THE WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGIST

THE WYOMINGARCHAEOLOGIST

VOLUME 44(1)SPRING 2000

ISSN: 0043-9665

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The Wyoming ArchaeologistVolume 44(�), Spring 2000

THE WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGISTVOLUME 44(1), SPRING 2000

Table of ContentsWYOMINGARCHAEOLOGIALSOCIETYFINANCIALDONATIONFORM 2

INMEMORIUM:MARYHELENHENDRY 3INMEMORIUM:WINNIEE.BELZ 4

ANNOUNCEMENTS 5 WYOMINGARCHAEOLOGYMONTH 5 WASLOGOCOMPETITION 11 PRELIMINARYANNOUNCEMENT,2001ANNUALMEETING 11 PROGRAMSAVAILABLE 12 PUTTINGTHEBITEONCRIME 13 GEORGEFRISONINSTITUTESUMMERPROJECTS 14

STONEFEATUREARTICLESFROMTHEWYOMINGARCHAEOLOGIST,1958-1998 byLeneighSchriner 15

RECONNAISSANCESURVEYOFTHEBIGHORNCOUNTY,MONTANA, BISONJUMPANDKILLSITE byRobertFerris,GaryAnderson,WilliamPayne,andGilBollinger 19

WYOMINGARCHAEOLOGICALFOUNDATIONFINANCIALDONATIONFORM 26

THECACHEHILLSITE(48CA61):ABISONKILL-BUTCHERYSITEIN THEPOWDERRIVERBASIN,WYOMING byMarkE.MillerandGalenR.Burgett 27

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The Wyoming Archaeologist Volume 44(�), Spring 2000

WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETYMEMORIAL GIFT or CONTRIBUTION FORM

Givenby:Miss,Mrs.,Mr.,Ms.,Dr.$ (Amount)

NameLastFirstMiddle

Address City&State ZipDonorphonenumber()___________________TYPEOFGIFT:GeneralContribution[]InMemoryof:

NameCity&StateInHonorof:

NameCity&StateSpecifywhereyouwouldlikeyourmoneytogo (e.g.,MulloyorFrisonScholarshipFunds,TheWyomingArchaeologist,???????)PleasemakeyourcheckpayabletoTHEWYOMINGARCHAEOLOGICALSOCIETYCarolynBuffExecutiveSecretary/Treasurer1617WestridgeTerraceCasper,WY82604

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IN MEMORIUM

MARYHELENHENDRY1924-2000

FuneralservicesforMaryHelenHendry,76,a long-time Lysite rancher, regional writer andNatronaCountyschoolboardmember,wereheldMonday,August7th,2000atMemorialChapelinCasperwith theReverandBillMooreof theCasper First United Methodist Church officiat-ing.Cremationhastakenplaceandherasheswillbespreadalongsideherhusband’sonthefamilyranch,ClearCreekCattleCompany. ShediedJuly31,2000inCasperafterabriefboutwithcancer. FriendsrememberedHendry’ssharppersonal-ity,feistyspiritandwrysenseofhumor. She was born Feb. 17, 1924, in Burnett,Texas,thedaughterofJohnandMargaret(Hibler)Cheatham.ShegrewupinTexasuntilthefamilymovedtoCraig,Colo.,whereshegraduatedfromhighschoolin1943.ThefamilymovedtoCasperin1948whenherfatherwastransferredtoworkat the Texaco Refinery. She married James D. Hendry on Oct. 18,1950,inCasper.HeprecededherindeathDec.6,1998. Shehadmanyinterestsandhobbies.Shewrote

storiesfortheCasperStar-TributeaboutranchlifeandthepeopleshemetintheLostCabin-Lysitecommunity.Thestorieswerelaterpublishedinabook,“TalesofOldLostCabin.” Shealsowrotetwootherbooks,“PetticoatsandPistols,”and“IndianRockArtinWyoming.” She was very interested in art and painedseveralpicturesandexperimentedwithdifferentrawmaterialstoturnintopictures.Shereceiveda master of fine arts degree from the University of Wyomingin1972andwasinstrumentalinstartingtheNicolaysenArtMuseuminCasper. Survivorsincludeoneson,RobertandhiswifeofLostCabin; twograndsons, J.W.andJarrod;andonebrother,JohnCheathamJr.,ofCalifornia.Shewaspreceded indeathbyherhusbandandparents. MemorialsmaybemadetoWyomingStockGrowersLegalFund,P.O.Box206,Cheyenne,Wyoming82003.

FROM: Casper Star Tribune,August 1, 2000,page1,10andAugust2,2000,pageB3.

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IN MEMORIUM

WINNIEE.BELZ1919-2000

WinnieBelz,81,alongtimememberoftheWyomingArchaeologicalSociety,diedOctober5,2000.Cremationhastakenplace.ShewasbornJuly27,1919,inChicago,thedaughterofJohnA.WoodandWinnie(Brown)Wood.HerearlychildhoodwasinChicagoandGlenEllyn,Ill. ShegraduatedfromGlenbardHighSchoolin1937.Shewasinnurse’strainingatSt.Luke’sHospital,Chicago,untilhermarriagetoCarltonW.BelzonFeb.5,1944.TheymovedtoCasperin1944andhadlivedtheresince.Shelatergradu-atedfromChadronStateCollegein1963withabachelor’sdegreeineducation.SheretiredfromtheNatronaCountySchoolDistrictin1983after23yearsofteachingthirdgraders. SurvivorsincludeherhusbandofCasper;sons,DouglasC.BelzofRochester,Wash.,andJohn H. Belz of Steamboat Springs, Colo.; five grandchildren;andonegreat-grandchild.Memo-rialsorremembrancesmaybesentincareoftheCasperAlzheimersAssociation.

Winnie’s infectious smile and kindnesstouched everyone she met. She always had akind, positive word for those who crossed herpath.Formerstudents,grownnowwithchildrenoftheirown,rememberWinnieasbeingatoughteacher,butlovedandrespectedandmanyofthemcontinuedtostayintouchwithher. WinnieandherhusbandCarlmadenumer-ouscontributions,bothmonetaryandvolunteer,totheWyomingArchaeologicalSocietyandweremembers formanyyears. InAprilof2000, theWyomingArchaeologicalSocietypresentedCarlandWinnieBelzanhonorarylifetimemembershiptotheorganizationinrecognitionoftheiryearsofservice,dedicationandtruefriendshiptoWyomingarchaeology. The Wyoming Archaeological SocietyextendstheirheartfeltcondolencesandsympathytoCarlBelzandhissonsonthelossoftheirwife,mother,andgrandmother.Shewillbemissed.

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WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGY MONTH, 2000THEME: Connecting the Continent:

Obsidian Cliff September 2000 is Archaeology Awareness Month in Wyoming. This event consists of a series of state-wide activities and programs devoted to educating the public about the value and importance of Wyoming’s archaeological heritage. It is sponsored by a consor-tium of professional and avocational archaeologists to promote knowledge and stewardship of our state’s cultural resources. The theme chosen for Wyoming Archaeology Awareness Month 2000 is “Connecting the Continent.” Obsidian Cliff, located in Yellowstone National Park, was chosen to portray this theme. Ob-sidian Cliff is an internationally recognized site which symbolizes the ability of archaeology as a discipline to link people through time and space and across cul-tures. YellowstoneNationalPark’sObsidianCliffPlateauisoneofthemostrenownedsourcesofobsidianintheUnitedStates. Thesite’sobsidian,ashinyvolcanicglass,wasusedinthemanufactureofstonetoolsbypastNativeAmericanpeoplesformorethan10,000years. The volcanic glass was quarried and made intomany types of tools, from simple flake tools used to cuthidesorbutcheranimalsformeat,toarrowheadsor spear points, to large ceremonial artifacts. Thewide temporal and geographic distribution of toolsanddebrisassociatedwiththemanufactureandtradeofobsidianimplementsatteststothepopularityofthisrawmaterialtoNativeAmericansthroughtime. For archaeologists, obsidian is very useful inproviding insights about the lives of past NativeAmericans. Eachgeologicsourceofobsidianhasauniquechemical compositionof traceelements thatcan be identified through sophisticated x-ray tech-niquesandothermethods.Byanalyzingthechemicalcompositionoftheartifactsandthegeologicsources,suchasObsidianCliffPlateau,obsidianartifactscanbetracedtotheirgeologicsourcebytheir“chemicalfingerprint.” Through these techniques, it has been foundthatprehistoricpeoplesstartedusingObsidianCliffobsidianfromearliestClovisandFolsomtimes,

ANNOUNCMENTS

morethan10,000yearsago,upuntiltherecentpast.Historicrecordsindicatethatintheearly1800swhiteexplorersandtrappersintheYellowstoneregionen-countered Sheepeater (Shoshone) Indians carryingarrowstippedwithobsidianarrowheads. ThespecialplaceofObsidianCliffintheprehis-tory of NorthAmerica is also demonstrated by thewidegeographicrangeofitsobsidian.BesideswesternCanadaandallthestatessurroundingYellowstoneandWyoming,obsidianhasbeenfoundinarchaeologicalsites throughout theMidwest,as fareastasOhio,adistanceofmorethan1,500miles.ThearchaeologicalobsidianfoundinOhiomostlybelongstositesoftheHopewell Culture that flourished from around 1,600 to 2,200yearsago.PeopleoftheHopewellCulturebuiltmanycomplexceremonialcenterswithlargemoundsandotherearthworks.Atthesesitesawiderangeofexoticrawmaterialsfromdistantlocaleswerecollectedand traded, including obsidian fromYellowstone,marineshellsfromtheAtlanticandGulfcoasts,andcopperfromthenorthernGreatLakesregion. EvidencefromtheHopewellsites indicates thatmuchoftheYellowstoneobsidianwastransportedtotheMidwestinverylargepiecesandthenmadeintohundredsoflarge,beautifulartifacts,somenearly15incheslong.OnepieceofobsidianfoundataHopewellsite weighed between 25 and 30 pounds, providingsomeideaofthesizeofitemstransportedoutofYel-lowstone. ItisnotknownexactlyhowtheYellowstoneobsid-ianactuallygottothesedistantlocales,butitislikelythat exotic goods moved through overlapping tradenetworks across the continent. While exotic itemssuchasobsidianmayhavebeentheprimarygoalforthetrade,newsandinformationwerealsolikelyex-changed,linkingpeoplesoccupyingthevastdistancesofthecontinent.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatatthesametimeobsidianwasbeingtransportedtotheHopewellgroups,therewasalsoanincreaseintheuseofobsidianintheYellowstonearea. The importanceofObsidianCliff to theprehis-toryoftheUnitedStatesisdemonstratedbyitslistingas aNational Historic Landmark. This designationemphasizesthatsuchplacesneedtobepreservedand

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protected so thisvaluable resourcecanbeavailableforfuturegenerationstostudyandenjoy.WhiletheunauthorizedcollectionofculturalornaturalspecimensfromYellowstonehasbeenillegalformorethan100years,theimportanceofObsidianCliffmakesitevenmore crucial that people are discouraged from thispractice. This situation is becoming more difficult to controlduetothemillionsoftouristsvisitingYellow-stoneNationalParkannually.Thecumulativeeffectofunauthorizedcollectionseverelydamagesthisnon-renewableresource. (FROM:http://spacr.state.wy.us/cr/shpo/cliff.htm. Text by Paul Sanders, Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist)

2000 WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGY MONTH PROCLAMATION BY GOVERNOR jIM GER-INGER

ARCHAEOLOGY is the scientific study of material remainsofpasthumanlifesuchasfossilrelics,arti-facts, and monuments.Archaeology helps us betterinterpretthematerialevidenceofpasthumanbehavior,andgivesus some idea abouthowprevioushumanexperiences have influenced and shaped the world we liveintoday.Thebuildingblocksforthefuturerestonthefoundationofthepast.

WYOMING’SCULTURALHERITAGEisoneofourmostenduringassets.Aricharchaeologicalrecordispartofthisheritagewhichspansnearly12,000yearsof human occupation, reaching every corner of thestate.CitizensareunderstandablyproudofthislegacywhichisWyoming’suniquesignatureintheannalsofthisnation.

WYOMINGARCHAEOLOGICALAWARENESSMONTHwascreatedtobetteracquaintthepublicwiththedisciplineofarchaeology,andtohelpstrengthentheenduringbondbetweenpastandpresentinthefabricofhumansociety.

THETHEMEforthisyear’scelebrationis“Connect-ingtheContinent–ObsidianCliff.”LocatedinYel-lowstoneNationalPark,ObsidianCliffisaprehistoricstone quarry that supplied human groups with rawmaterial for tools and implements for thousands of

years.ScientistshavetracedartifactsmadefromthisquarrytositesalloverNorthAmerica,trulyconnectingthedistantreachesofthecontinent.

THEGREATERYELLOWSTONE area is an ideallandscape to study the evolution of cultural behav-ior in theRockyMountainWestfromprehistoric tomoderntimes.Theminingofobsidian,huntingofbiggame,andgatheringofplantsforfoodandmedicineallwerepartoftheregionalecosystemsincetheendofthelastIceAge.They,too,arechaptersinthestoryofYellowstonethatneedtobetold.

ASWEENTERANEWMILLENNIUM,weshouldreflect on the role of culture in shaping and condition-ingtheworldinwhichwelive.Suchcuriositynurturesthehumanintellect.JustasObsidianCliffconnectedthecontinentinourdistantpast,Wyoming’sabundantnatural resources linkus today through tourismandindustry.

FORTHESESIGNIFICANTREASONS,I,JIMGER-INGER,GovernoroftheStateofWyoming,doherebyproclaimthemonthofSeptember2000tobe

“ARCHAEOLOGYAWARENESSMONTH”

inWyomingandurgethepeopleofWyomingtotakepartintheactivitiesplannedtoenhancepublicaware-nessofarchaeology.

INWITNESSWHEREOF, I have hereunto set myhand and caused the Executive Seal of the Office of the Governor to be affixed this 24th day of August,2000.

(signed)Governor

ATTEST:SecretaryofState

WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONTH CALENDAR OF EVENTS,

SUMMER-FALL 2000

WAAM KEYNOTE LECTURE “SkullWars–ArchaeologyandtheBattleforNa-tiveAmerican Identity,” lecturebyDr.DavidHurst

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Thomas,Saturday,September30,2000,7:30p.m.attheBuffaloBillHistoricalCenter,Cody,Wyoming.Wyoming.Thislecturewillexaminethecontentiousre-lationships and centuries of conflict between American Indiansandthenon-Indianpeoplewhohavestudiedthem.Dr.ThomashasbeenCuratorofNorthAmericanArchaeologyattheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHis-toryinNewYorkCityforthepast30years.HehasconductedexcavationsintheGreatBasin,theAmeri-cansouthwestandthesouth-easternUnitedStates,andistheauthorofseveralhundredarticlesandbooksonNorthAmericanarchaeology.HeisamemberoftheNationalAcademyofScienceandservedonthefound-ingboardoftheMuseumoftheAmericanIndian. TherewillbeareceptionandbooksigninghostedbytheWyomingAssociationofProfessionalArchae-ologistsonFriday,September29 from5:30 to6:30p.m.attheHoli-dayInninCody.Thekeynotelectureisfreeandopentothepublic.GENERAL The Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist PublicProgramhas two travelingexhibitswith textandphotographspertainingtoWyomingarchaeology.Thesecanbemadeavailableonloantoschoolsandmuseums.OneportraysDr.GeorgeC.Frisonandsev-eralofthesiteshehasinvestigated.TheothercoversWyoming’sculturalchronologyandselectedsitesfromeachtimeperiod.Ifyouwouldlikemoreinformationonavailability,contactJudithA.Brown,Curator,(307)766-3671; The Office of the Wyoming State Archae-ologistPublicProgramhasalistofspeakerswhowouldbewillingtogiveaprogramonarchaeology.Formoreinformation,contactMarkMillerat(307)766-5564,[email protected] Casper Chapter, Wyoming Archaeological So-ciety.Businessmeetingfollowedbyaguestlecture;2ndWednesdayofeverymonth,SeptemberthroughMay,attheCareerStudiesBuilding,CasperCollege.Formoreinformation,contactKerryLippincott,441KirkAvenue, Casper,WY 82601; (307) 235-8952;[email protected] Cheyenne Chapter, Wyoming Archaeological Society.Meetingsheld3rdThursdayofeverymonth,7 p.m., Laramie County Community College. Fieldtripsareheldinlieuofmeetingsduringthesummermonths.Formoreinformation,contactSusanCarlson,(307)634-0629orSusanAdams,(307)632-1273.

F. E. Warren Archeology Interpretive Center, self-guided tour.Open8-4MondaythroughFriday,year-round. From the Visitors Center at the frontgate,callextension2980foraccess.Formoreinfor-mation,contactRickBryant,90thCES/CEVH,300VesleDrive,F.E.WarrenA.F.B.,WY82005;phone(307) 773-3667;[email protected]. Wyoming State Museum,historyandarchaeologydisplays.2301CentralAvenue,Cheyenne.OpenTues-day-Saturday,9a.m.-4:30p.m.Formoreinformationonthe2000LectureSeries,contactHeywardSchrock,(307)777-7021;[email protected]@state.wy.us. Foothill-Mountain Atlatl and Primitive Archery Competition,CurtGowdyStatePark(locatedbetweenCheyenneandLaramie).July22-23,2000.TheatlatlcontestwillbeheldonSaturdayandisopentoallagesandgenderswithregistrationat9a.m.andcompeti-tionat10a.m.TheprimitivearcherycontestwillbeonSunday,registrationat8a.m.andcompetitionat9a.m.Saturday’seventwillalsoincludetheInternationalStandardAccuracyContest(ISAC)foratlatls.Approxi-mately14contestantsfromEurope,includingthe1998ISACwinner,PascalChaveaux,willbeattending.Thecourseisruggedandstrenuous.Formoreinformation,contactRussellRichardat(307)772-0550orGaryandReginaDodson at (307)632-0766;[email protected] Absaroka Chapter, Wyoming Archaeological So-ciety.Meetingsheld2ndFridayofeachmonth,BarlingRoom,ParkCountyCourthouse,7p.m.AprilandMay–Labtraining;JunethroughAugust–PlattSiteFieldSchoolwithNorthwestCollege;JulythroughAugust– various field trips scheduled; September through November–regularmeetingswithspecialspeakersontheirsummerprojects.Formoreinformation,contactBarbaraNahasKeiry,P.O.Box725,Cody,WY82414;(307)868-2685;[email protected]. Wyoming Archaeological Society annual spring meeting; theme is “Traveling andTradingThru theAges.” Keynote speaker: Dr. Bruce Bradley, “TheSolutrean Solution to Clovis: Did SomeAncientAmericansComeFromEurope?”April21-23,2000;HolidayInn,Cody,Wyoming.Formoreinformation,contactBarbaraNahasKeiry,P.O.Box725,Cody,WY82414;(307)868-2685;[email protected].

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Wyoming Association of Professional Archae-ologists, fall meeting,1:00p.m.,Friday,September29, 2000; Buffalo Bill Historical Center. A field trip is plannedforSaturdaymorning.Formoreinformation,contactCraigSmith,(307)742-3843,[email protected],(307)775-6108,[email protected] Woody Creek Site Recording and Testing,ThunderBasinNationalGrassland,June25-30,2000.ThisisaU.S.ForestServicePassportinTimeprojectthatwillinvestigateunexploredareasalongthebanksofWoodyCreek,testingandrecordinganysitesthatarelocated.Thereare8openingsforvolunteers,18yearsofageorwitharesponsibleadult.Primitivecampingisavail-ablenearby;campertrailerscanaccessprojectareaifconditionsaredry.Formoreinformation,contactIanRitchie, USFS Douglas Ranger District, 2250 EastRichardsSt.,Douglas,WY82633; (307)358-4690;[email protected] Evanston Chinatown Archaeological Excavation and Western Wyoming Community College Field School; July 5 - 28, 2000. Hands-on archaeology,Thursdayeveninglectures,toursofChineseJossHouseMuseum.Professionals,studentsandvolunteerswel-come.SponsoredbytheEvanstonHistoricPreserva-tionCommissionandWesternWyomingCommunityCollege.Formoreinformation,contactJimDavisat(307)783-6319orDudleyGardneratWesternWyo-mingCommunityCollege,(307)382-1746;[email protected]/wyo_hist.KEMMERER Rocky Gap Historic Site Dedication Ceremony,June24,2000;2:00p.m.;15milesnorthofKemmereron Lincoln County Road 306.The Bureau of LandManagementwillbededicatingan interpretive signdonatedbytheLincolnCountyHistoricalSocietyattheRockyGapSiteontheHistoricOregon-CaliforniaTrail,wheretheDempsey-HockadayCutoffdivergesfromtheSubletteCutoff.Formoreinformation,con-tactLynnHarrell,BureauofLandManagement,312Highway 189 North, Kemmerer,WY 83101; (307)828-4515;[email protected] Excavations at the Sand Draw Landfill SitewillbegoingonMay1-9andMay15-24,2000.SponsoredbytheWyomingBureauofLandManagementandtheOffice of the Wyoming State Archaeologist. Location is

about12milessouthofRiverton,Wyoming.Formoreinformation,contactDannyWalker,P.O.Box3431,Laramie,WY 82071; (307) 766-5565; [email protected],LanderBureauofLandManagement;(307)332-8400;[email protected] The University of Wyoming Archaeological Re-pository(UWAR)hasdevelopedanexhibitonobsidianartifactsfoundatarchaeologicalsitesinWyoming.ThisexhibitwilljoinalargerexhibitofobsidianartifactsandcanbeseenattheUWAnthropologyDepartmentmuseum,May1throughOctober31,2000;14thandIvinson,Laramie. Fort D.A. Russell Target and Maneuver Reserve Survey and Recording,July9-15,2000.ThisisaU.S.ForestServicePassport inTimeproject thatwillbesurveying,recordingandmappingcampsandfacili-tiesassociatedwiththemilitarypastofthearea.Thereare 10 openings for volunteers at least 18 years ofage.TentsitesandRVspacesareavailableatHiddenValleyCampground.NearesttownsareLaramie(15miles)andCheyenne(30miles).Formoreinformation,contactDeanaWood,MedicineBow-RouttNationalForests, 2468 Jackson Street, Laramie,WY 82070-6535;(307)745-2308;[email protected]. Lake Owens Caboose Rehabilitation,September11-15,2000.ThisisaU.S.ForestServicePassportinTime project.There are 10 openings for volunteerswhowouldliketohelpcleanandrestorethecabooseforfuturepublicuse.VolunteerswillalsohelpwithlandscapingandtrailconstructiontopreparethesiteforapremierinterpretivelocationforhistoricrailroadsinWyoming.Basicconstructionandlandscapingskillsrequired.Volunteersmaybeunder18ifwitharespon-sibleadult.TheprojectislocatedattheLakeOwensCampgroundandcampsiteswillbereservedforPITvolunteers.Laramieis37milesaway.Formoreinfor-mation, contact DeanaWood, Medicine Bow-RouttNationalForests,2468JacksonStreet,Laramie,WY82070-6535;(307)745-2308;[email protected] CREEK JUNCTION The George C. Frison Institute of Archaeology and AnthropologywillbeworkingattheAgateBasinsitethissummer,tentativelyplannedforJune19-29,2000.Formoreinformation,contactMarcel Kornfeldat the Department ofAnthropology, University ofWyoming,Laramie,82071;(307)766-3548;[email protected],(307)766-5137.

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NEWCASTLE Ancient Trails Chapter, Wyoming Archaeological Society.Meets thesecondTuesdayofeverymonth.Becausemeetingplacesvary,callfordetails.Monthlymeetingsfocusonguestspeakersorongoingprojects,suchasexcavationsandresearchonhistorictrailsandghosttowns.Duringthesummer,checkwhetherspe-cial field projects have replaced the regular meeting. Several field trips are planned for summer 2000. For moreinformation,contactAngeCregger,AnnaMillerMuseum,(307)746-4188,[email protected];orDr.AliceTratebas,BureauofLandManagement, (307)746-4453,[email protected]. “Hell Gap Revisited: Paleoindian Cultural Chro-nology and Other Problems,” presentation by Dr.MarcelKornfeld,UniversityofWyoming;October10,2000,NewcastlePublicLibraryMeetingRoom.Spon-soredbytheAncientTrailsChapteroftheWyomingArchaeologicalSociety.Formoreinformation,contactAngeCregger,AnnaMillerMuseum,(307)746-4188,[email protected];orDr.AliceTratebas,BureauofLandManagement,(307)746-4453,[email protected]. “The Licking Bison Kill Site,” presentation byMichael Fosha, South Dakota StateArchaeologicalResearchCenter,November14,2000,NewcastlePub-licLibraryMeetingRoom.SponsoredbytheAncientTrailsChapteroftheWyomingArchaeologicalSociety.For more information, contactAnge Cregger,AnnaMillerMuseum,(307)746-4188,[email protected];orDr.AliceTratebas,BureauofLandManagement,(307)746-4453,[email protected] BLUFFS High Plains Archaeology Project. Stratified camp-sitewithlevelsextendingfromPaleoindiantoHistoric.Forschedulesortours,callaheadtotheHighPlainsMuseum,(307)245-9372,orChuckReher,DepartmentofAnthropology, University ofWyoming, Laramie,82071;(307)766-2208;[email protected] SPRINGS Sweetwater Chapter, Wyoming Archaeological Society willbesponsoringmonthlylectures(usuallythelastFridayofeachmonth)onarchaeologytopicsandtourstoarchaeologicalsites.ExcavationswillbetakingplaceatanumberofsitesinSweetwaterCountythissummer,rangingfromPaleoindiancampsitestoArchaicandLatePrehistoricsites;includingtheBluePointsite,NorthTableMountainSite(Bozovichsite),PineSprings,KrmpotichSiteandothers.Tourswill

beguidedbylocalarchaeologistsontheweek-ends.Participants must provide own transportation (4x4vehiclesmaybenecessary),food,water,etc.Formoreinformation,contactPatrickLubinski,(307)382-1666orRussTanner,(307)352-0223. “Peopling of the New World,”lecturesbyDennisStanford and Peggy Jodry, Smithsonian Institution,Washington,D.C.InJune,exactdatetobeannounced.WesternWyomingCommunityCollege,Room1302,Rock Springs,WY. Sponsored by the SweetwaterCounty Chapter of the WyomingArchaeologicalSociety.Formoreinformation,contactRussTanner,(307) 352-0223, [email protected] or PatrickLubinski,ArchaeologicalServices,WesternWyomingCommunityCollege,(307)382-1666. Project Archaeology Teacher Workshop, June13-15,2000.Co-sponsoredbyWesternArchaeologi-calServices,WesternWyomingCommunityCollegeandtheBureauofLandManagement.ClasseswillbeconductedattheCollege,Room1223,from7:30a.m.to 4:30 p.m. For more information, contact DebbieBraithwaiteat(307)382-1666. WesternWyomingCommunityCollegewillagainbe excavating at the Bozovich site, north of RockSprings,June12-26,2000.PreviousinvestigationsatthesitedocumentedPaleoindianoccupationsthroughHistoriccontact.Studentsmayenrollfor1-3credits,based on length of participation; one credit can beearned for each five days of class. In-state tuition is $53 percredithour.Theclasswillmeetdailyat7:30a.m.at the Archaeology offices on the Rock Springs campus andreturntocampusat4p.m.Dailytransportationtothe site will be provided. There will be no formal field camp.Lodgingwillbeavailableatcampusdormsatareducedrate.Rentalhousingisalsoavailableintown.Participants need to be in good physical condition.RockSpringsislocatedat6300ft.elevationandtheclasswillentailstrenuouswork.Formoreinformation,contactJanaPastor,(307)[email protected]. Excavation at the Pine Springs Site nearFlamingGorgeReservoir;tentativelysetforJune12-July10,2000.OneofthemoreimportantarchaeologicalsitesinsouthwestWyoming,itwasoriginallytestedin1963andextensivelyexcavatedin1964.Radiocarbondatesgobackasfaras11,800BPwiththeearlierexcava-tionsindicatingthreedistinctoccupations,containingbison, camel and bighorn sheep.There will be two10-daysessions.Campingavailablenearthesite.For

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moreinformation,contactRobertKelly,DepartmentofAnthropology, University ofWyoming, Laramie,82071;(307)766-3135;[email protected]. Work at the Krmpotich Site will continue thissummer,expandingtheexcavationbeyondtheprelimi-narytestingandexposelargerportionsoftheFolsomcomponent.ThisisacooperativeprojectbetweentheUniversityofWyomingandtheBureauofLandMan-agement.ExcavationswilloccurfromJuly17-August23,2000.Formoreinformation,contactMarcelKorn-feldattheDepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie,82071;(307)766-3548;[email protected]. Historic Trails Marking Project sponsored bytheWyomingBureauofLandManagementand theOregonCaliforniaTrailsAssociation,August26-27,2000.VolunteersareinvitedtoassisttheBLMinstallmarkersalongabout100milesoftheOverlandStageandCherokeeTrails,southandeastofRockSprings,Wyoming.Thetrailsbeingmarkedweremid-19thCen-turytransportationcorridorsandpartoftheCaliforniaGoldRush trailcomplex.Meetat theRockSpringsBLM Office, 280 Highway 191 North, Rock Springs, WY82901.Formoreinformation,contactMikeBrownorTerryDelBene,(307)352-0212;[email protected][email protected] Black Mountain Archaeological Project Ad-vanced Field School.This cooperative project be-tweentheUniversityofWyoming,theBureauofLandManagement,andNorthwestCommunityCollegeinPowell,hasbeeninvestigatingseveralopenairsitesandapproximatelyadozenrocksheltersintheBigHornMountainssince1993.Theareaisthelocationofmajorprehistoricrawmaterialprocurement.ExcavationsattworockshelterswillcontinuefromJune12-July19,2000. For more information about the field school, contactMarcelKornfeldattheDepartmentofAnthro-pology,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie,82071;(307)766-3548;[email protected] Williams Spring Archaeology Project, July 17-23, 2000.This is a U.S. Forest Service Passport inTimeprojectintheBlackHillsNationalForest.Tenvolunteersareneededtoconducttestexcavationsonthis multi-component prehistoric site. Interpretiveprogramsareplannedfortheevenings.Self-containedcamping areas are nearby, as well as campgroundswith toilets and showers near Sundance (20 miles)

andBeulah.Volunteersareresponsibleforownmeals.For more information, contact CarolAgard, BlackHills National Forest, Bearlodge District, P.O. Box680,Sundance,WY82729;(307)283-1361;cagard/[email protected],(605)673-2251;dmckee/[email protected] Project Archaeology Teacher Workshop,June6-7,2000.Co-sponsoredbytheNatureConservancyandtheBureauofLandManagement.Formoreinformation,contactNinaVeregge,VisitorProgramsCoordinator,TensleepPreserve,101RomeHillRoad,TenSleep,WY82442;(307)366-2671;fax(307)266-2262. Tensleep Rock Art Recording Project,June16-18,2000.SponsoredbytheNatureConservancyandtheBureauofLandManagement.Participantsshouldarriveatthecampafter5p.m.onJune16th.Familiesarewelcome,butweneedtoknowaboutchildreninadvance.Housing,kitchenfacilities,andshowersareprovidedatnocharge.Bringyoursleepingbags,pil-lows,andfood.Campers,trailersandpersonaltentsarenotallowedandespeciallynopets!!Theprojectwillendbynoononthe18th.Formoreinformation,contact Mike Bies at theWorland Bureau of LandManagement, (307) 347-5100 or [email protected] Worland Wyoming History Day for Big Horn Basin 4th graders,May12th attheWashakieCountyFairgroundsfrom8a.m.to3p.m.Archaeologypresen-tationsandhistoricera,includingfurtraders.ContactMikeBies,WorlandBureauofLandManagement,at(307)347-5154.COLORADO Loveland Stone Age Fair;September23-24,2000.SpecialspeakerswillbeDr.DennisStanford,Dr.PeggyJodry,Dr.GeorgeFrison,Dr.RobsonBonnichsenandDr.C.VanceHaynes,Jr.PulliumCommunityBuilding,545ClevelandAvenue,Loveland,Colorado.Formoreinformation,contact(307)766-5136. WorkintheMiddle Park areaistentativelysetforJuly 3-12, 2000. The Jerry Craig site was confirmed to beabisonbonebed,datingapproximately9300yearsagowithstonetoolsandproductiondebrispresent.Formoreinformation,contactMarcelKornfeld,Depart-mentofAnthropology,UniversityofWyoming,Lara-mie,82071;(307)766-3548;[email protected] DAKOTA Shanks Shelter Survey and Excavation Project,

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BlackHillsNationalForest;July31-August5,2000.ThisU.S.ForestServicePassportinTimeprojectwillincludesurvey,siterecordingandtestexcavationsatrockshelterarchaeologicalsitesinthecentralBlackHills.Formoreinformation,contactJuanitaGarcia,Pactola-HarneyRangerDistrict,BlackHillsNationalForest,23939Highway385,HillCity,SD57745;(605)574-2534;garcia_juanita/[email protected]. State of the Art Heritage Expedition;September3-15,2000;Custer,SD.A two-weekclassroomandfield project focusing on rock art sites in the southern Black Hills.A series of interpretive programs willprovideanoverviewof theculturalandnaturalhis-toryofthearea.Thisisa“payfor”feeprogram.Formoreinformation,contactDaveMcKee,BlackHillsNational Forest, RR2, Box 200, Custer, SD 57730;(605)673-2251;dmckee/[email protected] 2�th Great Basin Anthropological Conference,October5-7,2000;DavidEcclesConferenceCenter,Ogden, Utah.The conference will host a receptionWednesday evening, October 4th, for early arrivals.It officially opens Thursday morning with sessions continuing through Saturday. Activities, field trips, andspeakersareplanned.Pleasevisittheirwebsiteforconferenceinformation,news,abstractsubmission,linkstotheconventioncenterandvisitorinformation,and much more as the conference approaches.Thewebsiteiswww.hass.usu.edu/-gbac2000andyoucanaddress inquiries to: Steven Simms, GBAC Chair,DepartmentofAn-thropology,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,Utah84322-0730;(435)797-1277;[email protected].

WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGICALSOCIETY ANNOUNCES LOGO COMPETITION

TheWyomingArchaeologicalSociety,Inc.announcesa logo competition, open to the public of all ages.The logo could convey all aspects of archaeology:stoneprojectilepointsandartifacts,NativeAmericanresearch,historicalarchaeology,interdisciplinaryac-tivities,preservation,andparticularlytheinitialsoftheorganization(WAS).Thedesignshouldbesuchthatitcanbereducedandreproducedclearlyforletterhead,journalcovers,membershipcards,andcharters.The

winner of the contest will receive a $100 savingsbond and a one-year membership in theWyomingArchaeologicalSociety,Inc.SubmissionsshouldbeonslideswithashortdescriptionandmailedtoDr.MaryLouLarson,DepartmentofAnthropology,Box3431,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie,WY82071-3431,nolaterthanDecember31,2000.FurtherinformationmaybeobtainedbyphoningDr.Larsonat307-766-5566during work hours, or e-mail mlarson@ uwyo.edu.Thewinnerwillbeannouncedattheannualmeetingof theWyomingArchaeologicalSociety inLaramieinMay2001.

PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT FOR JOINT MEETING OF WYOMING

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND WYOMING ASSOCIATION OF

PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS, MAY 4-6, 2001

ThemeetingswillbeatFoster’sinLaramie,Wyo-ming.AblockofroomsisbeingheldatFoster’sforarateof$60.00plustaxuntilApril5.Use307-742-6611,codeWAStomakereservations. Registrationis$20.00beforeApril1,2001;$25.00afterApril1,2001;$15.00forstudentswithphotocopyof student id. Registrations are fully refundable ifcancelledbeforeApril15,2001. Banquetischoiceofchickencordonbleuorprimeribatacostof$18.50perperson.Vegetarianarrange-mentsarepossible.BanquetregistrationsmustbemadebyMay1. Dr.PaysonSheetsfromUnivofColo/Boulderisthebanquetspeaker. Thoseinterestedinsubmittingpapersshouldsendtitleandabstracts (150wordsor less) [email protected],2001. LaramiechapterofWASisacceptingitemsforasilent auction and raffle in conjunction with the meet-ing. [email protected]

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CHAPTER PROGRAMS AVAILABLEEachyearseveralrequestscomeintotheWyo-

ming State Archaeologist’s office regarding possible programsformonthlychaptermeetings.Thisyearwehaveprepareda listofsomeof thecurrentresearchtopicsthatvariouspeopleareworkingon,whichyourmembershipmaybeinterestedin,althoughitisnotanexhaustivelistofwhatmaybeavailablefromLaramie.Thesepresentationsgenerallyincludeslidesandlastfrom45-60minutes.

Ifyourchapterisinterestedinaparticularpro-gram for an upcoming meeting, please call one ofthesepresentersatthephonenumberprovided.Pleasealsobepreparedtodiscussanyarrangementsforau-dio-visualequipmentandfundingortravelexpenses.Some of these presenters are students with limitedresources and often they have no financial support for theirresearch.Itisanticipatedthatyouwillmakeallnecessaryarrangementswiththepresenterduringyourphoneconversation.

Thank you for your continued interest in theresearchactivitiesinLaramie.Bestofluckwithyourmeetingschedulefor1999-2000.

RichAdams“EarlyManandRockArtinSouthAf-rica.”Phone(307)766-5301.

RichAdams“PipesandBowls:SoapstoneArtifactsinWyoming.”Phone(307)766-5301.

RichAdams“StonewallButtes:PrehistoricStructuresin the Powder River Basin.” Phone (307) 766-5301.

CherBurgess“LookingatSettlersofAfricanDescentin the Black Hills.” Phone (307) 742-6417 or(307)283-1154.

JudyA.Brown“ArchaeologicalCurationattheUni-versityofWyomingRepository.”Phone(307)766-5301.

DanEakin“ArchaeologicalInvestigationsontheNorthFork of the Shoshone River.”Phone(307)766-5301.

Dr.GeorgeGill“TheEmergingPictureofPrehistoricEasterIsland:Statues,BonesandBurials.”Phone(307)766-6282.

Dr.GeorgeGill“ArchaicandPaleoamericanSkeletalTraits:HowCaucasoidweretheClovisHuntersandWhy?”Phone(307)766-6382.

Dr. George Gill “Skeletal InjuriesAmong FrontierWhites.”Phone(307)766-6382.

Dr. George Gill “Changes in Longevity,Violence

andSkeletalBiologyfromtheWyomingArchaicthroughtheLatePrehistoric.”Phone(307)766-6382.

Dr. Robert Kelly “EthnoarchaeologyAmong MikeaHunter-GatherersofMadagascar.”Phone(307)766-3135.

Dr.MarcelKornfeld“PaleoindianintheHighCountry:MiddlePark,Colorado.”Phone(307)766-5348.

Dr.MarcelKornfeld“HellGapRevisited:PaleoindianCulturalChronologyandOtherProblems.”Phone(307)766-5348.

Dr.MarcelKornfeld“RocksheltersandChippedStoneRaw Material Procurement of the Bighorns.”Phone(307)766-5348.

Dr. Mark E. Miller “Archaeology, History and theWagon Box Fight ofAugust 1867.” Phone(307)766-5564.

Dr.MarkE.Miller“EarlyArchaicPronghornHuntingintheUpperGreenRiverBasin,Wyoming.”Phone(307)766-5564.

Dr. Danny N.Walker “Archaeological Looting inWyoming.”Phone(307)766-5565.

Dr.DannyN.Walker“SearchingforFortWilliamontheLaramie.”Phone(307)766-5565.

Dr.DannyN.Walker“1999excavationsMiner’sDe-lightTownsite.”Phone(307)766-5565.

Dr.DannyN.Walker“48FR3123:ALatePrehistoricVillageSiteintheCentralWindRiverBasin,Wyo-ming”Phone(307)766-5565.

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PUTTING THE BITE ON CRIME

Moab, UT OnApril 13, 1996, an individual was observedintentionally scratching symbols on a petroglyph inNorthMillCreekCanyonnearMoab,Utah.OnNo-vember 8, 2000, the United States Attorney’s Office, DistrictofUtah,accepteda$1,000settlementinac-cordancewiththeArchaeologicalResourceProtectionAct,43CFR7.16.Thesettlementpaymentwasgivendirectly to the BLM Moab Field Office (from Bureau of Land Management, National Law EnforcementOffice, Weekly Activity Report, ending November 18, 2000.)

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Mickey Hot Springs, OR In September 2000, a Burns District temporaryemployeelocatedpossiblehumanremainsonPublicLand near Mickey Hot Springs. On November 6,2000,archaeologistsreturnedtothesceneandfoundadditionalhuman remains.OnNovember14, 2000,the Burns District Ranger was notified and referred the reporttotheOregonStatePolice(OSP).Itisunknownatthistimehowoldtheremainsare.TheOSParere-questingBLMassistanceinobtainingcarbon-14datingfortheremains(fromBureauofLandManagement,National Law Enforcement Office, Weekly Activity Report,endingNovember18,2000.)

************

Medford, OR OnMarch29,1998,threesubjectswerecontactedbytheOregonStatePoliceexcavatinganarchaeologi-calsiteonPublicLandunderthecoverofdarkness.Archaeological resources, firearms, and drugs were seizedatthecrimescene.Aninvestigationwasinitiatedby an Oregon State Office Special Agent assisted by aMedfordDistrictArchaeologist.OnNovember19,2000,aFederalGrandJuryinEugene,Oregon,returnedamultiple-countFederalFelonyIndictmentalleging:1) Unlawful excavation of archaeological resourceswithoutapermit;2)Transportationandpossessionofan illegal firearm (“sawed-off shotgun”); 3) Felon in possession of firearms; 4) Firearm in possession while inpossessionoruseofacontrolledsubstance(mari-juana); and 5) Possession of an unregistered firearm

(from Bureau of Land Management, National LawEnforcement Office, Weekly Activity Report, ending November18,2000.)

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Gila National Forest, NM TwoDeming,NewMexico,brotherswerefoundguilty of damaging a protected Mimbres dwellingarchaeological site. Following a citizen tip from ahikerandanLE&Iinvestigation,JamesQuarrell,62,andMichaelQuarrell,66,twobrothersfromDeming,NM,wereconvictedinU.S.DistrictCourtofexcavat-inganddamagingaMimbresdwellingarchaeologicalsiteonNFSlands.Theywerealsoconvictedonrelatedconspiracycharges.Eachfaceuptotwoyearsinprisonand/or a $20,000 fine. Surveillance operations con-ductedbyLEO’sresultedinobservationoftheQuarrelbrothersandAaronSerainholesatthesitewithshovelsandothertools.Serapleadedguiltyearliertodefacinganarcheologicalresource.Hefacesuptooneyearinprison and/or a $10,000 fine. Sentencing is pending (from Bureau of Land Management, National LawEnforcement Office, Weekly Activity Report, ending November18,2000.)

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Near Anasazi Heritage Center, CO On October 1, 2000, the San Juan Field Office Rangerobservedavehicleparkednearanarchaeologi-calsite,whichislocatedonlandsadministeredbytheU.S. Forest Service. Because this site had receivedextensive vandalism in the past, the Ranger pulledofftheroadandwasabletoobservetwoindividualslocatedinthesagebrushonthesite.Uponfurtherin-vestigation,theRangerobservedtwoindividuals,onemaleandonefemale,diggingwithsmallcollapsibleshovels.TheRangercontactedthetwoindividuals,whoimmediatelystatedtheythoughttheywereonprivateland. Although itwas4:30onaSundayafternoon,thetwoindividualswerewithina1/4mileofamajorstatehighway,inplainview,andwithinonemileoftheBLM’sAnasaziHeritageCenter.Thetwohadex-cavatedapitapproximately4feetby5feetand6-10inchesdeep.AU.S.ForestServiceArchaeologist,whowascalledtothescene,determinedthepittheywereexcavatingcontainedhumanremainsandwasprobablyanAnasaziburialsite.WhencontactedbytheRanger,

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thefemale,whohasamanslaughterconvictioninherpast,stated“areweintrouble?”U.S.ForestServiceLawEnforcementPersonnelwerecontactedandtookoverresponsibilityfortheinvestigation(fromBureauofLand Management, National Law Enforcement Office, WeeklyActivityReport,endingOctober21,2000.)

NEWS FROM THE GEORGE C. FRISON INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND

ANTHROPOLOGY

2001 FIELD PROJECTSHELL GAP SITEbyMaryLouLarson,MarcelKo-rnfeld,andGeorgeC.Frison HellGapSiteinvestigationscomprisethemajorInstitute project this field season. We will initiate excavationoftheblockseparatingLocalityIandIEwhichwethinkcontainscriticalevidencerelatingtoPaleoindianchronostratigraphy.FieldworkwillbefromMay 28 to June 20. Before the beginning of the field work,volunteersmaybeneededfortheconstructionof a temporary building over the site and field station maintenance.Formoreinformation,callDr.MarcelKornfeld(307)766-3548([email protected]).

MIDDLE PARK FOLSOM STUDY: BARGER GULCH LOCALITY B AND OTHER FOLSOM LOCALITIESbyMarcelKornfeld,ToddSurovell,andNicoleWaguespack TheFrisonInstituteMiddleParkPaleoindainProj-ect(MPPP)willconcentrateattheBargerGulchLocal-ityB.Duringthelastseveralseasonsofexploration,aburied Folsom component was all but confirmed at this site.Thelimitsoftheburiedcomponent,theintegrityandresolutionofthecomponent,andthegeomorphiccontext are not yet well known. The 2000 field season willbegintocollectdatatoanswerthesecriticalques-tionsaboutthesite.FieldworkwillbefromJune25at least toJuly4.Additionalsessionsmayfollowiffundingallows.Formoreinformation,callDr.MarcelKornfeld(307)766-3548([email protected]).

BIGHORN MOUNTAIN ROCKSHELTER RE-SEARCH: BLACK MOUNTAIN ARCHAEO-LOGICAL DISTRICT by Marcel Kornfeld andJudsonFinley ExcavationisplannedtocontinueatTwoMoonShelterandBACave,thetworockshelterswithworkin

progressattheBlackMountainArchaeologicalDistrict.Thegoalistoexposeadditionalculturalandnaturalstratainthetwotestunitsandcollectsamplesforasedimentologicalanalysisoftheshelterdeposits.Iftimeandresourcesallow,mappingandtestexcavationmaytakeplaceatotherlocalitiesinthedistrict.Investiga-tionofthesheltersisproceedinginco-operationwithNorthwestCommunityCollegeinPowell.FieldworkwillbefromJuly9toJuly18.Additionalsessionsmayalsobeadded.Formoreinformation,callDr.MarcelKornfeld(307)766-3548([email protected]).

BIGHORN MOUNTAIN RESEARCH: PAINT ROCK CANYON ARCHAEOLOGICAL LAND-SCAPEbyMarcelKornfeld InvestigationsofPaintRockCanyonArchaeologi-calLandscapewillbeinitiatedin2001.TheLandscapeis the first in the nation to be placed on the National RegisterofHistoricPlaces.PaintRockCanyonconsists38recordedarchaeologicalsites,26rocksheltersand12 lithicscatters,andanadditional36rocksheltersthathavenotbeeninvestigated.Somereportsmentionatotalof160sheltersinthecanyon.ThePaintRockproject forms a significant expansion of the Institute’s rockshelterresearch.FieldworkwillbeginJuly23andendeitherAugust1orAugust15.Formoreinformation,callDr.MarcelKornfeld (307)766-3548 ([email protected]).

SEMINO’S FORTbyDannyN.Walker Archaeological investigationswillbeconductedat“Semino’sFort”nearDevil’sGate,Wyoming.ThisOregonTrailtradingpostwasoccupiedfrom1852to1856.ThecomplexofbuildingswaslaterreoccupiedbyemployeesoftheMormonChurchuntil1959.Thecomplex is scheduled for reconstruction. The Office oftheWyomingStateArchaeologistwillconductthefield work in June. For more information, contact: Dr. DannyN.Walker,AssistantStateArchaeologist,P.O.Box3431,Laramie,WY82071;phone(307)766-5565,email([email protected])

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Sources used: Wyoming Archaeologist Title and Subject Index 1958 through 1973byCarltonW.BelzandTable of Contents of The Wyoming Archaeologist Volumes 3-30compiledbyFrankZeller

Part ISORTED ALPHABETICALLY

BY TITLE

A New Noteon the Medicine Wheel;Vol.II,No.9,p.2,1959

A Possible Meserve Site in North Central Wyoming (48JO303);Vol.II,No.10,pp.8-12,1959

A Prehistoric Stone Line Complex From Northwest Wyoming;Eakin,DanielH.;Vol.41,No.1,pp.1-13,1997

A Progress Report Piney Creek Sites, Wyoming 48JO3111 & 48JO312, Frison, George C.;Vol.VIII,No.3-4,pp.18-19,1965

A Pryor Complex Site in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming;Edgar,Bob;Vol.IX,No.2,pp.14-16,1966

A Very Unusual Rock Structure, Photographed by Ross Stapp, five miles west of Shoshoni,WY, (photo);Vol.IXNo.4,p.12,1966

Archaeological Investigations at 48TE1076:A Walled Structure in Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Walker,Danny;Vol.30,No.1-2,pp.33-37,1987

Archaeological Research in the Glendo Reservoir Area;Steege,L.C.;Vol.I,No.7,p.1,1958

Archeologists Study Old Indian Camp Location(stonecircles);Vol.VIINo.3,pp.5-6,1964

Bar-C Cairn Line, 48JO302;Vol.1,No.5,1958Battle Hill Site 48FR303(sitereport);Jensen,Henry;

Vol.IX,No.3,pp.49-54,1966Butler-Rissler Site: Plains Woodland Occupation

Along the North Platte River, Wyoming; Miller,Mark&BrianR.Waitkus;Vol.32,No.1-2,pp.1-37;1989

Chalk Hills No. 1 48AB301 (preliminary report);Steege,L.C.;Vol.XII,No.3,pp.9-10;1969

Dead Indian Site 48PA551(preliminaryreport);Smith,SharonK.;Vol.XII,No.1,pp.23-33;1970

Dated Stone Circle Sites in Wyoming;Larson,Thomas;Vol.22,No.3,pp.9-17,1979

Excavated Stone Circles from University Dig near Glendo, Wyoming;Steege,LouisC.;Vol.IX,No.4,p.11,1966

Fortification Site (Mr.Turk,19structures);Vol. III,No.8-9,p.5,1960

Grapevine Creek Buffalo Jumps(rowsofstonepiles,tipirings);Vol.V,No.2,pp.11-11b,1962

Fortified Hilltop Examined;Sweem,Glen&DonGrey;Vol.IV,No.7,pp.3-4,1961

Hadsell Ranch Rock Figure 48FR302 (site report);Baskett,Dave;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.17-21,1966

Indian Campsite Patterns in Southwestern Wyoming;Bozovich,Joe;Vol.30,No.1-2,pp.23-32,1987

Late Prehistoric Stone Circles;Mulloy,William;Vol.IX,No.4,pp.2-3,1966

Messing Around in the Hills (fortification site investi-gatedbyGlenSweem&DonGrey);Vol.4,No.8,pp.10-11,1961

Ormsby Road Rock Alignment 48CO301(sitereport);

STONE FEATURE ARTICLES: ALIGNMENTS, CAIRNS, CIRCLES,

STRUCTURES Published in THE WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGIST

Vol.1(1) 1958 - Vol. 42(2) 1998by

Leneigh Schriner

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Rea,BayardD.;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.32-44,1966Phantom Ghosts of the Laramie Mountain Range

Country (cairn); Bedish, G.A.;Vol. IX, No. 4,pp.23-25,1966

Powers-Yonkee Bison Trap 24PR5(sitereport);Bent-zen,R.C.(eagletrap);Vol.IX,No.1,pp.7-20,1966

Preliminary Information on the Society Project at Med-icine Wheel Site; Vol.1,No.5,pp.4-5,1958

Preliminary Report of the Muddy Creek Stone Cairn;Longenecker,JulieG.;Vol.22No.2,pp.13-20,1979

Preliminary Report Yellowstone National Park Survey, Summer 1958;Malouf,Dr.Carling;Vol.VIII,No.3-4,pp.21-27,1965

Reno Flats Rock Alignment 48CA301;Baskett,David;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.45-48,1966

Rock Alignments in Central Wyoming: An Introduction;Rea,BayardD.;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.15-16,1966

Sanford Ranch Rock Alignment (Fish Creek Site) 48NA303(sitereport);Jensen,Henry;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.22-31,1966

Survey of Archaeological Sites in the Vicinity of Pine Bluffs, Wyoming;Reher,CharlesA.;Vol.XII,No.3,pp.11-22,1969

Sweem-Taylor Site 48JO301; VolII,No.10,pp.4-8,1959

The Arrow at Polecat Bench;Baxter,DanR.;Vol.31,No.1-2,pp.5-8,1988

The Importance of the Buffalo to Plains Indian Culture;Ewers,JohnC.;Vol.IX,No.1,pp.21-26,1966

The Medicine Wheel; Vol.1,No.6,p.1,1958The “Ring Makers;Moomaw,Jack;Vol. IX,No.4,

pp.6-10,1966Tipi rings;Malouf,Dr.Carling;Vol. IX,No.4,pp.

4-6,1966Turk Tipi Ring Site 48JO3153(progressreport);Vol.

III,No.7,pp.5-6,1960W. A. S. Crew Surveys Structure Site(SheridanCounty,

Wyoming-Ed.)surveyreport;Vol.II,No.3-4,p.3,1959

Work Completed at 48JJO301 and 303,(stonecirclenearrockshelter);Vol.III,No.7,pp.3-4,1960

Wyoming Archaeological Society History (societyexcavationsummaries);Hilman,Elaine;Vol.VI,No.2,pp.2-6,1963

Part IISORTED BY YEAR IN ALPHABETICAL OR-

DER1958Archaeological Research in the Glendo Reservoir Area;

Steege,L.C.;Vol.I,No.7,p.1,1958Bar-C Cairn Line, 48JO302;Vol.1,No.5,1958Preliminary Information on the Society Project at Med-

icine Wheel Site; Vol.1,No.5,pp.4-5,1958The Medicine Wheel; Vol.1,No.6,p.1,19581959A New Noteon the Medicine Wheel(date-Ed.);Vol.II,

No.9,p.2,1959A Possible Meserve Site in North Central Wyoming

(48JO303);Vol.IINo.10,pp.8–12,1959Sweem-Taylor Site 48JO301; Vol.IINo.10,pp.4-8,

1959W. A. S. Crew Surveys Structure Site(SheridanCounty,

Wyoming-Ed.)surveyreport;Vol.II,No.3-4,p.3,1959

1960Fortification Site (Mr.Turk,19structures);Vol. III,

No.8-9,p.5,1960Turk Tipi Ring Site 48JO3153(progressreport);Vol.

III,No.7,pp.5-6,1960Work Completed at 48JJO301 and 303,(stonecircle

nearrockshelter);Vol.III,No.7,pp.3-4,19601961Fortified Hilltop Examined;Sweem,Glen&DonGrey;

Vol.IV,No.7,pp.3-4,1961Messing Around in the Hills (Fortification Site investi-

gatedbyGlenSweem&DonGrey);Vol.IV,No.8,pp.10-11,1961

1962Grapevine Creek Buffalo Jumps(rowsofstonepiles,

tipirings);Vol.V,No.2,pp.11-(11b),19621963Wyoming Archaeological Society History (society

excavationsummaries);Hilman,Elaine;Vol.VI,No.2,pp.2-6,1963

1964Archeologists Study Old Indian Camp Location(stone

circles);Vol.VII,No.3,pp.5-6,19641965Preliminary Report Yellowstone National Park Survey,

Summer 1958;Malouf,Dr.Carling;Vol.VIII,No.3-4,pp.21-27,1965

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A Progress Report Piney Creek Sites, Wyoming 48JO3111 & 48JO312, Frison, George C.;Vol.VIII,No.3-4,pp.18-19,1965

1966A Pryor Complex Site in the Big Horn Mountains of

Wyoming;Edgar,Bob;Vol.IX,No.2,pp.14-16,1966

A Very Unusual Rock Structure, Photographed by Ross Stapp, five miles west of Shoshoni,WY, (photo);Vol.IXNo.4,p.12,1966

Battle Hill Site 48FR303 (sitereport);Jensen,Henry;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.49-54,1966

Excavated Stone Circles from University Dig near Glendo, Wyoming;Steege,LouisC.;Vol.IX,No.4,p.11,1966

Hadsell Ranch Rock Figure 48FR302 (site report);Baskett,Dave;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.17-21,1966

Late Prehistoric Stone Circles;Mulloy,Dr.William;Vol.IX,No.4,pp.2-3,1966

Ormsby Road Rock Alignment 48CO301(sitereport);Rea,BayardD.;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.32-44,1966

Phantom Ghosts of the Laramie Mountain Range Country (cairn); Bedish, G.A.;Vol. IX, No. 4,pp.23-25,1966

Powers-Yonkee Bison Trap 24PR5(sitereport);Bent-zen,R.C.(eagletrap);Vol.IX,No.1,pp.7-20,1966

Reno Flats Rock Alignment 48CA301;Baskett,David;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.45-48,1966

Rock Alignments in Central Wyoming: An Introduction;Rea,BayardD.;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.15-16,1966

Sanford Ranch Rock Alignment (Fish Creek Site) 48NA303(sitereport);Jensen,Henry;Vol.IX,No.3,pp.22-31,1966

Tipi rings;Malouf,Dr.Carling;Vol. IX,No.4,pp.4-6,1966

The Importance of the Buffalo to Plains Indian Culture;Ewers,JohnC.;Vol.IX,No.1,pp.21-26,1966

The “Ring Makers;Moomaw,Jack;Vol. IX,No.4,pp.6-10,1966

1969Chalk Hills No. 1 48AB301 (preliminary report);

Steege,L.C.;Vol.XII,No.3,pp.9-10,1969Survey of Archaeological Sites in the Vicinity of Pine

Bluffs, Wyoming;Reher,CharlesA.;Vol.XII,No.3,pp.11-22,1969

1970Dead Indian Site 48PA551(preliminaryreport);Smith,

SharonK.;Vol.XII,No.1,pp.23-33,19701979Dated Stone Circle Sites in Wyoming;Larson,Thomas;

Vol.22,No.3,pp.9-17,1979Preliminary Report of the Muddy Creek Stone Cairn;

Longenecker,JulieG.;Vol.22,No.2,pp.13-20,1979

1987Archaeological Investigations at 48TE1076:A Walled

Structure in Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Walker,Danny;Vol.30No.1-2,pp.33-37,1987

Indian Campsite Patterns in Southwestern Wyoming;Bozovich,Joe;Vol.30,No.1-2,pp.23-32,1987

1988The Arrow at Polecat Bench;Baxter,DanR.;Vol.31,

No.1-2,pp.5-8,19881989Butler-Rissler Site: Plains Woodland Occupation

Along the North Platte River, Wyoming; Miller,Mark&BrianR.Waitkus;Vol.32No.1-2,pp.1-37,1989

1997A Prehistoric Stone Line Complex From Northwest

Wyoming;Eakin,DanielH.;Vol.41,No.1,pp.1-13,1997

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RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF THE BIG HORN COUNTY, MONTANA, BISON JUMP-

AND-KILL SITEBY

Robert Ferris, Gary Anderson, William Payne and Gil Bollinger

ABSTRACT AGatchellMuseumFieldTeamconductedrecon-naissancesurveysofaBisonJump-and-KillsiteinBigHornCounty,Montana,onMay15andJuly1,1999.The Jump is over sandstone cliffs some 3.0 to 4.3metersinheight.Thatheightmayhavebeenreducedsomewhatbyerosionofthepastfewmillennia.Testholesandatwometerlongtrenchyieldednumerousbisonbonepieces.Manywereburnedandcharredandsomeshowedcutandimpactmarksinterpretedtobe of human origin. Evidence of a probable fire cook-ing/trashpitandtemporarycampsiteforbutcheringwas found in the locale along with a surface-find, small, stonearrowpointjudgedtobefromtheAD500-1500timeperiod.Surfacebisonbonefragmentswerealsonumerousandscattered,suggestingpreviouserosionalorhumandisturbances.

INTRODUCTION TheNativeAmericansweresubsistencehunterswhoseprincipalquarrywasthebison.Thereweretimes,especially in the autumn, before the first snowfalls, thatlargeamountsofpreservedmeatwereneededforsubsequentwinteruse.Beforetheintroductionofthehorse,theNativeAmericansuseda“corral”methodtosecuretherequiredmanyanimals.Thatmethodcon-sistedofmakingtwofencesofrocks,treestumps,etc.,eachakilometerormoreinlengthandinaconvergingV-pattern.Indiandriversluredthebisonintothe“V”and then frightened them into running by shoutingandwavingrobes.Thepointofthe“V”openedintoacorralenclosurewherethetrappedandconfusedani-

malswerekilled.Avariationofthismethodwasthebisonjump.Theconvergingfenceswereagainused,butinsteadofacorral,the“V”ledtoasheercliffofsomesevenormoremetersinheight.Asthestamped-ingherdplungedoverthesecliffs,manywerekilledorinjured.Thehunterswoulddispatchthewoundedandthenbeginaprocessofskinning,butcheringanddryingthemeat.SomeBlackfootandCrowjumpar-easinMontanacoverseveralacresandextendmanyfeetindepth,showinguseoveralongperiod(Mails1991).TherearemanyBisonjumpsonbothsidesoftheMontana-Wyomingborder.About30kilometersnorthofthestatelineistheKoboldsite,extensivelystudiedbyFrison(1970). We cannot give a detailed location descriptionorcoordinatesof thesitebeing reportedhereat thelandowner’srequest.ThestudygroupisateamfromtheJimGatchellMuseuminBuffalo,Wyoming.ThatinstitutionisaregionalhistorymuseumdedicatedtothepreservationofthefrontierhistoryoftheBozemanTrail-PowderRivercountry.Itmaintainsamodestfield research effort in support of its exhibition and education programs. Reconnaissance surveys wereconducted on the site on May 5 and July 1, 1999.Additionalaccesswasnotsubsequentlyavailableandthustheresultsobtainedareofanecessarilylimitednature.However,becauseoftheproximityofthissitetothewell-studiedanddocumentedKoboldjump,itishopedthatacomparisonbetweenthetwositeswillproveuseful.

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SITE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ThegeneralsiteareahasaheavycoverofgrassandsagebrushthatistypicalofthenorthernHighPlains.Thejumpisoversandstonecliffsaveragingsomefourmetersinheightwithvariationsthatrangefromthreeto4.3meters.Evenifthisheighthasbeenreducedbyerosioninthepastfewmillennia,thiswouldstillbeclassified as rather low for a jump. These cliffs are composed of a soft, fine-grained, cross-bedded, light

cone-shapederosionalremnantfeatures(some4.5-5metersinheight)ofthetwosandstonestrataabout15metersfromthejumpbase(Figures1and2).Unfor-tunately,thereisconsiderableevidenceof“Potholer”activity, i.e., shallow, randomly spacedexcavations,

Figure1:Upper:Viewofjump,lookingeast.Jumpcliffinfarbackgroundwithcone-shapedoutcropsinthemid-foreground.Lower:Closerviewofjumpcliff.Fieldteam(lefttoright,BobFerris,GaryAn-dersonandBillPayne)settingupforsurvey.

brownish-yellowsandstonecappedbyathin-beddedlayer of much darker colored and harder sandstonethat isahalfmeter thick. Thehorizontalextentofthe jump feature is approximately 200 meters in anorthwest-southeastdirection. Therearedistinctive

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madebyindividualsseekingartifactsfortheirpersonalcollections.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS FOUND Bisonbonefragmentsandtoothpieceswerenu-merousandwidelyscatteredoverthegroundsurfacesuggestingpreviouserosionalorhumandisturbances.Thesedisturbedareascoveredatleast30%ofthein-vestigated area. Evidence for a probable fire and trash pitwasfoundthatincludeddarkenedandheat-crackedrocksandburned(charred)bisonbonefragments(Fig-

ures3-5).Humanusagewasshownbymanybisonbonefragmentswithcutandchopmarks,andasingle,side-notchedarrowpoint(2.5x1.3cm;Figure6).ThispointwasfoundonthegroundsurfaceandappearstobeLatePrehistoricinage(500-1500AD). Clustersof chert and jasper flakes were noted which suggests flint-knapping on the site. A roughly circular ring of graniteandsandstonerockswithadiameterofaround5.5meterswasalsonoted. To simplify the fieldwork and data recording, the site area was divided into five, roughly equal-width,

Figure2:Bisonboneandtoothfragments(upper)andtoothpiececlose-up(lower)fromArea#2.(inchscale).

22


areas that covered most of the northwest-southeastextentofthesite.Area#5wasfarthesttothenorthwestandArea#1farthesttothesoutheast.Upper(abovethecliff)andLower(belowthecliff)sectionswerealsodesignated.Tenartifactrecoverylocations,threetestholesandanexcavationtrench(1.5x2.0metersand0.75metersdeep)wererecordedintheinvestigations(Figure7).Dataobtainedineachcollectionareaaredetailedbelow.

AREA#1–Upper:noneAREA #1 – Lower: An area of surface water flow dur-ingrainyperiodsherehasuncoveredsomebisonbonepieces,primarilyribsandteeth.

AREA#2–Upper:noneAREA#2–Lower:Scatteredbone,rib,longboneandtoothfragmentswerefoundonthesurface.Thisareaincludedthetestexcavation(describedbelow).

AREA#3–Upper:Groundsurfacewascoveredwithsandstonecobblesandsmallrockboulderssuggestinga fire pit’s rock ring about 1.5 meters in diameter. No excavationswereconductedinthisarea.AREA#3–Lower:Piecesofbisonribwerefoundatonelocationonthesurface.Atesthole,70cmdeep,didnotyieldanyartifactmaterial.

AREA #4 – Upper: A significant amount of flakes werenotedhere,suggestingapossibleworksitebyapersonwhocouldalsohavemaintainedalookoutinalldirectionswhileworking.AREA#4–Lower:Onetesthole,again70cmdeep,didnotyieldanyartifactmaterial.

AREA#5–Upper:thisareawasespeciallyinterestinginthatitmayhavehadadualpurpose,assumingthetopographywassimilarlycontouredwhenusedbytheNativeAmericans.Locatedatthenorthwesterlyendof the jumparea, ithasabankwithasteepslopingsurfacethatwouldfunnelanyrunningbisontowardthe jump cliff. Also in this area, several jasper flakes werefound,suggestingasecondknappingareasome15metersfromtheArea#4knappingareaandtheuseofjasperinsteadofchert.AREA#5–Lower:Oval,hard,discoloredrockswerefound and identified as “boiling rocks.” This could be acooking,smokingandsteamingarealocatednexttothejumpactivity.Twotestholes,each70cmdeep,

Figure 4: Boiling stone, showing surficial and penetrative discoloration from repeated fire-heat-ingsandwaterimmersions.

Figure3:Bisonbonefragments.Upper=burned.Lower=charred.(cmscale).

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againdidnotyieldanyculturalmaterial.

SITE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATIGRAPHY Threeculturallevels,IA,IIA,andIIIA,eachsepa-ratedbyathin,culturallysterilesedimentarylayer,wereidentified in the excavation trench mentioned above (Figure8).Theseculturallevelscanbedescribedasfollows:LEVELIA:Eightcmthick.Onlyafew,probablybison,bonefragments,nonecharred,werenoted.Therewasprobablynocookinghere,atleastbasedonthedatafromthetestunit.LEVELIIA:15cmthick.Therewereabundantcharredbonefragments,manywithcutandsawmarks,inthislevel. There were also charred rocks, suggesting aprobablebutchering-cooking-trashpitarea.LEVELIIIA:Tencmthick.Again,therewereabun-dantcharredbonefragmentswithsomeshowingcutandchopmarks.Charredrockswereagainnoted,asaprobablebutchering-cooking-trashpitarea.

COMPARISON WITH THE NEARBY KO-BOLD SITE (24BH406)

Frison’s(1970)investigationoftheKoboldsitewasthorough,detailedandwellreported.Hetooreportedevidence for three jump levels, but they were verydifferentfromthosebeingreportedhere.Theyweremuchthickerbyafactorofabouttwo.Manyprojectilepoints,bifacetools,knivesandbutcheringtools,endscrapers,potsherdsandbisonskeletalremainswerefound. The artifact collection was sufficient for Frison to date the layers’ use-time with good confidence as extendingfromtheEarlyArchaicperiodtotheLatePrehistoricperiod.Thus,hisartifactrecoverywasasrichasoursissparse.

INTERPRETATIONS AND SPECULATIONS WeinterpretoursitetobeoneofsporadicuseinBisonjumpingwhiletheKoboldsitewasclearlyoneofmorefrequentandroutineusage.Thetimespanofuseheremayalsohavebeenmorelimited,butwehavenodirectevidenceofthatexceptthefactthateachlayerismuchthinnerthanthoseatKobold.Oursitehaslessverticaldrop(fourmetersversuseightmeters)andhasnorockcairndrivelinemarkers.However,oursiteisratherwide(200meters)whichwouldmakethedrivecontrolofthebison,withoutconvergingcairns,easiertowardthecliff. Onesimilaritybetweenthetwosites,separatedby

Figure 5: Upper: Projectile point, surface find. Lower:Cut-and-chiseledbisonbonepiece.BothfromArea#2.(cmscale).

Figure 6: Upper: Lightly flaked, red jasper scrap-er.Lower:Bisonbonepiecescutandchiseled.BothfromArea#2.(cmscale).

24


Figure7:Sketchmapofjumpsite.

Figure 8: Vertical profile sketch of cultural levels from trench in area #2.

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only24km,isthefrequentpresenceofcharred,i.e.,burned,bonesandrocksatthetwosites. However,wealsofoundevidenceforsitecooking,e.g.,charredrocksandoval“boilingrocks”thatwereabsentintheKobold levels. This lattercharacteristic leadsus tointerpretthesiteasaprobablybutchering-cooking-trashpitareaatthebaseofajumpsite.Thescaleofopera-tionsherewasprobablysmall,andthustheanimalswereeatenandprocessedessentiallywheretheyfellorwerekilled. We can say virtually nothing about a temporalcomparison between the sites, as our only dateableartifact, one arrow point, was a surface find and not in situwiththejump-killmaterials.Finally,werealizethatourfailuretogiveexactsitecoordinatesdiminishessomewhattheutilityofourreport.Thisis,however,inaccordwiththewishesofthelandowner.Wehopethat,aspreviouslymentioned,itsproximitytoawell-reported site will suffice.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WegratefullyacknowledgethesupportoftheJimGatchell Museum for the fieldwork and of the land-ownerforpermissiontodotheworkonhisland.

REFERENCES CITEDMails,ThomasE. 1991 The Mystic Warriors of the Plains. The

MallardPress,NewYork.Frison,GeorgeC. 1970 TheKoboldSite,24BH406:APost-Altith-

ermalRecordofBuffaloJumpingfortheNorthwesternPlains.Plains Anthropologist15(47):1-35.

RobertFerrisGatchellMuseumBuffalo,Wyoming

GaryAndersonGatchellMuseumBuffalo,Wyoming

WilliamPayneGatchellMuseumBuffalo,Wyoming

GilBollingerGatchellMuseumBuffalo,Wyoming

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WYOMINGARCHAEOLOGICALFOUNDATIONMEMORIALGIFTorCONTRIBUTIONFORM

Givenby:Miss,Mrs.,Mr.,Ms.,Dr.

NameLastFirstMiddle

AddressCity&StateZip

Donorphonenumber()

$Amount

TYPEOFGIFT:

GeneralContribution[]

InMemoryof:Name City&State

InHonorof:Name City&State

Specifywhereyouwouldlikeyourmoneytogo (e.g.,HellGapSiteResearch,other,???????)

PleasemakeyourcheckpayabletoTHEWYOMINGARCHAEOLOGICALFOUNDATIONMilfordHanson,WAFTreasurer,163126thSt.,Cody,Wyoming82414

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ABSTRACT TestexcavationsattheCacheHillsite(48CA61)inCampbellCounty,Wyomingexposedathickbisonbonebed in the bottom of an arroyo formed by a first ordertributaryinthePowderRiverdrainagebasin.Aradiocarbondateandcomparisonswithotherassem-blagesshowaLatePrehistoriccontextforthebisonkill-butcheryevent.Currenttaphonomicandarchaeo-logicalmodelsforbonebedaccumulation,distribution,anddispersalareconsideredtoaidininterpretingsitestructure.Theresearchpotentialatthissiteforcontrib-utingtoourunderstandingofbonebedcompositionandprehistoricbisonprocurementiscriticallyassessed.Inaddition,culturalresourcemanagementissuesrelatingtobisonbonebedexcavationandcurationproceduresareaddressed.

INTRODUCTION TheCacheHillbisonkill-butcherysite(48CA61)isinthedissected,shortgrassplainsofthePowderRiverBasininnortheasternWyoming(Figure1).BillBarlow,alocalrancherandlongtimememberoftheWyomingArchaeological Society, discovered the site erodingfrom a dry, tributary arroyo more than twenty-five years ago,andreportedittotheUniversityofWyomingandOffice of the State Archaeologist. The site was visited briefly in 1975, but systematic test excavations were notconducteduntilthesummersof1984(Miller1984)and1985. The spatial extentof theCacheHillbonebed isunknown.Thesitelimitswereestimatedbycutbankexposuresinthearroyochannel,limitedaugerprobing,and one test unit. Skeletal elements appear confined to atwenty-meterlongsegmentofanold,northtrendingarroyochannelaboutsixmeterswide(Figure2).The

bonebedmaycoveranareaof120squaremetersormore,andthe1984-1985excavationsprobablyincludedlessthanthreepercentoftheentiresite. Becauseofthelargequantityofboneexposedinthe arroyo profile and the time required for careful excavationanddetailedrecording,onlyasingle2X2mtestunitwasopened.TheunitwasdesignatedH21inagridsystemlabeledwithalpha-numericcodesandtiedintoasitedatum(atNorth100m,West100m)locatedtothesoutheast,hopefullyplacingtheentirebonebedinthenorthwestquadrantofthegrid(Figure2).ThegridproveniencefortheH21testunitisNorth102-104,West107-109. H21wasplacedoverasurfaceexposureofbonealongthewestbankofthepresentarroyo.Thisunitwas divided into1X1mquads to provide greaterproveniencecontrolduringexcavationandmapping.Eachmeterquadwasdesignatedbyaletter,beginningwithAforthenortheasternquadandmovingclockwisethroughtheremainingsquares,endingwithDatthenorthwesterncornerofthetest. Onehundredpersondaysofexcavationresultedintheremovalofapproximately75percentoftheboneobservedinthe2X2munit.Thenumberofdaysre-quired for excavation illustrates the trend toward finer grained field methodology implemented for bison kill sites in the last twenty-five years (see also Hill and Hofman1997;FrisonandTodd1987). Bones were treated in the field with Butvar, a com-merciallyavailablepreservative,butmostapparentlyweretoomoisttoallowadequatepenetration.Manyspecimensbrokewhentheywereremovedfromthebonebed and wrapped in tinfoil for transport to thelaboratory.Plastercastsareamorepreferablemeanstoprotectthesedelicatespecimens.

THE CACHE HILL SITE (48CA61): A BISON KILL-BUTCHERY SITE IN THE POWDER

RIVER BASIN, WYOMINGby

Mark E. Miller and Galen R. Burgett

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SITE AGE AND FUNCTION The proximal portion of a bison humerus wassubmittedforradiocarbondatingfollowingthe1984season.Itproducedaradiocarbonageof260+100B.P. (RL-1928, MASCA corrected to A.D. 1610 +150),chronologicallyplacingthesiteneartheendoftheLatePrehistoricPeriod(ca.200-1750B.P.[Frison1978:61]). Frison(1991)hasdiscussedthevariousformsofcommunalbisonhunting,i.e.,naturaltraps(arroyos,parabolic sand dunes), artificial corrals or pounds, and jumps. He notes all three procurement tactics wereemployedfromPaleoindianthroughLatePrehistorictimes (see also, Bentzen 1962, 1966; Frison 1984,1991;Frisonetal.1976;Miller1976).CacheHillmay

beanaturalarroyotrap,althoughfutureinvestigationsmayrevealevidenceforstructuralremains.Observa-tionsonthegeomorphic/topographicattributesoftheCacheHillareadonotsuggestsuitabilityfor,orthepresenceof,bisongatheringareasordrivelinesusefulinanapproachfromabove,andtoward,ajump.

FAUNAL REMAINS Three-dimensionalcoordinateswererecordedforallbonesandbonefragments>2.0cmonthemaximumdimension.General1X1mquad(i.e.,quadsA-D)proveniencewasrecordedforbonefragmentseithertoosmall(<2cm)forpointplottingorthoseunnoticeddur-ingexcavationandrecoveredwhilescreeningofmatrixsediments.Screeningwasconductedwith1/4in.dryscreenfollowedby1/16in.wetscreen.Manyfragmentswere too small for reliable element identification and inclusionintheminimumnumberofelements(MNE)and minimum animal unit (MAU) calculations (seeTable1).Althoughtabulationsoffragmentfrequencies

Figure 1: Map depicting location of Cache Hillsite in northeastern Wyoming. Arrow points tobonebedinarroyojustnorthofCacheHill.Northistotopofmap.

Figure2:TopographicmapofCacheHillsitear-royo.Darkenedsquare is testunitandshadedarearepresentsestimatedlimitsofbonebed.

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are not presented here, bones grossly identifiable to an anatomicalelementincludedloosewholeincisorsandpremolars,toothfragments,vertebralpieces,ribblades,costals,longboneshaftfragments,andprobable(butnot absolutely identifiable) carpal, tarsal, sesamoid, and phalangefragments.Afewofthebonefragmentswereburnedandpossiblywerecarrieddownslopefromanearbyprocessingorcamparea. A total of 1803 identifiable bones were point pro-venienced and recovered from the site.MNE/MAUtabulations of these bones are presented (Table 1).Mandibles, atlas andaxisvertebrae, andcentral-4thtarsals(scapho-cuboid)arethemostnumerousbones,but what is of interest is the overall MAU % profile (Figure 3). The profile shows the representation of anatomicalelementscanbedescribedintermsoftheirsegmentation. The first segment has mandibles, atlas andaxisvertebraeandcervicalvertebrae.Fromthoracicvertebraethroughtheinnominatesandribs,thereisanunderrepresentationofaxialelementssuggestingattri-tionfromvariousagents.TheMAU%representationofappendicularsegmentsisinteresting.Theforelimbsegmenthasanunevenrepresentationofsomeelements,i.e.,scapulae,distalhumeri,andproximalradii,andmetacarpalshavegreaterrepresentationsthanproximalhumeri,distal radii,andcarpals.Thehind limbele-mentshavemuchgreaterrepresentation,particularlymetatarsals,thaneitheraxialorfrontlimbsegments.

The patterning expressed in the Cache Hill profile suggestsoverprintingbythevariousagentscreatingand modifying the bison bonebed. Two other profiles instructive about the Cache Hill assemblage are in-cluded (Figure 3). One profile represents the coyote scavengedbisoncarcassesfromataphonomicstudyinWindCaveNationalPark,SouthDakota(Burgett1990:76-81, 90-91). The other profile is of Nunamiut EskimocariboukillsinAlaska(Binford1981:230-231,Table 5.08). Comparing the different profiles shows CacheHillcloselyresemblesthecariboukillcaseintherepresentationoftheaxialskeletonsegment,butthendivergeswiththeforelimbsegmentandhasverylittlesimilaritytothecariboukillrearlimbsegment.Althoughnostatisticaltestshavebeenconductedtomeasure the strength of similarity among the threeprofiles, it is graphically apparent the Cache Hill as-semblagehasgreaterproportionalsimilaritytotheWindCave bison sample. The comparisons of these profiles, alongwithotherevidenceobservedontheCacheHill

bones,providesomecluesaboutwhodidwhat,andwhen,tothebisoncarcassesthere.Thesecluesincludeevidenceforcarnivoregnawingandbutcheringpat-terns. Thedistributionofcutboneandcarnivoregnawedelementsalsorevealssomeinterestingpatterns(Fig-

Cranium 7 7.00 41.2Mandible 34 17.00 100.0Hyoid 6 3.00 17.7Atlas 11 11.00 64.7Axis 11 11.00 64.7CervicalVertebra 46 9.20 54.1ThoracicVertebra 71 5.46 32.1LumbarVertebra 38 6.33 37.2Sacrum 3 3.00 17.7SacralVertebra 10 2.00 11.8Innominate 10 5.00 29.4Ribs(proximalandcomplete) 144 5.54 32.6Sternebra 1 0.14 0.8Manubrium 3 3.00 17.7CaudalVertebra 46 2.56 15.1Scapula 15 7.50 44.1Humerus,complete 11 5.50 32.4proximalandcomplete 12 6.00 35.3distalandcomplete 16 8.00 47.1Radius,complete 12 6.00 35.3proximalandcomplete 17 8.50 50.0distalandcomplete 13 6.50 38.2Ulna 12 6.00 35.3Ulnarcarpal 16 8.00 47.1Intermediatecarpal 16 8.00 47.1Radialcarpal 16 8.00 47.1Fused2ndand3rdcarpal 18 9.00 52.9Fourthcarpal 11 5.50 32.4Accessorycarpal 7 3.50 20.6Carpal (unspecified) 7 1.17 6.9FifthMetacarpal 4 2.00 11.8Metacarpal,complete 19 9.50 55.9proximalandcomplete 19 9.50 55.9distalandcomplete 20 10.00 58.8Femur,complete 17 8.50 50.0proximalandcomplete 20 10.0 58.8distalandcomplete 20 10.00 58.8Patella 16 8.00 47.1Tibia,complete 16 8.00 47.1proximalandcomplete 19 9.50 55.9distalandcomplete 19 9.50 55.9LateralMalleolus 15 7.50 44.1Astragalus 25 12.50 73.5 Calcaneus 26 13.00 76.5Tarsal,fusedcentral/fourth 32 16.00 94.1fused2nd/3rd 21 10.50 61.8Firsttarsal 9 4.50 26.5Tarsal (unspecified) 2 0.40 2.4Metatarsal,complete 23 11.50 67.7proximalandcomplete 29 14.50 85.3distalandcomplete 24 12.00 70.1Firstphalanx,prox/comp. 74 9.25 54.4Secondphalanx,prox&comp. 73 9.13 53.7Thirdphalanx,prox&comp. 72 9.00 52.9(allphalanges) (219) (9.13) (53.7)Sesamoid,proximal 44 2.75 16.2distal 28 3.50 20.6 unspecified 4 0.17 1.0

Table1:Preliminaryinventoryofminimumnum-ber of elements (MNE), minimal animal units(MAU),andindexedMAU(MAU%)forpost-natalbisonfromCacheHillsite.LongboneMNEandMAUvaluescalculatedonlyfromportionswithatleastonearticularend.

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ure 4). Only those bones with obvious modifications wereusedinthiscomparison.Carnivoreswereclearlyselectingappendicularelements,primarilyproximalhumeri. On the bones not removed by carnivores,human made cut marks are more common on axialelements,especially ribbladesandvertebrae (Table2).The axial element cut marks also coincide withthe reducedpresenceof axial elements, particularlythe thoracic, lumbar,andsacralvertebraandthe in-nominates,comparedwiththeappendicularsegments.Mostcutbonesoccurinthewesternhalfoftheunitwheretheshallowestportionofthebonebedmayrep-resenttheedgeofthekill.Carnivoregnawedboneismorewidespread,butgenerallyoccursonbonesonornearthesurfaceofthemidden.Nocarnivoredamageorbutcheringwaspresentonarticulatedunitsinthedeepestportionofthebonebedwherecarcassesmayhavebeeninaccessible. Considerableresearchhasexposedtheambiguity

inherentinattribute-basedeffortstoidentifyculturallymodified bone (Binford 1981; Burgett 1990), so this studyisconservativeinitsassessmentofthecausalagents responsible for altered bone. In fact, for thepresentstudywehavechosennottoclassifyanymodi-fication as chop marks and have restricted this analysis toobviouscutmarks.Onlytwenty-twoelements(lessthantwopercentofthepoint-proveniencedassemblage)show obvious cut marks characterizedby relativelystraightincisionswithV-shapedcross-sections.Theseincluderibs,vertebrae,andmandibles.Positioningofcutsissimilartothosediscussedinpreviousstudies(e.g.,Frison1970),andonlycutribsoccurfrequentlyenoughtowarrantdiscussioninmoredetailhere. Cutsoccurpredominantlyontheproximalhalfoftheelementbelowtheribheadonthelateralmarginoftheblade(Figure5c).Cutsarelessfrequentonthedistalhalfofthebladeandthemedialsurfaceoftherib.Mostcutsruntransverseacrossribsandareeither

Figure 3: MAU% profiles for the Cache Hill bison kill site, Nunamiut caribou kill sites, and the Wind Cavemodernbisonmortalitysites.CRN-cranium,MR-mandible,AT-atlas,AX-axis,CE-cervical,TH-thoracic,LM-lumbar,SAC-sacrum,PV-pelvis,RB-rib,SC-scapula,HM/PR-proximalhumerus,HM/DS-distalhumerus,RD/PR-proximalradius,RD/DS-distalradius,UL-ulna,CARP-carpal,MC/PR-proximalmetacarpal,MC/DS-distalmetacarpal,FM/PR-proximalfemur,FM/DS-distalfemur,TA/PR-proximaltibia,TA/DS-distaltibia,TAR-tarsal,AS-astragalus,CL-calcaneus,MT/PR-proximalmetatarsal,MT/DS-distalmetatarsal, PHF-first phalange, PHS-second phalange, PHT-third phalange.

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perpendicularordiagonaltothelongaxisoftheele-ment,butatleastoneincisionisparallel. Binford (1981:113) identifies three locations for cutmarksonribsoccuringduringprimarybutcheringactivities.TwooftheseoccurrencesarepresentintheCacheHillassemblage.Themostfrequentisthetrans-versecutsacrossthelateralsurfaceoftheribsontheproximal(dorsal)end(Figure5b,cutgroupI).These

probably were inflicted when tenderloin was cut from thecarcass.CutgroupII(Figure5b)atCacheHillissimilar to cuts describedbyBinford (1981:113) forremovingthedistalendofribs.Somecuts(Figure5c)onventral(medial)surfacesnearthedistalendalsooccur, but their purpose is unknown. No cuts werefoundontheheadofanyrib. Itissuggestedseveralbisoninthebottomlevelsof

Figure 4: Profile of the bonebed in the arroyo (A), and plan map of the distribution of modified bones fromtheCacheHillsitetest(B).

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thetestexcavationaretheoverkilloccuringwhenherdsofbison,orotheranimals,aretakeninasingleevent.Muchoftheboneoverlyingthesehighlyarticulatedskeletonswastheresultofbutcheringactivitiesinorneartheexcavationunit,andsubsequentanimalscav-engeractivityafterthehumansabandonedthekillsite.Themostlikelyscavengerswerewolvesandcoyotes,butthefeedingofdomesticpackdogsmayhavealsocontributed to the animal modified bone recovered fromthebonebed.

AGE GROUPS BASED ON MANDIBULAR DENTITION

Thirty-five whole and fragmentary mandibles were collected from the bonebed. All but five, which are still incasts,wereusedforestimatingseasonality.Twoofthe mandible fragments refit, which limits the total elementcountto34.Fourmandiblepairsareknownanatomicalmates. AnalyticalproceduresfollowedthoseusedbyFri-son and Reher (1970) at the Glenrock site, and modified during later studies (e.g., Frison 1973, Reher 1974,ReherandFrison1980,Toddetal.1996).Noattemptwasmadetomeasureannualcementumonincisorsorenamelheightonotherteeth,althoughthesemaybeproductivelinesofinquiryforfutureresearch. Most mandibles are quite fragmented, a factorcomplicatingestimatesoftootheruption.Duetothisfragmentation,seasonalityinferencesaredrawnmorefrompatternsoftoothwearthantootheruption. Mandibleswere categorized into four immatureagegroupsandagroupcombiningmaturedentitions.Life expectancy was not calculated, since only sixmandiblescomefromadultanimals.

GROUP 1: 0.6 YEARS (e.g., FIGURE 6A); SEVEN MANDIBLES Alldeciduouspremolarsare inwear.ThecuspsarestillpeakedondP4andtheexostylidexhibitsonlylightwearifanyatall.M1iseruptedfromtwo-thirdstonearlythefullheightofdP4.FacetsI-II(seeFrisonetal.1976:38forterminology)areinlightwear,butsomespecimensshowgreaterwearcharacterizedbyanarrow(1mmwide)continuouslineofdentineonanteriorsurfaces.M2ispresentbutunerupted.GROUP 2: 1.6 YEARS (e.g., FIGURE 6B); EIGHT MANDIBLES Deciduous premolars are well worn with roots

ELEMENT CUTS GNAWING

Mandible 4 0Hyoid 0 1Vertebra 5 5Rib 12 4Innominate 0 1Humerus 0 7Radius 0 2Femur 0 2Metatarsal 1 1

Table 2: Occurrences of bone modification by cultural (cuts) and non-cultural (carnivore androdentgnawing)agents.

Figure5:Compositeillustrationofalldiagnosticcutmarksonbison ribs,showingproximal (cutgroupI)anddistal(cutgroupII)clusters.Illustrationdepicts lateral aspect of right fifth rib (A), lateral aspect of left fifth rib (B), and medial aspect of right fifth rib (C).

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showingabovethealveolus.CuspsarenolongerpeakedondP4andexostylidwearconnectsitwiththerestofthetoothbyacontinuouslineofdentine.M1iseruptedandinfullwear.M2iseitherfullyeruptedornearlyso.FacetsI-IIshoweitherlightwearoracontinuouslineofdentineatleastamillimeterwide.M3isinbud,butnotreallyeruptedabovethealveolus.GROUP 3: 2.6 YEARS (e.g., FIGURE 6C); FIVE MANDIBLES Two of the mandible fragments in this group refit. ThedP2anddP3usuallyhavebeenpushedout,orare

otherwise missing. The dP4 may be present thoughextremelyworn.AnteriorandposteriorcuspsofdP4arecupped,andtherootsareexposedabovethealveolus.TwospecimensshowverylightwearonP3.Theexo-stylidonM1isinwear,butgenerallyitisstillcappedwith enamel and separate from exposed dentine ontherestofthetooth.AlleightfacetsonM2areinfullwear,buttheexostylidisunworn.AnteriorcuspsonM3areeruptedabovethealveolus,yetthehypoconulidisunerupted.FacetsI-IIarewornonM3.Lightwearmayoccuronsomeposteriorfacets.

Figure 6: Characteristic wear patterns on selected mandibles from five age groups at Cache Hill site. Group1mandibleno.H21-773(A);group2mandibleno.H21-486(B);group3mandibleno.H21-1172(C);group5mandibleno.H21-532(D);andgroup6mandibleno.H21-18(E).Allarelefttoothrowsoriented with medial surface to top of figure.

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GROUP 4: 3.6 YEARS; NO ExAMPLES TheCacheHillsampledoesnotcontainmandiblesshowing tootheruptionandwearcharacteristicsex-pectedforthisgroup.However,basedonotherstudies,thisgroupisexpectedtoshowfullwearonM1andM2,andwearonM3facetsI-VI.Nowearisexpectedonthehypoconulid.Theabsenceofthisgroupinthepresentcollectioncouldbefromsamplingerror,mistakesingroupingduetofragmentation,orafunctionofherdpopulationdynamics.Perhapstherewasahighmortal-ityoncalvesthreeyearsbeforetheCacheHillsitewasused.Alargesampleoflessfragmentedmandiblesisneeded to refine this age group model.GROUP 5: 4.6 YEARS (e.g., FIGURE 6D); THREE MANDIBLES Alldeciduous teetharegoneandallpermanentpremolars are in wear.Wear on M1 has produced acontinuouslineofdentinebetweentheexostylidandtherestofthetooth.TheM2isinregularusebuttheexostylidisstillunworn.FacetsI-VIIIareinwearonM3.LightwearispresentonfacetIX(hypoconulid),barely exposing the dentine. The exostylid and theposteriorstylidbetweentheentoconidandhypoconulidarealwaysunworn.GROUP 6: MATURE ANIMALS (e.g., FIGURE 6E); SIx MANDIBLES Thisgroupincludesallspecimensfromanimals5.6yearsoldandolder.Mandiblesweretoofewandfrag-mentaryforseparationintomorediscreteagegroups.Allpermanentteetharefullyeruptedandinregularuse.Wearishighlyvariableduetotherepresentationofmorethanoneagegroup.Overall,premolarscontinueinwearandeventuallyproduceaplanarsurface.Thecontinuousringofenamelaroundthedentinealsoiswornawayontheposterioredgeofsomepremolars.SimilarwearoccursontheanterioredgeofM1onsomespecimens.DeepcuppingcandevelopbetweenP4andM1,andtheanteriorfossetteonM1maybenearlywornaway.ExostylidsonM2andM3areinfullwearandconnectedtotherestofthetoothbyacontinuouslineofdentine.SUMMARY Thefourimmatureagegroupsarediscretewithnointermediatespecimens.Groups1and2inparticularseemquitedistinct.Group3ismorevariable,althoughteetharelesswornthanwhatisexpectedforGroup4. Thismandiblesamplesuggeststhekillprobablytookplaceduring the latefall,perhapssometimein

November,ifthenecessaryassumptionsaboutbreed-ingschedulesandcalvingareaccurate(seeFrisonandReher 1970:46).The calf group (age group 1) maybeslightlyolderthancalveskilledduringthefallatGlenrock,anotherLatePrehistoric site inWyoming(Frison1970).

SExUAL DIMORPHISM IN CACHE HILLHUMERI AND RADII

Todd(1986)hasdocumentedtheutilityofselectedmeasurements on distal humeri and proximal radiiforestimatingthesexratioofbisonskeletalpopula-tions. His procedures have real merit, particularlywhenarchaeologicalcollectionscanbescaledagainstmoderncomparativespecimensofknownage,sexandmortality.Analyticalsamplesshouldbefullymaturewithrespecttoepiphysealfusionsomeasurementsonimmaturemalesarenotconfusedwithlarge,maturefemales.MostoftheCacheHillradiicouldnotbesexedsincetheyareskeletallyimmaturewithunfuseddistalends.Thisproblemisillustratedbelow. Threemeasurementsweretakenondistalhumeri,andtwoonproximalradii,toestimatetheratioofmaturefemalestomaturemales(Table3).Thesemeasurements(seeTodd1986:114-116),whengraphicallyportrayed,illustrateelementsgroupedaccordingtosize. Elevenfullyfusedproximalradiiwererecoveredfrom the excavations (Figure 7A). This bivariatedistributionistheweakestofthethreeforillustratingthe difference between male and female elements.Sixundeterminedspecimens,dispersedbetweenfourprobablefemalesandoneprobablemale,obscuretheexpectedsexualdimorphisminthesample.Iftheun-determined specimens are discarded, then five mature elementssuggestasexratioof80percentfemalesto20percentmales. The first of two bivariate plots on distal humeri isnotmuchmoreinformative(Figure7B).Thirteenmeasurable specimens are present including five ma-ture females, five mature males, and three humeri with unfusedproximalends.Themostnotabledistinctionwiththis indexis thereisamuchgreaterdifferenceinthedistalarticularbreadth(HM7)betweenmalesandfemalesthanseeninthemedialarticularbreadth(HM14),whichoverlapsmalesandfemalesbetween40and43millimeters.Ifthistrendissustainedwith largersamples,thenitmaybepossibleeventuallytosexdistalhumeriwithasinglemeasurement(HM7)allowingarchaeologiststousespecimenstoofragmen-

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Figure7:Plotofselectedmeasurementson(A)proximalradii;(B)distalhumeri;and(C)distalhumeri,fromCacheHillbison.AllmeasurementsfromTodd1986.InteriorsolidlinerepresentsmaximumrangeoffemalesandminimumrangeofmalesfromTodd’s(1986)comparativesample.

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taryformedialarticulardepth. Thenextbivariateplotillustratesthegreatestdif-ference between fully mature males and females inthesample(Figure7C).FivefemalesandfourmalesareclearlyseparatedbytheHM7-HM11index.Thisdistributionalsomorecloselyapproximatestherangeofmalesandfemalesfromknowncomparativesamplesofmodernbison,suchasthoseintheUWDepartmentofAnthropologyComparativeOsteologyMuseum(seealsoTodd1983:134).OnlytwooftheelevenelementsatCacheHill exhibitunfusedproximalends.Whenthesearediscarded,apronouncedbimodaldistributionprobably reflects sexual dimorphism with a ratio of 56 percentmaturefemalesto44percentmaturemales.Thesexualdimorphismanalysissuggeststheherd,orherds,killedconsistsofmixedcow/calfandbullgroups.

ARTIFACTSBONE TOOL Onecutandsnappedbisonribshaftshowsextensivepolishandstriationsresultingfromheavyuse,probablyasahandlehaftedtoabutcheringtool(Figure8a).ItisnearlyidenticaltothosefoundattheBigGooseCreeksite,anotherLatePrehistoricbisonkill(Frisonetal.

1978).PROJECTILE POINTS Twenty-three whole and fragmentary projectilepointswerecollectedfromthebonebed.Twofragmentsrefit, so at least 22 separate projectiles are represented. Allbutoneareside-notchedwithstraightorirregularbasaledges(e.g.,Figure8b-f).Theonlyexceptionisasideandbase-notchedprojectilepoint(notshown)madefromobsidian.Oneside-notchedartifactisalarge,reworkedspecimenthatmayhavebeencollectedfromamucholderassemblagethanusedintheCacheHilloperation(Figure8g).Threefragmentarybifacesaretooindistincttoidentifytheartifacttypetheyrepresent,buttheyprobablyarebrokenprojectilepoints. Projectile points are similar to the Plains side-notchedtypedescribedbyKehoe(1973:60-61),andtootherarrowpointsfromotherLatePrehistorickillsin Wyoming (e.g., Frison 1970, Reher and Frison1980:29).Thesite’suncorrectedradiocarbondateofA.D. 1690 fits well within the expected range for this technology. Mostoftheweaponryismadefromlocalrawma-terialsavailableinandaroundthePowderRiverBasin,withporcellaniteandquartzitepredominating.Chertisinfrequent,althoughonespecimenmayrepresenta

MEASUREMENT* N MEAN MIN. MAX. SD DIFF**

HM7 Males 5 94.6 90.1 101.5 4.9 Females 5 79.7 75.2 82.9 3.5 Undetermined 3 84.5 78.5 89.2 5.5 14.9HM11 Males 4 103.2 101.4 105.3 1.8 Females 5 90.1 84.3 95.0 4.7 Undetermined 2 97.2 97.1 97.2 0.1 13.1HM14 Males 5 43.2 40.7 45.9 2.4 Females 5 39.0 33.3 42.3 3.6 Undetermined 3 41.5 39.8 42.8 1.5 4.2RD4 Males 1 91.1 ----- ----- ----- Females 4 79.4 76.5 81.4 2.4 Undetermined 6 86.8 78.2 91.5 5.1 11.7RD9 Males 1 57.1 ----- ----- ----- Females 4 45.4 42.8 46.5 1.7 Undetermined 6 49.1 45.7 52.3 2.8 11.7

*=allmeasurementsfollowingTodd(1983,1986).**=(maleMean)minus(femaleMean).SD=StandardDeviation.

Table3:SummaryofselectedmeasurementsofbisonhumeriandradiifromCacheHillsite.

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dendriticcherttypicaloftheHartvilleUpliftregioninsoutheasternWyoming.BIFACES AND STONE TOOLS One retouched flake tool (Figure 8h) and a uti-lizedbiface(Figure8i)alsowerefound.Thebifaceisnotchedandmayhavebeenusedasaprojectileonathrustingspearorlance,sincenouse-weartypicalofcuttingactivitiesispresent.Theothertoolisabrownchert flake tool resharpened bifacially. DEBITAGE Debitagefromtoolmaintenanceandreuseisthemost frequentlyoccurringclassof chipped stone inthe assemblage. A total of 289 nonutilized flakes was recovered. Most are retouch flakes either from bifaces or flake tools. Striking platforms generally are faceted by flake scar remnants from earlier reduction series (see Frison 1968). These flakes are believed to be the result oftoolmaintenanceduringbutcheringactivitiesdoneon the carcasses in the kill site. However, some flake shatterwithoutplatformremnantsmaybetheresultofimpactbreaksonprojectilepointsastheystrucktheanimals. Although identifying rawmaterial sources fromsmall flakes is difficult (Craig 1983:21), most seem tohavebeenmadefromlocalstonederivedfromthePowderRiverBasinbetweentheBigHornMountains

tothewestandtheBlackHillstotheeast.Nearly43percentaremadefromporcellaniteranging incolorfrommaroontograyandalmostblack(Table4).Morethan39percentarebrownorredquartzites.Therestincludetranslucentchalcedoniesandopaquechertsinarangeofcolors.

SITE STRUCTURE Thebonebedaveragesabout30centimetersthick,and ranges in depth from a few centimeters belowgroundalongtheupperarroyobankinthesouthwestcornerofthetestunit,tomorethan35centimetersinthebottomofthearroyoatthenortheastcorner.Thebonebedrestsonthegray,sandyclaysurfaceoftheoldarroyo,largelyfollowsitscontours,anditssurfaceslopesmorethan30degreesfromthesouthwestcornerdowntothenortheastcornerofthetest.Theactualslopeofthearroyosurface,however,couldnotbeobtainedsincethenortheastquadrantofthetestunitwasnotcompletelyexcavated.Evenso,theactualslopeshouldbeatleastassteepasthe surfaceofthebonebedandprobablysteeper.FLUVIAL TRANSPORT FrisonandTodd(1986:64)havenoteddifferentialfluvial transport potential for proximal and distal ribs frommammoth/elephantskeletons.Ifbisonribsbe-

Figure8:SelectedartifactsrecoveredfromCacheHilltestexcavations,includingbisonribhaft(a),selected projectile points (b-g), retouched flake tool (h), and utilized biface (i).

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havesimilarlyunderincreasedvolumeandvelocityofchannel flow, then water transported ribs should orient withtheproximalendsupslopeandbladesdownslope.Suchisnotsoincutmarkedribsinthetestunit(Figure4).Whiletheseelementsdonotrestinthebottomofthechannelwhererunoffmayhaveitsgreatesteffect,theystillareinthearroyoandwouldbesusceptibletofluvial transport. Their present position is believed to havebeenlessaffectedbywatertransportthanotherboneelements,andmorelikelyistheresultofeitherrepositioningduringbutcheringactivitiesorgravitationdownslope. If a thick bonebed accumulation results from aone-timerapidlyburiedkill,manyboneswouldnotbe susceptible to fluvial transport before or following disarticulation.Onlyupperlayerbonesandthoseex-posedinvertical,erosionalcutsintothebonebedwouldbe“free”enoughtoreorientwithchangingdrainagepatterns.Thismaybeanimportantfactortoconsiderwhen comparing the effects of fluvial transport at single animaldeathsitestothoseatmassivebonebeds.BONE WEATHERING Thestageofweatheringandoverallboneconditionareuniformthroughouttheexcavation(Figure9).Theupper,skywardsurfaceofbonesgenerallyexhibitsmoreanddeeperweatheringcracksthanthelower,ground-wardsurface.Incontrast,thecorticalsurfaceontheloweraspectofthesebonesismoreexfoliated.Suchvariationcouldbe the resultofmicroenvironmentalconditions produced by the bonebed itself, includ-

ingchangesinthechemicalcompositionofsoilsandlocalization of draining body fluids. The topography and exposure of the arroyo also could be influencing factors. Since the pattern of upper surface crackingand lowersurfaceexfoliationoccurs throughout thetestunit,itcanbearguedlittledisplacementofboneoccurredfollowingtheinitiationofweathering. Twoexplanationsforthispatterncometomind.Eitherasinglekilloccurredandtheentireassemblagebegantoweatheratthesamerate,ormultiplekillstookplaceandeachassemblagewasexposedundersimilarconditionsforasimilaramountoftime.Atanyrate,thesiteapparentlyburiedquiterapidlysincetheupperbones are not significantly more weathered than deeper elements.Theelements in thebottomof thearroyoexhibittheleastevidenceforanyweathering.SPATIAL ANALYSIS Ethnoarchaeologicalandactualisticstudieshavegeneratedseveralplausiblemodelsforunderstandingsite structure in the archaeological record (Binford1981,1983).OfparticularinteresttotheCacheHillstudyisdataonNunamiutEskimositeswhereherdsofcaribouwerehunted,killed,andbutchered.Intheethnoarchaeological situation, butchering at a mul-tipleanimaldeathsiteproducedacircularworkareasurrounded by discarded waste products (Binford1983:124).Debitagefromtoolretouchandresharpen-ing,butcheredboneelements,anddiscardedtoolsareexpectedtooccuraroundtheworkareaasby-productsoftheseactivities.

MATERIALTYPE QUADA QUADB QUADC QUADD TOTAL PERCENT

Porcellanite 42.6 Maroon 41 1 11 24 77 Gray 12 1 10 23 46

Quartzite 39.5 Brown 55 2 19 28 104 Red 8 0 2 0 10

Chert 2.7 Gray 0 0 0 1 1 Brown/Red 3 0 3 0 6 Black 0 0 0 1 1

Chalcedony 15.2 Clear/Gray 8 0 1 2 11 Brown 18 1 7 7 33

TOTAL 145 5 53 86 289 100.0

Table4:Summarycountsofdebitagebymaterialtypeandonemeterquad.

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Additionally, both experimental archaeology(Frison 1978:317) and ethnoarchaeology (Binford1983:169)demonstrate large animalbutchering is astandupactivity.Assuch,butcheringcreates largerandmoreextensivedebrisscattersthanactivitiesdonewhileseated(Binford1983:165).Carcassby-productsandtoolmaintenancedebriscanbecomescatteredinacirculararrangementaroundthemainactivitycenterattheanimaldeathsite.Thisspatialdistributionmightbeexpectedinanundisturbedarchaeologicalcontextrepresentingasimilartypeofbutcheringlocality. Still, thismodeldoesnotcorrelatedirectlywiththepresentdistributionalpatternsatCacheHill.Mostexperimental butchering has been at single animaldeath sites where open space allowed easy accesstothecarcass.Whiletheethnoarchaeologicalrecordis basedbothon single animal andmultiple animaldeathsites,thedocumentedeventsoccurredinfairlyopen, level terrainwheretopographydoesnotseemtohaverestrictedbutcheringactivities.Thepublishedrecordofwitnessedeventslargelydealswithintensive

butcheringepisodesresultinginalmosttotalcarcassdismemberment. In contrast, primary butchering is often presentonlyinthekillareaatmasskill-butcherysites(e.g.,Todd1983).Sincethereisnodirectcorrelateintheethnoarchaeologicalliteratureforactivitystructureata multiple animal kill in a confined topographic situ-ation,wemustlookmorecriticallyatthedifferencesbetweenorganizationalpropertiesinthearchaeologicalrecordandthoseobservedduringactualevents. Somepatternsinspatialdistributioninthetest unitare suggestedby thedistributionof tool sharpeningflakes. Nearly half the debitage was recovered from two square meters of the shallowest portion of thebonebedalongthewesternmarginofthetestunit.Thisareaisbelievedtobeontheedgeofthekill.Evenso,over half the flakes were recovered from the partially excavatednortheastquad,whichisthedeepestportionofthebonebedatthebottomofthearroyo. Severalfactorscouldaccountforthisdistribution.Certainly,thenumberofcarcassesandsteep,sloping

Figure9:TestUnitH21inprogress.Generalboneconditionandweatheringisapparentonvisibleele-ments.

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terrainwouldhampermobilityduringprimarybutch-eringtasks.Asaresult,huntersmightremovemajorportionsofanimalsandcarrythemtomoresuitableground beyond the confines of the arroyo for more intensive butchering. Tool retouch flakes could ac-cumulateanywhereinthemiddenwhereveranimalswereselectedfordismembermentandtoolsbecamedullfromuse.Thecirculararrangementofrefusearoundbutchering areas may not prevail due to the difficulty inmanipulatingcarcasses,inmovingaboutthemidden,andinnegotiatingthearroyoslope. The increase in flake density toward the bottom of thearroyocouldbefromdownslopemovementofchip-pingdebrisassociatedwithupslopebutcheringareas.Many of these flakes are so small they could be easily transportedbysheetwashorevengustsofwind. Thedistribution,however,alsomaybeaproductofactivitystructureatthesite.Ifcertainmaterialtypes(possibly reduction debris from specific tools) separate outspatially,thenitmightbearguedthedistributionismorelikelytheresultofbutcheringpatternsthanthenaturalprocessesaffectingsiteformation.Thismustbeconsideredconjecturaluntilattemptsaremadetorefit flakes either to each other or to tool edges. Unfortunately,toolittleareawasexcavatedforastatisticallymeaningfulcomparison.Presentdata(Table4)showthemostfrequentlyoccurringmaterialtypesareevenlydistributedbetweenupslopeareas(QuadsCandD)anddownslopeareas (QuadA).The totalvolumeofexcavatedareainQuadAiscomparabletothecombinedvolumeofQuadsCandD.Grayporcel-lanite ismorerestricted toupslopeareassuggestinglittle downslope movement, while red quartzite ispredominantdownslopeandmayillustratesomedis-placement.

CONCLUSIONS TheCacheHilltestisonlyasmallwindowintothearchaeologicalrecordofkill-butcheryactivitiesinthe arroyo. The sample is too small to make definitive statementsaboutsitestructureandpatternsofhumanbehavior,yetvaluablelessonshavebeenlearned.Evi-denceindicatesitisawell-preserved,LatePrehistorickill-butchery site containing a thick bonebed modified by both natural and cultural agents. The degree ofbonepreservationandhighnumberofarticulationsinthebottomofthearroyoarguesomecarcasseswereinaccessibletohunters,andthebonebeditselfbecameburiedshortlyafterabandonment.Thekillprobably

tookplaceinthelatefallandinvolvedmixedcow/calfandbullgroups. The primary goal of the Cache Hill test wasachieved.Weintendedtoexperimentwithalevelofsystematicexcavationandrecordingbeyondstandardtestingprocedures.Since testinggenerallyproduceslessdetailedprovenienceofitems,investigatorswhoconduct large-scale excavations often have difficulty mapping spatial organization and activity structureacrosspreviouslytestedareas.Withcarefulpointpro-veniencingfromtheonsetofaninvestigation,abetterdistributional study will be possible as field investiga-tionsprogress. Resultsofthisworksuggestsomeimportantman-agementimplications.CacheHillisanexampleofasitetypethatmayoccurmuchmorefrequentlyintheregionthanourcurrentsiteinventoryrecordssuggest.ItliesinanenvironmentalsettingduplicatedbyhundredsofthousandsofacresinthePowderRiverBasin.Al-thoughtheremaybefew,ifany,otherLatePrehistoricarroyotrapsonrecordforthearea,theactualpotentialfortheminunexploredportionsoftheregionisquitehigh.Infact,arecentvisittoanarroyonearOshoto,WyomingrevealedtwolevelsofbonesthatalsomaybetheremnantsofanotherLatePrehistoricarroyotrap(site48CK58). Sincevisibilityofthesemanifestationsgenerallyis the direct result of recent headward downcuttingin arroyo channels, finding similar occurrences is as dependentongeologicalprocessesasonthearcheo-logicalrecorditself.Untilwelearnmoreabouttheageofdepositsandpatternsoferosion,wecannotpredictwheresitesareeitherburiedorexposed.TherearetoomanypotentialareasinthePowderRiverBasinwithsimilarsettings,andtoolittlesystematicinventory,forustoprepareandadoptapredictivemodelaccountingforthissitetype. TheCacheHilltestillustratesahighpotentialforsuccessful,large-scaleexcavationofaLatePrehistoricarroyo trap. No evidence has been found for an artificial poundorcorral,butthepossibilityofonecannotberuledout.WhencombinedwithpreviousresearchinthePowderRiverBasin,theCacheHillsitehelpsestablisharroyotrappingasalongterm,regionalprocurementpattern.Asmoreworkisdoneinthisarea,archaeolo-gistscanstudychangesthroughtimeintheuseofar-royo traps, and begin to fill this data gap in Wyoming’s archaeologicalrecord.Onecommoncharacteristicinthese sites already apparent is the predominance of

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local rawmaterials in theweaponassemblage.Thissuggests common, nearby lithic procurement areasandrestrictedterritorialmovementsduringselectionofstockmaterialformakingweapons. Sincethelate1960s,archaeologistshaveconstantlyexpandedexcavationmethodologyanddatarecordingtechniquestryingtoimprovetheinterpretivepotentialofarchaeologicalbonebeds(e.g.,Frison1970,1978;Frison and Stanford 1982, Speth 1983, Todd 1983,Todd et al. 1995). Significant developments include systematic collection and curation of faunal assem-blagestoallowmoredetailedlaboratoryanalysis,andthree-dimensional proveniencing of bone elementsandfragments.Thesedevelopmentsarenecessarytoproperlydocumentthecontextandassociationofitemsinarchaeologicalassemblage. In Wyoming, archaeologists have experimentedwithmeticulouscollectionandrecordingtechniquesat a largecampsite assemblage (Todd,RapsonandIngbar1985).Here,investigatorssavedallwholeandfragmentary bones after carefully recording severalspatialattributesofeach.TheintentoftheCacheHilltestwastoapplyaverysimilarmethodologytoanen-tirelydifferentsitetype.Thelessonslearnedfromthisexperimentnotonlyprovideinsightsintoprehistoricactivitiesatthesite,butrevealimportantconsiderationsforfutureexcavationsatkillsites.Theyalsoshowtheneed for innovativemanagement policies to protectthese scientific resources when they are discovered on publiclands. Bonebed archaeology requires a distinct set ofexcavation, recording, and curation procedures. In-novative techniques are needed to fit the magnitude anddiversityofinformationgeneratedperunitarea.ExperiencewiththeCacheHilltesthaspromptedustoconsiderthefollowingproceduresthenexttimeweinvestigateabonebed: (1)Whenexcavatingwithingridunits,alsodiga50-cmbufferzonearoundtheperipheryoftheopengrid.Thisensureseveryboneelementexposedwithintheunitcanbecompletelyuncoveredevenifitextendsinto theunitwall,allowing themtobemappedandcollectedwithoutriskingbreakage.Onlybonesextend-ingintothebufferzonefromtheopenunitshouldbecollected. Bones first exposed only in the buffer zone, andnotextendingintothegridunit,shouldbelabeledandleftforfutureexcavationifthegridpatterniseverextended.Wholeelementsandonlyfragmentsatleastfive centimeters across might be point-provenienced

to speed up the recording process without a significant lossofinformation.Smallerfragmentscanbebaggedby one meter quad and specific depth range, which still willallowsomeanalysisofspatialdistribution. (2)Duetothequantityofinformationavailableinbonebedsandtheconditionofthebonewhenitisre-moved,tworecordingformsshouldbeused,oneforthefield and one for the laboratory. The field form should focus primarily on provenience information, spatialvariables, and bone element and portion identification. Recording detailed observations of bone modification andotherinherentmorphologicalattributesshouldwaituntilelementsareproperlystabilizedandcleanedbackinthelaboratory. (3) Long term goals in bonebed research mustrecognize theneed for specializedwarehousingandcurationfacilities.Collectionsaremassiveyetdelicate,andcaremustbetakentopreservethemforfuturestudyandpossibledisplay.Withoutpresentcurationstandardsat many institutions today, many early collectionswouldnotstillbeavailableforreanalysis,andwemustcontinue to improve curatorial techniques. A staffing and financial commitment is needed for repositories toensureadequatewet labfacilities,storagestacks,controlledenvironment,adequatespaceforresearch-ing collections, and sufficient display areas for public viewing. Effortsalsoshouldbedirectedtowardwaystosta-bilizeerosionandeliminatevandalismatknownbisonkills.InthePowderRiverBasin,weneedtoconsiderstabilizingheadwarderosioninarroyoscuttingdowninto these bonebeds. Some landowners are alreadymakingdeliberateeffortsinthisarea.Perhapsfundingfromhistoricpreservationgrantscouldbeallocatedtoresearcherstoanalyzethiserosionpatternanditsimpacttoarchaeologicalresources,andtoconstructsedimenttrapsorsimilarfacilitiesatarroyoknickpoints.Moreplanning, preparation, and financial support for bonebed researchareneededforallphasesofinvestigationifwearetoextractthemaximuminformationpotentialwhilepreservingthearchaeologicalrecordforfuturegenerations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bill Barlow, local landowner, granted permis-siontoinvestigatetheCacheHillsite.Dr.DannyN.Walker helped in the field excavations and helped make available the comparative faunal collection.Several archaeologists from theWyomingArchaeo-

42


logical Society, University of Wyoming, Office of the WyomingStateArchaeologist,andtheUniversityofNewMexicovolunteeredtheirefforts tohelpinthetestingprogram.TheseindividualsincludeDr.Law-renceC.Todd,GeorgeBrox,CarlBelz,TomLessard,EricIngbar,CarolynCraig,BillandNicoleBarlow.AudreyandBillMaycockofCampbellCountyalsowere extremely helpful during fieldwork at the Cache Hillsite.Dr.GeorgeC.Frisonandhiswife,June,vis-itedthesiteandofferedvaluableadvice.LaboratoryspaceforanalysiswasprovidedbytheUniversityofWyoming,DepartmentofAnthropology.TheWyomingDepartmentofStateParksandCulturalResourcesisgratefully acknowledged for its financial support during field investigations and subsequent preparation of this report.

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Anthropologist7(18):113-118. 1966 TheMavrakis-Bentzen-RobertsBisonTrap.

The Wyoming Archaeologist9(1):27-39.Binford,LewisR. 1981 Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths.

AcademicPress,NewYork. 1983 In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Ar-

chaeological Record.ThamesandHudson,NewYork.

Burgett,GalenR. 1990The Bones of the Beast: Resolving Questions

of Faunal Assemblage Formation Processes through Actualistic Research.Ph.D.disserta-tion,UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquer-que.

Craig,Carolyn 1983 Lithic Resource Analysis and Interpretation

in Northwest Wyoming and Southeastern Montana. Unpublished Master’s Thesis,DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie.

Frison,GeorgeC. 1968 AFunctionalAnalysisofCertainChipped

StoneTools.American Antiquity33(2):149-155.

1970 The Glenrock Buffalo Jump, 48CO304.Plains Anthropologist Memoir7.

1971 TheBuffaloPoundinNorthwesternPlainsPrehistory:Site48CA302,Wyoming.Ameri-

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Middle Plains Archaic. A Comparative Study.UnpublishedMaster’sThesis,DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofWyoming.

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JumpintheWyomingBlackHills.Plains Anthropologist Memoir16.

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Making by Ancient Hunters.UniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago.

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locene Bison Bonebed.UnpublishedPh.D.Dissertation,DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque.

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MarkE.MillerOffice of the Wyoming State ArchaeologistDepartmentofStateParksandCulturalResourcesP.O.Box3431Laramie,Wyoming82071-3431

GalenR.BurgettU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceD.C.BoothFishHatchery423HatcheryCircleSpearfish, South Dakota 57783-4643

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