tiruvallur tiruvallur district district tamilnadu

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR

DISTRICT DISTRICT DISTRICT DISTRICT

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU

As per notification No. S.O. As per notification No. S.O. As per notification No. S.O. As per notification No. S.O.

3611 (E) New Delhi, The 3611 (E) New Delhi, The 3611 (E) New Delhi, The 3611 (E) New Delhi, The

25252525thththth July 2018 of Ministry July 2018 of Ministry July 2018 of Ministry July 2018 of Ministry

of Environment, Forest and of Environment, Forest and of Environment, Forest and of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change, Govt. of Climate Change, Govt. of Climate Change, Govt. of Climate Change, Govt. of

IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Page | 1

INDEXINDEXINDEXINDEX

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORTDISTRICT SURVEY REPORT----TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR

Sl.NoSl.NoSl.NoSl.No.... ContentsContentsContentsContents Page noPage noPage noPage no

1. Preface 3

2. Introduction 4

3. Overview of mining activities in the district 4

4. List of mining leases in the district 5

5. Details of royalty or revenue received in Tiruvallur district

Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year

2012-2013

7


2013-2014

8


2014-2015

9


2015-2016

10


2016-2017

12

6. Process of deposition of sediments in the rivers of the district

6.a. Location Map of Irrigation structures

6.b. Kosasthalaiyar river basin

6.c. Replenishment study for sand

17

17

18

21

7. General profile of the district 21

8. Land Use pattern 24

9. Physiography and regional geology 26

10. Rainfall pattern along Kosasthalaiyar river basin 27

11. Geology and mineral wealth 27


Page | 2

12. River system

12.a. Kosasthalaiyar river

12.b.Climatic characteristics: humidity and wind

31

31

32

13. Drainage system with description of main rivers 36

14. Salient features of important rivers and streams 36

15. Mineral potential of the District 36

16. Economic impact of mining 37

17. Conclusion/ Recommendation 37


Page | 3

DISTRICT SURVEYDISTRICT SURVEYDISTRICT SURVEYDISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND REPORT FOR SAND REPORT FOR SAND REPORT FOR SAND MINING MINING MINING MINING TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR DISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICT

1. PREFACE1. PREFACE1. PREFACE1. PREFACE

In compliance to the Notification issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest

and Climate Change notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi dated 25-07-2018, the

preparation of District Survey Report of river sand mining in accordance with Appendix X of

the Notification. Every effort have been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and

overview of mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology

and mineral wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other

sand sources. This report will be a model and guiding document which is a compendium of

available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological setup of the

district and is based on data of various departments, study conducted by renowned

institutions, published reports and websites.

SURVEY REPORT OF SURVEY REPORT OF SURVEY REPORT OF SURVEY REPORT OF TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR DISTRICT DISTRICT DISTRICT DISTRICT

As per Gazette Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi dated 25-07-2018 of Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change, a survey shall be carried out by the District

Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Water Resources

Department, Forest Department, Geology and Mining Department and Revenue Department

in the District for preparation for District Survey Report as per sustainable sand mining

guidelines to ensure identification of areas of aggradation or deposition where mining can be

allowed and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and

installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of

replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.

The detailed study has been made to cover sand mining locations, area and overview of

mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral

wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources.

The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment

area of the river (or) Streams. The area for removal of the mineral in a river or stream is

decided depending on geomorphology and other factors. The District Survey Report shall


Page | 4

form on the basis for application for Environmental Clearance, preparation of reports and

appraisal of projects. The report shall be updated once in five years.

2. INTRODUCTION: 2. INTRODUCTION: 2. INTRODUCTION: 2. INTRODUCTION:

Tiruvallur dTiruvallur dTiruvallur dTiruvallur districtistrictistrictistrict is an administrative district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town

of Tiruvallur is the district headquarters. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,728,104

with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males. It is located in the North eastern part of

Tamil Nadu between 12 ° 15’ and 13° 15‘ North and 79° 15‘ and 80 ° 20 ‘ East. The district is

bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the East.Vellore district of Tamil Nadu and Chitoor district

of Andhra Pradesh on the West, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh on the North and on the

South by Kancheepuram district. The district spreads over an area of about 3422 Sq.km.The

district comprising of 9 taluks, 14 blocks, 5 Municipalities and 10 Panchayat unions.The

average normal rainfall of the District is 1104 mm. Out of which 52% has been received

during North East Monsoon period and 41% has been received during South West Monsoon

period.

3. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT. 3. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT. 3. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT. 3. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT.

The Mining activities available for sand, Gravel, Jelly, Savudu, Rough stone, Black

Granite. Mainly two types of Minor minerals constituents such as sand and jelly are required

for any type of construction. In earlier times, the houses / buildings were constructed in form

of small dwellings with walls made up of mud plaster, stone and interlocking provided with

wooden frames and there were negligible commercial as well as developmental activities

resulting in less demand of binding materials. However with the percentage of time, new

vistas of development activities were started. The quantity of minor mineral consumption in a

particular area is thermometer to assess the development of the area. Thus with the pace of

development activities, the consumption of minerals also increased. As Tamil Nadu State is

highly urbanized state of Indian sub-continent after Maharashtra, the demand of minor

minerals in the Tiruvallur District has started increasing trend, the highly industrialized

districts like Chennai, Kancheepuram, are depending its sand and rough stone need on

Tiruvallur Districts.


Page | 5

4.4.4.4. THE THE THE THE LISTLISTLISTLIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICTOF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICTOF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICTOF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT

In Tiruvallur district there are few new proposals of sand mining were

prepared and waiting for the Environmental clearance from DEIAA / SEIAA.

Sl.No Name of Quarry Name of Taluk Area of Extent

(Ha)

River

1 Echampadi Pallipatu 4.98 Kosasthalaiyar

2 Karimpedu Pallipatu 4.99 Kosasthalaiyar

3 Nediyam Pallipatu 9.63 Kosasthalaiyar

4 Vidaiyur Tiruvallur 6.75 Kosasthalaiyar

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

`

New Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in Kosasthalaiyar


New Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in KosasthalaiyarNew Quarries in Kosasthalaiyar RiverRiverRiverRiver

Tiruvallur District

Page | 6


Page | 7

5. 5. 5. 5. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN TTTTIRUVALLUR IRUVALLUR IRUVALLUR IRUVALLUR

DISTRICT.DISTRICT.DISTRICT.DISTRICT.

From January2012 to April 2012From January2012 to April 2012From January2012 to April 2012From January2012 to April 2012

From May 2012 to August 2012From May 2012 to August 2012From May 2012 to August 2012From May 2012 to August 2012

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

January

2012

February

2012

March

2012

April

2012

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar 8.96 19.122 11.808 6.222

2 Vembedu Gerugam

Poondi Kosasthalaiyar 0 0 11.16

12.216

3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

May2012

June

2012

July

2012

August

2012

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar 9.87 11.95 5.74

9.94

2 Vembedu Gerugam

Poondi Kosasthalaiyar 11.86 13.84 7.61

11.034

3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar - - - 6.678


Page | 8

From September 2012 to December 2012From September 2012 to December 2012From September 2012 to December 2012From September 2012 to December 2012

From January 2013 to December 2013From January 2013 to December 2013From January 2013 to December 2013From January 2013 to December 2013

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

September

2012

October

2012

November

2012

December

2012

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar - - -

-

2 Vembedu

Gerugam Poondi Kosasthalaiyar 3.84 - -

-

3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar 1.026 11.664 14.35 10.698

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

January

2013

(February 2013 To

December 2013)

Amount

(Rs.in Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar - -

2 Vembedu Gerugam

Poondi Kosasthalaiyar - -

3 Oddappai* Kosasthalaiyar 3.57 -


Page | 9

From January From January From January From January 2014 to April 20142014 to April 20142014 to April 20142014 to April 2014


Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

January

2014

February

2014

March

2014

April

2014

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - 3.87

4.05

2 Sembedu Gerugam

Poondi Kosasthalaiyar - - 2.85

6.46

3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

May2014

June

2014 July 2014

August

2014

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar 5.20 8.03 5.48

-

2 Sembedu Gerugam


6.936

3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - - -



Page | 10



Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

September

2014

October

2014

November

2014

December

2014

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - -

30.58

2 Sembedu

Gerugam Poondi Kosasthalaiyar 8.39 4.498 2.529

0.204

3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - 2.009 30.66

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - 27.64

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

January

2015

February

2015

March

2015

April

2015

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar 32.334 16.83 -

2 Sembedu Gerugam

Poondi Kosasthalaiyar - 5.916 18.92

1.153

3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar 35.935 13.36 - -

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar 31.140 13.24 9.88 1.264


Page | 11



Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

May2015

June

2015 July 2015

August

2015

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)


-

2 Sembedu Gerugam


-

3 Punnapakkam Kosasthalaiyar - - 1.724 -

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar 1.24 - - -

Sl.

No

Name

of Quarry /

Village

River

September

2015

October

2015

November

2015

December

2015

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)

Amount

(Rs.in

Lakhs)


-

2 Sembedu

Gerugam Poondi Kosasthalaiyar - - -

-

3 Punnapakkam Kosasthalaiyar 14.716 22.61 20.77 -



Page | 12

Sl.No River Month Cost of Sand sold

In Rs (2 units)

Remarks

1

Kosasthalaiyar

January 2016

To

December 2016

No Quarry has been Approved



Page | 13

6666. PRODUCTION OF SAND. PRODUCTION OF SAND. PRODUCTION OF SAND. PRODUCTION OF SAND IN THE TIRUVALLUR IN THE TIRUVALLUR IN THE TIRUVALLUR IN THE TIRUVALLUR DISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICT

Sl.NoSl.NoSl.NoSl.No MonthMonthMonthMonth RiverRiverRiverRiver

YearYearYearYear

Vembedu Vembedu Vembedu Vembedu

Gerugam Gerugam Gerugam Gerugam

PoondiPoondiPoondiPoondi

(Total Loads (Total Loads (Total Loads (Total Loads

in terms of 2 in terms of 2 in terms of 2 in terms of 2

Unit)Unit)Unit)Unit)

OddappaiOddappaiOddappaiOddappai

(Total Loads in (Total Loads in (Total Loads in (Total Loads in

terms of 2 Unit)terms of 2 Unit)terms of 2 Unit)terms of 2 Unit)

NeiveliNeiveliNeiveliNeiveli




1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2012 - - 1494

2 February Kosasthalaiyar

2012 - - 3187

3 March Kosasthalaiyar

2012 1860 - 1968

4 April Kosasthalaiyar

2012 2036 - 1037

5 May Kosasthalaiyar

2012 1977 - 1646

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2012 2308 - 1992


YearYearYearYear














1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2012 1269 --- 957

2 August Kosasthalaiyar

2012 1839 1113 1657

3 September Kosasthalaiyar

2012 641 1671 -

4 October Kosasthalaiyar

2012 - 1944 -

5 November Kosasthalaiyar

2012 - 2392 -

6 December Kosasthalaiyar 2012 - 1783 -


Page | 14


YearYearYearYear

Sembedu Sembedu Sembedu Sembedu






RajapadmapuramRajapadmapuramRajapadmapuramRajapadmapuram



KaliyanurKaliyanurKaliyanurKaliyanur




1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2014 - - -

2 February Kosasthalaiyar

2014 - - -

3 March Kosasthalaiyar

2014 285 - 387

4 April Kosasthalaiyar

2014 646 - 405

5 May Kosasthalaiyar

2014 657 - 520

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2014 1009 - 803


YearYearYearYear














1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2013 - 595

--

2

(February

to

December)

Kosasthalaiyar 2013 - --

--


Page | 15


YearYearYearYear














1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2014 987 - 538

2 August Kosasthalaiyar

2014 680 - -

3 September Kosasthalaiyar

2014 823 - -

4 October Kosasthalaiyar

2014 441 - -


YearYearYearYear




(Total (Total (Total (Total

Loads in Loads in Loads in Loads in

terms of 2 terms of 2 terms of 2 terms of 2










GulurGulurGulurGulur





1 November Kosasthalaiyar 2014 248 197 - -

2 December Kosasthalaiyar 2014 20 3006 2998 2710


Page | 16


YearYearYearYear
















GulurGulurGulurGulur





1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 3523 3170 3053

2 February Kosasthalaiyar 2015 580 1310 1650 1298

3 March Kosasthalaiyar 2015 1855 - - 969

4 April Kosasthalaiyar 2015 113 - - 124

5 May Kosasthalaiyar 2015 375 - - 122

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2015 324 - - -


YearYearYearYear


Gerugam PoondiGerugam PoondiGerugam PoondiGerugam Poondi



PunnapakkamPunnapakkamPunnapakkamPunnapakkam




1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2015 6 169

2 August Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - -

3 September Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 1415

4 October Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 2174

5 November Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 1998

6 December Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - -


Page | 17

6. PROCESS OF6. PROCESS OF6. PROCESS OF6. PROCESS OF THETHETHETHE DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE

DISTRICT.DISTRICT.DISTRICT.DISTRICT.

Kosasthalaiyar is 136-kilometre (85 mi) long and originates near in Vellore District and

drains into the Bay of Bengal. Its northern tributary Nagari river originates in Chitoor district

of Andhra Pradesh and joins the main river in the back waters of Poondy dam. Its catchment

area spreads in Vellore, Chitoor, North Arcot, Thiruvallur and Chennai districts. It has

catchment area in Vellore District with a branch near Kesavaram Anicut and flows to the city

as Cooum River and the main Kosasthalaiyar River flows to Poondi reservoir. From Poondi

reservoir, the river flows through Thiruvallur District, enters the Chennai metropolitan area,

and joins the sea at Ennore creek. The river has 9 check dams. There are two check dams

across the river at Tamaraipakkam and Vallur. The excess discharge in the river is controlled

by the Tamarapakkam Anicut located across the river in the downstream of Poondi reservoir.

Vallur Anicut is a small check dam constructed near Minjur across the river to control water

levels and feed irrigation channels in the area. It flows to a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi)

in the Chennai metropolitan area. The total catchment area of the river is 3,757 kilometres

(2,334 mi), and the bed width ranges from 150 to 250 metres (490 to 820 ft). The discharge

capacity of the river is 110,000 cubic metres per second (3,900,000 cu ft/s), and the anticipated

flood discharge capacity is about 125,000 cubic metres per second (4,400,000 cu ft/s). The river

drains up to 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m3/s) of flood water into the sea through the

Ennore creek during monsoons.The historic Korattur anicut located at Jamin Korattur in

Tiruvallur district serves as a vital channel to regulating water to the Chembarambakkam

reservoir. The dam was built in 1876 across the unpolluted stretch of the Cooum river and

diverts excess water to the Chembarambakkam reservoir

6666. a. a. a. a. Location of Irrigation structures. Location of Irrigation structures. Location of Irrigation structures. Location of Irrigation structures

The important irrigation structures located along the study which are used for the regulation

of water along the reach are detailed below,

• Kesavaram anicut


Page | 18

• Korattur anicut

• Thamarapakkam anicut

6666. b. b. b. b.... KOSASTHALAIYAR KOSASTHALAIYAR KOSASTHALAIYAR KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVERRIVERRIVERRIVER BASINBASINBASINBASIN

The Kosasthalaiyar river basin (Fig.6.1) extends over an area of 3625 km2, in the

northernmost part of Tamil Nadu. This is a west to east flowing river, starting from the

mountainous terrain in the west and reaching the Bay of Bengal in the east. It has several

tributaries, particularly in the western regions. The river is basically ephemeral in nature

flowing only during a part of the year generally in the period of November to February.

Several reservoirs have been constructed across the river such as Poondi, which impounded

the flood waters. In fact, the river flow is a major source of water to the city of Chennai.

Rainfall being the only source of water in the area, the amount of rainfall received is of

utmost importance in evaluating groundwater resources. The average rainfall in the basin

varies from about 530 mm to 1430 mm.

Fig.6.1Fig.6.1Fig.6.1Fig.6.1. Study area and well location . Study area and well location . Study area and well location . Study area and well location of river basinof river basinof river basinof river basin


Page | 19

The Kosasthalaiyar river basin has a varied geology. The western part is underlain by hard

crystalline rocks (Precambrian) while the eastern part contains sedimentary rocks, alluvium

and Laterite. Numerous dolerite dyke is traversing in western part of study area. Laterite rocks

are present in the north eastern portion, while calcareous gritty sandstone and clay is present

in the central and eastern portion, Alluvium in the predominant formation along the river

course. The various geological formations in the area are shown in Figure 6.2.

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.6.26.26.26.2. Regional Geo. Regional Geo. Regional Geo. Regional Geology of river basinlogy of river basinlogy of river basinlogy of river basin


Page | 20

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.6.36.36.36.3.... Regional Geomorphology of river basinRegional Geomorphology of river basinRegional Geomorphology of river basinRegional Geomorphology of river basin


Page | 21

6.c6.c6.c6.c. . . . REPLENISHMENT STUDY FOR SANDREPLENISHMENT STUDY FOR SANDREPLENISHMENT STUDY FOR SANDREPLENISHMENT STUDY FOR SAND

Replenishment study was under progress according to the MoEFCC Gazette

Notification No.S.O.3611(E) dated 25.07.2018. Therefore, replenishment study should carried

out across the state in all districts as per the method prescribed in the Sustainable Sand

Mining Guidelines 2018 of MoEFCC. Some of the points that should be taken care of while

conducting replenishment study are:

• The cross-section survey should cover a minimum distance of 1.0 km upstream

and 1.0 km downstream of the potential reach for extraction.

• The sediment sampling should include the bed material and bed material load before,

during and after extraction period.

• Development of sediment rating curve at the upstream end of the potential reach

Using the surveyed cross- section.

• Using the historical or gauged flow rating curve, determination of suitable

Period of high flow that can replenish the extracted volume.

7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT . GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT . GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT . GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

7. a7. a7. a7. a. PHYSICAL F. PHYSICAL F. PHYSICAL F. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA: EATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA: EATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA: EATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA:

It is located in the North eastern part of Tamil Nadu between 12 ° 15’ and 13° 15‘ North and

79° 15‘ and 80 ° 20 ‘ East. The district is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the East. Vellore

district of Tamil Nadu and Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh on the West, Nellore district of

Andhra Pradesh on the North and on the South by Kancheepuram district. The district

spreads over an area of about 3422 Sq.km. The district comprising of 9 taluks, 14 blocks, 5

Municipalities and 10 Panchayat unions.

The District haThe District haThe District haThe District has 3s 3s 3s 3 divisions and 9 divisions and 9 divisions and 9 divisions and 9 Taluks as follows: Taluks as follows: Taluks as follows: Taluks as follows:

DIVISIONS DIVISIONS DIVISIONS DIVISIONS

1. Tiruvallur

2. Ponneri

3. Tiruttani


Page | 22

TALUKS TALUKS TALUKS TALUKS

1. Tiruvallur

2. Poonamallee

3. Uthukottai

4. Avadi

5. Ponneri

6. Gummidipoondi

7. Tiruttani

8. Pallipet

9. R.K. Pet


Page | 23

Tiruvallur experiences a tropical climate . The temperature ranges from a maximum of 45 °C

(113 °F) to a minimum of 13 °C (55 °F). The monsoon which lasts from October to December

brings rainfall of 1152.8 mm. The humidity ranges from 36%–63% during summer and 67%–

86% during winter. The district is well connected by road and rail.

Climate data for Climate data for Climate data for Climate data for TiruvallurTiruvallurTiruvallurTiruvallur

MonthMonthMonthMonth JanJanJanJan FebFebFebFeb MarMarMarMar AprAprAprApr MaMaMaMa

yyyy JunJunJunJun JulJulJulJul AugAugAugAug SepSepSepSep OctOctOctOct

NoNoNoNo

vvvv

DeDeDeDe

cccc

YeaYeaYeaYea

rrrr

Record high °C Record high °C Record high °C Record high °C

(°F)(°F)(°F)(°F)

35.

3

(95

.5)

39.8

(10

3.6)

42.8

(10

9.0)

44.4

(11

1.9)

45.0

(11

3.0)

44.3

(11

1.7)

40.9

(10

5.6)

39.4

(10

2.9)

39.6

(10

3.3)

39.2

(10

2.6)

35.

8

(96

.4)

35.

0

(95

.0)

45.0

(113

.0)

Average high Average high Average high Average high

°C (°F)°C (°F)°C (°F)°C (°F)

29.

8

(85

.6)

32.8

(91.

0)

36.1

(97.

0)

39.9

(10

3.8)

41.1

(10

6.0)

40.6

(10

5.1)

35.1

(95.

2)

34.3

(93.

7)

34.0

(93.

2)

32.3

(90.

1)

29.

8

(85

.6)

28.

7

(83

.7)

34.5

(94.

2)

Average low °C Average low °C Average low °C Average low °C

(°F)(°F)(°F)(°F)

14.

8

(58

.6)

18.9

(66.

0)

21.6

(70.

9)

24.6

(76.

3)

25.7

(78.

3)

25.2

(77.

4)

24.5

(76.

1)

24.0

(75.

2)

23.4

(74.

1)

22.4

(72.

3)

20.

6

(69

.1)

13.

2

(55

.8)

21.6

(70.

8)

Record low °C Record low °C Record low °C Record low °C

(°F)(°F)(°F)(°F)

7.4

(45

.3)

12.0

(53.

6)

12.1

(53.

8)

17.8

(64.

0)

18.1

(64.

6)

19.6

(67.

3)

18.8

(65.

8)

18.7

(65.

7)

18.7

(65.

7)

15.6

(60.

1)

12.

1

(53

.8)

11.

0

(51

.8)

8

(46)

AverageAverageAverageAverage precipiprecipiprecipiprecipi

tationtationtationtation mm mm mm mm

(inches)(inches)(inches)(inches)

11.

5

(0.

45)

1.7

(0.0

7)

16.7

(0.6

6)

28.2

(1.1

1)

69.7

(2.7

4)

78.2

(3.0

8)

110.

4

(4.3

5)

134.

1

(5.2

8)

195.

2

(7.6

9)

158.

1

(6.2

2)

15

6.3

(6.

15)

74.

0

(2.

91)

1,03

4.1

(40.

71)

Average Average Average Average

precipitation precipitation precipitation precipitation

daysdaysdaysdays

0.9 0.2 1.1 1.5 4.5 5.0 6.2 7.8 8.8 8.6 7.6 3.6 55.8


Page | 24

8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN:8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN:8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN:8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN:----

Out of the total area of 3422 Sq.km. the Tiruvallur District hosts the major land use as the

Agriculture with Crop land and Plantation type land covers, followed by the forest cover and

so on.

+


Page | 25

Land Land Land Land utilizationutilizationutilizationutilization PatternPatternPatternPattern

S.No Class Area (Sq.Km)

1 Barren rocky area 18.82

2 Deciduous 17.94

3 Dry crop 73.22

4 Fallow Land 41.77

5 Forest plantations 11.72

6 Forest 122.95

7 Gullied / Ravenous land 2.06

8 Land with scrub 65.35

9 Land without scrub 16.46

10 plantation 448.85

11 Reservoir / Lake /Tank 162.34

12 River 29.90

13 Settlements 70.98

14 Salt affected 16.28

15 Sandy area 1.00

16 Scrub forest 9.54

17 Wet crop 447.89

Total 1557.07


Page | 26

9. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY9. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY9. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY9. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY: : : :

This part of South India experiences semi-arid climatic conditions with moderate

rainfall averaging about 1152.8mm per year. The river Kosasthalaiyar runs parallel to the hill

ranges of the Eastern Ghats for a major part of its course and has a vast flood plain in the

lower reaches, but is dry for major part of the year and it is ephemeral in nature. It is bounded

on the north by Andhra Pradesh state, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the southeast by

Chennai district, on the south by Kancheepuram and on the west by Vellore district. The

coastal region of the district is mostly flat and dreary; but in the other parts it is undulating

and even hilly in some places.

Fig.9.1.Fig.9.1.Fig.9.1.Fig.9.1.Lineament Map of TiruvallurLineament Map of TiruvallurLineament Map of TiruvallurLineament Map of Tiruvallur District and surrounding areaDistrict and surrounding areaDistrict and surrounding areaDistrict and surrounding area


Page | 27

10.10.10.10. RAINFALL PATTERN ALONG KOSASTHALAIYARRAINFALL PATTERN ALONG KOSASTHALAIYARRAINFALL PATTERN ALONG KOSASTHALAIYARRAINFALL PATTERN ALONG KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVER BASINRIVER BASINRIVER BASINRIVER BASIN

Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology

Fifteen rain gauge stations in Kosasthalaiyar river basin are considered for analysis. Three

weather stations (full climate stations) are there in this basin. All the rain gauge stations and

climate stations are maintained by Public Works Department.

SSSSllll.No.No.No.No

SeasonSeasonSeasonSeason

Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)

SeasonalSeasonalSeasonalSeasonal

Contribution (Contribution (Contribution (Contribution (%)%)%)%)

1 Winter(Jan–Feb) 33.5 3%

2 Summer( Mar–May) 65.7 6%

3 South West Monsoon 449.5 39%

4 North East Monsoon 604.1 52%

11111111. . . . GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTHGEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTHGEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTHGEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

The trace of each and every river/ stream was covered and studied on the following principles

of Geology/River bed mining:

The general geology of the area

The presence of any major geological structure

Origin of river

Pattern of primary / secondary/ tertiary streams

Total catchments

General profile of river/streams

Meandering Pattern

Bank stability

Total potential of river bed in reference to minor mineral


Page | 28

General slope of the river / stream

Morphogenetic regions.

In Addition to above, presence of the following objects were also studied

Agriculture fields

Bank protection works

Plantation etc.

Bridges

Following are the important guiding principles considered while recommending the river /

stream bed or part of the river / stream bed for collection for minor minerals:-

• A stable river is able to consistently transport the flow of sediments produced by

watershed such that its dimension (width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are

maintained without aggrading (building up) or degrading ( scouring down)

• The amount of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand deposited in river bed equals to the

amount delivered to the river from watershed and from bank erosion minus amount

transported downstream each year.

• It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their belts and therefore they will

have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without hindrance. Any

attempt to diminish the width of this corridor (floodway) and curb their freedom to

meander would prove counterproductive. Erosion and deposition is law of nature. The

river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycle from youth, mature to old

age.

• River capturing is unavoidable.

• Erosion in upstream and deposition in downstream.

• Tendency of the river / stream toward grade.

• Fundamentally, the lowest point of any stream is fixed by Sea Level.

• The ratio between the width of meander belt and width of the stream decreases as the

width of the stream increases.


Page | 29

• Formation, Bank erosion and Replenishment of any specific riverbed depends

Primarily upon:

The Geology of the area

River Profile

Nature of source

Rainfall in catchments

Morphogenetic region

Catchments geomorphology

Efficiency of River / Stream ( i.e. erosive power)

The competency of the river / Stream ( i.e. transport heaviest stone)

The capacity of the River/Stream ( i.e. volume of transportation)

Hydraulic radius of the River / Stream (ratio between cross sectional area and

length of wetted perimeter)

Secondarily upon:

Geological structures

Porosity of formation

Run off in the catchments

Forest cover

In addition to the above following man made factors are also involved.

Type of agriculture

Encroachment on flood plain leaving least space for meandering

Any barrier on river / stream bed i.e banks , dams and bridge foundations etc

Throwing of debris into the river/stream course

Drying up of river courses due to construction of dams, thereby reducing the

efficiency and capacity of the river / stream.


Page | 30

The total potential of the river / stream bed is calculated up to the depth of one meter

and in the workable span. Total potential or annual replenishment is not necessarily

mineable. Mine ability depends upon the availability of approachable roads, distance from the

general conditions of policy viz distances from WSS Schemes, bridges etc and overall on the

market demand etc. Thus keeping these factors into consideration 60% of the total potential

has been taken for the purpose of exploitation of minor minerals.

11111111. a. Method For calculation of Reserves:. a. Method For calculation of Reserves:. a. Method For calculation of Reserves:. a. Method For calculation of Reserves:

For the calculation of total reserves of sand available in the river bed, length,

average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carried out /

allowed under rule / prevailing instructions of the Goverment taken into consideration. The

volume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 1.65 for

all types of minor minerals. Thus reserves up to particular datum line i.e. one meter below the

surface have been calculated.

Total reserves of minor minerals (M.T.) = Length x Width x Height i.e Depth x Density. For

the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth up to

which the replenishment of minor mineral takes place annually, has been taken into

consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments

area.


Page | 31

12121212. RIVER SYSTEM. RIVER SYSTEM. RIVER SYSTEM. RIVER SYSTEM

12121212. a.KOSASTHALAIYAR. a.KOSASTHALAIYAR. a.KOSASTHALAIYAR. a.KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVERRIVERRIVERRIVER

Kosasthalaiyar is 136-kilometre (85 mi) long and originates near Vellore District and drains

into the Bay of Bengal. Its northern tributary Nagari River originates in Chitoor

district of Andhra Pradesh and joins the main river in the back waters of Poondy dam. Its

catchment area spreads in Vellore, Chitoor, North Arcot, Thiruvallur and Chennai districts. It

has catchment area in Vellore District with a branch near Kesavaram Anicut and flows to the

city as Cooum River and the main Kosasthalaiyar River flows to Poondi reservoir. From

Poondi reservoir, the river flows through Thiruvallur District, enters the Chennai

metropolitan area, and joins the sea at Ennore creek. The river has 9 check dams. There are

two check dams across the river at Thamarapakkam and Vallur. The excess discharge in the

river is controlled by the Thamarapakkam Anicut located across the river in the downstream

of Poondi reservoir. Vallur Anicut is a small check dam constructed near Minjur across the

river to control water levels and feed irrigation channels in the area. It flows to a distance of

16 kilometres (10 mi) in the Chennai metropolitan area. The total catchment area of the river

is 3,757 kilometres (2,334 mi), and the bed width ranges from 150 to 250 metres (490 to

820 ft). The discharge capacity of the river is 110,000 cubic metres per second

(3,900,000 cu ft/s), and the anticipated flood discharge capacity is about 125,000 cubic metres

per second (4,400,000 cu ft/s). The river drains up to 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m3/s)

of flood water into the sea through the Ennore creek during monsoons.

Fig.12.1.Fig.12.1.Fig.12.1.Fig.12.1.SubSubSubSub----basin Map of Kosasthalaiyar basin Map of Kosasthalaiyar basin Map of Kosasthalaiyar basin Map of Kosasthalaiyar RiverRiverRiverRiver


Page | 32

12121212. b . b . b . b CLIMATIC CLIMATIC CLIMATIC CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS: HUMIDITY AND WINDCHARACTERISTICS: HUMIDITY AND WINDCHARACTERISTICS: HUMIDITY AND WINDCHARACTERISTICS: HUMIDITY AND WIND

Tiruvallur experiences a tropical climate . The temperature ranges from a

maximum of 45 °C (113 °F) to a minimum of 13 °C (55 °F). The monsoon which lasts from

October to December brings rainfall of 1152.8 mm. The humidity ranges from 36%–63%

during summer and 67%–86% during winter.

SSSSllll.No.No.No.No

SeasonSeasonSeasonSeason

Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)Normal Rainfall(mm)

Seasonal Seasonal Seasonal Seasonal

Contribution (%)Contribution (%)Contribution (%)Contribution (%)

1 Winter(Jan–Feb) 33.5 3%

2 Summer( Mar–May) 65.7 6%

3 South West Monsoon 449.5 39%

4 North East Monsoon 604.1 52%

AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE TEMPERATURETEMPERATURETEMPERATURETEMPERATURE TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR


Page | 33

TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR WEATHER BY MONTH /WEATHER BY MONTH /WEATHER BY MONTH /WEATHER BY MONTH /WEATHER AVERAGESWEATHER AVERAGESWEATHER AVERAGESWEATHER AVERAGES

Climate data for TiruvallurClimate data for TiruvallurClimate data for TiruvallurClimate data for Tiruvallur

MonthMonthMonthMonth JanJanJanJan FebFebFebFeb MarMarMarMar AprAprAprApr MayMayMayMay JunJunJunJun JulJulJulJul AugAugAugAug SepSepSepSep OctOctOctOct NovNovNovNov DecDecDecDec YearYearYearYear

Record high °C (°F)Record high °C (°F)Record high °C (°F)Record high °C (°F)

35.3

(95.

5)

39.8

(103.

6)

42.8

(109.

0)

44.4

(111.

9)

45.0

(113.

0)

44.3

(111.

7)

40.9

(105.

6)

39.4

(102.

9)

39.6

(103.

3)

39.2

(102.

6)

35.8

(96.

4)

35.0

(95.

0)

45.0

(113.

0)

Average high °C Average high °C Average high °C Average high °C

(°F)(°F)(°F)(°F)

29.8

(85.

6)

32.8

(91.0

)

36.1

(97.0

)

39.9

(103.

8)

41.1

(106.

0)

40.6

(105.

1)

35.1

(95.2

)

34.3

(93.7

)

34.0

(93.2

)

32.3

(90.1

)

29.8

(85.

6)

28.7

(83.

7)

34.5

(94.2

)

Average low °C Average low °C Average low °C Average low °C

(°F)(°F)(°F)(°F)

14.8

(58.

6)

18.9

(66.0

)

21.6

(70.9

)

24.6

(76.3

)

25.7

(78.3

)

25.2

(77.4

)

24.5

(76.1

)

24.0

(75.2

)

23.4

(74.1

)

22.4

(72.3

)

20.6

(69.

1)

13.2

(55.

8)

21.6

(70.8

)

Record low °C (°F)Record low °C (°F)Record low °C (°F)Record low °C (°F)

7.4

(45.

3)

12.0

(53.6

)

12.1

(53.8

)

17.8

(64.0

)

18.1

(64.6

)

19.6

(67.3

)

18.8

(65.8

)

18.7

(65.7

)

18.7

(65.7

)

15.6

(60.1

)

12.1

(53.

8)

11.0

(51.

8)

8

(46)

AverageAverageAverageAverage precipitatiprecipitatiprecipitatiprecipitati

onononon mm (inches)mm (inches)mm (inches)mm (inches)

11.5

(0.4

5)

1.7

(0.07

)

16.7

(0.66

)

28.2

(1.11

)

69.7

(2.74

)

78.2

(3.08

)

110.

4

(4.35

)

134.

1

(5.28

)

195.

2

(7.69

)

158.

1

(6.22

)

156.

3

(6.1

5)

74.0

(2.9

1)

1,03

4.1

(40.7

1)

Average Average Average Average

precipitation daysprecipitation daysprecipitation daysprecipitation days 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.5 4.5 5.0 6.2 7.8 8.8 8.6 7.6 3.6 55.8

The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 193 mm. The

average temperatures vary during the year by 8.9 °C.

Humidity Humidity Humidity Humidity

Tiruvallur experiences a tropical climate . The temperature ranges from a maximum of

45 °C (113 °F) to a minimum of 13 °C (55 °F). The monsoon which lasts from October to

December brings rainfall of 1152.8 mm. The humidity ranges from 36%–63% during summer

and 67%–86% during winter.


Humidity Graph

Wind:Wind:Wind:Wind:----

The windier part of the year lasts for 5

12.6 km / hour. with an average hourly wind speed of 18.4 km / hour. The ca

lasts for 7 months with an average hourly wind speed of 4.8 km / hour


r part of the year lasts for 5months with average wind speed of more than

km / hour. with an average hourly wind speed of 18.4 km / hour. The calmer time of year

with an average hourly wind speed of 4.8 km / hour.

Tiruvallur District

Page | 34

speed of more than

lmer time of year


Average wind speed diagramAverage wind speed diagramAverage wind speed diagramAverage wind speed diagram


Page | 35


Page | 36

11113333. DRAINAGE SYSTEM . DRAINAGE SYSTEM . DRAINAGE SYSTEM . DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERSWITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERSWITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERSWITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS

S.NOS.NOS.NOS.NO Name of the RiverName of the RiverName of the RiverName of the River Area drainedArea drainedArea drainedArea drained

(Sq. km)(Sq. km)(Sq. km)(Sq. km)

% Area drained in the District% Area drained in the District% Area drained in the District% Area drained in the District

1. KOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYAR 249 7.27

11114444. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS

S.NOS.NOS.NOS.NO Name of the River or Name of the River or Name of the River or Name of the River or

StreamStreamStreamStream

Total Length Total Length Total Length Total Length (in (in (in (in

Km)Km)Km)Km)

Place of Place of Place of Place of OriginOriginOriginOrigin Altitude at Altitude at Altitude at Altitude at

Origin Origin Origin Origin

(m)(m)(m)(m)

1. KOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYAR 136 Vellore 154

2. ARANIYARARANIYARARANIYARARANIYAR 108 Sadasivakonda 1040

3. COOVAMCOOVAMCOOVAMCOOVAM 73 Coovam,tiruvallur 76

15151515. MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE . MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE . MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE . MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE DISTRICT:DISTRICT:DISTRICT:DISTRICT:

Sl.Sl.Sl.Sl.

NoNoNoNo

River or streamRiver or streamRiver or streamRiver or stream Length of Length of Length of Length of

area area area area

recommenrecommenrecommenrecommen

ded for ded for ded for ded for

mineral mineral mineral mineral

concession concession concession concession

(in km)(in km)(in km)(in km)

Average width Average width Average width Average width

of area of area of area of area

recommended for recommended for recommended for recommended for


concession)concession)concession)concession)

(in m)(in m)(in m)(in m)

Area Area Area Area

recommendrecommendrecommendrecommend

ed for ed for ed for ed for


concession concession concession concession

(in square (in square (in square (in square

meter)meter)meter)meter)

Mineable Mineral Mineable Mineral Mineable Mineral Mineable Mineral

Potential (in Metric Potential (in Metric Potential (in Metric Potential (in Metric

Tonne) (60% of total Tonne) (60% of total Tonne) (60% of total Tonne) (60% of total

mineral potential)mineral potential)mineral potential)mineral potential)

1.1.1.1. KOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYARKOSASTHALAIYAR 60.0060.0060.0060.00 100100100100 6666.00x10.00x10.00x10.00x106666 3.63.63.63.6X10X10X10X106666

2.2.2.2. ARANIYARARANIYARARANIYARARANIYAR 50.0050.0050.0050.00 101010100000 5555.00x10.00x10.00x10.00x106666 3333.00x10.00x10.00x10.00x106666


Page | 37

16161616. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING . ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING . ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING . ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING

The mining will generate direct and indirect employment during mining operations.

In general, there will be no adverse effect on human health as no blasting or handling of toxic

material involved in sand mining. All the safety measures will be strictly followed to prevent

occupational risk during excavation, loading and transportation.

The State is highly urbanized State after Maharashtra, the sand mining operation in the

district will be the backbone for infrastructural development besides generate the revenue to

the Government. Since the operation is carrying out by the Public Works Department they

properly identify the aggradation area over the river bed in the district It will be useful to

maintain the hydro geological cross section of the river to carry the maximum flood

discharge.

17171717. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION:

The detailed scientific study reveals that the Kosasthalaiyar River carrying sand sediments

whenever there is sufficient flows along its entire length in the district. This cumulative

sediment has resulted in shoal formation and reduces the carrying capacity of flood. The

properly managed sand mining activities are recommended in Kosasthalaiyar. Hence, it is

concluded that, the permission of sand quarries in the potential areas of river in the district

will be beneficial for infrastructural development of the state of Tamil Nadu.

tiruvallur tiruvallur district district tamilnadu

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