyam17UJLJLO

aaraacci

,3 0-7 u-

98.. -aavatu...-aavatu61-1 -4

99. aaLu

7

22

nail

ness

support, protection,patronage, emotional support

impatience; irritation

adversity

office

ta marker to -entence (or otherp rase n catuig t at thes eaker is not res onsi e forthe validitv of the statemengossip particle

yes

turtle, tortoise

thousand, 1,000

tool, instrument

beginning

investigation, research

or (only in nonconoratesi uations) [clitic cf.

-

person

100. 1. taNi- 2-3. aaru-1. 2-3. 01

101. 1. aaru [ obl. aattu]

103. FU.

n3a-.11[ ohl.

2. paTi

1.

3'

be appeased 2. become coolheal

1. river; way, road general)

2. means, manner ; 'as going on'(post. + pas t pt. )

aaru six

0-/aanaa buteaanaalum ho ever_

0,z91-1

104. 21E16#6[Qr68 d inke

!

105. Pi-g.1[Qt-L6) eTa tu

106.- &-.1a eTam

0-1- tb

107. -giTTa/e

108.

109.

110.

ag-

Lq

iTi

iTuppu

naTu,

rP61

mat

W 65 ,$)

8

2 3

here

the left side left )

place, room lef t_ side

a case endinVpostposition(+ ob1with1. to, direction toward with

anima t-i-T----jo7Ti-t7Z77-7--2. location with animates.

contrast -3. tranwitory dative, contras t4. proximit near

hit forcefully, smash, pound ;thunder

(n.) thunder blow, stroke

hip, lo n

mid-portion (as opposed to theends), middle; waist, mid- trunk;interval

&

117.

118.

119. tijoLin-

120

121.

122. U.-10":0

ff-31j

7)[ E5@

123.

gg1==11J2-

124. 17E,T3.1-0

125;

iDLi

itu

itoo

r'r

ittane

e6)

idli, a steamed rice cake

.this (thing)

(look) here:

this many; all these; this much

inta this, these (adj.)

intyaa

111 tjj

India

intya Indian (adj.

intp HinduFp

ippaTi thus, in this way

14

ippa now

&Lai

eyakkam movement campaign

o-r cd E5 ID

entrm, miSin machine, engine

M-

eyarke

Gi-Wipomor entries be innin with a rothetic- see also

----in-the-g-1ossary.

nature; literary Tamil (proseand poetry, not dram); -ology:the formative for all sciences

s o stuan

nature, disposition

erakkam

GT7E6E51.0

reNTu.

67) pours

2 4

mercy, pity, sympathy

two

126. 24

127. 7.

128.

129.

130.

131. g)g

132. )60466.1 _

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

tilar) 4E5

-611-

raattri_L-A

Fr

Iru (irukka, iruntu

Z.)@' agif&Eit-WIP5-1

etayam

0-5/LILO

irupatu, iruvatu

ugi , agk6-1][obl. iru'atti, etc.

41z@u etc.]

irumal

g4730

irump.0

LOH

elakkyam

Cre0Eh a;LAIth

lankaa, siloon

61irEi- ir 6-4ele

nov1. ille

0..)610--u2-3. ille, -(1)1e

Mo-b6-)0-0, (6:0

ivaru

a6-)J

ivanke(L)

rai e60-7A-

iva(L).

621_6-77_.

139. ivan0

arrr

10

2 5

night

be; stay, wait, remain

heart _he organ)

twenty, 20

cough

iron

literature

Sri Lanka, Ceylon

ridyr

leaf; banana leaf plate

1. no (int. )

2. not (neg. v.)3. isn't it? (with rising

intonation); you know: (withfalling intonation) tag,

marker

this person (hon.

they, these people; she hon.

she (this)

his

140.

141.

144. g) 7.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149. g--)

150.

151

152.

153.

riA

L.6

LI CD

itunka(L)

ivaLavu

&airrro-14

iRu:

eLame

GT PT Ln

eLam

GT6,7 LC)

0611

they, these things

this much; gliAllny

drag; inhale; stretch

youth, tender ness, iimnaturity

pale, light (of cob°

era (erakka, erantu ) die

GT/p Or/PM e5,cettuppoo7clgiDaorreranku-

kar_

enamTr (OT W

inime

a 0+70 L-0

can.tooSam

EF1,5Tr-c43113

iNNekkigarcidoor

innum

OTT

innorueiT

11

,2 6

descend, get down; get out of(a vehicle); participate (in acompetition), bc a candidate(inan election)

flesh, meat

sort, class, kind

be sweet

from now on, henceforth,hereafter

happiness, joy, delight

today

still, yet; furthermore; more

another (of the same type)adj.

154. Fr:

155.

156.

157.

158. aLacrar

2LA-13-r-

159. LEbrr 9' 2.

160. 7- 2.

161.

162.

163.

164. auduirrE) 6.

165.a

166.

-(u)nka(L)

-(2-)ikliEbirrr

ucci

oTampy

63LLZLI

oTane

Laor

ukkaaru-.

Rffia

oNaru- purl

Sourd ,t4

nejam

2La

otaTu

otavi

9opayooki:LidwiT

uppu

a 6 Li

-um

12

2 7

address foness_

show_po1ite-

top, uppermost point, crown(of head); zenith, noon

body

1. at once, iannediately2. as soon as, right after

(post. past pt.)

variant of case sign

sit (verb of motion, notsituation)

P.) feel realize, recognize

truth, fact

lip

help, assis ance

use

salt

clitic indicatin1. inclusion in a c osed se

also, too'2. (to conditional ) nonreal

concessive: 'even (if )'

167. -2(.4) ao)

168. a w

169. u51

170. a rf)

171. a m6---,J LU

172. &JW

173. 2. JrrL i)

174. aCrr,

175.

176. -EP u

177. arr N

3. (to coverbial) concessive offact: 'althougET

4 (to interrogative) universals'...ever'

[5. (to past pt. n. ) immedia-tive: 'as soon as']

and (conjoining nominals)[clitic]

ocanta high

uyiru life; a vowel

urime (inherent) right, claim,

a /f)671-0 privilege; peculiarity

ruupam shape, image; reflection(in mirror); idol

ulakam world, earth

aro ah Co

ulookam metal

P_Iacorrmw

uLLe 1. interior, inside (n.)

arr 2. inside (of), within(space) [post. 4- dat.3

3. by, within _ime) [post.dat.]

4. among [post. ± obl. or dat.pl.]

1. valu 2. kaTTaayaw 1. firmness, hardness, strength1. Ci1J 2. iL*-Lired-nn 2. assurance, definiteness,

certainty

urpatti (industrial or agricultural)

LI production; development,evolution

uuci

&Ea

13

954

needle; innoculation (shot)

178. an

179. az

180. Gr15t

181. 6E5[crir:3-1@]

182. Gri_A

183. Crnild

184. arEPLarrerr

185. GTC 6.

186. CT

187. cT1W

uutu-

ayenkum

crruenke

ciT5'10%

burrai, J enkeyaavatu

cr r&i&enkeyoo

CrMIC)%aWIT

188. Cratror.ggj 3.

189. Crffur 2.171M-

190. 6T dirr LI[ob1.GT1'rLJ

191. cr rt- 6-1.1 ,gd

192. GT

ecamaan

Cra- LD rr (OT

a Tu:rrc

eTTu-GT L.Le

eTTU

Crile

1. eNlin- 2. nene-

cratir

eNNe

Groin- nreraT

empatu [obl. empat

crth ob 1. 6TzlJ

e taavatu

Tr cugetire

Gr

2 9

14

native place, hometown(village, town, community,place); any place not thisplace

pour, flow down

everywhere, anywhere; (4- neg.)nowhere

where

anywhere

somewhere

master, boss, lord

take, remove, pick up; take(a class

reach, reach for (with hand,etc.)

eight

1. count, number 2. think,

ponder

oil

eighty, 80

something

1. before, in front of; opposite(post. + dat.)

2. that which is opposite, infront; futurity

193. 6rJLJfl16.

194. Gr5

195. cl-,45J6-11L.D [ci

196.261tir

197.

198.

199.

200.

201.

eturpaaru- expect, wait for

Ci&19-LifT

etu which one

crgo

ix)] etuvum anything

ettane how many

61-FP °(T6rt 11LJr in ettaneyoo so many

0-t161cr01-4. rr

rr

202. Gr(idUfTLVT

203. OiLlatiff4,CTD1LJIT

204. di-irrsib,cra

205. CTC-Igi-HrCer

206. aTrfl 2.

207. CTA

208. GT81-1

209.

enta

G-T-r5

eppaTi how, in what manner

67111-14

eppaTiyaavatu somehow other any means

which (adj.)

ur u UJ rralgiJ

eppaTiyoo somehow

criJu L&wrreppavaavatu

0-Ducurra-eppa

GNJLJ

ppavum

eppavon

Crud gain-1. eri-

2. ericcalpaTu

affIEFEFciii.J

eli

r 66)

elumiccam-0

cra111/54"Er-W

sometimes, at any time

when

always; (+ neg.) never

some imes, occasionally, oncein a while

1. glow, burn

2. scorn, b- angry

rat, mouse

lime (fruit lem used mostlyin cpds.]

elumpu bon

15

210. GI rr

211. crcirrtf

212. CT rrg w

216-11

214. cr ni

215.

216. CT@

217. Gr

2.

218. GT

219.

220. Cri9.1

221.

222. Cl-

223.

224. cr

5.

rr

ellaa

0-0C-)6-Urr

ellaam

GTOJ 6111T Là

ellaarum

GTc)7U rr

evaLavu

6-r CT

evaLavoo

GTal rr6lIrral

eRuntiru (7.)

eKutu-

crgspeRupatu, eRuvatu

u,g1 ,Grg ojcp[obl. eRupatti, etc.

LlEP etc.]

colapam, callicu an

Er-r1- CU OW

all, all kinds of, all sortsof (adj.)

1. all things, every hing (n.)2. the whole, entire (post.)

all (people), everybody

how much, however much; howmany

so much, a lot

get p awake, emerge

write; take an examina ion

seventy, 70

eni-

OT

erumpy

GT,gp Lci

a tunaale

,,,9/1061cr%)

ir. def. j

afar-NNaa, -nnaa

-Ta, OT

- NNaalum -nnaalum

067r arre9g41

16

ea y matter

throwhurl,

thro a imethingtoss

ant

therefore

say, tell, quotative

1. if, if said so2. conditional of GT dr-

(quotative)

even then, nevertheless(attached to precedingsentences)

225. GTcrr

GT (COT

226. Crermrar

227.

-NNu, -nnu

a. -NNa, -nna-mwrmr,

b. -nkra

-nkratuv

-rEJE5i9g0

enna

Fr oil- en-

1. ovb. ofaaff (quotative)2. quotativsL_auotation marker,

onomatopoetic marker: 'so

saying , that normallyuntranslated)

a. said above (pt.)

b. called (pt.)

[equivalent of Trrirr inhigh literary Tamil]

that which is said (pt.

what

1-2. -ee 3. -e clitic indicating:1-2. -9- 3. -6T 1. emplasis and7acclusion:

228. ri etuvoo

G-rgi Cell IT

229. eeRu

230. gm-) eeRe

670231. Cry eeRame

6-1 LID

232. 5,3-gil 3. eeru-

1- one as o osiff-53

man2. (-finally, with rising

intonation) question markerasking clarilication oossible

)

endin for locative expressionsman atory in CT, options in

MLT, not used in HLT)

something, some unna- d; some-what

seven

poor person ealth)

poverty

ascend, climb up; enter vehicle,

67,0i etc. increase

17

3 2

2

234.

235. CTD LJ TT

236. Cppel

237. GT 6-81-

238.

239. `Wii3 d 15-.

240. LLJTT

eerkanavee, munnaaleeyee already, in good time,67/;?Zarraoal 41-0661)aW before

6. uNTaaku-

acrk-Ti_rre

5.1]

1. tayaar41511_11'r/7

2. eerpaaTu

9-49urreettu-

GTT,J)-1

eenaTrerr

ancu

ffr

amRatu4VLIOLigi

VLOLJ)]

ay3Ta

011.4i w rr

241. rT, uJa ayyoo

ith &UM-

242.

243.

244. rr

oru

cattamEp tf

ovvoru

a Fr

18

33

begin to exist, be established;develop, evolve

arrangement, preparation

arrangement done accordingto established custom

raise lift up (from belowpump water overhead)

why, for what (reason)

five

fifty, 50

1. interjection/address formE-64Z17-Tiale e ua(polite): sir

2. ,...ster, boss (n.)

_threriection expressing sorrow,Liatrsm_2

one; a, an n_m. adj.)

sound, noise

each, one by one (some, every)

245.

246.

247.

248-

249.

250.

251.

252. rr

253.

IDT u

254.

255.63 ti-1 2.

oRiya

oRunka.6-b rEJ mr-r

veLiccait0

OG)J EF

ompatu

°L"gjoNNu

oNNum

Cbc6re9JLO

oruttan

6303Wrorutti

63ff. §

1. unless emphatic) [post.-I- conditional

[2. inf. of 'cease']

orderly, efficiently, neatly,regularly

light

nine

one, one thing

= neg.) nothing

one man

one woman

-oo interrogative clitic indi-sur rise_an

eonfirma

ookoo

Q,Crr

ooTu-

EGooTTal u)G7iL

ooy, (ooya, ooncu

(cij

19

34

catinon

or (only in concrete situations)[clitic, cf. - -- CV

inter ection ex essin su

or joy

run

hotel, restaurant

desist, cease, become tired

256.

257.

258. L- 7

259. E5 670

260. ES L- 2:ro

261. ffiL6i)

262. El L cliCT

263. E6 6.

264. E5 L9

265. ffi0-011-8

266. EE,

267. 5

268. E6

269. Ef

270. E -I_ Garr

kakkuusuE5 T-n.

kaSTam05 L

latrine

difficul ty, trouble

kaTa (kaTakka, kaTantuES L (aLdE6, t_rpgi)

ka Tame

L 6) a)

kaTa le1-00-1J

kaTa luff)L

kaTanL

kaTi:

kaTi tarn.t leTTaru

kaTu e(5`

kaTe

E6 6-3

kaTeyoi661/_. CLI

kacci

kaTTaTaui .aLLkaTTaNam

E L--6-+Yrr

20

pass, cross, go beyond

duty, obligation

peanut, "ground nut"

sea, ocean

loan

bite; chew

letter, missive

harshness, sternness) severity

shop, store

end ; las t, final

party (political faction

(a) building; construction

fare, fee charges

271. L LiTuJ La kaTTaayam compulsion, certainty,0

a LLTrwo necessity

,ILLFT-UJI_OFFEE kaTTaayamaa definitely, certainly

1-- ITU-Up T

272. q kaTTi

1,:t4lump, clump, mass

273. 'LL9iJ kaTTilu bedstead, cot

E 4 gi274. LL 3. kaTTu- bind, tie, fasten; build

275. es kaNakku (numerical ) computation;

agamr (financial) accounts

276. aScrimT viiTTukkaararu husband;

oTLIG /t u-7('277. cToT kaNNu

ES ail

eye; any small aperture (as ofa net or mesh)

278. kaNNaaTi glass (the e ial ); mirror-

OBTED eyeglasses

279. E5 katavu

C11

280. kate

566iEp

281. ES katci

ES T

282. katcir

E EF

kappalu

ES 1:=1L161-1

.

283. LIU

284. 1M-

door, shutter

story

knife

scissors

ship

tg70 LS)wire, etallic thread; metalrod

vayru (electric onlY

cuw285. kay(i)ru rope, cord, line, string

II 05)4P

286= karaNT1 spoon, ladle

S or

21

6

287.

288.

289.

3

990.

291 . )

nene- think, consider, have opinion

6)T oaTr

1. apipraayam 1. opinionLJTrTtJL

neneppu. 2. ideaT 6D oar Li Ll 3. thought

karume darkness

ES LIP

karum dark, dark f colors

ej

booral blackboard

62..17 9-G

kare bank, shore; border, boundary

a4-.)

292. eBoll 7. kala (kalakka, kaintu) mix, mingle

L501) (M6V6i55 tr4VrP 51)

293. 415cu kalar color

294. al3%brU kale art

5 a)295.

296.

297.

298.

299. E567)-1 art)

300. E5 J9rLL

301. EE

302.

kallu stone, rock, gemstone

aju6,2_1

kalyaaNamIT30:40 0 on

120marriage

kaaleej(u ) college

El IT 66-0

paTippu

Lct

kavalecu 0 cru

learning, study, education

care, concern, worry

gavanam attention, care, heed,18/661.14Tral) consideration

gavani: noticetake care, take intoiJI account; observe, watch, payattention

poetry, poemkavite

22

R7

303. 1:11 kaRakam

05 OD

association, corporation,corporate body, party,(fan) club

304. 1E kaRat tu - take off, re ove

3 IS

305. 6. ka1U-

es

reject; subtract, deduct;[spend (time)]

306. kaRute donkey

S@C:)

307. kaRuttu neck

64)

308. EEG 61-1 kaRuvu- wash (except laundry); rinse

E6

309. kari

EBOany dish served with rice,curry;- any meat dish, meat

310. karappu black, blackness

311. E5

312.

313. croTo.j

314.%1TES60)E6

315. E5 rr

316. ES IT L

317. Ei5rrC-C

318. MiTcriurir. v.(ESE-rotor, )

50.1 H

karpane

E51-2 LaMoin-

kanavu

nrr

kannu, kaNTu

e6 E6 di-Tre

kaakkaa (y)

ERrebEtrrui

kaaTu

Efrra

kaacci

ebri tE

kaaTTu-

rr LIG-)

1. paaru:Orr

2. kaNTupiTi:accitrrO

23

00

imagination, inventiveness

dream

calf; sapling

crow

land not re ularl-_ inhabitedkxjmIlL7L: forest, jungle,desert

sight, vision; appearance;scene

show, point out

1. see (unexpe_tedly); [see]

2. find out

ir can'

319. r-T

320. ffi

32i. Sri-burr

322. Li] L5)

323. E5 rrL. I 2.

324. ffi rTcj

325. t:1-1

326. rr U-61)

327. EE rr L-4)

328.

329. -5 rr ezu

330. 5 rr

331. rrcuW

332. a) rr

puriyum (imp. v.) 3. realize'

u-4za4. teriyum (ipp.

6) U4 Lai

kaaturrjkaappaa

E6Trii0

kaa(p)pi

ffi n

kaayi-

ffitT1.151

kaayi

rc

kaaykar1

rniijoram

4. seem, appear

love

ear; eye of a needle;ear (of a jug, etc.), handle

save; protect

coffee

&row dry, dry out, wither,be hungry (of stomach); behot, heated (of liquids)

unripe fruit (botanical);vegetables

vegetable (used for cooking)

fever

kaaraNam cause reason

5 art L13

kaaryatarici secretary

Ilrri5=0-1EF 17)

kaarixp.m

iuJLIi(ITkaaru

rr

kaalamrrou

kaaleE5 ITO rt)

3 9

24

thing, matter, affair; effect

car, automobile; bs

time, season, a period of timenor -11 1oner than_a da

morning, A.M.

333. [Tn.)

334. a11.0-1J421)

335. Et rr c9j

336. a I_ 7.

337.

imp. V. + dat.

glanLJZ E6 rr

338. 00-01Lojagilimp. V. + dat.

(g51:0

339.

340.

341. 717-L0

342.

343. 6U(C

344. g n_z

345.

Ep L.

kaa (1)

rr 6uleg, foot; quarter (fraction1/4

1. kaavalu 2. pooliisu 1. protection, watch1. EbrrangLi 2. dUrra-6° cn.r 2. the guard, police

kaatturr

breeze, wind; air, atmosphere

keTa keTakka, keTantu) lie, rema n, exist (disord6)65L (C)thLER1),Lip ) in a mess)

ke Tekkum0-) t3SOL

keTekkaatu0E50 L

keTeyaatu6) EE) 01- UJIT g},1

will get, obtain

will not get

does not have, is not available;does not happen (neg. only)

irukku (positive of the above)ONtkiTTattaTTa

keNaru0 K73 arre91

-aamamrrrLOL

keRakku0-)Miga)

keRakke.0a, VI'keRanku tuber, potato, edible rootnth /JigkeRame day of the week

approximately; nearly, about

well (for water, etc.

village

east

eas t, eas tern

to/in the east

keRavan old man0

25

Y,

346.

347.

348.

349.

-rr

350. LW

351 4 6.

352. dethuzo

353.

354.

355.

356.

357.

358.605 Zai

359.

6.

keLampu-, porappaTu-

oztemiz Li, 0 un-? "

kiloo

S6-0 fr

kiiRe

Lg

kucci

@ff-Ctiikkucci_

E5C:Er-g)

koTamc) es nr L. Lin

kuTi:

kuTumpam

6% Lb LWkoTe

G) 66 0 L-

kuTTi

gEL9,goNam

QTarLDkuti:

kumpiTu

OLiX

koranku

offirrITTEI

26

41

start, begin (of a machine, etc.rise, emerge

kilogram

1. a place below, downbottom; the east c_.51

2. below, under (touching*)[post. obl.]

3. below, under (not touchin_[post. dat.]

* contrast not ke in aildialects

peg, short stake, splinter,twig, stick (small, short)

a match

pot, any rounded vessel

drink

family

umbrella

young ogirl

os= animals; small

quality, ch- acter; health-fulness

hop, leap, jump, gallop, skip

horse

worship, reverence

monkey, ape

360. ggoi.)

361. Lg 11,3

362. I Lib

36

364. (.5

365. (:@

366.

367.

368.

369.

370. EFri- L

371. 3.

372. Iffr-L- ern

373.

6.

koralu

0Ezi-rry-&-2-1

koRante

GiE5rri

koLam

Oebriarlij

kuLi:

C61-19

kuLiru-

@kuri-

voice

baby, child, infant

tank, pond, pool

bathe (wadh oneself includinghead)

be cool, be cold

mark, indicate, denote, point to

sign, mark

kurippiTu -piTa, -piTTu) specify, point to;

aa(9 aL6?) mention, refer to; remark

kore-/: 2. be lacking, short, cut off

6)61inep 6. reduce, shorten, cut off

kore flaw, lack

6-)C6Fr67)CP

kuttam

11-4°

sin of commission: fault;guilt, crime

1-3. kuuTa 1. even; also, too (clitic)L 2. 'along with' (post. + obl.)

1-2. kuuTe 3. inf. of 'join'

Ern-OL

kuuTam.

L Li3

hail, large room or building

1. ceeru- 2. kuuTU- 1. join, unite (intr.)1. gE 2. ff-ri-GI 2. gather, assemble; be possible

kuuTeL-

kuuTTam

LLL

374. .6-1-1:@ 3. kuuTTu-

611- LS

27

4.2

basket

crowd, group; meeting; tribe

add- bring together; sweep

375.

376.

377.

378.

379.

380.

381. 6' E5(r15)

4. kuuppiTu (-piTa,

ffn.,1211-90

kuure

kuuli

EFfi_0151

tollu

6)IVT61)62j

keTTa

eb L

keeTu

geeli

E 051

-piTTu) call, shout-Lnce)

roo- ceiling

(day work) wages;- coolie

say, tell (officially);proclaim

bad; spoiled

misfortune, ruin, harm

joke

382. e

383. Gm eb

384. rr

385. c)/E6 OF 69 LE

386. 6-) rr

387. Ois

388. G-) me 6.

389. C) ET. ir

390. Fr 1ST

keeLu (keekka, keeT

Abe (dESEUfS,CELCO

kayyi_

dici9

kocu

rr iFfir

koncam

@evrokoTi

oarr4

hear, lis e obey; ask,

inquire

hand, arm, handful; trunk(of elephant); sleeve

mosquito

a li--le, some

flag, banner! creeper, vine

pollaata harmful, cruel

cw oi) au rr

-kuTu-

ZGkoNTu

61E611 oirrG

give, give away

with, by means of (post. -I-

ace.)vcv-h. of0816,70ir with numeroususages (see<Detrriir)

koNTupoo (-pooka, -pooyi) take away, take along

tE6rrairrOcarr(-eurrffi, -4104)

391. ITUTWQJfl ir. koNTaa (-Taara, -Taantu) bring

6-gfirroirai- L77 , -Lrrgd)28

4 3

392. kompu horn; branch (of plant)

67)ef)iri&I

393. G kollu (kolla, konnu) kill

ovr6b621 (Ovreocv,offirree*

(k)koo (a )6E5IT [ 1

7:.(k)kiTru)

( (=s ) 2.

[ with major dialectvariations]

rrau 1.

394. rroiT 1.

395. IT 41[obl.

396. Ce5 Tcrer)L

397. gE6ITLJ 11

398.

399. et511-14)

400. tEF BTJL

401. X

402.

403. Frxi. 1E5 L:ti

404. ,Erkl

[obl.e4ET 1446]

kooTi [obl. kooTiyeel51.11-

kooTe (kaa lam

&EbrrOL (ffirrou

koopam

kooylu

4951-1- LAI

kooRi

rr

cakkram

cakti

cankaTam

EFrk1E5 1.4

cankam

L

Et] cankii tam

EFTFL ttS

29

4 4

3.

4.

5.

have for one's own use),possessI;

frozen formative in cpd.verbsmarker of the reflexive/middle in verbsmarker of the simultaneousaspect(+ marker of theprogressive

ore," ten m Ilion,1,00,00,000

summer, hot season

anger

temple

chicken, fowl

power, energy; ability; force,forces (in pl.

embarrass ent

association, academy, union,society

405. EP LLLU

406. sT1-010L_

407. 6

408.

409.

410.

411. tF

412.

413. W 1_0

414.-

415.

416 . 6.

417. EF al

418.

LO L4-11.6

419.

420.

caTTam

caTTe

caNTeF our

_canti-

cantig

frame (work) ; rule ; law, act

shirt, blouse

quarrel

meet

crossing, junction, meetingpoint

nelaa moon6) a) 11-

canteekam148

cante

r6)cam=U-1-0 LO

camayamILHLi La

camuukam05 caL Dcame=

Lia

campaLam

EF CO Li Crir

cari

cakkare,g4 eb6-)

carkkaaruLTTE545 n-g

.

30

4 5

doubt; suspicion

market

level evenness; equality

opportunity, appropriate)time, occasion; religion

cousnunity, society (in general)

cook, prepare meal)

salary, pay, wages

1. correct (ness) [ n.2. O. K. , alright, fine, yes

[ int. ]

sugar

(the) Cve rnment

421.

422. EFT ir.(Frrm ,616 EfW

423. cg rrutJircony 6-14

424. eFrr ag 4.[ dor 5. ]

425. nLt3rrdr

426. 6 ffWzJTT 9-

427. &rruirEl rr

428. rr aro

429. ET- rroSi

430. g-) ES Lb

431. 4A 99 6.

432.

433.

434. Li Li

435.

436.

canikkeRameEF6D6151 OW

caa (caaka, cetcu)

6Frr

caappaaTu

trrLtLi Fre

Saturday

die (nonpolite)

food; meal, dinner

caappiTu (-piTa, -pi7u,Tri-Eun (-6)Lcaamaan

Co)w rr an-

caampaarF IT Ca Lj rr ci

caayankaalam&ITU.) rEl ES rrav w

rooTu, caalecrrr) EFIT 6 )o-u

caavir-r

cinkam

ciri:

-konca (n. )6-) EEITO 6F-11cela, konca ad]. )OFT03671iiT Er-

cillare

00-1)0p

cevappu

c)(1.11=11-1

cerappaayiru

EPip U GS)

cinna

r an-

31

4 6

eat have a meal

baggage, one s things

sambar, a lentil sauce

evening, 4 o'clock untfi dark

road, highway

key

lion

laugh, smile

some, a fe-and n. )

change,trade);(jobs)

not many (adj.

coins ; retail (ofvarious, sundry, oddad j

red, redness

excel, be dis tinguished

small, little size

437,

438. 4?

439. 6

440. g441. EfirG

1.6 n-

442. ETT

*

443. Fr LO FT

444. ff-r- LO rr

445.

446. 8r1'ULJLJ

447. kr-r-

448. Err 00)G1J

449.

450.

451. g 9

452.

cinna

arrgur

cii

ciikkramsa

0.66,9-Lorreiirtiruttam

lg. IN@

cuTil (cuTa, cuTTu)

EFrG (ITT ,EFri:(9

ruppravu

13

cumaar

FTLarr7cummaa

EFT- th LI) IT

curunku-

colapam6

OeFrrauLILO

covaru

EF-rr

cove, ruci

'01TIT(0.1)13

cuttiETT

cuuriyan

Gdar

cantarppam

hjLJLc&rp

ceTi

32

4 7

_

little, small

interjection expressingcontempt

quickly, soon

improvement, reform

be hot, feel hot, be burnt;heat, fry, bake, roast; burn(as of food); fire (a gun)

cleanness, purity

approximately, about

lazily, idly, leisurely;just for fun, without any reason,just because

shrink, wrinkle; frown

easiness, facility

wall

taste, flavor

1. around (post. ace;)2. evb. of Utt go round'

sun

circumstance, environment,situation

plant (botanical)

453.

454. CD 1.,J 1.

cempu copper; a particular water pot

G)/221

paNNu- [North] make

o11;31- ,S7t1ceyyi (ceyya, cencu)

[ South]

cti VER2111.1,6) EFS Ur)

455. 6-) ET 1$) viSayam news, message, matter; deed

Lt_i

456. ceruppu ochappals,11 sandals

457. celavu out-go, expenditure

n56-0611

458. poo 2. naTa 1. [arrive at (a destination)] ;

e rr 2. L be current (of money)2. have an effect

459. oat tu wealth, riches; prosperity.

460. gin-LA cevvaakkeRame Tuesday

&ill 6-11 rr e.c). La

461. C) poona last, previous

1J rr ear

462. C) 26-07 cenne, meDraasu Madras

463. 6EFD-* 2. /6.

464. urrrLi

465. cm

offc6-06-0-r,owc: rr

ceeru-/:e4-0

ceentue f"

ceetuCEF

caykkiL caykiL

EFLi-1 ES 07,

2. approach, draw near ; be near ;

reach (a destination)-6: collect, combine, join, un

1. together (+ intr. v. ) [post.

+ nom. ]

2. cvb. of CE/./T 2. 'approach,

draw near '

together (+ tr. ) [post. +acc. j

bicycle

466. U°

467. tTn- Tiga

468. OEFITT

469. 6)6- froi.) 3. ir.

470. rr

--

cayvam vegetarianism, Saiv

11) a vegetarian, aivitc

cottu

tz rr

conta

0a-rf

collu (colla, colli; say, tell, inform, requestpas conneen)

Firthigi (6)Vir6-160)0EfIT6:06151;pas t --6-NyrimiTgarT6F-)

prope ty, goods, possession,asset

own, belonging to, personal

coorurri(,)

471. 0 -07r5 cavkkyam

(6A u_a

472.

473.

474. CftrT 7

475. 11-0-9/pc9

476. LLocrr7

jannalu

caati

g. Fr

cooked rice

(good) heal.th, well-being

window

cas te, jati

saar sir; gentleman and int. )

51.0 Tr 7

fiaayi t tukkeRame Sunday

3franli661W

LlooTTaa

&ourrLLrrcup, tumbler

477. Le Tii tea

34

4 9

478.

479.

takaram

71-1)

4 ir. and 2. eettataayiru

0-1 fr

480. LeuF rat- (3) th rr

481.

482. w:ucip

483. 1

484.

485.

486.

487.

488.

489. or

490.

491. _

6.

eetta

tankam- ponnu

iThE5 /c)dfrarr

tanku-

q.5

tankacci,

063i.g)

taTave

151-00-1

taTi

taTu:

taTTu-

IP:@taTTu

tanke

F6.1671E6

taNTane

T our 4 00Mr

taNTIJ

84-41+7r.

taNNi

tan ti

q5

35

5 0

tin

be fit, proper, suitable,appropriate

proper, suitable, appropriate

gold

stay, remain

younger sister; form_ pf Addressor endearment to a younger gir

turn, occasion; (number of)times

stick, staff

hinder, be an obs tacle

tap, knock, clap, pat

plate, tray, any shallow openvessel; knock, pat

punishment

stalk (of plant)

water ; cold water

telegram, cable ; string Cc

mus ical ins trument

492. Li FT- ou

493.

494.

495.

496.

497.

498.

499.

500.

501.

=Li

tapaalu mail, post

u rr

tappu sin of omission: mistake error,

LJLJ misdeed, oversight

tamiR, ta iLu Tamil

tampi younger brother; boy,.address

ffLLS1 form to male servants

tayaar(u) ready, readiness

tayru yoghurt, "curd"

taram kind, sort, quality, standard;suitability (for one's position,rank, etc.), likeness, counter-part, match; (number oD times

tare floor

tale head; priority; top

46161--)

1. ravaru- 1. slip, stumble

6711 0,1

2. tappu paNNu- 2. err, fail, blunder

p1-1 UCT0157-

502. tavira

503. jTrWT 3 taLLu-

111156-fir&

504. and adv.) tani

014)

505.

506. vr ir.

507. 51n.-,65/1

goNam

6) 65 rrrLU

except, besides, apart from[post. acc.]

push, shove; press; reject,remove, move aside

solitary, alone, sole; unique

quality, condition, nature

taa tara, tantu give, grant bestow

tirr (lei5 9- ,

taakam thirst

sEF nr EDLD

36

508.[obi i*.J dir]

509. rr f6.1@ 3.

510.

511.

512.

[obi.

513. - niT [also -

etc.]

514.

515.

516.

517.

518.

519.

520.

rr

3.

avankataan416-IJ Tar

taanku

ru6'Btaattaa

'EFT- Trravankataan

ir Or

avantaan

11-16-1-10-irrirro-err

=taanmar

they the -elves;[you e-tremelyhon.)]

bear, endure; sustain, support

grandfather, any old man

they themselves; he himself(hon.)

himself, herself, itself(resumptive pronoun)

clitic indicating:1.emphasis and isolation:

this one by itself, 'on

just, exactly (cf.

2. [to conditional] only (

tinkakkeRame Monday

tE&-)Mg

tiTiirNNu suddenly

Le oirrr

tiTukkiTu (-kiTa, be surprised,iTyu ) frightenedEt (4)1

I. tiTTam

$11.:Lth

2. tulliyam

draace-v

Epyird-r),T'

iru

tirunaa(Lu

rr 077

tiruTu-

G

37

Y,

f

led, alarmed,

1. plan, scheme arrangement,estimate

2. accuracy

grape

1. divine, sacred, holy (adj.)2. mister, Mr., Sri

festival day

steal

521. DLA 3.

522. @LL3LI3.

523.

524.

525.

526.

527.

528.

529.

530.

051, ty.

531. Eb LJ

532.

533.

534.

535 . gj orrO

536. tEd 7

537. gon671-1 6.

tiruppu-

H

umpu-

cinimaag) O-f)LQfl

Delli

oi)66) ,C)LA)

turn, cause to turn' repeat(4- verb)

turn; return, go back

movie

Delhi

ntr.

tera (terakka, terantu) open (verb of motion, not

OT/p wwz, G)r7fpg1.0 situation)

denam day (seen as a recurring unit),0ar daily *

nu) (tinna tinnu) eat (not a meal), snack;

) ( Fran') airr.01 eat (of animals)

tiirmaanam

IL) rr 45r L8

ciiviram

teg

tiivu

61-1

tukkamE.6

toTe-

rroLtuNi

toNe

-17

tuNTu

cgd6-617

dore

CIITC)9-

Love-

c5 FrOoli

38

S

decision; resolution, motion- (as in Parliament)

intensity; aggravation;radicalism; (political)activity

island

agony

mop, wipe, dry (as of dishes),dust

cloth, piece of cloth; clothes,fabric goods in general

help, assistance; one who helps,deputy, Vice-, Assistant-

piece, fragment, bit, slice;towel, piece of cloth

person in authority

wash (clothes) [impimmersion in waterl

538.

539.

540.

541.

542. 5517 Lh

543. cjc1j1LariT

544: 0 q.51131L140 p 4-im. V.da t. [or 2. I

545.

546.

547.

n-

548. e _ rr

549. aEGI

550.

551. r)- 3.

tuLi

5-1641

tore

C)Eprrap

1. tuukku-

ga2. ttepaaru

GTnLLJrr

tuunku-

gDliD

tuuram

5-rr 7L7°

teyvam

Td-1 LO

teriyum

n LL-41-6

teru vu)

opteLivaa-frrtekku

EP

tekke

6)epeti0E5

teenkaa

cep rh_t rr

teeTu-

SEGtee ti

et5A11. paa te Tu-

OrrEpegtee (r ).nte:fu-

(9-)rwpG39

(a) drop ; a very little

depar tment, sec tor, sphere,branch; harbor

1. lif t up, raise (from above

2. weigh

sleep

d is tance

god, godhead, deity

know, know how to, see how to

_ree t

evidently, c Lear ly

south

south, sou thern

to/in the south

coconut frozen cpd. )

seek, search, look for ; longfor

da te, day of the month

I. se lect

choose, e 1 ec t

paas paNNu-L-1704-0 U oTtfr

552. cr1J aveciyamc9161-]

553.

554. Go [p 6.

555. IT Fr 67-)

556.rr I-

557. oeprrL7 2.

558. rG

559.

560.

ufr-r

'2 1.

561. Eprr

562.

L.

563. Fr

564. 6.9._,ErTLILL-1)

565. d Ep rr 6-0

teenu

g 0-1

3. pass an exam

need, want, necessity

honey

tey- sew, stitch, make dress,co 6_1 e tc. )

take67) (FTC) EFS

aarampi:ilL11-5-)

toTaru-E, rr

amount; collection, anthology

begin, start (a situation,process ) ; originate

continue, follow, take up,pursue

toTu (toTa, toTTu) touchrq (G,Jn)toNTe6-)Eprraio-r6)L

toNNuurunEprrvou[ obi. toNNuut tiOTIT60-01ggp-E, 1

tole-I:G)TITn0-0

throat

ninety, 90

2. perish, be ruined, die ;be los t

6. des troy, make perish, wreck,ruin, kill, finish (off) ;lase

1. veele 1. action; work, occupation,Cal 6) a) profession

2. toRilu 2. industryrriidooce dose, a thin pancake.Er6)

tooTTam garden, grovee rrL: L

toolu

e e94

40

skin, hide, leather bark, rind,peel, peanut shell; any outsidecovering

565a. ricrr

566. ri Lt3

567. 'EP DI Cf:'

568. e- rr (9

569. T51:0

570. rryth

571. fY 2. /6.

572. 610

tooLu shoulder

et rn

tooRame friendship, companionship

eeprr IP)

toorum every, each and every (clitic

tooNu- seem, appear ; appear (for firs t

nakam , nekam

iTaaaci,or5e6Lb

nakaram

r671-21nakaru-/:

erD

nake

time)

(finger ) nail, claw

city, town, municipality

2. move aside6. "shif t, move . )

piece of jewelry, jewelry

573. FCLLO naSTam loss

rp 1_ Lo

574. 1L 7. naTa (naTakka, naTantu) walk, behave, conductoneself ; (continue tofunc tion) flourish;happen, take place

575. TT L

576.

577. i L9. 6.

578.

579.

580. 156-6)

naTattu-

naTavaTikke

L.Aat E50,T,

cause to walk; cause to perform:direct, manage, conduct, hold,arrange, run

procedure, (administrative)measure, s tep ; activity, action;conduct, behavior

-naTi- dance, act

naTu middle, center

IT@naTe walk, pace

6-)L-

naTa (7. ) occur, take place

41

6

581.

582.

583.

584.

585.

586.

EF

reyoTLJefr

th L5) -*Dm 65

587. tiu

588.

589.

590.

591.

592. f" rr

593. TrilT-Jiob1.67 &itEticliT1

594.

595. G`

596.

naccattram

r-E9-113sneey tan

crueTtiJEp

nampikke

h_5) E6 E6

nampu-

1. cavkkyamFLJLQ

kffi

2. nallatu

CU' 61-1

nalla

rPnallaa

0;) CU IT

laapam, allatu

co Fru n ozi.)(0

nanni,

rornaakku

rr E6

naankca (1,)

rr rsi crTr[obi. enk

cr

nal laa

ro-urrnanri

a (L)

naaTakam

naaTu, deecam

FFGnaaTTu-

r42

5 7

star; film s tar

friend

confidence, trust; belief,faith, hope

believe, trus t, rely on

fox, jackal

1. welfare

2. benefit; merit

good, proper, a,s it should be

well (LT n. used as adv

benefit, goodness, advantage

well (adv.

gratitude, thanks

tongue

we exclusive they and

drama, play

land inhabited by people :country, s tate

establish, install, erect

597. f-1,5/1-LO

[

598. rrrJ

599. 15 Fr 2cirr

600.

601.

602. 95 rrl)

[ obi.

rr[obl.

0-61

naama(L) we inclusive you and I

95IT 6TT and they)

[obl. namma (L)rF,5Liwar ]

naayi_ dog

rr 1-451

naaLekki tomorrow

nnwr

naa(1,u) day (24 hour period); time

rrr E5naakkaali chair

Tyr id5-3 rranaappatu forty, 40

] rp rr a Li[obl. naap a tir5 rr [i u ]

naan [ obl. en]o 1

rp rrk [ ob i . Crorr 1J

604. 1-15nrTn-5 naalu

rr ]f- rr 61

605. 4- F campavam

EFCLLinlIA

606. Er- U-(4-11.1J niccayam 0

Cli LA

607.

608.

609.

610.

611.

612. if P2o-t)

paNam0

UO-1-LC

nimiSam

1.25)

nimiru-

LE)

nirvaakam

Tnimeboc

nelam

C-11-01-)

nele

G-)161

43

5 8

four

occurrence; function, performance,event

certainty, assurance; truth

finance, fund; treasure

moment, minute

stand straight, erect; look up

administration, management

soil, (agricultural) land,ground, real estate

situation, state, condition;position; permanence

613.

614.

615.

616.

617.

618.

619.

620. [obl.

621. rEi EtTfT

obl. ari %a-7 j

622.

623.

624.

625. FraiL

626. gj 6D 2.76.[

627. go

628.[obl.e7/1,20J

neleme

6.1 F614)-)

neleyam

situation, condition, state

institution; site, plaee

er-p0OVUji-0

nillu (nikka, ninnu) stand; stay; cease

Vb, a5TV)

niruttu-

1390)gj

stop; erect (statue, etc.make stand; support (an action)

nere- become full, overflow; abound

)

nereya, rompa, jaasti much, too much, a lot

oToptkOrTirod, wehj

nene-

niinka(L).rgl 1130T

[obl. unka(L)

Erhie50

niiLamaana

-6-rr wrr

niiti

Ff91. taNNi

Co

think, remember, consider

you sing.

you (pl. and hon.

long

justice

1. fluid, liquid

2. niir- 2. water cpds. hydro-

niilam blue, blueing4

OVLL

noRe-/:

nr-ri-C) 6. poke, be nosey, make enter

nuulu thread, yarn; [book, treatise!

OTSA1science]

2. enter, creep in

nuuru [obl. nuuttop- [obl.gjT2,

44

hundred, 100

629. G) neyyi ghee, clarified butter

630. nerunku-

nrapproach

631. G)r@DLI neruppu,

TS LIfire

632. C) cry) nellu paddy, unhusked rice, rice in

6) 154(bedthe field

633. 6) netti forehead, brow

G)

634. 6 neeram

g.1- 7/13

time, a period of time lessthan 24 hours

635. d neeru

1-7@

straightness, straight upright,

honest

636. S

637. erp/poi

638. er5rr ccrTrr T5-) )

639. rr

640. Li 50i,

641. Lig

642. L.]

643. Li La

644. Li

nyaayam

al rr.1Jw

neettikki

noo (noova, non

EP-FT (ey(21,OrprPT

paatu

Urn

IIpakalu

ErDey-1

1. baakam LIT E5IA2. e Tam 1_1)

pakkattuleth.55,8-I

pakkam

1.-A.EbLD

panyu

45

hones ty s traightness

yesterday

feel pain, ache

towards, to (p9st. ± ace.)cvb. of e 5, "look ae]

daytime, day (as opposed tonight)

1. part, portion2. region, area

in the vicinity of, near(post. 1- dat. ai), also

obl. )

side, vicinity; pageneat, by (post. obi. )

por iOn, share

645. LJl 6. imp. v. paci:dat. Li

646. U

647. 11 Efi-

648. Li E673-)

649.

650.

651. Li L

652. Li L

653. Li 6.

654. U

-D Tal, [post. -F

fut. pt.]

paci

pacu

U r

pace

a-67)

bassu, kaaru

L-1611) rr

pancu, panci

Li4c5 ffr LI

paTaku

L.

paTam

L LL3

paTi:

paTiLi

be ext emely hungry

hunger, appetite

cow

fresh, raw, cool (of watergreen, yellow-green; frank, blunt

bus

cotton

boat

picture; film, movie photo, _a

read; s udy

step, staircase; a measure ofvolume (about 1/2 gallon

-aaka [post. -I- dat. in order to so thatof pt. n.]

85

655. , etiJ -paTi-UL

656.

657.

658. LJO 6.

659. Li

atunaale

04g42)6iro

paTu (paTa, paTTu)(UL. ,aL

paTu:

paTu,keLiSt550%

46

6 1

as, in accordance with(post. past/pr. pt.)

on account of, as, by reason of,because (post. -I- past pt.

suffer; experience, feel, endure;ormative of verbs of feelingom nouns

lie down (for sleep), lie flat;rePOse (implies lying horizontalin an orderly manner) [the action,not the situation]

bed couch

660. 11 CO I-

661. IJLLL 'L:1

662. Ljile

663. LI ram Lo

paTTaaLam

L/LLMOTWarmy; pl.) forces, troops

paTTmn. (an) honor, title, agree;

ULILW nickname

paTTu

Li C.

paNam

LJOUT LO

664.8P

pataviu a665. LI

silk

money, wealth

position, post, rank station

batilu 1. answer, reply (n.)

LJ2. instead of (post. 1- da

666. 11 9 6-4 pa ivu

Lj)6lregistration (sealing), recording

667. i-J$)06-1 patanaalu fourteen, 14

eV1668. u patanaaru sixteen, 16

669. Li

670.

671. Li

6K9 691

pataneTTu eighteen, 18

uoarg pataneeRu seventeen, 17

Li e or

fpatanancu fifteen, 15

Li 'fi7J1-0 Fr

672. LI 4rirc5U patanoNNu eleven, 11

LjEpOeDdiror

673. °T+4U patimuuNu thirteen, __

Li $)To 01674. U Er) pattrikke newspaper, magazine periodical

f) (55o5

675. JJJ pattu ten, 10

LA

676. u pa4tompatu nineteen, 19

japErZo

47

677. Li

6 78 . LJUJaT

679. Li a 7.

681. U7L:C)Urng-

682. U CIJ rani ?a)

680.

683.

684.

685.

686. Li 0) 6r) El)

687. L.] curiT

688. LI

689.

690.

Li

Li

691. IJ

692.

693. Li

bayam

Li 01 LIO

laapam0

6-1)

payiru

LJ Li-51G

payircci

ULL51f p

parampare

LIcTL.6 LJOg

paravaale

LifT61.11TUM6i61)

paricu

Urf rparuppu

llgERIpala, palaana

Li CU 11 0)11-01-1-

palake

pelan/palan(6))1i6

pallu

L16-)c9

alhi]p yuuniversiTTi

Li666)6aig-6-7-51C-

palli

U 615)

paRam

LJ/thg

paRi

Li

paReya

Lin 91-L-J 6 3

48

fear

reward, result, profit;usefulness

crop, grain (while growing);any usefnl plant (annuals only)

training, exercise practice

tradition, genera ion

never mind; it doesn't matter;it's not bad

prize, reward

pulse,adal, any lentil/pea;coconut meat

many (adj. if preceding, n.otherwise)

board, plank

result, produce, effect; -ain

tooth, tooth (of wheel) garlicclove

university

esp . gecko

ripe fruit, fruit

blame, censure, fault; revenge

old mature

694. ijoir

695. U

696. LI /7 6151 11-1

697. LI pp

698. Li

LO pallikkuuTam schoolt crrraTedi ETT-L L LO

para (parakka, parayttu) fly; move swiftlyurp (j0E6201prpg4)parave

upoolpatti

pattina

Li

1. pani

Li of?2. manu

LIO EFT3. aysu

ta crnr°

699. Li panni

Li cro'r (PIE)

700. U- panneNTu tw lve, 12

1_16137-6)07Yrn-Iro

701. Un- L Lb paaTam lesson0

Li Fr t- LO

Li rir L_ Lb C)W paaTam paliNu memorize; can (vegetables, etc.

arrup LinmT

bird

1. about, concerning, regarding(post. ± acc

[2. cvb. of 1-117,91 'hold,adhere to']

which concerns

rain:

1. dew, snow, frost2. fog, mist3. ice

Pig) hog

702. LJ paaTTu poem, versd song

TT

703. UIT 3. paaTu- sing

704. UULL

705. Ijrr

706. u

paaTTi grandmother- any very old woman

rriL

paaTTu song, singing

urrCepaattram (metal) pot, vessel

ilri49

6 4

707. Uri Lb L(

708. LJIT

709. urr ul

710. LJUcT

urrgi711. on-co

712. L.IFFOii

713. LIFT6ii U3

714. U gal rr 6:0/-

715. u n- 20-ur

716. L5)LL 6.

717. LilLcL.65130imp. V. dat.

718. ap airr

719. ciirr car

720. 31)9 2./6.

721. LS) rp 7.

paampu

0701111-1

paay(i)-

11fTtal

paayi

rrpaaru-

un-

.70T paattukkoo

LirricgjEig

paalu

rr92-1

enam

67-01-1.-0

paavam

n- wpaavaaTe

rrcJ ri-

paaneFT-616-07-

piTi:

Lfl

piTikkum

319 d3V0pittalie

prayaaNam

Ijcri-LirrrnT

piri-/:

3 09

snake

leap, spring, jump

mat

see, watch; try

take care of, watch over

milk

sex, gender

1. sin, misfortune2. alas, it's a pity (int.)

skirt, petticoat

(clay) pot (with wide mouth andround bottom)

catch take hold of seize, grab;t_ake (a_picture)

like (v.)

brass

travel, journey

2. depart; be separated;6. separate, divide, rip

(seam), open (a lette

1. pera G)L.I 1. be born(perakkal perantuodr26)00(p0)

2. pooTu 2, be issued

ed50

unravelout

722.

723. th'1or,L5)rq,13 fir

3

apprmm, pinne

u u cfarC)

apr2ram

egLIL-1

pinnaale

a667- 0,0

1. afterwards, (and) then[2. after (post. past pt.,

cf. )1

after (post. past pt.)

back, after; future (in cpds.

1. behind (in space); after(in time) (post. ± dat./obl.,cf. Oier )

[2. after (post. past pt. n.in dat.)]

3. afterwards

725. I-1 an rtE poke smoke, fume, steam; igarette)

00/17G)51) smoking

726. LT/6-V in { 011- pustakam book

I_Vri)EpEZW

poTave, ceele sari

6) Lim 1_00J 6- )01j

727. ra-)

728.

729. Li

730. LI

ty-

731. L45JELI

732. LI7617 1.

733. Lidat

buTTi, baaTTlu bottle

LILly

puNNu wound

LICPT.01

oln,L0 botankeRame Wednesday

6)LiritTig10&&

putu new

Li 441

poralm porala, poraNTu) roll over, revolve

6)01.503winTonwurr97,617.0) (horizontally); beoverturned

000 imp. v. + puriyura understand

[-1W

734. LI CLI

735. L. (6)

736. LI

pulavar, polavar poet, learned man

LIG-ix-Orr ,cv_irroi

puli_ tiger, panther

0-9

pullu grass

LI 'Ili 51

6 6

737.

738 . CrA

739. LI J-h-oTA

740. LIpLILi(9 4.

741. 4

742.

743.

744. Lb 207

745.

746. GLJ6T

747.

748. @OW

749. G)iJuJ

750. G)

[ 6LJ

751. u

,

752. 6-)d (6La

3.

puRu

L-1

porappaTu

Lirrnp LIG

puu(vu)

(

puucci

puuTTu

Lb IL

puune

+MIT'peTTi

CWIL

poNNu

6.21.Jrror

1. poNNu Oarritfr2. pompLeG)IJ r r

peeru

peyyi peyya, pencu

C)Li Liaa OLICIJUIA-10 ITO

periya

01JrfltLJ

perukku-

6)L-1

pe rune

6 7

worm, maggot

tamarind, sourness

spot, point, tittle; index(data)

set out, star (a journey);rise (of sun, star, etc.)

flower; shredded coconutciprti ffi rrai

insect, bug, worm, germ

lock

cat

box; iron (for clothes

daughter; girl; bride

femalewoman

1. name; noun; reputation2. person (used with numbers

as a classifier in thecolloquial style)

rain

big, large, great impo ta--

multiply, increase; [sweep](tr.)

pride; greatness, nobleness;fame, glory; prestige, reputation

753. G)

0LF a

754. gd

755. a Li ff-

756. Cu 76-07-

75 7. gthyrr.P ff) (

758.

759. LJ Lip

760. I mj

761. gri LI ET-- IT

762.

763. q-oLlujarr

764. G)Lirrig

765. _Ll

766. G)LJITJ

767 . 6)1-17

768 @LIFT

1.61;17(p7:61r174) 1.

OL2. ke_eIkkum- imp. v. 2.

appaammaa

11.1[TLOL-Orr

peecu-

peeccu

peeranJT0prafasaru

LITT uff-speetti

6L-1

pen(nu), peenaa

CILJar.6T (S)0

payyi

tij U-51

paycaa, kaacu

UtliEfri ; MET

paytt

LJLJLdLpayyan

uoljuicnri-

give birth

get, obtain, receive;achieve

parents

speak, talk

speech, talk

grandson

professor

granddaughter

pen (the riting ins ent)

bag, pocket

paise, 1/100 rupee; money

payittivam madness, insanity, folly;Lib51, 016 mania; mad person

boy, son

poTi 1. powder, dust; snuff

ad fir L9

caataaraNamEr-n-T Fr povr :2)

poy

OD rr 64,61)

1. arttam2. caamaan iTrr

2. very small (adj.)

public, common, general, usual

lie, falsehood, untruth

kl 1. meaning; substance,,matternwr 2. object, thin (pl. ) goods,

product

poruttukkoo6:.4 e 5 rr

53

6 8

wait; endure., bear with,tolerate; have patience

D-111-,e9.1

769.

770. eijrr

771. eLirrsg Gil

772. 61170 4.

r aos, 4.]

773. alit T-L

774. -

775 . eLiTT51:13 imp. v. +dat.

L-0

776. dtJ fy

777. gi-IfToli, nj Fr A)

778. 6LIFT0151

[ovraaul

779. In 6Tr

780. L0 615r

porume

OLirre9-10Ln

poo (pooka, pooy

atm (Corrffi

pookku

L,HTAg

pookkuvarattu

nirr çr Igt1pooTu (pooTa, pooTTu)

ei_117G (dan,a1-Irrl:0)

pooTTi

rr

-pootu, -pp4

rrgl -LJU

pootum

eLl raj flo

yuddamLL

poola

ClArrqU

foon

&diTair

LL

maka(1)0

LC) Crr

makan0

Orr

54

6 9

patience

go

going; practice, manner, habit;behavior, attitude; tendency,trend, style, usage

traffic, transport

put, place (unintentionallyor carelessly), throw (away),drop; give birth to (ofanimals); hel in verb withnumerous nouns wit eneraIidea of put: a pictureT7=17-771(r76ad), serve (coffee),etc.

contest competition, tournament,match

when, while o. pt.)

be enough, be sufficient

war, battle

1. like, similar2. as (if) (post.

post. pt. n.[3. inf., stem pf

Iresemble']

phone, telephone

daughter

son

(post. 4- acc.4- conditional;

ed

781.

782. Leap

783 IA 5 Er-6-1T

784. LD

785.

786.

787. w

788.

789. Lo

790.

791.

792. LO

793.

rçrL

fff'794. Louivtai5

795. w 9-CD

796. 11) rr

LDJ

cantooSam

6Pre err4L6jananka

cil:STM-J-1 (rfr

manca(Lu)

LI:1

maTi

LO

maTTum

LL

maNi

W Ori1C)

maNikki

ala415

maNineeram

Looroz9er

maNNu

aD orr _

matippu

Ln L L A

mattya

mattyaanam

LCIVP'LIFF°51-

mantiri

LOT if)

mayakkam

Wti3d3%1.0

maram

LDTFL E

mariyaate

cfJarrepo

55

7 0

joy, gladness; pleasure

people; [children]

turmeric; yel

lap; pocket flap of a G

I only, alon[2 until, as far as, as long as

(post. nom. and pts.]

gem, jewel, bead; bell, gong;hour of the day

o'clock

hour (of 60 minutes

earth, soil, dirt

value, estimation; reverence,regard

central; Union-, of the Centre

midday, early afternoon

minister (of state)

mental confusion, delusion,perplexity; sleepiness,intoxication, fainting

tree; wood

respect, propriety; civility

797. LO

798. bp LID 85677

799. Upff:)00-1

800. a) au

801. 0

802. wen Ls

803. LOrp 7.

804. L00

805. Logp 4!-441-h--

[ Dearzyr-

806. In in 2./6.

809. Lacror iLl, Worfr

[ aisin-n-LA]

810. W rerAT

811. LB 20-0T 6-15-)

maruntu

marumaka(L)0

LD crrmarumakan

W L.01566-07

male

marl)

mallike

oi) cn-9 eel

maRe

medicine, remedy

daughter-in-law; femalecross-cousin, niece

son-in-la , male cross- ousin,nephew

mountain, hill

jasmine

rain

Lootsmara (marakka, mar4ntu) ._orget

W (1-13(PdA5.016V5

1. innoru2. aTutta ,91G

tirbvpavumW

-upaTi(yum)Wttsliu 0.14

2. kaaNaama(l) poo 2. disappear,E6n-1124k)) jrr

6. oLincukkoo _

9 Efr .eiCffi

another, othernext

again

be hidden

6. hide, make disappear

veetam Veda

69611

mattapaTi

I.D6ulf

Bible

other, otherwise (adv, and

matta the other (adj.)

LD

manam-manacufirr ILDIfaT

mind, hea will

manitan man; human being

W 0-a+i(per°1-

manevi, poNTaaTTi wife

narra/011 irrim-Lsr

56

7 1

812. 1_13

813. W rt L.4

814. wrr

815. in rr air

Wri:- 05)

816. Do ,5113

817. DO rr$11-39

818. WJT Jan1wrlT

819. W LO-

820. WTTLI)n-

821. OJT :

822. ID ruj

823. M Fr 2.(k)

824. Lo rr

825. W 1113 Er)

826. uo Froi 3.

827. Lo rr nrr

manni-

Moo

maaTi

rr

maaTt

rrO

madNavan0

IT0-01- 61A ror

madliavi

0110-1-

maacam

in a [0:1,maatiri

rI

maapLev

L0 ITU L16)6rr

maam-

U0 Fr LO

maamaa

W ri-LO Fr

maami

LD r M61

maaru

Li] rr

maald

Mrrna-0maaVaTTam

WJLLLmaaraa

LD rr(

maaru-

070maanu

rr GIs57

r7 9

excuse (+ nom., + acc.forgive, pardon 0- nom. + dat.)

upper story /floor, upstairs;roof terrace

ox, bovine

student

-student (f.)

month

manner, way, fashion (n.as, like (post. -1-Jyt.)

bridegroom; husband; youngerbrother-in-law

mango usually compounded)

uncle, mother's_brotherfather's sister's husband,father-in-law; any older man

mother s brother's wife,mother-in-law; any older woman(of somewhat indefiniteconnection)

chest, bosom breast

1. garland, necklace2. evening, P.M.

district

against as opposeddat.)

to (post.

change, alter (intr oveaside, give way

deer

828.0

829. L6)

830. L6)

831.11)CiT Lbi

rrLL

832. y&rrw

833. L61 fO1ôL)

834. L-6$)

rompa

Frbou

mirukam

Lc0

L-0

moLakaa

G)/...070-rr rr

balbu

Li

karaNTU

ryo-i;-trrEG:

minnalu

Ldrol

miccam excess surplus, remainder

LASTEF-EFLO

very, much, a lot

animal, beast

hchillies, red pepper

light bulb

electricity

lightning

835.Wcir mlinu

836 mokam

LD rf

837.

838.

839 4

uiCa

2./6.

840.6D34

841. g irar842

ILI alImp. V. 4- instr.

8 [- 14 4-11

fish

face, countenance; mouth of ariver, entrance to a harbor;honor, pride, 'face'

vilaacam address (where one lives)

6-15141.1 Fr E1.0

mukkiyam importance, that which is chief/

LAOprimary

muTi-

g2. finish come to an end6. finish complete

muTi hair (of head)

muTicci knot

g4ffEr-TmuTiyum can, be able, be possible

g ti4

muTivu

L-9-

58

73

end, finality; decision,conclusion

844. LIr6TF

845,

846

nW

muTTaaLu

L rr

muTTe

E.6-)

mo ta (1)

GLarr 16-))

motalaam

Qi.DrroVri-L°0847. mutuku

g-1mutt..

g84 9 . Li Li muppatu

obl, LI LI g41 C.1 LI

obl. muppatti.

_

850. moyalu

/12 Wel-1

848.. g Ep&I

851 UJ(72 muyarcci

852 d201) mulle

don 071,)

85 3 . g

stupid person, fool

agg, zero

first, initialbeginning, principal (money),Chief- (political)from (with time expressions)[post. nom.]

first(iy)

(the) back

pearl- kiss

thirty, 30

rabbit, hare

attempt, effort, perseverance

(Arabian) jasmine

muRu whole, entire complete

854. (J1 vc?cTr molie

elnIrrnCrr

855.

856.

muLLu

WaCtIr

1. maatiriWIT

2. varice

6-1J

3. taTave

rieU

5 9

7 4

sprout, shoot -f plants);(attached) peg, post, stake;wedge

thorn prickle; hands of clock

1. manner

2. order, regularity

repetition, turn (one's turntimes (4 times

858.

859.

860.

861. (( 3.

862.

863.

864.

865. 6-)LLI CIA Fr e5

866. 6-)061)CrIJ

867.

868. d

869. eW6-6-)

munnaale

Crrrt06-16.-V

munnaalecni arr

muukku

muuccu

muuTu-

gmuulam

CO Ln

muule

gowmuuNu

0-1metuvaa

404tp airr

mella, molla

6)0)0i0a 'Oa] rr

mellicu

611.0 636151 Efr

meek=CIA0851.6

meeje, meece

eboca ,gLo6)Ef-

870. eLD 6. meey-

CIA a

60

7 5

before (post. 4- fut.

front; past (in cpds.

1. in front of, in the presenceof (post. -I- dat./obl., of. 857.)

[2. before (post. A- dat. of fut.pt. n.)]

3. formerly, before

nose; bill, beak f birdpouring spout

breath; life

cover; close

1. with, by means of, through(the agency of), under theauspices of (post, nom.)

2. root, origin; original text;means

corner, angle

three

slowly, softly

slo ly, softly, gently

soft, thin, delicate

cloud

table desk

2. graze; eat grass or grain)6. graze, feed (cattle, etc.)

871.0 atooTe moreover, besides, fu tiler,Dig5rrca_

872.44OCCO meele 1. upper surface,_high.[ gWOO-L) the west (cf.CIA/15 ) n.

2. on (top of), upon (touch-ing*); concerning [post. +obi.]

3. above (not touching*); after

873. Lorpg

Sw .17)

w

874. OD 113

875. @Inn-

876. øwrT §

877. d

La

$1g1.0

meekku

meekke

et0416

ma:

mottam

OW Fr

baaSe

rr

mootirarn

e rr W878. WTTrJ =Orli

1111-1

879. (LI rr 7 7 Gigi

880. LLJ rr

881. LLJ Fr 7 rr

882. n-

Lil

yaaraavatu

cdmrpraligi

yaarum

WIT U3

yaaroo

WrTelPT

yaaru

rr

61

7 6

(in time) [post. + dat.]

* contrast not maintained in_all dialects

west

west, western

to/in the west

ink

total, aggregate; the whole,universal

language; word, saying,expression

(hand) ring (jewelry)

buttermilk

anyone, anybody

anyone, everyone; (+ neg. ) no one

someone

who

883. pi a

884.7

885. 9- 030-i), uS1

Noriebalarrep

886. 9-6-51th6D eff),

887. urrii

888. G3 urr

889. f9-171T

890.{0131.6-ULIEF

891.

892.

893.

6

894. 6-1-11).1@, rg.1

895.

yaane

Lb41-616Tr

ciracam

th

rayilu

U51e4ravikke

gol2 650

ruupaa(y)

Lin- oi

toTTi

Gv) rr

roojaa

d9-rra-61)

laccamCO &A*611

[obi. laccatti

GO

1-231pir'

3. vaku-

61.1

vakuppu, klt;aasu

07)igil , E66Tr Tr

vetamJL

baanku, bgnk

u Fr rfid a rtA

vasaLi

6 2

7 7

elephant

rasam, a thin soup

railway, train

sari blouse, choli, obodice

rupee

brea

rose

a__ro chapa

I)

o1-lakhl, hundred thuusand,

1,00,000

1. classify2. divide3. divide (in math)

class, division

kind, sort type; manner, way,method; division, portion

bank (financial)

convenience facility; well-ocomfortable

896. L

GAIL

897. 671.11L (-1-0

898. irr

899. -CIA Oirr 4

900. JT

901. 6-2-11-)N

902. GIl LLJJJ [6-1J

903. _

904. Cu 05)(91

905. J uoTO 7E750

906. 0-Iffl

907.

908. Wrr6rLD,

rr

909. caj

910.

vaTakku

Oi L.

vaTakke

CULEt0E5

vaTTam0

a-IL:L. L13

vaNakkam

arr

vaNTi

61.1 0-001 1.9.

doobi, vaNNan

e6nra,cumor,0

vantu

6-1-1

vayacu

G1LW IT16

vayalu

C1101 @IL

vayru

ul g

carittram

EF

1. vari2. 1aynuôtJj

varSam

CU rT Le.ih

campaLam

EF- CD LJ1TW

vare

G1J

varekkum

alC) çcsth

63

north

north, nor hern

to/in the north

circle; region, "taluk"

salutation; hello, how are you?(said while joining handstogether)

cart; conveyance, vehicle

mwasherman, dhobi

hesitation fo well

years old, years age age

field (with boundaries esppaddy field

stomach, belly, abdomen

history

1. tax2. line

year

income

1. measure, limit[2. up Lo, until (post. 1- nom.)]

1. up to, until p-st. ± nom.)2. until, as far as (post. -I- pt.)

911. vareyle-

cuo ao

912.i IG1IW] valatu the right side

1. up to, until (post. + nom.2. until (post. + pt.)

611 CU g0

vala right

G-1101)

913.0-1051 6. imp. v. vali: smart, pain, ache

Cu+ dat.

914. 61.1

915. 6114 MOLD

161 Li3916. 6-2-11

917.

918.

919.

Lg

2./6.

920. 611 rr GiJ

922. C1J rr o'b

923! ni Er-200T

924. irr

925.Cu rr Cia

vali pain, ache

al 051

balam

J U L LO

vaRakkam

5 EE

vaRakku

6-11

vaRi

al§vaRiyaa

cj U-111-

vaLaru-/:

Trr C8

vaa (vara, vantu)

clirr (atir

vaanku-

611rriti

vaacal

Ci1tff

vaaeane

Fri5-0CroT

vaayi

al 7 USI

vaaram0

GI) rr La64

7 9

strength, power

custom convention, habit

litigation, lawsuit, cadispute

way, path; me hod

by, through, by way of(post. + obl.)

grow intr.). raise (tr.)

1. come2. (imp. v. + dat ) be getting,

receive

buy, get, receive; pant, be shortof breath

entrance doorway, gateway

smell (n._

mouth mouthful opening ofbag, etc.

week

926. cal rr

927. rr

928.

929. 61.1 rr

930.6ljn-oTA

2.

931. rrne0151

932 rr9-2cgrirr

933- cisigkr>i

934. 661 L

935.a 2.

4.

937.05)06,5SCU

938. GICIG&

939

940. 60 07f)

vaalu

cuff

vaaRe-

613 rro g1. nallaa iru

0-00-u ri

2. nallaa naTa0-06rurr rL

vaaRkke

611 rr

vaaLi

CI-Irrol+1

reeTiyoo

e w rrvecaaraNe

WJEFrrrynaRIT

viciri

aRri5iviTa

GaSk

viTi-, veTi-

4) nalviTu (viTa, viTTu)6-15)G caT LAL®[often -Tu -G.' or-ru -gin cpds.]

viTutale

619G enav)

iiivuoSbn4

viti

avete

@cu65

tail

banana tree, banana (in cpds,

live

thrive, prosper

living, life

welcome, greetings (formal)

bucket

radio

investigation, inquiry, trial;interrogation

fan; (movie) fan

1. compared toacc.)

2. inf. of

dawn (as day)break through

leave; release

than (post. I-

'leave'

rise (of sun);difficulties)

let go, abandon,give up; permit, allow, let;com letive aspect marker inver coMPoun

freedoreleas

leave,

liberty, independence;of prisoner, etc.)

holiday, vacation

fate, destiny; principle rulelaw

seed (of plant )

941

942.

943. 615) Lc) rr

944 6-151 rr 5r)

945. a L rr U rr 7 Lia

a nr rf)

946.(D0Jrr,

947. a g

948. ncild

949. 67)516'7 Fr 95 ih

950.

951.

952.

953

954.

956.COOT

5.

rr w

vittyaacam

tpuJrr Er-Lb

viniyookam

615) CUJrneb1:8

vimaanam

LL rrm

viyaati

6715) rt

vyaapaaram

rr u rr

vyaapaariV.

rTLJT i

LU vyaaRakkeRame

GWITv,16111, Lo

veralujrviruntu

virootam

g ITT

vt

051 E5

vele

Gi 6110 ro

vevacaayam0

G)6'U61J rrLLJL 10

vevaram

6)61] Gli

viseeSam

a gab

viRu-

0)51g1

veLakku

crT

difference, contrariety;distinction

distribution

airplane

sickness, disease

coirnerce, trade, business

merchant

Thursday

finger, toe

feast; food for guest

enmity

sell

price

agriculture

details, detailed narra ion,amplification

celebration estival, festivity,ceremony

fail; win ttery, etc.

lamp; light, illumination

957 Pr

958.C)5)d,rrurr

959. A;

960. ag

veLanku-.

0611m-mi

veLeyaaTu-

6)G,U0671

viiTu

COGviiran

rT°*

be clear; become renowned,flourish

play; spor

house; lousehold

hero

961. C)6 riaJO5ULL/LAI venkaayam onion

6mi rr th_L L.2)

962, L.: Eta vekkam shame; modesty

06-11 t5

963. 0611 veTTU-

G)01 L

964. 0 veNNe butter

dro'r

965. 6-) veylu heat of the sun, sunshine

6)67)itil 4.251)ga

966.JcnJOUL1 ) yell=

veLiye out, outside, exterior

061:11-n90a-}

:61-1641C-) veLi(-) foreign, external; empty space;061j679(-) outer space

0-n1pri-LLL1 veLikkaarar foreigner

GN-LI crr rr g

cut, chop, cut with scissors

967. 00.-D crfF) etii, (7)

tj

aggery, brown sugar

968,G6J6rTTA veni silver; Venus (the planet),Friday

969.n A 63 et Lio veLLikkeRame Friday

6161.10-froC) ibo LO

970. G)C)Jrrr2crr veLL whIte, whiteness innocence6) AJ OT (r) VT

971.G)0J,L916) verum0

ai

67

8 2

empty, mere, blank

972. CT) (71-1

1

974 * -; .511 ebtil 1 (I)

977. eq}-11,c7T-(=,:;

imp. v. ± dat.

e cu arrr rruJ

976.

979 -.611019

980. L

981.

Turr

982. 6

983. 610631 6

vetri jeyam

0611( 16)'Nu.R11

vac (veeka60 (66111

yeckarnaa

6; CU (56LO Fr

victory, success

vent0_ be cooked (in narrowest sense,6-VWFA) in water and without seasoning

parcook; be hot

voeSTi, veeTTi

gol

veeNTiya

6 )JArr

veeNum

e gpveeNTaam

Crli cri5-07 L rr

veeru

eeLe.

cr-'76-2.J 6-) 671-

oruveeLe

6-300e61-16arrr-

vecreecru 6) c7

ayyi_(vakkya,

C11 tir4(C11 Efz,

enies 984-996, see Appendix II,

quickly, in a hu intensely,strong (of taste

°(1h_ti, man's lower garment

necessary, needful (adj.)

want; should, need

do not want; should not

root (of plants)

fence

work, job, employment

occasion (number of ti(duration of) time

perhaps; (just) once

other, different, foreign

va9cu) put, lay, place, set aside

111-) (intentionally); keep, makeand keep; serve (food, etc,

8 3

68

131.

APPENDIX I. Words Grouped by Topic, Use and Semantics

SECTION ONE. Func tion Words

A. Pronouns and De ic ics

1. sona 1 and Resui Live Pronouns

Fr

593- rTiEf Ebrn--

597. IT Fr /13

naan

naanka (L) we exe lusive they and I

naama (1,) we (inc lus ive ), you and I a- d

they)

620. J-1 niir

621. rrjcrr aiinka (L)

512.

511. TT LID

508. J3o1 :1-

taan

taam

taanka (

2. De ic tid and Interroative Pronouns

avan

139. ivan

52. 4.W.J a-57 ava (L)

138 611 O1T iva(L)

50. 416:11 avaru

136. 03)01 ivaru

5 10-21 Ij c7iT avanka (L)

t 37. a ow (r ED 6-Tr ivanka (1,)

a tu It, that, that thing

112. itu it, this, this thing

55 6-001 a tu, a tunka (1,) they, those things

69

you (s ing. )

you (pl. and hon. )

himself, herself, itself(resump tive)

they themse Ives; he h imse f (hon. )

they themselves ; you (formal hon. )

he

he (th is man)

she

she (this woman)

he (hon. ) , that person

he (hon.

Y,

person

those people ;

they, these people ; she (hon. )

8 4

140, OXCD-)6723

882 LLJTT

880. ai ric50

881. 01 IT(fITTT

879. LTrnJI194. Gr

195. crg]6111b

228. CTC, ;5-rr

191. GT Too226. 61-01-craf

237 .

3. Other De iceics

27, 40,5

115.

198. Cr

3.

104. 6:316 E6

181. GTF5J6ES

180. Cr ri3A

itunka(L) they, these things

yaaru

_yaarum

yaaroo

yaaraav

etu

etuvum

etuvoo

anyone, everyone; (.1- neg.

no one

someone

anyone anybody

which one

anything

something, some _

somewhat

etaavatu s_ ething

enna

een

what

-ecl;

why, for what -eason

anta that, those (adj.)

inta this these (adj.)

enta which (adj.)

anke there

hinke ere

e ke where

enkum everywhere anywhere; (+ negnowhere

183. FF1 LLJfl enkeyoo so- ewhere

enkeyaavatu anywhere

attane, avaLavu that many, so many, so much

ittane, ivaLavu this many; all these; ti-is much

how manyettane, OvaLavu

2. r-frj. g al rr-CultU

24. 115

114. g)6,5

1,96. cr2rr

70

197 . Cr y5 Ep _ Fr ettanevoo

30. OIL:1U L9 appaTi

118. L-1 L ippaTi

199. çfli Li L9. eppaTi

201. GT n- eppaTiyoo

200, CrL Ll L9 tij 1VCflJCLL eppaTiyaavatn

33UHTgj appa

119.ULJflj ippa

26. CI-1:16/J gl eppa

204. G1LJLJ tT eppavum

205. CTI.:iTfl eppavoo

202.(7 6 LJTTriaj

56. AVLI" 6-11617-

141. 4)). 6-11 cri- aj2 t 3. GT 6tM crr

214. GT CD CI] 611- 6-1-1 q

71. --9-t 031- 611

151. QciPT ar)

113. e, Fr

so

like that, in that manner, SO

thus, in this way

how, In what manner

somehow

somehow (or other ); by any means

then, at that time

now

when

always; (-1- neg. ne

sometimes, occasionally, oncein a while

eppavaavatu sometimes, at any time

avaLavu that much, so much

ivaLavu this much; gliala

evaLavu how much, however much; how_ma,ay

evaLavoo so much, a lot

aNNekki that day

iNNekki today

itoo (look) here:

7 1

B. Postpositions

1. Post- ositions -ith Sim lex Nouns

With Nominative

74.

464. g785. - 1.13L=G1La

846.

862. - CU LO

909.

910. - njej-)9-#AL0

911, - 037

With Accusative

389.

449. -

464.

502. (;5 051

r7-ET.B

697. -L-ir:p26)

777, 61J 61-) 6,isrc10

934. G-19L

EE Tom-

-aaka for (duration, with time uni

-ceentu together (+ intr. V. )

-mattum until, as far as, as long as

-mota(1) from (with time expressions)

-muulam with, by means of, thr ugh

(the agency of ), under theauspices of

-vare

-varekkum

-vareyle

up to, until

up to, until

up to, until

-koNTu with, by mean of

-cutti around

-ceentu together (+ tr.

-tavira except, besides, apart

-peattu %oward(s),

-patti about, concerning, regarding

-poola like, similar to

-viTa compared to, than

c. W Dative

39. u rp Lin -appram

74. eb -aaka

174, TT7T. rrr -uLLe

192.

on the far side of, beyond

for (the sake of)

inside of), within [ pacei;

by, within [time]

-etire before, in front of; opposite

72

r7

642. -Li

1

665. - Lj

825. - Fr Et)

d. With Obli ue

642.

107.

156.

359. - Tr(L.

643. - UL

-pakkattule in the vicinit near

-batilu instead of

-maaraa against, (as) opposed to

-pakkattule in the vicinity of, near

-kiTTa/-kiTTe a case endincr/yost _osition wi.th

1. -flto 4iFection towards withanimates. contras

2. location with animates contrast

3. transitory dative. contrast

4. proximity, 'near'

-ucciyle at the top of

-kuuTa/-kuuTe along with

-pakkam near, hy

918. - CU IIUJ TT a, -vaRiyaa (ka) by, through, by way of

With Dative_or Oblinue

Note: Some dialects (both literary and colloquial) contrast use.of dativeand use of oblique. In these dialects, the dative is used to denotenoneontact and the oblique to denote contact. The contrast is clearlyillustrated in the entry 872.WJ, etc., below.

- Tiyle at the base of, at the foot ounderneath

872. - Ca) CCU., -aujol)

C-LCi941)

uLLe

-kiiRe

among (A- pl.)

below, under

pinnaale behind (in space ); aftertime)

-munnaale

-meele

_ trast not maintained in all dialects.

73

in front of, in the presence of

on top of), upon ohl. I*; above[A- dat.]*; concerning [-F ohl ];after (in time) I+ dat.1

22!LELitions with Verbal Forms

a. With Partici les

32. -OlLiqfpui

198. - L Carr-

654. -Li

appram

- oTane

af ter (4- pas t pt

as soon as; right af Ler(+ pas pt. )

- Li -aaka (+ dat. of in order to, so that(± tut. pt. ) pt. no )

655. -114 Li eLij

656. -ULLJrFci

722

723.

-paTi as (-1- pa ipres. pt. )

-atunaale on account of, as, by reason of,because (4- past pt. )

-appram after (+ past pt. )

13. LI) -appram af ter (+ pas t pt. )

774. LIT - -pootu -ppa

785. - maTTum

-maatiri

857. -munnaa le

817. - /1-

910.

911. - r;LI 67r) t cu

b. With Pa_ tici ial Noun-

74. -

166. -

-varekkum

-vareyle

724. - L5)

I -L9073-r,

777. -Ctirr()-1, 1.-1Fro-u

858. 0-796'01)

-0060'

-aaka

-um

-pinnas_le

-poola

-munnaale

7 4

when, while (+ pt. )

until, as far as. as long as ( pt. )

as, like (1- pt. )

before ( fut. p

until, as far as (1- pt.

until (± pt. )

in order to (+ dat.. of fut. pt .

immedia t ive 'as soon as 'past pt. n.

after (+ dat. of past pt. n.

as (-p pt.

before (+ dat. of fut pt.

c. Postppsibions_and Clitics with_Condi.tlonals

unless (emphati-245. - U-I -oRiya

777. -CL-1/T01-) -eLin- -poola

166, aLD -um

513. - meg- [also -taan-Eyri-13 , etc.]

C. Clitics

211. cr cu a) Fr lig

227. - 67-

513.

567.

ITerfir' [also

1-r-t.h, etc. ]

L.40

-ellaam

-ee

-taan

as (if

even (if) [nonreal concessive]

only (if)

the whole, entire, all

emghatic and exclusive: 'thisone as.opposed-765-' (cf.

rr )

ernihatic and _isolative: 'thisone by itself'; only, just,exactly (cf. -GT)

-toorum every, each and every

166. - -um

369.

167, -

9

251.

73.

-kuuTa/-kuuTe

a

14) -urn... -urn

also, too inclusion in aclosed set); although (realconcessive) ]-1- coverbial];

-ever universals [+ interrogative]

even, als- too

and (conjoining of nominals)

-aavatu...-aavatu or (only in noneoncrete situations,cf. ...-

-oo.-oo or (only in concrete situations,cf. ,9baig...-,961gd)

-aa...-aa or (only with questions)

interro ative elitic asking for a72. -aa

75

90

no rep y, with expectationneutra

250.

785.

-oo interro ative clitic indicating§J1Lprise and asking forconfirmation

-maTTum only, alone

D. Sentence Markers

1 Conjunctions

103 4_61-) aanaa but

-Vitlia aanaalum however

47. 4401) n i g. illaaTTaa or, if not

224. 6-1-07-6 4_1 1-- -nnaalum, -NNaalum even then, nevertheless(attached to preceding sentence

223. GT01-1-6 -nnaa, -NNaa if, if said so

221. 0-0-fr 6.01 atunaale therefore

atooTe moreover, besides, furthec871. n=a9C,Y-11-n

2. Inte actions Address forms and Ta _Markers

92. 6 rr flo aamaa yes

cari O.K., alright, f ne, yes

alas, a pity

418. if)

713. ti Fr ni

682. Li cral IT ci-)

591 ay 01

929. a fr e?

901. CLI

898; C11

paavam

par vaalle never mind,it's not bad

doesn't matter;

nanni, nanri thanks, thank you

welcome, greetings 'ormal)

vantu hesitation form: uh, well

vaNakkam salu _ation: hello, how ar- you?

76

39. .DliOLOrrq

9. DIL...11-L-11-

252. T

241. rea LJJ rr

438.

155.

8.

31. (1)1:_u_Irr

38. (-31)1:13Lt3

240. La IT

495. E5

474. cro FF

91.

135-

FrammaaTiyoo

aTeeTee

ookoo

ayyoo

cii

-(u)nka(L)

(a) Taa

(a)Tii

(a)ppaa

a

(a)yyaa

t- pi

sear

-aam

E. Verbs with S ecial Uses

1. Impersonal Verbs

337. LLOg)(1Zr)L_ dc, EfrrJ

338. GT)

le

keTekkum

keTekkaatu

keTuyaatu

77

92

oh my gosh:

oh: (mild surprise)

(surprise or joy)

oh dear: (sor Ow or s pathy)

(contempt)

address form for oliteness

im olite address form to malechi_ldren_and

s_imilar form for fe- les

address form to older ma einferiors; father

address form to older women;mother

interiectio:qaddress form_toolder male e ual; sir

address form to male servan

sir. gentleman

tag marker to sentence indicagt:at the speaker is not re!pon-sible for the

tagparker: with risingintonation, 'isn't it?'; withfalling intonation, 'you know'

dat.) will get, obtain

(A- data will not get

dat, neg. only) do not have,does not happen

544. 99 Li-1 L:C)

977. au 67TiM GI Lb

(: cjJciflTLnF L.:0

920. C1,1

913. CA 6-51

842. 0 L9_ tq

775. (;LiflE.1 Lin

733. LLQ

ammatical Ve

127. g\e 7.

76. b

222. crri-T S.

454.

394.

371.

710.

657.

561.

983.

936.

779.

piTikkum (+ dab.) (Lo) ljke

pnci be (extremely) hungry (-I- dat)

ter iyum (+ dat) know

veeNum da0 want; should

veeNTaam (+ dat.) do not want; should not

vaa be getting, receive + (lat.)

vali= pain 0- dat

muTiyum (+ ins tr.) can, be able

pootum (+ df :) be enough

puriyu_ (+ dat.) understand

iru

aa (ku)

in (nu)

paNNu-, ceyyi-

1.

kuuTu-

paaru

paTu

tole-/-

vayyi

viTu

pooTu

rr

G 4.

2. /6.

4.

78

be

be, beeo-e

say, tell, quotativ-

cL make

reflexive middle marker

join, gather; be possible

see; try

suffer, feel

Pe destroy

put, keep

leav- let

put, throw

F. Modifiers

actives

143. Acfr L

168. 2Ed

218:

267.

289. Eb _g6c5)

379. GiE6C_L__

aTutta next not this one, the next one

atikam, jaasti much, a lot of; excess

21,am young; light (of color.

ocanta high

colapamaana easy

kaTeyci end; last, final

karum dark, dark (of colors

keTTa bad; spoiled

387. ) iTL4L1 pollaala ha mful, cruel

36. ciriya

437. 6-07- cinna little, small

461. 679' poona

48.(iTr,E conta

519. tiru

587. I156i)(11J nalla

693. Li cn paReya

731. Li gLI putu

750. 6)tJ J)tLJ per iya

caataaraNam

mattya

aTutta, innoru anotr, next

808. tta other

853. muRu whole, entire, complete

622. -0- L- niiLamaana long

small, little (in stze

765. 67) rry,1

791. LLLJFV&T))t

LA

last, previous

own, belonging to, personal

divine, sacred, holy

good, proper, as it should be

old mature

new

big, ,-2at, important

public, common, general, usual

central

79

867. 0 i-6.6-061511-Li mellicu soft, thin, delicate

971. 0 ni ,1 ILI verum empty, mere, blank

976. d oi (1-6-73-r L-9- veeNTiya necessary, needful

982. C613 veere other, difterent, foreign

2. Adverbs

21 rompa very

149. 0.4) inime from now on, henceforth, here-after

152. an- Ln innum still, yet; further-o e, more

23'3. ff)01,1 a-6)J eerkanavee, already, in good time, before

munnaaleeyee

981. Cal 2077- oruveeLe perhaps; (just) once

246. niA a, m zb

267. EZML

771. t-5 LLFILI-1 LI] r-F tY)

339. LL !p

439.

443. al- W Tr Ty

444. ery LC)

483.

515.

546. 6GT2j1V

590.

618. f-PC1

588. cc-IT C6

oRunkaa orderly, efficiently, neatly,regularly

kaTeyciyle in the end, finally, at last

kaTTaayamaa definitely, certainly

kiTTattaTTa approximately, nearly, about

ciikkramaa quickly, soon

cumaar approximately, about

cummaa

taTave, taram

tiTiirNNu

tetivaa

nallaa

-4reya, rompa,aasti

lazily, idly, leisurely; justfor fun, without any reason,just because

(number of) times

suddenly

evi -ntly,-clearly

well

much, too much, a lot

nallaa well (LT n. used as adv.

80

95

137. L-tg,L-15)(AJ805. LO pilLT Lc/

808.

828. L1-)r-B :711 Lb

86.5. (7-1-11).1-17

866.Ln

974. g6=21 f LL R.-

3. Colors

143. o7r bo

289. 5@ili-J0

293. 56u

310.

434.

625,

648.

783.

970.

43.

57.

175.

g)CDEIL-1

Lh

LIEPOMEF

IL EF-- crr

ciLi arrrOther Qualities

iff(Lia)

218. Gt

265. To--0-)Lo

413.

putucaa recently

tirumpavum againmarupaTi(yum)

mattapaTi

rompa

metuvaa

mella, moLLa

veekamaa

eLam

karum

kalar

karuppu

cevappu

niilam

pacce

manca(Lu)

veLLe

otherwis

veiy, much, a lot

slowly, softly

slowly, softly, gently

quickly, in a hurry;intensely; strong (of taste)

pale light

dark

color

black, blackness

red- redness

blue

green, yellow-green

yellow

white, whiteness

rare dear

aRaku beauty

1. valu2. kaTTaayam

colapam, callicu

kaTume

canuim

81

1. firmness, hardness, strength2. assurance, definiteness

certainty

an easy matter

harshness, sternness, severity

level, evenness; equality

446. EFI° ON-) Ll L1:0

496. La Fr f5-

ti-ilb838. gG. Quantifiers

242.

249.

125.

864.

604.

238.

102.

229.

187.

248.

675.

672.

700.

673.

667.

671.

1. Numerical

a. Natural Numbers

Li

Li

Ljgj

colapam easiness, facility

tayaar(u) ready, readiness

mukkiyam importance

oru

oNNu

oNNum

oruttan

orutti

reNTu

muuNu

naalu

ancu

aaru

eeRu

eTTu

ompatu

pattu

one; a, an (num. adj.)

one, one thing (n.)

nothing (-F neg.)

one man

one woman

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

patanoNNu eleven

panneNTu twelve

patimuuNu thirteen

patanaalu fourteen

patananeu fifteen

82

9 7

668.

670.

669.

Li

Li

676. Li

129.

849. LI( Lig]

602. Fr (.2 i.jJ

239- 23 L U

64.

217.

196. 6-T rolcrr 11 PT-11C7-

560. oi Eprrab-rff

628. .14fro

94. LL9 /7 in

890. 61J

395. 4

b. Other

44. Id

333. cri)

846.

244. 9 at 6)01.1 rr

2. Nonnumerical

210. 5TdLcii rr

211. Tr it.) cni 4:0

212. 07(Ti.)66-1-) rr

pa tanaaru s ix teen

pa taneeRu seventeen

pa tane Tat eighteen

pa t tompa to nineteen

irupatu, iruvatu twenty

muppatu thirty

naappatu for ty

ampatu fifty

arupatu, aruvatu sixty

eRupatu, eRuvatu seventy

empatu eighty

toNNuurn ninety

nuuru hundred, 100

aayiram thousand, 1, 000

laccam 4lakh: hundred thousand,1, 00, 000

kooTi 'crore: ten million,1, 00, 00, 000

are half, 1/2

kaa (1u) guar,ter, 1/4

mota (1) firs t, initial

ovvoru each, one by one

e 1 laa all, all kinds of (adj. )

ellaam ail things, everything (n.

ellaar m all (people everybody

83

685. j al)

432.

pala, palaana

koncam (n.)cela,.konca (adj.)

some, a few, not many(adj. if preceding, otherwise n.

385. 6')E6rr ZO koncam a little, some (i

504. q)

153. r5

Related ords

tani solitary, alone, sole(adj. and adv.)

innoru another (-f the same type) (adj.)

275. a) fraTT kaNakku computation

188. gnri-01- 3.eNNu- count, number

374.

305.

751.

891.

kuuTTu- add

kaRi subtract, deduct

perukku- multiply

vakul divide

941. wrr&Zo vittyaacam difference

875. QLorç Ep.4 mottam total; the whole

483. L6)1021 taTave (number of) times

748. 67111_11 7 peeru name; person (used withnumbers as a classifier)

9 9

84

H. Time

1. Time Units

634. g IT Lb

608. a 6A in

786. LL nCriCi

788. 11) crinfi C

787. LC) orPFIC) iS

640. Li ffia..)

332. E5 Fr 20-1.)

156.

792. 03E,5 tarraVTLb

427. el; mui 7070 LO

823. LID rr 2/1)

126. nl

nee ram t ime, per iod less than a day

nimi Sam momen t, minu re

maNi hour of the day

maNineeram hour (60 minutes)

maNikki o c lock

pakalu daytime

kaale morning, a.m.

ucci zenith, noon

ma t tyaanam midday, early af ternoon

caayankaa lam late a f ternoon, evening

maa le evening, p.m.

raattri night

6 oo. rrcfr naa (Lu )

637. 6; )-) gu nee t tikki

599. T rr 2017r naaLekki

344. 0 013 0 keRame

475. q5 rr ca(Avi womo ffaayi t tukkeRame

514. EFi t-) LC t inkakkeRame

460. 0 tC)-16-1-1 rral lgOUO cevvaakkeRame

730. 90-i-T- ) Ln bo tankeRame

546. 619 tLi Fr OD Lal v yaaRakkeRame

969. nnio.ir 6 LL veLLikkeRame

421. F-61+1 65 6D LU canikkeRame

100

day (24 hours

yesterday

tomorrow

day of the week

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

550.1-$)

-526.

331. E5

925. (X Fr 10

816. 0

907. al

396. effiti-

902. 6-11 W

teeti

denam

kaalam

date, day of the m: th

daily

time, season, period longerthan a day

Va-ram week

maacam month

varSam year

kooTe(kaalam ) summer, hot seas n

vayacu years old, (years of) age

2. Related Wo s See also Section B2)

12. Kg1GaTutta next

32. ,,91 rp L'A appram moreover; then afterwards

aa(ku) be, beco e; happen; pass (of time)

110. matti mid-portion; interval

nime

oTane

414. IT Lo La 0 camayam occasion, opportunity

461. ç6r2 poona last, previous

722. appram, pinne afterwards, (and) then

935. 2. viTi- dawn, rise (of sun)

981. iJ 267T veeLe occasion, time

149. gl 0-519

158- a_ L San-

henceforth, hereafter

at once, immediately

86

Loca ion and Shape (See also: Post:positions (8), Land (Administrative(12a), and Adjectives Fl))

. General Location,_ Directions

896. al L

QJL

547.

crit

342.

973.

912.

105.

6

d Lop

872. gLo 66-0

156.

578.

791.(--)(

110.

1 1 .

348.

vaTakku

vaTakke

tekku

tekke

keRakku

keRakke

meekku

meekke

valatu

vala

eTatu

meele

ucci

naTu

mattya

naTu, matti

north

northern

to/in the no

south

southern

to/in the south

east

eastern

to/in the east

west

western

to/in the west

the right side

right (adj.)

the left side; left (adj.)

upper surface, high

Lop, uppermost point, zenitL

middle center (point)

central; Union-

mid-portion, middle section)

aTi base, bottom

kiiRe a place below, down, bottom

102

643.

291. Z566)/T

267. TO)

174. a 6-fr edri

967. 0671A 019 u=-1

32.

635. rp

2. Other Locatives

12. ,W 514. '6)L 2.

106.

pakkam side, vicinity

kare border, boundary; shore

kaTeyci end; last, final

uLLe interior, inside, in

veLiye exterior, outside, out

appram that side; farther, beyond

neeru straight, straightness

aTutta next

ceeru- reach, approach

eTam place, room; [left side]

458. 00;i6J 1. poo ar ive (at)

542. iir ri L2)tuuram distance

843. 5 4611 muTivu end; decision

918. J vaRi way, path

837. vilaacam address

3. Place Names

34. t6.i ETD rr

116. r:p rr

133.

462. orr Par

524.

amerikkaa America, the Uni ed States

intyaa India

lankaa, siloon Sri Lanka, Ceylon

senne, meDraasu Madras

Delli Delhi

88

103

4. Form anilyigae_

171. a 6-11

409. Y-

405. LL 13

739. 1_1 eriT am9

ruupam shape, image, form

canti junction, meeting point

caTTam framework, frame; law

puni spot, point, tittle

856. varice order, regularity

863. muule corner, angle

897. CULL Ln vaTTam circle

906. CM rf) vari line; tax

89

104

SECTION TWOJ Society and the Social Sciences

J. Governmen Administration and Politics

1. Admi is_tration

22. 0/ la5a-9-uo

6a-)Ln

90. ,b1T6TV-3

234. gr:21-q6.

328. ErrJw .p

378.Err1-0-1

517.

534. 2

536.

539.

562.

576.

596. /13FIL:(3 3.

610.

614. 6201, LL-1/1)

664. LJ 5;15-thi

666, Li

721.

936. 05n 4.

938. Qs--IGgi

2. Government

a. Politics _Rule

6. 4X L 3.

atikaaram

ameppu

authority

structure; organization,constitution

aapiisu, aafiis office

uNTaaku be establishe develop

kaaryatarici secretary

collu say, tell (officially); proclaim

tiTTam plan, scheme

toNe deputy, Vice-, Assistant-

dore person in authority

tore department

veele action; occupation

naTavaTikke procedure, (administrativmeasure, step

naaTTu- establish

nirvaakam administration

neleyam institution

patavi position, post. rank

pativu registration

pooTu he issued

viIU (tiTa, viTTU) release, let go; permit, allow,let

liivn leave, holiday, vacation

aTakku

90

105

put down, restrain, contro

subordinate

7. A Lrg aTanku submit, obey

29. 0/61051W) apivitutti development, progress

40. ?igcET- raajaa king

41. MIT* carkkaaru government; royalty, kingdom

84. 46E15) aacci rule, administration,government; sovereignty

145. a268. LJ420. i% IV

440. 1811529. La

586.

607.

616. itiot755. 6 Li Er

793. in T5')D9

b. 1.andAAdminist ation)

eranku descend; be a candidate(in an election)

kacci party, faction

carkkaaru (the) Government

cjjrtiruttam improvement, reform

tiiviram intensity; radicalism;(political) activity

cavkkyam welfare

niti finance, fund, treasure

niruttu stop; support (an action)

peeccu speech

mantiri minister (i state)

172. 2_61) Er, 1:13

178.

315. Et, ITO

ulakam world, earth

uuru

kaaTu

341. gl ITIT CD graamam

570. rE.rt,7 nakaram

595. rp 17-@ naaTu, deecam

897. G)JLLL. t3

native place, hometown(village, town, community, place)

land not regularly inhabited byip[ëT jungle, de-dert

village

city, town, municipality

land inhabited by people:country, state

vaTTam circle; "taluk", region

91

106;

641.

824.

Li

LL h

c. War

--Tam region, area

district

on Lo ameyti peace, tranquility

401. g. cakti fjrce, forces (in pl.)

660. paTTaaLam army; (in pl.) forces, troops

776. rr yuddam war, battle

972.

d. Law

vetri [sic] victory

22. rr atikaaram jurisprudence

170. LIQ urime (inherent ) right or quality;

claim, privilege

321. a5/TD Frr(701 kaappaattu protect

1761.10t 1. kaavalu 1. protection, watch;

2. pooliisu 2. the guard, police

405. 6PCAL_Lb caTTam rule; law, act

488. 8,504Fr L- 207r taNTane punishment

570. tiruTu steal

623. ndf6) niiti justice

636. Cr7ry b0 nyaayam honesty

917. aj

932.

937.

vaRakku

vecaaraNe

viTutale

92

107

litigation, law-suit, case;dispute

investigation, inquir trial;

interrogation

freedom, liberty, independence,release (of prisoner, etc.)

3. Related.. Words

48. 4-1G-11 g- L8

87. rT

303. E6 1g a 11

373. ER1_ L. ED

386. 05 rr 4

403. EF. r*0 eh bt

455 G) 1-1j

491.

492. Li CU

500. 201)

528.

613.

674. Li $11-)citn

765. 61 urr791. Ili

843. g L9

953. Ca CL1

Llo rrorr1.13

954. a 19

Economics

1. Business and Finance

945. UIrJJLIJ vyaapaara

avacaram hurry; emergency

aataravu support, protection, patronage

kaRakam association

kuuTTam crowd, group meeting

koTi flag, banner

cankam association, acade y

viSayam neWs, message, matter, deed

tanti telegram, cable

tapaalu mail, post

tale head; priority

tiir aanam decision; resolution, motion(as in Parliament)

neleme situation, condition, state

pattrikke newspaper, magazine, periodical

caataaraNam public, common, general

mattya central; Union-, of the Centre

muTivu

vevaram

vlseeSam

64.

Gowrrurr

?ouiJ

vyaapaari

neleyam

93

108

decision, conclusion

details, detailed narration,amplification

celebration, car -ony

commerce, trade, business

merchant

institution

90.

266.

412. 6137. OieD

517.

440.

29.

176. 2/L45)

942. a5)0d/Liirefab

644. L-J

459. 0 EFri-4-1-1

467. GT) TiT

aapiisu, aafiis

kaTe

cante

ameppu

tiTTam

ciirtiruttam

apivirutti

urpatti

viniyookam

panku

cottu

cottu

767. Oil rrfty caamaan

231.er

eeRame

230. 5reeRe

562. C)41.5m toRilu

980. ecii 20-1) veele

328. 5 rr if) w kaariyata ici

607. r paNam

275. kaNakku

790. Lal

.

u Li ,matippu

678. l-1 t4-1 OTr laapam

573. rp 6--) L. LO' naSTam

908. 6-216)Ln iiOr LD campaLam

office

shop, store

market

structure) establishment;organization, institution

plan, scheme; arrangement,estimate

improvement, reform

development, progress

(industrial) production;

development

distribution

portion, share

wealth, riches; prosperity

property, goods, possession,asset

(pl.) goods) product

poverty

poor person in alth)

industry

work, job, emplo :ent

secreta-y

finance, fund

(financial) accounts

value, estimation

94

109

profit

loss

income

457.

875.

951. cSl aru

950. 00 5.

celavu out-go, expenditure

Col mottam total

vele price

vittiTu- sell

921. vaanku- buy

2. Money and Salaries

663; WISIT-Lb paNam money, wealth

887. JJrTUJ ruupaa(y) rupee

761. 61,11Li QPrr paycaa, kaacu paise, 1/100 rupee; money

433. 01)610(p cillare change, coins; retail ( f trade

458. 6)

270. LLL 101

906.

417. EF-63 JOT LA

377.

16. uPffMn-Girfr:rt)

262. E6

894.

3. Related Words

14. agOi.2.

69. ,.9frifrdtr7f)iJ

185.

388.

506. r75Prir. v.

683. r9

687. Olj orr

poo ir.v. be current (of money)

kaTTaNam fare, fee, charges

vari tax

campaLam salary, pay, wages

kuuli (day work) wages.; coolie

aTVaansu advance (payment)

kaTan loan

baanku, bank bank inancial)

keTekkum imp. v. obtain, get

anpaLippu gift

eTU: take, re -ve, pick up

kuTU- Aive,_ give away

taa (tara, tantu) give, grant, bestow

paricu prize, reward

pelan, palan gain

95

739.

834.

895._

puLLi

miccam

vasati

index (data)

excess, surplus, re ainder

well-off, comfortable

L. Relig_ion Rites and Festivals

414. ,5 LO 0-4:0camayam religion

117. al intu Hindu

171. a@ 6111-6tuupam image; idol

234. 6)- LIT 6), uNTaaku- begin to exist, be established;develop, evolve

235. 97:p LJ Fr GIeer aaTu arrangement or preparation done

according to established custom

296.E501)tarrairtb kalyaaNam ma-Aage

321.

358.

398.

466.

519.

543.

583.

584.

807.

916.

939.

942.

954.

rrju rript5Vthle

ES rra_90-1)

6121 W

LJcBW

thLU0D.),

615-)

cillg8e512/

5)4Jfl-cSrrIS)

kaappaattu- save; protect

kumpiTu worship, reverence

kooylu temple

cayvam Saivism; a aivite

tiru divine, sacred holy (adj,)

tirunaa (Lu) festival day

teyvam god, godhead, deity

nampikke trust; faith; hope

nampu- believe, trust

veetam Veda; Bible

vaRakkam custom, convention

viti fate, destiny; principle

viniyookam distribution

viseeSam celebration, festival, festivity,

ceremony

96

iii

M. Pee le and Society

1. ole

94 G1T aaLu person

810. 14 orr9 orr mani tan man; human being

86. r aaNu (a) male

747. GJr 1. poNNu 1. female2. pompLe 2. woman

782. Li1 Ef) (fir janauka people; [children]

748. nu Li 7 peeru 1. name2. person (used with numbers

as a classifier in thecolloquial style)

2. FamIyand

352.WLJW kuTumpam family

753. cw ip do appaammaa parents

361. d IkoRante child

763. vJu.iór payyan boy, son

746. Li 60.-zn- poNNu d_a_aglLt_f_r_; girl; bride

818. LO TT L.-J 1.5)6* °Tr maappLe bridegroom; husband; youn er

brother-in-law

276. Z3 001 0-hr4:17-- V iiTTukkaararu husband

811. LIOmanevi, poNTaaTTi wife

510. Erre taattaa grandfather

26.

paaTTi grand other

appaa father

ammaa mother

atte

97

112

father's sister, mother-in-law(husband's mother), older womanon father 's side

820. LOJT LO n- maamaa

821. rr LE)

19. 04r

20.

2. irT25. 0/ T 96 n-faTir

495. Lb1=9

482. 0-1

780. i-C3 %Ter

779. LO 56 6-47

799. 1.13 LD Ezertir

798' iff) 6Tr

uncle, other's brother,father sister's husband,father -law

maami mother's brother's wife,mother-in-law

aNNan, aNNaa elder brother

aNNi elder brothe 's wife

akkaa elder sister

attaaa elder sister's husband

tampi younger brother

tankacci, tanke younger sister

makan son

maka(L) daughter

marumakan son-in-law le cross-cousin,

nephew

marumaka(L) daughter-in-law; female cross-cousin, niece

756. CU 9--01;T: peeran grandson

758. d peetti granddaughter

3. Roles and Occu ations

664. 11 ip 619 patavi position, post, ronk, station

562. 6)e5rr vecle work, occupation, profession

980. n')J°20-0 veele work, job, employment

40. 4WO-EPc6-1- raajaa king

78. igi rfi al 9- aaciriyar, vaadyaar editor, author; teacher, lecturer

184. Cr (1-0 fr Oirr ecamaan master, boss, lord

328. E5ri FA w 11C) kaaryatarici secretary

334. 6 iTC/JOV pooliisu the guard, police

,98

113

536.cr

dore person in authority

581. 11(($)0- naccattram film star

sneeytan friend582. i5t5wrLjovT

734. 1-4C-U61J

757. d:Li9-11-0)ftOU

793. 11)0Inc)

815. WITM-1-671-1ffr

LQ rror900. cai oz;--r Q217) onr

945.- c)S)e,LJrrL!rrfl

960. CS fT Gri$7

967. OCUOTO iVrL L- n

4. Related Words

415.

60.

pulavar, polavar

prafacaru

mantiri

poet, learned man

professor

minister (of state

maaNavan student

maaNavi student

doopi, vaNliaan washer an, dhobi

vyaapaari

viiran

veLikkaarar

merchant

hero

foreigner

camuukam community, society (in gene -1)

kuuppiTu invite

eeRe poor person ealth)

kaRakam

345. keRavan

354. kuTTi

373. ffL :Lth kuuTTam

408. 01 6. canti

473. 2/1--) caati

566. 95 fr E,91 tooRame

99

114

association, corporation,corporate body, party, (fan_

club

old man

small girl

crowd group; meeting; tribe

meet

caste fad_

friendship, companionship

661. LJLLL

681. LJ cr LO LJ

812. La o;7- 611+7 6.

844. LI L. 1104T

902. CiLJ1

959. og

paTTam

parampare

manni:

muTTaaLu

vayacu

viiTu

100

115

(an) honor, title, degree;nickname

generation

excuse + nom., + acc.forgive, pardon (+ nom., dat.)

stupid person, fool

years old, years (of age); age

household

SECTION THREE. Biology and the orld

N. Animals and Plants

1, Animals

829.

18. artii)

93 jba,L0

83. .4b

207. cra4

306.

357.

359. )g430.

ffi La

585.

598. r nrbo

647.

699.

735.

744.

827.

814.

850.

883. GU IT arrr

696. L1I1J314. 1-7-tEi, an Et)

399. ea rr

mirukam animal, beast

aNilu squirrel

aame turtle, tortoise

aaTt goat, sheep

eli rat, mouse

kaRute donkey

kutire horse

koranku monkey, ape

sinkam lion

nari fox, jackal

naayi dog

pacu cow

panni pig, hog

puli tiger, panther

puune cat

maanu deer

maaTU ox, bovine

moyalu rabbit, hare

yaane elephant

parave bird

kaakkaa(y) crow .

kooRi chicken, fowl

101

116

835.

742.

707.

690.

154.

220.

384.

737.

urrthqa-i) 6-151

eji

rr

1-16)

miinu fish

puucci insect, bug

paampu snake

palli lizard, esp. gecko

ii fly

erumpu ant

kocu mosquito

pugu worm, maggot

313. 'karma RaNTt

354. kuTTi

see also Food (PM

452. 6) LL ceTi plant

313. karma kaNTu sapling

736, puliu grass

795. 0 -Lb maram tree

801. eD0151 073) mallike jasmine

852. CT-0 2411) mulle (Arahian) jasmine

rose

3. Animal and Plant Parts see also $ody Parts_ Q.1))

leaf

unripe fruit; vegetables

g1-42. Plants

calf

young of most animals

889. 6 IT fr 2 rr roojaa

134.

324. rruJ

383.

392. ØrrL :a

489. T

565. g

ele

kaayi

kavvi

kompu

taNTu

toolu

102

hand, arm; trunk (of elephant)

horn; branch

stalk

skin, hide, leather; bark, rind.

peel

691. Li

741.

854.

855.

859.

926. 0-11 n-0-0

940. 6307)

978. 6'11

4. Related Wo

711. ij 01_,

553.

843.

123.

695. LI? 8.

708. Lfrrai2.

870. Cind.12. /6.

ds

paRam

puu(vu

moLe sp_ ut, shoot

mullu

muukku

vaalu

vete

veeru

ripe fruit, fruit

flower

thorn, prickle

nose; bill, beak (of bird)

tail

seed (of plants)

root

paalu milk

teenu honey

muTTe egg

eyarke nature, disposition

para fly

paayi leap, spring, jump

meeyi 2. graze, eat (grass or grain)

6. graze, feed (of cattle. etc. )

O. Land

1. AgTI__cillture

331. It TO Li) kaalam season

564. a (1-71:-Z-- tooTTam garden, grove-

611. ne lam soil, (agricult al) land, ground

paddy, _unhusked rice, rice in

the field

payiru crop, grain (while growing) ;any useful plant (annuals only)

632.

679. U (-15)

903. vayalu field (with b undaries) esp.

paddy field103

ii

919. enr-5 2. /6.

2. Geography

800. 201-)

789. LO 0.-Wr

vaLaru-

male

NNu

295. ffia) kallu

vaRi

teru(vu

rooTu, caale

kaTalu

46.2rJ ale

530. tiivu

kare

tore

918. DJ

545. C)7@

428. err- 20-0

261. a Lcrb

291. ffiar)

539. Cn

2. grow (intr.) 6. raise

mountain, hill

earth, soil, dirt

stone, rock

way, path

street

road, high ay

sea, ocean

wave

island,

bank, shore; border, boundary

harbor

836. E6 W mokam mouth of river, entrance toharbor

101. [ob1A3 ] aaru [obi. aattu] river; way, road (in general)

362. @CFI Zol koLam tank, pond, pool

340. g)0-0741) keNaru well (for water, etc.

3. Weather

10.4'(4 6. sTL- blvw of wind), fall (of rain),beat down (of sun)

aakaayam aakaacam sky

thunder

iTi thund

kaattu breeze, wind; air, atmosphere

75. EZI-rtthL

108.

335-. Fr_

698. LJ 019any form of precipitation excapt

ratrirt

1. pani 17.-7ew, snow, frost

2. mancu 2. fog, mist

3. aysu ice104

1A2

749. 1. peyyi (peyya, pencu ) rain

802. Laao maRe rain

833. 419 irrr crzrr 0'1) minnalu lightning

868. LA9 451:n meekam cloud

965. C) a5) veylu heat of the sun, sunshine

105

120

1. Foods

_ . gniiu

711. Li MI))

497.

629. -=

878. d rr

964. Ginj

42. A 99

165. 1=)

189. GT a7;07 20tYr

208. Gr6LH/5-16Ln

260. L-0

324. E6 rrt.L1

325. ET, rroli

343.

419. g 9-

490. coo r

518.

548.

553.

632.

684.

691.

rr II ff-

Eprr-3-1261-ro--1

caappaaTu food

paalu milk

tayiru yoghurt, "curd"

neyyi ghee, clarified butter

mooru buttermilk

veNNe butter

arici uncooked (but husked) rice

uppu salt

eN-Ne oil

elumiccam lime, lemon [used mostly in cpds.]

kaTale peanut, "ground nut"

kaayi unripe fruit, vegetable

kaaykari vegetable (used for cooking)

keRanku tuber, potato, edible root

cakkare sugar

taNNi water

draacce grape(s

teenkaa coconut [frozen cpd.]

teenu honey

nellu paddy, unhusked rice, rice inthe field

paruppu pulse,'dal: any lentil/pea

paRam ripe fruit, fruit

106

1 1

Lq Olif

783. In 5 Ef-eny

819. up nr

830. Ocr-rr ritij845.

927. rT 019

961. oi 1-rojil)

966. @ill cry cru

146.

83.Fc

349. 6 a, Fr Lp

835.

309. Ef)

322. rr

426. cEF rr1nLJrrr

470.

477.

eXrr89..I

563. rr er-

884.

888. Fr IL

Utensils etc.

13. L11.4

puLi LawarLnu

manca(i.u) turmeric

maam - mango [usually epd.j

moLakaa °chillies; ed pepper

muTTe egg

vaaRe banana =ree [usually cpd.]

venkaayam onion

vellam Mjaggery,u brown sugar

kari

&silt

kooRi

miinu

iDLi

kari

meat

goat, sheep ; mutton

chicken, fowl

fish

idli, a steamed rice cake

any dish served with rice, curry;

any meat dish, meat

kaap(p)i coffee

caampaar sambar, a lentil sauce

cooru (cooked) rice

Tii tea

dooce dosa, a thin pancake

racam rasam, a thin soup

roTTi bread, roti, chapatti

aTuppu

107

122

place for cooking fire,

286. E6Fraar 4

LL350.

476.

u p7.

715. rr 20-trr

706.

3. Related Words

416. &fin4D 6.

54. 4105) 2.

441. 65i-G1 4.

323.-

364.

424.

263.

rrcii 2.

elf)

1-1-L11130 4.[ür 5= ]

6.cl

527.'$/

5..

645. LI6.

134.

347. &ea) 7

448. 6-/-1

466. oin 0-1.1

487.

karaNTi

koTam

looTTaa

paattram

paane

came=

cuTu

kaayi-

kuldru-

caappiru

kaTiz

ti (nu

ele

kiloo

cove, ruci

cayvam

taTTU

108

123

spoon

pot, any rounded vessel

cup, tumbler

(metal) pot, vessel

(clay) pot (with wide mouthand rounded bottom)

cook, prepare

2. be boiled, steamed; 6. boil,steam, cook in water

be hot, feel hot, be burnt;heat, bake, roast; burn (as of

food)

be hot, heated; dry out wither

be cool, be cold

eat, have a meal

bite, chew

eat (not a al), snack

be hungry [imp.v. .42dat.)

leaf; banana leaf plate

kilogram

taste, flavor

vegetarianism; a vegetarian

plate, tray, any shallow open

vessel

648. paccefresh, raw, cool (of water

738, L.10-14)puLi sourness

254. CblLL-CO ooTTal(u) restaurant

423. &ill-WIT& al] caappaaTu meal, dinner

948. cis)031 viruntu feast; food for guest

764. G11-I rr poTi powder, dust

624. rr taNNi fluid, liquid

351. L-9 6. kuTi drink

973. P!enitk.

vee be cooked parcook); be hot

Q. ALILcaTa2ialYtgl

1. Body Parts

157. a L.. CU oTampu body

tale head

ucci top; crown of head

muTi hair (of head)

mokam face

netti forehead, _low

kaNNu eye

kaatu ear

muukku nose

vaayi mouth

otaTu lip

naakku tongue

pallu tooth

kaRuttu neck

!Tc 7- croi toNTe throat

500. Vau156.

840. Co836.

C.43 111

6.)T r2633.

277. Eb

320.

859.

924.

162.

597.

688. u 6-0

307. EEI

559. 6)109

124

44. ,5i rfn 7 are hal waist

109. ctm, L:i iTuppu hip

110. Mao i_ mid-trunk

565a. 6 IT r;--) tooLu shoulder

643. 11 ifD ty- I:6 pakkam side

784 . La 4 maTi lap

822. Lin rr 7 14 maaru chest, bosom, breas t

827. g ,-§,@ mu tuku (the) back

904. C)JLSJ vayru stomach, belly, abdomen

333.

383, ORD 95

11. £'iLq

947. a 7 oi)

569.,

360.

128.

209.

565.

809.

r5 CL)

kaa (Lu) leg, foot

kayyi hand, arm

aTi foot

veralu f inger, toe

nakam, nekam (finger )nail

koralu voice

otayam heart (the organ

elumpu bone

tooth skin

manam, manaeu mind, heart, will

2. Health and Medicine

169. 2_ LL.9 Jj uyiru life

860. 6-- ur muuccu breath, life

753. nlj cDJ 4, peru give birth to

721. IS) rp 7. pera be born

928. C2317 1..S 7. nellaa iru

110

125

live [ thrive, prosper I

144. Qfp 7 era die

422. &Fr Irr. caa (caaka, cettu) die nonpolite)

471. Fietk-16° cavkkyam (good) health, well-being

355.

944.

914.

130. b0071i

326. 5 7 LL EF- 6-b

tiO

rr$-)

729. L4

913, Gil 6. Imp.

638. g 1,

797. IL g).1

177, a'

goNam quality; healthfulness

viyaati sickness, disease

vali pain, ache

irumal cough

joram fever

puNNu wound

vali smart, pain, ache (1- dat)

noo (noova, nontu) feel pain, ache

maruntu medicine, remedy

uuci

80. aaspattri

256. abeb4n_orY1) kakkuusu

3. Related Words

316. 5 rr tF)

143. cn- I-12

442. 1.0Up

59. &ign),Eg

363. (8047 6.

308,

537.

614

olj 6.

579.

needle; innoculation

hospital

latrine

kaacci sight, vision

eLame youth, ia aturity

tuppravu cleanness, purity

aRukku dirt, filth

kuLi bathe

kaRuvu- wash

tove wash clothes do laundry

naTe walk, pace

111

126

SECTION FOUR. Things

R. Artifacts

1. Tools achines and Miscalaneous Artifacts

95. 1LLU aayutam

121. Oi antram machine

kaariyam thing, matter

425. Ep m rr orr caamaan baggage, one's things

to l

329. rT JL

45. 446-01117 alamaari *almirah; wall cabinet

aaNi nail

uuci needle

273. Eb kaTTilu cot, bedstead

281. ES katti knife

282. ES kattiri scissors

285. Et L4-51, kay(i)ru rope, cord

286. uz,7 karaNTi spoon, ladle

290. CD Licu 6-31 ff.) .boorTu blackboard

320. rr gd kaatu ear; handle

349. g) kucci peg, splinter, twig

tiikkucci a match

350. koTam pot, any _ unded vessel

372. kuuTe basket

386. G-)alrr Ly- koTi flag, banner

400. tEiEilz69- cakkram wheel

429. 2;a61.5) caavi key

476. L. Li) or 9- looTTa cup, tumbler

484. 4 taTi stick, staff

85. &b

177.

112

127

487. taTTu

491. I tanti

353. E50-6)/_ koTe

601. fT Ef) naakkaali

659. LIGEBMErc. paTukke

686. Lin) on U5 palake

plate, tray

telegram, cable

umbrella

chair

bed, couch

board, plank

706. UffffHJLO paat tram metal pot, vessel

715. Un- 2arr paane (clay) pot

728. 1-4 1-: 14 buTTi, baaTTlu bottle

743. 4 C-° puuTTu lock

745. G) LI L: 4 peTTi box

760. 6-61 Li payyi bag

778. LJ1-1-0-iir Loon phone, telephone

786. L. C67319 maNi bell, gong; gem; hour

831. LrLlL balbu lightbulb

841. 0 4 4- Bri- muTiccu knot

889. 6,,A6-0-) meeje, meece table, desk

930. CB [-I- n-F) vaaLi bucket

931. C1111- (7) reeTiyoo radio

933. 6tp viciri fan

956. d161T lib@ veLakku lamp, light

346. flLD L-4 3. keLampu- start, begin (of a machine)

128113

2. Transpor tat_ion and_ Travel

719. a ry on- L:13

145. .& frai 3.

232. GTe3 3

253. 3.

283. E5 L:1 Li

330. Eb n fj-

465.

649. U CR)

651. LI

3.

740. Lip 4.

769. e rr /Irr.

771. LI a Ei).@ 611/T

885. 14-9

899. Gil oitrr

943. cjS'ftarrôin-

prayaaNam travel, journey

eranku- descend, get out (of a vehicle)

eeru- ascend, enter (a vehicle, etc. )

ooTu- run

kappalu ship

kaaru car, bus

caykkiL bicycle

bassu bus

paTaku boat

porappaTu set out, start (a journey)

p00 go

pookkuvarattu traffic, transpor t

rayilu railway

vaNTi vehicle, cart

vimaanam airptlane

Dress_ Clothint, and_Ornament

17. airl9 2. pooTu

59. Esg aRukku

291. kare

304. 3. kaRat tn-

383. CC) 85 kayyi

406. .19. LL OW) caTTe

445. FiT@FEJE 9. cur unku-

456. tqf ceruppu

533.(41)+1

tuNi

1

114

wear, put on

dirt; dirty laundry

border ; bank, shore

take off, remove

hand, arm sleeve

shirt, blouse

shr nk, wrinkle

'chappals," sandals

cloth, clothes

535.

554. ar) 6.

572. 051 Et,

627. iVOJ

650. U

662. 11 EGI

727. Li L_ 6n 6-11

714. Li rr ni ro-->

784. W

823. LD ir 201)

848.

886.

975.

877. CLO Fr

tuNTu

tey

flake

nuulu

pancu, panci

paTTil

poTave

paavaaTe

maTi

maale

muttu

ravikke

veeSTi, veeTTi

mootiram

115

130

tow-

sew

piece of clo h

jewelry

thread, yarn

cotton

silk

sari

skirt, petticoat

lap; pocket flap of a vZSTi

garland, necklace

pearl

sari blouse, choli, bodice

dhoti, a man's lo er garment

(hand) ring

173.

131.

Materials and Construction

me al

iron

1. Mate ials and Subatances_

Lcclun7Ebt_io

gif) L-4

ulookam

irumpu

453. 0 (T Lio LI cempu copper

478.T 135 17 16

takaram tin

480. 1-711a Li() tankam, ponnu gold

718. al 1$ ?OTT pittaLe brass

968. 6)6-2-.1 CM9 veLLi silver

189. croaj gmr eNNe oil

278. McfniTLT9 4 k NllaaTi glass

295. Efiab kallu stone, rock

565. g T IT al) toolu skin, bark; leather

764. 0 LI n- 4 poTi powder, dust

789. LICLaior maNNu earth, soil, dirt

795. L.o 17 th maram tree; wood

879. 670 0 mayyi ink

116

131

2. ILlilAirIgA

259. 26 /_:L. L. Lb kaTTaTam (a) building; construction

370. al_ Lt.)) kuuTam hall, large building

80. LJ fl rn aaspattri hospital

398. 6A Fr ttS) 6--' kooylu temple

694. 1Jth-an9 LIO paLLikkuuTam school

297. ,:)4"21),VIT kaaleej(u) college

689. U6JE.E. yuuniversiTTi university

959. CE(g viiIi.1 house

254.

266.

894. C117;-1g)

aapiisu, aafiis office

ooTTal(u ) hotel, restaurant

kaTe shop

banku, bunk bank

3. Parts-of Build_ingi_

13. oia)6q altppu place for cooking fire,stove, hearth

66. a dr ruum room, chamber

256. .415E5ft-671) kakkuusu latrine

370. ui-Lt_Lb kuuTam hall, large room

279. 5 katavu door, shutter

376. Efin- 670 9- kuure roof, ceiling

447. r covaru wall

478. -N647- Oorcrl) jannalu window

117

499.

813.

863.

922.

979.

rr u-o:u

coA6-151

4. Related %lords

tare floor

rmaaTi upper story, upstairs floor,roof terrace

muule corner, angle

vaacal entrance, doorway, gateway

veeli fence

274. kaTTU build

85. aaNi nail

278. ff) crozr kaNtiaaTi glass (the material)

284. 55 L6 al kampi, vayru electrical wire

832. 1,A)i-T IT g L-.0 karaNTV electricity

795. ID fp:a maram wood

409. F-fraS1 caavi key

743. L LIG1 puuTTu lock

45. W IT&) alamaari almirahl1 (wall) cabinet withdoors, cupboard; any shelf

933. C 6:---) viciri fan

854. gi2firr moLe peg, post; wedge

q725. crn e5 poke smoke, fume, steam

15. /0T)1--- aTe= shut, close; lock

18a. 0 arol- aN turn off, switch off

616.91-'

niruttu- erect

set, place; turn on (light, etc.772. d. pocau

118

133

SECTION FIVE. Humanities and Sciences

T. Learnin and the Arts

1. Education

298. 65

680. LI

701. Li ITL.th

905. al ijea.)1T0-1

382. f 26 a*r 5.

653. ULL 6.

216. ur

185. GT

551. 3.

78.

757. gLj9-n-Afluj

815. tio rimy al air

w rr

694. U 657- dT±li6 L

297. ab niagr

689. L16:li .$201:4 ErD Zg

paTippu education

payircci training, exercise

paaTam lesson

carittram history

keeLu-z h ar ask

paTi= read; study

eRutu- write take (an exam)

eTu= take; take (a class)

paaspaNNu- pass (an exam)

aaciriyar teacher, author

prafacaru professor

maaNavan student (male)

maaNavi student (female)

paLLikkuuTam school. (building)

kaaleej(u) college

Lfl yuuniversiTTi university

726. LI (7--U Et Lb pustakam book

1. Of a) 7 a DikSanari dictionary

22. 041§1E6M7th atikaaram authority; chapter (of book)

643. ziifi E6 Lb pakkam side; page

652. 11 L 60 paTam picture, map

739. q ôrr rif") pulli point, dot, tittle

119

4

892. C

686. Li 0--Throl ab

745. C) LJ a/-

759. LJ

889. L61

874, cin

132.

264.

280.

302.

555.

594.

674.

702. Li 7 L-

705. UrrIL05

734. L4 °-

vakuppu, klaasu class

palake board

peTT1 box, b --a e

pen(nu peenaa pen

meeje, mecca table, desk

mayyi ink

2. Literature and Writin

LIJ

Philosophy.

62.

161. orffr

188. atrorr

287. as

327. ffililm

365.

366.

505.

3.

3.

elakkyam literature

kaTitam, leTTaru letter

kate story

kavite poetry

toke collection, anthology

naaTakam drama

pattrikke newspaper, periodical

paaTTu poem

paaTTu song

pulavar poet, learned man

teriyum know

nejam truth

nene= think, [count]

nene--; think, consider, have opinion

kaaraNam

kuri=

kurippiTU

goNam

120

cause, reason

mark, indicate,

specify, mention

quality

enore

766. G) 0 7 OLI poy lie, falsehood

767. 6-) LI rr cri-r--- ar t tam meaning; subs tance, matter

891. p1ri7- classify, : divide

939. 05) q;) viti fate ; principle

941. a 6p tIVT iT.118 vit tyaacam d if ference

953 C2-116-119-1:o vevaram details

4. Ar ts and SERr ts

294. kale ar t

404. F-Fr-iitSc- sankiitam music

594. FF,5 rr L- 5! Lb naaTakam drama

577. ri 4 6. naTi dance, act

523. 0-6-)17L-TiLiL_Lin cinimaa movie

652. Li L L] paTam picture : film, movie, photo

705. LJ nr c- paaTTu song

581 . r1-16- naccattram s tar ; film s tar

958. c5 rjtTG 3. veLeyaaTu- play, sport.

773. CLIn- L9 pooTTi contes t, tournament

5. Related Words

63.

81.

97.,Prjr1c-044)122. Uj 6:0

169. a fi

494.L6? S

876. 0 Lito rr

938. 66) g

vififfaanam science, field of knowledge

inkliiS English

aaraacci research

nature; =ology

Uyi u life; vowel

tamiR, tamiLu Tamil

baaSe language, word

liivu leave, vacation

121

136

U. Mind and Behavior

1. Emotions

5. aG-5EFT 3.

36. 010-504;)

70. 0/ H

79. Opo Er-

88. ;ZS

100.

124. Lb

150. 6TU [10

206. GI 2.

259. 1_63311-.0

299. es 20-0

305. 5 6.

319. Er, rr

358. Lh 4.

397. Cffir1ild3

402. U rrsi L

407. a. own- arn

411. BH5 ,5 a Lb

516. SEEIEV 4.

531. Eb (1)

584. r-n Li 3.

606. g- LLJL al

677. u uj

692. Li

717. di

bayappaTu (4) fear

caantam calmness

ampu affection

iSTam desire

aattiram impatience

taNi- be.appeased

erakkam mercy, pity, sympathy

cantooSam delight, j y

ericcalpaTu scorn, be angry

kaTame duty, obligation

kavale worry

kaRi reject; subtract

love

kumpiTu worship

koopam anger

cankaTam embarrassment

caNTe quarrel

canteekam doubt

tiTukkiTu be surprised, star led

tukkam sorrow

nampu- believe, trust, rely on

niccayam certainty

bayam fear

paRi blame

piTikkum (to) like

122

fl7

752. Qll@ci7flhJ O perume pride; greatness; fame

768. 6-) u

775.

781.

794.

796. Ln

962.

977.

287.

tAi rr

6-1=1J-ilT

Mind

312.

619.

762. Li

790. LOUL1794. LLL4JLI 3

803. W rO 7.

809.

poruttukkoo endure, bear with, havepatience, tolerate

pootum be enough

cantooSam joy

mayakkam confusion

mariyaate respect

vekkam shame; modesty

veeNum want (to)

nene= think, consider, have opinion

apipraayam opinion, thought

karpane imagination

kanavu dream

nene think

payttyam madness, insanity

matippu value regard, respect

mayakkam confusion, delusion intoxication

mara forget

manam mind

Perce tions, Feelings.,_ and Behavior

1-M@ 3.

7. )±1-1g 3.

87.1-4

160 2.

193. rt-

aTakku- restrain, control

aTanku- submit, calm down

aataravu support, patronage.

oNaru- .feel, realize, recognise

eturpaarum expect, wait for

123

138

255. Ll 2.

300. a) err 1-CI

301.

318.

355.

358.

381.

407.

448. e4- anOi

507. ö5flQao

509.

544.

568.

61-1 r, 6.

E6 rir

czar C.,0

151G 4.

ei$66)

,ert:il T 6-en

6:T rr orrgb.

576. 1-7 La] liar) ETD

635.

646. LJ

657. LIO 4.

710. urr 6.

733. L4 hF1 IL.1 Lb

770.

923. cu rr a-20r

ooy desist; become

gavanam attention, care

gavanil notice; observe

kaNTupiTi see; find out

gonam quality

kumpiTu worship

geeli joke

caNTe quarrel

cove, ruci taste, flavor

taakam thirst

taanku- bear, endure; sustain

teriyum know (ho

tooNu- seem, appear

naTavaTikke conduct, behavior

neeru straight; upright, honest

paci hunger

paTu suffer; feel

paaru= see, try

puriyum understand

pookku practice; behavior; trend

vaacane smell, odor

124

139

V. Physical _Sciences

1. YllYses (see also: Weather (03))

63. aslLd di)

122. jflJ

401.

832.

'247.

171.

243.

631. 0

725.

viMaanam

='ara

science, field of knowledge

nature; -ology

aakaayam sky

suuriyan sun

cantiran moon

naccattram star

viTi- dawn _s day), rise (of sun

cakti

rrçrLu karaNTTu

veLiccam

ruupam

cattam

ULI neruppu, tii

poke

2. Measurement

61. 01617r(CLI

272. ebt:

347. &60-1)r-r

367.

535.

538.

617.

6.

power, energy

electricity

light

image; reflection

sound, noise

fire

smoke

aLavu measure, limit

kaTTi lump, clump, mass

kiloo kilog am

kpre-/ 2) be lacking; 6) reduce, cut o

tuNTu pieee, bit, slice; towel

. tuLi (a) drop; a very little

nere- become full, overflow

125

140

Movement Verbs of Motion

120. Ld Eb ES

82.

145. g)

179. afEE fr?

232. 0.J

236. 6T fp

258. ffi

274. EE./.1

292. Ebni

eyakkam movement

2./6. ace-/

aaTu-

eranku-

uuttu-

ecru-

3. eettu-

7 kaTa

kaTTu-

kala

3.

7.

304. LQ 3. kaRa

408. (TIT canti

454. G) EP. (LI paNNu-, ceyyi-

485. 6. taTu

486. 3. taTTu-

move, shake

move (rhythmically), dance

descend, get down/out of

pour

ascend, climb up enter

raise

pass, cross, go beyond

bind; build

mix

take off, remove

meet

do, make

hinder

tap, clap, pat

521. if3i-H-i 3. tiruppu- turn (tr.)

522. 6 1:"1 3. tirump- turn, return intr.)

525. T 7. tera open

540. gir Eb 3. tuukku- lift up; weigh

2. toTaru- continue, follow, pursue

2.16. nakaru-F

557. cAprilj,

574 I-5E0

616.5633.

ni uttu-

626. 2. /6. noRe-rz

769. dij TT irr. (3. ) poo

861. muuTu-

126

1

2) move aside; 6) move, ''shift"

stop; erect

2) enter; 6) poke, make enter

go

cover, close

920. Jrf Irr. vaa come

936.- 051G 4. viTu leave; release; let

955 2. viRu- fall

963. 00j fLG 3 lieTTu- cut, chop

Basic Abstract Nouns_ see also: Adverbs- (F2) and Abstract Quail_ F4))

For other abstract nouns see the relevant section.

28. 44unrui DO

37. 000 1_13 El Li

49. 04 al 1-10

67. ,9,1 E,Li Li 611 Lb

89. ,9,b LJ

96. .0.,b D-L:Duia

163. 6-15)

235. 9- ,--;? rr

257. 6LL327.

368.

493. ,EpLH.4

505. ep crirr bo

529. i51çrü o

589. 6:15) LAO

612.

681. LI 71-0LJ6107

851.

949. eTrT

apaayam danger

ameppu structure; organization

avaciyam necessity, urgency

anuPavath experience; enjoyment

aapattu adve--ity

aarampam beginning

otavi help

tayaar arrangement, preparati

kaSTam difficulty, trouble

4(aaraNam cause, reason

kuttam fault; guilt

tappu mistake, error

goNam quality, condition

tiiviram intensity

laapam benefit

nele situation

parampare tradition, generation

muyarcci attempt, effort

virootam enmity

127

142

X. Basic -Verbs

977.

see also section E, Verbs with S ecial Uses

Op imp. veeNum wan should, 'need (+ dat.)

teriyum know, kne- how to (-* dat.)

imp, muTiyum can, be able (+ instr.)

imp. piTikkum .like dat.)

be enough (-1- dat.)

imp. puriyum understand (.1- dat.)

544. Gap tf) 64 Lb

842. at4t440)

717. 649_ &pg

775. 4irrgi

733.

imp. pootum

10. 01 4 6 aTi strike, beat

58. of 1. aRu weep, cry

68. 4,..g0 Lq 3. anuppu- send

76. 40 Irr. (3) aa(ku) be (so and s become; happen

82. 4(8 3. aaTu= move, dance

127.C:s

7. iru be; stay, wait, remain

145. a rprai 3. vranku= descend, get down/out of

159. aL a5rT y 2. ukkaaru- sit

160. 2. oNaru- feel, realize, recognise

185. cr(3 6. eTU1 take, remove

186. GrL 3. eTTu- reach, reach for

188. Trtritcr .eNNu- count, number;[think, ponder]

215. 0-rg 2. eRuntiru get up; awake, emerge

216. qr9A4 3. eRutu- write

219. OTT/f-)) 2. eri- thro-- throw at

222. GraTT 5. in

232. g(50 3. eeru-

253. 0 3. ooTu-

292. Eb6-0 7. kale

1

128

say, tell, quotative

ascend, climb, get into

run

mix, mingle

308.

317. ff,r-t- LLGA

363.

371. Ern- G

374. Ern_

375. er-n-

383. EiSoT 5.

390. 61E6rraGdi-IrrIrr.

391.- avroivr0 6111r

394. Qrrr 1.

408. 6.

416. cYgo W 6.

424. rT-L 4;

454. GIT6L1 I.

469.

522.

525.

540.

541.

549.

556.

558.

568.

574.

575.

584.

615.

6

01)

rrG

7.

3.

7.

kaRuvu- wash

kaalTu- show, point out

kuLi7z bathe

kuuTu- gather, assemblethinite, join]

kuuTTu= add, bring together; _sweep

kuuppiTU call, shout

keelm hear, listen; ask

koNTupoo take away, take along

koNTaa bring

-(k)koo ram. rker; have, posses

cantil . meet

came: cook

caappiTu eat, have a meal

paNNu-, ceyyi- do, make

collu- say, tell, inform, request

tirumpu- turn; return, go back

tera open

tuukku- lift up, raise; weigh

bxunku- sleep

teeTu- seek, search

aaramp begin, start

toTu touch

tooNu- seem, appear

naTa walk; behave; happen

naTattu- direct; manage conduct, arrange

nampu- believe, trust, rely on

nillu

129

144

stand; stay; cease'

616. jfi.. 5.1 3.

619. 6.

626.jI

LI 2. /6.

653. Li 6.

657. LJ

703. L17(3

710. LI Fr cr

716. i5l 4 6.

720. S ffi 2./6.

721. 3 rp =

7.

753. g 4.

754. 611 ET 3.

769. ei-HT irr. (

772. dd Fro 4.

803. W 7.

839. i9. 2./6=

861. 3.

919. al o-Tr cr. 2. /6.

920. Cll ur Irr.

921. 0-117

niruttu-

nene= think, remember, consider

noRe- - enter; poke, make enter

paTi= read; study

4. paTu suffer; feel, experience

paaTu- sing

paaru= see, watch; try (to)

piTi= catch, take, grab

piri-/ depart; separate, divide

pera be born

peru give birth to

peecu- speak, talk

poo go

pooTu put, place; thro away)

mara forget

muTi-/: finish

muuTu- cover, close

vaLaru-/= grow; raise

vaa come

vaankn- buy, get, receive

4. viTu leave; release; permit

5. vittiTu sell

2. viRu- fall

veLeyeaTu- play game

6. vayyi= put, place, set aside; keep;serve (food

stop; erect; support

936.

950.

955.

958.

983.

130

145

APPENDIX II. High Frequency High Literary Words Not Included in the Core

Vocabulary

984.

985.

986.

987.

it is not

et cetera

therefore

this sort of

988. there is there are

989. EGH rrr existing, being, present in

990. giri- il crowd; society

991. ,Err-15-610-;) on behalf of (post. + obl.)

992. 1-51(p other, different, foreign

993. OLVTG&f time, occasion; sun

994. bp err orr our king

995 La 76) Li@ fl) very large

996. very great, much

146131