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Title:ThetravelsofPedrodeCiezadeLéon;part2

Author:PedrodeCiezadeLeon

Translator:ClementsR.Markham

ReleaseDate:April24,2015[EBook#48785]

Language:English

***STARTOFTHISPROJECTGUTENBERGEBOOKCHRONICLESOFPERU(PART2)***

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text.TableofContents.

Indexes(etexttranscriber'snote)

WORKSISSUEDBY

TheHakluytSociety.

————

THESECONDPARTOFTHE

CHRONICLEOFPERU.

No.LXVIII.

THE

SECONDPART

OFTHE

CHRONICLEOFPERU.BY

PEDRODECIEZADELEON.

TRANSLATEDANDEDITED,

WithNotesandanIntroduction,

BY

CLEMENTSR.MARKHAM,C.B.,F.R.S.

LONDON:PRINTEDFORTHEHAKLUYTSOCIETY.

MDCCCLXXXIII.

LONDON:

WHITINGANDCOMPANY,LIMITED,SARDINIASTREET,LINCOLN’S-INN-FIELDS.

COUNCIL

OF

THEHAKLUYTSOCIETY.COLONELH.YULE,C.B.,PRESIDENT.ADMIRALC.R.DRINKWATERBETHUNE,C.B.VICE-PRESIDENT.MAJOR-GENERALSIRHENRYRAWLINSON,K.C.B.VICE-PRESIDENT.W.A.TYSSENAMHERST,ESQ.,M.P.REV.DR.G.P.BADGER,D.C.L.J.BARROW,ESQ.,F.R.S.WALTERDEGRAYBIRCH,ESQ.,F.S.A.CAPTAINLINDESAYBRINE,R.N.E.H.BUNBURY,ESQ.THEEARLOFDUCIE,F.R.S.CAPTAINHANKEY,R.N.LIEUT.-GENERALSIRJ.HENRYLEFROY,C.B.,K.C.M.G.R.H.MAJOR,ESQ.,F.S.A.REAR-ADMIRALMAYNE,C.B.E.DELMARMORGAN,ESQ.ADMIRALSIRERASMUSOMMANNEY,C.B.,F.R.S.LORDARTHURRUSSELL,M.P.THELORDSTANLEY,OFALDERLEY .B.F.STEVENS,ESQ.EDWARDTHOMAS,ESQ.,F.R.S.LIEUT.-GEN.SIRHENRYTHUILLIER,C.S.I.,F.R.S.CLEMENTSR.MARKHAM,C.B.,F.R.S,HONORARYSECRETARY.

TABLEOFCONTENTS.

DEDICATIONTOGENERALCACERES xiii

INTRODUCTION xv

NoteontheancientYncaDrama xxix

PeruvianLoveStory lv

FragmentofChapterIII 1

CHAP. IV.—Which treats of what the Indians of thiskingdomsaytouchingthestateofthingsbeforetheIncaswere known, and how they had fortresses in the hills,whencetheycameforthtomakewaronewithanother

2

CHAP.V.—TouchingwhatthesenativessayconcerningtheTiciviracocha; of the opinion held by some that anApostlepassedthroughthisland,andofthetemplethereisinCáchan;alsowhathappenedthere

5

CHAP. VI.—How certain men and women appeared inPacarec Tampu, and what they relate touching theirproceedingsaftertheycameforthfromthere

11

CHAP. VII.—How the brothers, being in Tampu-Quiru,beheldhimwhomtheyhadshutupinthecavebydeceit,come forth with wings; and how he told them that hewent to found the great city of Cuzco; and how theydepartedfromTampu-Quiru

16

CHAP.VIII.—HowManco Capac, when he saw that hisbrothers had been turned into stones, went to a valleywherehemetsomepeople;andhowhefoundedandbuiltthe ancient and very rich city ofCuzco,whichwas thecapitalofthewholeempireoftheIncas

22

CHAP. IX.—Inwhich notice is given to the reader of thereason that the author, leaving the account of thesuccession of the kings, prefers to explain the 24

governmentofthepeople,theirlaws,andcustoms

CHAP.X.—Howthe lord,afterhehadassumedthefringeofsovereignty,wasmarriedtohissistertheCoya,whichisthenameoftheQueen,andhowitwaspermittedthathe should havemanywomen, although among them alltheCoyaalonewasthelegitimateandprincipalwife

26

CHAP.XI.—How itwas the customamong the Incas thattheycelebrated in their songs,andbymakingstatuesofthosewhowerevalorousandextendedtheboundsoftheempire, and performed any other deed worthy ofmemory; while those who were negligent or cowardlyreceivedlittlenotice

28

CHAP. XII.—How they had chroniclers to record theirdeeds, andof theQUIPOS,what theywere, andwhatweseeofthem

32

CHAP.XIII.—Howthe lordsofPeruwerebelovedon theone hand, and feared on the other, by all their subjects;andhownoone,evenagreatlordofveryancientlineage,could come into the presence, except with a burden, intokenofgreatobedience

36

CHAP.XIV.—How the riches possessed by the kingwerevery great, and how the sons of the lord were orderedalwaystobeinattendanceatcourt

39

CHAP.XV.—Howtheybuilttheedificesforthelords,andtheroyalroadalongwhichtotraveloverthekingdom 42

CHAP. XVI.—How and in what manner they made theroyalhuntsforthelordsofPeru 45

CHAP.XVII.—WhichtreatsoftheordermaintainedbytheIncas,andhowinmanypartstheymadethewasteplacesfertile,bythearrangementstheymadeforthatpurpose

47

CHAP.XVIII.—Which treatsof theorder they adopted inthepaymentsoftributebytheprovincestothekings,andofthesystembywhichthetributewasregulated

51

CHAP.XIX.—HowthekingsofCuzcoordered thateveryyearanaccountshouldbetakenofallpersonswhodiedandwereborn throughout theirdominions; alsohowallmenworked, andhownonecouldbepoorby reasonofthestorehouses

57

CHAP. XX.—How governors were appointed to theprovinces;andof themanner inwhich thekingsvisitedtheir dominions, and how they bore, for their arms,certainwavingserpentswithsticks

59

CHAP.XXI.—Howthepostsofthekingdomwerearranged 64

CHAP.XXII.—HowtheMitimaeswereestablished,andofthe different kinds of them, and how they were highlyesteemedbytheIncas

67

CHAP. XXIII.—Of the great preparations thatweremadewhen the lords set out from Cuzco on warlikeexpeditions;andhowrobberswerepunished

72

CHAP.XXIV.—HowtheIncasordered thepeople to formsettledtowns,dividingthe landsconcerningwhichtherewasanydispute,andhow itwasordered thatall shouldspeakthelanguageofCuzco

75

CHAP. XXV.—How the Incas were free from theabominablesin,andfromotherevilcustomswhichhavebeenseentoprevailintheworldamongotherprinces

78

CHAP. XXVI.—How the Incas employed councillors andexecutors of justice, and of their method of reckoningtime

81

CHAP.XXVII.—WhichtreatsoftherichesofthetempleofCuricancha,andofthevenerationinwhichtheIncasheldit

83

CHAP. XXVIII.—Which treats of the other principaltemples,andoftheirnames 87

CHAP. XXIX.—How the Capacocha was made, and towhatextentitwaspractisedbytheIncas;bywhichisto

91

beunderstood thegifts andofferings thatweremade toidols

CHAP. XXX.—How they made great festivities andsacrifices at the grand and solemn feast called HatunRaymi

94

CHAP.XXXI.—OfthesecondkingorIncawhoreignedinCuzco,namedSinchiRoca 99

CHAP.XXXII.—Of the third kingwho reigned inCuzco,namedLloqueYupanqui 102

CHAP.XXXIII.—OfthefourthkingwhoreignedatCuzco,namedMayta Capac, and of what happened during hisreign

105

CHAP.XXXIV.—Of the fifthkingwho reigned atCuzco,namedCapacYupanqui 107

CHAP.XXXV.—Of the sixth kingwho reigned inCuzco,and of what happened in his time; and of the fable orhistorytheyrelatetouchingtheriverthatpassesthroughthemidstofthecityofCuzco

111

CHAP.XXXVI.—OftheseventhkingorIncawhoreignedinCuzco,namedIncaYupanqui 115

CHAP. XXXVII.—How, when this Inca wanted to makewarintheprovinceofCollao,acertaindisturbancearoseinCuzco;andhowtheChancasconqueredtheQuichuas,andgotpossessionoftheirdominions

117

CHAP. XXXVIII.—How the Orejones considered whoshould be Inca, and what passed until Viracocha Incaassumedthefringe,whowastheeighthIncathatreigned

120

CHAP.XXXIX.—HowViracochaIncathrewastoneoffirewithaslingatCaitomarca,andhowtheymadereverence 124

CHAP. XL.—How a tyrant rose up in Cuzco, and of thedisturbance he caused. Of the chastisement of certainMamaconas for having, contrary to their religion, usedtheir bodies uncleanly; and how Viracocha returned to 127

Cuzco

CHAP.XLI.—HowambassadorsfromthetyrantsofCollaocame toCuzco, and of the departure ofViracocha IncafortheCollao

130

CHAP.XLII.—HowViracochaIncapassedbytheprovinceoftheCanchesandCanas,andmarcheduntilheenteredtheterritoryoftheCollao,andofwhathappenedbetweenCariandZapana

133

CHAP. XLIII.—How Cari returned to Chucuito; of thearrivalof the IncaViracocha; andof thepeace thatwasagreedtobetweenthem

136

CHAP. XLIV.—How Inca Urco was received as supremeruler of the whole empire, and assumed the crown atCuzco, and how theChancas determined to come forthandmakewaronthoseofCuzco

138

CHAP. XLV.—How the Chancas arrived at the city ofCuzcoandpitchedtheircampthere,andof the terroroftheinhabitants,andthegreatvalourofIncaYupanqui

141

CHAP.XLVI.—HowIncaYupanquiwasreceivedasking,thenameof Incabeing taken from IncaUrco; andhowthenewsovereignmadeapeacewithHastuHuaraca

144

CHAP. XLVII.—How IncaYupanqui set out fromCuzco,leaving Lloque Yupanqui as Governor, and of whathappened

147

CHAP. XLVIII.—How the Inca returned to Vilcas, andbesieged the rocky fastnesswhere the enemy had takenrefuge

150

CHAP. XLIX.—How Inca Yupanqui ordered LloqueYupanquitoproceedtothevalleyofXauxa,andtobringunder his dominion the Huancas and the Yauyos, theirneighbours,withothernationsinthatdirection

153

CHAP. L.—How the captains of the Inca leftXauxa, andwhathappened;andhowAncoallodepartedfromamong

them 156

CHAP.LI.—HowtheRoyalHouseoftheSunwasfoundedonahilloverlookingCuzcotowardsthenorth,whichtheSpaniards usually call the Fortress; and its wonderfulconstruction,andthesizeofthestonesthataretobeseenthere

160

CHAP.LII.—How IncaYupanqui set out fromCuzco andmarchedtotheCollao,andofwhathappenedthere 165

CHAP.LIII.—HowIncaYupanquisetoutfromCuzco,andwhathedid 168

CHAP.LIV.—Howthe IncaYupanqui,havinggrownveryold, resigned the government of the kingdom to TupacInca,hisson

171

CHAP.LV.—HowtheCollasaskedforpeace,andhowtheIncagranteditandreturnedtoCuzco 174

CHAP. LVI.—How Tupac Inca Yupanqui set out fromCuzco,andhowheconqueredallthecountryfromthencetoQuito;andtouchinghisgreatdeeds

177

CHAP. LVII.—How the Inca sent from Quito to knowwhether his commands had been obeyed, and how,leavingthatprovinceingoodorder,hesetouttogotothevalleysoftheYuncas

182

CHAP.LVIII.—HowTupacIncaYupanquimarchedbythecoast valleys, and how all the Yuncas came under hisdominion

185

CHAP.LIX.—HowTupac Inca again set out fromCuzco,andofthefiercewarhewagedwiththoseofHuarco;andhow,afterhehadconqueredthem,hereturnedtoCuzco

189

CHAP. LX.—How Tupac Inca once more set out fromCuzco,andhowhewenttotheCollaoandfromthencetoChile,subjugatingthenationsinthatdirection;andofhisdeath

194

CHAP.LXI.—HowHuaynaCapac reigned inCuzco,whowasthetwelfthKingInca 197

CHAP.LXII.—HowHuaynaCapac departed fromCuzco,andwhathedid 199

CHAP.LXIII.—HowHuaynaCapacagainordered thatanarmyshouldbeassembled,andhowhesetoutforQuito 204

CHAP.LXIV.—HowHuaynaCapacenteredthecountryofthe Bracamoros, and returned flying, and of the othereventsthathappeneduntilhearrivedatQuito

208

CHAP. LXV.—How Huayna Capac marched through thecoastvalleys,andwhathedid 211

CHAP. LXVI.—How, when Huayna Capac was about tomarchfromQuito,hesentforwardcertainofhiscaptains,whoreturnedflyingbeforetheenemy,andwhathedidinconsequence

214

CHAP. LXVII.—How Huayna Capac assembled all hispower,gavebattletohisenemies,anddefeatedthem:andofthegreatcrueltywithwhichhetreatedthem

217

CHAP.LXVIII.—HowtheKingHuaynaCapacreturnedtoQuito; andhowheknewof the arrivalof theSpaniardsonthecoast;andofhisdeath

220

CHAP. LXIX.—Of the lineage and character of HuascarandAtahualpa 224

CHAP.LXX.—HowHuascarwasacknowledgedaskinginCuzco,afterthedeathofhisfather 226

CHAP.LXXI.—HowthedifferencesbetweenHuascarandAtahualpa began, and how great battles were foughtbetweenthem

229

CHAP. LXXII.—HowAtahualpa set out fromQuito withhisarmyandcaptains,andhowhegavebattletoAtocinthevillagesofAmbato

231

CHAP. LXXIII.—How Huascar sent new captains andtroopsagainsthisenemy;andhowAtahualpaarrivedatTumebamba, where he perpetrated great cruelties; alsowhathappenedbetweenhimandthecaptainsofHuascar

233

INDEX.NamesofPlacesandTribes:A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z

237

Quichuawords:A,C,H,I,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,Y,Z 240NamesofIndiansandGods:A,C,G,H,I,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,Y,Z

242

NamesofSpaniards:A,B,C,E,G,H,L,M,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,Z 244GeneralIndex:A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,O,P,Q,R,S,V 245[IntheIndex,“i”referstothevolumecontainingtheFirstPartoftheChronicleofCiezadeLeon;and“ii”,tothepresent

volume.]

DEDICATION.———

TO

ANDRESAVELINOCACERES(GeneralofBrigadeinthePeruvianArmy),

And to his gallant companions in arms, now heroically defending their nativecountry against fearful odds, I dedicate this edition of the narrative of thatscholarly soldier, Pedro deCieza deLeon,whowarmly sympathisedwith thepeople of the land of the Yncas, advocated their cause, and denounced theirwrongs.

ThenativesofthevalleyofXauxa,descendantsoftheHuancasmentionedbyCieza de Leon, have suffered most cruelly from the inroads of the Chiliansoldiery,andon thisclassicground thebraveCaceresandhis littlearmyhavestriven to protect these people from robbery and outrage. Cieza de Leonmentions a fact relating to theHuancasof theXauxavalley,whichgivesus ahigh estimate of their civilization. The cruelties and robberies of the Spanishconquerors,whosedeedsarenowoutdonebytheirChilianimitators,wouldhaveledtothecompletedestructionofthenativesifithadnotbeenfortheexcellentorder and concert of their polity. Theymade an agreement among themselvesthat ifanarmyofSpaniardspassedthroughanyoftheirdistricts,anddidsuchdamageaswouldbecausedbythedestructionofgrowingcrops,bythesackingofhouses,andothermischiefofstillworsekinds, theaccountantsshouldkeepcareful records of the injury done. The accounts were then examined andchecked;andifonedistricthadlostmorethananother,thosewhichhadsufferedlessmadeuppartofthedifference;sothattheburdenwassharedequallybyall.[1]

It is among the descendants of these Huancas that the Chilians are nowcommitting havoc.With the Peruvians, with the men who are fighting in thenoblest of all causes—the defence of their Fatherland—with General Caceresandhiscompanionsinarms,mustbetheheartysympathiesandbestwishesofallwhohatewrongandlovepatrioticdevotion.Throughthatdevotion,throughthesacrificesandself-denialsentailedupontheunfortunatepeopleofthelandoftheYncas,may be seen those rays of lightwhich break the black cloud nowhanging over the country and the race described by Cieza de Leon in thefollowingpages.

Mayhisnarrativeexcitetheinterestofmanyreaders,andsoenlistsympathy

forthedescendantsofthatpeoplewhosestoryhetellssowell.June1883.

INTRODUCTION.THEpresentvolume,whichhasbeenselectedforissuebytheHakluytSociety,containstheSecondPartoftheChronicleofPeru,byPedrodeCiezadeLeon.The First Part formed one of the Society’s volumes for 1864, having beentranslatedfromtheAntwerpeditionof1554.

WhenItranslatedandeditedtheFirstPart,nootherhadbeenprinted.IthenhadreasontobelievethattheauthorcompletedthesecondandthirdpartsofhisChronicle,andthatoneofthesepartshadcomeintothepossessionofMr.LenoxofNewYork, inmanuscript. I lamented thedisappearanceof theSecondPart,andreferredtoitasoneofthegreatestlossesthathadbeensustainedbySouthAmericanliterature.[2]

IthasnowbeendiscoveredthatthemanuscriptnarrativewhichMr.Prescottfrequentlyrefersto,inhisHistoryoftheConquestofPeru,as“Sarmiento”,andwhichheconsideredtobeoneofthemostvaluableofhisauthorities,isinrealitytheSecondPartoftheworkofCiezadeLeon.Mr.Prescottquotesthetitleinhiscritical notice,[3] “para el Illmo Señor Dn. Juan Sarmiento, Presidente delConsejo Rl. de Indias”, and assumes that this Don Juan Sarmiento was theauthor,who, after having travelled in all parts ofPeru anddiligently collectedinformation from the Ynca nobles, subsequently became President of theCounciloftheIndies.Inreality,thewordparameans“for”,andnot“by”,andthe manuscript is simply addressed to Dr. Sarmiento, who never crossed theAtlanticinhislife,andwhoonlyheldthepostofPresidentoftheCounciloftheIndiesfortwentymonths.[4]

Mr.Prescottmademuchuseofbothparts,andconsideredthemtobeworksof great merit. If what he says in praise of the author he supposed to beSarmiento,[5]isaddedtowhathesaysofCiezadeLeon,[6]itwillatoncebeseenthatthelatter,reallytheonlyauthor,isaveryimportantauthorityindeed.

It iswitha feelingof reverential regret that thepresenteditor refers toanymistake,evenonesoslightasthis,oftheillustriousAmericanhistorian.SomeofmybrightestandhappiestmemoriesareofthetendaysIspentatPepperellwithMr.Prescott,whenIwasontheeveofcommencingmystudiesinthelandoftheYncas.HeitwaswhoencouragedmetoundertakemyPeruvianinvestigations,andtopersevereinthem.TohiskindlyadviceandassistanceIowemorethanIcansay,andtohimisdue,innosmalldegree,thevalueofanythingIhavesincebeenabletodoinfurtheranceofPeruvianresearch.

Theevidence that theworkattributedbyPrescott toSarmiento is in realitytheSecondPartoftheChronicleofCiezadeLeonisquiteconclusive.Thereareno less than ten occasions onwhich the author of the Second Part (Prescott’s“Sarmiento”)referstopassagesinhisFirstPart,whichoccurintheFirstPartofCieza de Leon.[7] In one place there is a reference in the Second Part to theactualnumberof thechapter in theFirstPart.[8] In theSecondPart, theauthormentionshavinggonetoToledotopresenttheFirstPartofhisChronicletothePrinceDonFelipe;[9]andthisstatementisequivalenttohavingsignedhisname.ForonlyoneFirstPartofachroniclerelatingtotheIndieswasdedicatedtothePrince, namely that of Cieza de Leon. The author of the Second Part alsomentionshavingbeentoBahaire,nearCartagena,andtotheprovinceofArma—placesvisitedbyCiezadeLeon,andmentionedinhisFirstPart.

The manuscript of the Second Part was preserved in the library of theEscurial,[10] inabadcopydatingfromthemiddle,orend,of the16thcentury.The first sheet ismissing, and the second begins in themiddle of a sentencetowardstheendofthethirdchapter.Thusthetwoopeningchaptersandpartofthethirdarelost.

The text of theEscurialmanuscript has been printed by two accomplishedscholars—the Peruvian Dr. Manuel Gonzalez de la Rosa in 1873; and theSpaniard Don Marcos Jimenez de la Espada at Madrid in 1880. Both,independently,detectedthemistakeofPrescottassoonastheybegantoexaminethetextcritically.ThetextwasreprintedbyDr.delaRosawithscrupulouscare;the spelling, imperfect punctuation, and capricious use of capitals in themanuscript being very carefully preserved. But instead of retaining themanuscriptnumberingofchapters,Dr.delaRosaomitsthefragmentofchapteriii, and calls the fourth chapter, chapter i. An edition was printed off byMr.Trübner, but soon afterwards Dr. de la Rosa left London for Peru, withoutcompletingtheeditorialwork.SothatthiseditionofthesecondpartofCiezadeLeon has never been editorially completed or published, and remains onMr.Trübner’shands.

DonMarcosJimenezdelaEspada,towhomthestudentofPeruvianhistoryissomuchindebtedforotherpreciouseditorialwork,delayedhispublicationofthe textof theSecondPartofCiezadeLeon,becausehehadheard fromDonPascual de Gayangos that the learned Peruvian, Dr. de la Rosa, was engagedupon the same work. It was not until 1880 that the edition of Espada waspublished at Madrid.[11] The Spanish editor has corrected the spelling andpunctuation, and has supplied many useful notes. Five copies appear to havebeenmadeof theEscurialmanuscript.One,verycarelesslyexecuted, is in the

Academy of History at Madrid. The second was in the collection of LordKingsborough, from which was copied, through Mr. Rich’s agency, the onesuppliedtoMr.Prescott,whichisthethird.ThefourthandfiftharethosefromwhichtheversionsofRosaandEspadawereprinted.

In thePrologue to his First Part,Cieza deLeon announced the plan of hisgreatwork:—.

PARTI. ThedivisionsanddescriptionoftheprovincesofPeru.

PARTII. Thegovernment,greatdeeds,origin,policy,buildings,androadsoftheYncas.

PARTIII. DiscoveryandconquestofPerubyPizarro,andrebellionoftheIndians.

PARTIV.

BookI.WarbetweenPizarroandAlmagro.BookII.WaroftheyoungAlmagro.BookIII.ThecivilwarofQuito.BookIV.WarofHuarina.BookV.WarofXaquixaguana.

CommentaryI.

EventsfromthefoundingoftheAudiencetothedepartureofthePresident.

CommentaryII. EventstothearrivaloftheViceroyMendoza.

PART I of this very completeChronicle ofPeruwas published at Seville infolio,byMartinClementin1553.Asecondedition,induodecimo,wasprintedatAntwerpbyJeanSteeltzin1554;[12]andanotherindependentedition,alsoatAntwerpandinthesameyear,byMartinNucio.In1555anItaliantranslation,by Agostino di Gravalis, appeared at Rome, and was reprinted at Venice byGiordano Ziletti, in 1560. A third Italian version was published at Venice in1566.AnEnglishtranslationbyJohnStevenscameoutinLondonin1576.Thelatest Spanish edition forms part of the second volume of the HistoriadoresPrimitivos de Indias, in theBiblioteca de Autores Españoles (vol. 26), and iseditedbyDonEnriquedeVedia.ItwaspublishedatMadridin1853.Lastly,theHakluytSocietyissuedatranslationinEnglishin1864.[13]

PARTIIremainedinmanuscriptuntil1873,whenthePeruvianeditor,andin1880theSpanisheditor,printedtheirversions.AnEnglishtranslationisnow,forthefirsttime,issuedbytheHakluytSociety.

PART III, and Books I and II of PART IV, are still in manuscript and

inaccessible, but Don M. J. de la Espada knows that they exist and where,althoughhehasnotseenthem.BookIIIofPARTIVlongremainedinedited.Themanuscript is intheRoyal

Library atMadrid, and is in handwriting of themiddle of the 16th century. Itincludes the war of Quito, and is divided into 239 chapters. A copy of thismanuscriptwasincludedinthecollectionofDonAntoniodeUguina,onwhosedeathitpassedintothepossessionofM.Ternaux-CompansofParis.AfterwardsMr.Richobtainedit,andsolditin1849toMr.LenoxofNewYorkfor£600.AtlengththisBookIIIofPartIVwasprintedandeditedin1877,withaninterestingandverylearnedintroductionbyDonMarcosJimenezdelaEspada.[14]BooksIVandVofPARTIV,andthetwoCommentaries,arenotknowntobe

in existence; but they were written, for Cieza de Leon refers to them in hisPrologueascompleted.

Mr.Prescottwasmistaken insupposing thatCiezadeLeononlycompletedthe First Part.[15] He worked so diligently, and with such ability, and soundjudgment, that he was able to finish the whole of the grand work he hadprojected.He is thus the greatest andmost illustrious among the historians ofPeru.Sothathisfatehasbeenpeculiarlyhard.FormorethanthreecenturieshisFirstPartonlyhasbeencreditedtohim.HismostvaluableSecondPart,thoughusedandhighlyappreciatedbyMr.Prescott,wasattributedtoanobscurelawyerwhoneverwasoutofSpaininhislife.OnebookofhisFourthParthasalsoatlengthbeenedited,butall therestofhisworkstillremainsinmanuscript.TheaccomplishedSpanisheditor,DonMarcosJimenezdelaEspada,wasinfluencedinhis laboursand researchesbyagenerouszeal to repair, in somedegree, thegreatinjusticewhichhasbeendonetothememoryofCiezadeLeon.

Inmy Introduction to theFirstPart, I gave someaccountof the author, allindeed that couldbegathered from thepartofhiswork thenaccessible; and IsaidthathewassupposedtohavebeenborninSeville.[16]Thisisanerror.TheSpanish editor haspointedout the authority for believing that theplaceof hisbirthwas the townofLlerena inEstremadura.[17] Inmy former Introduction Isuggested from the dates, and from the company in which we find himimmediately on landing in America, that young Cieza de Leon, then a boybetween13and15,sailedfromhisnativelandinoneoftheshipswhichformedtheexpeditionaryfleetofDonPedrodeHeredia,whohadobtainedagrantofthegovernmentof theregionbetweentheriverMagdalenaandthegulfofDarien.ThisfleetleftCadizin1532,andarrivedatCartagenain1533.ButtheSpanisheditor has shown that there are difficulties in theway of this conclusion, andCieza himself is slightly contradictory in the matter of dates. He, however,

mentions having seen the treasures ofAtahualpa atSeville,when they arrivedfrom Caxamarca,[18] which was in 1534. Señor de la Espada, therefore,concludes that our author did not sail for America until 1534, and that heembarked with the ships of Rodrigo Duran, which anchored at Cartagena inNovember1534.AtalleventshewasinSanSebastiandeBuenaVistain1537,[19] andwaswith the firstSpaniardswhoopened a road from thenorth to thesouthsea.ThenceheaccompaniedPedroVadilloinhisexpeditionupthevalleyoftheCaucatoCali,andthenjoinedJorgedeRobledo,whoestablishedtownsinthisCaucavalley,andconqueredsomeofthecannibaltribes.Itwasatthistime,in1541,whenatCartagointheCaucavalley,thatourauthorconceivedastrongdesiretowriteanaccountofthestrangethingsthatweretobeseeninthenewworld.[20]“Oftentimeswhentheothersoldierswerereposing,Iwastiringmyselfbywriting.Neitherfatigue,northeruggednessofthecountry,northemountainsand rivers, nor intolerable hunger and suffering, have ever been sufficient toobstructmytwoduties,namely,writing,andfollowingmyflagandmycaptainwithoutfault.”In1547hejoinedthePresidentGascainhismarchtoCuzco,andwaspresentat thefinalroutofGonzaloPizarro.AfteraresidenceatCuzcoheundertookajourneysouthwardstoCharcas,underthespecialauspicesofGasca,andwiththesoleobjectoflearningall thatwasworthyofnotice.ReturningtoLima he finished his First Part on September 8th, 1550.He says hewas thenthirty-twoyearsofage,andhadpassedseventeenofthemintheIndies.

TheSecondPartwasalsonearlycompletedbeforeCiezadeLeonleftPeru,becausehementionshavingshownmostofittotwolearnedjudgesatLima,Dr.Bravo de Saravia and the Licentiate Hernando de Santillan. The latter washimself theauthorof avaluableworkon thegovernmentof theYncas,whichalsolongremainedinmanuscript.ItwasfirstprintedinMadridin1879,havingbeeneditedbyDonMarcosJimenezdelaEspada.FromincidentalnoticesintheSecondPart,welearnhowdiligentlyyoungCiezadeLeoncollectedinformationrespecting the history and government of the Yncas, after he had written hisaccurate yet picturesque description of the country in his First Part. He oftenasked the Indianswhat theyknewof their conditionbefore theYncasbecametheirlords.[21]HecarefullyexaminedthetempleofCacha,andinquiredintothetraditions concerning it, from the intelligent native governor of an adjacentvillage.[22]In1550hewenttoCuzcowiththeobjectofcollectinginformation,anditwasarrangedbyJuandeSaavedra,theCorregidorofthatcity,thatoneofthesurvivingdescendantsof thegreatYncaHuaynaCcapac,anintelligentandlearned native named Cayu Tupac, should confer with him. At the very timewhenCiezadeLeonwasdiligentlystudyingthehistoryoftheYncasunderthe

guidanceofthisPeruvian“Pundit”,theyoungYncaGarcilassodelaVega,thenelevenyearsofage,wasatschoolinthesameoldcityofCuzco,learningLatinunder the goodCanonCuellar. The two historiansmust often have seen eachother, thelittlehalf-casteboyplayinginthestreetswithhisschoolfellows,andthestatelyyoungSpanishsoldierstudyingcarefullywithhisnobleYncafriend.CiezadeLeonexplainstheplanofhisSecondPart,whichwas,first toreviewthe system of government of theYncas, and then to narrate the events of thereignofeachsovereign.Heweighsconflictingevidence,andgivestheversionwhichappearstohimtobenearestthetruth,sometimesalsoaddingthegroundsof his decision. He spared no pains to obtain the best and most authenticinformation; and his sympathy with the conquered people, and generousappreciationoftheirmanygoodandnoblequalities,giveaspecialcharmtohisnarrative.

Cieza de Leon is certainly one of the most important authorities on Yncahistory and civilization, whether we consider his peculiar advantages incollectinginformation,orhischaracterasaconscientioushistorian.HisremarksrespectingtheYncaroadsandsystemofposts,ontheuseofthequipus,onthesystemofcolonists,andontheceremonialsongsandrecitationstopreservethememory of historical events, are of the first importance. He bears strikingevidenceofthehistoricalfacultypossessedbythelearnedmenatthecourtoftheYncas.Aftersayingthat,onthedeathofasovereign,thechroniclersrelatedtheeventsofhisreigntohissuccessor,headds:—“Theycouldwelldothis,fortherewereamongthemsomemenwithgoodmemories,soundjudgments,andsubtlegenius, and full of reasoning power, as we can bear witness who have heardthemevenintheseourdays.”[23]

StudentsowemuchtothelaboursofDonMarcosJimenezdelaEspada.HehasnotonlyeditedthetextoftheSecondPartofCiezadeLeon,andhisWarofQuito, but also the hitherto inedited narratives of Betanzos, Molina,Salcamayhua,Santillan, andan anonymouswork, all ofgreat importancewithreference to the history and civilization of the Yncas. These additions to ourknowledgearesufficienttoshowushowmuchthereistolearnbeforeanythingapproachingtoacorrectappreciationofthisinterestingsubjectcanbeattained.The future historian who will at last achieve this task, must be intimatelyacquaintedwitheverypartoftheYncarialempire,mustbeathoroughQuichuascholar,musthavecloselystudiedallearlySpanishwriters,andmustpossessthecriticalfacultytoenablehimtoassignitsproperweighttothevariedevidencegiven by many different authorities. The present useful labour of editing andindexingwillpreparethewayforthefuturework.Itistheaccumulation,sorting,

andpreparationofthematerialswithwhichthenobleedificewillsomedaybebuilt.

TheIndexofthepresentvolumeisclassifiedonthesameprincipleasthosein thevolumesofGarcilassode laVega,Acosta,Molina,Salcamayhua,Avila,and Polo de Ondegardo. The student is thus able to see, without trouble, theQuichuawords and the names of places and personswhich arementioned byeach author. His studies will in this way bemuch facilitated, especially if heundertakesthetaskofweighingtherespectivevalueoffactsandopinionsgivenby different writers. Such an investigation is one essential step towards thecomprehension of the history and civilization of theYncas.Amore importantinquiryreferstotheassignmentoftraditions,customs,beliefs,andwordstothedifferent raceswhichwerecomprehended in theYncarial empire.But this canonlybeattemptedby studentsof thenative languages. It is fromPeru itself—from learned andpainstakingPeruvian scholars—thatwemust look for futurereal progress in this most interesting field of research. Republican Peru hasalready produced many eminent writers who have devoted their talents tohistoricalstudies,andtotheelucidationofthearchæologyandphilologyoftheirnative land. The names of Rivero, Paz Soldan, Palma, Zegarra, Barranca,Mujica, and others, at once occur to the mind. Peru, in her undeservedmisfortunes, has shown that her sons can fight bravely for their belovedfatherland. In literature,many of her sons have shed lustre on their country’shistory. In no christian land is therewarmer family affection; in none is theretruer and more cordial hospitality. Those who know Peru best, most deeplyregrethermisfortunes,andmostheartilydesireherfuturewelfare.

NOTEON

THEANCIENTYNCADRAMA.

THE referenceofCiezadeLeontothesongsandrecitationsat thecourtof theYncassuggests thequestionof theexistenceamongtheancientPeruviansofadrama, or system of representing historical and other events by means ofdialogues.This,therefore,seemsasuitableopportunityforexaminingwhatlightis thrownon thequestion in theworkswhich, in a translated form,havebeenissued by the Hakluyt Society; and for considering the most reasonableconclusiontobederivedfromthematerialsnowwithinourreach.

Atpage32ofthepresentvolume,CiezadeLeonsaysthatthemostlearnedamongthepeoplewereselectedtomakeknownhistoricaleventsbysongsandrecitations,whichwerehandeddownfrommemory.Thisisthegermofdramaticrepresentation,whichmightbeexpectedtoattainfullerdevelopment;andthatitdidsoisclearfromtheevidenceofotherhistorians.GarcilassodelaVegasays:

—“The Amautas, or philosophers, were not wanting in ability to composecomedies and tragedies,whichwere represented before their kings on solemnfestivals. The subject matter of the tragedy always related to military deeds,triumphs,andvictories,or to thegrandeurof formerkingsandofotherheroicmen.Theargumentsofthecomedieswereonagricultureandfamiliarhouseholdsubjects. All the plays were on decorous and important topics, the sentencesbeing such as befitted the occasion. They understood the composition of longand short verses,with the rightnumberof syllables in each.Theydidnot userhymes in theverses, but allwereblank.”[24]Thenativeauthor,Salcamayhua,also bears witness to the existence of an ancient drama, and even gives theQuichuanamesoffourdifferentkindsofplays.“Inthefestivaltheyrepresentedplays called añay sauca,[25] hayachuca,[26] llama-llama,[27] and hañamsi.”[28]Thatthememoryoftheolddramaticlorewaspreserved,andhandeddownafterthe Spanish conquest, is proved by the sentence pronounced on the rebels atCuzcoin1781,bytheJudgeAreche.Itprohibited“therepresentationofdramas,aswell as all other festivalswhich the Indians celebrated inmemory of theirYncas.”[29]Dr.Justiniani,adescendantoftheYncas,whowaseighty-fivewhenIknewhim,in1853,toldmethathecouldrememberhavingseen,whenaverylittleboy,aQuichuatragedyactedbyIndiansinthetownofTinta.[30]

The Spanish priests took advantage of this aptitude of the Indians fordramaticrepresentation,andcomposedreligiousplaysintheQuichualanguage,in imitationof theAutosSacramentales then invogue.Garcilassosays,—“TheJesuits composed comedies for the Indians to act,because they knew that thiswasthecustominthetimeoftheYncas.”Hementionsthreesuchplays,[31]andadds, “the Indian lads repeated thedialogueswith somuchgrace, feeling, andcorrect action that they gave universal satisfaction and pleasure; and with somuchplaintive softness in the songs, thatmanySpaniards shed tearsof joy atseeingtheirabilityandskill.FromthattimetheSpaniardsdisabusedthemselvesoftheopinionthattheIndiansweredull,barbarous,andstupid.”

Several of these religious plays werewritten by the Spanish priests in theQuichualanguage,forthepeopletoperformatgreatfestivals,andtheyofcoursebear unmistakeable evidence of their Spanish origin. I possess two of theseplays. One is by Dr. Lunarejo, a native of Cuzco, and a celebrated Quichuascholar,whoflourishedintheeighteenthcentury.ItisentitledComedia famosadel pobre mas rico, and is on the plan of the “Autos” of Lope de Vega andCalderon.Theotherisanonymousandappearstobeofearlierdate.ThetitleisUscaPaucar,AutoSacramentalelPatrociniodeMaria.

WethushaveevidencethattheYncascultivatedthedramainancienttimes;

that someof theplayswerehandeddownandwereactedas lateas1781;andthattheSpanishpriests,findingthatthePeruvianspossessedtraditionalaptitudefor dramatic performances, turned this talent to account in the inculcation ofreligiousdogma. Itmight, therefore,naturallybeexpected thatoneormoreoftheancientYncaplays,asdistinguishedfromthereligious“Autos”ofSpanishtimes,wouldhavebeenpreserved.Ithaslongbeenknownthatatleastonesuchdramadoesexist,underthetitleofOllantay,andQuichuascholarsconcurinthebeliefthatitisreallyofancientorigin,andthatitdatesfrompre-Spanishtimes.

The drama ofOllantay, as it now exists, was arranged for representation,divided into scenes, and supplied with stage directions in Spanish times; butcompetentQuichua students believe thatmost of the dialogues, speeches, andsongsdatefromaperiodbeforetheconquest;andthatconsequentlyitisanYncadrama.Themanuscriptcopiesareprobablynumerous,somecarelesslymadebyignorantscribes,andcontainingmodernwordsinsubstitutionofwhatmayhavebeen illegible in the originals.But others are older andmore correct versions,and thesealone shouldbe referred to indiscussing thequestionof thedateofthis composition. A really critical text has not, however, been hithertoestablished, fromwhichallmodern interpolationshavebeenexcluded,and thereadingsinthemostauthenticandoldestversionsaloneretained.

ThedramawasfirstbroughttonoticebyDonManuelPalacios,intheMuseoErudito, a periodical published at Cuzco in 1837. The learned Peruvianmineralogist and antiquary, Don Mariano Eduardo de Rivero,[32] in his workentitledAntiguedades Peruanas, gave two specimens from it, in Quichua andSpanish.SeñorRiverosaysthatcopiesofOllantay,writteninthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies,arepreservedinprivatelibrariesatCuzco.[33]ThewholetextwasfirstprintedbyDr.vonTschudiattheendofhisQuichuaGrammar,butwithouta translation, in1853.[34]Themanuscriptusedby the learnedGermanwascopiedfromonepreservedintheDominicanmonasteryatCuzcobyoneofthemonks, between1840 and1845, for the artistRuggendas ofMunich,whogave it to Dr. von Tschudi, the original being much damaged and in partsillegible.

InApril1853IhadtheopportunityofexaminingandtranscribingaversionofOllantay,which,Iwasinformed,containedthepuresttext.ItbelongedtoDr.DonPabloJustiniani, theagedpriestof thevillageofLaris, in theheartof theeasternAndes.[35]Hisfather,Dr.JustoPastorJustiniani,hadcopieditfromtheoriginalmanuscriptbelongingtoDr.DonAntonioValdez,thepriestofSicuaniin1780,andthefriendoftheunfortunateYncaTupacAmaru.Dr.Valdezdiedintheyear1816.Heissaidtohavebeenthefirst toreducethedramatowriting,

and to arrange it for the stage,[36] but this is clearly an error, as there is amanuscriptof1730, andothersdating from theprevious century, according toRivero.ThemanuscriptofValdezis,however,oneofgreatvalue,asitpreservesall theoriginalforms,andthefameoftheownerasaQuichuascholarissomeguarantee for its accuracy. In 1853 it was in the possession of Don NarcisoCuentasofTinta, thenephewandheirofDr.Valdez.AnothercopytakenfromtheValdezmanuscript,wasinpossessionofDr.Rosas, thepriestofChincheronearCuzco.IcarefullycollatedtheJustinianiandRosascopies.Intheyear1871Ipublished the textofmycopyof the Justinianiversion,with anattempt at aliteralEnglishtranslation.[37]ButinthreeorfourpassagesIadoptedthereadingof Von Tschudi’s version, and in all I was wrong. I should, as I have sinceconvinced myself, have adhered closely to the Justiniani text. In this text,however,thereareseveraladditionsinsertedbyalaterhandwhenthedramawasarrangedforthestage.TheseIplacedinbrackets.

In1873thePeruvianscholar,Dr.DonManuelGonzalezdelaRosa,informedmethathehadinhispossessionthemanuscriptsofDr.JustoSahuarauraYnca,ArchdeaconofCuzco,andadescendantofPaullu,theyoungersonofthegreatYncaHuaynaCcapac.AmongthemisaversionofthedramaofOllantay,whichDr. de la Rosa considers to be authentic and very accurate. This text has nothithertobeenpublished.

Don José S.Barranca, in 1868, published an excellent Spanish translation,chiefly from the text of Von Tschudi, now called the Dominican text. It isprecededbyan interesting introduction, and theauthorannounced thathewaspreparingforthepressacarefullyeditedQuichuantext,butIamnotawarethatthis has yet seen the light.[38] In 1876 the Peruvian poet, Don ConstantinoCarrasco, published, in Lima, a version of the drama of Ollantay in verse,paraphrased from the translation of Barranca. It is preceded by a criticalintroduction from the pen of the accomplished Peruvian writer, Don RicardoPalma,whoexpressedanopinionthatthedramawascomposedaftertheSpanishconquest.

In1874 theenthusiasticPeruvianstudentof the languageof theYncas,Dr.José Fernandez Nodal, printed the Quichua text with a Spanish translation inparallelcolumns.Thisversionhasseveraldifferentreadings.[39]

In1875Dr.vonTschudipublishedasecondtextofOllantay,atVienna,withatranslation.Hisnewversion,likethefirst,ismainlyfromtheDominicantext,but partly from another manuscript which bears the date “La Paz, June 18th,1735”.[40] This important date proves that Dr. Valdez was not the author, assupposedbytheeditoroftheMuseoErudito,butmerelythepossessorofoneof

thebestmanuscripts.[41]DonGavinoPachecoZegarrapublishedthetextofOllantayatParis,in1878;

hisversionbeingtakenfromamanuscriptfoundamongthebooksofhisgreat-uncle,DonPedroZegarra.Headdeda free translation,andnumerousvaluablenotes.TheworkofZegarraisbyfarthemostimportantthathasappearedonthissubject; for the accomplished Peruvian has the great advantage of knowingQuichua from his earliest childhood. To this advantage, not possessed by anyprevious writer, he unites extensive learning, literary ability, and veryconsiderable critical sagacity. He is fully convinced of the antiquity of thedrama.[42]

In his Races Aryennes, Don Vicente Fidel Lopez refers to the drama ofOllantay, and discusses the meaning of the word. The editors and critics towhomIhavereferred,allbeingstudentsoftheQuichualanguage,havecometotheconclusionthatOllantayisanancientYncadrama.Someofthem,includingmyself,arrivedat thisconclusionafter longstudyandmuchhesitation.[43]Thefollowing is the argument of the drama. Ollantay, General of Anti-Suyu, wasdeeplyenamouredoftheprincessCusi-Ccoyllur,thechiefbeautyofthecourtofthe Ynca Pachacutec. In vain the High Priest, Uillac-Umu, endeavoured todissuadehim,andevenperformedamiracletodiverthimfromhisillegallove.Pachacutec, theYnca, rejected thesuitor forhisdaughter’shand,andOllantayroseinrebellion,occupyingthegreatfortress,consistingofcolossalruins,whichhaseversincebeencalledOllantay-tampu.Meanwhile,CusiCcoyllurgavebirthto a child which was named Yma Sumac (“how beautiful”). For thistransgression the princess was immured in a dungeon in the Aclla Huasi, orconventofSacredVirgins,fortenyears.Pachacutecdied,andthesceptrepassedto his son Ynca Yupanqui. Ollantay was at length conquered by a stratagem.Concealinghis army in aneighbouring ravine, thegeneralRumi-ñaui came tothestrongholdof therebels,andappearedbeforeOllantaycoveredwithblood.HedeclaredthathehadbeencruellytreatedbytheYnca,andthathedesiredtojoin the insurrection. Encouraging the insurgents to celebrate a festival withdrunken orgies, he admitted his own troops and captured the whole party,includingOllantay.NextthereisatouchingdialoguebetweenYmaSumacandoneofthevirgins,whoallowshertovisithermotherinthedungeon.FinallythegreatrebelispardonedbythemagnanimousYnca,andtheunfortunateprincessisrestoredtothearmsofherlover.Oneofthecharacters,afacetiousservantlad,namedPiquiChaqui,suppliesthecomicveinwhichrunsthroughthepiece.

Thereareampleproofsoftheantiquityofthetradition,andthatthenameofOllantaywasknown in thedaysof theYncas, andwas applied to the famous

ruinsnearCuzco.FatherCristobaldeMolina,averyhighauthority,writing in1580, mentions Ollantay-tampu in connection with a curious sacrificialceremony.[44] Salcamayhua, awriter of the seventeenth century, alsomentionsOllantay.[45]Thename,therefore,waswellknownbeforetheSpanishconquest.[46] The name of Rumi-ñaui,whichmeans “stone-eye”, as that of the generalwho, by the stratagem of mutilating his face, deceived Ollantay, is notuncommoninYncahistory.AgeneralofAtahualpahadthesamename.It isacurious fact, as corroborative of this part of the story, that in 1837 an Indianpresented to Don Antonio Maria Alvarez, then Prefect of Cuzco, an ancientearthendrinkingvessel,moulded into the shapeof aman’shead andbust.Hesaidthatithadbeenhandeddowninhisfamilyforgenerations,asthelikenessof Rumi-ñaui. The person represented must have been a general, from themasccapaychaorornamentontheforehead,andwoundsarecutonthefaceinaccordancewiththeargumentofthedrama.

ButthechiefreasonsforassigningadatebeforetheSpanishconquesttothespeeches and dialogues ofOllantay, have reference to the internal evidence.Throughout the piece there is not the remotest allusion to Christianity, animpossiblephenomenonifthedramahadbeenwritteninSpanishtimes,likethecomedyofDr.Lunarejoand theUsca-paucar. It contains songsof indubitableantiquity,andinuseamongthepurestQuichuapeople.Thelanguageisarchaic;there aremanywordswhichhave longdisappeared from the spokenQuichua,and are now only found in the earliest vocabularies. The grammatical forms,such as cca instead of pa for the genitive, are ancient. The state of societyrepresented in the drama is entirely Pagan,without a sign of Spanish contact.Themetreisocto-syllabic,likethatoftheYncasongpreservedbyBlasValera,andisthesameasthemostancientversesinthecollectionofDr.Justiniani.Inthe early and pure copies there is not an allusion to anything, or any animal,introducedbyEuropeans.All argumentsmust of course be based on themostauthentictext,andnotonlatercopiesintowhichmanyerrorshavecrept,suchasthe substitution of words likemisi (a cat), and asna (a donkey), corrected inanothercopytollama,fortheoriginalword,inbothcases,atoc(afox).

In thefinaldecisionofaquestionof thiskind, it isalwaysanadvantage tohave an able antagonistwhowill take the trouble to state all that can be saidagainst the generally received opinion. In the present case the “Devil’sAdvocate” is no less a person than General Don Bartolomé Mitré, the ex-PresidentoftheArgentineRepublic.GeneralMitrémaintainsthatthedramaofOllantayisentirelyofSpanishorigin,andthatitwaswritteninmoderntimes.[47]Hisopinionisnottobedespised;forheisevidentlyamanofextensivereading,

and is possessed of critical insight of a high order. But his knowledge of theQuichualanguageandoftheSpanishauthorswhowroteinthefirstcenturyafterthe conquest of Peru is limited, as will presently appear. Nevertheless, theaccomplishedgeneralandstatesmanwouldnodoubthaveprovedhiscase if ithadbeenpossible.Thefacts,however,aretoonumerous,andtoocloselyarrayedagainst him. His attack was well planned and gallantly delivered, but it hasutterlyfailed.[48]

The General’s first assault is made upon the evidence of the existence ofdramaticcompositionsamongtheYncas.GarcilassodelaVegaisdeclaredtobethe sole authority, and he is unceremoniously set aside as unworthy of credit.CiezadeLeonandAcostaarethentriumphantlyreferredtoasbeingabsolutelysilentonthesubject.ButGeneralMitréhadevidentlyonlyreadthefirstpartofCiezadeLeon,andwasstillignorantofthecontentsofthepresentvolume.Hewas equally ignorant of the work of Salcamayhua, where the names of fourdifferentkindsofdramaticcompositionsaregiven.Thereis,quiteindependentlyof the positive statement of Garcilasso, ample evidence of the existence of adramaofsomekindinthetimeoftheYncas.

His next point is thatOllantay is throughout, in general form and minutedetails, aChristian and cavalieresqueplaydecapay espada, such as those ofLopedeVegaandCalderon.Mr.Ticknorsaysthatcomediasdecapayespadaexcludedthosedramasinwhichroyalpersonagesappear;theirmainandmovingprinciple is gallantry; the story is almost always involved and intriguing; andaccompaniedwithanunderplotandparodyonthecharactersandadventuresofthe principal parties, formed out of those of the servants and other inferiorpersonages.[49]Ollantayisahistoricalplayincludingroyalpersonages;themainandmoving principle is not gallantry of the capa y espada type, the story issimpleandnotintriguing,andit isnotaccompaniedwithanunderplot.SothattheQuichuadramaisnotonlyunlikeaSpanishcomediadecapayespada,butitwould be difficult to find two classes of compositions, both being dramatic,whicharemorecompletelydistinctfromeachother.

Next, GeneralMitré objects that the sentiments prevailing inOllantay arepride of caste, conjugal fidelity, military spirit, filial love, humanity to thevanquished, horror of polygamy, royal magnanimity, which are proper toEuropeancivilisation,butopposed toall that isknownofYncasocial life.Yetprideofcasteisdescribed,bynearlyallwritersonthesubject,asanoteworthycharacteristic of the Ynca family. There are many touching stories told ofconjugal fidelity and filial love among the Peruvians by writerscontemporaneous with the conquest; and I am tempted to relate one of these

storiesattheendofthepresentcriticalnotice.Themilitaryspiritwassedulouslycultivated by the Yncas, who were always engaged in new conquests. Theexercise of magnanimity and of humanity to the conquered was constantlyinculcated,andwasapartoftheestablishedpolicyoftheYncas,aswearetoldbynearly all the earlywriters.Polygamy is nowhere spokenofwithhorror inOllantay. All the sentiments enumerated by General Mitré as peculiar toEuropean civilisation, are thosewhichwent towards the formation of the bestpartoftheYncacharacter,andwhichwouldnaturallybemetwithinaQuichuadrama.

ThenextobjectionisthatrebellionisapprovedinthedramaofOllantay,andthat suchcountenancewouldbe impossible at adespotic court like thatof theYncas.TheremarkappliesequallytothecourtofSpain.Itmaybeadmittedthatthe encouragement of rebellion as a principlewould not be tolerated unless iteventuallyredoundedtothecreditofthesovereign.Successfulrebellionwasnotunknown inYnca history, andYupanqui Pachacutec himself, the sovereign ofthe play, deposed his brother Urco, according to Cieza de Leon. That storywould not be heard with displeasure. Nor would that ofOllantay, where therebelissubdued,andwherethemagnanimityofthesovereigniscelebrated.

The whole of the arguments of the General, based on internal evidenceaffordedbywordsandpassages in theplay,maybesetaside,becausenoneofthewordsuponwhichhereliesasevidenceofSpanishoriginaretobefoundinthetrueversion.Thetrueversionmustbeconsideredasthatwhichexcludesallwordsandpassageswhicharenotcommontoalltheoldermanuscripts.Onthisprinciple all thewords relied upon by theGeneral are corrupt readingswhichhavecreptinthroughthecarelessnessofcopiers.[50]

GeneralMitré objects that the High Priest alludes to the broken thread ofdestiny,which is a strictlyGreek image.Hemisunderstands the passage. TheHighPriestcomparestheconsequenceoftheact,whichwillbringdestructiononOllantay,notwiththethreadofdestinyentangledandsevered,butwiththewooland frame of a nativeweavingmachine overturned and broken, a natural andindigenousfiguresuggestedbythingsoftenbeforethespeaker’sowneyes.Theremainder of the General’s attack is occupied in efforts to find traces of oldworldideasinOllantay,mostofhisanalogiesbeingveryfar-fetched.Thereisayaravi or song, describing the beauty of the heroine, which the GeneralcompareswiththeSongofSolomon.Theonlyresemblanceisthatbothdescribepersonalbeautybycomparisonswiththebeautiesofnature,andthisiscommonto nearly all poetry. But General Mitré, by using Zegarra’s somewhat freetranslation, attributes figures to the songwhich it does not contain, such as a

“countenancewhite and transparent as alabaster, bosomsaswhite aspiecesofice,cheekslikerosesfallenonsnow,eyebrowslikebowssendingforthburningand slaughter-dealing arrows, fingers like bolls of opening cotton.” There isnothingofallthisintheauthentictext.Intherealsongallthesimilesarestrictlyand essentiallyQuichuan.Her forehead is compared toQuilla, themoon; hereyes,not toarrows,but to twosuns;hereyebrowstorainbows, the insigniaoftheYncas.Hertressesareblack,mixedwithgold,justastheplaitedhairofanYncaprincess is represented inanancientpictureatCuzco.Thebloomofhercheek is compared with the achancaray, a red flower peculiar to Peru; herbosoms,nottosnow,buttotheutcuswellingoutofthebolls,asimilewhichisalsoessentiallyPeruvian.Thesefiguresshowthattheyaravicouldnotpossiblyhave been composed anywhere but in the landwhere theachancaray and theutcuflourishwithinsightofthesnowsoftheAndes.GeneralMitréobjectstoacopper-coloured beauty being praised for her fairness, and to her skin beingcompared with snow. The Ynca princesses, as we know from some ancientpicturesanddescriptions,werenaturallymuch fairer than thecommonpeople,and this striking difference would as naturally lead to fairness of skin beingprized, celebrated, exaggerated, and, by a poetical licence, comparedwith thefairestthinginthePeruvianlandscape.

Still referring to an erroneous reading,GeneralMitréobjects that theYncasays:—“Take this ring in thyhand, that thoumayestnever forget that it is thydutytoshowclemencytoall.Rise,thouartahero,”—which,hesuggests,mustbeanideatakenfromarmingknightsinthemiddleages.Possibly;buttheYncanever makes such a speech in the authentic text[51] of Ollantay. He says:—“Receivethisheaddress,thatthoumayestcommandmyarmy,andthisarrow,thatIdestineforyou.”Thepresentationofahead-dressisapeculiarlyYncarialceremony, and this passage is one amongmanywhich furnish strong internalproofsoftheantiquityofthedrama.

The critic then proceeds to refer to three more alleged anachronisms. Thedeceased Ynca is said to be spoken of as buried, when Yncas were alwaysembalmed, and the bodies preserved in the temple; black ismentioned as thecolourformourning,whentheYncasusedgrey;andthecityofCuzcoissaidtohave elected a newYnca, though the Peruvianmonarchywas hereditary. Thereplies are that the word pampasacta from pampani, to bury, is used, in theoldest songs, for interments of every kind; that theword formourning, in theauthenticversion,isnotyana(black),butccica(grey);andthatthegreatmenofCuzco, in the cases of this veryYncaYupanqui (according toCieza deLeon)andothers,didselectthesovereignunderspecialcircumstances.

ThenextobjectionisthattheYnca,afterpardoningOllantay,appointedhimtobehissuccessorand investedhimwith thefringe;which, it iscontended, ishistoricallyfalse,andimpossibleinancientPeru.ButtheYncamerelyinvestedOllantaywiththeinsigniaofhisrankasagreatchief(theyellowfringe,notthecrimson fringe peculiar to the sovereign), and appointed him to rule atCuzcoduringthesovereign’sabsence,averydifferent thing.Suchappointmentswereofconstantoccurrence,andarerecordedoverandoveragainbyCiezadeLeon.

Thus General Mitré fails to establish the existence of a single allusion tothingsofEuropeanorigininthedramaofOllantay.

Treatingoftheonecomiccharacterinthepiece,theservantofOllantay,andreferringtohisfrequentuseofpunsandexpressionswithdoublemeanings,theGeneralcontendsthathiswitisAndalusian,andthatitiscontrarytothegeniusof theQuichua language.Inreality, thespeechesof thisservant,PiquiChaqui,aresothoroughlynativeandofthesoil,hisallusionsanddoublemeaningsaresohidden, that no Spaniard—no one but a native—could have written or evenconceivedthem.InoneoftheQuichuaplays,writtenbySpanishpriests,inmypossession, there is a “gracioso” named Quespillo, whose fun is broad andwithout a sign of double entendre. If Quespillo is a Spanish creation, Piqui-chaqui is as certainly of native conception. This is one strong proof thatOllantay, differing so completely in all respects from the Quichua religiousdramaspreparedbySpanishpriests,isofpurenativeorigin.

Next,GeneralMitrécomparesasimplespeechofUrco-huaranca,thegeneralofOllantay,withanenumerationofforcesinHomer;areferencetohisservices,madebyOllantay,tosomespeechintheSpanishdramaoftheCidCampeador;andtheelectionofOllantaybyhisarmy,toanelectionbythePrætorianguarddescribed by Tacitus. These allusions are too far-fetched and vague to needspecial replies; but they require wonderful erudition on the part of GeneralMitré’s imaginarySpanish author.Rumi-ñaui, in order tomakeOllantay thinkthathehadbeenill-treatedbytheYnca,mutilatedhisface.Zopyrus,inthestorytoldbyHerodotus,forasimilarpurpose,cutoffhisnoseandears,whichRumi-ñaui did not do.Nevertheless,GeneralMitré jumps at the conclusion that theideamusthavebeencopiedfromHerodotus.ItwillberememberedthatthestoryofthemutilationofRumi-ñauiispreservedonanancientpieceofYncapottery.

GeneralMitréthenquotesaspeechofOllantay,whenhereceivestheYnca’spardon,frommybook,atextwhichhehadallalongrepudiated,inordertousetheDominicantextasbettersuitedtohispurpose.Hiscriticismonthisspeechissound, but the lines I insertedwere evidently interpolated by the personwhoarranged thedrama foracting. Ihad, consequently,placed them inbracketsas

doubtful,andnoted theiromissionbyVonTschudiandBarranca,a factwhichthe General does not mention. The passage is not authentic, and would beomitted inaproperlyrevisedversion. It is in factomittedbyZegarra.But thisuse,byGeneralMitré,firstofonetextandthenofanother,asithappenstosuithis purpose, is not conducive to the proper object of criticism, namely, thediscoveryof truth. Itshowsalso thathiscriticalessay ispremature,and that itshould not have been attempted until all the versions had been criticallyexaminedandcollated,andanauthoritativetextestablished.

The octo-syllabic metre in which the drama is written was also used bySpanishdramatists,and,consequently,accordingtoGeneralMitré,thedramaofOllantaywaswrittenbyaSpaniard.ButitisalsoanativePeruvianmetre.Theancient song given by Garcilasso de la Vega, though printed in lines of foursyllables, is really octo-syllabic. These eight-syllable lines are composedwithgreat facility inmany languages, and are natural to the Quichua,most of theancient songs in the collection of Dr. Justiniani being octo-syllabic.Consequently, though also used in Spanish literature, they do not thereforeindicateaSpanishorigin.

ThegreaterpartofGeneralMitré’sargumentamountstolittlemorethanthis.There is a river in Macedon, and there is a river in Monmouth, thereforeMacedonandMonmoutharethesameplace.Itisaveryoldargument,butithasnever been looked upon as conclusive. The General’s theory requires anunknown Spanish author living in the eighteenth century, and writing in theQuichua language, of portentous erudition, who borrowed his ideas from thePentateuch, the Song of Solomon, Homer, Tacitus, Herodotus, Shakespeare,LopedeVega,Mrs.Ratcliffe,andtheballadsoftheCid;andwhoyetexcludedthemost distant allusion to Christianity or to anything Spanish.He could nothavebeenapriest,forwepossessQuichuaplayscomposedbySpanishpriests,and they are entirely and radically different fromOllantay, containing, aswasinevitable,constantallusions toChristianity,andnone to theclassicauthorsofantiquity.Yet the imaginary authormust haveknownQuichuaperfectly, in itsearliestandmostarchaicform,andhavebeenversedinalltheplaysuponwordsanddoublemeaningsusedbyinitiatednatives.Itmaysafelybeaffirmedthatnosuch prodigy ever existed in the eighteenth century, and, consequently, theGeneral’stheoryfallstopieceslikeahouseofcards.

At the same time,GeneralMitréhasdonegood service to literatureby thepublicationof thiselaboratecriticism.Everyargument that the ingenuityofanaccomplished scholar could bring forward against the authenticity ofOllantayhas been adduced. Quichua students now know all that can possibly be said

against the antiquity of the play, and they know that what is not based onincorrectreadings,isfar-fetchedandfanciful.TheformerconsiderationswhichledthemtotheconclusionthatmostofthedialoguesandsongsdatedfromthetimeoftheYncas,remaininfullforce,unshakenbyanythingGeneralMitréhaswritten. The new points he has raised, prove to be either based on corruptreadings,ortobeofnovalidityinthemselves.

It is gratifying to find that the rich and interesting language of the YncascontinuestobestudiedbyardentyoungPeruvianscholars.AmongthemisDr.Martin AntonioMujica, a native of Huancavelica, who is making Quichua aserious study, and has suggested some changes in the accepted orthography,basedonsoundprinciples.[52]Thereismuchyettolearninthisimportantbranchof investigation, and much useful work to be done. A really critical text ofOllantayisadesideratum.TherearemanyancientQuichuasongs,possiblyotherdramas, inprivate libraries.These shouldbediligently sought out, edited, andprinted,withtranslations.Adictionaryshouldbeundertaken,withreferencestoallthewordswhichoccurinthewritingsofancientauthors.Thereisawidefieldand a noble one, for young students in the land of the Yncas, which is welldeserving of careful, diligent, and enthusiastic cultivation. Such discouragingcriticismsasthatofGeneralMitréshouldhavenodepressingeffect.Theyshouldratherarouse thestudent to freshefforts,both tosecure thepurityofhis texts,and to illustrate theirmeaningby the acquisitionofwiderknowledge, and thecultivationofcriticalandaccuratehabitsofthought.

Meanwhile, the conclusion that the drama ofOllantay is of Ynca origin,having withstood all the assaults of General Mitré’s criticism, remains morefirmlyestablished,andonsecurergroundthanbefore.Theunsuccessfulattackisanadditionalsourceofstrength.

APERUVIANLOVESTORY.

THEassertionofGeneralMitréthatconjugaldevotionwasnotamongthevirtuesof theancientPeruvians, inducesme to relatea storywhich is toldbyMiguelCavello Balboa.[53] The events it records took place during the war betweenHuascar and Atahualpa. It, therefore, illustrates the closing chapters of thepresentvolume.[54]

OnthedeathofthegreatYncaHuaynaCcapacintheprovinceofQuito,hewassucceededbyhislegitimatesonHuascaratCuzco;whilethesonwhowaswithhim,namedAtahualpa,remainedattheheadofanarmyatQuito.ButthebodyofthedeceasedsovereignwassenttoCuzco,accompaniedbythewidowed

queen,MamaRahuaOcllo,andherdaughterthePrincessChuquiUzpay,andbyfour venerable councillors who were executors of Huayna Ccapac. OnapproachingCuzcothesevenerablemenwerearrested,orderedtoexplainwhyAtahualpahad remainedbehind,and, theirdefencenotbeingsatisfactory, theywereputtodeath.Theprincipalexecutor,whothussuffered,wasnamedAuquiTupacYupanqui.

TheQueen,MamaRahuaOcllo,wasmuchshockedatthiscrueltyonthepartofhersonHuascar.After thefuneralceremonies, thenewsovereigndesiredtomarry his sister ChuquiUzpay, and, aftermuch hesitation, theQueenMotherreluctantlygaveherconsent.

Young Quilaco Yupanqui, a son of the murdered executor, Auqui TupacYupanqui, was sent by Atahualpa as an envoy to his brother Huascar. Onreaching the valley ofXaquixaguana,Quilaco received a secretmessage fromthe QueenMother, who loved him dearly, for he was a foster-brother of herchild,theyoungqueenChuquiUzpay.TheQueenMotherorderedaprocessionofdamselstocomeoutandmeettheenvoy;amongwhomtherewasonemorebeautifulthanalltherest,namedCuri-coyllur.

AtthecoronationofHuascar,thechiefofthevalleyofYcaarrivedfromthecoastwithalovelydaughternamedChumbillaya.SheinspiredtheYncawithaviolentpassion,andhegaveherthenameofCuri-coyllur,the“goldenstar.”Sheborehimadaughteranddiedsoonafterwards.HissisterCorvaticlla,abelovedfriend of Curi-coyllur, brought up the child with great care in a house nearCuzco,andherbeautywassomarvellousthatsheinheritedhermother’snameofCuri-coyllur.

Curi-coyllurwasfifteenwhen thegirlsassembled tomeet theyoungenvoyfromQuitoatSiquillabamba.Quilacofellinlovewithher.HewentontoCuzco,and,findingthattheYncaHuascarhadgonetoCalcainthevaleofVilcamayu,hehurriedthither,andlaidthepresentsfromtheYnca’sbrotherAtahualpaathisfeet. Huascar spurned both envoy and presents, and dismissed Quilaco withdisdain.QuilacoreturnedtoCuzco,andtoldthequeenswhathadbefallenhimatCalca.TheguardianofCuri-coyllur,onhearingofhislove,allowedhimtovisittheyounggirl.AfewdaysafterwardsHuascarsenthimbackwithamessagetoAtahualpa,totheeffectthathewouldbecloselyfollowedbyanarmytoenforceobedience.

Oneday,atearlydawn,Curi-coyllurwasprayingforthereturnofherlover.Whenalabourerappearedwithhistaclla(plough)onhisshoulder,shemistookitforthechuqui(lance)ofQuilaco.Atlastatroopofstrangersappearedonthehill, taking theway toXaquixaguana.Shewas shedding tears,whenher lover

cameoutofafieldofmaizecloseby,andthrewhimselfatherfeet.Quilacotoldherandherauntall thathadhappenedatCuzco,andaskedCorvaticlla for thehandofherniece.Itwaspromisedwhenthetimeshadbecomemorequiet,andQuilacocontinuedhisjourneytoQuito.

The great war then broke out between the two brothers, Huascar andAtahualpa.Quilaco had promised to return toCuri-coyllur in three years, andfour had elapsed. Huascar was on the point of marrying her to one of hiscaptains.Shecutherhair, puton thedressofoneofher servants,paintedherfaceaccordingtotheusageofthosewhogotowar,andmixedherselfamongstthecampfollowersofthearmyofHuascar.TheYnca’sgeneral,namedHuancaAuqui, had retreated to the valley ofXauxa,where hemet the reinforcementsfromCuzco,andwassupersededbyMaytaYupanqui.ThearmyofAtahualpa,underthecommandofQuizquiz,advancedtoTarma,andthehostileforcesmetbetweenTarmaandXauxa.Thebattlelastedallday,buteventuallythearmyofHuascarwasdefeatedwithgreatslaughter.Quilacowaswoundedbyanarrow,andfellonaheapofdead,whilehismenweretoomuchoccupiedinchasingthefugitivestonoticehisfall.

Quilacowouldhaveperishedmiserablyfromlossofblood;buthesawaladsearchingamongthebodies,andcriedforhelp.Theboyrantohim,drewoutthearrow,andstaunchedthewound.Hecarriedthewoundedmantothebanksofastream,andwashedthedirtoffhisfaceandbody.QuilacoaskedthemotiveofsuchkindnessinafollowerofHuascar.[55]“Brother,”saidthelad,“Iamanativeofthisplace;mynameisTitu;Iseeknoadvantage.”Hecollectedsticks,lightedafiretowarmthewoundedchief;andsotheypassedthenight.NextdaytheboyconveyedQuilacotoaneighbouringhutuntilheshouldbecured.Asearchwasmade for him by order of Quizquiz, and his disappearance caused profoundsadnessinthehostofAtahualpa.

FormanymonthsQuilacowasunabletorisefromhisbed,andintheintervalgreat events happened. Huascar was dethroned, his family was massacred atCuzco,theusurperadvancedtoCaxamarca,PizarroarrivedonthecoastwithhisSpaniards,andAtahualpawasmadeprisonerbythem.Tituusedtoleavethehut,andcollectnewsfrompassers-byonthegreatroad.OnedayhetoldQuilacothatthepowerofAtahualpaandhisgeneralshaddeparted,andthatstrangemenfromtheseawerenowtherulersofthecountry.Tituspokeofthenoblebearingandofthejusticeof theViracochas,ashecalledtheSpaniards, lookinguponthemasmessengers fromGod.He entreated and at last persuaded the chief,whowasnowable towalk, toappearbefore theSpanish leader,whohadarrived in thevalley.ItwasthefamousHernandodeSoto.Theywenttogether,andTitu,with

the aid of an interpreter, related his history to the proud but noble-mindedconqueror.QuilaconowforthefirsttimediscoveredthatTituwashislong-lostlove,hisCuri-coyllur,whomhehadneverhopedtoseeagain.

They were baptized under the names of Hernando Yupanqui and LeonoraCuri-coyllur, andmarried in conformitywith the laws of theChurch. But theyoung chief only survived for two years. The widow afterwards lived withHernando de Soto, and bore him several children—Leonora de Soto, whomarriedFernandoCarrillo,notarytohisMajesty,andlivedatCuzco;JuanadeSoto;PedrodeSoto;andothers.

I know not whether the story of Quilaco and Curi-coyllur was everdramatised like that of Ollantay. But we need not doubt that the “brillianterudition”[56] of GeneralMitréwould, if the playwere brought to light, soonannouncetousthatitwasa“comediadecapayespada”,withalltheideasandincidentsborrowedfromHomer,Herodotus,Tacitus,thePentateuch,theSongofSolomon,Shakespeare,LopedeVega,Mrs.Ratcliffe, and theCidCampeador.Toomucheruditionissurelyadangerousthing.

The other story told by Balboa, of the love of Elfquen Pisan, Chief ofLambayeque,forthebeautifulChestanXecfuin,isequallyromantic,equallyofnative origin, and has as little to do with the old world classics asOllantay.Among these people there was pride of caste, magnanimity towards thevanquished, a martial spirit, filial love, and conjugal devotion; and thesesentiments found natural expression in their literature. Cieza de Leon, in thefollowingpages,bearsampletestimonytoYncacivilisation.

SECONDPARTOFTHE

CHRONICLEOFPERU,

WHICHTREATSOFTHELORDSHIPOFTHEINCASYUPANQUIS,ANDOFTHEIRGREATDEEDSANDGOVERNMENT.

WRITTENBY

PEDRODECIEZADELEON.

SECONDPARTOFTHE

CHRONICLEOFPERU

CHAPTERIII.* * * * * ** * * * * ** * * * * ** * * * * *

ofthemmorethanwhatIrecount,gotoadelightfulplacefullofenjoymentandpleasure,where theyalleatanddrinkandrejoice;andif,onthecontrary, theyhave done evil, disobedient to parents, hostile to religion, they go to anotherplacewhich is dark anddismal. In the first book I treatedmore fullyof thesethings,sothatIwillnowpasson,andrelateinwhatmannerthepeopleofthiskingdomlivedbeforetheIncasflourishedandmadethemselvessovereignlords,inwhichtimeallaffirmthattheywereinastateofanarchy,withoutanyoftheorder,andreasonablegovernmentandjusticewhichwasafterwardsestablished.IwillalsorecountwhatthereistobesaidofTiciviracocha,whichisthenamebywhichtheMakerofallthingswasknown.

CHAPTERIV.WhichtreatsofwhattheIndiansofthiskingdomsaytouchingthestateofthingsbeforetheYncaswereknown,andhowtheyhadfortressesinthehills,whencetheycameforthtomakewaronewithanother.

I OFTEN asked the inhabitants of these provinces what they knew of theirconditionbeforetheIncasbecamethelords.Onthissubjecttheysaythatallmenlivedwithout order, and thatmanywent naked like savages; that they had nohouses,noranyhabitationsexceptthecaves,manyofwhichmaybeseeninthegreatcliffsandrocks,whencetheycameforthtoeatwhattheycouldfindinthefields.Othersmadefortressesinthemountains,calledpucara,outofwhichtheycame forth, using strange languages, to fight, one with the other, over thecultivable lands, or for other reasons: and many were slain, the spoils andwomenof thevanquishedbeingcarriedoff.Withall these things theywent intriumph to the heights, where they had their castles, and there offered upsacrifices to their gods, shedding much blood of men and lambs before thestones and idols.All these peoplewere in a state of anarchy, for they say forcertain that theyhadno lords, but only captains to lead them in theirwars. Ifsomewentaboutdressed,itwasinslightclothing,andnotsuchastheynowuse.

Theysaythatthellautuorcordswhichtheyputontheirheadsthatonetribemaybedistinguishedfromanother,wereusedthenastheyarenow.

ThispeoplelivingintheconditionthatIhavedescribed,thereroseupintheprovince of theCollao, a very brave lord namedZapana,[57]who soprevailedthathebroughtmanypeopleofthatprovinceunderhisrule.Theyrelateanotherthing; but whether it be true or not, the most High God who understands allthingsonlyknows.Asforme,IhavenoothertestimonyorauthorityofbooksforwhatIrelatethanthestatementsoftheIndians.WhatIwanttorelateisthattheyaffirmofacertaintythat,afterthatpowerfulcaptainaroseinHatuncollao,[58] there appeared in the province of the Canas,[59] which lies between theCanches[60]andCollao,nearthevillagecalledChugara,somewomenwhowerelike valiantmen.Taking up arms they subdued thosewhowere in the districtwhere they lived, and, almost like what is told of the Amazons, they madehomes for themselves,withouthusbands.Thesepeople, after thishadgoneonforsomeyears,andtheyhadperformedsomefamousdeeds,cametofightwithZapana, he who had become Lord of Hatuncollao; and to defend themselvesagainsthispower,whichwasgreat, theymadefortressesandwalls,whichstillexist.Butaftertheyhaddoneall totheutmostoftheirpower, theyweretaken

andkilled,andtheirnamedisappeared.There isacitizen inCuzconamedTomásVasquez,[61]who toldme thathe

andFranciscodeVillacastin,[62] being in the townofAyavire,[63] seeing theseenclosures, and asking the natives what they were, the above story was toldthem.They also relatewhat I havewritten in the first part, namely, that therewere people with beards, in the Island of Titicaca, in past ages, white likeourselves; that, coming from the valley of Coquimbo, their captain, whowasnamedCari,[64] arrivedat theplacewhereChucuitonowstands,whence, afterhaving founded some new settlements, he passed over with his people to theisland. He made such war upon the inhabitants that he killed them all.Chirihuana, the governor of those settlements, which now belong to theEmperor,[65]toldmewhatIhavenowwritten;andasthislandwassoextensive,and in parts so healthy and well suited for man’s habitation, although theycontinuedin thepracticeofpettywarfareand indulgenceof theirpassions,yettheyestablishedmanysettlements.Thosecaptainswhoshowedthemselvestobevalorous,continuedas lordsofseveral towns;andall,as isgenerally reported,had Indians of intelligence in their houses and fortresses,who spokewith theDevil.AndtheDevil,bypermissionofAlmightyGod,andforreasonsknowntoHim,hadverygreatpoweramongstthesepeople.

CHAPTERV.TouchingwhatthesenativessayconcerningTiciviracocha,oftheopinionheldbysomethatanApostle

passedthroughthisland,andofthetemplethereisinCáchan,alsowhathappenedthere.

BEFORE the Incas reigned in these kingdoms, or had ever been heard of, theIndiansrelateanotherthingmuchmorenotablethanallthingselsethattheysay.For they declare that theywere a long timewithout seeing the sun, and that,sufferingmuchevilfromitsabsence,greatprayersandvowswereoffereduptotheir gods, imploring for the light they needed.Things being in this state, thesun, shiningvery brightly, came forth from the islandofTiticaca, in the greatlakeof theCollao,atwhicheveryonerejoiced.Presentlyafterwards, theysay,thattherecamefromasoutherndirectionawhitemanofgreatstature,who,byhisaspectandpresence,calledforthgreatvenerationandobedience.Thismanwhothusappearedhadgreatpower,insomuchthathecouldchangeplainsintomountains,andgreathills intovalleys,andmakewater flowoutof stones.Assoon as such power was beheld, the people called him theMaker of createdthings,thePrinceofallthings,FatheroftheSun.Fortheysaythatheperformedotherwonders,giving life tomenandanimals, so thatbyhishandmarvellousgreat benefits were conferred on the people. And suchwas the story that theIndianswhotold it tomesay that theyheardfromtheirancestors,whoin likemannerheard it in theoldsongswhich they received fromveryancient times.Theysaythatthismanwentontowardsthenorth,workingthesemarvelsalongthewayofthemountains;andthathenevermorereturnedsoastobeseen.Inmanyplaceshegaveorderstomenhowtheyshouldlive,andhespokelovinglytothemandwithmuchgentleness,admonishingthemthattheyshoulddogood,and no evil or injury one to another, and that they should be loving andcharitabletoall.InmostpartsheisgenerallycalledTiciviracocha,[66]butintheprovinceof theCollaotheycallhimTuapaca,and inotherplacesArnauan. Inmanyparts theybuilt temples inwhich theyputblocksof stone in likenessofhim, and offered up sacrifices before them. It is held that the great blocks atTiahuanacuwerefromthattime.Although,fromthefameofwhatformerlyhadpassed, they relate the things I have stated touchingTiciviracocha, they knownothing more of him, nor whether he would ever return to any part of thiskingdom.

Besidesthis,theysaythat,alongtimehavingpassed,theyagainsawanothermanresemblingthefirst,whosenametheydonotmention;buttheyreceiveditfrom their forefathers as very certain that wherever this personage came and

thereweresick,hehealedthem,andwheretherewereblindhegavethemsightbyonlyutteringwords.Throughactssogoodandusefulhewasmuchbelovedby all. In this fashion, working great things by his words, he arrived at theprovinceoftheCanas,inwhich,neartoavillagewhichhasthenameofCacha,and inwhich theCaptainBartolomé deTerrazas[67] holds an encomienda, thepeopleroseagainsthim,threateningtostonehim.Theysawhimuponhisknees,withhishandsraisedtoheaven,asifinvokingthedivinefavourtoliberatehimfrom the danger that threatened him. The Indians further state that presentlythereappearedagreatfireintheheaven,whichtheythoughttobesurroundingthem.Fullof fear and trembling, theycame tohimwhom theyhadwanted tokill,andwithloudclamourbesoughthimtobepleasedtoforgivethem.Fortheyknew that this punishment threatened them because of the sin they hadcommitted in wishing to stone the stranger. Presently they saw that when heordered the fire to cease, it was extinguished, so that they were themselveswitnessesofwhathadcometopass;andthestoneswereconsumedandburntupinsuchwiseasthatlargeblockscouldbeliftedinthehand,asif theywereofcork.Onthissubjecttheygoontosaythat,leavingtheplacewherethesethingshappened,themanarrivedontheseacoast,where,holdinghismantle,hewentinamongst thewavesandwasnevermoreseen.Andashewent,sotheygavehimthenameofViracocha,whichmeans“thefoamofthesea.”

SoonafterwardstheymadeatempleinthisvillageofCacha,[68]ontheothersideofariverwhichpassesnear,wheretheysetupanidolofstone,verylarge,but in a somewhat narrow recess. This recess is not so large as those inTiahuanaco,erected inmemoryofTiciviracocha,nordoes thefigureappear tohavethesamekindofvestments.Somegoldwasfoundinholesnearit.

WhenIpassedthroughthisprovince,Iwenttoseetheidol,fortheSpaniardsaffirm that it may have been some apostle. I heard many declare that it hadlegendswrittenonitshands.Butthisisnonsense,unlessmyeyeswereblinded,for although I looked closely I could not see anything of the kind.The handswere placed over the haunches, the arms twisted, and on the girdle wereindications that thevestmentswere fastenedwithbuttons.Whether thisoranyother was intended for one of the glorious apostles who, in the days of hispreaching,hadpassedthisway,GodAlmightyknows.Iknownot,andcanonlybelievethat ifhewasanapostle,hewouldworkwiththepowerofGodinhispreachingtothesepeople,whoaresimpleandwithlittleguile;andtherewouldbesomevestigeofhisvisit.YetwhatweseeandunderstandisthattheDevilhadverygreatpowerover thesepeople,Godpermitting it,and that in theseplacesveryheathenishandvainsacrificeswereofferedup.HenceIbelievethat,until

our times, the word of the Holy Gospel was not heard. Now we see all thetemplesprofaned,andthegloriousCrossplantedinalldirections.

IaskedthepeopleofCachainremembranceofwhatgodthetemplehadbeenbuilt. The cacique, or lord, was an Indian of intelligence and good presence,namedDonJuan,aChristian,whocamewithmehimselftoshowmethispieceofantiquity.Hetoldmethatitwasbuilt inhonorofTiciviracocha.TreatingofthisnameViracocha,IwishtodisabusethereaderofthepopularbeliefthatthenativescalledtheSpaniardsbythenameofViracocha,whichmeansfoamofthesea.Sofarasthewordisconcerneditistrue,forviraisthewordforgrease,andcochaisthesea.AndseeingthattheSpaniardscamebysea,thatnamehasbeenattributed to them. But this is a wrong interpretation, according to theexplanationwhichIreceivedatCuzco,andwhichtheOrejonesgive.Theysaythat beforeAtahuallpawas takenprisoner by theSpaniards in the province ofCaxamarca, there had been great wars between him and his brother HuascarInca, thesoleheir to theempire.At length,at thepassofCotabambaover theriver Apurimac, the king Huascar was taken prisoner, and cruelly treated byChalicuchima.[69]Besidesthis,Quizquiz[70]didgreatmischiefinCuzcoand,asiswellknown,killed thirtybrothersofHuascar, committingother crueltiesonthosewhowerefavourabletothelegitimateheirandhadnotshownadesiretoreceiveAtahuallpa.While these passionswere at their height,Atahuallpa hadbeenmadeprisonerandhadagreedwithPizarrotogivehimahouseofgoldashisransom.MartinBueno,Zarate,andMoguer[71]went toCuzco to receive it,thegreaterpartbeingintheSuntemplecalledCuricancha.AstheseChristiansarrivedatCuzcoatthetimewhenthepartyofHuascarwassufferingundertheabove calamity, the oppressed Yncas rejoiced when they heard of theimprisonmentofAtahuallpa,andwithgreatsupplicationsimploredtheaidoftheChristians against their enemy, declaring that they must be sent by theinterventionof theirgreatGodTiciviracocha,and that theywerehis sons;andpresentlytheycalledthemso,givingthemthenameofViracocha.

TheyorderedtheHighPriestandtheotherministersofthetempletokeepthesacred women there, and Quizquiz delivered all the gold and silver to theSpaniards.AstheseSpaniardsweresofreefromallrestraint,andheldthehonorofthepeoplesolightly,inreturnforthehospitalityandfriendlinesswithwhichtheywere received, they corrupted some of the virgins;whichwas the reasonthattheIndians,whoalsosawhowlittlereverencetheSpaniardsfeltfortheSun,andhowshamelesslyandwithoutthefearofGodtheyviolatedthemamaconas,[72]whichtheIndiansheldtobeagreatsacrilege,begantosaythatsuchpeoplewerenotsonsofGod,butthattheywereworsethanSupais,whichistheirname

of Devil. Nevertheless, to comply with the order of the Lord Atahuallpa, thecaptains of the city took leave of the Spaniards without showing any angerwhatever, soon afterwards sending the treasure. But the name of Viracochacontinued from thatday, and itwasgiven, as Iwas informed, for the reason Ihavealreadywrittendown,andnotowingtoitssignificationoffoamofthesea.[73]AndnowIwill relatewhat Ihavebeengiven tounderstandrespecting theoriginoftheIncas.

CHAPTERVI.HowcertainmenandwomenappearedinPacarec-Tampu,andwhattheyrelatetouchingtheirproceedings

aftertheycameforthfromthere.

IHAVEalreadystatedmorethanonce,how,asanexerciseandtoescapefromthevices caused by idleness, I took the trouble to describe all that I obtainedtouchingtheIncasandtheirsystemandgoodorderofgovernment.AsIhavenoother account nor writing beyond what they gave me, if another shouldundertaketowritemorecertainlythanIhave,onthissubject,hemaywelldoso.At the same time, I have not spared pains tomakewhat Iwrite clear; and toensuregreateraccuracyIwenttoCuzcowhentheCaptainJuandeSaavedrawasCorregidor.[74]HerehearrangedthatCayuTupacshouldmeetme,whoisoneofthesurvivingdescendantsofHuainaCapac.ForSairiTupac,sonofMancoInca,has retired toViticos,wherehis father tookrefugeafterhisgreatwarwith theSpaniards atCuzco. I alsomet others of theOrejones,who are those that areheldtobemostnobleamongstthemselves.Withthebestinterpretersthatcouldbefound,IaskedtheseLordsIncasofwhatracetheywere,andofwhatnation.Itwould seem that the former Incas, tomagnify their originwith great deeds,exaggerated thestory theyhadreceived, in theirsongs. It is this.Whenall theraceswho lived in these regionswere in a state of disorder, slaughtering eachotherandsunkinvice,thereappearedthreemenandthreewomeninaplacenotfarfromthecityofCuzco,whichiscalledPacarecTampu.Andaccordingtotheinterpretation,PacarecTampuisasmuchastosaytheHouseofProduction.

Themenwhocameforthfromtherewere,astheyrelate,theone,AyarUcho,and the other, Ayar Cachi Asauca, and the other, they say, was named AyarManco. Of the women, one had the name of Mama Huaco, the other MamaCora,theotherMamaRahua.[75]

SomeIndiansgivethesenamesafteranotherfashionandingreaternumber,but I have put them down from the informations of the Orejones, who knowbetterthananyoneelse.Theysaythatthesepeoplecameforth,dressedinlongmantles,andsomevestmentslikeashirtwithoutcollarorsleeves,madeofveryfinewool,withpatternsofdifferentkinds,whichtheycalledtacapu,andinourlanguagethemeaningis“vesturesofkings.”Andeachoftheselordsheldinthehandaslingofgoldwithastoneinit.Thewomencameoutdressedveryrichlylikethemen,andtheyhadmuchgold.Goingforwardwiththis,theyfurthersay,that theyobtainedgreatstoreofgold,andthatoneof thebrothersnamedAyar

Uchuspoketohisbrethrenthattheyshouldmakeabeginningofthegreatthingsthattheyhadtodo;fortheirpresumptionwassuchthattheythoughttheyweretomakethemselvessolelordsoftheland.Theyweredeterminedtoforminthatplaceanewsettlement,towhichtheygavethenameofPacarecTampu;andthiswas soon done, for they had the help of the inhabitants of the surroundingcountry.Astimewenton,theyputgreatquantitiesofpuregoldandjewels,withother precious things, into that place, of which the fame goes that HernandoPizarroandDonDiegodeAlmagrothelad,obtainedalargeshare.

Returning to thehistory, they say thatoneof the three,namedAyarCachi,wassovaliantandhadsuchgreatpower,that,withstoneshurledfromhissling,hesplitthehillsandthrewthemuptotheclouds.Whentheotherbrotherssawthis theywere sorry, thinking that itwas an affront to themwhocouldnotdosuchthings,andtheywereenragedbyreasonoftheirenvy.Thentheyaskedhimsweetly and with gentle words, though full of deceit, to return and enter themouthofacavewheretheyhadtheirtreasure,tobringoutacertainvaseofgoldthattheyhadforgotten,andtopraytotheirfathertheSunthathewouldprospertheireffortssothattheymightbelordsofthatland.AyarCachi,believingthatthere was no deceit in what his brother said, joyfully went to do what theyrequired of him, but he had scarcely got into the cavewhen the other two sofilledthemouthupwithstonesthatitcouldnotbeseen.Thisdone,theyrelateforacertaintythattheearthtrembledinsuchamannerthatmanyhillsfellintothevalleys.

ThusfartheOrejonesrelatethestoryoftheoriginoftheIncas,becausetheywished it to be understood that as their deedswere somarvellous, theymusthavebeenchildrenoftheSun.Afterwards,whentheIndiansexaltedthemwithgrandtitles,theywerecalledAnchahatunapuintipchuri![76]whichmeans,“Ohverygreatlord,childofthesun.”Thatwhich,formypart,IholdtobethetruthinthismatteristhatasZapanaroseupinHatuncollao,andothervaliantcaptainsdidthesamethinginotherparts,theseIncasmusthavebeensomethreevaliantandpowerfulbrotherswithgrand thoughtswhowerenativesof someplace inthose regions,orwhohadcome fromsomeotherpartof themountainsof theAndes; and that they, finding the opportunity, conquered and acquired thelordshipwhich they possessed. Evenwithout this supposition itmight be thatwhattheytellofAyarCachiandtheotherswastheworkofmagicians,whodidwhatistoldofthemthroughtheDevil.Infine,wecannotgetfromthestoryanyothersolutionthanthis.

AssoonasAyarCachiwassecuredinthecave,theothertwobrothers,withsomepeoplewhohadjoinedthem,agreedtoformanothersettlement,towhich

they gave the nameofTampuQuiru,which is asmuch as to say, “Teeth of aresidenceorofapalace”,anditmaybesupposedthatthesesettlementswerenotlargenormorethansufficientforasmallforce.Theyremainedatthisplaceforsome days, being now sorry at having somade awaywith their brother AyarCachi,whowasalsocalledHuanacaure.[77]

CHAPTERVII.Howthebrothers,beinginTampuQuiru,beheldhimwhomtheyhadshutupinthecavebydeceit,comeforthwithwings;andhowhetoldthemthathewenttofoundthegreatcityofCuzco;andhowthey

departedfromTampuQuiru.

PROCEEDINGwiththenarrativethatItookdowninCuzco,theOrejonessaythat,afterthetwoIncashadsettledinTampuQuiru,carelessnowaboutseeingAyarCachi again, they beheld him coming in the air with great wings of colouredfeathers,andthey,byreasonofthegreatfearthatthisvisitcausedthem,wantedto flee away; but he quickly removed their terror by saying to them, “Do notfear,neitherbeafflicted;forIonlycomethattheempireoftheIncasmaybegintobeknown.Whereforeleavethissettlementthatyouhavemade,andadvancefurtherdownuntilyouseeavalley,andtherefoundtheCuzco,whichwillbeofgreatnote.Forhereareonlyhamlets,andoflittleimportance;butthatwillbeagreatcity,where the sumptuous templemustbebuilt thatwillbe sohonouredandfrequented,andwherethesunwillbesoworshipped.IshallalwayshavetopraytoGodforyou,andtointercedethatyoumaysoonbecomegreat lords.Ishallremainintheformandfashionthatyouwillseeonahillnotdistantfromhere;andwillbeforyouandyourdescendantsaplaceofsanctityandworship,anditsnameshallbeGuanacaure.Andinreturnforthegoodthingsthatyouwillhavereceivedfromme,IpraythatyouwillalwaysadoremeasGod,andsetupaltarsinthatplace,atwhichtooffersacrifices.Ifyoudothis,youshallreceivehelp from me in war; and as a sign that from henceforward you are to beesteemed,honoured,andfeared,yourearsshallbeboredinthemannerthatyounowbehold inmine.”Andwhen he had so spoken they say that he appearedwithearornamentsofgoldsetroundaswithagem.

The brothers, astonished at what they saw, were as men struck dumb andwithoutspeech.Whentheirperturbationhadceased,theyrepliedthattheywerecontent to do as he commanded, and presently they went in haste to the hillcalled the Hill of Guanacaure, which, from that time forward, was accountedsacred.Inthehighestpartofit,theyagainsawAyarCachi,who,withoutdoubt,musthavebeen somedevil, if there is any truth inwhat they relate; and,Godpermitting, hemade them understand his desire that they shouldworship andsacrificetohimunderthesefalseappearances.Theysaythatheagainspoketothem, telling them to assume the fringe or crown of empire, such of them asweretobesovereignlords,andhowtheyshouldorderthearmingofyouthstomakethemknightsandnobles.Thebrothersansweredthat theywouldcomply

withallhiscommands,astheyhadalreadypromised,andinsignofobedience,withhandsjoinedandheadsboweddown,theymadethemocha[78]orreverence,that he might the better understand them. The Orejones further say that thepracticeofassumingthefringeandofarmingtheknightsbeganhere,soIputitinthisplace,thattheremaybenonecessityforrepeatingitfurtheron.

Thismay be received as pleasant and very certain history, forManco Incaassumed the fringeor sovereigncrown inCuzco,andmanySpaniardsare stilllivingwhowerepresentattheceremony,andIhavehearditfromthem.Itistruethat the Indians say that the ceremony was more solemn and magnificent informer times, andwas performedwith such sumptuous riches as could not beenumerated.

Itwouldseemthattheselordsarrangedtheceremonyforassumingthefringeorcrown,andtheysaythatAyarCachidressedinthesamemanner,onthissamehillofGuanacaure.HewhowastobecomeIncawasdressed,ononeday, inablack shirt painted with red patterns and no collar, and on his head a fawn-colouredplaittwistedround.Andheworealonggreymantle,inwhichdresshecameforthfromhis lodgingandwent intothefieldstogatherawispofstraw,andhehadtostayoutalldaydoingthis,withouteatingordrinking,foritwashis duty to fast.And themother and sisters of the former Inca had to remainspinning with such diligence that, during that one day, they had to spin andweavefourdresses,fastingallthetime.Oneofthesedressesconsistedofagreyshirtandwhitemantle,andanotherhadtobeallwhite,andtheotherhadtobeblue,withcordsandtrimmings.HewhowastobecomeIncahadtowearthesedresses,andtofastfortheappointedtime,whichisonemonth,andtheycallthisfastzaziy.[79] It iskept ina lodgingof theroyalpalace,withoutseeinglightorhavingconnectionwith awoman.During this timeof fasting the ladiesofhislineagehavetoworkveryhardtomakeagreatquantityofchichawiththeirownhands,makingitfrommaize,andtheymustberichlydressed.Afterthetimeoffastingispassed,hewhowastobelordcameforth,carryingahalberdofgoldand silver in his hands, and he proceeded to the house of some venerablerelative,wherehishairhadtobeshorn.Then,clothedinoneofthesedresses,heleftCuzco,wherethisfestivalwasheld,andwenttothehillofGuanacaure,andperformed certain ceremonies and sacrifices. He then proceeded to where thewinewaskept,anddrank.TheIncathenwenttoahillcalledAnaquar,andfromthefootofitheran,thatthepeoplemightseewhetherhewasagile,andwouldbevaliantinwar.Presentlyhecamedown,carryingalittlewoolonthehalberd,intokenthatwhenhefoughtwithhisenemies,hewouldbringawaytheirhairand the headswith it. This done, the Inca returned to the hill ofGuanacaure.

Hereheandhiscourtiersgatheredstraw,andhewhowastobeIncahadaverylargebundleofit,madeofveryfinegoldofequallengths.WiththishewenttoanotherhillcalledYahuira,andthereheputonanotherofthedresses,andonhisheadaplaitorllautucalledpillaca,[80]whichislikeacrown,underneathwhichwereear-ornamentsofgold,andonthetopatuftoffeatherssewnlikeadiadem,which they call puruchuco.[81] On the halberd they fastened a girdle of goldwhichreached to theground,andonhisbreastwasplacedamoonofgold. Inthisdress,andbeforeallwhowerepresent,hekilledasheep,thebodyandbloodbeingdividedamongalltheprincipalpeople,tobeeatenraw.Thesignificationoftheceremonywasthatiftheywerenotvalianttheirenemieswouldeatthem,astheywereeatingthesheepthathadbeenkilled.

Atthisplacetheytookasolemnvow,accordingtotheirusage,inthenameofthe Sun, that theywouldmaintain the order of knighthood, andwould die indefenceofCuzco,ifitshouldbenecessary.Nexttheirearswereopened,andtheaperturesweresolargethattheycouldholdagemeeachoneincircumference.Thisdone, theyputon theheadsof fierce lions, and returned to the squareofCuzcowithgreatnoise.Inthesquaretherewasagreatchainofgoldgoingallround,andsupportedonprongsofgoldandsilver.Heretheydanced,andtherewere marvellous great festivities, according to their fashion. Those who hadbeenmadeknightshadontheheadsoflions,asasignthattheywouldbevaliantand fierce. At the end of the dancing the knights remained armed, and werecalledOrejones.Theyhadprivilegesandenjoyedgreatdignities,andareworthy,ifselected,toassumethecrown,whichisthefringe.

Whenthiswasgiventothelordwhowastobesovereign,greaterfestivitieswere held, a vast concourse of people assembled, and he who is about to beEmperormust first take his own sister for hiswife, that no base lineagemaysucceed.He also performed the great zaziy,which is the fast.And during theintervalsthattheseceremoniesoccupied,thelordbeingengagedinthebusinessof sacrifices and fasting, he could not attend to private or public concerns. Itwas,therefore,alawamongtheIncasthat,whenthesovereigndied,orhandedover the crown or fringe to another, one of the principal nobleswas selected,who,withmaturecounselandgreatauthority,mightgovernthewholeempireoftheIncas,asifhewerethelordhimself,duringthesedays,andhewasallowedtohaveaguardandtobeaddressedwithreverence.

Theseceremoniesbeingcompleted, and theblessingshavingbeengiven inthe temple of Curicancha, the Inca received the fringe, which was large anddescendedfromthellaututhathehadonhishead,soastofalloverhiseyes,andhewasthenheldandreverencedasthesovereign.

At the festivalswere present the principal lords formore than five leaguesround, and there appeared in Cuzco very great store of gold and silver andprecious stones, and rich plumes, all round the long chain of gold, and themarvellous figure of the Sun. This chain was of such size that it weighed,according to what the Indians assert for a certainty, more than four thousandhundredweightsofgold. If theSovereigndidnot receive the fringe inCuzco,they looked upon it as an absurdity that he should be called Inca, for hispossessionwas not assured.ThusAtahuallpa is not counted among the kings,although,owingtohisgreatvalourandtohishavingkilledsomanypeople,hewasobeyedbymanynationsfromfear.

ReturningtothosewhowereonthehillofGuanacaure,afterAyarCachahadspokenof theorder thatwas tobe takenfor thearmingofknights, theIndiansrelatethatturningtohisbrotherAyarManco,hetoldhimtogoonwiththetwowomentothevalleyhehadpointedout,andtofoundtheretheCuzco,withoutforgetting tocomeandperformsacrifices in thatplace,ashehadcommanded.Andassoonashehaddonespeaking,bothheandtheotherbrotherwereturnedinto two figuresof stone in the shapeofmen.Thiswas seenbyAyarManco,who,takingthewomenwithhim,wenttotheplacewhereCuzconowstandsandfoundedacity,naminghimselffromthattimeforwardMancoCapac,[82]whichmeanstherichKingandLord.

CHAPTERVIII.HowMancoCapac,whenhesawthathisbrothershadbeenturnedintostones,wenttoavalleywherehemetsomepeople,andhowhefoundedandbuilttheancientandveryrichcityofCuzco,whichwasthe

capitalofthewholeempireoftheIncas.

WHENMancoCapachadseenwhathadhappenedtohisbrothers,andhadcometothevalleywherenowisthecityofCuzco,theOrejonessaythatheraisedhiseyestoheavenand,withgreathumility,besoughttheSunthathewouldfavourandaidhim in forming thenewsettlement.Then turninghis eyes towards thehillofGuanacaureheaddressedthesamepetitiontohisbrother,whomhenowheldandreverencedasagod.Nexthewatchedtheflightofbirds, thesigns inthe stars, and other omens, which filled him with confidence, so that he feltcertainthatthenewsettlementwouldflourish,andthathewouldbeitsfounderandthefatherofalltheIncaswhowouldreignthere.

InthenameofTiciviracocha,andoftheSun,andoftheotherGods,helaidthefoundationofthenewcity.TheoriginalandbeginningofitwasasmallstonehousewitharoofofstrawthatMancoCapacandhiswomenbuilt,towhichtheygave thenameofCuricancha,[83]meaning the place of gold.This is the placewhereafterwardsstoodthatcelebratedandmostrichtempleoftheSun,andnowamonasteryofmonksoftheorderofSt.Domingo.Itisheldforcertainthat,atthe timewhenManco IncaCapacbuilt thishouse, therewere Indians in largenumbers in the district; but as he did them no harm and did not in anywisemolest them, they did not object to his remaining in their land, but ratherrejoicedathiscoming.SoMancaCapacbuiltthesaidhouse,anditwasdevotedtotheworshipofhisGods,andhebecameagreatmanandonewhorepresentedhighauthority.

One of hiswiveswas barren and never had children. By the other he hadthreesonsandonedaughter.TheeldestwasnamedInca[84]RocaIncaand thedaughterOcllo.Thenamesoftheothersarenotrecorded,norismoresaidthanthat theeldestwasmarried tohis sister, and thathe taught themhow tomakethemselvesbelovedbythepeopleandnothated,withotherimportantmatters.Inthose days the descendants of Zapana had made themselves powerful inHatuncollao,andsoughttooccupyallthatregionbytyranny.ButMancoCapac,asthefounderofCuzco,hadmarriedhissons,andbroughtintohisservice,byloveandgoodwords,somepeoplewhoenlargedthehouseofCuricancha.Afterhe had lived formany years, he died at a great age, and his obsequies, weresumptuously performed. Besides that, a figure of him was made, to be

reverencedasachildoftheSun.

CHAPTERIX.InwhichnoticeisgiventothereaderofthereasonthattheAuthor,leavingtheaccountofthesuccessionof

thekings,preferstoexplainthegovernmentofthepeople,theirlaws,andcustoms.

ALTHOUGH I might write the events of the reign of Sinchi Roca Inca, son ofMancoCapacthefounderofCuzco,inthisplace,ithasseemedtomethattherewillbeconfusionfurtheronifthesystemofthegovernmentoftheselordsisnotexplainedasonewhole.Foroneorderedonesetoflaws,andothersothers.Forexample, one introduced the system ofmitimae,[85] others the plan of havinggarrisonsofsoldiersinfixedpositionsforthedefenceofthekingdom.Alltheseregulations are important and worthy to be remembered, that the learnedstatesmenwhoregulatetheaffairsofcivilizedgovernmentsmaybeinformedofthem,andmayfeelastonishedattheknowledgethatabarbarouspeoplewithoutletters should have been found to have had institutions such aswe know thatthey possessed, both with reference to internal polity and to their plans ofextendingtheirdominionoverothernations.UnderamonarchytheyobeyedoneLord, who alone was deemed worthy to reign in an empire which the Incaspossessed,extendingovermorethanonethousandtwohundredleaguesofcoast.In order to avoid the necessity for saying that some assert that particularinstitutionswereintroducedbyonelord,andothersbyanother,onwhichpointsmanyofthenativeaccountsdiffer,Iwillrelate,inthisplace,whatIunderstandandhold for certain, in conformitywith the statements that I tookdown fromtheirmouths in the city ofCuzco,which are corroboratedby the remains thattheyhaveleft,andwhicharevisibletothosewhohavetravelledthroughPeru.

Itshouldnotappeartolearnedpersonsthat,inadoptingthiscourse,Ideviatefrom the plan ofmywork; formy aim is tomake themattermore clear andintelligible,asIhavedeclared.Iproposetowritewithbrevity,andnottodwellonminutedetails,andinthesamewayIshallafterwardsproceedtonarratetheevents of the reigns of the Incas, and their succession, down to the death ofHuascar,andtheentryoftheSpaniardswhichbroughtthemtoanend.Idesirethatthosewhomayreadmywork,shouldunderstandthatamongalltheIncas,the number ofwhichwas eleven, threeweremost capable of governing theirlordships, insomuch that theOrejoneswho relate their history do not cease topraise them. Thesewere Huayna Capac, Tupac IncaYupanqui his father, andInca Yupanqui, father of one and grandfather of the other. It may also beassumed that, as thesemonarchs flourished in recent times, thekingdommuststillbefullofpeoplewhoknewTupacIncaYupanqui,andaccompaniedhimin

hiswars,andthat theyheardfromtheirfatherswhatIncaYupanquididduringhis reign; so that itmaybe said that the events tookplace almostbefore theireyes.They, therefore, havemore light to throwupon this period, and arewellabletorelatetheevents;althoughmuchhasbeenforgottentouchingthehistoryoftheearlierreigns.Yetitiscertainthattheydonotlosethememoryofeventsfor many years, although they know not the use of letters, as I have alreadyobserved in the first part of thisChronicle.[86] The use of letters has not beenfoundeitherinanypartofthiskingdomorthroughoutthewholeoftheIndies.Withtheseremarkswewillnowproceedwiththenarrative.

CHAPTERX.Howthelord,afterhehadassumedthefringeofsovereignty,wasmarriedtohissistertheCoya,whichisthenameofthequeen,andhowitwaspermittedthatheshouldhavemanywomen,althoughamongthem

alltheCoyaalonewasthelegitimateandprincipalwife.

IN former chapters I have briefly explained how those who were to becomenobleswerearmedasknights,aswellasthenatureoftheceremoniesthattookplacewhentheIncaswerecrownedaskings,bytakingthecrown,whichisthefringefallingasfardownastheireyes.Anditwasordainedbythemthathewhobecameking should take his sister, being the legitimate daughter of his fatherandmother, ashiswife; inorder that the successionof thekingdommightbythat means be confirmed in the royal house. It appeared to them that by thismeans,evenifsuchawoman,beingsisteroftheking,shouldnotbechaste,andshouldhaveintercoursewithanotherman,thesonthusbornwouldstillbehers,and not the son of a strange woman. They also considered that if the Incamarried a strangewoman, shemight do the same and conceive in adultery, insuch away that, it not beingknown, the childwouldbe received as a naturalbornsonofthelord.Forthesereasons,andbecauseitseemeddesirabletothosewhoordainedthelaws,itwasaruleamongtheIncasthatheamongstthemallwhobecameemperorshouldtakehissistertowife.ShehadthenameofCoya,whichmeanstheQueen,aswhentheKingofSpainmarriesanyprincess,whobefore had her own name, she is called Queen so soon as she enters thekingdom,sotheycalledthoseofCuzcoCoya.Ifbychancehewhobecamelordhad no sister, it was permitted that he shouldmarry themost illustrious ladytherewas,andshewasheldtobetheprincipalamongallhiswomen.Fornoneof these lords had less than700women for the service of their house and fortheir pleasure. So that they all hadmany children by thesewomen,whowerewell treated, and respected by the people.When the king was lodging in hispalace or wherever he might be, the women were watched and guarded byportersandcamayos,[87]whichisthenameoftheguards.Ifanyhadintercoursewithamanshewaspunishedwithdeath,andthemansufferedthesamepenalty.

Thesonswhomthelordshadbythesewomen,assoonastheyweregrownup,receivedlandsandfields,whichtheycallchácaras,[88]andtheyweregivenclothesandothernecessariesfromthegovernmentstoresfortheiruse.Butitwasnot thought fit that they should have lordships, because, in the event of anytroublesinthekingdom,itwasnotdesiredthattheyshouldbeinapositiontobelooked upon as legitimate sons of the king. Thus none of themwas entrusted

withtheruleoveraprovince,althoughintimeofwarmanywerecaptainsandwere preferred to those who were of purer lineage. The legitimate lord whoinheritedthekingdomfavouredthem;butiftheyjoinedinanyrevolttheywerecruellypunished.Noneofthemwasallowedtospeaktotheking,evenifhewasabrother,withoutfirstputtingalightburdenonhisshouldersandtakingoffhisshoes,aswasthecustomwithallothersubjects.

CHAPTERXI.HowitwasthecustomamongtheIncasthattheycelebratedintheirsongs,andbymakingstatuesofthose

whowerevalorousandextendedtheboundsoftheempire,andperformedanyotherdeedworthyofmemory;whilethosewhowerenegligentorcowardlyreceivedlittlenotice.

IUNDERSTOOD,whenIwasinCuzco,[89]thatitwasthecustomamongthekingsIncas, that the king, as soon as he died should be mourned for with muchlamentation, and that great sacrifices should be offered up in accordancewiththeirreligion.Whentheseceremonieswereover,theoldestpeopleofthecountrydiscussedthelifeandactsoftherecentlydeceasedking,consideringwhetherhehaddonegoodtothecountry,andwhatbattleshehadgainedoverthecountry’senemies. Having settled these questions, and others whichwe do not entirelyunderstand,theydecidedwhetherthedeceasedkinghadbeensofortunateastomerit praise and fame, and to deserve that his memory should for ever bepreserved.They then called for thegreatquipos-camayos[90]whopreserve therecords,andunderstandhowtogiveanaccountof theevents thatoccur in thekingdom.Nexttheycommunicatedwiththosewhoweremostexpert,andwhowereselectedfortheirskillinrhetoricandtheuseofwords.Theseknewhowtonarrate the events in regular order, like ballad singers and romance writers.These compose the songs, so that they shall be heard by all at marriageceremonies and other festivities. Thus they were instructed what to sayconcerningthedeceasedlord,and, if theytreatedofwars, theysang, inproperorder,ofthemanybattleshehadfoughtindifferentpartsoftheempire.Andforother events, there were songs and romances to celebrate them on suitableoccasions,sothatthepeoplemightbeanimatedbytherecitalofwhathadpassedinothertimes.

Those Indians who, by order of the kings, had learnt the romances, werehonouredand favoured,andgreatcarewas taken to teach their sonsandothermenintheirprovinceswhoweremostableandintelligent.Bythisplan,fromthemouths of one generation the succeeding onewas taught, and they can relatewhattookplace500yearsago,asifonlytenyearshadpassed.

Thiswas theorder thatwas taken toprevent thegreateventsof theempirefrompassingintooblivion.Whenakingdied,ifhehadbeenvaliantandagoodruler,withouthavinglostanyprovinceinheritedfromhisfather,norbeenguiltyofmeanorpaltryactions,itwaspermittedandordainedthatsongsinhishonourshouldbecomposed,inwhichheshouldbepraisedinsuchwiseasthatallthepeopleshouldbeastonishedtohearofdeedssomighty.Thesesongswerenotto

berecitedalwaysandinallplaces;butonlyonoccasionswhentherewasagreatand solemn assembly of people from all parts of the empire, or when theprincipallordsmettogetherbeforethekingonspecialoccasions,orwhentheyheld their taquis,[91] or drinking bouts. Then, those who knew the romances,standing before the Inca, sang, with loud voices, of the mighty deeds of hisancestors.Ifanyofhispredecessorshadbeennegligent,cowardly,orvicious,orpreferredpleasure to the labourof extending theboundsof the empire, itwasordered that such a king should receive little or nomention. If the namewaspreserved, it was merely to complete the line of succession. On other pointstherewassilenceconcerninghim,andthegoodandvaliantalonewerekept inmemory.

Thememory of thosewhowere great and goodwas so venerated that thesuccessorof suchanonesoughtno inheritance fromhim,buthesucceeded totheempirealone.Itwasthelawthattherichesandtheroyalinsigniaofonewhohad been King of Cuzco should never pass to another, and should never beforgotten.Withthisend,afigurewasmadeintheresemblanceofthedeceasedking,whichwascalledbyhisname.[92]Thesefiguresused tobeplaced in thesquare of Cuzco on festivals, and round each figure stood the women andservantsofthedeadking,withhisfoodanddrink.FortheDevilwasaccustomedtospeakoutof these figures.Andeachfigurehad itsorators,whopleased themultitude with pleasant speeches. All the treasure which the deceased lordpossessedwas left in the careofhis servants and confidential attendants,whobroughtitoutatthefestivals,withgreatceremony.Besidesthis,theservantsandattendantshadtheirchacaras,whichistheirnameforfieldswheretheycultivatemaize and other crops, andwith these thewomen and family of the deceasedlordweremaintained, although hewas dead and gone. No doubt this customexplains the fact that, in this empire, therewas such vast treasure aswe herebeheldwithoureyes.TheSpanishconquerorsheard thatwhen, indiscoveringtheprovincesof thekingdom, theyenteredCuzco, the figuresof thedeceasedkings were there. This appears to have been true, for when Manco IncaYupanqui,sonofHuaynaCapac,desiredtoassumethefringe,thesefigureswerepubliclybroughtout into thesquareofCuzco, in thesightofall theSpaniardsandIndianswhowerepresentonthatoccasion.

ItistruethattheSpaniardsgotpossessionofagreatpartofthetreasure;buttheremainderisconcealedinsuchwiseasthatfeworperhapsnoneknowwhereitis.Ofthefiguresandoftheirotherwonderfulthings,thereisnownomemoryexceptwhatispreservedintheirsongs.[93]

CHAPTERXII.Howtheyhadchroniclerstorecordtheirdeeds,andoftheQUIPOS,whattheywere,andwhatweseeof

them.

WHATIhavewrittenrespectingtheplacingoftheimagesinthesquarewasdonebyorderoftheIncas,andsomeofthemostlearnedofthepeoplewerechosentomakeknownthelivesofthoselordsinsongs,andtheeventsoftheirreigns,withtheobjectIhavealreadydescribed.Anditisalsotobenotedthatbesidesthis,itwasthecustomamongthem,andalawmuchkeptandobserved,foreachking,duringhisreigntoselectthreeorfouroldmen,knownfortheirintelligenceandability, who were instructed to retain in their memory all the events thathappenedintheprovinces,whethertheywereprosperous,orwhethertheywerethereverse,andtocomposesongstobehandeddown,sothatthehistoryofthereignmightbehadinremembranceinaftertimes.Butthesesongscouldnotberecitedormadepublic,except inthepresenceof thelord,andthosewhowerechargedwith this duty, during the reign of the king, were not allowed to sayanythingwhichreferredtohim.Butafterhisdeaththeyspoketohissuccessorintheempire,almostintheseverywords:“Oh!greatandpowerfulInca,theSun,theMoon,theearth,thehillsandthetrees,thestones,andthineancestors,maythey all preserve thee frommisfortune andmake thee prosperous, happy, andsuccessful over all that are born!Know that the eventswhich occurred in thedays of thy fathers are these.” Then, in the narration, they stood in greathumility,witheyescaston thegroundandhands lowered.Theycouldwelldothis, for there were among them somemen with very goodmemories, soundjudgments, and subtle genius, and full of reasoning power, as we can bearwitness,whohaveheardthemevenintheseourdays.

Assoonasthekingunderstoodwhatwasrelatedtohim,hecausedotheragedmen tobecalled,andcharged themwith thedutyof learning thesongswhichwere handed down from memory, and to prepare others touching the eventswhich might occur in his own reign. The expenditure and the account ofcontributions from theprovinceswere recorded in thequipus, that itmight beknownhowmuchwaspaidintheformerreign,andalsoduringthatofthenewlord.Noonewas allowed to treat of historical events, except onlyondaysofgreat rejoicing, or on days of mourning and sadness for the death of somebrother or child of the king. If the histories were recited on other occasions,thosewhodidsowereseverelypunished.

They had another method of knowing and understanding what had beenreceivedfromthecontributionsintheprovinces,whatprovisionswerestoredonthe routes that thekingwould takewithhis armyorwhenhewasvisiting theprovinces,howmuchwasineachplaceofdeposit,howmuchwasdeliveredout.AndthismethodexceededinartificethecarastesusedbytheMexicansfortheircalculations.[94] The systemof the Peruvianswas byquipus. Thesewere longropesmadeofknotted cords, and thosewhowere accountants andunderstoodthe arrangement of these knots, could, by theirmeans, give an account of theexpenditure,andofother thingsduringa longcourseofyears.On theseknotstheycountedfromonetoten,andfromtentoahundred,andfromahundredtoathousand.Ononeoftheropesaretheunits,onanotherthetens,andsoon.Eachruler of a province was provided with accountants who were calledquipucamayos,andby theseknots theykeptaccountofwhat tributewas tobepaidinthedistrict,withrespecttosilver,gold,cloth,flocks,downtofire-woodand otherminute details. By the same quipus they could report to thosewhowerecommissionedtotaketheaccountattheendofayear,oroftenortwentyyears,withsuchaccuracythatsomuchasapairofalpargatas[95]wouldnotbemissing.

Iwasincredulousrespectingthissystemofcounting,andalthoughIhearditdescribed,Iheldthegreaterpartofthestorytobefabulous.ButwhenIwasatMarcavillca,intheprovinceofXauxa,IaskedthelordGuacaraporatoexplainitinsuchawayas thatmymindmightbesatisfied,and that Imightbeassuredthatitwastrueandaccurate.Heorderedhisservantstobringthequipus,andasthislordwasanative,andamanofgoodunderstanding,heproceededtomakethe thing clear tome.He toldme to observe that all that he, for his part, haddelivered to the Spaniards from the time that the Governor Don FranciscoPizarroarrivedinthevalley,wasdulynoteddownwithoutanyfaultoromission.ThusIsawtheaccountsforthegold,thesilver,theclothes,thecorn,sheep,andotherthings;sothatintruthIwasquiteastonished.

Thereisanotherthingthatshouldbeknown,forItakeittobeverycertain.Thelongwars,cruelties,robberies,andtyrannicaltreatmentwhichthesepeoplehavesufferedfromtheSpaniardswouldhaveledtotheircompletedestruction,ifithadnotbeenfortheexcellentorderandconcertoftheirregulations.Butthey,havingbeentrainedintheintelligentsystemofaccountswhichwasestablishedbytheirwiseprinces,madeanagreementamongthemselvesthatifanarmyofSpaniardspassed throughanyof theprovinces,anddidsuchdamageaswouldbe caused by the destruction of growing crops, sacking of houses, and othermischiefofstillworsekinds,alltheaccountantsshouldmakethebestprovision

possibleinthedistrictsthroughwhichourpeoplepassed,inorderthatallmightnotbedevastated.Soitwasarranged,andassoonastheSpaniardsweregone,the chiefs assembled, the quipus were examined and checked, and if oneprovincehad lostmore thananother, thatwhichhadsuffered lessmadeup thedifference:sothattheburdenwassharedequallybyall.

To this day these accounts are kept in eachvalley, and there are always asmany accountants as there are lords, and every four months the accounts aremadeupandbalanced.Throughtheirformerorderlygovernmenttheyhavebeenabletoenduresuchgreatoppression,andifGodshouldbeservedbyallendingwiththegoodtreatmentthatthepeoplenowreceive,andwiththedecentorderand justice that has been introduced, this kingdom might again be, to someextent,what it oncewas.But I believe that such a resultwill come tardily ornever.

It is true that I have seen towns, and towns of considerable size, and afterChristian Spaniards have passed through but one single time, they are left insuchastateastoappearasifafirehadconsumedthem.Andwherethepeoplewerenotsowell trained, theydidnothelpeachother,andafterwardsperishedfrompestilenceandfamine.Foramongsomeofthemthereislittlecharity,andeachone is lordofhishouseanddoesnotwish to takeaccountofothers.Butthis systematicorder inPeruwasdue to the lordswhocommanded,andknewhowtoarrangeallthingsasweseeinthosematterswhichhavebeendescribed.AndwiththisIwillpassonwards.

CHAPTERXIII.HowtheLordsofPeruwerebelovedontheonehand,andfearedontheother,byalltheirsubjects;andhownoone,evenagreatlordofveryancientlineage,couldcomeintothepresence,exceptwithaburden,

intokenofgreatobedience.

IT should be well understood that great prudence was needed to enable thesekingstogovernsuchlargeprovinces,extendingoversovastaregion,partsofitrugged and covered with forests, parts mountainous, with snowy peaks andridges,partsconsistingofdesertsofsand,dryandwithouttreesorwater.Theseregionswereinhabitedbymanydifferentnations,withvaryinglanguages,laws,and religions, and thekingshad tomaintain tranquillity and to rule so that allshould live inpeace and in friendship towards their lord.Although the cityofCuzcowastheheadoftheempire,aswehaveremarkedinmanyplaces,yetatcertain points, as we shall also explain, the king stationed his delegates andgovernors,whowerethemostlearned,theablest,andthebravestmenthatcouldbefound,andnonewassoyouthfulthathewasnotalreadyinthelastthirdpartofhisage.Astheywerefaithfulandnonebetrayedtheirtrusts,andastheyhadthemitimaes[96] on their side, noneof thenatives, though theymightbemorepowerful,attemptedtoriseinrebellion;orifsuchathingeverdidtakeplace,thetownwhere the revolt broke outwas punished, and the ringleaderswere sentprisonerstoCuzco.

Thus thekingsweresofeared that,when they travelledover theprovinces,andpermittedapieceoftheclothtoberaisedwhichhungroundtheirlitter,soastoallowtheirvassalstobeholdthem,therewassuchanoutcrythatthebirdsfellfromtheupperairwheretheywereflying,insomuchthattheycouldbecaughtinmen’s hands.Allmen so feared the king, that they did not dare to speak evilevenofhisshadow.Andthiswasnotall.Ifanyoftheking’scaptainsorservantswentforthtovisitadistantpartoftheempireonsomebusiness,thepeoplecameout on the road with presents to receive them, not daring, even if one camealone,toomittocomplywithallhiscommands.

Sogreatwasthevenerationthatthepeoplefeltfortheirprinces,throughoutthisvastregion,thateverydistrictwasaswellregulatedandgovernedasifthelordwasactuallypresenttochastisethosewhoactedcontrarytohisrules.Thisfeararosefromtheknownvalourofthelordsandtheirstrictjustice.Itwasfelttobecertainthatthosewhodidevilwouldreceivepunishmentwithoutfail,andthatneitherprayersnorbribeswouldavertit.Atthesametime,theIncasalwaysdidgoodto thosewhowereunder theirsway,andwouldnotallowthemtobe

ill-treated, nor that toomuch tribute shouldbe exacted from them.Manywhodweltinasterilecountrywheretheyandtheirancestorshadlivedwithdifficulty,found that through the orders of the Ynca their lands were made fertile andabundant, the things being supplied which before were wanting. In otherdistricts,where therewas scarcity of clothing, owing to the people having noflocks,ordersweregiventhatclothshouldbeabundantlyprovided.Inshort, itwill be understood that as these lords knew how to enforce service and thepaymentoftribute,sotheyprovidedforthemaintenanceofthepeople,andtookcarethattheyshouldwantfornothing.Throughthesegoodworks,andbecausethelordalwaysgavewomenandrichgiftstohisprincipalvassals,hegainedsomuchontheiraffectionsthathewasmostfondlyloved.IrememberhavingseenoldIndianswithmyowneyes,whenIwasinsightofCuzco,whogazedatthecityandraisedagreatshout,followedbytearsofsorrowatthecontemplationofthe present state of things, and the thought of what was passed, when for somanyyears theyhad lords in thatcity,of theirownpeople,whoknewhow toreceive their service and friendship after another fashion than that of theSpaniards.

It was a custom and inviolable law among these lords of Cuzco, for theirgrandeurand inrecognitionof theroyaldignity, thatwhenthekingwas inhispalace,ortravelling,eitherwithhisarmyorwithoutit,noone,evenifheshouldbethegreatestandmostpowerfulamongthelordsoftheempire,couldspeaktohimorenterintohispresencewithoutfirstremovinghisshoes,whichtheycalloxotas,[97] andplacingonhis shoulders a burden,withwhich to appear in thepresenceofthelord.Inthepresence,noaccountwastakenwhetheramanwasgreat or humble; but only that he should understand the recognition he wasboundtoshowtohislord.Havingentered,heturnedhisbackinthepresenceofthelord,havingfirstmadethereverence,whichtheycallmocha;[98]andthenhesaidwhathehadtosay,orheardthecommandhewastoreceive.Thisdone,ifheremainedsomedaysatcourt,orwasapersonofimportance,hedidnotagainenterthepresencewithaload.Foritwasalwaysthosewhoarrivedfirstfromtheprovinces, by invitation or on other duty, who performed this ceremony onenteringthepresenceofthelord.

CHAPTERXIV.HowtherichespossessedbytheKingswereverygreat,andhowthesonsofthelordwereorderedalwaysto

beinattendanceatcourt.

THEgreatwealththatwehaveseeninthesepartsenablesustobelievewhatissaid of the riches possessed by the Incas. For I believe what I have alreadyaffirmed several times, that there is no other country in the world so rich inmetals.Everydaytheyarediscoveringgreatveinsbothofgoldandsilver.Theyalso collected gold in the rivers inmany parts of the provinces, and obtainedsilver from the mountains, and all was for one king. So that he must havepossessedverygreat riches. Iamnot, therefore,astonishedat these things,norevenifthewholecityofCuzcoanditstempleshadbeenbuiltofpuregold.Thatwhich brings necessity upon princes, and prevents them from accumulatingriches,iswar.WehaveaclearexampleofthisintheexpenditureoftheEmperorfromtheyearinwhichhewascrownedtothepresenttime.For,havingreceivedmore silver and gold than the Kings of Spain ever had, from the king DonRodrigotohimself,noneofthemwereinsuchnecessityasHisMajesty.Yetifhehadnowars,andhisresidencewasinSpain,intruth,whatwithhisduesandwiththetreasurefromtheIndies,allSpainwouldbeasfullofrichesasPeruwasinthetimeofitskings.

ImakethecomparisonbecauseallthetreasureoftheIncaswasexpendedinnootherthingthaninpersonalarrayandornamentsforthetemples,andfortheservice of the houses and lodgings. Inwar time the provinces supplied all themen,arms,andprovisionsthatwerenecessary;andiftheygavesomepaymentofgoldtosomeoneofthemitimaesduringwar,itwaslittlemorethanhadbeenextractedfromthemines inoneday.As thegoldandsilverwashighlyvaluedandmuch esteemed by them, they ordered it to be procured in great quantity,frommany parts of the empire, in the manner and with the order that I willexplainpresently.

Suchvastsumswerecollectedbecause thesonwasobliged to leaveall thewealth of the father with his image as a memorial, which had been amassedduringmanyyears.Forall theserviceof theking’shouse, including thevasesforhisuseandthekitchenutensils,wereofgoldandsilver.Thesetreasureswerenotcollectedinoneplace,butwerescattered,especiallyatthechiefplacesintheprovinces,wherethereweremanyworkersinsilverwhomadethesethingsfortheking’sservice.Inthepalacesandroyallodgingstherewereplatesandsheets

ofthesemetals,andtheroyalclotheswereenrichedwithsilverwork,torquoises,emeralds,andotherstonesofgreatvalue.Forthewomentheyhadstillgreaterriches to ornament their persons and for their service; and their litters wereencrustedwithgoldandsilver.Besidesthis,therewerevastquantitiesofgoldiningots,andofsilver;besidesmanytaquiras,[99]orbeads,someverysmall,andotherornamentsfortheirtaquis[100]anddrinking-bouts.Fortheirsacrificestheyalsohadgreatstoreoftreasure.Astheyalsohadthefoolishpracticeofburyingtreasure with the dead, it is incredible the quantity that was interred at theobsequiesofagreatking.Inshort,thedrumsandmusicalinstrumentsandarmsfor royalusewereof thepreciousmetals.Moreover, toadd to thegrandeuroftheircapital,alawwasmadethatneithergoldnorsilverthatonceenteredCuzcoshouldever leave itagain,onpainofdeath tobe inflictedon the transgressor.Owing to this law, thequantity that enteredbeinggreat,whilenonewent out,therewassuchstorethatifwhentheSpaniardsenteredtheyhadnotcommittedothertricks,andhadnotsosoonexecutedtheircrueltyinputtingAtahuallpatodeath,Iknownothowmanygreatshipswouldhavebeenrequiredtobringsuchtreasure toSpainas isnowlost in thebowelsof theearth,andwill remainso,becausethosewhoburieditarenowdead.

AstheseIncasrequiredsomuch,theyorderedfurtherthatsomesonsofthelordsoftheprovincesthroughouttheempireshouldresideatcourtall theyearround,thattheymightunderstandtheceremonialsandbeholdthegreatmajestyofthesovereign,andtheywereassuredthat,astheyobeyedandserved,sotheywould inherit their lordships and curaca-ships;[101] and when those of oneprovince departed, those of another arrived. Thus the court was always wellattended, forbesides these, itwasneverwithoutmanyknightsof theOrejonesandagedcouncillors,withwhom toconsult touchingwhathad tobeprovidedandordained.

CHAPTERXV.HowtheybuilttheedificesfortheLords,andtheroyalroadalongwhichtotraveloverthekingdom.

ONEofthethingswhichIadmiredmost,incontemplatingandnotingdowntheaffairs of this kingdom,was to think how and inwhatmanner they can havemadesuchgrandandadmirableroadsaswenowsee,andwhatanumberofmenwould suffice for their construction, andwithwhat tools and instruments theycanhavelevelledthemountainsandbrokenthroughtherockstomakethemsobroadandgoodastheyare.ForitseemstomethatiftheEmperorshoulddesiretogiveordersforanotherroyalroadtobemade,likethatwhichgoesfromQuitotoCuzco,or theother fromCuzco togo toChile,withallhispower Ibelievethathecouldnotget itdone;norcouldany forceofmenachieve such resultsunlesstherewasalsotheperfectorderbymeansofwhichthecommandsoftheIncaswerecarriedintoexecution.For if theroadtobemadewasfifty leagueslong,oronehundredor twohundred, and though thegroundwasof themostruggedcharacter,itwouldbedonewithdiligentcare.Buttheirroadsweremuchlonger, some of them extending for over one thousand one hundred leaguesalongsuchdizzyandfrightfulabyssesthat,lookingdown,thesightfailedone.Insomeplaces,tosecuretheregularwidth,itwasnecessarytohewapathoutofthelivingrock;allwhichwasdonewithfireandtheirpicks.Inotherplacestheascentsweresosteepandhighthatstepshadtobecutfrombelowtoenabletheascent to be made, with wider spaces at intervals for resting-places. In otherpartsthereweregreatheapsofsnow,whichweremoretobefeared,andnotatonespotonly,butoften recurring.Where thesesnowsobstructed theway,andwheretherewereforestsoftreesandlooseclodsofearth,theroadwaslevelledandpavedwithstoneswhennecessary.

Thosewho read this book, andhavebeen inPeru,will remember the roadwhichgoesfromLimatoXauxabytheruggedmountainsofHuarochiriandthesnowyheightsofPariacaca,andwillunderstandiftheyhaveheardorseenmorethan Iwrite.Besides this, theywill remember the pathwhich descends to theriverApurimac,andhowtheroadpassesalongthemountainsofPaltas,Caxas,andAyancas,andotherpartsofthiskingdomwhereitisfifteenfeetwide,alittlemoreorless;andintimeofthekingsitwaskeptclean,sothattherewasneitheraloosestonenoragrowingweedonit,foritwasalwayskeptingoodorder.Intheinhabitedparts,nearthetowns,thereweregreatpalacesandlodgingsforthesoldiers.Inthesnowywildernessesandplains,shelter-houseswerebuilt,where

travellers could take refuge from the cold and rain. Inmany places, as in theCollaoandotherparts,thereweredistance-marksliketheheapsinEuropewhichindicateboundaries,except that those inPeruare largerandbettermade.Theycalledthemtopos,[102]andthedistancebetweenthemisaCastillianleagueandahalf.

Themanner ofmaking these roads and their grandeur being understood, Iwillexplain theeasewithwhich theywereconstructedby thenatives,withoutincreasing the death-rate, or causing excessive labour. When any kingdeterminedtohaveanyofthesefamousroadsmade,muchpreparationwasnotnecessary,butitwasmerelyneedfulthatthekingshouldgivetheorder.Forthenthe overseerswent over the ground tomake a trace, and the Indians receivedinstructionstoconstructtheroadfromamongtheinhabitantswhowereoneitherside.Oneprovincecompletedthesectionwithinitslimits,andwhenitreachedtheboundaryitwaspresentlytakenupbythenext:andifitwasurgent,theyallworkedatonetime.Whentheyreachedtheuninhabitedparts,theIndiansofthenearest inhabiteddistrictsbroughtprovisionsand tools, insuchwise that,withmuchrejoicingandlittlefatigue,itwasfinished.Fortherewasnoapprehension,andtheYncasortheirservantsinterferedinnothing.

Theyalsomadegreatpavedcausewaysofexcellentconstruction,suchasthatwhichpassesbythevalleyofXaquixaguana,leadingfromthecityofCuzcotoMuhina.Thereweremanyoftheseroyalroads,bothinthemountainsandalongthecoast.Amongthemalltherearefourwhichareconsideredmostimportant.Theyare thosestartingfromthecentralsquareof thecityofCuzco,asfromacross-road,totheprovincesofthekingdom,asIhavementionedintheFirstPartofthisChronicle,whereItreatofthefoundingofCuzco.[103]Thelordsweresorespected,thatwhentheytravelledontheseroads,theattendantguardswentbyone,and restof the retinuebyanother.Theirgrandeurwassoconsidered that,onebeingdead,theson,onoccasionofalongjourney,causedaroadtobemadeforhimself,largerandwiderthanthatofhispredecessor.Thiswaswhensuchakingsetoutonsomeconquest,ortoachievesomethingworthyofmemory,thatitmightbesaidthattheroadpreparedforhimwaslargerthananymadebefore.This is clearly the case, for I have seen three or four roads nearVilcas, and Ievenlostmywayonone,believingthatIwasontheonewhichisnowinuse.Theseroadsarecalled,onetheroadoftheYncaYupanqui,anotherthatofTupacYnca; and that which is now used, and always will be hereafter, is that ofHuaynaCcapac,reachingtotheriverAncasmayuinthenorth,andtothesouthfarbeyondwhatwenowcallChile; so long, indeed, that fromoneend to theotherthedistanceisoveronethousandtwohundredleagues.

CHAPTERXVI.HowandinwhatmannertheymadetheroyalhuntsfortheLordsofPeru.

IN the First Part[104] I related how, in this kingdom of Peru, therewas a verygreatquantityofflocks,bothwildandtame,ofurcos[105]sheep,pacos,vicuñas,and llamas, and excellent pastures in all parts, so that they could be wellmaintained.Althoughtheyweresonumerous,itwasforbiddenbythekings,onpain of severe punishment, to kill females, and if the rule was broken,punishmentfollowed,sothattheywerenevereaten.Theymultipliedsothatthenumberwhen theSpaniards arrived in the country is incredible.The principalreason for this order was to ensure the growth of sufficient wool to makeclothing;forinmanyparts,iftheflockswerewanting,Icertainlydonotknowhowthepeoplecouldpreservethemselvesagainstthecold,iftheyhadnotanywool wherewith to make clothes. But by this arrangement there were manystore-housesinallparts,wheretheykepttheclothing,aswellforthesoldiersasfor the rest of the people, and most of this cloth was made of the wool ofguanacosandvicuñas.

When the lord desired to enjoy a royal hunt, it is noteworthy how manyanimals were taken and killed; as many as thirty thousand head. Tents werepitchedinapositionselectedbythelord,onsuchoccasionsashewaspleasedtoamuse himself with the chase. For, on the high parts of the mountains, inwhateverplacewaschosen,thereweresuretobeflocksinsuchquantitiesaswehave stated. Having assembled fifty thousand or sixty thousand people, theysurrounded the plains and broken ground in such sort that they graduallyapproachedeachother,atthesametimedescendingfromthesteeperheightstothemore level plains, andmaking the country resoundwith the noise of theirvoices. Gradually they approached each other, until they formed a ring withhandsjoined,andintheenclosedspaceboundedbytheirbodiestheflocksweredetainedandsecured.Thelordwassoplacedastowitnesstheslaughter.Thencertain Indiansentered theenclosurearmedwithayllos,[106]whichareused tosecure the legs, and otherswith sticks and clubs, and began to seize and kill.Amongthegreatquantityofcapturedanimalsthereweremanyguanacos,whichareratherlargerthansmalldonkeys,withlongneckslikecamels.Theytriedtoescapebyspittingintothefacesofthemenandrushingaboutwithgreatleaps.TheysaythatitwasamarvellousthingtohearthenoisemadebytheIndiansincatching them, and to see the efforts made by the animals to escape in all

directions. If thekingwished tokillanyof thechasewithoutentering into thetumult,itwasarrangedinanywayhepleased.

Manydayswerepassedinthesehunts,andamultitudeofanimalswaskilled.Thentheoverseersorderedthewooltobetakentothestore-houses,andtothetemplesoftheSun,wherethemamaconaswereexpertinmakingveryfineclothforthelords,thefinenessbeingsuchthatitappearedtobeofsilk,andofvariouscolors. The flesh of the slaughtered animals was eaten by those who werepresentwiththeking,andsomeofitwasdriedinthesun,[107]tobekeptinthestorehouses,asprovisionsforsoldierson themarch.All theseanimals, itmustbeunderstood,wereinwildflocksandnotdomesticated.Theyalsotookmanydeerandbiscachas,[108]aswellasfoxes,andsomebearsandsmalllions.

CHAPTERXVII.WhichtreatsoftheordermaintainedbytheIncas,andhowinmanyplacestheymadethewasteplaces

fertile,bythearrangementstheymadeforthatpurpose.

ONEofthethingsforwhichonefeelsenviousoftheselordsistheirknowledgeofthewaytoconquerthewildlandsandtobringthem,bygoodmanagement,into the condition in which they were found by the Spaniards when theydiscoveredthisnewkingdom.Ioftenremember,wheninsomewildandbarrenprovinceoutside thesekingdoms,hearing theSpaniards themselves say, “I amcertainthatiftheIncashadbeenherethestateofthingswouldbedifferent.”Sothat the advantage they were to us was well known. For under their rule thepeoplelivedandmultiplied,andbarrenlandsweremadefertileandabundant,insuchmannerandbysuchadmirablemeansasIwilldescribe.

Theyalwaysarrangedmatters,inthecommencementoftheirnegotiations,sothatthingsshouldbepleasantlyandnotharshlyordered.Afterwards,someIncasinflicted severe punishments inmany parts; but formerly, it is asserted on allsides,thattheyinducedpeopletosubmitbygreatbenevolenceandfriendliness.They marched from Cuzco with their army and warlike materials, until theywere near the region they intended to conquer. Then they collected verycomplete information touching the power of the enemy, andwhence helpwaslikely to reach them, and bywhat road.This being known, themost effectivesteps were taken to prevent the succour from arriving, either by large bribesgiventotheallies,orbyforcibleresistance.Atthesametimefortswereorderedtobeconstructedonheightsorridges,consistingofcircleswithhighwalls,oneinside the other and each with a door. Thus if the outer one was lost, thedefenderscouldretire into thenext,andthenext,until refugewastakenin thehighest.Theysentchosenmentoexaminetheland,toseetheroads,andlearnbywhatmeans theywere defended, as well as the places whence the enemyreceived supplies. When the road that should be taken and the necessarymeasuresweredecidedupon, theIncasentspecialmessengers to theenemytosaythathedesiredtohavethemasalliesandrelations,sothat,withjoyfulheartsandwillingmindstheyoughttocomeforthtoreceivehimintheirprovince,andgivehimobedienceasintheotherprovinces;andthattheymightdothisoftheirownaccordhesentpresentstothenativechiefs.

Bythiswisepolicyheenteredintothepossessionofmanylandswithoutwar.Inthatcase,hegaveorderstohissoldiersthattheyshoulddonoharmorinjury,

nor commit any robbery or act of violence; and if there were not sufficientprovisionsintheprovince,heorderedthatitshouldbesentfromotherparts.Forhedesiredthathisswayshouldnotappearheavytothosewhohadnewlycomeunderit,soastoknowandhatehimatthesametime.Ifanynewlyconqueredprovincehadnoflocks,heorderedthatsomanythousandheadsshouldbesentthere, to bewell looked after, so as tomultiply and supplywool to clothe thepeople;andnoneweretobekilledforeatinguntilthelapseofacertainnumberofyears.If,ontheotherhand,theyhadflocks,butneededsomeotherthing,asimilar coursewaspursued to supply thewant. If thepeople lived in cavesorthickets, theywere led,bykindwords, tobuildhousesand townson themorelevelpartsofthemountains;andwhentheywereignorantasregardsthetillingoftheirland,theywereinstructed,andthemethodofmakingchannelstoirrigatetheirfieldswastaughttothem.

In all things the systemwas so well regulated that when one of the Incasenteredintoanewprovincebyfriendlyagreement,inaveryshorttimeitlookedlikeanotherplace, thenativesyieldingobedienceandconsentingthat theroyalgovernors andmitimaes[109] should remain with them. In many others, whichwereconqueredbyforceofarms,theorderwasthatlittleharmshouldbedonetothepropertyandhousesofthevanquished;forthelordsaid,“Thesewillsoonbeourpeople,asmuchastheothers.”Forthisreasonthewarwasmadewithaslittle injury as possible, although great battles were often fought, where theinhabitantsdesiredtoretaintheirancientlibertyandtheirreligionandcustoms,and not to adopt new ways. But during such wars the Incas always had themastery, andwhen the enemieswere vanquished, theywere not destroyed; onthecontrary,ordersweregiventoreleasethecaptivesandrestorethespoils,andallow them to retain their estates.For the Incadesired to show them that theyshould not be so mad as to revolt against his royal person and reject hisfriendship;rathertheyshouldwishtobehisfriends,aswerethoseintheotherprovinces.Insayingthistothem,hegavethembeautifulwomen,piecesofrichcloth,andsomegold.

Withthesegiftsandkindwords,hesecuredthegoodwillofall,insuchsortthat those who had fled into the wildernesses returned, without fear, to theirhouses, and all cast aside their weapons; while those who saw the Incamostfrequently,lookeduponthemselvesasmostfortunate.

Allwere ordered toworship the Sun as their god. Their own customs andreligioususageswerenotprohibited,but theywereenjoined toconformto thelawsandcustomsthatwereinforceatCuzco,andallwererequiredtousethegenerallanguageoftheempire.

Having established a governor, with garrisons of soldiers, the army thenadvanced,and if thenewprovinceswere large, itwaspresentlyordered thatatempleoftheSunshouldbebuilt,andwomencollectedforitsservice,andthatapalaceshouldbeerectedforthelord.Tributewascollected,carebeingtakenthattoomuchwasnotexacted,andthatnoinjusticewasdoneinanything;butthatthenewsubjectsweremadeacquaintedwiththeimperialpolicy,withtheartofbuilding, of clothing themselves, and of living together in towns.And if theyneededanything,carewastakentosupplyit,andtoteachthemhowtosowandtocultivatetheirlands.Sothoroughlywasthispolicycarriedintoeffect,thatweknowofmanyplaceswheretherewerenoflocksoriginally,butwheretherehasbeen abundance since they were subjugated by the Incas; and others whereformerly therewas nomaize, but where now they have large crops. Inmanyprovincestheywentaboutlikesavages,badlyclothed,andbarefooted,untiltheycameundertheswayoftheIncas;andfromthattimetheyhavewornshirtsandmantles, both men and women, so that they always hold the change in theirmemories. In theCollao,and inotherparts, the lordgaveorders thatmitimaesshouldgotothemountainsoftheAndes[110]tosowmaizeandcoca,fruitsandedibleroots,foreachtownthequantitythatwasrequired.Thesecolonists,withtheirwives,alwayslivedintheplaceswherethecropsweresownandharvested,andtheproducewasbroughtfromthoseparts,sothatthewantofitwasneverfelt.And no town, however small,waswithout thesemitimaes in the valleys.Furtheronweshalltreatofthelotofthesemitimaes,andwhattheydid,aswellashowtheyfared.

CHAPTERXVIII.WhichtreatsoftheordertheyadoptedinthepaymentsoftributebytheprovincestotheKings,andofthe

systembywhichthetributewasregulated.

AS in the last chapter I wrote of the method adopted by the Incas in theirconquests, itwill bewell in thisone to relatehow they levied tribute fromsomanynations.Itisathingverywellunderstoodthattherewasnovillage,eitherinthemountainsorinthevalleysofthecoast,whichdidnotpaysuchtributeaswasimposedbythosewhowereincharge.Itissaidthatwhen,inoneprovince,thepeople represented that theyhadnothingwherewith to pay the tribute, thekingorderedthateachinhabitantshouldbeobliged,everyfourmonths,togivearatherlargecanefulloflivelice,whichwasasignofthecaretakenbytheIncatomakeeverysubjectcontributesomething.Thusweknowthattheypaidtheirtributeofliceuntilsuchtimeas,havingbeensuppliedwithflocks,theyhadbeenindustriousenoughtomultiplythem,andtomakeclothwherewithtopaymoresuitabletributeinthetimetocome.

The systemwhich theOrejones ofCuzco and the other native lords of theland say that the Incas adopted in imposing tribute was as follows: He whoreignedinCuzco,sentsomeofhisprincipalofficerstovisittheempire,onebyeachofthefourroyalroadsofwhichIhavealreadywritten.[111]OnewascalledChincha Suyo, which included all the provinces as far as Quito, with all thevalleys of Chincha towards the north. The second was Conde Suyo, whichincludes theprovinceson the seacoast, andmany in themountains.The thirdwascalledCollaSuyo, includingall theprovinces to thesouthasfarasChile.ThelastroadledtoAndeSuyo,whichincludedthelandscoveredwithforestsatthefootofmountainsoftheAndes.[112]

SoitwasthatwhenthelorddesiredtoknowwhattributewouldbeduefromalltheprovincesbetweenCuzcoandChile,alongaroadofsuchgreatlength,asIhaveoftenexplained,heordered faithfulpersonswhomhecould trust, togofromvillagetovillage,examiningtheconditionofthepeopleandtheircapacityforpayment.Theyalsotooknoteoftheproductivenessoftheland,thequantityof flocks, the yield of metals, and of other things which they required andvalued.Havingperformedthisservicewithgreatdiligencetheyreturnedtothelordtosubmittheirreports.Hethenorderedageneralassemblyoftheprincipalpersonsofthekingdomtomeet.Thelordsoftheprovinceswhichhadtopaythetributebeingpresent, he addressed them lovingly, saying that as they received

him as their sole lord and monarch of so many and such vast districts, theyshouldtakeitingoodpart,withoutfeelingitburdensome,togivethetributethatwasduetotheroyalperson,whowouldtakecarethatitwasmoderate,andsolightthattheycouldeasilypayit.Havingbeenansweredinconformitywithhiswishes, thelordsofprovincesreturnedtotheirhomes,accompaniedbycertainOrejoneswho fixed the tribute. Insomeparts itwashigher than ispaid to theSpaniardsatpresent.But,seeingthatthesystemoftheIncaswassoperfect,thepeopledidnotfeeltheburden,ratherincreasingandmultiplyinginnumbersandwell being. On the other hand, the disorder introduced by the Spaniards, andtheir extreme covetousness, have caused the prosperity of the country todecrease insuchsort thatagreatpartof thepopulationhasdisappeared.Theirgreed and avaricewill destroy the remainder, unless themercyofGod shouldgrant a remedy by causing thewars to cease.Thosewars have certainly beenpermittedasajustscourge.Thecountrycanonlybesavedbythetaxationbeingfixedbymoderaterules,sothattheIndiansmayenjoylibertyandbemastersoftheir own persons and estates, without other duty than the payment by eachvillageofwhathasbeenfixedbyrule.Ishall treatof thissubjecta littlemorefullyfurtheron.

When the officers sent by the Incas made their inspection, they entered aprovince and ascertained, by means of the quipus, the number of men andwomen, of old and young. Then they took account of themines of gold andsilver,and,withsomanythousandIndiansatwork,thequantitythatshouldbeextractedwasfixed.Anorderwasgiventhatsuchquantityshouldbedeliveredtotheoverseers.Asthosewhowereemployedtoworkattheextractionofsilvercouldnotattendtothecultivationoftheirfields,theIncaimposedthedutyupontheneighbouringprovincetofindlabourforthesowingandreapingofthecropsof theminers. If theminingprovincewas large, its own inhabitantswere ablebothtocarryontheminingworksandtocultivatetheground.Incaseoneoftheminersfellill,itwasarrangedthatheshouldreturntohishome,andthatanothershouldtakehisplace.Noonewasemployedinthemineswhowasnotmarried,because the wives had to supply their food and liquor; besides which,arrangements were made to send sufficient provisions to the mines. In thismanner, although men might be at the mines all their lives, they were notoverworked.Besides,therewasprovisiontorestforcertaindaysineachmonth,fortheirfestivalsandforpleasure.ButinfactthesameIndiansdidnotalwaysremainatthemines;fortherewereperiodicalreliefs.

The Incas so arranged the mining industry, that they extracted greatabundanceofgoldandsilver throughout theempire,andtheremusthavebeen

yearswhenmore than fifty thousandarrobas of silver and fifteen thousandofgoldwere produced. Itwas always used for the royal service. Themetalwasbroughttotheprincipalplaceoftheprovince,andinthemannerthatthemineswereworkedinonedistrictinthesamewayweretheyorderedinalltheothersthroughout the empire. If there were provinces where no metal could beextractedasatribute,thepeoplepaidtaxesinsmallerthings,andinwomenandboys,whoweretakenfromthevillageswithoutcausinganydiscontent.Forifamanhadanonlychilditwasnottaken,butifhehadthreeorfourchildren,onewasrequiredinpaymentofhisdues.

Other provincesmade their contributions in the formof somany thousandloads ofmaize, at each harvest.Others provided, on the same scale, a certainnumberofloadsofdriedchuñus,[113]inthesamewayasthemaize,andothersagain paid in quinua,[114] or other products. In other provinces the tributeconsisted of so many cloth mantles, and in others of shirts, according to thenumber of inhabitants. Another form of tribute was the supply of so manythousand loads of lances, another of slings and ayllos, and all other kinds ofweapons that they used. Other provinces were required to send so manythousandlabourers toCuzco, tobeemployedon thepublicedificesof thecityand of the kings, with supplies of their needful provisions. Other provincescontributed cables tomove the great stones,while others paid tribute in coca.ThesystemwassoarrangedthatalltheprovincesofPerupaidsomethingtotheIncasintribute,fromthesmallesttothemostimportant.Suchperfectregularitywasmaintainedthatwhilethepeopledidnotfailtoprovidewhatwasrequired,thosewhomadethecollectionsnevertookevenagrainofmaizetoomuch.Allthe provision andwarlike stores thatwere contributed,were served out to thesoldiers,or supplied to thegarrisonswhichwere formed indifferentparts, forthedefenceoftheempire.

Whentherewasnowar,alargeproportionwaseatenandusedbythepoor;forwhenthekingswereatCuzcotheywereservedbytheanaconas,[115]whichis thename for perpetual servantswho sufficed to till the royal fields, anddoservice in the palaces. Besideswhich, therewas always brought for the royaltable,fromtheprovinces,manylambsandbirds,fish,maize,coca,edibleroots,andallkindsoffruits.

Suchorderwasmaintained in the tributepaidby the Indians that the Incasbecamevery powerful, and never entered upon anywarwhich did not extendtheirdominions.

Tounderstandhow,andinwhatmanner,thetributeswerepaid,andtheothertaxeswerecollected,itmustbeknownthatineachhuata,[116]whichisthename

forayear,certainOrejonesweresentasjudges,butonlywithpowerstoinspecttheprovinces,andgivenoticetotheinhabitantsthatifanyfeltaggrievedhewasto state his complaints, in order that the officerwho had done him the injurymight be punished. Having received the complaints, and also ascertainedwhether any tribute had not been paid, the judges returned to Cuzco;whenceothers set out with power to inflict punishment on those who were in fault.Besides this, itwas the rule that, from time to time, the principalmen of theprovinces should be permitted to appear before the lord, and report upon thecondition of the provinces, on their needs, and on the incidence of taxation.Theirrepresentationsthenreceivedattention,theLordsIncasbeingcertainthattheydidnotlie,butspokethetruth;foranydeceitwasseverelypunished,andinthat case the tribute was increased. The women contributed by the provinceswere divided between the service of the kings, and that of the temples of theSun.

CHAPTERXIX.HowtheKingsofCuzcoorderedthateveryyearanaccountshouldbetakenofallpersonswhodiedandwerebornthroughouttheirdominions,alsohowallmenworked,andhownonecouldbepoorbyreasonof

thestorehouses.

THE Orejones who gave me information at Cuzco concurred in saying thatformerly, in the timeof theKings Incas, orderswere given throughout all thetownsandprovincesofPeru,thattheprincipallordsandtheirlieutenantsshouldtakenote,eachyear,ofthemenandwomenwhohaddied,andalsoofthebirths.Foraswellfor theassessmentof tribute,asforcalculatingthenumberofmenthatcouldbecalledupontoserveassoldiers,andforthedefenceofthevillages,such informationwasneeded.Thiswaseasilydone,becauseeachprovince,atthe end of the year, was ordered to set down in the quipus, bymeans of theknots,all themenwhohaddied in itduring theyear,aswellasallwhowereborn. In the beginningof the followingyear, thequipuswere taken toCuzco,where an account was made of the births and deaths throughout the empire.Thesereturnswerepreparedwithgreatcareandaccuracy,andwithoutanyfraudor deceit.When the returns hadbeenmadeup, the lord andhis officers knewwhatpeoplewerepoor, thenumberofwidows,whether theywereable topaytribute,howmanymencouldbetakenforsoldiers,andmanyotherfactswhichwereconsidered,amongthesepeople,tobeofgreatimportance.

Asthisempirewasofsuchvastextent,afactwhichIhavefrequentlypointedout in many parts of this work, and as in each province there were a greatnumberofstorehousesforprovisionsandothernecessariesforacampaign,andfortheequipmentofsoldiers,iftherewasawarthesegreatresourceswereusedwhere the camps were formed, without touching the supplies of allies, ordrawingupon thestoresofdifferentvillages. If therewasnowar,all thegreatstore of provisions was divided amongst the poor and the widows. The poorconsisted of thosewhowere too old towork, orwhoweremaimed, lame, orinfirm; but thosewhowerewell and able towork received nothing.Then thestorehouses were again filled from the obligatory tributes; and if, by chance,therecameayearofgreatsterility,thestorehouseswere,inlikemanner,orderedto be opened, and the necessary provisions were given out to the sufferingprovinces.Butassoonasayearofplentycame,thedeficienciessocausedweremade up. Although the tributes given to the Incas did not serve for otherpurposes than the above, yet theywerewell expended, and the kingdomwaswellsuppliedandcaredfor.

Itwasnotpermittedthatanyshouldbeidle,orshouldprofitbythelabourofothers, all being commanded towork. Each lord, on certain days,went to hisfarm,tooktheploughinhishandandmadeafurrow,besidesworkingatotherthings.EventheIncasthemselvesdidso,togiveagoodexampletoothers;fortheyintendedittobeunderstoodthattheremustnotbeanyonesorichthat,onaccountofhisriches,hecouldaffrontthepoor:andbythissystem,therewasnooneinthewholeland,beingingoodhealth,whodidnotwork.Theinfirmwerefedandclothed from the storehouses.No richmanwasallowed towearmoreornamentsthanthepoor,nortomakeanydifferenceinhisdress,exceptthelordsandtheCuracas.These,aswellastheOrejones,tomaintaintheirdignity,couldusegreat freedomin this respect,and theyweremademuchof,amongall thenations.

CHAPTERXX.HowGovernorswereappointedtotheprovinces,andofthemannerinwhichtheKingsvisitedtheir

dominions,andhowtheybore,fortheirarms,certainwavingserpentswithsticks.

IT is well known that the lords of this kingdom had their lieutenants orrepresentativesintheprincipalplaces,inthetimeoftheirsovereignpower;suchas Vilcas,[117] Xauxa,[118] Bombon,[119] Caxamalca,[120] Guancabamba,[121]Tomebamba,[122]Latacunga,[123]Quito,Coranqui,[124] andon theother sideofCuzco towards the south, in Hatuncana, Hatuncolla,[125] Ayavire,[126]Chuquiabo,[127]Chucuito,[128]Paria,[129]andothersasfarasChile.

Intheseplacestherewerelargerhousesandmoreresourcesthaninmanyoftheother townsof thisgreat empire, so that theywere thecentralpositionsorcapitals of the provinces; for the tribute was brought into these centres fromcertain distant places at so many leagues distance to one, and at somany toanother.Therulesweresoclearthateveryvillageknewtowhichcentreithadtosenditstribute.InallthesecapitalsthekingshadtemplesoftheSun,andhouseswithgreatstoreofplate,withpeoplewhoseonlydutyitwastoworkatmakingrichpiecesofgoldandgreatvasesofsilver.Therewerealsomanysoldiersasagarrison,andalsoaprincipalagentorlieutenantwhowasoverall,andtowhomanaccounthadtoberenderedofallthatcamein,whilehewasexpectedtokeeptheaccountofallexpenditure.Thesegovernorswerenotallowedtointerfereintheadministrationofanyneighbouringprovince;butwithinhisownjurisdiction,if there was any disturbance or uproar, he had the power of inflictingpunishment,muchmoreif therewasanytreasonablemovementorrebellionofone denying allegiance to the king. For it is certain that full powers wereentrustedtothesegovernors.[130]

If the Incas did not make these appointments and establish colonists, thenativeswouldoftenriseandassumetheroyalpowerforoneofthemselves.Butwithsomanysoldiers,andsuchresources,itwasnoteasytosetanytreasonorinsurrectiononfoot.ForthegovernorshadthefullconfidenceoftheirsovereignandallwereOrejones,generallywithchacarasorestatesintheCuzcodistrict,withtheirhousesandfamilies.Ifoneprovedtobeincompetentasarulerwithanimportantcharge,anotherwaspresentlyappointedinhisplace.

If the governors, at certain times, came toCuzco on private business or toconsultwith the king, they left lieutenants in their place, notmen selected byfavour,but thosewhoknewtheirdutiesandwouldperformthemwithgreatest

fidelity,andwithmostcarefortheserviceoftheIncas.Ifoneofthegovernorsor lieutenantsdiedathispost, thenativesquicklysentareportof thecauseofthedeath,withproofs,tothelord;andeventhebodiesofthedeadweresentbythepostroadwhenitwasconsidereddesirable.

Thetributewhichwaspaidtothecentralstationbythenatives,aswellgoldandsilverasweapons,clothesandallotherthings,wasdeliveredtothecamayoswhohad charge of thequipos, that an accountmight be taken. These officerskepttherecordswithreferencetotheissueofstorestothearmies,ortoothers,respecting whom they might receive orders, or to be sent to Cuzco. WhenoverseerscamefromthecityofCuzcotoexaminetheaccounts,ortheofficerswent there to submit their quipus for inspection, it was necessary that thereshouldbenomistake,butthattheaccountsshouldbebalanced.Andfewyearswereallowedtopasswithouttheseexaminationsoftheaccountsbeingmade.

Thesegovernorshadfullauthoritytoassemblesoldiersandorganizeanarmyif any disturbance or rising should make it necessary to meet a suddenemergency, either to put down an insurrection or to oppose an invasion. Thegovernorswerehonouredandfavoredbythelords,andmanyofthemcontinuedinperpetualcommandintheprovinceswhentheSpaniardscame.Iknowsomeofthemwhoarenowinoffice,andthesonsofotherswhohaveinheritedtheirposts.

When the Incasvisited theprovincesof theirempire in timeofpeace, theytravelledingreatmajesty,seatedinrichlittersfittedwithloosepolesofexcellentwood, longandenrichedwithgoldand silverwork.Over the litter thereweretwohigharchesofgoldsetwithpreciousstones,andlongmantlesfellroundallsidesof the littersoas tocover itcompletely.If the inmatedidnotwishtobeseen,themantlesremaineddown,buttheywereraisedwhenhegotinorcameout.Inorderthathemightseetheroad,andhavefreshair,holesweremadeinthe curtains. Over all parts of these mantles or curtains there was richornamentation.On some were embroidered the sun and the moon, on othersgreat curving serpents, and what appeared to be sticks passing across them.Thesewereborneasinsigniaorarms.Thelitterswereraisedontheshouldersofthegreatestandmostimportantlordsofthekingdom,andhewhowasemployedmost frequently on this duty, was held to be most honoured and in highestfavour.

Round the littermarched theking’sguardwith thearchersandhalberdiers,and in frontwent five thousand slingers,while in rear therewere lancerswiththeir captains. On the flanks of the road, and on the road itself, there werefaithfulrunnerswhokeptalookoutandannouncedtheapproachofthelord.So

manypeoplecameouttoseehimpass,thatthehillsideswerecovered,andtheyall blessed their sovereign, raising a great cry and shouting their accustomedsaying,whichwas:—“Ancha hatun apu intip churi, canqui zapalla, apu tucuypachaccampauyaysullull.”[131]Thismeans,“Verygreatandpowerfullord,sonoftheSun,thouonlyartlord,alltheworldhearstheeintruth.”Besidesthistheysaid other things in a loud voice, insomuch that they went little short ofworshippingtheirkingasagod.

Along thewhole road Indianswent in front, cleaning it in such away thatneitherweednorloosestonecouldbeseen,butallwasmadesmoothandclean.TheIncatravelledasfarashechoseeachday,butgenerallyaboutfourleagues.He stopped at certain places where he could examine into the state of thecountry; hearing cheerfully those who camewith complaints, punishing thosewhohadbeenunjust, anddoing justice to thosewhohadsuffered.Thosewhocamewithhim,didnotdemandanything,neitherdidtheygoasinglepaceoffthe road. The natives supplied what was necessary, besides which there wasmore than enough of all provisions in the storehouses, so that nothing waswanting. By the way, many men and women and lads came to do personalserviceifitwasneeded.Thelordswerethuscarriedfromonevillagetoanother,where theywere takenupby thoseof thenextvillage,andas itwasonlyoneday,oratmosttwo,theydidnotfeelthisservicetobeanyhardship.Travellinginthisway,thelordwentoverhisdominionsforaslongatimeaspleasedhim,seeingwhatwasgoingonwithhisowneyes,andgivingnecessaryinstructionsongreatandimportantmatters.HethenreturnedtoCuzco,theprincipalcityofthewholeempire.

CHAPTERXXI.HowthePostsoftheKingdomwerearranged.

THEempireofPeruissovast,thattheIncasorderedaroadtobemade,asIhavealreadystatedonmanyoccasions,fromChiletoCuzco,andevenfromtheriverofMaule[132]asfarastheriverAngasmayu.[133]Ifthekingwasatoneoftheseextremepoints,hecouldbeinformedofwhathadtakenplaceat theother;butforonemantomakesuchajourney,evenbyverylongmarches,itwouldtakeaconsiderabletime.Attheendofajourney,ofa1,000leagues,theremightbenotime left to take theneedfulmeasures,and to remedyanywrongstep thathadbeenmade.TheIncastherefore,withaviewtotheefficientgovernmentoftheempire,inventedasystemofposts,whichwasthebestthatcouldbethoughtofor imagined.Thesystemisentirelydue to theIncaYupanqui,whowassonofViracochaInca,andfatherofTupacYnca,accordingtotheaccountsgiveninthesongsof thepeople,and in thestatementsof theOrejones.TheIncaYupanquinotonlyinventedthesystemoftheposts,buthedidothergreatthings,asIshallpresentlyrelate.

Fromthe timeofhis reign, throughoutall the royal roads, therewerebuilt,fromhalf-league tohalf-league, a littlemoreor less, smallhouseswell roofedwithwoodandstraw;andamong themountains theywereconstructedagainsttherocks.Thustheroadswerelinedwiththesesmallhousesatregularintervals.Theorderwas that ineachhouse thereshouldbe twoIndianswithprovisions,stationedtherebytheneighbouringvillages.[134]Theywerenotpermanentlyleftthere, but were relieved by others from time to time; and the system ofgovernment was so efficient that it was only necessary to give the order, toensure that thesemen should always be at their stations so long as the Incasreigned.

Eachprovincetookchargeofthepostswithinitsboundaries,includingthosewhichwereonthecoastdesertsorintheregionofsnowyheights.WhenitwasnecessarytogivenoticetothekingsinCuzco,orinanyotherpart,ofanyeventthathadtakenplace,orwhichwasconnectedwiththeirservice,themenattheposts set out fromQuito or Tomebamba, or fromChile or Caranqui, or fromwhateverotherpartoftheempire,whetheralongthecoastorinthemountains,andtheyranwithgreatspeed,withoutstopping,eachoneoverhishalfleague.FortheIndianswhowerestationedattheposthouses,werechosenfromamongthemostactiveandswiftestofalltheircountrymen.Whenoneapproachedthe

next post house, he began to call out to themenwhowere in it, and to say:—“Startatonce,andgotothenextpostwithnewsthatsoandsohashappened,whichsuchaGovernorwishestoannouncetotheInca.”Whentheotherrunnerheard what was shouted to him, he started with the utmost speed, while therunnerwhoarrivedwentintothehousetorest,andtoeatanddrinkofwhatwasalwayskept instore there;while theotherdid, in likemanner,at thenextposthouse.

So well was this running performed, that in a short time they knew, at adistance of 300 leagues, 500, and even 800, what had passed, or what wasneededor required.With such secrecy did the runners keep themessages thatwere entrusted to them, that neither entreaty nor menace could ever extort arelation of what they had thus heard, although the news had already passedonwards.Theroadspassoverruggedmountains,oversnowcoveredridges,overstonywildernesses,andforestsfullofthornythickets,insuchsortthatitmaybetakenasquitecertainthatthenewscouldnothavebeenconveyedwithgreaterspeedonswifthorsesoronmules,thanbythesefootposts.Forthemenonfoothave no impediments, and one of themcan domore in a day than amountedmessengercoulddointhree.IdonotmeanonesingleIndian,butonerunningforonehalfleague,andanotherforthenext,accordingtotheestablishedorder.Anditmustbeunderstoodthatneitherstormsnoranythingelsepreventthedueservice of the posts in the wildest parts, and as soon as one started anotherarrivedtowaitinhisplace.

Inthiswaythelordswerekeptinformedofallthathappenedineverypartofthe empire, and they arranged all that was needful for the ordering of thegovernment, in thesameway. Innootherpartof theworlddowereadofanysuchinvention;althoughIamawarethatwhenXerxestheGreatwasdefeated,thenewswasconveyedbymenonfoot,inashorttime.CertainlythissystemofpostswasveryimportantinPeru,andbyitwemaywellseehowgoodwasthegovernmentoftheselords.Atthepresentdaysomeofthesepost-housesmaybeseen near the royal roads, in many parts of the mountains, and they beartestimonytothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.Ihavealsoseensomeofthetopos,which as I have already explained, are like heaps for landmarks, except thatthesearelargerandbettermade,andwereusedforcountingthedistance,eachintervalbetweenthembeingoneandahalfleaguesofCastille.

CHAPTERXXII.HowtheMitimaeswereestablished,andofthedifferentkindsofthem,andhowtheywerehighlyesteemed

bytheIncas.

IN thischapter Iwish todescribe thatwhichappertains to those Indianscalledmitimaes, formany things are related concerning them inPeru, and theywerehonouredandprivilegedbytheIncas,beingnextinranktotheOrejones,whileintheHistorywhichtheyentitleOftheIndies,itiswrittenbytheauthor,[135]thatthey were slaves of Huayna Capac. Into this error all those writers fall whodependupontherelationsofothers,withouthavingsuchknowledgeofthelandconcerningwhichtheywrite,astobeabletoaffirmthetruth.

Inmost, ifnot in allpartsof theprovincesofPeru therewereand still arethesemitimaes, andwe understand that therewere three classes of them. Thesystem conduced greatly to the maintenance, welfare, and peopling of theempire.Inconsideringhowandinwhatmannerthesemitimaeswerestationed,andthenatureoftheirservices,myreaderswillappreciatethewayinwhichtheIncas understood how best to order and regulate the government of so manyregionsandprovinces.Mitimaesisthenameofthosewhoaretransportedfromonelandtoanother.

The first kind ofmitimaes, as instituted by the Incas, were those who weremoved toother countries, after anewprovincehadbeen conquered.Acertainnumberoftheconqueredpeoplewereorderedtopeopleanotherlandofthesameclimateandconditionsastheiroriginalcountry.Ifitwascold,theyweresenttoacoldregion,ifwarm,toawarmone,wheretheyweregivenlandsandhousessuchasthosetheyhadleft.Thiswasdonethatordermightbesecured,andthatthe natives might quickly understand how they must serve and behavethemselves, and learn all that the older vassals understood concerning theirduties,tobepeacefulandquiet,nothastytotakeuparms.Atthesametime,anequal number of settlers was taken from a part which had been peaceful andcivilizedforalongtime,andsentintothenewlyconqueredprovince,andamongthe recently subjugated people. There they were expected to instruct theirneighbours in thewaysofpeaceandcivilization; and in thisway,bothby theemigrationofsomeandthearrivalofothers,allwasmadesecureundertheroyalgovernorsandlieutenants.

TheIncasknewhowmuchallpeoplefeeltheremovalfromtheircountryandtheirhomeassociations,andinorderthattheymighttakesuchbanishmentwith

good will, they did honour to those who were selected as emigrants, gavebraceletsofgoldandsilvertomanyofthem,andclothesofclothandfeatherstothewomen.Theywerealsoprivilegedinmanyotherways.Amongthecoloniststherewerespies,whotooknoteoftheconversationsandschemesofthenatives,and supplied the information to the governors, who sent it to Cuzco withoutdelay, to be submitted to the Inca. In this way all was made secure, for thenatives feared themitimaes, while themitimaes suspected the natives, and alllearnt to serveand toobeyquietly. If therewere turmoilsordisturbances theywereseverelypunished.AmongtheIncasthereweresomewhowererevengeful,andwhopunishedwithoutmoderationandwithgreatcruelty.

ThemitimaeswereemployedtotakechargeoftheflocksoftheIncaandofthe Sun, others to make cloth, others as workers in silver, and others asquarrymen and labourers. Some alsowere sculptors and gravers of images; inshort, they were required to do such service as was most useful, and in theperformance of which they were most skilful. Orders were also given thatmitimaesshouldgointotheforestsoftheAndestosowmaizeandtocultivatecocaandfruit-trees.Inthiswaythepeopleoftheregionswhereitwastoocoldtogrowthesethingsweresuppliedwiththem.

The second class of mitimaes were those who formed garrisons undercaptains, someofwhomwereOrejones, on the frontiers, in forests east of theAndes.For theIndians,suchas theChunchos,Moxos,Chiriguanas,andotherswhoselandsareontheslopeseastwardoftheAndes,arewildandverywarlike.Manyofthemeathumanflesh;andtheycertainlycameforthtomakewaranddestroythevillagesandfieldsoftheirneighbours,carryingoffthosetheycouldcapture as prisoners. To guard against this evil, therewere garrisons inmanyparts,inwhichthereweresomeOrejones.Inorderthattheburdenofwarmightnotfallupononetribe,andthattheymightnotbeablequicklytoconcertarisingor rebellion, itwasarranged that themitimaes shouldbe taken fromprovincesthatwere conveniently situated, to serve as soldiers in these garrisons;whosedutyitwastoholdanddefendtheforts,calledpucaras,ifitshouldbenecessary.Provisionsweresuppliedtothesoldiersof themaizeandotherfoodwhichtheneighbouringdistrictspaidastribute.Therecompensefortheirserviceconsistedin orders thatwere given, on certain occasions, to bestowupon themwoollenclothing, feathers, or bracelets of gold and silver, after they had shewnthemselvestobevaliant.Theywerealsopresentedwithwomenfromamongthegreatnumberthatwerekept,ineachprovince,fortheserviceoftheYnca,andasmostofthesewerebeautifultheywerehighlyvalued.Besidesthis,thesoldiersweregivenother thingsof littlevalue,which thegovernorsofprovinceswere

required to provide, for they had authority over the captains whom thesemitimaeswereobligedtoobey.

Besides the frontiers alreadymentioned, theymaintained these garrisons inthebordersofChachapoyasandBracamoros,andinQuito,andCaranque,whichisbeyondQuito to thenorthward,next to theprovincecalledPopayan,and inotherpartswhereitwasnecessary,aswell inChili,as inthecoastvalleysandthemountains.

The othermanner of stationingmitimaeswasmore strange. The system ofplantingcaptainsandgarrisonsonthefrontiers,althoughdoneonalargescale,isnonewthing,fortherearenotwantingothergovernmentswhohaveadoptedasimilarpolicy.Buttheothermannerofcolonisingwasdifferent.InthecourseoftheconquestsmadebytheYncas,eitherinthemountains,orplains,orvalleys,whereadistrictappearedtobesuitableforcultivation,withagoodclimateandfertilesoil,whichwasstilldesertanduninhabited,orderswereatoncegiventhatasmanycolonistsaswouldbesufficient topeopleitshouldbebroughtfromaneighbouring province with a similar climate. The land was then dividedamongst them,and theywereprovidedwith flocksandall theprovisions theyneeded,until theyhadtimetoreaptheirownharvests.Thesecolonistsworkedsowell,and thekingrequired their labours tobeproceededwithsodiligently,thatinashorttimethenewdistrictwaspeopledandcultivated,insomuchthatitcaused great content to behold it. In this waymany valleys on the coast andravines on the mountains were peopled, both such as had been personallyexaminedby theYncas,andsuchas theyknewoffromreport.Notributewasrequired from the new settlers for some years; and they were provided withwomen,provisions,andcoca, that theymight,withmoregoodwill,be inducedtoestablishthemselvesintheirnewhomes.

InthiswaytherewereveryfewcultivablelandsthatremaineddesertinthetimeoftheIncas,butallwerepeopled,asiswellknowntothefirstChristianswhoenteredthecountry.Assuredly,itcausesnosmallgrieftoreflectthattheseIncas,beinggentilesand idolaters, shouldhaveestablishedsuchgoodorder inthe government and maintenance of such vast provinces, while we, beingChristians,havedestroyedsomanykingdoms.ForwherevertheChristianshavepassed,discoveringandconquering,nothingappearsbutdestruction.

Itmust be understood that the city ofCuzcowas also full of strangers, alloccupiedinsomeindustry.Asthereweremanydifferenttribesandlineagesofmen,itwasnecessarytoguardagainstrisingsorothertroubleswhichwouldbecontrary to the wishes of the king. To this day there are in Cuzco men ofChachapoyas and Cañaris, and people from other parts, descended from the

settlerswhohadbeenplacedthere.Itisheldascertain,thatthesesystemsofcolonisationhavebeeninusesince

thedaysofIncaYupanqui,thesamewhoestablishedtheposts,andthefirstwhoplannedtheenrichmentofthetempleofCuricancha,aswillberecountedinitsplace.AlthoughsomeIndianssaythatthemitimaeswereplantedfromthetimeofViracochaInca,thefatherofIncaYupanqui,thosemaybelieveitwhopleaseto do so. For my part, I took such pains to ascertain the facts, that I do nothesitate to affirm the colonising system to have been instituted by IncaYupanqui. Such ismy belief; and this being the casewewill now pass on toanotherpartofthesubject.

CHAPTERXXIII.OfthegreatpreparationsthatweremadewhentheLordssetoutfromCuzcoonwarlikeexpeditions;and

howrobberswerepunished.

INformerchaptersIrelatedthemannerinwhichthelordstravelled,whentheywenttoexaminetheconditionoftheprovinces;andnowIwishtoexplaintothereaderthewayinwhichthesamelordssetforthontheirwarlikeexpeditions.AstheseIndiansareallbrownandnoisy,[136]andaresolikeeachother,aswe,whohavedealingswiththem,canseeatthepresentday;inorderthattheymightbeintelligibletoeachother,itwasorderedthattheyshouldallspeakthelanguageofCuzco. If this rulewasnotmade,eachmanwould talk inhisnative tonguewhentheOrejonesvisitedtheprovinces.Thesamerulesappliedtothecamps.ItisclearthatwhentheEmperorassemblesacampinItaly,andthearmyconsistsofSpaniards,Germans,Burgundians,Flemings,andItalians,eachwouldspeakin his own language. Here this confusion was avoided. Each tribe was alsodistinguishedbydifferencesinthehead-dress.IftheywereYuncasofthecoast,theywentmuffledlikegipsies.TheCollasworecapsintheshapeofapumpboxmadeofwool.TheCanasworeanotherkindofcap,larger,andofgreaterwidth.TheCañarishadcrownsofthinlathes,likethoseusedforasieve.TheHuancashadshortropes,whichhungdownaslowasthechin,withthehairplaited.TheCanchishadwidefillets,redorblack,passingovertheforehead.Theseandallother tribeswere known, one from the other, by their head-dresses, and theseweresoclearanddistinctthat,whenfifteenthousandmenassembled,onetribecould easily be distinguished from another. To this day, when we see anassemblageof people,we presently say that these come from such a part andthose from such another part; for in thisway, as I have explained, theywereknownonefromanother.

The kings established the following order in their wars, that the greatconcourseofpeoplemightnotcauseconfusion.InthegreatsquareofCuzcowasthestoneofwar,intheshapeofasugarloaf,wellenclosed,andfullofgold.Thekingcameforth,withhiscouncillorsandfavourites,toaplacewherethechiefsofprovinceswereassembled,tolearnfromthemwhoweremostvaliantamongtheirpeople,andbestfittedtobeleadersandcaptains.OneIndianhadchargeoftenmen,another receivedauthorityover fifty,anotheroverahundred,anotherover five hundred, another over a thousand, another over five thousand, andanotherovertenthousand.Allthesehadauthorityovermenoftheirowntribe,andallobeyedthecaptain-generaloftheking.Thus,ifitwasintendedtosend

tenthousandmentoanybattleorcampaign, itwasonlynecessarytoopenthemouthandgivetheorder;andthesamewithfivethousandoranyothernumber;andinthesamewaywithsmallerpartiesforexploringthegroundorgoingtherounds, when fewer men were required. Each captain carried his banner, andsomeledmenarmedwithslings,otherswithlances,darts,ayllosorslings,andsomewithheavilyknobbedsticks.

WhentheLordofCuzcosetout,thegreatestorderwaspreserved,evenwhentherewere threehundred thousandmen inhis army.Themarchwas regulatedeachday,fromtambototambo,wheresufficientfoodwasfoundforall,sothatnonewereforgotten,besidesarms,sandals,tentsforthesoldiers,andportersandwomen to carry the loads from tambo to tambo. The lord lodged in a houseprovidedateachstage,withtheguardnearhim,andtherestofthesoldiersallround;and therewerealwaysdancesanddrinkingbouts, thesoldiers rejoicingamongthemselves.

Thenativesofthedistrictsthroughwhichthearmypassedwerenotallowedto be absent, or to fail in supplying all that was wanted, on pain of severepunishment. But neither soldiers nor captains, nor even the sons of the Incas,wereallowedtoill-useoroppressthepeople,ortotakefromthemsomuchasagrainofmaize;andif thiscommandwas infringed, thepunishmentwasdeath.Robbery was punished by whipping with greater severity than in Spain, andfrequently the punishment of deathwas inflicted.All thingswere ordered andregulatedonanestablishedsystem.Thenativesdidnotfailtosupplythesoldierssufficiently, while the soldiers had no desire to do evil or to rob, fearing thepunishment. If there were any outbreaks of rebellion or mutiny, the principalringleaderswere brought toCuzco,well guarded,where theywere cast into aprisonfullofwildanimals,suchasserpents,vipers,tigers,bears,andotherevilcreatures.Ifanyonedeniedtheaccusation,itwassaidthatthoseserpentswoulddohimnoharm,butthatifheliedtheywouldkillhim;andthistheyheldandkeptforcertain.Inthisdreadfulprisontheyalwayskeptmanypeopleforcrimestheyhadcommitted,whom they lookedat from time to time. If their fatehadbeenthattheyhadnotbeenbittenbyanyofthewildcreatures,theyweretakenout,greatsorrowwasshownattheirevilcase,andtheywereallowedtoreturntotheirhomes.Intheseprisonstherewerekeeperssufficienttoguardthecaptives,and to give food as well to them as to the evil lizards. Certainly, I laughedheartilywhenIheardthattheyusedtohavethisprisoninCuzco;butalthoughtheytoldmethename,Idonotrememberit,andforthatreasonIhavenotputitdown.[137]

CHAPTERXXIV.HowtheIncasorderedthepeopletoformsettledtowns,dividingthelandsconcerningwhichtherewasany

dispute,andhowitwasorderedthatallshouldspeakthelanguageofCuzco.

INformertimes,beforetheIncasreigned,itiswellunderstoodthatthenativesofthese provinces had no towns as is now the case, but only strong placeswithforts,which theycallpucaras,whence they came forth tomakewar onewithanother;andsotheyalwayspassedtheirtime,livingingreattroubleandunrest.TheIncas,reigningoverthem,consideredtheirmanneroflivingtobeevil,andinduced them, partly bymenaces and partly by favours, to see thewisdomofceasing to live like savages, but rather as reasonable beings, establishingthemselves in towns,bothontheplainsof thecoastandin themountains,andsettlingonthelandaccordingtotheregulationsthatweremade.InthiswaytheIndians abandoned the pucaras in which they originally dwelt, and formedthemselves intocommunities in towns,aswell in thevalleysof thecoastas inthemountains,andontheplainoftheCollao.TheIncascausedtheboundariesoffieldstobesetup, inordertopreventquarrels,settlingthelandwhicheachmanwastooccupy,fortheirknowledgeandforthatofthosewhomightbebornafter them. The Indians at the present day clearly state that this division wasmade.TheytoldmeatXauxathatoneoftheIncasdividedtheplainsandvalleysamongstthemwhichtheynowhold,andthatthisarrangementwastheninforce,and would continue. In many places in the mountains there are irrigatingchannelstakenfromtheriverswithgreatskillandingenuity,whileallthetownswerefullof lodgingsandstore-housesof thekings,asIhavealreadystated inmanyplaces.

Itwas understood by them that itwould be very troublesome to travel forgreatdistancesovertheland,andateachleaguetohaveanewlanguage;whileitwould be very difficult to find interpreters for all of them. Selecting the bestlanguage,theIncasordered,onpainofseriouspunishment,thatallthenativesoftheempireshouldunderstandthetonguethatwasspokenatCuzco,aswellthemenasthewomen.Evenachildhadscarcelyleftthebreastofitsmotherbeforetheybegantoteachitthelanguagewhichitwasboundtoknow.Althoughthisrulewasdifficulttoenforceatfirst,andmanyonlywishedtotalkintheirownnative tongue, yet the power of the kings was such that they succeeded inenforcingtheirintention,andthepeoplefoundittobebesttocomplywiththeirorder.Socompletelywasthispolicyenforced,thatinafewyearsthelanguagewasunderstoodandusedoveranextentofmore than twelvehundred leagues.

Yetalthoughthislanguagewasused,allthetribesalsospoketheirown,whichweresonumerousthatiftheyshouldbewrittendownitwouldnotbebelieved.

When a captain ofCuzco, or someone of theOrejones, set out to take anaccountoftherevenues,ortoactasjudgeoncommissionamongtheprovinces,oronanyotherduty,hedidnotspeakanyotherlanguagethanthatofCuzcotothe people, nor they to him. This language is very good, concise, andcomprehensive,andcomposedofmanywords.Itissoclear,thatinthefewdaysthat I studied it, I knew sufficient to ask formany things in the part where Iwishedtotravel.Theycall

Aman Runa.Awoman Huarmi.Afather Yaya.Abrother Huauque.Asister Ñaña.Themoon(month) Quilla.Theyear Huata.Day Punchau.Night Tuta.Head Uma.Ear Rincri.Eye Ñaui.Nose Senca.Teeth Quiru.Arm Maqui.Leg Chaqui.

I only insert thesewords inmy chronicle because I now see, that even asregards the language that was formerly used in Spain, they are varying andalteringitbitbybit;andasregardsthedaysthataretocome,itisonlyGodthatknows what will happen in them. If the time should come when a languagewhich was used by so many people shall be forgotten, it should at least beknownwhichwordsbelongedtothefirstandgenerallanguage,andwhencetheycame.Further, Ideclare that itwasagreatadvantage to theSpaniards tohavefound this language, forwith it they could travel in all directions; but now insomeplacesitisbeginningtobelost.

CHAPTERXXV.HowtheIncaswerefreefromtheabominablesin,andfromotherevilcustomswhichhavebeenseento

prevailintheworld,amongotherprinces.

IN this kingdom of Peru, the public fame among all the natives is that theabominable sinwas practised in some of the villages of the district of PuebloViejo,aswellasinotherlandswheretherewereevilpeople,asintherestoftheworld. I shall record a great virtue in these Incas; for, being lords with suchfreedom,andwithnoonetowhomtogiveanaccount,besidesbeingabletotaketheirpleasurewithwomen,nightandday,andenjoythemselvesastheirfanciesdictated, ithasneverbeenalleged,orevenhinted, thatanyofthemcommittedthe above crime. On the contrary, they abhorred those whowere guilty of it,lookinguponthemasvilewretchesforgloryinginsuchfilthyconduct.Notonlyweretheyfreefromsuchvicesintheirownpersons,buttheywouldnotpermitany one who was guilty of such practices to remain in the royal houses orpalaces.Ibelieve,also,andIhavehearditrelatedthat,evenifitcametotheirknowledgethatanyonehadcommittedanoffenceofthatkind,theypunisheditwithsuchseveritythatitwasknowntoall.

It therefore should not be doubted, but rather believed implicitly, that thisvicewasunknownamongtheOrejonesandmanyothernations.Thosewhohavewrittengenerallyof the Indians, condemning themforbeingguiltyof this sin,should retractwhat they have said as regardsmany nationswho are innocent.With the exception of Puerto Viejo, sinners of this class were unknownthroughoutPeru,exceptthat,asisthecaseinallcountries,theremaybeeightortenhereand therewhodoevil secretly.Thosewhowerekeptaspriests in thetemples,withwhomitwasrumouredthatthelordsjoinedincompanyondaysoffestivity, didnotmeditate the committingof such sin, butonly theofferingofsacrifice to the demon. If the Incas, by chance, had some knowledge of suchproceedings in the temple, they may have ignored them, thinking that it wasenoughiftheyorderedthattheSunandtheirothergodsshouldbeworshippedinallparts,withoutconsideringitnecessarytoprohibitotherancientcustomsandreligions,toabandonwhichwouldhavebeenasbadasdeathitself,tothosewhowerebornintheirpractice.

Weunderstandthatinancienttimes,beforetheYncasreigned,theinhabitantsofmanyprovinceswentaboutlikesavages;comingforthtomakewaruponeachother,andeatingtheirprisoners,asisnowthecaseintheprovinceofArma[138]

andothersinthatneighbourhood.ButassoonastheIncasbegantoreign,beingareasonablepeople,withgoodandholycustomsandlaws,theynotonlydidnotthemselveseatsuchfood,buttheyexertedtheirpowertoputastoptoitamongallthepeoplewithwhomtheycameincontact,withmanyofwhomitwasmuchesteemed.Suchwastheirenergy,thatinashorttimethepracticewasforgottenthroughouttheirvastempire,wherenosuchfoodhadbeeneatenformanyyearsbefore the Spaniards came. Those who have now succeeded the Incas giveevidence that they conferred agreat benefit bynot imitating their ancestors ineatingsuchfood,inthesacrificesofmenandchildren.

Somehavepublished—amongthosewhohastilywritedownwhattheyhear—that the Incas, on their days of festival, killed a thousand or two thousandchildren,andagreaternumberofIndians.ThisandotherthingsareproofsthatweSpaniardsfalselyimputecrimestotheIndians,usingthestoriestheyrecounttoustojustifyourill-treatmentofthemandthebadusagetheyhavesufferedatourhands.Idonotsaythattheydidnotsacrifice,andthattheydidnotkillmenandchildreninsuchsacrifices;butitwasnotinthewaythathasbeenasserted,norwerethevictimssonumerous.Theysacrificedanimalsfromtheirflocks,butfewerhumanbeingsthanIthought,asIshallexplaininitsplace.

I know, from the statements of the aged Orejones, that these Incas wereinnocent of any abominable sin, that they did not practise the evil custom ofeatinghuman flesh,norwere theyguiltyofpublicvices and irregularities.Onthecontrary,theypunishedsuchcrimesinothers.IfGodhadpermittedthatoneinfluenced by Christian zeal, and not by avarice, should have given themcompleteknowledgeofoursacredreligion,theywereapeoplewhowouldhavebeen impressed by it, as we now see in the good order in which conversionworks. But wemust leavewhat has been done to the judgment of God, whoknowsall;andinwhatmaybedonehereafterwemustbeseechHimtogiveusgracetoenableusinsomemeasuretorepaythosepeopletowhomweowesomuch,andwhohadgivensuchslightoffencetojustifytheinjurywehavedonethem, Peru and the rest of the Indies being somany leagues fromSpain, andseparatedbysovastanocean.

CHAPTERXXVI.HowtheIncasemployedcouncillorsandexecutorsofjustice;andoftheirmethodofreckoningtime.

ASCuzcowastheprincipalcityinallPeru,wherethekingsresidedduringthegreaterpartoftheirtime,manyofthechiefpeopleoftheempirelivedtherealso,whoseknowledgeandability fitted themfor royal councillors.All affirm that,before any measure of importance was decided upon, these councillors wereconsulted. The most trustworthy travelled much, in all parts, inspecting theroads, superintending thegovernmentof thecity, seeing thatnooffenceswereoverlooked, and that culpritswerepunished.The Incasunderstood sowell theadministrationofjusticethatnooneventuredtocommitanoffence.Thisistobeunderstoodwithregardtosuchcrimesasrobbery,rape,orconspiracy.Butmanyprovincescarriedonwars,theonewiththeother,andtheIncaswerenotalwaysabletopreventthem.

JusticewasexecutedattheriverwhichflowsnearCuzco,onthosewhoweretakenthere,orwhowerebroughtasprisonersfromotherparts.Heretheirheadswere cut off, or death was inflicted in other ways.Mutinies and conspiracieswere punishedmore severely than other crimes.Thieves, and thosewhowereconvictedas such,werealso severelypunished, and theirwomenandchildrenwerelookeduponasdegraded.

In observing natural things these Indiansweremuch advanced, aswell themovementsof thesunasof themoon.Someof themsaid that therewerefourgreat heavens, and all affirm that the seat and residence of the greatGod, theCreatoroftheworld,isintheheaven.Ioftenaskedthemiftheyunderstoodthattheworldwould someday come to an end, but at this they laughed.For theyunderstand little on this subject; and if they know anything, it is what Godpermits thedevil to tell them.Theycall thewholeworldpacha,understandingthemovements of the sun, and the increasing andwaning of themoon. Theycounttheyearbythemoon,andcallithuata,consistingoftwelvemoons.Theyhadsmall towers,manyof themnearCuzco,butnowinaruinedstate,andbytheshadowwhichthesunthrewfromthemtheycalculatedthetimeofsowingand othermatters.[139] These Indians watched the heavens and the signs veryconstantly,whichmadethemsuchgreatsoothsayers.Whenthestarsfall,greatisthecrythattheymake,andthemurmuringsbetweenoneandanother.

CHAPTERXXVII.WhichtreatsoftherichesofthetempleofCuricancha,andofthevenerationinwhichtheIncasheldit.

HAVINGcompletedanaccountofsomethingsthatitisnecessaryformypurposethat I should describe,wewill then return to the succession of the kings thatruleddown toHuascar, recounting theeventsof each reignwithgreatbrevity.ButnowIwillspeakofthegreat,mostwealthy,andmostrenownedtempleofCuricancha,whichwastheprincipaloneinallthesekingdoms.

ItisareceivedfactamongtheIndiansthatthistempleisasancientasthecityof Cuzco itself. But the Inca Yupanqui, son of Viracocha Inca, increased itsriches to theextent inwhich itwasfoundwhentheChristiansarrived inPeru.MostofthetreasurewasbroughttoCaxamarcafortheransomofAtahualpa,asweshallrelateinitsplace.TheOrejonessaythatafterthedoubtfulwarbetweentheinhabitantsofCuzcoandtheChancas,whoarenowchiefsoftheprovinceofAndahuaylas, the Inca Yupanqui found himself very rich and powerful, andpeople came to serve him from all parts, bringing presents; and the provincescontributedgreat service ingold and silver.For in thosedays therewereveryrich mines and veins of the precious metals. Finding himself so rich andpowerful, the Inca resolved to ennoble the house of the Sun, which in theirlanguageiscalledInti-huasi,andalsoCuri-cancha,meaning“theplaceofgold”,and to increase its wealth. That all those who may see and read this mayunderstandhowrichthetempleatCuzcowas,andthemeritofthosewhobuiltand completed suchgreat things, I herewill preserve thememoryof it. Iwillrelate what I saw, and what I heard from many of the first Christians, whoreceived the account from the threemen[140] that first came fromCaxamarca,andwhosaweverything.ButtheIndiansthemselvestellussomuch,andaresotruthful,thatotherevidenceisunnecessary.

Thistemplewasmorethanfourhundredpacesincircuit,entirelysurroundedbya strongwall.Thewholeedificewasof excellentmasonry, the stonesverywellplacedandfixed.Someofthestoneswereverylarge.Therewasnomortar,eitherofearthor lime,buta sortofbitumenwithwhich theyused to fix theirstones.Thestonesthemselvesaresowellworkedthatnojoiningorcementcanbeseen.InallSpainIhavenotseenanythingthatcouldbecomparedwiththemasonry of these walls, except the tower which they call Calahorra, near thebridge of Cordova, and aworkwhich I saw at Toledo,when I came there topresenttheFirstPartofmyChronicletothePrinceDonFelipe.[141] Iallude to

the hospital which the Archbishop of Toledo, Tavera, ordered to be built.[142]AlthoughtheseedificeshavesomeresemblancetothoseIhavementioned,yetthey are the best as regards the masonry of the walls, the stones being soadmirablyworked,andplacedwithsuchgreatingenuity.Theencirclingwallwasstraight,andverywelltracedout.

Thestoneappearedtometobeofaduskyorblackcolour,andmostexcellentforbuildingpurposes.Thewallhadmanyopenings,andthedoorwayswereverywellcarved.Roundthewall,halfwayup,therewasabandofgold,twopalmoswideandfourdedos in thickness.Thedoorwaysanddoorswerecoveredwithplatesofthesamemetal.Withintherewerefourhouses,notverylarge,butwithwallsof thesamekind,andcoveredwithplatesofgoldwithinandwithout,aswell as the woodwork. The covering was of straw, which served as a roof.Against the wall there were two benches, fromwhich the Sun could be seenwhen it rose.Thestone in frontwassubtlybored,and theholeswereadornedwithemeraldsandotherpreciousstones.Thesebencheswereforthekings,andnooneelsewasallowedtousethemonpainofdeath.

At thedoorsof thesehousesporterswere stationed tokeepguardover thevirgins,many ofwhomwere daughters of great lords, themost beautiful andcharming that couldbe found.They remained in the templeuntil theybecameold.Ifoneofthemhadknowledgeofaman,theykilledherbyburyingheralive;andthesamepenaltywassufferedbytheman.Thesewomenwerecalledmama-cunas. Their only occupations were to weave and dye woollen cloth for theservice of the temple, and to make chicha, which is the wine they make, ofwhichtheyalwayskeptlargefulljars.

Inoneofthesehouses,whichwastherichest,therewasthefigureofthesun,verylargeandmadeofgold,veryingeniouslyworked,andenrichedwithmanyprecious stones. This temple also contained some of the figures of the formerIncaswhohadreignedinCuzco,andalsoavastquantityoftreasure.

RoundthetempletherewerenumeroussmalldwellingsofIndianswhowereemployed in its service;and therewasanenclosurewhere theykept thewhitelambs, children, and men for sacrifice. They had also a garden, the clods ofwhichweremadeofpiecesoffinegold;anditwasartificiallysownwithgoldenmaize,thestalks,aswellastheleavesandcobs,beingofthatmetal.Theyweresowell planted, that evenwhen therewas ahighwind theywerenot tornup.Besidesall this, theyhadmorethantwentygoldensheepwiththeirlambs,andtheshepherdswiththeirslingsandcrookstowatchthem,allmadeofthesamemetal.Therewasagreatquantityof jarsofgoldandsilver,setwithemeralds;vases, pots, and all sorts of utensils, all of fine gold. On other walls were

sculptured and painted various notable things; and, in fine, it was one of therichesttemplesintheworld.

TheHighPriest,calledVillacUmu,residedinthetemple,andoffereduptheordinarysacrifices,accompaniedbysuperstitiousrites,withthehelpoftheotherpriests,accordingtotheircustom.AttheimportantfestivalstheIncawaspresentat the sacrifices, and there were great rejoicings.Within the enclosure of thetemple thereweremore than thirtygranariesof silver inwhich themaizewasstored;andmanyprovinces sent their tribute for the serviceof the temple.Oncertaindaysthedevilwasseenbythepriests,whogavethemdeceptiveanswers,inconformitywithwhatmightbeexpectedfromhim.

Many other things might be said of this temple, which I omit because itseemstomethatIhavesaidenoughtoshewwhatagrandplaceitwas;soIshallnot treatfurtherof thesilverwork,of thechaquira,of theplumesofgoldandotherthings,which,ifIwrotedown,Ishouldnotbebelieved.ThatwhichIhavedescribed has been seen, or the greater part, byChristianswho are still alive,whenitwasbroughttoCaxamarcaasaransomforAtahualpa.Butagreatdealwashiddenby the Indians, and isnowburiedand lost.Althoughall the Incasaddedtotheadornmentofthetemple,inthetimeoftheIncaYupanquiitsricheswere increased to such an extent that when he died, and his son Tupac Incasucceeded,itremainedinitscompletestate.

CHAPTERXXVIII.Whichtreatsoftheotherprincipaltemples,andoftheirnames.

MANYwerethetemplesinthislandofPeru,andsomewerelookeduponasveryancientbecause theywere foundedbefore the timeof the Incas,aswell in thehighmountains as in the valleys of the coast. During the reigns of the Incasmany other new temples were built, where sacrifices and festivals werecelebrated. It would take very long to enumerate each temple in the differentprovinces,soIhavedeterminedonlytoallude,inthisplace,tothosewhichwereheldinmostesteem.

Nextafter the templeofCuricancha, thesecondhuacaof theIncaswasthehillofGuanacauri,whichiswithinsightofthecity,andwasmuchhonouredandfrequented.ForsomesaythatthebrotherofthefirstIncawasturnedintostoneinthatplace,atthetimewhentheysetoutfromPacariTambo,aswasexplainedatthebeginningofthiswork.Inancienttimestherewasanoracleinthisplacefromwhich the accursed devil spoke. A great amount of treasure was buriedaroundit;andoncertaindaystheysacrificedmenandwomen,towhom,beforetheywereputtodeath,thepriestaddressedadiscourse,explainingtothemthatthey were going to serve that god who was being worshipped, there in theglorious place that they, in their ignorance, believed that he inhabited. Thosewhoweretobesacrificedalsobelieveditforcertain,anddressedthemselvesinclothesof finecloth,with fringesofgold,andbracelets,andwithgold lace intheir sandals. After they had heard the discourse which those liars of priestsaddressedtothem,theyweregivenmuchchichatodrink,outofgreatvasesofgold. The sacrifice was celebrated with songs, declaring that such lives wereoffereduptoservethegods,thevictimsholdingthemselvesfortunatetoreceivedeath in such a place. Having thus celebrated the rites, the victims werestrangled by the ministers. A ccepi[143] of gold and a small jar of gold wereplaced in the hands of each body, and they were buried in tombs around theoracle. These victims were looked upon as canonized saints, for the peoplebelievedthat,withoutanydoubt,theywereinheavenservingtheirGuanacauri.The women who were sacrificed also came richly dressed in fine cloths andplumesoffeathers,withtheirtopusofgold,likespoons,andsmallbreastplatesall of gold. And they also, after they had drunk deeply, were strangled andinterred,boththeyandthosewhokilledthembelievingthattheywenttoservetheir demon or Guanacaure. They celebrated these and similar sacrifices with

muchdancingandsinging.Thisidolwaskeptwheretheyheardtheoracle,withitsfarms,yanaconasorservants,flocks,virgins,andpriestswhoprofitedbyalltherest.

ThethirdoracleorhuacaoftheIncaswasthetempleofVilcañota,renownedthroughoutthesekingdoms.Herethedevil,ourLordGodpermittingit,hadgreatpower,andspokebythemouthsofthefalsepriestswhoweretheretoservetheidol.ThistempleofVilcañotawasalittlemorethantwentyleaguesfromCuzco,near the village of Chungara. It was verymuch esteemed and venerated, andmanyofferingsandgiftswerepresentedtoit,aswellbytheIncaandlord,asbytherichmenofthedistrictswhencepeoplecametosacrifice.Thetemplehaditspriests, virgins, and cultivated lands, and almost every year the offering ofcapacochawasmade,whichiswhatIwillnowexplain.Theygavegreatcredittowhat the devil said in his replies, and on certain occasions they offered upsacrificesofbirds,sheep,andotheranimals.

The fourth temple thatwas venerated and frequented by the Incas and thenatives of theprovinceswas thehuaca ofAncocagua,where therewas also averyancientoraclewhichwasfamous.ItwasintheprovinceofHatunCana,andoncertainoccasionspeoplecamefrommanyparts,withgreatveneration,tohearthevainrepliesofthedemon.Heretherewasgreatstoreoftreasureofferedupby the Incas and otherworshippers. They say also that, besides the numerousanimalssacrificedtothisdemon,whomthepeoplebelievedtobeGod,theyalsosacrificed some men and women, in the same way as I have described inrecountingtheofferingsmadeonthehillofGuanacauri.

Thatthetreasureallegedtohavebeeninthistemplewasreallythere,seemsclearfromthefollowingcircumstance.AftertheSpaniardshadoccupiedCuzcoformorethanthreeyears,andthepriestsandchieflordshadproducedthegreattreasureswhichallthesetemplescontained,IheardthataSpaniardnamedDiegoRodriguez Elemosin took from this huaca more than 30,000 pesos of gold.Besidesthis,stillmorehasbeenfound;andthereisarumourthatanimmensequantityofgoldandsilveris inplaceswhichnoonebutGodknows,andtheywillneverbediscovered,exceptbyaccidentorgoodluck.

Besidesthesetemples, therewasanotherwhichwasasmuchveneratedandfrequentedbythem,namedCoropuna,intheprovinceofCondesuyo.Itisonaveryloftymountainwhichiscoveredwithsnowbothinsummerandwinter.ThekingsofPeru,withtheprincipallords,visitedthistemple,makingpresentsandofferings as at the others. It is held for very certain that among the gifts andcapacocha offered to this temple, there were many loads of gold, silver, andpreciousstonesburiedinplaceswhicharenowunknown.TheIndiansconcealed

anothergreatsumwhichwasfor theserviceof the idol,andof thepriestsandvirginswhoattendeduponit.Butastherearegreatmassesofsnow,peopledonotascend to thesummit,nor is itknownwhere thesegreat richesarehidden.This temple possessed many flocks, farms, and service of Indians andyanaconas.Therewasalwaysalargeconcourseofpeopleinit,frommanyparts,andthedeviltalkedheremorefreelythanintheotheroracles,forheconstantlygavenumerousreplies,andnotoccasionally,asintheothertemples.Evennow,at thepresent time,forsomesecret reasonknowntoGod, it issaid thatdevilsvisiblywalk about in that place, and that the Indians see them and aremuchterrified. Ihavealsoheard that thesedevilshaveappeared toChristians in theform of Indians, appearing and disappearing in a very short space of time.Occasionally theyofferedgreat services to thisoracle,killingmanysheepandbirds,andsomemenandwomen.

BesidestheseoraclestherewasthatofAperahua,wheretheoracleansweredoutof the trunkofa tree,andnear ita largequantityofgoldwasfound.AlsothatofPachacamac,whichisinthecountryoftheYuncas,andmanyothers,aswell in the provinces of Anti-suyu, as in Chincha-suyu, Omasayu, and otherpartsofthisempire,ofwhichImightsaysomewhatmore.Asinthefirstpartofmywork I treat of the founding of temples, I shall now only dwell upon theoracles.TothosewhichtheIncasandothernationsheldinmostveneration,theysacrificedsomemenandwomen,withmanysheep.Butbeforethosewhichwerenot so much respected, they did not shed human blood nor kill men, onlyofferingupgoldandsilver.Thehuacasoflittleaccount,likeourchapels,wereworshippedbyofferingchaquira,plumes,andothersmallthingsofslightvalue.IsaythisowingtotheopinionheldbyusSpaniards,thattheysacrificedhumanbeingsinallthetemples,whichisfalse.WhatIhavestatedisthetruth,sofarasI have been able to obtain it, without deducting or putting downmore than Imyselfunderstandandholdtobecertainlytrue.

CHAPTERXXIX.HowtheCapacochawasmade,andtowhatextentitwaspractisedbytheIncas;bywhichistobe

understoodthegiftsandofferingsthatweremadetoidols.

IN this place itwill bewell that I should explainwhatwas understoodby theCapacocha,asallthathasjustgonebeforerelatedtotheserviceofthetemples.Ispeak on the authority of old Indianswho are still living, andwho sawwhatpassedconcerningthismatter,andIshallwritewhatIgatherfromthemtobethetruth.

ItwasthecustominCuzcoforthekingstocauseallthestatuesandfiguresofidolsinthehuacasortempleswheretheywereworshipped,tobebroughttothecityonceayear.Theywereconveyedwithmuchvenerationbythepriestsandcamayocsorguardians,andwhen theyenteredCuzco theywere receivedwithgreatfeastingandprocessions,beingdepositedintheplacesthatweresetapartforthatpurpose.Agreatnumberofpeoplehavingcomefromtheneighbourhoodofthecity,andindeedfromallpartsoftheempire,aswellmenaswomen,thereigning sovereign, accompanied by all the Incas andOrejones, courtiers, andprincipalmen of the city, inaugurated a succession of great festivals, drinkingbouts,andtaquis.

ThegreatchainofgoldwhichencircledallwasbroughtoutintothesquareofCuzco,andsuchrichesandpreciousstonesasheisabletoimaginewhohasreadwhat has been written touching the treasures possessed by these kings. Thebusinessofthisannualceremonywastoreceiveaforecastoftheeventsoftheyeartocome,fromthestatuesandfiguresandtheirpriests;whetheritwouldbefertileorsterile;whethertheIncawouldhavealonglifeorwoulddie;whetherenemieswouldcomefromanydirection;and,inconclusion,otherenquiries,ofmoreorlessimport,weremade,suchaswhethertherewouldbeanypestilence,ormurrain in the flocks, andwhether the flockswould be largelymultiplied.These enquirieswere notmadeof all the oracles together, but of each one byitself.IftheIncasdidnotdothiseveryyear,theyfeltdiscontentandfear,anddidnotconsidertheirlivestobesafe.

First, the people made merry, with their solemn drinking bouts, banquets,great taquisormusicalentertainments, andother festivities,whichareentirelydifferentfromours.ThentheIncainvitedthosearoundhim,withgreattriumph;andatthisfeastthereweregreatjarsofgoldandsilver;foralltheserviceofhiskitchen,downtothepotsandpans,wasofthatmetal.TheHighPriestwasalso

present at the festival with the same pomp and magnificence as the king,accompanied by themama conas and priests who had come together for theoccasion.Thosewhowereappointedforthepurposewerecommandedtoputthequestionsconcerningfutureeventstoeachoftheidols;andtheidolsrepliedbythemouthsofthepriestswhohadchargeof their images.These,havingdrunkdeeply,answeredinthewaywhichseemedtobemosttothetasteofthosewhomade the enquiries, finding out what to say from the devils whowere in thestatues.The enquirybeingmadeof each idol, thepriests, being so cunning intheirwicked art, asked for some time to answer, that their nonsensemight belistened to with more credit and respect. They said that they must offer upsacrificesthat,theirgreatgodsbeingpleased,itmightpleasethemtoanswerastowhatwouldhappen.Somanyanimals,suchassheepandlambs,cuis[144],andbirds, exceeding the number of 2,000 sheep and lambs, were beheaded.Meanwhile the priests made their diabolical exorcisms and vain sacrifices,according to their custom. Presently they announcedwhat they had dreamt orimagined,orperhapswhat thedevilhadtoldthem.Greatattentionwaspaidtowhat theysaid,and to thenumberwhichconcurred inforetellinggoodorevil.Thesamethingwasgonethroughwithregardtotheotherreplies,andcarewastakentonotewhospoketruly,andascertainedwhatwasabouttocometopassinthecomingyear.

This being done, the almoners of the king came forth with the offeringswhich they call capacocha, and the general almsgiving having been gonethrough, the idols were taken back to their temples. If, before the year hadpassed,thesayingofanyoneofthosedreamershappenedtocometrue,theIncajoyfullysentforhim,tobeoneofhishousehold.

Thecapacocha,asIhavesaid,wasanofferingpaidinsteadofatithetothetemples.Itconsistedofmanyvasesofgoldandsilverandpreciousstones,loadsofrichmantles,andlargeflocks.Inthefollowingyearsnogiftswerebestowedonthosewhosesayingsprovedtobefalseoruncertain,andtheyforfeitedtheirreputations.At these ceremoniesgreat thingsweredoneatCuzco,muchmorethan I have written. In these days, after the Royal Audience had beenestablished, and Gasca had returned to Spain,[145] mention was made of thiscapacochaincertainlawsuits,anditiscertainthatthecustomprevailed,aswellasallelsethatwehavewritten.WewillnowdescribethegreatfestivalofHatunRaymi.

CHAPTERXXX.HowtheymadegreatfestivitiesandsacrificesatthegrandandsolemnfeastcalledHatunRaymi.

THE Incas held many festivals during the year, at which they offered greatsacrifices according to their custom; but to notice them all would require aseparatevolume.Itisalsowellnottodwelllongonthesorceriesandfolliesthatwerepractisedontheseoccasions;butonlytodescribethefeastofHatunRaymi,which is very famous. It was kept in many provinces, and was the principalceremonyofthewholeyear,andtheoccasiononwhichthegreatestnumberofsacrificeswasofferedup.

ThisfestivalwascelebratedintheendofAugust,whenthemaizeharvesthadbeengot in,aswellas thepotatoes,quinuas,[146]ocas,[147]and theotherseedsthattheysow.TheycallthisfeastHatunRaymi,whichinourlanguagemeans“averysolemnfestival”;andinittheyhadtoofferupthanksandpraisetoGod,theCreator ofHeaven andEarth,whom they called, as has often beenmentionedbefore,Ticiviracocha,aswellastotheSun,totheMoon,andtotheirothergods,for having granted them a good harvest of food for their support. In order tocelebrate this festivalwith greater devotion and solemnity, it is said that theyfasted for ten or twelve days, abstaining from too much food, and fromintercoursewithwomen;drinkingchichaonlyinthemorning,whichisthetimewhentheyeat,andatothertimesonlywater;abstainingfromtheuseofajiandfromcarryinganything in themouth,andpractisingotherusagessuchaswereobserved on these occasions of fasting. This time of fasting being over, thepeoplebroughttoCuzcoagreatnumberoflambs,ofsheep,ofdovesandcuys,andofotherbirdsandbeastswhichwerekilledforthesacrifices.Havingkilledavastnumber,theyanointedthestatuesandfiguresoftheirgods,orratherdevils,withtheblood,aswellasthedoorsofthetemplesandoracles.Afteraninterval,thesoothsayersanddivinerslookedforomensintheentrails,announcingwhattheyprognosticated,towhichthepeoplegavegreatcredit.

Whenthesacrificewasfinished,theHighPriest,withtheotherpriests,wenttothetempleoftheSun;and,afterrecitingtheiraccursedpsalms,theyorderedthemamaconas,orvirgins,tocomeforthrichlydressed,withthegreatstoreofchichatheyhadprepared;andallthosewhowereinthegreatcityofCuzcoateofthesheepandbirdswhichhadbeenkilledforthevainsacrifices,anddrankofthatchichawhichwasheldtobesacred.Itwascontainedinjarsofsilver,outofthegreatnumberstherewereinthetemple;andtheydrankitoutofcupsofgold.

Having eaten anddrunkmany times, and the Inca,HighPriest, and all therestbeingmerryinconsequence, itwasstillonlyalittleafternoon.Theythenformedinprocession,andthemenbegantosing,withloudvoices,theromancesandchauntswhichhadbeenpreparedforuseatthisfestivalbytheirancestors.Thepurportof themallwas togive thanks to thegods,promising todo themservices for the blessings received. To accompany the songs they had manydrumsofgold,someofthemencrustedwithpreciousstones,whichtheirwomenplayedupon,who,togetherwiththesacredmamaconas,joinedinthesong.

Inthecentreoftheplazaitissaidthatagreattheatrewasplaced,withsteps,adorned with cloths and plumes richly embroidered with golden beads, verylargemantlesoftheirexceedinglyfinecloth,alsogarnishedwithsilverandgoldwork,andpreciousstones.OnthesummitofthisthronewasplacedthefigureofTiciviracocha,largeandrichlyadorned.AstheyheldittobethesovereignGod,maker of all created things, they gave it the highest place; and all the priestswerenearit.TheIncaandalltheprincipalmenandthepeoplecametoworshipit, takingoff their sandalswithmuchhumility, bending their shoulders, fillingouttheircheeks,andsighingtowardsit, thusperformingmucha,whichistheirwordforworship.

BelowthisthronewasplacedthefigureoftheSun,buttheydonotstateofwhat it was made, and also that of the Moon, and other figures of idolssculptured in wood and stone. We hold it to be very certain that neither inJerusalem,norinRome,norinPersia,norinanyotherpartoftheworld,byanystateorkingofthisearth,wassuchwealthofgoldandsilverandpreciousstonescollectedtogether,asinthissquareofCuzcowhenthisfestivalandotherslikeitwerecelebrated.FortheimagesoftheIncas,theirdeceasedkingswerebroughtout,eachonewithitsserviceofgoldandsilver.Thatistosay,suchofthemashadbeengoodandbravefathersof theirpeople,generous ingrantingfavours,pardoners of injuries. These were canonized as saints, in their blindness, andtheir boneswere honoured by thosewho did not comprehend that their soulswereburninginhell,thinkingthattheywereinheaven.

ItwasthesamewithsomeotherOrejones,orchiefsofanothernation,whom,for some cause or other, they, in their heathen minds, looked upon as saints.TheycallthosewhowerecanonizedinthiswayYlla,whichsignifiesthebodyofhimwho did good in his lifetime.Anothermeaning ofYllapa is thunder andlightning. Hence the Indians call discharges of artilleryYllapa, from the loudreport.

The IncaandHighPriest,withall thecourtiers,and thegreatconcourseofpeople thatcamefrom theneighbourhood,didmucha (whichmeans reverence

and worship), to the gods arranged round the square. They also made manyofferings,suchassmallgoldenfiguresofidols,sheep,women,andmanyothertrinkets. This festival of Hatun Raymi continued for fifteen or twenty days,during which there wasmuch singing and dancing, drinking bouts, and otherfeasting,accordingtotheircustom.Attheendofthetimetheyfinishedwiththesacrifices,andputbacktheimagesoftheidolsintothetemples,andthoseofthedeceasedIncasintotheirhouses.

TheHighPriestenjoyedthatdignityduringhislife.Hewasmarried,andwassorespected thathevied indignitywith theInca,andhad jurisdictionoveralltheoraclesandtemples,appointingandremovingpriests.TheIncaandtheHighPriestoftenplayedtogetherattheirgames,andthesefunctionarieswereofhighlineageandhadpowerfulrelations.Thedignitywasnotconferreduponobscurepersons,eveniftheyshouldpossessgreatmerit.Allthosewholivedinthepartsof Cuzco which they called Hurin-Cuzco and Hanan-Cuzco, and theirdescendants,wereconsidered tobenoble,although theyshouldreside inotherparts. I rememberwhen Iwas inCuzco in theyear1550,during themonthofAugust,aftertheharvestshadbeengotin,thatagreatcrowdofIndiansenteredthecitywiththeirwives,makingmuchnoise.Theycarriedtheirploughsintheirhands, and some stalks of maize, to make a festival by merely singing andrecitingashadbeen theircustomatharvest time.TheApusandPriestsdonotconsent that these heathen festivals shall be performed in public as in formertimes,norinsecretiftheycanpreventit.ButastherearesomanythousandsofIndianswhohavenotbecomeChristians, it isprobable that theseritesarestillperformedinsecret.

The figureofTiciviracocha, and thoseof theSunandMoon, and thegreatchainofgold,besidesotherrecordedpiecesofgreatvalue,havenotbeenfound.There isneither IndiannorChristianwhoknowswhere theyare.Butalthoughtheirvalueisgreat,[148]itissmallwhencomparedwithallthathasbeenburiedinCuzco,intheplacesoftheoracles,andinotherpartsofthisgreatempire.

CHAPTERXXXI.OfthesecondkingorIncawhoreignedinCuzco,namedSinchiRoca.

WITH as much conciseness as I am able to use, I have written what I learnttouchingthegovernmentandcustomsoftheIncas;andInowproposetoreturnto my narrative of what happened from the time of Manco Capac to that ofHuascar, as I have already promised. Touching the first Inca, and those whofollowedhim,theOrejonesdonotgivemanyparticulars,because,intruth,theydidnot performmanygreat deeds.For themost valorousof allwere the IncaYupanqui, and Tupac Inca his son, and Huayna Capac his grandson. But thereasonmaybethatwhichIhavealreadywritten,namely,thatthesekingswerethemostmodern.

As soon, then, as Manco Capac was dead, and the general mourning andobsequieshadbeenperformed forhim,SinchiRoca[149] assumed the fringeorcrown,with the accustomed ceremonies.He contrived to enlarge the house oftheSun,andinducedasmanypeopleaspossibletoflocktothenewsettlement,bygiftsandlargeoffers.Theplacewasthen,asitisnow,calledCuzco.Someofthenativesof itaffirmthat, in theplacewherewas thegreatsquare,being thesame then as now, therewas a small lake and slough ofwater, so that itwasdifficulttoraisethegreatedificeswhichtheyhadbeguntobuild.Assoonasthiswasknowntotheking,SinchiRoca,hecontrived,withtheaidofhisalliesandneighbours, to get rid of this swamp, covering it with great slabs and hugebeams,andlevellingthegroundonthetop,wherethewaterusedtobe,insuchsortthatitremainedaswenowseeit.TheyfurtherstatethatthewholevalleyofCuzco was barren, and that the land never yielded good fruit from the seedwhichtheysowed.Sotheybroughtmanythousandsof loadsofearthfromthegreatforestsoftheAndes,andspreaditallovertheland;bywhichmeans,ifthetalebetrue,thevalleybecameveryfertile,aswenowseeit.

This Inca had, by his sister and wife, many children: and they named theeldest Lloque Yupanqui. The people round Cuzco beheld the good order inwhich the settlers lived, and how they brought people under their friendlyinfluencemore through loveandbenevolence thanby recourse to severityandforce.Someofthecaptainsandprincipalmencametoholddiscoursewiththoseofthecity,andrejoicedtoseethetempleofCuri-cancha,andthegoodorderthatreigned around it. By this means treaties of friendship were made in manydirections. They relate that, among those chiefs that I have mentioned, there

cametoCuzcoacaptainofthetowncalledZañu,whichisnotverydistant.HeaskedSinchiRoca,withgreatvehemence,thathewouldseefittotakehisveryfairandbeautifuldaughterasawifeforhisson.WhentheIncaunderstoodtherequest he was very sorry, for what the chief asked was contrary to the ruleestablishedandordainedbyhisfather.Yet,ifhedidnotgranttherequestofthiscaptain,heandotherswouldhold theIncas tobe inhumanmen,declaring thatthey only thought of themselves.Having taken counselwith theOrejones andprincipalmenofthecity,itappearedtoallthatthemaidenoughttobereceivedformarriagewith the Inca’s son. Itwas thought that, until they becamemorepowerful, itwouldnotbeprudent tofollowthemandateof theInca’sfather inthismatter.Thusitwasthattheanswertothefatheroftheproposedbridewasthatsheshouldbebrought,andthemarriagewassolemnisedaccordingtotheirmethodandcustom,andshewascalledCoyainCuzco.[150]Theking’sdaughter,whowas to have been thewife of her brother,was immured in the temple ofCuri-cancha,wherepriestswereappointedtoofferupsacrificesbeforethestatueoftheSun,andwheretherewerementoguardthesacredwomeninthemanneralreadydescribed.

By reasonof thismarriage, the Indians relate that thebride’speopleunitedwiththecitizensofCuzco,makinggreatrejoicing, thusconfirmingtheirunionofbrotherhoodandfriendship.Onaccountofthis,greatsacrificeswereoffereduponthehillofGuanacauri[151]andatTampu-quiru,[152]aswellasinthetempleof Curi-cancha. This being done, there was an assembly of more than 4,000youths,andtheceremonieswereperformedwhichhadbeenordainedforthem.Theywerearmedasknights,andcontinuedtobelookeduponasnobles.Theirears were bored, and the round pieces were put in them, in accordance withcustom.

Whenthesethingshadtakenplace,andothersofwhichwehavenorecord,inthetimeofthekingSinchiRocca,hebecameold,andwassurroundedbymanysonsanddaughters.Sohedied, andwasmourned for, andhisobsequieswerecelebratedinaverysumptuousfashion.Hisimagewaspreservedasamemorialthathehadbeenagoodruler,andthathissoulrestedinheaven.[153]

CHAPTERXXXII.OfthethirdkingthatreignedinCuzco,namedLloqueYupanqui.

THE IncaSinchiRocca being dead in themanner that has been described, hisson,LloqueYupanqui,[154]was received as lord, having first performed a fastduring the days appointed. As, in his divinations and omens, he found greatreasontohopethatthecityofCuzcowouldflourishinthefuture,thenewkingbegan to ennoble itwithnewedifices.He askedhis father-in-law,with all hisalliesandconfederates,tocomeandliveinthecity,wheretheirhonourwouldberespectedandtheywouldreceivesuchashareofthelandastheyneeded.

ThelordorcaptainofZañuconsented,andthemorewesternpartofthecitywasassignedtohim,which,beingonhillsandslopes,wasnamedAnan-Cuzco.The lowerpart remained for theking,withhishouseand retinue.Asallwerenow Orejones, which is as much as to say nobles, and nearly all had beenconcerned in the foundation of the new city, the peoplewho lived in the twopartsofthecity,calledHanan-Cuzco,andHurin-Cuzco,werealwaysheldtobeillustrious.SomeIndiansevenwishedtohaveitunderstoodthatoneIncahadtobeofoneoftheselineages,andthenextoftheother.ButIdonotholdthistobecertain,norisitwhattheOrejonesrelate,andthatiswhatisherewrittendown.Inmostpartsof thecity therewere largewardson thehill-slopes,because thegroundwasbrokenup into ravinesandhills, as I explained in the firstpartofthischronicle.[155]

Theydonotgiveanyaccountofnotablewarsinthosetimes.Onthecontrary,they affirm that those of Cuzco, little by little, through the good policy theyemployed,succeededinmakingfriendswithmanyneighbouringpeople,andinenlarging the temple of Curi-cancha, both as regards edifices and riches. Fornowtheysoughtforgoldandsilver,ofwhichmuchcametothemarketheldinthecity;andtheyshutupwomeninthetemple,whowerenotallowedtocomeforth,ashasbeenexplainedinotherplaces.

ReigninginthismannerinCuzco,andpassingmostofhistimethere,LloqueYupanquibecameveryold,withouthavinganychildrenbyhiswife.Thepeopleof thecity showedmuchgriefat this,makingmanysacrificesandofferingupprayersaswellintheCuri-cancha,asatGuanacauriandTampu-quiru.Theysaythat,throughoneofthoseoracleswhenceissuedvainreplies,theyheardthattheIncawouldbegetasonwhowouldsucceed in thekingdom.At this theywerewellsatisfied,and,rejoicingwiththehope,theyputtheoldkingonhiswifethe

Coya,sothatattheendofsomedaysitwasknownthatshehadconceived,andinduetimeshegavebirthtoason.

Lloque Yupanqui died,[156] leaving orders that the fringe or crown of theempireshouldbedepositedinthetempleofCuri-canchauntilhissonwasofanage to reign.Thenamegiven to the sonwasMaytaCapac,and,asgovernors,theysaythattheoldIncanominatedtwoofhisbrothers,whosenamesIdidnothear.

The Ynca Lloque Yupanqui was mourned for by all the servants of hishousehold,andinmanypartsofthecity,and,inconformitywiththeirheathenblindness,theykilledmanywomenandboys,inthebeliefthattheywouldgotoserve the dead lord in heaven, where they held it to be certain that his soulrested.Consideringhimtobeasaint,thechiefpeopleofthecityorderedthathisimage should be made, to be brought out at their festivals. Assuredly thepreparations theymake for theobsequiesofoneof thesekingsareverygreat.Generally theymourned inall theprovinces, and inmanyof them thewomenwereshorn,andtheirheadsboundwithcordsofreed.Attheendofayeartheymake greater lamentations and heathen sacrifices than can be imagined. Asregardsthis,thosewhowereatCuzcointheyear1550,beheldwhattookplaceinhonourofPaullu,[157]when theycelebrated theendofhismourningyear. Itwas such that most of the ladies of the city went to his house to see theceremony, and I was myself present. Certainly it was calculated to exciteadmiration, andwewere given to understand that itwas nothing compared towhatusedtotakeplaceinformerdays.NowIwillspeakofMaytaCapac.

CHAPTERXXXIII.OfthefourthIncawhoreignedatCuzco,namedMaytaCapac,andofwhathappenedduringhisreign.

WHAT has been described having taken place, Mayta Capac[158] began toincrease in stature. So, after the usual ceremonies, his earswere bored. Then,when he was still nearer to man’s estate, he received the crown or fringe ofempire in presence of a great multitude, as well natives as strangers, whoassembledforthepurpose.Ashehadnosisterwithwhomtomarry,hetookforhiswife thedaughterofa lordorcaptainofaplacecalledOma,which isatadistanceoftwoleaguesfromCuzco.HernamewasMamaCahuaPata.[159]

Afterthemarriage,therewasadistrictnearthecitywheredweltatribecalledAlcaviquiza,[160]who had shown no desire to form a friendshipwith those ofCuzco.Theywerefullofsuspicion,theoneoftheother.Itisrelatedthat,whenawomanwent tocertainsprings todrawwater,aboycameforthfromtheotherdistrict,andbrokeherpitcher,makinguseofIknownotwhatwords.Shewentback to Cuzco shrieking; and presently the two parties came forth with theirarms, which they had taken up on hearing the noise. The Inca, with hisfollowers,arrived,andtheyputthemselvesinarraytofight,havingtakenasthepretext so slight a cause as this quarrel between thewomanand theboy.Thiswas themotive for subjugating that tribe, and formaking allmemory of it todisappear.

TheobjectwaswellunderstoodbythoseofAlcaviquiza,and,asvaliantmen,they resolutely came forth to the battle,whichwas the first that tookplace inthosedays.Theyfoughttogetherforalongtime,and,astheaffairhadarisensosuddenly,thoseofAlcaviquizahadnotbeenabletoseekforhelp.Thoughtheyfoughtwell,theyweredefeatedinsuchsortthatnearlyallwerekilled,scarcelyfiftyofthemescapingwithlife.ThenthekingMaytaCapactookpossessionofthefieldsandinheritancesofthedeadasconqueror,anddividedthemamongthepeopleofCuzco.Therewasgreat rejoicingfor thevictory,andsacrificeswereoffereduptotheoracles,whichtheyheldtobesacred.

OfthisIncatheOrejonesdonotrelatemorethanthatMaytaCapacreignedinCuzcoseveralyears;and,whenpeoplewerearrivingtosetoutfortheprovincecalled Condesuyo, he became so ill that he died,[161] leaving, as his heir, hiseldestson,namedCapacYupanqui.

CHAPTERXXXIV.OfthefifthkingwhoreignedatCuzco,namedCapacYupanqui.

ITseemstomethattheIndiansrelatedfewthingsofthoseIncaswhoreignedinCuzcosoonafterthefoundationofthatcity.Certainlyitmustbeastheysaythatthreeor fourof the Incaswere thosewhoordainedandperformedall thathasalreadybeenwritten.

Mayta Capac being dead, his obsequies were performed in the usual way,and,hisimagehavingbeenplacedinthetemple,hewascanonizedasasaintinconformitywiththeirblindness.CapacYupanquithenassumedthefringe.Thiswas done with great feasting, and people came from all parts to attend thesolemnityof thecoronation.These rejoicingshavingbeencompleted,drinkingand singingbeing the chief part of them, the Incadetermined togo andmakesacrifice on the hill of Guanacauri, accompanied by the High Priest, theministersofthetemple,andmanyOrejonesandinhabitantsofthecity.

In the province ofCondesuyo itwas known that at the timewhen the lateIncadiedhehadintendedtomakewar,andthepeoplewereprepared,thattheymightnotbetakenunawares.Afterafewdaystheyreceivednewsofhisdeath,andoftheintendedvisitofCapacYupanquitoGuanacauri.Sotheydeterminedtomakewaruponhim,andtosecurespoilsiftheyobtainedthevictory.SettingoutfromatowninthatdistrictcalledMarca,theycametotheplacewheretheInca thenwas.Hehadbeenwarnedofwhatwasgoingon, andwas ready fortheir coming.Many days did not pass before they joined battle one with theother,thestrugglecontinuingforalongtime,asbothsidesfoughtwithspirit.Intheend,thoseofCondesuyosweredefeatedwithmuchslaughter.Thesacrificewasthenperformedwithgreatrejoicing,somemenandwomenbeingofferedupinaccordancewiththeirblindness,andmanyflocksofsheepandlambs,intheentrails of which they prognosticated their extravagancies and follies. Whenthesesacrificeswerefinished,theIncareturnedtoCuzco,wheretherewasgreatfeastingandrejoicingforthevictory.

Thoseoftheenemywhoescaped,returnedtotheirhomesasbesttheycould,wheretheyagainbegantoassembletroops,declaringthattheywouldeitherdieordestroythecityofCuzco,andkillallthestrangerswhowereinit.Inflamedwithprideandanger,theyhurriedtheirpreparation,andbeforetheyhadseenthetempleofCuri-cancha,theydividedtheladieswhowereinitamongthemselves.Having assembled together, they marched towards the hill of Guanacauri,

whence they intended to enter Cuzco. CapacYupanqui had been informed oftheir movements, and had called together all the people of Cuzco and theconfederates.WiththeOrejones,hethenwaiteduntilheknewtheenemywerenearCuzco.Hethenwentforthtomeet them,andtherewasabattle, inwhicheach captain animated his troops. Although those of Condesuyo foughtobstinately, theywere defeated a second time,with a loss ofmore than 6,000men,andthosewhoescaped,turnedandfledtotheirownland.

CapacYupanquifollowedthefugitivestotheirhomes,wherehewagedwarupontheminsuchwisethattheycametosueforpeace,offeringtorecognisetheLordofCuzco,astheothertribeshaddonewhichwereinfriendshipwithhim.CapacYupanquipardonedthem,andshowedhimselfveryfriendlytothemall,ordering his people not to do any harm to thosewhom he now considered asfriends. Some beautiful maidens were then looked for in that land, to beconveyedtothetempleatCuzco.CapacYupanquitravelledforsomedaysintheconqueredregion,requiringthepeopletoliveinanorderlyway,andnottobuildtheir towns in the heights or on the snow-covered rocks. All was done as heordered,andhereturnedtoCuzco.

He continued to enrich the city and the temple more and more; and heorderedahousetobebuiltforhisresidence,whichwasthebestthatuptothattime had been erected in Cuzco. They relate that he had legitimate sons tosucceedhimby theCoya, that the fameof his state andof the templehehadfounded spread abroad among all the neighbouring provinces, and that all thepeoplewereastonishedatthegoodorderandreasonthatreignedinCuzco,andat the inhabitantsbeingwelldressed, in-so-much that these thingswerenoisedabroadinalldirections.

Inthosedays,thepeoplewhooccupiedtheregiontothewestofCuzcoasfarasAndahuaylas,havingheardthetidings,sentambassadorstoCapacYupanquiwithgiftsandofferings,and the request thathewould receive themas friendsand confederates. The Inca gave a very favourable answer, giving them richpiecesofgoldandsilver todeliver to thosewhosent them.Thesemessengerswere severaldays in thecity, receivingkind treatmentandhospitality, judgingmorebywhattheysawthanbywhattheyhadheard;andthustheyrecountedallthings on their return. Some of theOrejones ofCuzco affirm that the generallanguage used in all the provinces was that which was spoken by theseQuichuas,[162] whowere held by their neighbours to be very valiant until theChancas destroyed them.[163] After the Inca Capac Yupanqui had lived manyyears,hediedatagreatage.[164]When thedaysofmourningwerepassed,hissonwas receivedwithout any opposition asKing of Cuzco, as his father had

been.Thenewking’snamewasIncaRocca.

CHAPTERXXXV.OfthesixthkingwhoreignedinCuzcoandofwhathappenedinhistime;andofthefableorhistorythey

relatetouchingtheriverthatpassesthroughthemidstofthecityofCuzco.

CAPACYupanquibeingdeadinthewaythathasbeenrelated,hewassucceededinthelordshipbyIncaRoccahisson;andavastconcourseofpeoplecamefromall directions to be present at the ceremony of his taking the fringe. Greatsacrificeswere offered up at the oracles and temples in accordancewith theirblindness. These Indians relate thatwhen the ears of this Incawere bored, toplaceinthemthoseroundplateswhicharewornbytheOrejonestothisday,oneofthemhurthimverymuch.ThepainwassuchthathewentforthfromthecitytoaveryhighhillwhichtheycallChaca,wherehesummonedhiswomenandtheCoyahissister,namedMacayCuca,whomhehadreceivedashiswifeinhisfather’stime.Theyfurtherrelatethat,at thetime,therehappenedamysteriousevent,whichwas this. Previously, neither streamnor river flowedby the city,andthiswasfelttobenosmallwantandinconvenience.For,whenitwaswarm,the inhabitantswent tobathe in therivers that flowed in theneighbourhoodofthe city, and they even bathed when it was not warm; and there were smallfountainsfortheuseofthepeople,asthereareatthepresentday.

TheIncabeingonthishill,somewhatapartfromhispeople,hebegantoofferupaprayertothegreatTiciviracochaandtoGuanacauri,andtotheSun,andtotheIncashisancestors,thattheywouldbepleasedtodeclarehowandfromwhatdirection, a river couldbebroughtbyhuman labour to the city.Whilehewasprayingheheardagreatpealofthunder,insomuchthatallpresentwereterrified.TheIncahimself,owingtothefrighthereceived,bowedhisheaduntiltheleftear touched theground, fromwhich flowedmuchblood.Suddenlyheheard agreatnoiseofrunningwaterunderneaththatplace.So,withgreatjoy,heorderedmanyIndiansofthecitytocome,whoquicklydugdownuntiltheyreachedthewater which had opened for itself a way in the bowels of the earth, and hadhithertoflowedwithoutbeingofanyuse.

Continuingthisnarrative,theysayfurtherthat,aftertheyhaddugmuchandseenthesourceofthewater,solemnsacrificeswereofferedtothegods,fortheybelieved that this benefit had come to them throughdivine interposition.Withgreat rejoicing they contrived so skilfully that they led the water through thecentreofthecity,havingfirstpavedthegroundwithlargeflags,andraisedwallswithstrongfoundationsoneithersideofthewatercourse,placingsomebridges

ofstoneacross,topassfromonesidetotheother.I have seen this river, and it is true that it flows in theway they describe,

comingfromitssourceinthedirectionofthathill.But,asfortherest,Iknownotthetruth,andmerelywritedownwhattheyassert.Yetastreammightwellflowunderthegroundwithoutbeingeitherseenorheard;for,inmanypartsofthisgreatkingdom,bothlargeandsmallriversflowundertheground,asthosereportwhohavetravelledovertheplainsandmountains.Inthesedaystherearelargesewersonthebanksofthisriver,fulloffilthandrefuse.But,inthetimeofthe Incas, it was kept very clean, the water flowing over the large flags, andoccasionallytheIncaandhiswomenwenttobathethere.AtdiverstimessomeSpaniards have found a quantity of gold, not crude, but worked into smallornamentsandtopus,whichhadbeenleftorhadfallenwhentheIncasandtheirretinuebathedintheriver.[165]

After thisevent, the IncaRoccacameforth fromCuzco tomakesacrifices,contrivingbygreatsubtiltyandkindwordstobringasmanypeopleashecouldinto friendship with him. He advanced towards the region called Condesuyo,where, inaplacecalledPomatambo,[166]he foughtabattlewith thenativesofthat district, and remainedconqueror and lordof themall.Hepardoned them,conferred many benefits on them, instructed them in his rules and order ofgovernment, and theyoffered to becomehis subjects and to pay tribute.Afterhaving been for some days in Condesuyo, and having visited the oracles andtemplesinthatregion,theIncareturnedintriumphtoCuzco,theprincipalchiefsmarchingbeforehimtoguardhisperson,withaxesandhalberdsofgold.

This Inca hadmany sons and not a single daughter.After having ordainedsomeimportantmattersrelatingtothegovernment,hedied,havingfirstmarriedhiseldestson,namedIncaYupanqui,toaladywhowasanativeofAyamarca,namedMamaChiquia.[167]

CHAPTERXXXVI.OftheseventhKingorIncawhoreignedinCuzco,namedIncaYupanqui.

WHEN Inca Rocca died, many people, both men and women came fromCondesuyo, Vicos, and Ayamarca, and there was great mourning for thedeceased king. Many women, from among those who in life had loved andserved him, in accordance with the general blindness of those Indians, hungthemselvesby theirownhair, andotherswerekilled indiversways; that theirsouls might go quickly to serve their lord. In the sepulchre, which wassumptuousandmagnificent,theyputgreattreasures,andastillgreaternumberofwomenandservants,withprovisionsandfineclothing.

No sepulchre of these kings has been found, but to form a judgment as towhethertheywererichornot,itisnotnecessarytoseekfurtherproofthanthefact that in ordinary burying places 60,000 pesos of gold, more or less, havebeenfound.What thenmusthavebeen thequantitydeposited inaroyal tomb,when they possessed somuch of the preciousmetals, and held it to bemostimportanttoleavethislifewellprovidedwithriches?

TheyalsomadeanimageofIncaRocca,accountinghimasoneoftheirgods,andbelievingthathetookhisrestinheaven.

As soon as themourningwasover, and theobsequieswere completed, thenewIncaretiredtoperformhisfast;andlestanyseditionordisturbanceshouldbe caused by his absence, he ordered that one of the principal nobles of hislineage should represent his person in public; to whom he gave authority topunishoffences,andtomaintainthecityinpeaceandrest,untiltheIncashouldcome forthwith the royal insignia of the fringe. They say that they have thetraditionthatthisIncawasofgentlepresence,grave,andofimposingmien.Heretiredintothemostsecretpartofhispalace,whereheremainedtoperformhisfastonmaize.Attheendofthefasthecameforth,thepeopleshowinggreatjoyonbeholdinghim.Theymadefeastsandgreatsacrifices,andafterwardstheIncaorderedthatquantitiesofgoldandsilvershouldbebroughtfromallpartsforthetemple.AndinCuzcotheymadethestonewhichtheycalled“ofthewar.”Itwaslarge,andwasenrichedwithgoldandstones.[168]

CHAPTERXXXVII.HowwhenthisYncawantedtomakewarintheprovinceofCollao,acertaindisturbancearoseinCuzco;

andhowtheChancasconqueredtheQuichuas,andgotpossessionoftheirdominions.

INCAYupanquibeinginCuzcowiththedesireofennoblingit,hedeterminedtogo to Colla-suyu, which includes the provinces to the southward of the city,because he had received intelligence that the descendants of Zapana, whoreigned in Hatun-colla, were very proud and powerful, and that they hadassembledforcestomarchuponCuzco.Soheorderedhispeopletoprepare.TheIndiansrelatethatmanymenhadarrivedforthecampaignwhichIncaYupanquiwanted to undertake, and, being on the point of setting out, some captains ofCondesuyo,withtheirwarriors,plottedamongstthemselvestokilltheInca.Fortheysaidthatifhereturnedvictorious,hewouldbeinsuchhighestimationthathe would desire to bring all men under vassalage and servitude. At the timewhen the Inca was engaged in his festivities, and somewhat joyous from thequantityofwinehehaddrunk,oneoftheconspiratorsapproachedanddeliveredablowwithastickontheroyalhead.TheInca,disturbedandexcited,roseupsaying, “What do you do, traitor?”By this time, themen of Condesuyos hadkilled many persons, and the Inca himself thought of seeking safety in thetemple.Butitwasofnoavailtothink,forhewasovertakenbyhisenemiesandkilled,withmanyofhiswomen.[169]

There was great confusion in the city, insomuch that one man could notunderstand another.The priests had retired to the temple, and thewomen toretheirhair,horrifiedatthedeathoftheIncabybloodshed,asifhehadbeensomevileperson.Manyoftheinhabitantswerepreparingtoabandonthecity,andthemurdererswantedtoplunder.Theyrelatethatatthisjuncturetherewasagreatnoiseof thunderwith lightning,andtherefellsomuchwaterfromheaventhatthoseofCondesuyowereafraid.Withoutfollowinguptheirsuccess,theyretired,contentingthemselveswiththemischieftheyhaddone.

Theyfurtherstatethat,atthattime,theQuichuaswerelordsoftheprovincecalled Andahuaylas, and that from the neighbourhood of a lake calledChoclocochatherecameagreatmultitudeofpeopleundertwocaptainsnamedHuaracaandUasco;whowentforward,conqueringastheyadvanced,untiltheycame to that province. When the inhabitants knew of their approach, theypreparedforwar,encouragingeachother,andsaying, that itwouldbe right tokill thosewho had come to attack them.Coming forth by a passwhich leads

towards the Aymaraes, these Chancas with their captains approached theiropponents, until they were close together, when some speeches were madebetween them.Then they joinedbattle.According to the tradition, the fightingwasdesperate,andtheresultlongdoubtful.Finally,theQuichuasweredefeatedand cruelly treated, for all who fell into the hands of the enemywere killed,without sparing tenderyouthorhelplessoldage, andcarryingoff thewomen.Havingdoneotherevilthings,theymadethemselveslordsofthatprovince,andpossessed it as their descendants do to this day.And I have related this eventbecausehereaftertherewillbefrequentmentionoftheseChancas.

Returning to the previous subject of the retreat of the Condesuyos fromCuzco, the citywas cleared of the dead, and great sacrificeswere offered up.Moreover, it is said to be certain that, in the interment of IncaYupanqui, thesamehonorsasweredonetohisancestorswerenotaccordedtohim,norwashisimagesetup,andheleftnoson.

CHAPTERXXXVIII.HowtheOrejonesconsideredwhoshouldbeInca,andwhatpasseduntilViracochaIncaassumedthe

fringe,whowastheeighthIncathatreigned.

WHEN what has been related, in accordance with the account given by theOrejonesofCuzcoofthesethings,hadtakenplace,therewasgreatlamentationfor thedeathof theInca.Thentheprincipalpeopleof thecityconsideredwhoshouldbechosen forking,andwhowasworthy tobe raised tosuchapostofdignity. Therewere several opinions, some proposing that there should be noking,butthatthecityshouldbegovernedbythosewhomightbeelected;whileothersmaintainedthatallwouldbelostiftherewasnohead.

Over thisquestion therewasagreatdispute, andwhile itwasat itsheight,theysaythatawomancameforth,infrontoftheAnan-Cuzcosandsaid,“Whatare you about? Why do you not take Viracocha Inca, seeing that he is soworthy?”Onhearing thesewords, thepeople left theircupsofwine,andwenthastilyforViracochaInca,sonofIncaYupanqui,[170]saying,assoonastheysawhim, that he should perform the accustomed fast, and then receive the fringe,whichtheydesiredtoconferuponhim.Viracochaagreeing,hecommencedthefast,andcommittedthechargeofthecitytohisrelationRoccaInca.Induetimehe came forthwith the crown, and they celebrated solemn festivals inCuzco,whichlastedformanydays,allshowinggreatsatisfactionattheelectionofthenewInca.

Somehave pretended that this Incawas calledViracocha because he camefromotherpartsandbroughtwithhimadifferentdress,andthatinhisfeaturesandaspectheappearedlikeaSpaniard,becausehehadabeard.[171]Theyrelateother things which would be tedious if they were written down. I inquiredtouchingthismatter,ofCayuTupacYupanqui,andtheotherprincipalpeopleinCuzco,whogavemetheaccountoftheIncaswhichIamnowwriting,andtheyreplied that itwas nonsense,without any foundation. ForViracochawas bornand brought up in Cuzco like his parents and grandparents, and the name ofViracochawasgivenhimasaspecialname,suchaseachonereceives.

Assoonashereceivedthecrown,hemarriedwithoneoftheprincipalladiesnamed Runtu Coya,[172] who was very beautiful. When the festivities wereconcludedhe resolved to set out for the conquestof somepeoplenearCuzco,who had not consented to come into friendly relations with former Incas,confiding in the strength of their pucaras. With the force that he saw fit to

assemble,hesetoutfromCuzcoinarichlitterguardedbytheprincipalpeople,and directed his march to a place called Calca,[173] where hismessenger hadbeenreceivedwithmuchinsolence.WhenthoseofCalcaknewthatthearmyofCuzcowas approaching, they assembled in arms andposted themselves in theheights, whence they hurled great stones on the troops of the Inca, that theymightkillthosewhowerestruck.TheIncasclimbedupthehills,and,inspiteofopposition,succeededinoccupyingoneofthefortsorstrongholds.WhenthoseofCalcasawtheCuzcosoldiers in their fastnesses, theycameforth inabody,andfoughtresolutely.Thebattlecontinuedfrommorninguntilnoon,andmanywerekilledonbothsides,stillmorebeingmadeprisoners.ThevictoryremainedwiththoseofCuzco.

The Inca was near a river,[174] where his camp was pitched, and when heknew of the victory he feltmuch joy. Then his captains came downwith thespoilandthecaptives.TheIndianswhohadescapedfromthebattle,withothercaptainsofCalcaandoftheneighbourhood,sawthattheirplanshadturnedoutso badly, and that the only course for them was to try the good faith of theconqueror,andtoseekforpeace,andamoderateservitudesuchasmanyothershadagreed to.Theycameforth toaplaceon themountainandsaid, ina loudvoice, “Live for ever! live, powerful Inca Viracocha, our lord!” At the noisecausedbythevoicestheCuzcotroopsflewtoarms,butverylittletimeelapsedbeforetheconqueredwereprostrateonthegroundbeforeViracochaInca,wherewithout rising, one who was held to be the wisest amongst them, raising hisvoicebegantosay:“Youought,OInca,neithertobecomeproudatthevictorywhichGodhasgivenyou,nortodespiseusforhavingbeendefeated;fortoyouandtotheIncasitispermittedtobelordsoverothertribes,andtousitisgiventodefendthelibertywhichwereceivedfromourfathers,withallourpower,andwhenwe are unable to succeed in this, it is for us to obey and submitwith agoodgrace.Thereforegivetheorderthatnomoreofusaretobekilled,andnomoreharmtobedone,anddisposeofusaccordingtoyourwill.”Andwhentheprincipal Indian had spoken these words, the rest asked for mercy with loudgroans.

TheIncarepliedthatifharmhadcome,theirangerhadbeentheoccasionofit, forat first theywouldnotbelievehiswordsnor receivehis friendship; thatnow he freely granted them their lands and property as at first, and that, inconformity with the laws, they would pay tribute and do service. He orderedthemtobuildtwopalaces,onewithinthecityofCuzco,andtheotherinSaqui,as a place of recreation. They answered that they would do so, and the Incaorderedthecaptivestobereleasedandtheirpropertytoberestored.Inorderthat

theymightunderstandwhattheyhadtodo,andthatnodissensionsmightariseamong them, he ordered a delegate with great power to remain among them,withoutdeprivingthenativelordofhisjurisdiction.

Theseeventshavingpassed,theIncaViracochasentamessengertosummonthoseofCaitomarca,whohadmade strongplaceson theother sideof a river,withouteverhavingshownadesireoffriendshipwiththeIncaswhowerelordsofCuzco.WhenthemessengeroftheIncaViracochaarrived,theyreviledhim,calling the Incaamadman, forbelieving that theywouldeasily submit tohisrule.

CHAPTERXXXIX.HowViracochaIncathrewastoneoffirewithaslingatCaitomarca,andhowtheymadereverence.

ASsoonasViracochaIncahaddespatchedthemessenger,heorderedthecampto be raised, and a march to be undertaken in the direction of Caitomarca.Advancingbytheroad,theyarrivedatariver,wheretheIncaorderedahaltforrest. Being in this place, the messenger arrived, who reported how those ofCaitomarcahadmockedathim,andhowtheyhadsaidthattheyfeltnofearoftheIncas.WhenthismessagewasunderstoodbytheIncaViracocha,heroseuponthelitterwithgreatanger,orderingthetroopstoadvancewithallspeed.Thiswasdone,untiltheycametoalargeandrapidriver,whichIbelievemusthavebeen the river of Yucay.[175] Here the Inca ordered his tents to be pitched,intending toattack theenemy’s townon theother side;but thecurrentwas sostrong that thiswas not possible.Those ofCaitomarca came to the river side,whencetheyhurledmanystonesfromtheirslingsattheInca’scamp,andbegantouttercriesandgreatshouts.Foritisastrangecustomwiththesepeople,whentheyfightwitheachother,howlittletheyallowtheirmouthstorest.

For twodays the Incawason thebanksof that riverwithoutbeingable tocrossit,fortherewasnobridge;norisitclearwhethertheyhadthosewhicharenow in use before the time of the Incas: some say that they had them,whileothers maintain the contrary. They relate that Viracocha Inca ordered a smallstonetobeputintoastrongflame,andwhenitwasveryhotheappliedacertainpreparation to itwhichwouldmake it set fire to anything it touched.He thenordered it to beput into a slingmadeof goldwire,withwhich,whenhewasinclined, hewas accustomed to hurl stones, andwith great force he threw theheatedmissile into the townofCaitomarca. It fellon theeaveofaroofwhichwas thatched with very dry straw, and presently the thatch burnt, so that theIndianscriedouttoknowwhathadhappened,andwhohadsetfiretothehouse.Then anoldwomanpresentedherself before themand said, “Listen towhat Ideclare,andtowhatiscertain.Thinknotthatthehousehasbeensetonfirebyanyonehere,butbelievethatthefirecamefromheaven.ForIbeheldaburningstone,which,fallingfromonhigh,struckthehouseanddestroyeditasyousee.”

Whentheprincipalleaders,andtheeldersofthetownheardthis,beingsuchgreatsoothsayersandwizards,theybelievedthatthestonehadbeensentbythehandofGodasapunishmentfordisobeyingtheInca.Presently,withoutwaitingforananswerfromtheoracleorofferingupanysacrifice,theycrossedtheriver

in balsas, bringing presents to the Inca. When they were brought into hispresence,theyaskedforpeaceandmadegreatoffersoftheirpersonsandestates,astheirallieshadpreviouslydone.

TheIncaViracocha,onlearningwhat thoseofCaitomarcahadsaid,repliedwithgreatdissimulation that if theyhadnotquicklycomeon thatday,hehaddetermined toattack themon the followingmorning, ingreatbalsaswhichhehad caused to be prepared. The agreement was then made between those ofCaitomarca and the Inca; and that sovereign gave to the captain or lord ofCaitomarcaoneof his ownwomen, a nativeofCuzco,whichwas esteemedagreatfavor.

ThefameoftheInca’sdeedswasspreadabroadintheneighbouringdistricts,andmany,without seeing thearmsof theCuzcoarmy, sent tooffer friendshipandalliancewiththekingInca,whowaswellpleased,speakinglovinglytooneandanother,showinggreatkindness toall,andproviding themwithwhat theyneeded. Seeing that he was now able to assemble a great army, the IncadeterminedtocalltroopstogethertoadvanceinpersonintoCondesuyo.

CHAPTERXL.HowatyrantroseupinCuzco,andofthedisturbancehecaused.Ofthechastisementofcertain

Mamaconasforhaving,contrarytotheirreligion,usedtheirbodiesuncleanly;andhowViracochareturnedtoCuzco.

THEnewswasreceivedatCuzcoofeverythingthathappenedtoViracocha;andwhen an account was given in the city of the operations against those ofCaitomarca,theysaythatatyrantroseupinthepersonofabrotherofthelateIncaYupanqui,who,beingmuchannoyedbecausethelordshipandsovereigntyhadbeengiventoViracochaandnottohim,waswatchingforanopportunitytoseize the supreme power.He entertained this design because he had formed apartyamongsomeoftheOrejonesandprincipalpersonsofthelineageofOrin-Cuzcos.OnreceivingthenewsofthiswarwhichtheIncawasengagedin,anditseeminglikelythathewouldfindadifficultyinbringingittoasuccessfulend,theconspirator resolved tokill himwhohadbeen left asgovernorof the city,andtotakepossession.

Capac, forsuchwashisname,eagerfor thecommand,assembledhispartyonadaywhenall the restof theOrejoneswere in the templeof theSun,andamongthemIncaRocca,thegovernoroftheIncaViracocha,andtookuparms.He declared thatViracocha could not retain the sovereignty, and he killed thegovernor,withmanyothers,whosebloodstainedthealtarsandsanctuaries,andthe figure of the Sun. Themamaconas and priests ran out with much noise,cursing the murderers and declaring that so great a crime deserved a greatpunishment.Acrowdcameforthfromthecitytoseewhathadhappened.Someapproving of the rebellion, joined with Capac; others, deploring the murders,tookuparms,andtherewasthusadivision,manybeingkilledbothononesideandontheother.Thecityresoundedwithsuchnoiseandshouts,thatmencouldnot hear their own voices. In this confusion the tyrant got possession, killingmany of thewomen of the Inca. Some fled from the city, and escaped to thecampofViracocha,who, concealingwhathe felt, orderedhis troops tomarchtowardsCuzco.

To return to the tyrant Capac.When he had got possession of the city, hewanted toappear inpublicwith the fringe, that allmight receivehimasking.But when the first excitement was over, during which many had lost theirjudgment and committed great crimes, the very same who had incited theusurper to rise, now upbraided him, went out to meet the Inca, and soughtpardonforwhattheyhaddone.

Capachadno lackofcourage tocarry through theaffair,buthewasmuchdisturbed to see how smallwas the number of thosewho adhered to him.Hecursedthosewhohaddeceivedanddesertedhim,and,thathemightnotbeholdthe returnof the Inca,he tookpoisonanddied.Hiswomenandchildren,withotherrelations,imitatedhisexample.

Thenewsofallthiscametotheroyalcamp,andtheInca,whenhereachedthecity,wentstraighttothetempleoftheSuntoofferupsacrifices.ThebodiesofCapacandoftheotherswhohaddiedwithhim,wereorderedtobecastforthintothefields,tobedevouredbybirdsofprey;andthosewhoaidedthetreasonwerecondemnedtodeath.

The allies and confederates of Viracocha Inca, when they heard what hadhappened, sentmany embassieswith presents and offerings of congratulation,andtotheseembassieshemadejoyfulreplies.

At this time, theOrejones say that thereweremany virgins of rank in thetempleof theSun,whowerehonored and esteemed, as hasbeen explained inmany parts of this history. And they further add that four of them used theirbodiesuncleanlywithcertainservantswhoguardedthem,andbeingdiscoveredtheyweretaken,boththemenandthewomen,andthehighpriestorderedthattheyshouldbejudged,andpunished.

TheIncahaddeterminedtoinvadeCondesuyo,but,feelingtiredandold,hegaveuptheplan.Hethenorderedthatpalaces,tobeusedbyhimforrecreation,shouldbebuiltinthevalleyofXaquixaguana.Ashehadmanysons,andasheknewthattheeldest,whowasnamedIncaUrco,towhomthesovereigntywoulddescend,wasamanofvicioushabitsandverycowardly,hedesiredtodeprivehimoftheinheritance,inordertogiveittoanotherwhowasyoungerandmoreworthy,namedIncaYupanqui.

CHAPTERXLI.HowambassadorsfromthetyrantsoftheCollaocametoCuzco,andofthedepartureofViracochaIncafor

theCollao.

MANY histories and events fell out between the natives of these provinces inearly times; but as I make a rule only to relate what I hold to be certain,accordingtotheopinionsofthelearnednativesandtothenarrativeItookdownatCuzco,I leaveoutwhatIdonotclearlyunderstand,andtreatofwhatI feelsure,asIhavealreadyexplainedseveraltimes.

Itiswellknown,amongtheOrejones,thatatthistimeambassadorscametoCuzcofromtheprovinceoftheCollao.Fortheyrelatethat,inthereignofIncaViracocha,alordnamedZapanaruledoverHatun-colla.InthelakeofTiticacathereareislandsinhabitedbypeoplewithlargebalsas,andanotherlordnamedCariwent to the islands,wherehe foughtwith thepeople insomuch that thereweregreatbattlesbetweenthem,outofwhichtheCaricameforthaconqueror.Buthehadnootherobject than todestroy thevillagers andcarryoffplunder,without troublinghimself to takeprisoners.Hereturned toChucuito,wherehehad established himself, and he had under his sway the towns ofYlave,Yuli,Zepita, Pomata, and others. With the people he could collect, after havingofferedupgreatsacrifices tohisgodsordevils,hedeterminedtomarchto theprovinceoftheCanas.Thesemen,whentheyheardofhisapproach,assembledtogether, came forth to meet him, and fought a battle in which they weredefeated with much loss. After this victory Cari determined to continue hisadvance,andarrivedatLuracachi,whereitissaidthathefoughtanotherbattle,andwasequallyfortunate.

With these victoriesCari became very proud, and the news spread abroad.When Zapana, the lord of Hatun-colla, heard of it, he was very sad, and heassembledhisfriendsandvassalstotakethefieldanddespoilCari.Buthecouldnot do this so secretly as to prevent Cari from understanding the design ofZapana, andhe retired ingoodorder toChucuitoby anunfrequented road, sothat Zapana could not molest him. Having arrived in his own country, Cariassembledhisprincipalchiefs,thattheymightconsulttouchingthedesignsforZapana,whosedestructionwasmeditatedbyCari,thattheremightbeonlyonelordintheCollao.Zapanahadthesamethoughtinhismind.

AndasthevalouroftheIncas,andthegreatpowerofViracochawasspreadabroadoverallthatregion,eachofthesechiefs,desiringtoobtainhisfriendship,

sent ambassadors toCuzco to secure his alliance and induce him to take partagainsttherivalchief.Thesemessengerssetoutwithgreatpresents,andarrivedatCuzcowhentheIncawasattheplacesortampuswhich,forhisdiversion,hehad ordered to be built inXaquixaguana.Hearing that theywere coming, theIncaordered that they shouldbe lodged in the city andprovidedwith all theyrequired.

TheIncaconsultedwiththeOrejonesandvenerablecouncillorstouchingthecourse that ought to be adopted in thematter of the embassies that had comefrom the Collao; and it was decided that a reply should be sought from theoracles.This isdoneby thepriests in frontof the idols.Theybowdown theirshoulders,put their chins into theirbreasts, andbegin to speak in loudvoices.OccasionallyImyself,withmyownears,haveheardtheIndiansconversewiththedevil.IntheprovinceofCartagena,inaseaporttowncalledBahayre,[176] Iheardthedevilanswerinaclearwhistle,andsoloudly,thataChristianwhowasinthesametownbutmorethanhalfaleaguefromwhereIwas,heardthesamewhistleandwasdismayed,beingratherunwell.OnanotherdaytheIndiansmadegreat shoutings,publishing the replyof thedevil. In somepartsof these landswhere they keep the dead in hammocks, the devils occasionally enter into thebodiesandgiveanswers.IheardamannamedArandasaythat,intheislandofCarex,[177]healsosawoneofthesedeadbodiesspeak,andtheliesandnonsensetheyutterarelaughable.

WhentheIncadeterminedtoseekforananswerfromtheoracles,hesentforthosewhowereaccustomedtomanagethosethings,andtheysaythatthereplywasthatheshouldarrangetogototheCollaoandseektheallianceofCari.SoheorderedthemessengersofZapanatobebroughtbeforehim,andtoldthemtosay to their lord that hewould shortly leave Cuzco andmarch to the Collao,wherehewould treatof thequestionof friendship.To thosewhocameon thepartofCarihesaidthattheyweretoexplaintothelordhowhewaspreparingtocometohisaid,andthathewouldsoonbewithhim.[178]Whenthiswasdone,theIncaorderedforcestobeassembledtomarchfromCuzco,leavingoneoftheprincipalpersonsofhislineageasgovernor.

CHAPTERXLII.HowViracochaIncapassedbytheprovincesoftheCanchesandCanas,andmarcheduntilheenteredthe

territoryoftheCollao,andofwhathappenedbetweenCariandZapana.

HAVING determined to march to the Collao, the Inca set out from the city ofCuzcowith a large force, passing byMuyna, and by the towns ofUrcos andQuiquijana.When theCanches,[179] heard of his approach, they determined toassemble and come forthwith their arms, to defend the passage through theirland.TheInca,onreceivingnewsoftheirintention,sentmessengerstorepresentthattheyshouldnotundertakesuchanenterprise,forthathedidnotwishtogivethem any affront, but rather desired to be their friend, and if their chiefs andcaptainswouldcometohim,hewouldgivethemtodrinkfromhisowncup.TheCanches replied to themessengers that the Inca should not pass by reason ofwhattheysaid,andthattheyweretheretodefendtheircountrywhichhadbeeninvaded.Returningwiththisanswer,themessengersfoundtheIncaViracochainCangalla, full of anger at the small account in which the Canches held hisembassy.Hemadea rapidmarch,arrivingata townwhich iscalledCompata.Nearariverwhichflowscloseby,hefoundtheCanchesdrawnup inorderofbattle, and here the combat between the two forces took place.Many died onbothsides,andtheCanchesweredefeated.Thosewhowereabletodoso,fled,andwerefollowedbytheconquerors,killingandtakingprisoners.Afteralongtime thepursuers returnedwith thespoils,bringingwith themmanyprisoners,bothmenandwomen.

After this had happened, the Canches, throughout the province, sentmessengerstotheInca,beseechinghimtopardonthem,andtoreceivethemintohis service.As the Inca desired nothing else, he granted the usual conditions,which were that they should receive those of Cuzco as sovereign lord, andsubmit their laws and customs, offering tribute of what they produced, inaccordancewithwhatwasdonebyother subjects.Afterpassing somedays inarranging these affairs, and inmaking the Canches understand that theymustlive together in towns, and must not engage in quarrels or wars amongstthemselves,hepassedonwards.

TheCanas[180] had assembled together in large numbers, at a place calledLuracachi;andastheyhadnewsofwhathadbefallentheCanches,andthattheYncadidnotinjurethosewhowishedtobehisallies,norallowotherstodoso,they resolved to make friends with him. The Inca advanced and, when he

approachedLuracachi and heard of the goodwill of theCanas, hewasmuchpleased. As there was a temple of Aconcagua in that district, he sent greatpresentstotheidolsandpriests.

When theambassadors from theCanasarrived, theywerewell receivedbytheIncaViracocha,whorepliedtothemthattheprincipalandmostvenerableoftheCanas should be near,where theywould see him; andwhen he had beensomedaysatthetempleofVilcañotahewouldhastentobewiththem.Hegavesomefineclothandornamentstothemessengers,andorderedhisownsoldiersnottoenterthehousesoftheCanas,nortotakeanythingthatbelongedtothem,thattheirgoodwillmightnotbedisturbednorgiveplacetoanyotherthought.

TheCanas,whentheyheardthemessage,causedplentyofprovisionstobeplacedalongtheroad,andcamedownfromtheirvillagestoservetheInca,who,withmuchregardtojustice,tookcarethattheyshouldnotbeinjuredinanyway.Theyweresuppliedwithflocksand——[181]whichistheirwine.Onarrivingattheir vain temple, they made sacrifices in accordance with their heathenpractices,killingmanylambs.ThencethearmyadvancedtoAyavire,wheretheCanas had brought more provisions. The Inca spoke to them lovingly, andarranged his peaceful pact, as was his custom with other tribes. The Canas,holdingittobeanadvantagetothemtobegovernedbysuchwiseandjustlaws,didnotobjecttothepaymentoftribute,andthedutyofgoingtoCuzco.

Thisbeingdone,ViracochaIncadeterminedtosetoutfortheCollao,wherebythistimeitwasknownwhathadhappenedwiththeCanchesandCanas.TheywerewaitinginChucuito,andinHatunColla.ZapanawasawarethatCarihadbeen received well by Viracocha, and that he was expecting the Inca. He,therefore, determined to attack him before he became more powerful by ajunctionwiththeforcesoftheInca.Cariwasequallyspirited,andcameoutwithhisfollowerstoatowncalledPaucar-colla.Nearthisplacethearmiesofthetwomost powerful tyrants of the district faced each other, in such numbers that itwassaidtheyamountedtoonehundredandfiftyhuarancas.[182]Theyjoinedinbattle,anditisrelatedthatitwasfiercelycontested,andthatthedeadnumberedmorethan30,000.Afterithadlastedforalongtime,Cariremainedthevictor,while Zapana and his people were defeated, with the death of many. Zapanahimselfwaskilledinthisbattle.

CHAPTERXLIII.HowCarireturnedtoChucuito;ofthearrivaloftheIncaViracocha;andofthepeacethatwasagreedto

betweenthem.

ASsoonasZapanawasdead,Caritookpossessionofhiscamp,andseizeduponeverythingthatwasinit,withwhichhequicklyreturnedtoChucuito.TherehewaitedforViracochaInca,andorderedlodgingstobegotreadyandprovisionstobesupplied.TheInca,whilehewasontheroad,heardofthevictorygainedbyCariandoftheendofthewar.Althoughhegaveoutthathewaspleased,insecrethefeltregretatthecoursethingshadtaken,becausehethoughtthat,whilethere were differences between the two chiefs, he would easilymake himselflordoftheCollao;andheintendedtoreturnquicklytoCuzco,thatnountowardeventmighthappen.

When he approached Chucuito, Cari came forth with his principal men toreceivehim,andhewaslodgedandattentivelyserved.AshewishedtoreturntoCuzco,he spokewithCari, tellinghimhowmuchhehad rejoicedathisgoodsuccess,andthathewascomingtohisassistance.Inordertomakesurethattheyshouldalwaysbegoodfriends,heexpressedadesiretogivehimadaughterofhisownforawife.Cariansweredthathewasveryoldandveryweary,andheprayedtheIncatomarryhisdaughtertoayouth,seeingthatthereweremanytochoosefrom,andthathewouldhavehimashislordandfriend,andconsentthatheshouldrule,andthatinthiswayhewouldhelphiminwarsandotheraffairsofmoment. Then, in presence of the principalmenwhowere assembled, theInca Viracocha ordered a large cup of gold to be brought, and the plightedhomage between the twowas taken in thisway. They drank a draught of thewinewhichthewomenhad,andtheIncatookthecup,andputitonthetopofaveryloosestone,saying:—“Thesignisthis,thatthecupshallbehere,andIdonotmove it noryou touch it, in token that thatwhich is agreedupon shall beobserved.”Thenkissing,theymadeareverencetothesun,andtheyhadagreattaqui,withmuchnoise.Then thepriests,havingutteredcertainwords, carriedthecuptooneoftheirvaintemples,wheretheydepositsimilartokensofoathsmadebytheirkingsandlords.HavingpassedsomedaysinChucuito,ViracochaInca returned toCuzco,beingattentivelywaiteduponandwell received in allparts.

Andnowmanyprovinceswereorganized,andthepeopleworebetterclothesand had better customs than before, being ruled according the laws ofCuzco.

IncaUrco,thesonofViracochaIncahadremainedthereasgovernor,ofwhomtheyrelatethathewasverycowardly,remiss,fullofvices,andwithfewvirtues.As hewas the eldest he had to succeed his father in the kingdom.His fatherknewhischaracter,anddesiredmuchtodeprivehimofthelordship,andtogiveittoIncaYupanqui,hissecondson,ayouthofgreatvalourandofgoodconduct,resolute and fearless, and endowed with grand and lofty aspirations. But theOrejonesandprincipalmenofthecitydidnotwishthelawstobebroken,whichwereobservedashavingbeenordainedbytheirancestors.Althoughtheyknewhowevilwere the inclinationsof IncaUrco, still theydesired thathe, andnotanother should be the king after the death of his father. I relate this so fullybecause thosewho toldme, also say thatViracocha Inca sent fromUrcos, hismessengerstothecity,totreatonthismatter,butthathecouldnotobtainwhathewanted.WhenheenteredCuzco,hehadagrandreception.Buthewasnowveryoldandweary,sohedeterminedtoleavethegovernmentofhiskingdomtohisson,todeliverupthefringe,andtoretiretothevalleyofYucayandtothatofXaquixaguanatoamusehimselfandenjoytherestofhislife.Heannouncedhisintentiontothepeopleofthecity,buthewasnotabletosecurethesuccessionforIncaYupanqui.

CHAPTERXLIV.HowIncaUrcowasreceivedassupremerulerofthewholeempire,andassumedthecrownatCuzco,and

howtheChancasdeterminedtocomeforthandmakewaronthoseofCuzco.

THEOrejones,andevenall theothernativesof theseprovinces, laughedat theproceedingsof the IncaUrco.[183]Owing to his trivialities, theyprefer that heshouldnotbelookeduponashavingenjoyedthedignityofthekingdom.Thuswesee that in thenarrativederivedfromthequipusand traditions,which theyhaveofthekingswhoreignedatCuzco,theyaresilentastothisone.ThisIwillnotbe;forinfact,wellorill,withvicesorvirtues,hegovernedandreignedoverthekingdomfor severaldays.WhenViracocha Incadeparted for thevalleyofXaquixaguana,hesentthefringeorcrowntoCuzco,thattheeldersofthecitymightdeliverittoIncaUrco,havingsaidthatwhathehaddoneforthecityofCuzco must suffice, and that he wished to pass what remained of life in theenjoyment of rest, for that he was old and unfit for war. His wishes beingunderstood, presently Inca Urco began the fasts and other observances inconformity with their customs and, having finished, he came forth with thecrown,andwenttothetempleoftheSuntoperformsacrifices,andthereweretheusualfeastsanddrinkingboutsatCuzco.

IncaUrcohadmarriedhissister,thathemighthaveasonbyher,tosucceedto the lordship.Hewas so vicious, and so given to evil courses that,withoutcaringforher,hewentaftercommonwomen,andafterthegirlshefancied,anditisevensaidthatheseducedsomeofthemamaconasinthetemple;andhehadso littlehonour thathedidnotevendesire tobe respected.Hewentabout thecity drinking, and when he had an arroba or more of liquor in his body, heconducted himself indecently. And he used to say to the Orejones who hadbeautiful wives, “How aremy children?” asmuch as to say that the childrenwere his and not the children of the husbands. He never built any house oredifice,hedislikedarms,and inshort they relatenogood thingofhimexceptthathewasveryliberal.

As soon as he had assumed the fringe, after some days had passed, hedeterminedtogoandenjoyhimself in thehousesofpleasurewhichwerebuiltfortherecreationoftheIncas,leavingashislieutenantIncaYupanqui,whowasfatherofTupacInca,asweshallpresentlyrelate.

SuchbeingthestateofaffairsatCuzco,theChancas,asIhavealreadystated,had conquered theQuichuas and occupied the greater part of the province of

Andabailes.Astheywerevictorious,andhearingwhatwassaidofthegrandeurofCuzcoandofitsriches,andofthemajestyoftheIncas,theydidnotdesiretoabandontheirconquests,butwishedtoacquirealltheycouldwiththeirarms.Sotheymadeagrandappeal to theirgods,andsetout fromAndabailes,which istheplacecalledbytheSpaniardsAndaguaylas,[184]andisnowanencomiendaofDiego Maldonado[185] the rich, leaving a sufficient force there to protect it.Hastu-Huaraca, and a very brave brother of his named Omoguara, with theforces ready for war, set out proudly from their own territory on the road toCuzco,marchinguntiltheyarrivedatCurampa,[186]wheretheyencamped,doingmuch injury to the people of the district. But as in those days many of thesettlements were on the heights and peaks of the mountains, with strongdefences calledpucaras, they could not kill any great number ormakemanyprisoners,butonlyravagethefields.

They departed from Curampa, and arrived at the resting place of Cocha-cassa, and at the river Abancay, destroying everything they found. Thus theyapproachedCuzco,wherethenewsoftheircominghadprecededthem.WhenitwasknowntotheagedViracocha,heleftthevalleyofXaquixaguana,andwentwithhiswomenandservants to thevalleyofYucay.Theyalsorelate thatIncaUrcomerelylaughed,makinglightofwhatwasreallyaveryseriousmatter.Butthe fate of Cuzco was guarded by Inca Yupanqui and his sons, who weredestinedtosavethecityfromallitsdangerbytheirvirtues.Fornotonlydidhevanquish the Chancas, but he subjugated the greater part of the nations whoinhabitthosekingdoms,asIshallrelatefurtheron.

CHAPTERXLV.HowtheChancasarrivedatthecityofCuzcoandpitchedtheircampthere,andoftheterrorofthe

inhabitants,andthegreatvalourofIncaYupanqui.

AFTERtheChancashadofferedupsacrificesonthebanksoftheApurimacandhadarrivednear thecityofCuzco, theCaptain-Generalor lordwho led them,namedHastu-Huaracasaidthattheyshouldreflectonthegreatundertakingtheyhadenteredupon,thattheyshouldshowthemselvestobestrong,andthattheyshouldfeelnofearnorterrorwhateverofmenwhothoughttheycouldfrightenpeoplebymaking theirears suchasizeas theseenemiesdid.Healso toldhisfollowersthattheywouldcapturemuchspoil,andbeautifulwomenwithwhomthey could enjoy themselves.They replied cheerfully that theywould do theirduty.

AsitwasknowninthecityofCuzcothattheenemywasmarchingagainstit,andthatneitherViracochaIncanorhissonIncaUrcohadmadeanypreparationto oppose them, the Orejones and principal people weremuch disturbed, andoffered up great sacrifices according to their custom.They then agreed to askIncaYupanquitotakechargeofthewar,forthecommonsafety.Oneofthemostvenerable took the matter in hand, and spoke in the name of the others. Hereplied thatwhenhis fatherwished toconfer the fringeuponhim, theywouldnot consent, but insisted that his cowardly brother should be Inca.He himselfhadneverpretendedtotheroyaldignitythroughusurpationandcontrarytothewillof thepeople; and they shouldnowdowhatwasnecessary for thepublicgood,as theyhadseenthat theIncaUrcowasunfitfor thepost.TheOrejonesreplied that,when thewarwasover, theywouldadopt suchmeasuresaswerebestforthegovernmentofthekingdom.Itissaidthattheythensentmessengersthroughtheprovince,declaringthatallwhowishedtocomeandbecitizensofCuzco,wouldbegivenlandsinthevalley,andwouldreceiveprivileges;andsotheycamefrommanyparts.Thisbeingdone,thecaptain,IncaYupanqui,cameforthtothegreatsquarewherewasthestoneofwar,withtheskinofaliononhishead,asasignthathemustbestrongasisthatanimal.

At this time the Chancas had reachedVilca-cunga, and the IncaYupanquiordered all the men of war that were in Cuzco to be assembled, with thedeterminationofmarchingouton the road.Thosewhoappearedmost resolutewereappointedcaptains;but,onfurtherconsideration,hedeterminedtowaitinthecity.

TheChancascontinuedtoadvanceuntiltheypitchedtheircamponthehillofCarmenca,whichoverlooksthecity,andpresentlysetuptheirtents.ThepeopleofCuzcohadmadedeepholesfullofstonesat theapproaches to thecity,andsubtlycoveredthemoveronthetop,sothat thosewhowalkedthatwaymightfallin.WhenthewomenandchildrenofCuzcosawtheenemy,theyweremuchafraid,andmadeagreatnoise.IncaYupanquisentmessengerstoHastuHuaraca,proposing that there should be an agreement between them, to avoid theslaughter of the people. Hastu Huaraca was proud, and thought little of theembassy. He wanted simply to abide by the decision of battle; but to theimportunateprayersofhisrelationsandothers,heyieldedsofarastoagreetoaconference with the Inca, and in that sense he replied. The city is situatedbetweenhills,inanaturallystrongposition.Theslopesandridgeswerescarped,andinmanypartssharpstakesofpalmwerefixed,whichareashardasiron,andmorehurtful.The IncaandHastuHuaracahadan interview,but,asbothwerereadytofight,itavailedlittle,forbeingfurtherexcitedbythewordswhichtheyspoke toeachother,at last theycame toblows,at thesame timeshoutingandmakingagreatnoise.Forthemeninthatcountrymakeanexceedinggreatnoisewhen they fight. They fought with each other for a long time and the nightcomingon, theChancas remained in their tents, and thoseof thecitywereallround,watchingineverydirection, that theenemymightnotenter.ForneitherCuzco,northeothertownsinthoseparts,aresurroundedbywalls.

When the surprisewasover,HastuHuaracaencouragedhis followers tobevalorousinthefight,andtheIncaYupanquididthesamewiththeOrejonesandthepeoplewhowere in thecity.TheChancasresolutelycameforth fromtheircampwiththeintentionofforcinganentry,andthoseofCuzcoweredeterminedtodefendthecity.Thebattlewasrenewed,andmanyfelloneitherside;butsuchwas thevalour of IncaYupanqui that hegained thevictory, andnearly all theChancaswerekilled.They say that very fewmore than fivehundred escaped,and among them their captainHastuHuaraca,who arrivedwith them at theirownprovincebutnotwithoutdifficulty.[187]TheIncaenjoyedthespoil,andgotmanycaptives,aswellmenaswomen.

CHAPTERXLVI.HowIncaYupanquiwasreceivedasKing,thenameofIncabeingtakenfromIncaUrco,andhowthenew

SovereignmadeapeacewithHastuHuaraca.

AS soon as theChancaswere defeated, IncaYupanqui enteredCuzco in greattriumph,andaddressedtheprincipalOrejonesontheiragreement.Hesaidthathe had worked for them in the way they had seen, while his brother and hisfatherhaddonelittleinopposingtheenemy,andthat,therefore,theyshouldgivehim the sovereignty andgovernmentof the empire.ThepeopleofCuzco, onewithanother,discussed thematter,comparing themeritsof IncaYupanquiandIncaUrco, and, by consent of the city, they agreed that IncaUrco should notenterCuzco again, and that the fringe shouldbe taken fromhimandgiven toIncaYupanqui.AlthoughIncaUrco,whenheknewwhathadbeendone,wantedtocometoCuzcoto justifyhimself,andwasmuchmoved,complainingofhisbrotherandofthosewhohaddeprivedhimofthegovernment;yettheydidnotyield,norturnasidefromaccomplishingwhattheyhadresolvedtodo.TherearesomewhosaythattheCoya,wifeofIncaUrco,lefthimwithouthavingbornehimanychildren,andwenttoCuzco,wherehersecondbrotherIncaYupanquireceivedherashiswife.Havingperformedthefastandtheotherceremonies,hecame forth with the fringe, and there were great festivals at Cuzco, peopleflockingthitherfromallparts.ThenewIncaorderedallthosewhohadfalleninthe battle on his side to be buried with the customary funeral rites. For theChancashecauseda largehouse tobeerectedon thebattle field, likea tomb,where all the bodies of the deadwere put as amemorial, and the skinswerefilledwithcindersorstraw,sothatthehumanformwasmadetoappearinmanyattitudes. Some of them appearing like men, had drums issuing from theirbellies,onwhichtheyappearedtobeplaying.Othersweresetupwithflutesintheirmouths.AfterthisfashiontheywereleftuntiltheSpaniardsenteredCuzco.AlonzoCarrasco[188] and JuandePancorvo,[189] ancient conquerors, related tomehow theyhadseen these skins fullofcinders, asdidmanyothersof thosewhocametoCuzcowithPizarroandAlmagro.

TheOrejonessay that in thosedays therewasa largepopulation inCuzco,and that it was always increasing. Messengers arrived from many parts tocongratulate the new king, who answered them all with gracious words. Hewished to set out andmakewar in the region they callCondesuyo, and as heknewbyexperiencehowbraveandenterprisingwasHastuHuaraca,theLordofAndahuaylas,hethoughtofinducinghimtoenterhisservice.Theyrelatethathe

sent messengers, asking the chief to come to Cuzco with his brothers andfriends, and to enjoy the society of the Inca. Considering that it would beprofitable to secure the friendship of IncaYupanqui, theLordofAndahuaylascametoCuzco,andwaswellreceived.[190]AndastheIncahadsummonedhisarmyforwar,hedeterminedtoproceedtoCondesuyo.

Atthistime,theyrelatethatViracochaIncadied,andtheygavehimsepulturewithlesspompandhonorthanhisancestors,becausehehaddesertedthecityinhisoldageandhadnowishtoreturnwhentheChancasmadewar.IsaynomoreconcerningIncaUrco,becausetheIndiansonlyrefertohishistoryasathingtolaughat,andputtinghimononeside,IconsiderIncaYupanquiastheninthkingthatreignedinCuzco.

CHAPTERXLVII.HowIncaYupanquisetoutfromCuzco,leavingLloqueYupanquiasGovernor,andofwhathappened.

ASnow,byorderofIncaYupanqui,morethan40,000menhadbeenassembledroundthestoneofwar,thearmywaspassedinreview,captainswereappointed,andtherewerefeastsanddrinkingbouts.Allbeingready,theIncasetoutfromCuzcoinalitterenrichedwithgoldandpreciousstones,whichwassurroundedby his guards with halberds, axes, and other arms. Next to him marched thelords, and this king displayed more valour and authority than any of hisancestors.He left inCuzco, according towhat they relate, his brother LloqueYupanquiasgovernor.TheCoyaand theotherwomen travelled inhammocks,anditissaidthattheycarriedagreatquantityofjewelsandofstores.Infront,menweresentforwardtocleartheroad,sothatneithergrassnorstone,largeorsmall,mightremainonit.

Arrived at the riverApurimac, they crossed it by the bridge that had beenmade, and advanced as far as the buildings of Cura-huasi. Many men andwomen, and some lords and principalmen, came forth from the neighbouringplaces, andwhen they saw the army theywere amazed and cried out, “GreatLord,ChildoftheSun”,“Monarchofallthings”,andmanyothergrandnames.Atthisplace,theysaythatacaptainoftheChancas,namedTupacUasco,wasgivenaPallaofCuzcoashiswife,andhehighlyprizedher.

Advancing by the Apurimac and Cocha-cassa, the Inca found that theinhabitants of those parts were in strong pucaras, and that they did not livetogether in villages. So he ordered that they should live in an orderly way,abandoningevilcustoms,andabstainingfromkillingeachother.Theyrejoicedattheseorders,andwillinglyobeyedhiscommandment.ButthoseofCurampaderidedit.ThisbeingtoldtoIncaYupanqui,hedefeatedtheminbattle,killingmany,andtakingothersprisoners.Asthelandwasfertile,heorderedoneofhisofficerstoremainandorganisethedistrict,andtobuildlodgingsandatempleoftheSun.

Thesearrangementshavingbeenmadewithgreatcare,theKingsetoutfromthence,andmarchedtotheprovinceofAndahuaylas,wheretherewasasolemnreception.Heremainedseveraldaystodecidewhetherhewouldgotoconquerthe inhabitants of Guamanga or Xauxa, or the Soras and Lucanas. Havingconsideredthematterincouncilwithhisofficers,hedecidedupongoingtotheSoras.[191]Settingout,hemarchedoveranuninhabitedregionwhichleadstothe

Soras, who were apprised of his approach, and assembled to defend theircountry.

TheIncaYupanquihadsentcaptainswithpartiesinmanyotherdirections,toinducementojoinhisservicebykindtreatment;andhesentmessengerstotheSoras, admonishing them not to take up arms against him, and promising tomakemuchofthem,andtodothemnoinjury.Buttheydidnotwishforpeacewithservitude;butrathertofightfortheirliberty.Sowhenthetwoarmiescametogether, there was a battle, concerning which those who can preserve thememoryofit,saythatitwasfiercelycontested,andthatmanyfellonbothsides.ButthevictoryremainedwiththoseofCuzco.Thefugitiveswhoescapeddeathor capture, fled to their townwithmuch lamentation,where they collected asmuchoftheirpropertyastheycould,and,takingtheirwomen,theyabandonedthe place, and fled to a strong rock, near the river of Vilcas, where there aremany caves and a supply ofwater. In this fastnessmanymen assembledwiththeirwomen,withasmuchprovisionsastheycouldgettogether,forfearoftheInca.NotonlytheSorastookrefugeontherock,butmanyfromthedistrictofGuamanga,andfromthebanksoftheVilcas,alsofledthere,terrifiedatthenewsthattheIncawishedtobesolelordoverthepeople.

Thebattlebeingwon,theconquerorsenjoyedthespoils;buttheIncaorderedthatnoharmshouldbedonetothecaptives.Theywereallreleased.AcaptainwasorderedtomarchtowardsCondesuyobywayofPumatampu;andwhentheIncaenteredthecountryoftheSoras,andheardthatthepeoplehadgonetotherocky fastness, he wasmuch incensed, and determined to go and besiege theplace.Sohecommandedhiscaptainstomarchagainstit,withthearmy.

CHAPTERXLVIII.HowtheIncareturnedtoVilcas,andbesiegedtheRockyFastnesswheretheEnemyhadtakenRefuge.

THEOrejones relate very great things touching this IncaYupanqui, andTupacIncahisson,andHuaynaCapachisgrandson,forthesewerethesovereignswhodisplayedmostvalour.Thosewhomayreadoftheiractions,shouldbelievethatIratherdetractfrom,thanaddtowhatIhavebeentold;andIsimplywritewhatIhave received from the Indians. Formyself, I believe this andmore, from thetestimonybornebytheremainsandsignsthatthesekingshaveleftbehindthem,and from theirgreatpower,whichshows thatwhat Iwriteconcerning them isonlyapartofwhatreallyhappened.TheirmemorywillendureinPerusolongasanymenofthenativeracesurvive.

Returningtothenarrative,astheIncastronglydesiredtohavethosewhohadtakenrefugeintherocksinhispower,hemarchedwithhistroopsuntilhecameto the river ofVilcas.[192]The inhabitants,when theyknew that hewas there,cameingreatnumberstoseehimandtoperformservices,andtheyestablishedfriendshipwiththeInca.Byhisordertheybegantobuildgreatedifices, intheplace which we now call Vilcas. Masters were sent from Cuzco to trace theplans, and teach the method of laying the stones and tiles in the edifices.Arrivingattherockyfastness,theIncausedallreasonablemeanstoinducethosewho had taken refuge there to submit to his alliance, sending messengers tothem.Buttheenemylaughedathiswords,andhurledmanystonesatthecamp.TheInca,seeing theirdisposition, resolvednot todepartuntilhehadpunishedthem.Heknew that thecaptainswhomhe sent to theprovinceofCondesuyo,hadfoughtsomebattleswiththepeopleofthatregion,hadconqueredthemandbroughtmost of the province under his sway. In order that the people of theCollaomightnotthinkthattheyweresafe,andknowingthatHastuHuaraca,theLordofAndahuaylas,andhisbrother,TupacVasco,werevaliantchiefs,hesentthemtotheCollaotokeepthepeopleinobedience.Theyrepliedthattheywouldobeyhisorder,andtheysetoutfortheirownland,toproceedthencetoCuzco,andjointhearmywhichwastobeassembledthere.

Thegarrisonoftherockyfastnessstillhadtheintentionofdefendingit,andtheIncasurrounded theplacewithhis troops.Thesiegewas long,andseveralgreatdeedswereperformed.Atlasttheprovisionsfailed,andthebesiegedwereobliged to submit, and to serve the Inca like the rest of his subjects, payingtribute and furnishingmen for thewars.With this servitude, they remained in

favourwith the Inca,whowas no longer enraged, but ordered provisions andotherthingstobegiventothem,andthattheyshouldreturntotheirhomes.Butothersaffirmthathekilledthemall,insomuchthatnotoneescaped.Ibelievethefirstaccount,thoughasregardsoneortheother,IonlyknowwhattheseIndiansrelate.

Thisaffairbeingended,theysaythatpeoplecamefrommanypartstosubmitandoffertheirservices,andthattheIncareceivedthemallgraciously.HethenreturnedtoCuzco.Ontheroad,hefoundthatmanyedificeshadbeenbuilt,andthat, inmost parts, the forts of the natives had been razed, and that they hadformedregulartownsinthelowercountry,ashehadcommandedandordained.

Hewas received atCuzcowith the customary pomp, and therewere greatfestivities.Thecaptainswho,inobediencetohisordershadgonetothewarintheCollao,advancedasfarasChucuito,andwerevictoriousinseveralbattles,bringingallunderthedominionoftheInca.ThesamewasdoneinCondesuyo.TheIncawasverypowerful; lordsandcaptainsarrivedfromallpartswith theleading men of the districts, paying tribute with regularity, and performingpersonalservices;butallwasdonewithgreatregularityandjustice.WhentheycameforanaudiencewiththeInca,theycarriedalightburden;theylookedbutlittle at his face; when he spoke, thosewho heard him trembled from fear orsomeotherreason.Heseldomappearedinpublic,butinwarhewasalwaystothefront.Hedidnotallowanyone,withouthispermission, topossess jewels,nortobeseated,nortobecarriedinalitter.Inshort,thiswasthesovereignwhoopened the way for the excellent government which was established by theIncas.

CHAPTERXLIX.HowIncaYupanquiorderedLloqueYupanquitoproceedtotheValleyofXauxa,andtobringunderhis

dominiontheHuancasandtheYauyostheirneighbours,withotherNationsinthatdirection.

THATwhichhasalreadybeenwrittenhavingtakenplace,theOrejonesrelatethatthe Inca, findinghimself sopowerful,determined tomakeanothercall towar,becausehewished toachieveanotherconquestmore important than those thathadgonebefore.Incompliancewithhisorders,manychiefsassembled,withagreatnumberofarmedmen,suppliedwiththearmstheyuse,whichareslings,axes,clubs,bolas,darts,andsomelances.Whentheyassembled,heorderedthatthere should be entertainments and feasts; and to delight them, he came fortheach day in a new dress, such as that which was the special costume of thenationthathewishedtohonouronthatday.Nextdayheputonanother,alwayswearing that of the tribewhichwas invited to the entertainment and drinkingbout. By this means he pleased them, and as much as it was possible, heendearedhimselftothem.Whenthegreatdanceswereperformed,thesquareofCuzcowasencircledbyachainofgold,whichwasordered tobemadeoutofthequantitycomingastributefromthedistricts.ItwasaslargeasIhavebeforedescribed, and therewas further grandeur in thematter of images and ancientrelics.

When theyhadenjoyed themselves forasmanydaysas the IncaYupanquithoughtproper,hespokehiswishestothem,thattheyshouldgotothecountryof theHuancas,and theirneighbours theYauyos,and induce them toembracehis friendship and service, withoutmakingwar; but that if they refused, thentheymust be conquered and forced to obey. They all replied that theywouldobey his orders with good will. Captains belonging to each nation wereappointed,andLloqueYupanquiwasgeneralofthewholearmy.Withhim,forcounsel,wasCapacYupanqui.[193]Having received their instructions, they setoutfromCuzcoandmarchedtotheprovinceofAndahuaylas,wheretheywerewell received by the Chancas. There set out from that province with them acaptainnamedAncoallo,withalargeforce,toserveinthewaroftheInca.

FromAndahuaylas theywent toVilcas,whereweretheedificesandtemplewhich Inca Yupanqui had ordered to be erected, and they spoke with allfriendshiptothosewhowereengagedontheworks.FromVilcastheymarchedbythetownsofGuananga,Camgaron,[194]Parcos,Picoy,andArcos,whichhadalreadysubmittedtotheInca,andsuppliedall theprovisionstheyhad,besides

makingtheroyalroad,largeandverywide,accordingtoorders.The people of the valley of Xauxa, when they knew that the enemy was

approaching, showed great alarm, and sought help from their relations andfriends,andintheirowntempleofHuarivilcatheyofferedupgreatsacrificestothedemonwhichtheregavereplies.Whenthesuccoursarrivedtherewasagreatmultitude,fortheysaythatmorethan40,000menassembledwherenowIdonotknowthatthereare12,000.TheIncacaptainstookupapositionoverlookingthevalley,andwished togain thegoodwillof theHuancas,and to induce themtocometoCuzcoandrecognisethekingastheirlord,withoutfighting.Withthispurposetheysentmessengers,butwithoutsuccess.Thentherewasagreatbattle,inwhichtheysaythatmanywerekilledonbothsides,thoseofCuzcoremainingconquerors.LloqueYupanquiwasaverycircumspectleader.Hewouldallownoharm to be done in the valley, prohibited all robbery, and he released thecaptives. Seeing the clemencywithwhich conquered peoplewere treated, theHuancascametospeakwiththeIncas,andpromisedtoliveinaccordancewiththeordinancesofthekingsofCuzco,andtopaytributeofsuchproduceastheyhad in thevalley.Leaving their villageson thehill-sides, they sowed the landwithoutdividingit,untilthetimeofthekingHuaynaCapac,whomarkedoutthelandwhichwastobelongtoeachlineage,[195]andtheysentmessengers.

CHAPTERL.HowtheCaptainsoftheIncaleftXauxa,andwhathappened;andhowAncoallodepartedfromamong

them.

THE inhabitants of Bonbon, according to what they relate, had heard of theeventsofXauxa,andhowtheHuancashadbeendefeated,and,suspectingthattheconquerorsintendedtocontinuetheirmarch,theydeterminedtobeprepared,so that theymight not be taken unawares. Putting their women and children,withthepropertytheycouldcollect,onalake[196]whichisneartheirabode,theywaitedforwhatmighthappen.TheIncaCaptains,whentheyhadarrangedtheaffairsatXauxa,setoutandadvancedasfarasBonbon,butas thepeoplehadtaken refuge on the lake, they were unable to do other harm than eat theirprovisions.They thenpassedonwards and came toTarama,where they foundthepeopleinarms.Therewasabattle,inwhichmanyofthepeopleofTaramawerekilledandtakenprisoners,andthoseofCuzcoremainedvictors.Asitwasthewillof theking that thoseofTaramashouldpay tributeand serve like thepeopleofotherprovinces,inreturnforwhichtheywouldbefavouredandwelltreated, theyagreedtoall thatwasdemandedfromthem.AnaccountwasthensenttoCuzcoofallthathadbeendoneinthisprovinceofTarama.

TheChancasrelatethat,astheIndianswhocameforthfromtheprovinceofAndahuaylaswith thechiefAncoallohadperformedgreatdeeds in thesewarstheIncacaptainswerejealous.TheyalsoboreagrudgeagainsthimforwhathadhappenedbeforeduringtheseigeofCuzco.Sotheydeterminedtokillhim.Theyorderedhimtobesentfor;butastheycameinlargenumberswiththeircaptain,the Chancas understood their intention and, taking up arms, they defendedthemselvesagainstthoseofCuzco.Althoughsomewerekilled,otherswereable,owingtothestoutnessandbraveryofAncoallo,togetaway.Theycomplainedtotheir gods of the bad faith of theOrejones, and of their ingratitude, declaringthat, to see them no more, they would go into voluntary exile. Taking theirwomen with them, they marched through the provinces of Huanuco andChachapoyas,and,passingtheforestsoftheAndes,theyarrivedataverylargelakewhich,Ibelieve,mustbethatdescribedinthestoryofElDorado.Heretheyestablished their settlement, andmultiplied. The Indians relate great things ofthatlandandofthechiefAncoallo.[197]

TheIncacaptains,afterwhathasbeenwrittenhadcometopass,returnedtothevalleyofXauxa,wherealreadygreatpresentsandmanywomenhadbeengot

togethertobesenttoCuzco,andthepeopleofTaramadidthesame.ThenewsofallthisarrivedatCuzco,andwhentheIncaheardit,herejoicedatthesuccessofhiscaptains,althoughitshowedthathewasdispleasedatwhathadhappenedrespectingAncoallo.Butthiswas,asitisbelieved,akindofdissimulation,forsomedeclared thatwhatwasdoneby thecaptainswas inaccordancewithhisorders. As TupacUasco and the other Chancas had gone tomakewar in theCollao, andhadbeenvictorious, the Inca reflected that,when theyknewwhathadhappenedtoAncoallo,theywouldturnagainsttheirsovereignandcommittreason. So he sentmessengerswith orders to desire that theywould come tohim,andhecommanded,onpainofdeath,thatnooneshouldtell theChancaswhathadhappened.

TheChancas, as soon as they received the command of the Inca, came toCuzco; andwhen theyarrived the Inca spoke to them lovingly butwithmuchdissimulation,concealinghisevildealingswithAncoallo,andmakingitappear,by his words, that he had been himself displeased. The Chancas, when theyunderstood,didnotfailtofeeltheaffront,butseeinghowlittlesatisfactioncouldbe obtained, they asked permission to return to their province. Having beengranted leave, theysetout, the Incagiving theirprincipal lord theprivilegeofsittinginachairenrichedwithgold;andotherfavours.

TheInca tookcare toadorn the templeofCuri-canchawithgreat riches,ashas already been mentioned. And as Cuzco possessed many provinces in alldirections,hegaveseveral to the temple,andheorderedposts tobestationed,thatallhissubjectsshouldspeakonelanguage,andthattheroyalroadshouldbeconstructed. Other things are related of this king. It is said that he had greatknowledgeofthestars,andthathehadsomeacquaintancewiththemovementsofthesun.HencehetookthenameofIncaYupanqui,whichmeansanameofcounting[198] and of much understanding. Finding himself so powerful, andnotwithstandingthathehadgreatedificesandroyalhousesinCuzco,heorderedthreewallsofmost excellentmasonry tobebuilt, that itmightbe amemorialwork.And so it appears to this day, no one seeing it without praising it, andrecognizingthegeniusofthemasterswhoconceivedit.Eachwallhasalengthof300paces.[199]TheycallonePucamarca,anotherHatun-cancha,andthethirdCassana.[200]Thewallsareofexcellentstones,sowelladjustedthatthereisnodisproportion, and so admirably laid and fitted that the joining between themcannotbediscerned.Thegreatpartoftheseedificesissostrongandsolidthat,iftheyarenotdemolished,theywillendureformanyages.

Withinthesewallstherewerebuildingsliketheotherstheyuse,wheretherewereanumberofmamaconasandotherwomenanddamselsof theking,who

workedandwovethefinecloth,andthereweremanypiecesofgoldandsilver,andvasesof thosemetals. I sawmanyof these stones in thewalls, and Iwasamazed how, being so enormous, they could have been so admirably set inposition.

When they had their dances and great festivals inCuzcomuch chichawasmadebythesewomen;andaspeoplecametoCuzcofromsomanyparts,therewasanorderthatoverseersshouldbeplacedtowatchthatnoneofthegoldandsilverthatwasbroughtinshouldbetakenoutagain.Andgovernorswereplacedoverdifferentpartsofthekingdom,whoruledwithgreatjusticeandorder.

Asat this timetheIncaorderedthefortressofCuzcotobebuilt, Iwillsaysomethingconcerningit,itbeingsoworthyofnotice.

CHAPTERLI.HowtheRoyalHouseoftheSunwasfoundedonahilloverlookingCuzcotowardsthenorth,whichthe

Spaniardsusuallycallthefortress;anditswonderfulConstruction,andthesizeofthestonesthataretobeseenthere.

THEcityofCuzcoisbuiltinavalley,andontheslopesofhills,asIexplainedinthe first part of this history[201] and from the edifices themselves run broadterracesonwhich they sow their crops, and they riseoneabove theother likewalls,so that thewholeslopeswereformed in theseandenes,whichmade thecitystronger,although itsposition isnaturallystrong.For this reason the lordsselected it, out of so many other sites. The dominion of the kings was nowbecome extensive and powerful, and Inca Yupanqui entertained far-reachingthoughts.Notwithstanding that the templeof theSun, calledCuri-cancha, hadbeen enriched and beautified by himself, and that he had erected other greatedifices,heresolvedtobuildanotherhouseoftheSunwhichshouldsurpassallexisting temples, and toenrich itwithall the things thatcouldbeobtained,aswellgoldandsilveraspreciousstones,finecloth,armsofallthedifferentkindsthey used, munitions of war, shoes, plumes of feathers, skins of animals andbirds,coca,sacksofwool,andvaluablesofathousandkinds,inshort,allthingsof which they had any knowledge. This work was begun with such loftyaspirations,thatiftheirmonarchyhadendureduntilto-dayitwouldnotyethavebeencompleted.

TheIncaorderedthattheprovincesshouldprovide20,000menandthatthevillagesshouldsendthenecessaryprovisions.Ifanyfellsick,anotherlabourerwastosupplyhisplace,andhewastoreturntohishome.ButtheseIndianswerenotkeptconstantlyataworkinprogress.Theylabouredforalimitedtime,andwere then relieved by others, so that they did not feel the demand on theirservices.Therewere4,000labourerswhosedutyitwastoquarryandgetoutthestones; 6,000 conveyed them by means of great cables of leather and ofcabuya[202] to the works. The rest opened the ground and prepared thefoundations,somebeingtoldofftocutthepostsandbeamsforthewood-work.For their greater convenience, these labourers made their dwelling-huts, eachlineageapart,neartheplacewheretheworkswereprogressing.Tothisdaymostof the walls of these lodgings may be seen. Overseers were stationed tosuperintend, and thereweregreatmastersof the art ofbuildingwhohadbeenwell instructed.Thuson thehighest part of a hill to thenorthof the city, andlittlemorethananarquebus-shotfromit,thisfortresswasbuiltwhichthenatives

calledtheHouseoftheSun,butwhichwenamedtheFortress.Thelivingrockwasexcavatedforthefoundation,whichwaspreparedwith

such solidity that it will endure as long as the world itself. The work had,according tomy estimate, a length of 330 paces,[203] and a width of 200. Itswalls were so strong that there is no artillery which could breach them. Theprincipalentrancewasathingworthyofcontemplation,toseehowwellitwasbuilt,andhowthewallswerearrangedsothatonecommandedtheother.Andinthesewalls therewere stones so largeandmighty that it tired the judgment toconceivehowtheycouldhavebeenconveyedandplaced,andwhocouldhavehadsufficientpowertoshapethem,seeingthatamongthesepeopletherearesofew tools. Some of these stones are of a width of twelve feet andmore thantwenty long, others are thicker than a bullock.[204]All the stones are laid andjoinedwithsuchdelicacythatarialcouldnotbeputinbetweentwoofthem.

I went to see this edifice twice. On one occasion I was accompanied byTomasVasquez,[205]aconqueror,andontheotherIfoundHernandodeGuzmanthere,hewhowaspresentatthesiege,[206]andJuandelaHaya.[207]Thosewhoread this should believe that I relate nothing that I did not see. As I walkedabout,observingwhatwastobeseen,Ibeheld,nearthefortress,astonewhichmeasured260ofmypalmosincircuit,andsohighthatitlookedasifitwasinitsoriginalposition.AlltheIndianssaythatthestonegottiredatthispoint,andthattheywereunabletomoveitfurther.[208]AssuredlyifIhadnotmyselfseenthat thestonehadbeenhewnand shaped I shouldnothavebelieved,howevermuchitmighthavebeenasserted,thattheforceofmanwouldhavesufficedtobringittowhereitnowis.Thereitremains,asatestimonyofwhatmannerofmenthosewerewhoconceivedsogoodawork.TheSpaniardshavesopillagedandruinedit, thatIshouldbesorrytohavebeenguiltyofthefaultofthoseinpowerwhohavepermittedsomagnificentaworktobesoruined.Theyhavenotconsideredthetimetocome,foritwouldhavebeenbettertohavepreservedtheedificeandtohaveputaguardoverit.[209]

There were many buildings within the fortress, some small, one over theother,andothers,whichwerelarge,wereunderground.Theymadetwoblocksofbuildings,onelargerthantheother,wideandsowell-built,thatIknownothowIcanexaggeratetheartwithwhichthestonesarelaidandworked;andtheysaythatthesubterraneanedificesareevenbetter.Otherthingsweretoldme,whichIdo not repeat, because I am not certain of their accuracy. This fortress wascommenced in the time of Ynca Yupanqui. His son, Tupac Inca, as well asHuaynaCcapacandHuascar,workedmuchatit,andalthoughitisstillworthyofadmiration,itwasformerlywithoutcomparisongrander.WhentheSpaniards

enteredCuzco,theIndiansofQuizquizhadalreadycollectedgreattreasure;butsome was still found, and it is believed that there is a great quantity in thevicinity.Itwouldbewelltogiveordersforthepreservationofwhatisleftofthisfortress,andofthatofHuarcu,[210]asmemorialsofthegrandeurofthispeople,andevenforutility,astheycouldbemadeserviceableatsolittlecost.WiththisIwillreturntothenarrative.

CHAPTERLII.HowIncaYupanquisetoutfromCuzcoandmarchedtotheCollao,andofwhathappenedthere.

THESEIndianshavenoletters,andcanonlypreservetheirhistorybythememoryof events handeddown fromgeneration to generation, and by their songs andquipus.Isaythis,becausetheirnarrativesvaryinmanyparticulars,somesayingone thing, and others giving a different version. Human judgment would notsufficetodecidewhatistruest,withouttaking,fromthesevariousstories,whatthepeople themselvesconsider tobemostaccurate, for record. Iwrite this forthebenefitoftheSpaniardswhoareinPeru,andwhopretendtoaknowledgeofmanynativesecrets.TheyareawarethatIknewandunderstoodwhattheythinkthat theyknowandunderstand,andagooddealmore;andthatfromall this, Ihavedecideduponwritingwhattheywillsee,havingworkedhardatcollectingthematerials,astheythemselveswellknow.

TheOrejonesrelate that, theaffairsofIncaYupanquibeingin thisstate,hedeterminedtosetoutfromCuzcowithalargeforce,tomarchtotheregiontheycall Collao. Leaving a governor in the city, he set out and marched until hearrivedatthegreattownofAyaviri.Thepeopledidnotwishtocometohimindue form. The Inca, therefore, took them by surprise, and killed all theinhabitants,bothmenandwomen,doing the same to thepeopleofCopacopa.The destruction of Ayaviri was such, that nearly all perished. There onlyremainedafewwhowerehorrifiedtoseesogreatacalamity,andwandered,likemadcreatures, inthefields,callingontheirancestorswithgreatmoaningsandwordsoffear.[211]TheIncahitupontheusefulideaofplantingacolonyinthebeautifulmeadowsandfieldsofAyaviri,nearwhichthebrightriverflows;andheorderedthatsufficientmitimaesshouldcome,withtheirwomen,topeoplethedistrict. So it was done, and large buildings with a temple of the Sun wereerected for them,with a storehouse and provisions. ThusAyaviri, peopled bymitimaes,continued tobemoreprosperous than itwasbefore;and the IndianswhosurvivedfromthewarsandthecrueltyoftheSpaniards,arealldescendedfrommitimaes,andnotfromnatives,ashasbeenwritten.

Besides this, they relate that certain captains having gone, by order of theInca,withasufficientforcetomakewaronthoseofAnti-suyu,comprisingthetribes in the forests to the eastward, they came upon snakes as large as thickbeams, which killed all they could, insomuch that, without seeing any otherenemy,thesecreaturesmadewarontheminsuchsort,thatveryfewreturnedout

ofthegreatnumberthatsetout.TheIncawasmuchincensedwhenhereceivedthisnews.Beingwithhis followers,a sorceress said tohim that shewouldgoandcharmthesnakes,sothattheyshouldbegentleandfoolish,anddonoharmtoanyone,eventhoughtheythemselvesshouldfeelthedesire.Approvingoftheplan, if it should be equal to the promise, the Inca ordered it to be put inexecution,whichwas done accordingly in the belief of the people, but not ofmine, because it seems nonsense. The snakes having been enchanted, theenemies were attacked, many were made to submit by force, and others bypersuasionandkindwords.

TheIncasetoutfromAyaviri,andtheysaythathemarchedbytheroadofOmasayo,whichwas,fortheconvenienceofhisroyalperson,madebroadaswenowseeit.HewentbyAsilloandAzangaro,wherehehadsomeencounterswiththe natives. But he spoke such words, and gave them such presents, that hebrought them to his friendship and service. Thenceforward they adopted thepolicywhichallothertribesusewhohavefriendshipandalliancewiththeIncas,andtheyarrangedtheirhabitationsintownsontheopenplain.

Passing forward, they relate that the IncaYupanqui visited the other tribesbordering on the great lake of Titicaca; and, by hiswise dealings, he broughtthemallintohisservice.Ineachtownheworethedressusedbythenatives,athingwhichgavegreatpleasure to them.Heentereduponthe lakeofTiticaca,andbeheldtheislandswhicharesurroundedbyit,orderingatempleoftheSunand palaces to be erected on the largest, for the use of himself and hisdescendants.HavingbroughtthewholeregionoftheCollaounderhissway,hereturnedingreattriumphtoCuzco,where,assoonasheentered,heorderedthatthere should be the customary festivals, and people came from the otherprovinces with valuable presents, and the governors and delegates were verycarefultocomplywithallthattheIncacommanded.

CHAPTERLIII.HowIncaYupanquisetoutfromCuzco,andwhathedid.

THEfameofIncaYupanquiflewoverthelandinsuchwisethathisgreatdeedswerediscussedinallparts.Many,withoutseeingeitherbannerorcaptainofhis,came to knowmore and to offer vassalage, affirming that his ancestors musthavefallenfromheaven,seeingthattheyknewhowtoliveinsuchconcertandhonour.IncaYupanqui,withoutlosinghisgravity,answeredthemkindly,thathedidnotwishtoinjureanynationwhatever,butthattheyshouldobeyhim,seeingthattheSunwishedandcommandedit.Whenhehadagainassembledanarmy,hesetouttowardstheregioncalledCondesuyo(Cunti-suyu),andsubjugatedtheYanahuarasandChumbivilicas,andwithsomeothertribesofCondesuyohehadsharp encounters. Yet, although they offered much opposition, his power andabilityweresuchthat,aftermuchlosstothemselves,theyacceptedhimaslord,astheresthaddone.Havingarrangedtheaffairsofthesedistricts,andappointedrulersoverthepeople,orderingthattheyshoulddonoinjurytohissubjects,hereturned toCuzco.First,however,heplacedgovernors in theprincipalplaces,whose duty itwas to regulate the affairs of the provinces, both as regards themodeof livingof thepeople, includingtheassembling intoregular towns,andthepreventionofanywrongbeingdone,eventothemosthumble.

Afterthis,theyfurtherrelatethattheIncarestedforsomedaysatCuzco,forhewished to proceed in person to theAndes (Antis),whither he had sent hisspiesandharbingerstoexaminethecountryandreportupontheconditionofthepeople.Asthewholecountrywas,byhisorder,fullofdepositsofprovisions,hearrangedthattheroadhehadtotakeshouldbewellsupplied,anditwasso.HethensetoutfromCuzcowiththecaptainsandmenofwar,leavingagovernorforthe administration of justice. Traversing the mountains and snowy passes, hereceived reports from his scouts, touching the density of the forests, and howthat, although they found the great snakes which are engendered in thesethickets,yettheydidnoharm;yetthescoutswereastoundedtoseehowfierceandmonstroustheywere.

WhenthenativesofthesepartsknewthattheIncahadenteredtheircountry,asmanyof themhadalreadybeenengaged inhis serviceby thecaptainswhopreceded him, they came to do mucha[212], bringing presents of plumes offeathers,coca,andotherproductsoftheirland,andhereceivedthemallkindly.As regards the rest of the Indians in the forests, those who wished to be his

vassalssentmessengers,andthosewhodidnot,abandonedtheirhabitationsandretiredwiththeirwomenintothedensestpartsoftheforests.

IncaYupanquireceivedimportantinformationthat,afterafewdays’journeyto the eastward, there was a rich and well-peopled country. He became veryanxioustodiscoverit,andwouldhavepassedonward.Buttidingscameofsomedisturbance atCuzco,whenhehad arrived at a place calledMarcapata.SohereturnedingreathastetoCuzco,whereheremainedforsomedays.

TheIndianssaythattheprovinceoftheCollaowasverylarge,andinthosedaysitcontainedagreatnumberofpeopleandoflordshipsamongthenatives,whichwereverypowerful.WhentheyknewthatIncaYupanquihadenteredtheforests of the Antis, believing that he would either be killed there or returndefeated,theyagreedasoneman,fromVilcañotaonwards,butingreatsecrecy,torebelandnottocontinueunderthedominionoftheIncas.Theydeclaredthatunited they were great, that their fathers had been free, and they would notremaincaptive,withsomanylandssubjecttoonesolelord.TheyalldetestedtherulewhichtheIncahadplacedoverthem,althoughtheyhadreceivednoinjuryorilltreatment,norhadthegovernorsordelegatesbeentyrannicalorexacting.But they assembled in Hatuncolla and in Chucuito, where there met togetherCari, and Zapana, and Humalla, and the lord of Azangaro, and many others.Theymadetheirvow,inaccordancewiththeirblindness, toproceedwiththeirdesignandresolve;andforgreaterassurance,theyalldrankfromonecup,andordered that it should be placed in a temple amongst sacred things, as atestimony ofwhat they had done. Throughout the empire this rebellion in theCollao,andthedeaths thathadbeeninflictedontheOrejones,becameknown.Thetidingsledtootherdisturbancesinseveralparts,andinmanyplacestherewereinsurrections.Thisdisturbedthearrangementsrespectingthemitimaes.Thegovernorswerewarned;andaboveall,thegreatvalourofTupacIncaYupanquiwasdisplayed,whoreignedfromthattime,asIshallexplain.

CHAPTERLIV.HowtheIncaYupanqui,havinggrownveryold,resignedtheGovernmentoftheKingdomtoTupacInca,his

Son.

INCAYupanquididnotbetrayanyanxiety inpublicwhenhe receivednewsoftheinsurrectionintheCollao,but,withgreatresolution,heorderedanarmytobe assembled that he might go in person to punish the rebels. He sent hismessengers to theCanas andCanchis, exhorting them to remain firm in theirallegiancewithoutallowingtheinconstancyoftheCollaotoaffectthem.WhentheIncawasonthepointofsettingoutfromCuzco,beingveryold,hefelttiredofthewarshehadwaged,andofthelongjourneyshehadmade,andsoboweddownandbroken,thatheconsideredhimselfunfit,eitherforthiscampaign,orfor the continued government of so great an empire. So he sent for theHighPriestandOrejones,andtheprincipalmenofthecity,andsaidthathewasnowsooldthathisproperplacewasbythefireside,andnotconductingacampaign.[213]Hegavethemtounderstandthatthiswassaidinallsincerity,andthattheyshouldtakehissonTupacIncaYupanquifortheirInca,aresoluteyouth,astheyhadseenintheformerwarinwhichhehadserved.Hetoldthemtodeliverthefringetohim,thathemightbeveneratedandacknowledgedbyallastheirlord.HewouldthentakestepsforthepunishmentoftherebelsintheCollaowhohadrisen and put to death theOrejones and delegateswho had been left amongstthem.

Those forwhomhehad sent, replied that all shouldbedoneashedesired,andthattheywouldobeyinallthingsastheyalwayshaddone.IntheprovincesoftheCanchisandCanastheymadegreatreceptionswithrichpresents,andtheyhad constructed, in the place they calledCacha, some edifices veryworthy tobehold,afterthefashionwhichisusualwiththem.

TheCollas,whentheyknewthatTupacIncawasmarchingagainst themingreat power, sought help from their neighbours, and assembledmost of themwiththedeterminationtoawaithisapproach,andtogivehimbattle.TheyrelatethatTupac Incahadnewsofall this,and that,ashisdispositionwasmerciful,andalthoughhewellknewtheadvantagehehadoverhisenemies,hesentfromamonghisneighbours,theCanas,somemessengerstodeclarethathisdesirewasnot to be an enemy, and to punish in proportion to the crime that had beencommitted,whenthegovernorsanddelegatesofhisfatherwerekilledwithouthavingdoneanywrongwhatever.Hiswishwasthattheyshouldlaydowntheir

armsandsubmit,thattheymightbewellgoverned,andrecogniseonesovereign,ratherthanmanylords.

With this message an Orejon was sent, carrying some presents for theprincipalpeopleamongtheCollas.Butitavailednothing,nordidtheydesiretoswearallegiance,butrathertomaintaintheconfederationtheyhadformed.Withthelordsoftheirvillagesascaptains,theyadvancedtowardsthepositionwhereTupac Incawas encamped.All accounts agree that, in the town called Pucarathey tookupaposition ina fortresswhich theyhadmade there,andwhen theInca arrived they prepared to fightwith their accustomed shouts.Therewas abattlebetweentheopposingforces,inwhichmanywerekilledonbothsides,butthe Collas were defeated. Great numbers were taken prisoners, bothmen andwomen,andtherewouldhavebeenmoreiftheIncahadcausedthepursuittobemore hotly continued. The Inca spoke sharply to Cari, the lord of Chucuito,askinghimhowhehadansweredtothepeacewhichhisgrandfatherViracochaIncahadestablishedwithhim.Hesaidhewouldnotkillhim,butwould sendhim to Cuzco, where he would be punished. Accordingly, he and the otherprisonersweresent toCuzcounderguard;and, inmemoryof thevictoryovertheCollasinthatplace,theIncaorderedgreatimagesofstonetobesetup,andahugepieceofthehilltobebrokenup,aswellasotherthings,whichhewillseeandnotewhotravelsthatway.Ididmyself,andIremainedtheretwodaystoseeandunderstandeverythingthoroughly.[214]

CHAPTERLV.HowtheCollasaskedforpeace,andhowtheIncagranteditandreturnedtoCuzco.

THECollaswhoescapedfromthebattleweremuchastonishedattheresult,andmadehastetogetaway,believingthatthoseofCuzcowerecloselyfollowing.Sothey fled in terror, turning their heads from time to time to seewhatwas notthere,fortheIncahadstoppedthepursuit.HavingcrossedtheDesaguadero,allthe principal chiefs assembled and took counsel together. They determined tosendtotheIncaandaskforpeace,and,ifhereceivedthemintohisservice,thattheywouldpay the tribute thatwasdueup to the time they rebelled, and thathereafter they would always be loyal. The most important among them werechosentotreatonthismatter,andtheymetTupacIncaadvancinginpursuit.Helistened to the embassywith complacency, and answeredwith thewords of ahumanconqueror,sayingthathegrievedforwhathadhappenedowingtotheirconduct,andthattheymightsafelycometoChucuito,wherehewouldarrangethe terms of peace in such away aswould be profitable to them.When theyheardthis,theyputthematterintrain.

TheIncaorderedlargesuppliestobebrought,andthelordHumallacametoreceive him. The Inca spoke favourably both to him and the other lords andcaptains. Before the peace was arranged, they relate that great dancing anddrinkingfestivalswerecelebrated.Whentheywereconcluded,andallthechiefsbeingassembled,theIncasaidthatheshouldnotrequirethearrearsoftributetobepaid,astheyamountedtoalargequantity.Butastheyhadrebelledwithoutcauseor reason, itwouldbenecessary to stationgarrisonsofmenofwar,andthat theymust supply the soldierswith provisions andwomen.They said thattheywoulddo this;andhealsoordered thatmitimaes shouldcomefromotherlands,andthatalargenumberofemigrantsfromtheCollasshouldberemovedfrom their own districts to others.Governors and delegateswere left amongstthem,tocollectthetribute.Thisbeingdone,theIncasaidthattheymustabideby a law which he should ordain, that their conduct might always be had inmemory.The lawwas thatonlyone thousandnativesof theirprovince shouldeverenterCuzco,includingwomen,onpainofdeathifmoreshouldenter.Theyweregrievedatthisorder,buttheyagreedtocomplywithit,aswiththerestofhiscommands.ItiscertainthatiftherewasthefixednumberofCollasinCuzco,nootherscouldenterafterthenumberwascomplete,untilsomewentout,and,ifthey wished to do so, they could not, because the gate-keepers, collectors of

tolls, and guards who were stationed to see who went in and out, would notpermitorconsenttoit.Amongthesepeopletheydidnotresorttobriberytogaintheirends,nordidtheyevertellalietotheirkingsonanyaccount,norbetrayasecret.Thisisathingworthyofallpraise.

HavingsettledtheaffairsoftheprovinceofCollao,putthingsinorder,andgiventhechiefs their instructions, theIncareturned toCuzco, firstsendinghismessengerstoCondesuyosandtotheAntis,toreportwhathadtakenplacethere,whether the governor had committed any fault, or the natives had made anydisturbance. Accompanied by a great company andmany principal chiefs, heentered Cuzco, and was received with much honor. They offered up greatsacrifices to theSun,and therewere festivities for thosewhowereengaged intheworkofbuildingthefortressbyorderofIncaYupanqui.TheCoya,wifeandsisteroftheInca,namedMamaOcllo,alsomadegreatrejoicingswithfestivityanddancing.

Tupac Inca now determined to set out on the road of Chincha-suyu, tosubjugate the provinces beyond Tarama andBonbon.He, therefore, ordered ageneralsummonstobeissuedforsoldierstoassemblethroughouttheprovinces.

CHAPTERLVI.HowTupacIncaYupanquisetoutfromCuzco,andhowheconqueredallthecountryfromthencetoQuito,

andtouchinghisgreatdeeds.

ICOULD well give a longer account of this conquest of Quito by Tupac IncaYupanqui,butIhavesomuchtowritetouchingothereventsthatIcannotsparethespace,norcanIrelatewhathedid,exceptsummarily.OnthedepartureofthekingfromthecityofCuzco,itwasnotknowninwhatdirectionhewasgoingtomake war, because he did not make known his intention, except to hiscouncillors. More than 200,000 men assembled, with so much baggage andstoresthattheplainwascoveredwiththem.Hesentorders,bytheposts,tothegovernorsofprovincesthatallshouldbringprovisions,munitions,andarmstotheroyalroadofChincha-suyu.Thisroadwasmadewithoutdeviatingfromthelinetracedbyorderofhisfather,norsonearitasthatbothcouldbejoinedintoone.Itwasgrandandveryhandsomelyconstructed,withtheorderandindustrytouchingwhich Ihavealreadywritten,and inallparts therewerepreparationsforthegreatmultitudethatwastopassalongit,withoutanythingbeingwanting.Noneoftheking’ssoldierswereallowedtopicksomuchasacobofmaize,and,if anyman did, it did not cost him less than his life. The natives carried theloads,andperformedtheotherpersonalservices,butitmaybeheldforcertainthattheydidnotgobeyondtheappointedplaces;andastheyworkedwillingly,andfaithandjusticewereobservedtowardsthem,theydidnotfeelthework.

A garrison, withmitimaes, and a governor selected from among the mostfaithfulofhis friends,were left inCuzco.TheInca thensetout, taking,ashiscaptain-general and chief councillor, his uncle, CcapacYupanqui, not hewhomadethewaragainstthoseofXauxa,forthatchiefhadbeenputtodeathowingtosomeoffencehehadgiven.TheIncaadvancedtoVilcas,wherehestoppedforsome days, enjoying the sight of the temple and other edifices that had beenbuilt. He ordered that there should always be silversmiths making vases andotherornamentsforthetempleandpalaceofVilcas.

TheIncaarrivedatXauxa,wheretheHuancaspreparedasolemnreception.Thence he sentmessengers in all directions, announcing to the people that hedesiredtowintheirfriendship,withoutgivingthemoffenceormakingwar.HesaidthattheymusthaveheardhowtheIncasofCuzcoexercisednotyrannyandimposed no exactions on thosewhowere their allies and vassals, and that, inexchangefortheserviceandhomagetheygave,theyreceivedmuchgoodfrom

theirsovereign.InBonbontheyknewthegreatpowerwithwhichtheIncacame,and, as they expected great things from his clemency, they came to do himhomage.ThoseofYauyodid thesame,aswellas thoseofApurimaandmanyothers.Hereceived themallverywell,givingwomen tosome, tootherscoca,andtoothersmantlesandshirts.Hehimselfworethedressofthepeopleamongwhomhewas,whichwasthewayinwhichtheyreceivedmostsatisfaction.

In the provinceswhich lie betweenXauxa andCaxamalca, they relate thatthere were some wars, and he ordered forts and strongholds to be made fordefenceagainst thenatives.But,generally,hesubduedthembyhispolicy,andwithout shedding much blood, as well the intermediate tribes, as those ofCaxamalca.Inallpartsheleftgovernorsanddelegates,andestablishedpoststokeep open his communications. He did not leave any great province withoutorderinghousesandaTempleoftheSuntobebuilt,andestablishingmitimaes.They also relate that he entered Huanuco, and ordered that fine palace to bebuilt,whichwebeholdtothisday.[215]BeingamongthoseofChachapoyas,hewagedsuchwarthattheyweredefeatedatallpoints.InCaxamalcatheIncaleftpeopleofCuzco,thattheymightinstructthenativestouchingwhattheyshouldwear, and the tribute they should contribute, and, above all, how they shouldworshipandreverencetheSunastheirgod.

In all parts they called the Inca their father, and he took care that no oneshoulddoanydamageinthefieldsbywhichtheypassed,norill-treatanymanorwoman.Hewho committed any such offencewas presently punishedwithdeath. He arranged that those who submitted should build their towns in dueorder,thattheyshouldnotwagewaruponeachother,noreathumanflesh,norcommitanyothercrimesagainstthelawofnature.

HeenteredthecountryoftheBracamoras,butreturnedflying,foritisanevilregioncoveredwithforest.InthecountryofthePaltas,inHuancabamba,Caxas,andAyavaca,hehadgreat trouble in subjugating thepeople,whowere strongand warlike. They maintained the contest against him during more than fivemoons. At length they asked for peace, which was granted with the usualconditions.Ononedaythepeacewasestablished,andonthenext,thecountrywasfullofmitimaeswithgovernors,withoutdeprivingthenativechiefs.Store-houses were built, provisions were collected in them, and the royal road wasconstructed,withaseriesoffortsthroughout.

From these districts, TupacYncaYupanqui advanced until he came to thecountry of theCañaris,withwhom he also had quarrels and disputes; but thesame happened with them as with others, they remained his vassals, and heorderedthemtoproceedtoCuzcoandsettleinthatcity—morethan15,000men,

with their women, and the principal chief to govern them. It was done as hecommanded.SomepretendthatthesendingoftheCañaristoCuzcohappenedinthetimeofHuaynaCcapac.AtTumebamba,theIncaorderedgreatedificestobebuilt, respectingwhich I treated in the First Part.[216] From this place he sentembassies in various directions, inviting the people to come and see him, andmany, without making war, offered their services. Those who took anothercoursewereobliged,byanadvanceofcaptainsandtroops,todobyforcewhatothersdidoftheirownfreewill.

The affairs of the country of the Cañaris having been settled, the Incamarched by Tiquizambi, Cayambi, and the Purnaes, andmany other districts,where they recount great things that he did; and the knowledge hemust havepossessed to make himself monarch of such great kingdoms, seems almostincredible. In Tacunga, he waged fierce war with the natives, and, after theyweresubdued,hemadepeace.HereheorderedsuchgrandedificestobeerectedastoexceedthoseofCuzcoinperfection.HerestedatTacungaforsomedays;and nearly every day a messenger arrived from Cuzco, reporting the state ofaffairsthere,while,fromotherparts,therunnersconstantlyarrivedwithreportson the administration of the different provinces by the governors.And tidingsarrivedofadisturbanceatCuzcoamongtheOrejonesthemselves,whichcausedsomeanxiety.Butanotherreportquicklyfollowedthatallwassettledagain,andthatthegovernorofthecityhadseverelypunishedtheauthorsoftheuproar.

FromTacunga the Inca advanceduntil he came to theplacewecallQuito,where the city of SanFrancisco delQuito is founded.As the country seemedinviting,andasgoodasCuzco, the Incahere foundedaplacewhichhecalledQuito, peopling it with mitimaes. Here he made edifices and store-houses,saying,“CuzcomustbethecapitalofonepartofmygreatempireandQuitooftheother.”HegaveimportantpowerstotheGovernorofQuito,andplacedhisown governors and delegates in all the surrounding districts. He ordered thatthereshouldbeagarrisonofmen,bothforpeaceandwar,atCaranguri;andheremoved the inhabitants from one village to another, making them exchangetheirabodes. Inallparts theyworshippedtheSun,andadopted thecustomsoftheIncas,insomuchthatitappearedasiftheyhadallbeenborninCuzco.TheylovedtheIncasomuchthattheycalledhimFatherofall,thegoodLord,thejust,the judge. In theprovinceof theCañaris, theyassert thatHuaynaCcapacwasborn,andthatgreatfestivitiestookplaceathisbirth.AlltheinhabitantsofthoseprovinceswhichhadbeenbroughtundertheorderlyruleofthegreatTupacInca,arranged their townswith regularity, andmade rest-houseson the royal roads.TheywerediligenttolearnthegenerallanguageofCuzcoandthelawswhichit

was their duty to observe.Masters who came from Cuzco super-intended thebuildingoftheedifices,andinstructedothersintheart;andinlikemannertherestofthethingswhichthekingorderedwerecompleted.

CHAPTERLVII.HowtheIncasentfromQuitotoknowwhetherhiscommandshadbeenobeyed,andhow,leavingthat

provinceingoodorder,hesetouttogotothevalleysoftheYuncas.

WHENTupacIncaYupanquihadbecomelordofthecountryasfarasQuito,inthemanner already described, and being himself still atQuito, he resolved totake steps to ensure that his orders were complied with and carried out. He,therefore,directedthosewhoamonghisfollowersweremostexperttobecarriedbythenativesinhammocks,sometoonepart,sometoanother,overlookingandexaminingtheconditionof thenewprovinces, takingaccountof thegovernorsandcollectorsoftribute,andjudgingoftheirdealingswiththenatives.

TheIncasenthisOrejonestotheprovinceswhichwecallPuertoViejo,[217]toinducetheinhabitantstosubmit,astheothershaddone,andtoinstructthemhowtheywere tosow, towork, todress,andtoworship theSun,andtomakethem understand the orderly system of living, and of policy. They relate thattheseOrejoneswerekilled,asarewardfor thegoodtheycametodo;andthatTupacIncasentcertaincaptains,withtroops,topunishthemurderers.Butwhenthebarbariansknewoftheirapproach,theyassembledinsuchnumbersthattheyconqueredandkilledtheInca’stroops,atwhichheshowedanger.Butashehadimportantaffairsonhishands,andhadoccasiontoproceedinpersontoCuzco,hewasnotinapositiontochastisethemforwhattheyhaddone.

AtQuito,theIncareceivednewsthathisordershadbeenwellattendedtointheprovinces,andthathisdelegateshadinstructedthepeopleoverwhomtheywereplaced,andhad treated themwell;while thepeoplewerehappy,anddidwhatwas requiredof them.Frommany lords therearrivedambassadorseveryday,withvaluablepresents,andtheInca’scourtwasfullofgreatmen,andhispalacesofvasesofgoldandsilver,andotherpreciousthings.InthemorningtheInca had ameal, and from noon until rather late he gave public audiences tothosewhodesiredtospeakwithhim,accompaniedbyhisguard.Fromthattimeuntilthenighthepassedindrinking,andthensupperwasservedbythelightoftorches.Forthesepeopledidnotusetalloworwax,althoughtheyhadplentyofboth.

The Inca left a venerable Orejon in Quito, as the captain-general andlieutenant,who,according toall accounts,was intelligent,brave, andofnoblepresence.HisnamewasChalcoMayta,andhewasgivenpermissiontotravelina litter and to be served in gold, and other privileges which he highly

appreciated.Aboveall things,hewasordered to sendamessenger to the Incaeverymonth,withafullreportofallthathadhappened,oftheconditionofthecountry,theyieldoftheharvests,increaseofflocks,aswellastheusualreportsoftheannualdeathsandbirths,accordingtothesystemalreadydescribed.ThegreatroadfromQuitotoCuzco,whichisagreaterdistancethanfromSevilletoRome,wasasmuchusedas the road fromSeville toTriana, and I cannot saymore.

ThegreatTupacIncahadlongheardofthefertilityofthecoastvalleysandoftheir beauty, and of the great esteem inwhich their lordswere held. He nowdeterminedtosendmessengerswithpresentsfortheprincipalmen,andarequestthat they would receive him as a friend and comrade, as he, in like manner,desired tobewith them.Hesaid thatwhenhepassed throughtheirvalleys,hewouldnotmakewariftheydesiredpeace,thathewouldgivethemsomeofhiswomenandcloths,andwouldtaketheirsinexchange,withotherthingsofalikenature.Throughout thecoast the tidingsof thegreat conquestsofTupacYncaYupanquihadspread,andthathewasnotcruelnorbloodthirsty,nordidharmtoanyexceptthosewhoweretroublesomeandopposedthemselvestohim.Thosewho brought the news also praised the customs and religion of the people ofCuzco,holdingtheOrejonestobesacredpersons,andthattheIncaswereeitherchildrenoftheSunorhadsomedeitywithinthemselves.Consideringtheseandotherreports,manyresolvedtoseektheInca’sfriendshipbeforetheyhadevenseenhisbanners,andtheysent theirambassadorswithmessagesto thateffect,andbearingmanypresents.Theyrequestedhim tobepleased tocome to theirvalleys to enjoy the delights of them and to be served by the inhabitants.Approvingoftheirwish,andgivingfreshinstructionstotheGovernorofQuito,theIncaleftthatcitytoassumedominionovertheYuncasofthecoast.

CHAPTERLVIII.HowTupacIncaYupanquimarchedbythecoastvalleys,andhowalltheYuncascameunderhisdominion.

AS theKingTupacIncahaddeterminedtogotothecoastvalleys,tobringtheinhabitantsunderhissway,hedescendedtothatofTumbez,andwasrespectfullyreceivedbythepeople;towhomheshowedmuchkindness,andputonthedresswhich theyusuallywore, to give themmore contentment.He commended theprincipalmenforwishingtoreceivehimastheirlordwithoutgoingtowar,andpromised to lookupon themashisownchildren.They,beingwell satisfied tohear his goodwords and to see theway inwhich he treated them, gave theirobedienceingoodfaith,allowinggovernorstoremainwiththem,andbuildingstobeerected.ButsomeIndiansaffirmthatTupacIncapassedonwithoutmakinganysettlementinthisdistrict,andthattherewasnoneuntilthereignofHuaynaCcapac. If we attend to everything they say, we shall never come to anyconclusion.

Leaving this valley, the Inca visited the others on the sea coast,making aroyalroadashetravelled,verylargeandgrand,asmaybeseenfromwhatnowremains of it. Inmost parts hewas served, and the people came to himwithpresents, but occasionally therewas resistance to his advance.However, therewasnopartwherethepeopledidnoteventuallysubmitandbecomehisvassals.In these valleys he rested for somedays, drinking and enjoying his pleasures,while he rejoiced to look upon the beauty of the country. Great edifices andtempleswerebuiltbyhisorder.TheysaythatinthevalleyofChimutherewasafiercewarwiththelord,andthat,inonebattle,theIncaswereverynearlybeingdefeatedatallpoints.Buthissoldierswereatlastabletoprevailandtoconquertheirenemies.TupacInca,byhisclemency,pardonedthem,orderingthatthosewho remained alive should continue the sowingof their lands, and shouldnotagaintakeuparms.TheInca’sdelegateremainedinChimu,andtherestofthevalleysenttheirtributetoCaxamalca.Asthenativeswereexpertintheworkingofmetals,manyweresenttoCuzco,andtothecapitalsofprovinces,wheretheyworked gold and silver ornaments and vases, and any other things that wereordered.[218] From Chimu the Inca passed on to Parmunquilla[219] where heorderedafortresstobebuilt.Itmaystillbeseen,thoughabandonedandinruins.

TheseYuncaswere very refined, and the lordswere luxurious and fond offestivities.They travelledon the shouldersofvassals,hadmanywomen,wererich in gold and silver, cloth, precious stones, and flocks. In those times they

wereservedwithmuchpomp.Heraldsandbuffoonswentbefore them,portersattended on them, and they observed religious ceremonies. Some voluntarilysubmitted to the Inca, while others took up arms against him; but finally heremainedsovereignandlordoverthewholeofthem.Hedidnotdeprivethemoftheirliberties,norprohibittheirancientcustoms,sothattheymightadoptothers.He left expert men who could instruct them in all that the Inca desired theyshouldunderstand;andgreatcarewas taken that theyshould learn thegenerallanguage.He causedmitimaes to be established, and posts along the roads.Amoderatetributewasimposed,andthatwhichwasgivenastributewastobetheproduceoftheirownland,sothatthepeopleneednotseekitfromafar;justicewasmaintained,butwhatwaspromisedbythepeoplemustbefulfilled.Ifnot,thelosswastheirown,andtheIncarecoveredhisfullrevenue.Nonativelordreceivedalordship;butmanymenweretakenoutofthevalleysandremovedtoothers,orwereremovedtootherpartstoperformthedutiestheyunderstood.

The Incamarched through the remainingvalleys in thebestorderpossible,notpermittinganyinjurywhatevertobedone,eitherinthetownsorinthefieldsthathepassed.Thenativeshadplentyofprovisionscollectedinthestorehousesthathadbeenbuiltalongtheroad.InthiswaytheIncaadvanceduntilhearrivedat thevalleyofPachacamac,wherewas theveryancientandsacred templeoftheYuncas,whichhewishedverymuchtosee.Whenhearrivedatthatvalley,theysaythatheonlywishedthatthereshouldbeaTempleoftheSun;butashefound that theexisting templewas so reveredandesteemedby thenatives,hedid not venture to alter anything. He contented himself with causing a greathouseoftheSuntobemade,withmama-conasandpriests,thatsacrificesmightbeofferedupinaccordancewithhisreligion.[220]ManyIndianssaythattheIncahimself spokewith the devilwhowas in the idol of Pachacamac, and that heheardhowtheidolwasthecreatoroftheworldandothernonsense,whichIdonotputdown,becauseitisnotworthwhile.ItisalsosaidthattheIncabesoughttheidol totellhimwithwhatservicehewouldbemostpleasedandhonoured,andthatthedevilrepliedthattheyshouldsacrificetohimmuchbloodofhumanbeingsandofsheep.

After this they say that great sacrificeswere offered up in Pachacamac byTupacIncaYupanqui,andgreatfestivalswerecelebrated.TheIncathenreturnedtoCuzcobyaroadwhichhemade,crossingthesnowyrangeofPariacaca,[221]and coming out in the valley of Xauxa. It is no small sight to behold thegrandeurofthatrange,andwhatgreatterracesithas,andtothisdaymenpassbythatsnow-coveredregion.Visitingthemountainousprovinces,andorderingandprovidingwhatwasmostconducivetogoodgovernment,theIncaarrivedat

Cuzco, where he was received with great festivities and dances, while manysacrificeswereofferedupinthetemple,tocommemoratehisvictories.

CHAPTERLIX.HowTupacIncaagainsetoutfromCuzco,andofthefiercewarhewagedwiththoseofHuarco;andhow,

afterhehadconqueredthem,hereturnedtoCuzco.

THEprovinceofChinchawas,informerdays,animportantpartofthiskingdomofPeru, andverypopulous, insomuch that,before the timeofTupac Inca, theChinchas,withtheircaptains,hadmadeincursionsasfarastheCollao,whencethey returned to their province with great spoils.[222] Hence they had alwaysbeenrespectedandfearedbytheirneighbours.ItissaidthattheInca,fatherofTupacInca,hadsentfromthecountryoftheSorasacaptainnamedCcapacInca,to persuade theChinchas to come under his dominion.Although hewent andinducedsomeof them toagree, itwasbuta smallpart, for the rest roseup inarms,andpreparedtodefendtheircountryinsuchsortthattheOrejonmadethebestofhiswaybackagain.[223]TheyhadnotagainseenacaptainoftheIncas,asthey themselves declare, until they were subjugated by Tupac Inca. In thismatter,Iknownomorethanwhatthepeoplethemselvesrelate.

Returningtothenarrative,aftertheIncahadgonebacktoCuzco,ashasbeenmentioned,andhaddevotedasmanydaysashepleasedtoenjoyinghimselfandtoamusements,hegaveordersfortheassemblyofanotherarmy,tocompletetheconquestofthecoastregion.Hiscommandswereobeyed;andsoonthecaptainsoftheprovinceswiththeircontingentsoftroopsarrivedatCuzco.Afterhavingmadearrangementsfor thegovernmentof thecity,hesetout fromCuzco,andcamedowntothecoastbytheroadofHuatara.[224]Hisapproachbeingknown,manywaitedwiththeintentionofacceptinghimastheirlord,andmanyotherswere resolved tomakewar, and, if possible, tomaintain their liberties. In thevalleyofNascathereweremanypeopleandpreparationsforwar.

TupacInca,whenhearrivedatNasca,onthecoast,receivedanddespatchedembassies,andthereweresomeencountersandskirmishes;buttheyconsentedtowhat the Inca required of them, that they should build strong forts, receivemitimaes,andpaythetributeimposedonthem.FromthencetheIncawenttothevalley of Yca, where he met with more resistance than at Nasca; but hisprudenceenabledhim,withoutfighting,toturnenemiesintofriends,andthesewere conciliated like the others. In Chincha, the people were waiting for thearrivalof theInca in theirvalley,withmore than30,000armedmen,and theyexpected support from their neighbours. Tupac Inca, when he knew it, sentmessengers,withgreatpresents,tothechiefsandprincipalcaptains,instructing

theambassadortomakegreatoffersinhisname,toassurethemthathedidnotdesirewar,but ratherpeaceandbrotherhood,andothermessagesof thatkind.TheChinchasheardwhattheIncasaid,andreceivedhispresents.Someoftheirprincipalmen thenvisitedhim, and treatedof peacewith such success, that itwas concluded. The Chinchas laid down their arms and received Tupac Inca,whopresentlyproceededtoChincha.ThisaccountisgivenbothbytheChinchasthemselves, and by the Orejones of Cuzco. Other Indians of other provinces,whomIhaveheard, tell thestory inadifferentmanner, for theysay that therewasagreatwar.ButIbelievethatTupacIncabecameLordofChinchawithoutfighting.[225]

When the Inca arrived in that valley, he found it to be so beautiful and soextensive, that he rejoiced greatly.He praised the customs of the natives, andwithlovingwordsheaskedthemtoadoptsuchofthecustomsofCuzcoasfittedwith theirown.Theywerewell content, andobeyedhim inall things.Havingmadeallsuitablearrangements,hewentbacktoYca,whencehemarchedtothevalleycalledHuarco,[226]becauseheheardthatthepeoplewerewaitingforhimin warlike guise. This, indeed, was the truth, for the natives of that valley,despisingtheirneighboursforhavingsubmittedtoastrangekingwithoutreason,and given up possession of their lands to him, had assembled with greatresolution,andhaderectedstrongfortsorpucaraswithintheirboundaries,neartheseashore.Heretheyputtheirwomenandchildren.TheInca,marchingwithhisarmyinbattlearray,cameinsightoftheenemy,andsentambassadorswithmenaces and threats. They, however, would not adopt the rule of theirneighbours, which was to submit to strangers, but prepared for war. As thesummerwas approaching, and the heatwas great, the soldiers of the Inca fellsick,which inducedhim to retireascautiouslyaspossible.TheHuarcoscameforthfromtheirvalley,collectedtheirharvests,andsowedtheirfields.Theyalsogottheirarmsready,thattheymightbereadytoreceivethepeopleofCuzco,iftheyagaincametoattackthem.

Tupac Inca returned toCuzco;andasmenhave littleconstancy,when theysawthattheHuarcosremainedinpossessionoftheirliberties,therebegantobechangesamong them,while some rebelledand threwoff theyokeof the Inca.These were natives of the valleys on the sea coast. All this came to theknowledgeoftheking,andduringtheremainderofthatsummerhewasengagedinassemblingtroops,andsendingOrejonestovisittheprovincesinallpartsoftheempire.HewasresolvedtogainthelordshipofHuarco,evenifitshouldcostverydear.Whenautumnwas come, and theheats of summerwerepassed, hedescended to the coast with the largest army that he could collect. He sent

ambassadors into the valleys, upbraiding the people for their weakness ofpurpose in presuming to rise against him, urging them to be firm in theirfriendship henceforward, for that if not, they would be visited by cruel war.When he reached the borders of the valley of Huarco, on the skirts of amountain,heorderedacitytobefounded,towhichhegavethenameofCuzco,intendingittobehisprincipalresidence.Thestreets,andhills,andopensquarereceivedthesamenamesasthoseoftherealcity.HesaidthatuntilHuarcowasconquered, and the people had become his subjects, he would remain in thatplace, and that a garrison should always be maintained there. When hisdirectionshadbeencarriedout,headvancedwithhistroopsinthedirectionoftheenemy,andsurroundedtheirposition.Hewassofirminhispurpose,thathenever sent any one to treat with them; but carried on the war, which was soobstinate,that,theysay,itlastedforthreeyears.InthesummerstheIncawenttoCuzco,leavingagarrisoninthenewCuzcothathehadbuilt,sothattheremightalwaysbetroopsopposedtotheenemy.

Thusitwasthatonesidemaintainedtheirresolvetobelords,andtheotherside was equally determined not to be slaves. But at last, at the end of threeyears, the Huarcos becameweak; and the Inca, knowing their condition, sentnewambassadors,proposingthattheyshouldbehisfriendsandcomrades,andsayingthathehadnowishbutthattheirchildrenshouldintermarry,andthatthustheir alliance should be one of perfect equality. Other things were said withintenttodeceive,forinrealityTupacIncaconsideredthatthesepeopledeservedseverepunishmentforhavingcausedsomuchtrouble.TheHuarcos,feelingthatthey could not hold out for many days longer, and that, with the conditionsofferedbytheInca,itwouldbebettertoenjoytranquillityandrepose,agreedtowhat the Inca proposed. Evacuating the fortress, their principal men went tomake reverence to the Inca,who,withoutmoreado,orderedhispeople tokillthemall.Thiswasdonewithgreatcruelty.Alltheprincipalandmosthonouredchiefswhocamewereputtodeath,andthesentencewasalsoexecutedonthosewhohadremainedaway.Theykilledagreatnumber,astheirdescendantsrelatetothisday,andthegreatheapsofbonestestifytothetruthofwhattheysay.Webelievethatwhatisrelatedbythepeopleonthissubject,iswhatyouseewrittendown.

Thisbeingdone,theIncaorderedanimportantfortresstobeerected,insuchmannerasIhaverelatedinmyFirstPart.[227]Thevalleyhavingbeensubdued,andgovernorsestablishedinit,withmitimaes,theIncareceivedembassies,whocamefrom theYuncas,aswellas frommany tribes in themountains.He thenorderedthenewCuzcowhichhehadbuilttobepulleddown,andreturnedwith

hisarmytothecityofCuzco,wherehewasreceivedwithgreatdemonstrationofjoy.Theyofferedupsacrificesinhishonour,bothinthetempleandwheretheoraclesspoke,afterwardsmaking thepeople joyfulwithfeasts,drinking-bouts,andsolemnrecitations.

CHAPTERLX.HowTupacIncaoncemoresetoutfromCuzco,andhowhewenttotheCollao,andfromthencetoChile,

subjugatingthenationsinthatdirection,andofhisdeath.

TUPAC Inca, having returned to Cuzco after having gained the great victorieswhich have been described, was enjoying himself at banquets and drinking-bouts, with his wives, damsels, and children, for several days. Among hischildren was Huayna Ccapac, he who was to succeed as king, and who wasgrowingupveryvigorousandbrave.Afterthefestivities,TupacIncathoughtofvisitingtheCollaoandsubduingtheregionbeyond.Withthisobject,heorderedthesoldiers tobesummonedfromallparts,andmany tents tobeprepared forpassing the night in the desert places. The troops began to arrive with theircaptains, and were lodged round the city, those whom the law prohibited notentering Cuzco. Both one and the other were provided with all that wasnecessary,thegovernorsandpurveyorsofthecitykeepingafullaccount.Whenallwhohadtogotothewarwereassembled,sacrificeswereoffereduptotheirgodsinconformitywiththeirblindness,makingthesoothsayersseekananswertouchingthewarfromtheoracles.Afterageneralandverysplendidfeast,TupacIncasetoutfromCuzco,leavinghiseldestsonHuaynaCcapacashislieutenant;and with great splendour and state, he travelled to Colla-suyu, visiting hisgarrisonsand royal tampus, andbeing entertained in thevillagesof theCanasandCanchis.

EnteringtheCollao,headvancedasfarasChucuito,wherethechiefsofthelandassembledtomakeafestival.Owingtothegoodorderthatwasestablished,they had sufficient provisions ready for the 300,000 men who composed thearmy.SomechiefsoftheCollaoofferedtogoinpersonwiththeInca.HewentonthelakeofTiticaca,withsomelordswhomheselected,andapprovedoftheedificeswhich his father had ordered to be built, and of the excellence of thework.Heofferedupgreatsacrificesinthetemple,andpresentedrichgiftstothepriestsandtotheidol,worthyofsogreatalordashewas.Hethenreturnedtothearmy,andmarchedthroughthewholeprovinceoftheCollaountilhecametotheendofit.HesenthismessengerstoallthenationsoftheCharcas,Carangas,andotherinhabitantsofthatregion.Ofthese,someconsentedtosubmit,whileothersresisted;buttheInca’spowerwassuchthatthelatterwereeasilysubdued.Theconqueredweretreatedwithgreatclemency,andthosewhosubmittedwithmuchaffection.InParia,theIncaorderededificestobebuilt,andalsoinotherparts. Certainly great eventsmust have taken place in connectionwith Tupac

Inca,manyofwhichhavebeenforgotten,owingtothewantofletters;andIsetdownbrieflysomefewoutofmanythatweknow,havingbeenheardbyuswhoareinthoseparts.

Having been victorious in the country beyond Charcas, the Inca traversedmanyprovinces,andvastsnow-covereddeserts,untilhearrivedinthecountrywecallChile.Heconquered,andbecame lordoverall that land;and theysaythatheadvancedasfarastheriverMaule.InChilehebuiltsomeedifices,andreceived,astributefromthoseparts,muchgold.Heleftgovernorsandmitimaes,puttheconqueredcountryingoodorder,andreturnedtoCuzco.

Towards the eastern limits he sent instructed Orejones, in the dress ofmerchants, to see what lands there were in that direction, and what kind ofpeopledweltthere.Havingarrangedthesethings,hereturnedtoCuzco,whencetheyaffirmthathesetoutagainattheendofafewdays.Withthetroopshehadorderedtoassemblehethenenteredtheregionof theAntis,andsufferedgreathardships in forcinghisway through thedense forests.Heconquered someofthetribes,andorderedlargeplantationsofcocatobecultivatedforthesupplyofCuzco,towhichplacehereturned.

They affirm that after a few days the Inca was attacked by an illness, ofwhichhedied,leavingtohissonthegovernmentofhiskingdom,hiswivesandchildren; and, after saying a few other things, he expired. There was greatlamentation,andsuchstrongfeeling,fromQuitotoChile,thatitiswonderfultolistentotheIndianswhorelatetheeventsofthattime.

Whereor inwhatplacehewas interred theydonot say.They relate that agreatnumberofwomen,servants,andpageswerekilled,tobeburiedwithhim,with somuch treasure that itmust have amounted tomore than amillion: forordinary lordshavebeenburiedwithupwardsof100,000castellanos.Besidesthepeoplewhowereputintohistomb,theyputtodeathandburiedmanymenandwomenindiverspartsofthekingdom;andinallpartstheymournedforanentireyear.Mostofthewomenshavedtheirheads,puttingonropesofgrass;andattheendoftheyeartheycametodohimhonour.Theotherthingswhichtheyused to do, I prefer not to repeat, because they savour of heathenism.But theChristians who were in Cuzco in 1550 will remember what they saw of thehonoursdoneat theendof theyearofmourning forPaullu Inca,[228]whohadhimselfbecomeaChristian.Sothattheycanimaginewhatitmusthavebeeninthe days when the departed kings were reigning, and before they lost theirempire.

CHAPTERLXI.HowHuaynaCcapacreignedinCuzco,whowasthetwelfthKingInca.

WHEN thegreatKingTupac IncaYupanquidied, theyprepared toperform theobsequiesandceremoniesofhisintermentafterthemannerofhisancestors,andwithgreatpomp.TheOrejonesrelatethatsomeprovincesconspiredtorecovertheirliberty,andshakeofftheyokeoftheIncas,butthegoodmanagementoftheIncagovernors,assistedbythecaptainsandmitimaes,keptorderduringatryingtime.HuaynaCapacwasnotcareless,nordidhefailtounderstandthatitwouldbenecessaryforhimtodisplayvalourinordertopreservethatwhichhisfatherhadgainedwithsomuch labour.Shortlyheenteredupon thefast,andhewhogoverned the city proved loyal and faithful. There did not fail to be somedisturbanceamongtheIncasthemselves,forsomesonsofTupacInca,begottenonotherwomenthantheCoya,wishedtosetupaclaimtotheroyaldignity.Thepeople,however,wereloyaltoHuaynaCapac,andnotonlywouldnotconsent,but applauded the punishment inflicted on them. When the fast was ended,HuaynaCapaccame forthwith the fringe,very richlyadorned, andperformedtheceremoniesaccordingtothecustomofhisancestors,attheendofwhichhisname was declared with great acclamations: “Huayna Capac,” “Inca zapallatucuillactauya,”whichisasmuchastosay—“HuaynaCapacaloneisking;letallthecityhearhim.”[229]

HuaynaCapac,accordingtotheaccountofmanyIndianswhohadseenandknewhim,wasnotofanygreat stature,butwell-built,withgood featuresandmuchgravity.Hewasamanoffewwordsbutmanydeeds,aseverejudge,whopunished without mercy. He wished to be so feared that the Indians shoulddreamofhimatnight.Heateaccordingtothecustomofhispeople.Helistenedtothosewhospokewelltohim,andbelievedveryeasily.Parasitesandflatterers,whoarenotwantingamong thosepeople,hadmuch influence.Hegaveear tolies, which was the reason that many died without fault. The youths who,temptedbytheflesh,sleptwithhiswivesordamsels,orwiththosewholivedinthetempleoftheSun,wereorderedtobeputtodeath,andthewomensufferedthe same punishment. The penalties for making disturbances and forinsubordinationweredeprivationofproperty,and thebestowalonanother.Forother offences therewasmerely corporal chastisement.His father lookedovermanyofthesecrimes,especiallywithregardtowomen;forwhenanyonewasdetectedwiththem,hesaidthathewasonlyaboy.

ThemotherofHuaynaCapac,principalqueen,wife,andsisterofTupacIncaYupanqui,wasnamedMamaOcllo.Theysaythatshewasaveryprudentlady,and that she informedherson respectingmany things that shehadseenTupacIncado.ShewassofondofhersonthatsheentreatedhimnottogotoQuitoorChile,untilshewasdead.Theyrelate,thattopleaseherandtocomplywithherrequest,hewasinCuzco,withoutleavingit,untilshediedandwasinterredwithgreatpomp.Muchtreasureandfineclothes,withwomenandservantswereputintohertomb.AllthetreasuresofthedeceasedIncas,andthefieldswhichtheycallchacaras,werekeptentirefromthefirst,withoutbeingusedortouched;foramong thesepeople therewereneitherwarsnorotherneeds forwhichmoneywouldbeofanyuse.Forthisreasonwebelievethattherearevasttreasuresinthe bowels of the earthwhich are lost for ever, unless peradventure someonebuilding, or doing some other work, should hit upon some out of the greatquantitythatmustexist.

CHAPTERLXII.HowHuaynaCapacdepartedfromCuzco,andwhathedid.

HUAYNACAPAChadorderedtheprincipallordsofthenativesoftheprovincestoappear before him, and, his court being full of them, he took for hiswife hissister Chimbo Ocllo, and on this occasion there were great festivities, whichended the mourning for Tupac Inca. These being concluded, he ordered that50,000soldiersshouldaccompanyhimtovisittheprovincesofhiskingdom.Asheordered, so itwasdone, andhe setout fromCuzcowithgreaterpompandauthoritythanhisfather.Forthelitterwassorich,accordingtothestatementofthose who carried the king on their shoulders, that the great and numerousornaments were priceless, besides the gold of which they were made. Hetravelled by the way of Xaquixaguana and Andahuaylas, and arrived at thecountryof theSorasandLucanas,whencehe sentembassies tomanypartsofthecoastregion,andofthemountains,andreceivedreplies,withgreatofferingsandpresents.

FromtheseplaceshereturnedtoCuzco,whereheorderedtheofferingupofgreatsacrificestotheSunandtothemostveneratedamongtheirgods,thattheymight be favourable to him in the enterprise hewished to undertake.He alsogavepresents to the idolsof theHuacas.Heascertained from the soothsayers,throughtheutterancesofthedevils,orelsethroughtheirowninvention,thathewould be successful and prosperous in his undertakings, and that he wouldreturn to Cuzco with great honour and profit. These ceremonies beingcompleted,thearmedmenandtheircaptainsarrivedfrommanydirectionsandwerelodgedoutside,receivingprovisionsfromthecity.

Thosewhowereemployedonthebuildingofthefortresscontinuedtoworkwithout thecessationofasingleday.Thegreatchainofgoldwasbroughtoutinto the square of Cuzco, and there were dances and drinking-bouts. Thecaptains received their appointments near theStoneofWar, according to theircustom.HuaynaCapacthenorderedthatthereshouldbeaconference,whereheaddressedthepeopleinavehementspeech,urgingthosewhoaccompaniedhimto be loyal, as well as those who remained behind. They answered that theywouldbefaithful tohisservice;ofwhichspeechheapproved,andheheldouthopesofgreatrewards.Allthingsnecessaryhavingbeenprepared,theIncasetoutfromCuzcowiththewholearmy,andjourneyedalongaroadasgrandandwideaswenowbeholdit;forallofuswhohavebeeninthosepartshaveseenit,

andtravelledoverit.HemarchedtotheCollao,receivingtheservicesprofferedby theprovinces throughwhichhepassed,asamatterofcourse.For theysaythat the Inca considered that it was merely their duty. He investigated whattributetheypaid,andwhatwerethecapabilitiesofeachprovince.Hecollectedmanywomen.Themostbeautifulhecouldfindwerereservedforhimself,andothersweregiventohiscaptainsandfavourites.TheotherswereplacedinthetempleoftheSunandtheredetained.

Onentering theCollao,hehadanaccount takenof thegreat flocks andofhowmany thousand loads of finewool they yielded every year to thosewhomadetheclothforhishouseandservice.HewenttotheislandofTiticacaandordered great sacrifices to be offered up. At Chuqui-apu,[230] he ordered thatIndiansshouldbecollected,withoverseers, toobtaingold, inconformitywiththeorderandregulationsthathavebeenexplained.Advancingonwards,hegaveordersthattheCharcasandothernationsasfarastheChichas,shouldgetoutagreatquantityofingotsofsilvertobesenttoCuzco,withoutfail.Heremovedsomemitimaes fromonepart toanother,althoughmuch timehadpassedsincetheywereestablished.Heordered that theyshouldworkwithoutanyholidays,becauseinthelandwheretherewereholidays, thementhoughtofnothingbuthow to create scandals and seduce women. Wherever he passed, he orderedtampus and other buildings to be erected; the plans of which he traced outhimself.Hissoldiers,althoughnumerous,weresowelldisciplinedthattheydidnot move a step from the camp, and the natives along their line of marchsupplied them with all they required, so amply that what remained over wasmorethanwhatwasused.Insomeplacestheybuiltbaths,atotherstheyraisedlandmarks,andinthedesertstheymadelargehouses.AlongeveryroadthattheInca traversed, they leftworksof thiskind, insomuchthat theaccountof themexcites admiration.Hewho didwrongwas punishedwithout fail,while thosewhoservedwellwererewarded.

Havingarrangedtheseandothermatters,headvancedtotheprovincesnowsubjecttothetownofLaPlata,[231]andtothoseofTucuman.Hesentcaptainswith an army against theChiriguanos, but theywere not successful, returningafterhavingbeenput to flight. Inanotherdirection, towards theSouthSea,hesentmorecaptainswithtroops,tosubduethosevalleysandtownswhichhadnotsubmittedtohisfather.Hehimselfproceeded,withtherestofhisarmy,towardsChile,completingthesubjugationofthetribesalongtheroad.Hetraversedtheuninhabitedregionwithgreatdifficulty,andheavywerethesnowstormswhichbrokeoverhispeople.Theycarriedtentsfortheirprotectionatnight,withmanyyana-conas[232] and female servants. Over all the snowywilds theymade the

royalroad,withposthousesplacedbytheInca.Hearrivedat theprovince theycallChile,[233]whereheremainedformore

than a year, bringing the people under subjection, and arranging theadministration. He ordered that the quantity of ingots of gold which he hadindicated should be obtained. Mitimaes were established, and many Chiliancommunities were removed from one place to another. In some places heconstructed fortswhich they call pucaras, for thewars that werewagedwithsomeofthetribes.TheIncamarchedmuchmoreoverthelandthanhisfather,untilhesaidthathehadseentheendofit,andheorderedmemorialstobesetupinmanyplaces,thatinfuturehisgreatnessmightbeknown.[234]TheaffairsofChilehavingbeenput inorder,he appointedhisdelegates andgovernors, andinstructedthemalwaystoreportwhathappenedinthatprovincetothecourtofCuzco. He charged them to execute justice and to allow no disturbance ortumult,buttoexecutethepromoters,withoutsparingany.

TheIncareturnedtoCuzco,wherehewasreceivedwithgreathonourbythecity,andthepriestsofthetempleofCuri-canchagavehimmanyblessings.Hemade the people rejoice at the great festivals he ordered.Many childrenwereborn tohim,whowerebroughtupby theirmothers.AmongothersAtahualpawasborn,accordingtotheopinionofall theIndiansofCuzco,whosaythat itwasso.HismotherwascalledTutaPalla,anativeofQuillaco,althoughotherssaythatshewasofthelineageoftheUrin-Cuzco.FromhischildhoodAtahualpaalwaysaccompaniedhisfather,andhewasolderthanHuascar.

CHAPTERLXIII.HowHuaynaCapacagainorderedthatanarmyshouldbeassembled,andhowhesetoutforQuito.

HUAYNA CAPAC enjoyed a rest of some months at Cuzco, during which heassembled the priests of the temples and diviners of the oracles. He orderedsacrificestobemade,andtheofferingofthecapacocha[235]wascelebratedwithgrandeurandgreatoutlay,themouth-piecesoftheoraclesreturningveryfullofgold.Eachonegave a reply such aswasmost likely to please the king.This,withotherthings,havingbeendone,HuaynaCapacorderedthatthereshouldbemadearoadmoreroyal,granderandwiderthanthatofhisfather,toextendtoQuito,whitherheintendedtogo.Theordinarypostandstore-housesweretobeestablishedalongit.Thatitmightbeknownthroughoutallthelandthatthiswashiswill,messengerswentforthtoannounceit,andafterwardsOrejoneswenttosee that the orders were complied with. Accordingly the grandest road wasconstructedthatthereisintheworld,aswellasthelongest,foritextendedfromCuzcotoQuito,andwasconnectedwiththatfromCuzcotoChile.Ibelievethat,since thehistoryofmanhasbeenrecorded, therehasbeennoaccountofsuchgrandeurasistobeseeninthisroad,whichpassesoverdeepvalleysandloftymountains,bysnowyheights,overfallsofwater,throughliverocks,andalongthe edges of furious torrents. In all these places it is level and paved, alongmountain slopes well excavated, by the mountains well terraced, through thelivingrockcut,alongtheriverbankssupportedbywalls, in thesnowyheightswithstepsandrestingplaces,inallpartscleanswept,clearofstones,withpostand store-houses, and temples of theSun at intervals.Oh!what greater thingscanbesaidofAlexander,orofanyofthepowerfulkingswhohaveruledintheworld, than that they hadmade such a road as this, and conceived theworkswhichwererequiredfor it!Theroadconstructedby theRomans inSpain,andanyothersofwhichweread,arenottobecomparedwithit.Anditwasfinishedin less time than it is possible to imagine, for the Incas were no longer inorderingitthanweretheirsubjectsinexecutingthework.[236]

Thekingcalledageneralassemblyofhisforcesthroughoutalltheprovincesofhisgovernment,andsuchnumberscamefromallpartsthattheycoveredtheplains. After there had been festivities and drinking-bouts, and the affairs ofCuzco had been regulated, the Inca Huayna Capac set out with yscay-pacha-huaranca-runacuna,whichmeans200,000menofwar;[237] besides theyana-conasandwomen,ofwhosenumbernoaccountwastaken.TheIncatookwith

him two thousand women, and left in Cuzco more than four thousand. Thedelegatesandgovernorswhowereinchargeatthecapitalsoftheprovinces,hadarrangedthatstoresandarmsshouldbecollectedfromallparts,andeverythingelse thatwas required forawarlikeexpedition.Thusall thegreat store-houseswere filled, so that at every four leagues, which was the length of a day’sjourney, therewereprovisions for thewholeof thisgreatmultitudeofpeople,andnotonlywastherenofault,buttherewasasurplus,afterthesoldiersandallthewomenandservantlads,andporters,hadbeensatisfied.

When Huayna Capac set out along the road which had beenmade by hisorder,hemarcheduntilhearrivedatVilcas,whereherestedforafewdaysinthelodgingswhichhadbeenmadenear thoseofhisfather.Herejoicedtosee thatthe temple of the Sunwas finished, and he left a quantity of gold and silveringotstomakeornamentsandvases.Heorderedthatgreatcareshouldbetakenwithregardtotheduemaintenanceofthepriestsandmamaconas.Heascendedto a beautiful terrace which had been prepared for him. They then offeredsacrifice,inaccordancewiththeirblindness,andkilledmanybirdsandanimals,withsomemenandchildren,topropitiatetheirgods.

Thisbeingdone,thekingsetoutfromthisplacewithhisarmy,anddidnotstop until he arrived at the valley of Xauxa, where there was some disputerespecting the division of land among the local chiefs. When Huayna Capacunderstood the controversy, after he had performed sacrifices as inVilcas, heorderedthechiefsAlaya,Cusi-chuca,andHuacaropatoassemble,andequitablydividedthe landin thewaywhichisadoptedto thisday.Hesentembassies totheYauyosandYuncas,andsomegiftstothechiefsofBonbon,for,astheyhadaforceinthelake,inpartswheretheyswam,theyspokeloosely,andhedidnotwishtoconversewiththemuntilhesawtheirintentions.ThelordsofXauxadidgreatservices,andsomeofthecaptainsandsoldiersjoinedthearmy.MarchingbyBonbon, theyonlyhaltedashort time,because theIncawishedtogoontoCaxamarca,aplacemoresuitableforresting,surroundedbygreatandveryloftydistricts. Along the road, people were constantly arriving with embassies andpresents.

TheIncaarrivedatCaxamarcaandrestedthereforsomedays,orderingthathissoldiersshouldbelodgedintheneighbourhood,andshouldbefedwiththeprovisions in the store-houses.Witha selected forceheentered thecountryofthe Huancachupachos, and waged a fierce war, for the natives had not beenreducedtoentiresubmissionbytheInca’sfather.TheIncawasabletocompletethework, appointinggovernorsandcaptains, and selectingchiefs fromamongthenativestoadministertheland.Formerlythesepeoplehadnotknownchiefs

otherthanthosewho,beingmostpowerful,ledthemtowar,andarrangedpeacewhen they desired it. Among the Chachapoyas the Inca met with greatresistance;insomuchthathewastwicedefeatedbythedefendersoftheircountryand put to flight. Receiving some succour, the Inca again attacked theChachapoyas,androutedthemsocompletelythattheysuedforpeace,desisting,on theirparts, fromallactsofwar.The Incagrantedpeaceonconditionsveryfavourable tohimself, andmanyof thenativeswereordered togoand live inCuzco,wheretheirdescendantsstillreside.Hetookmanywomen,fortheyarebeautiful and graceful, and very white. He established garrisons of militarymitimaestoguardthefrontier.Agovernorwasappointedtoliveattheprincipalplace in the district. He made other arrangements, punished several of theprincipalchiefsforhavingmadewar,andthenreturnedtoCaxamarca.TheIncacontinued his journey, and put in order the affairs of the provinces of Caxas,Ayavaca,Huancabamba,andtheotherswhichborderonthem.

CHAPTERLXIV.HowHuaynaCapacenteredthecountryofBracamoros,andreturnedflying,andoftheothereventsthat

happeneduntilhearrivedatQuito.

IT iswellknowntomanynativesofthesepartsthatHuaynaCapacenteredthecountrywhichwecallBracamoros,andthathereturnedflyingbeforethefuryofthemenwho dwell there. They had chosen leaders, and assembled to defendthemselvesagainstanyonewhoshouldattackthem.Thisisstated,notonlybytheOrejones,butalsoby theLordofChincha,andsomeprincipalmenof theCollao and ofXauxa. They all say that,whileHuaynaCapacwas engaged insettling the districtswhich had been traversed and subjugated by his father, itcametohisknowledgehowthat,intheBracamoros,thereweremanymenandwomenwho possessed fertile lands; that far in the interior of that land, thereweremanyriversandalake;andthatthisregionwaswellpeopled.Desirousofdiscovery,andanxioustoextendhisdominion,heorderedachosenband,withlittle baggage, to march with him into that country, leaving the camp undercommand of aCaptain-General. Entering the country, they advanced, openingthe roadwith great labour, for, after passing the snowy cordillera, they foundthemselvesintheforestsoftheAndes.Theycametogreatriverswhichtheyhadto cross, and heavy rains fell from the heavens. The Inca came to where thenativeswerewatching in theirstrongholds,whence they insolentlydefiedhim.Thewarbegan,andsomanyofthesavagescameforth,mostofthemnaked,thattheIncadeterminedtoretire,whichhedidwithoutgaininganythinginthatland.Thenativesharassedhisretreatinsuchsortthathissoldiers,sometimesflying,atothersfacingtheirpursuers,atotherssendingthempresents,returnedflyingtotheirownterritory,saying that theyhadavenged themselveson the long-tailedones.Theysaidthisbecausesomeofthemhadbroughtawaythelongstripsofclothwhichthenativesworebetweentheirlegs.

FromtheselandstheyalsoaffirmthattheIncasentcaptains,withasufficientforce, to explore the sea-coast in a northerly direction, and to bring under theInca’s dominion the natives of Guayaquil and Puerto Viejo. The captainsmarched into these districts, where they waged war and fought some battles,sometimes being victorious and at others sustaining reverses. Thus, theyadvancedasfarasCollique,wheretheymetwithpeoplewhowentaboutnakedandfedonhumanflesh,havingthecustomswhicharenowpractisedandusedby the dwellers on the river of San Juan. From this point they returned, notwishing to penetrate further, but to report what they had done to the king.

Meanwhile, he had arrived at the country of the Cañaris, where he enjoyedhimselfexceedingly.Fortheysaythatthiswastheplaceofhisbirth,andthathefoundthatgreatlodgingsandstore-houseshadbeenbuilt,andabundantsuppliescollected.He sent embassies to inspect thedistricts, and ambassadors came tohimfrommanyprovinces,withpresents.

Iamgiventounderstandthat,owingtoatumultwhichtookplaceincertaintownsofthedistrictofCuzco,theIncawassoincensedthat,afterhavingcausedthe leaders to be beheaded, he gave express orders that the Indians of thoseplaces should bring the quantity he should specify of the stones of Cuzco, tomakeedificesofthefirstimportanceinTumebamba,andthattheyshoulddragthemwithcables;andhisorderswereobeyed.HuaynaCapacoftensaidthattokeep thepeopleof thosekingdomswellundersubjection, itwasagood thing,whentheyhadnootherworktodo,tomakethemremoveahillfromoneplacetoanother.HeevenorderedstonesandslabstobebroughtfromCuzco,for theedificesofQuito,andtothisdaytheyremaininthebuildingswheretheywereplaced.

HuaynaCapac set out fromTumebamba, andwent by Purnaes, resting forsomedaysatRiobamba,inMochaandTacunga,andhispeoplewereallowedtodrinkofthebeveragesthathadbeenpreparedfortheminallparts.TheIncawasvisitedandsalutedbymanycaptainsandlordsofthoseparts.HesentOrejonesofhisownlineagetotheprovincesofthecoastandofthemountains,toinspecttheaccountsofthequipu-camayos,whoaretheiraccountants, toseewhatwasstored in the government houses, to ascertain how the governors treated thenatives, and whether the temples of the Sun, the oracles, and huacas wereproperlymaintained.HealsosentmessengerstoCuzcotoseethatallhisordersweredulyattendedto.Therewasnotadaythatrunnersdidnotarrive,notafewbutmany,fromCuzco,theCollao,Chile,andallpartsoftheempire.

From Tacunga the Inca continued his journey to Quito, where he wasreceived, according to themode and usage,with great festivities.His father’sgovernordeliveredupthetreasurestohim,whichwerenumerous,withthefineclothandotherthingsthathehadchargeof.TheIncahonouredhim,praisinghisfidelity,callinghimfather,andassuringhimthathewouldalwaysesteemhimforthegreatservicesheperformedforhisfatherandhimself.ThetownsintheneighbourhoodofQuitosentmanypresentsandprovisionsfortheking,andheordered that more and stronger edifices should be built there than there werebefore.Theworkswereatoncecommenced,andthosewerefinishedwhichwefoundwhenourpeopleconqueredthatland.

CHAPTERLXV.HowHuaynaCapacmarchedthroughthecoastvalleys,andwhathedid.

SOMEof theOrejonesrelate thatHuaynaCapacreturnedtoCuzcofromQuito,bythecoastvalleystoPachacamac;whileothersdenythisandmaintainthatheremainedatQuitountilhisdeath.Inthismatter,seekingouttheversionwhichismost accurate, I adoptwhat I heard fromsomeprincipal chiefswho served inthat war, in person. They say that, while the Inca was at Quito, ambassadorscame from many parts to congratulate him in the name of their respectivecountries.Feeling thatallwaspeacefullysettled in themountainousprovinces,he thought it would bewell to undertake a journey to the province of PuertoViejo, to thatwhichwe callGuayaquil, and to the valleys of theYuncas.Thecaptainsandprincipalmenofhiscouncilapprovedthethought,andadvisedthatit should be put into execution.Many troops remained inQuito. The Inca setforth with a suitable force, and entered those lands, where he had someskirmishes with the natives. But, eventually, one after another submitted, andgovernors,withmitimaes,wereestablished.

Puná[238]wagedafiercewarwithTumbez,andtheIncacommandedthemtodesist,andthatthepeopleofPunáshouldsubmittohim.ThiswasdeeplyfeltbyTumbalá,becausehewasLordofPuná.ButhedidnotventuretoresisttheInca;onthecontrary,hesubmitted,andofferedpresentstosecureatreacherouspeace.WhentheIncadeparted,heplottedwiththepeopleofthemainlandtokillmanyOrejones,with their captains,whowere to set out froma river to cross to theopposite shore. But Huayna Capac received the tidings, and did what I havewritteninchapterliiiofmyFirstPart.[239]Heinflictedseverepunishment,andordered thepavedroad tobemadewhich iscalled thePassofHuaynaCapac.[240]He then returned toTumbez,where edifices anda templeof theSunhadbeen erected. People came from the surrounding districts to do him reverencewithmuchhumility.TheIncaproceededtovisit thecoastvalleys,orderingthegovernment, fixing the limits of land, and rules for distributing water,commanding that the people should not go to war, and doing what has beendescribedinotherplaces.Theysayofhimthat,beinginthebeautifulvalleyofChayanta,nearChimu,whichiswherethecityofTruxillonowstands,therewasanoldmanworkinginafield.Whenheheardthatthekingwaspassingnear,hegatheredtwoorthree“pepinos”,[241]which,withtheearthattached,hebroughtwithhim,andsaid:“HuchaHatunapumicucampa”,whichmeans,“Verygreat

Lord, eat thou.”[242] Before the lords and other people, the Inca took the“pepinos”,and,eatingoneofthem,hesaidbeforeallpresent,topleasetheoldman,“Suylluyanchamizquicay”,or, inour language,“Ofa truth this isverysweet.”Fromthisincidenteveryonederivedmuchgratification.

Passing onwards, he did in Chimu, inGuañapa,Guarmay,Huaura, Rimac,andtheothervalleys,whatappearedgoodforhisservice;andwhenhearrivedatPachacamacthereweregreatfestivals,andmanydancesanddrinking-bouts.Thepriests,withtheir lies,saidtheevil thingsthatwereinventedbytheircunning,accordingtocustom,andsomeevenspakebythemouthofthesamedemon,forin those times it is publicly known that he spoke to certain persons. HuaynaCapac,it issaid,givethisdemonover100arrobasofgoldand1000ofsilver,besidesother treasure,stonesandemeralds,sothatheadornedthenewtemplemorethanthetempleoftheSunandtheancientshrineatPachacamac.

Some Indians say that the Inca ascended thence to Cuzco, others that heretired toQuito.He certainly visited all the coast valleys, andmade the greatroad through them which we now see, and we know that he built greatstorehousesandtemplesoftheSuninotherpartsofthevalleys.Havingseenthatallthingswerearranged,aswellinthemountainsasonthecoast,andthewholeempirebeingatpeace,hereturnedtoQuito.Hemadewaronthefathersofthosewhom they now call Huambracunas, and discovered as far as the river ofAncasmayu.

CHAPTERLXVI.How,whenHuaynaCapacwasabouttomarchfromQuito,hesentforwardcertainofhiscaptains,who

returnedflyingbeforetheenemy,andwhathedidinconsequence.

HUAYNACAPACbeing inQuito,withallhiscaptainsandveteransoldiers, theyrelateascertainly true thatheorderedcertainof themtogoforthandconquersome countries whose inhabitants had never desired to obtain his friendship.These people, when they knewwhatwas intended at Cuzco, sought aid fromtheirneighbours to resistany invaders thatmightcomeagainst them,and theyhadprepared forts and strongplaces,with plenty of armsof the kind used bythem. Huayna Capac marched past their county to reach another land whichbordereduponit,allbeingwithinthedistrictwenowcallQuito.Asthecaptainsandtroopsweremarchingalong,despisingthoseofwhomtheywereinsearch,andthinkingtheycouldeasilypossessthemselvesoftheirlandsandfarms,theyfound that things were different from what they supposed. For suddenly thenatives came out with great clamour, and attacked the invaders with suchresolution, that theykilledandmadecaptiveagreatnumber,entirelydefeatingtherest,whoturnedtheirbacksandfledprecipitately,thenativespursuingandkillingthefugitives,andtakingmanyprisoners.

Someof thefleetestoffootranuntil theycameto theInca, towhomalonetheyreportedthedisaster,whichannoyedhimnotalittle.Consideringthematterprudently,hecametoadecisionbecomingagreatman.Thiswastoorderthosewhohadbrought thenews tokeepsilence,and to tellnoonewhat theyknew.Theyweredirectedtoreturnalongtheroad,andtellthefugitivestostopatthefirst hill they came to,without fear, for that the Incawould attack the enemywithfreshtroops,andavengetheaffront.Withthismessagetheyreturned.TheIncafeltanxiety,becausehereflectedthat ifhissoldiersheardthenewsin theplacewheretheywereencamped,allwouldbeinconfusionandhewouldbeingreater straits.But he dissimulated, and told them to prepare, as hewished tomarch against a certain tribe whom they would see when they reached theircountry.Gettingoutofhislitter,hemarchedinfrontofhisarmyforadayandahalf, and those who were flying in great numbers, when they saw that theapproachingarmyconsistedoftheirownpeople,stoppedononeside,whilethepursuersbegantoattackthem,andkilledmany.ButHuaynaCapacsurroundedthemon three sides,which amazed themnot a little, and even thosewho hadbeenconquered,ralliedandfoughtinsuchsortthatthegroundwascoveredwithdead.Whenthepursuerswishedtoretreat,theyfoundthepassoccupied,andso

manywere slain that very few remained alive except the prisoners,whowerenumerous.So that allwas altered, the Incahimself havingdefeated andkilledthosewhocametodefeathim.Whentheresultwasknowntheconquerorswereverywellsatisfied.

HuaynaCapacrecoveredthoseofhispeoplewhowerestillalive,andorderedtombs to be made over those who were dead, and honours to be paid themaccordingtotheirheathenpractices.Fortheyallknowthatthesoulisimmortal.Theyalsosetupfiguresandheapsofstonesonthebattle-field,asamemorialofwhathadbeendone.HuaynaCapac thensent thenews toCuzco, re-organisedhisarmy,andadvancedtoCaranque.

The people of Otavalo, Cayambi, Cochasqui, Pifo, and other districts hadmade a league with many other tribes, to resist subjugation by the Inca,preferring death to the loss of their liberty. They made strong forts in theircountry, and resisted the payment of tribute, or the sending of presents to sodistant a place as Cuzco. Having agreed on this between themselves, theyawaitedtheapproachoftheInca,whocametomakewaruponthem.Thearmyadvanced to their frontier, where the Inca caused forts (called pucaras) to beconstructed,andsentmessages to thepeoplewithpresents,asking themnot tomakewar,asheonlydesiredpeacewithfairconditions;thattheywouldalwaysfind favour fromhim, as fromhis father; that hedesired to takenothing fromthem,butrather toconferbenefits.Thesekindwordsavailednothing,for theirreplywasthatheshouldleavetheircountryatonce,andifnot,theywoulddrivehimoutbyforce.TheythenadvancedagainsttheInca,whowasmuchincensed,andputhisarmyinbattlearray.Theyattackedhimwithsuchfury,thatifithadnotbeenfor thefortresshehadcausedtobebuilt,his troopswouldhavebeendefeated at all points. But, knowing the danger, they retired into the pucara,whereallwhohadnotbeenkilledorcapturedwereassembled.

CHAPTERLXVII.HowHuaynaCapacassembledallhispower,gavebattletohisenemies,anddefeatedthem;andofthe

greatcrueltywithwhichhetreatedthem.

WHEN the natives saw how they had shut up the Inca in his fortress, and hadkilledmany of theOrejones, theywere very joyful, and theymade so great anoise that theycouldnothear themselves.Theybroughtdrums,anddrankandsang,sendingmessengersoverall thecountry,with thenewsthat theyhad theIncashutupwithallhispeople.Manybelieveditandrejoiced,andsomeevencametohelptheirfriends.

Huayna Capac had provisions in the fort, and he had sent to summon thegovernorsofQuitotocomewithreinforcements,fortheenemywouldnotdesistfromtheirattacks.Hetried,manytimes,topacifythem,sendingembassieswithpresents;butitwasallofnoavail.TheIncaincreasedhisarmy,andtheenemydid the same, resolutely determined to attack and defeat him, or die in theattempt.Theyassaultedthefortress,andbrokethroughtwolinesofdefence.Iftherehadnotbeenothers round thehill,withoutdoubt theenemywouldhavebeenvictorious.ButitwasthecustomoftheIncas,intheirdefensiveworks,tomakeacirclewithtwodoorways,andfurtherupanother,andsoonuntil thereweresevenoreight,sothatifonewaslost,thedefenderscouldretiretothenext.ThustheIncaandhisarmyretreatedtothestrongestpartofthehill,whence,attheendofsomedays,hecameforthandattackedtheenemywithgreatcourage.

Theyrelate that,whenhiscaptainsarrivedwithreinforcements,hetookthefield,butthebattlewaslongdoubtful.Atlength,thoseofCuzco,byastratagem,killed a great number of the enemy, and thosewho remained turned and fled.The tyrannical kingwas so enraged against them for having taken up arms todefendtheircountryfromconquest,thatheorderedhissoldierstoseekthemallout,andwithgreatdiligencetheysearchedforandcapturedthemall.Veryfewwereabletohidethemselves.Nearthebanksofalake,heorderedthemalltobebeheadedinhispresence,andtheirbodiestobethrownintothewater.Thebloodofthosewhowerekilledwasinsuchquantitythatthewaterlostitscolour,andnothingcouldbeseenbutathickmassofblood.Havingperpetratedthiscruelty,and most evil deed, Huayna Capac ordered the sons of the dead men to bebroughtbeforehim,and,lookingatthem,hesaid,“Campamananpuculatucuyhuambracuna”,whichmeans,“Youwillnotmakewaruponme, foryouareallboysnow.”[243]Fromthattimetheconqueredpeoplewerecalled“Huambra-cuna

(Huayna-cuna) to this day, and theywere very valiant. The lake received thename it still bears, which is Yahuar-cocha, or ‘the lake of blood’.” In thiscountrygovernorsandmitimaeswerestationed,asinallotherparts.[244]

After he had re-organised the country, the Inca passed onwardswith greatrenown from his past victory, and proceeded with his discoveries until hereached the riverAncasmayu,whichwas the northern limit of the empire.Helearnt fromthenatives that furtheron thereweremany tribeswhowentnakedwithout any shame, and that all fedonhuman flesh.Hemade somedefensiveworksinthedistrictofPasto,andorderedtheprincipalmentopaytribute.Theyrepliedthattheyhadnothingtogive;soheissuedhiscommandthateachhouseshould be obliged to give, every month, a rather large basket full of lice, astribute.At first they laughed at this order; but afterwards, notwithstanding thequantityoflicetheyhad,theycouldnotfillsomanybaskets.Theybredfromthesheep which the Inca ordered to be given to them, and paid tribute from theincrease, aswell as of the food and roots of that country. For certain reasonswhich influenced him, Huayna Capac returned to Quito, ordering that thereshould be a temple of the Sun and a garrison, with a captain-general andgovernorinCaranque,toguardthefrontier.

CHAPTERLXVIII.HowtheKingHuaynaCapacreturnedtoQuito,andhowheknewofthearrivalofSpaniardsonthecoast,

andofhisdeath.

IN this same year[245] Francisco Pizarro was on this coast with thirteenChristians,[246]andthetidingsofthemwasbroughttoHuaynaCapacatQuito.Particulars were reported of the dress they wore, of their ship, and how theywerewhiteandbearded,howthattheyspokelittle,werenotsofondofdrinkingasthenatives,andotherthingswhichthepeoplehadobserved.Anxioustoseesuchmen,theysaythattheIncaorderedthatoneoftwoofthesemenwhohadbeenleftbehind,shouldbebroughttohim,theresthavinggonebackwiththeirleader to the Isle of Gorgona, where he had left certain Spaniards with theirIndians, as we shall explain in its place.[247] Some Indians say that after theothers had gone, they killed the two that were left behind, at which HuaynaCapacwasmuchdispleased.Others relate that theywere sent to the Inca;butthattheywereputtodeathontheroadwhenthenewscamethattheIncawasnomore.Others,again,declarethatthetwomendied.Whatwebelievetobemostprobableis,thattheIndianskilledthemshortlyaftertheyhadbeenleftbehind.

HuaynaCapacwas inQuitowith agreat companyof people.Hewasverypowerful,hisdominionextending from the riverofAncasmayu to the riverofMaule,adistanceofmore than1,200 leagues.Hewasso rich, that they relatethat he had caused to be brought toQuito over 500 loads of gold,more than1,000ofsilver,manypreciousstones,andmuchfinecloth.Hewasfearedbyallhis subjects, because he was a stern dispenser of justice. In the midst of hispower,theysaythatagreatpestilencebrokeout,whichwassocontagious,thatover 200,000 souls died throughout theprovinces, for it prevailed in all parts.TheIncacaughtthedisease,andallthatwassaidtofreehimfromdeathwasofnoavail,becausethegreatGodwasnotservedbyhisrecovery.Whenhefeltthatthepestilencehadtouchedhim,heorderedgreatsacrificestobeofferedupforhishealththroughouttheland,andatallthehuacasandtemplesoftheSun.Andashebecameworse,hecalledhiscaptainsandrelations,andaddressedthemonseveralsubjects.Amongotherthings,theyrelatethatheforetoldthatthepeoplewho had been seen in the ship, would return with great power, and wouldconquerthecountry.Thiswasprobablyafable,andifhesaidso, itmusthavebeenthroughthemouthofadevil,forwhocouldknowthattheSpaniardswenttoarrangetheirreturnasconquerors?Otherssaythat,consideringtheextensiveterritory of the Quillacingas and Popayan, and that the empire was very

extensive foroneperson to rule,heordained that fromQuito to thenorth, thedominionshouldbeunderhissonAtahualpa,whomheloveddearly,becausehehadalwaysaccompaniedhiminhiswars.HedesiredthattherestoftheempireshouldberuledbyHuascar,thesoleheirofthewhole.OtherIndianssaythathedidnotdividethekingdom;butthathesaidtothosewhowerepresent,thattheywellknewhowhehadwishedthathissonHuascar,byhissisterChimpuOcllo,[248] shouldbe lordafterhisown time, atwhichall thepeopleofCuzcowerewellcontented.Hehadother sonsofgreatvalour,amongwhomwereNanqueYupanqui, Tupac Inca, Huanca Auqui, Tupac Hualpa, Titu, Huaman Hualpa,MancoInca,Huascar,CusiHualpa,PaulluTupacYupanqui,Conono,Atahualpa.Hedidnotdesiretogivethemanythingofthegreatpossessionsheleft,butthattheyshouldreceiveallfromtheirbrother,ashehadinheritedallfromhisfather.Forhetrustedmuchthathissonwouldkeephispromise,andthathewouldfulfilall thathisheartdesired, althoughhewas still aboy.Heorderedhis chiefs tolovehimand treathimas their sovereign,and that,untilhewasof fullage togovern,CollaTupac,hisuncle,shouldbehisguardian.Whenhehadsaidthis,hedied.

AssoonasHuaynaCapacwasdead,thelamentationsweresogreatthattheshoutingroseuptotheclouds,andthenoisesostupefiedthebirdsthattheyfellfrom a great height to the ground. The news was carried to all parts, andeverywhere thesorrowwasdeep. InQuito,as they relate, thepeoplemournedfortendays,whilethelamentationsoftheCañariscontinuedforawholemonth.Manyprincipal lordsaccompanied thebody toCuzco,all themenandwomenalong the road coming out to weep and groan. In Cuzco there was morelamentation. Sacrificeswere offered up in the temples, and preparationsweremadefortheintermentinaccordancewithcustom,thesoulbeingsupposedtobeinheaven.Theykilled, tobeburied in the same tomb,more than4,000souls,women,pages,andotherservants;aswellastreasure,preciousstones,andfinecloth.Itwastrulyaverygreatsumthatwasburiedwithhim.Theydonotsaywhere,nor inwhatmannerhewas interred;but theyconcur instating thathissepulchrewasinCuzco.SomeIndianstoldmethattheyburiedhimintheriverAncasmayu,divertingitfromitscoursetomakethetomb.ButIdonotbelieveit.My impression is that thoseare rightwhosay thathewasburied inCuzco.[249]

The Indians relatemany things relating to this king, insomuch that what Ihavewrittenandnarratedisnothing.Assuredly,Ibelievethattherearesomanythingslefttowritetouchingthisking,hisfathersandgrandfathers,thatitwouldformanotherhistorylargerthanwhathasalreadybeenrecorded.

CHAPTERLXIX.Ofthelineage,andcharacterofHuascarandAtahualpa.

THE empire of the Incaswas in a state of such profound peacewhenHuaynaCapacdied,thattherewasnottobefoundaman,throughoutitsvastextent,whowoulddare to raise his head to foment disturbance, or to refuse obedience, aswellfromfearoftheInca,asonaccountofthemitimaeswhowerestationedinallparts,andmaintainedorder.AswhenAlexanderdiedinBabylon,manyofhisservantsandcaptainsbecamekingsandruledoverextensivedominions;soonthe death of Huayna Capac there were wars and differences between his twosons;andinthemeantimetheSpaniardsarrived.Manyofthemitimaesbecamelords,becausethenaturalchiefshavingbeenkilledinthewars,thecolonistshadanopportunityofgainingthegoodwillofthepeople.

Therewouldbemuchtosayinrelatingthehistoryofthesepowerfullordsindetail, but Iwill not deviate frommy plan of telling the story briefly, for thegood reasonswhich Ihavealreadyexplained.Huascarwas the sonofHuaynaCapac; andAtahualpaalso.Huascarwas theyounger, andAtahualpa theelderbrother.HuascarwasthesonoftheCoya,hisfather’ssisterandprincipalwife.Atahualpawas thesonofawomanofQuilaco,namedTupacPalla.Bothwereborn inCuzco,andnot inQuito,assomehavesaidandevenwritten,but theyhave done so without understanding the facts. For Huayna Capac was in theconquestofQuito,andinthosepartsforabouttwelveyears,andwhenhediedhissonAtahualpawasalreadythirtyyearsofage.Theysaythathismotherwasthe lady ofQuito, but there neverwas any lady of that country, for the IncasthemselveswerekingsandlordsofQuito.[250]HuascarwasborninCuzco,andAtahualpawasolderbyfourorfiveyears.Thisiscertain,andiswhatIbelieve.HuascarwaspopularinCuzcoandthroughoutthekingdom,owingtohisbeingthe rightful heir. Atahualpawas a favouritewith his father’s old captains andwiththesoldiers,becauseheaccompaniedthemtothewarsinhisboyhood,andbecausehisfather,whenhewasalive, lovedhimsowell thathewouldnot letthe boy eat anything except what he himself put on his plate. Huascar wasmercifulandpious.Atahualpawascruelandvindictive.Bothweregenerous,butthelatterwasamanofgreaterspiritandforceofcharacter,theformerofmorevalour.Theoneclaimedtobesole lordandtorulewithoutanequal; theotherwasresolvedtoreignbybreakingtheestablishedlawsandusagesoftheIncas.Thelawwasthatnoonecouldbekingexcepttheeldestsonofthesovereignand

ofhissister,althoughtheremightbeotheroldersonsbyotherwomen.Huascarwishedhis father’s army tobewithhim.AtahualpawasdismayedbecausehewasnotnearCuzco,wherehecouldperformthefastinthatcityandcomeforthwiththefringe,tobereceivedbyallasking.

CHAPTERLXX.HowHuascarwasacknowledgedasKinginCuzco,afterthedeathofhisfather.

HUAYNA CAPAC being dead, and the mourning and lamentation having beenperformed,althoughheleftmorethanfortysons,noneattemptedtodeviatefromtheirallegiancetoHuascar,towhom,astheywellknew,thekingdombelonged.Although itwas known that the order ofHuaynaCapacwas that the uncle ofHuascar should govern, therewere notwanting thosewho advised the youngInca to assume the fringe at once, and with it the government of the wholecountryasking.AsmostofthenativelordsofprovinceshadcometoCuzcoforthe obsequies of Huayna Capac, it was represented that the feast of thecoronation might be very grand, and thus he resolved to act. Leaving thegovernmentofthecityinthehandsoftheofficertowhomithadbeenentrustedby his father, he entered upon the fast with the accustomed observances. Hecame forthwith the fringe, and therewere great festivities. The cable of goldwasbroughtoutintothesquare,withtheimagesoftheIncas,and,inaccordancewith their usage, they spent some days in drinking-bouts.At the end of thesedaysoffeasting,thenewswassenttoallpartsofthekingdom,withtheordersofthenewking,andcertainOrejonesweresenttoQuitotobringbackhisfather’swomenandhousehold.

AtahualpareceivedthenewsthatHuascarhadassumedthefringe,andthathedesiredthatallshouldyieldhimobedience.ThecaptainsofHuaynaCapachadnot yet departed from Quito and its neighbourhood, and there were secretcommunicationsbetweenthemastothepossibilityofremaininginthoselandsofQuito,withoutgoingtoCuzcoatthecallofHuascar,fortheyhadfoundtheland of Quito to be as good as that of Cuzco. Some among them hesitated,sayingthatitwasnotlawfultorefrainfromrecognisingthegreatInca,whowaslordofall.But IllaTupac[251]wasnot loyal toHuascar,asHuaynaCapachadrequested, and he had promised; for they say that he engaged in secretnegotiations and discussionswithAtahualpa,He said that, among the sons ofHuaynaCapac, thisone showed themost spirit andvalour, and thathis fatherorderedthatheshouldgovernQuitoanditsterritory.Hespokeinthiswaytothecaptains Chalcuchima, Acla-hualpa, Rumi-ñaui,[252] Quizquiz, Pecopagua,[253]andmanyothers, urging them to assist inmakingAtahualpa the Incaof thoseparts,ashisbrotherwasofCuzco.These,withIllaTupacwhowasatraitortohisnaturallordHuascar,havingbeenleftasgovernoruntiltheIncashouldbeof

fullage,agreedtorecogniseAtahualpa,whowasthendeclaredtobelord.Thewomenofhisfatherweredeliveredtohim,whomhereceivedashisown,andhis father’shousehold andhouse servicewerehandedover tohim, todowiththemaccordingtohiswill.

Somesay, thatsomeofthesonsofHuaynaCapac,brothersofHuascarandAtahualpa,withotherOrejones,fledtoCuzco,andreportedwhathadhappenedtotheInca.Huascar,andtheotherOrejonesofCuzco,feltwhathadbeendonebyAtahualpatobeanevilactworthyofreprobation,contrarytothewilloftheirgods,andtothelawsandordinancesofthedepartedkings.TheysaidthattheywouldnotconsentorendurethatthebastardshouldtakethenameofInca,andthathemustbepunishedfor thefavourhehadobtainedfromthecaptainsandsoldiersofhisfather’sarmy.Huascar,therefore,orderedthatasummonsshouldbe sent to all the provinces, that arms should be made, and the store-housesprovidedwithallthingsnecessary,becausehehadtomakewaronthetraitors,iftheywouldnotrecognisehimastheirlord.HesentambassadorstotheCañaris,invitingtheirfriendship.ItisalsosaidthathedespatchedanOrejontoAtahualpahimself,topersuadehimnottopersistinhisintentions,beingsoevil.Theenvoywas also to speak with Colla Tupac, the Inca’s uncle, to advise him that heshould become loyal. These things being done, Huascar named one of theprincipallordsofCuzco,namedAtoc,[254]ashisCaptain-General.

CHAPTERLXXI.HowthedifferencesbetweenHuascarandAtahualpabegan,andhowgreatbattleswerefoughtbetween

them.

ITwasunderstood throughout therealmofPeru thatHuascarwasInca,andassuch that he gave orders, and sent Orejones to the chief places in all theprovincestoprovidewhatherequired.Hewassointelligent,andwassopopular,thathewasmuchbelovedbyhispeople.Whenhebegantoreign,hisagewasabouttwenty-five,alittlemoreorless.HavingappointedAtoctobehisCaptain-General, heorderedhim, after having taken thepeoplehewould require fromplaces along the road, aswellmitimaes as natives, tomarch toQuito and putdowntherebellionoftheInca’sbrother.

TheIndiansrecount thesubsequentevents inseveralways. Ialwaysfollowthebestversion,whichisheldbytheoldestandbestinformedamongthem,whoare lords. For the common people, in all they say, cannot be relied upon asaffirming the truth. Some relate that Atahualpa, not only resolved to refuseobediencetohisbrother,whowasking,butevenpretendedto thesovereignty,seeing that thecaptainsandsoldiersofhisfatherwereonhisside.Hewent tothecountryof theCañaris,wherehespokewith thenativechiefsandwith themitimaes,tellingthemaplausiblestory.Hesaidthathisdesirewasnottoinjurehis brother, as hewished for hiswelfare; but to keep friendswith all, and tomakeanotherCuzcoatQuito,whereallcouldenjoythemselves.Hesaidthathehadsuchgoodaffectionforthem,thathewouldcauseedificesandlodgingstobemadeforhimselfinTumebamba.There,asIncaandlord,hewouldbeabletoamusehimselfwithhiswomen,asdidhisfatherandgrandfather.Hemadeotherspeeches on this subject,whichwere not listened towith such pleasure as hesupposed. For the messenger from Huascar had arrived, and spoken to theCañarisandmitimaes, saying that the Inca sought their friendship, and thatheimploredthefavouroftheSunandofhisgodsforthem.HetoldtheCañaristhatthey should not consent to such an evil deed as the Inca’s brothermeditated.TheyrepliedbydeclaringtheirdesiretoseeHuascar,andraisinguptheirhands,theypromisedtoremainloyal.

Thisbeingtheirwish,Atahualpawasunabletoobtainhisobject,andtheysaythattheCañaris,withthecaptainandmitimaes,seizedhim,withtheintentionofdeliveringhimuptoHuascar.Buthavingplacedhiminaroomofthetampu,heescaped,andwent toQuito,wherehegaveout that ithadbeen thewillofhis

God to turnhim intoa serpent, to enablehim toescape fromhis enemies.Hetold his adherents that all should be got ready to begin a war. Other Indiansaffirm as a certain fact that the captain Atoc, with his troops, arrived at thecountryof theCañaris,whereAtahualpawas,and that itwashewho took theInca’s brother prisoner, before he escaped in the way that has already beenmentioned.Formypart,Ibelieve,althoughImaybewrong,thatAtocfoundthatAtahualpahadescapedfromhisprison,and,muchdisturbedatthis,hecollectedall themenhecouldfromtheCañaris,andmarchedtowardsQuito,sendingtoallpartstostrengthenthegovernorsandmitimaesintheirloyaltytoHuascar.Itisrelated,asafact, thatAtahualpaescapedbymeansofacoaor toolwhichaQuellawomangavehim.Hemadeaholewithitatatimewhenthosewhowerein the tampuwere heatedwithwhat they had drunk.By using great haste; hereachedQuitobeforehecouldbeovertakenbyhis enemies,whowantedverymuchtogethimagainintotheirpower.

CHAPTERLXXII.HowAtahualpasetoutfromQuitowithhisarmyandcaptains,andhowhegavebattletoAtocinthe

villagesofAmbato.

ASthepostsontheroyalroadsweresonumerous,nothinghappenedinanypartoftheempirethatwasunknown,andwhenitwasunderstoodthatAtahualpahadescaped by such good luck, and was in Quito assembling his troops, it wasknown that a war was certain. Hence there were divisions into parties; greatdisturbances;andthoughtsdirectedtoevilends.Huascarhadnoonewhowouldnot obey him, and did not desire that he should come out of the affair withhonourandpower.Atahualpahad,onhisside,thecaptainsandmenofthearmy,andmany native lords andmitimaes of theQuito provinces. They relate that,beinginQuito,hemadehaste topreparehisarmytomarch,swearing, in theirmanner,thathewouldinflictgreatpunishmentontheCañarisfortheaffronthehad received from them. He knew that Atoc was approaching with his army,which exceeded, according towhat they say, fortyhuarancas or thousands ofmen,andhemadehastetocomeforthandmeethim.

AtocadvancedbecauseAtahualpahadnotbeenabletoassemblethemenintheprovinces.Headdressedhismen,exhorting them todohonour to the IncaHuascar,andtoexertthemselvestochastisetheshamelessconductofAtahualpa.To justify his cause, Atoc sent certain Indians as messengers to Atahualpa,urginghimtorestsatisfiedwithwhathehadalreadydone,andnottoplungetheempire into civilwar; but to submit to the Inca, as thewisest course for him.Although thesemessengerswereprincipalOrejones, theyrelate thatAtahualpalaughedatwhattheyhadtosay,andthat,aftermanythreats,heorderedthemtobekilled.Hethenpursuedhisroadinarichlitter,carriedontheshouldersofhisprincipalandfavouritefollowers.

They say that Atahualpa entrusted the conduct of the war to his Captain-GeneralChalcuchima, and to two other chiefs, namedQuizquiz andUcumari.[255]AsAtoc did not haltwith his army, they encountered him near the towncalledAmbato,where thebattlebegan,andwashotlycontested.Chalcuchima,having occupied a hill, came down with 5,000 chosen men, at an opportunemoment,andattackedthetiredenemy,killingagreatnumber,whiletherestfledin confusion. They were pursued, and many were captured, including Atochimself.Thosewhogavemethisinformationsaythathewasfastenedtoapost,wheretheykilledhimwithgreatcruelty.Chalcuchimamadeadrinking-cupout

ofhis skull, adornedwithgold.Themostcorrectestimate, inmy judgment, isthat15,000or16,000menwerekilledin thisbattle,onbothsides.Thosewhowere takenprisonerswerekilledwithoutmercy,byorderofAtahualpa. IhavepassedbythistownofAmbato,wheretheysaythatthebattlewasfought,and,judgingfromthenumberofbones,itwouldappearthatevenmorepeoplewerekilledthantheystate.

With this victory Atahualpa remained in great renown. The news wasdivulged in all parts of the kingdom.His adherents were called together, andhailed him as Inca. He said that he would assume the fringe at Tumebamba,though,ifthisceremonywasnotperformedatCuzco,itwasconsideredabsurdandinvalid.Heorderedhiswoundedtobecured,hewasservedasaking,andhemarchedtoTumebamba.

CHAPTERLXXIII.HowHuascarsentnewcaptainsandtroopsagainsthisenemy,andhowAtahualpaarrivedatTumebamba,whereheperpetratedgreatcruelties;alsowhathappenedbetweenhimandthecaptainsofHuascar.

FEW days elapsed after the CaptainAtocwas defeated at Ambato, before thedisasterwasknown,notonlyinCuzco,butthroughouttheempire.Huascarwasmuchalarmed,andfromthattimehefearedthattheendofthetroublemightbefatal.His councillors decided that Cuzco should not be abandoned, but that afresh army with new captains should take the field. But there were greatlamentationsfor thedead,andsacrificeswereofferedup in the templesand totheoracles,accordingtocustom.HuascarsummonedmanynativechiefsoftheCollao, of the Canchis, Canas, Charcas, Cavangas, those of Condesuyo, andmanyofthoseofChincha-suyo.Whentheyhadassembled,hespoketothemofwhat his brother had done, and appealed to them to be good friends andcompanions.Theyansweredashedesired,becausetheyveneratedthereligiouscustomnottoreceiveanyoneasInca,excepthimwhohadassumedthefringeatCuzco, which Huascar had done some days before. As it was necessary toarrange for thecontinuanceof thewar, the Incaappointedhisbrother,HuancaAuqui,tobehisCaptain-General.SomeOrejonessaythathewasnotabrotheroftheInca,butasonofIlaquito.[256]Withhimotherprincipalchiefsweresentas captains, named Ahuapanti,[257] Urco Huaranca, and Inca Rocca. Thesecaptains set out from Cuzco with all the soldiers they could collect, andaccompaniedbymanynativelordsandmitimaes,andHuancaAuquireinforcedhisarmyontheroad,asheadvanced.HemarchedinsearchofAtahualpa,whowasatTumebamba,withhiscaptainsandmanyprincipalmenwhohadcometogain his favour, seeing that he was a conqueror. The Cañaris were afraid ofAtahualpa,because theyhad imprisonedhimanddespisedhis commands, andtheyknewhimtobevindictiveandveryblood-thirsty.Whenhecameneartheprincipaledifices,IheardfrommanyIndiansthat,toappeasehisanger,theysentagreatcompanyofchildren,andanotherofmenofallages, togoforth tohisrichly-adorned litter, in which he travelled with great pomp, bearing greenbranchesandpalmleaves in theirhands,andprayingforgraceandfriendship,andthatpastinjuriesmightbeforgiven.Theybesoughthimwithsuchclamourandwithsuchhumility,thatitwouldhavebrokenaheartofstone.ButitmadelittleimpressiononthecruelAtahualpa,fortheysaythatheorderedhiscaptainsandsoldierstokillallwhohadcomeouttohim,whichwasdone,onlysparingafewchildrenand thewomendedicated to the serviceof the temple,whowere

keptwithoutsheddinganyof theirblood, topreserve thehonourof theirdeitytheSun.

This being done, he ordered some particular chiefs in the province to bekilled, and placed a captain of his own to govern it.Assembling his principaladherents,hethenassumedthefringeandtookthetitleofIncainTumebamba,although the act was invalid, as has been explained, because it was notperformedinCuzco.However,hehadtherightofhisarms,whichheheldtobegood law. I have also heard from some Indians of position that Atahualpaassumed the fringe in Tumebamba before Atoc was defeated or even set outfrom Cuzco, and that Huascar knew it and provided accordingly. But on thewholeitseemstomethattheversionIfirstwroteisthemostprobable.

HuancaAuquimade rapidmarches,wishing to arrive at the countryof theCañaris before Atahualpa could do the harm which he actually did. Some ofthosewho escaped from the battle ofAmbato had joined him.All authoritiesaffirmthathehadwithhimmorethan80,000soldiers,andAtahualpaassembledlittle less atTumebamba,whence he set out, declaring that hewould not stopuntilhereachedCuzco.ThetwoarmiesencounteredeachotherintheprovinceofthePaltas,nearCaxabamba,andafterthecaptainshadaddressedtheirtroops,thebattlebegan.TheysaythatAtahualpawasnotpresent;butthathewitnessedtheconflictfromanadjacenthill.Godwasservedinthat,notwithstandingthatthereweremanyOrejonesandcaptainswell instructed in theartofwar in thearmy of Huascar, and that Huanca Auqui did his duty like a loyal and goodservantof theking,Atahualpashouldbevictorious,with thedeathofmanyofhisadversaries.Theydeclarethatinbotharmiesmorethan35,000werekilled,besidesmanywounded.

The victors followed up the fugitives, killing and taking prisoners, andplundering the camp.Atahualpawas so joyful that he declared the godswerefightingforhim.ThereasonhedidnotadvancetoCuzcoinpersonwasthattheSpaniardshadentered thecountrya fewdaysbefore,and thathehad receivedthenewsoftheirarrival.[258]

Wewillnotgive theconclusionof thiswarbetweentheIndians,because itwould not be according to the order of events, and the narrative canwait forinsertioninitsproperplace.

DowntothispointiswhatithasseemedwellformetowriteconcerningtheIncas, which is all derived from the account which I took down in Cuzco. Ifanothershouldundertaketo tell itmore indetailandwithgreateraccuracytheroad is open to him. For I have not attemptedwhat Iwas unable to perform;althoughforwhatIhavedone,IhaveworkedinawayknowntoGod,wholives

andreignsforever.MostofwhatIhavewrittenwasseenbytheDoctorBravode Saravia,[259] and the Licentiate Hernando de Santillan,[260] Judges of theRoyalAudienceofthecityoftheKings.

INDEX.NAMESOFPLACESANDTRIBES.

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,ZAbancay,i,318Acari,i,28,265Acos,i,301,373AgujaPoint,i,25Alcaviquizatribe,nearCuzco,ii,105,106Ambato,i,154;defeatofAtocat,ii,232,233,235

AnanCuzco.SeeCuzco.AnaquerHill,ii,18Ancasmayuriver,i,122;ii,44,64,213;northernlimitoftheempire,218,221,223

Ancocaguatemple,i,357;ii,88,89Andahuaylas,i,315,317;ii,83,109,118,139,145,154Andesuyo(Anti-suyu),i,323,337;ii,51,70;invasionof,ii,166,168,169;warwithsnakes,166

Angoyacopass,i,302Antis,ii,175,195Apurimacriver,i,319;ii,8,43,141,147Apurima,ii,178Arcos,ii,154Arequipa,i,287,392Arica,i,29Asillo,i,369;ii,166Atacama,i,267Ausancatatemple,i,354Ayamarca,ii,114,115Ayancas,roadby,ii,43Ayavaca,ii,179,207Ayaviri,i,358,359;ii,135,165,166Aymaraes,ii,119Ayangaro,i,369;ii,166,170

Bahaire,CiezadeLeonat,ii,131Barranca,La,i,248n.Bio-bioriver,i,31Bombon,i,286,lakeof,294;ii,156,175,178,206Bracamoros,i,204,209;ii,70,179,208

Cacha,i,356;ii,6Caitomarca,ii,123,124Calca,conquestbyUira-ccochaYnca,ii,121Callao,i,27Camana,i,29,265Cañaris,i,162,167,169;ii,71;head-dress,72;subjugation,180,181,209,229;massacreof,234

Cañaribamba,i,204Canas,i,356,358;ii,3,6;head-dress,72;tribeof,133,171,172,233

Cañetevalley(seeHuarco),i,257n.,259Canches,i,355,358;ii,3;head-dress,72;tribeof,133,171,172,233

Cangalla,ii,133Caracollo,i,381Caraugas,ii,195,233Caranqui,i,133,138;ii,59,65,70,181,215,219Caranques,i,133,138Caraques,i,185CarexIsle,ii,132Caravaya,i,369CarmancaHill,atCuzco,i,325;ii,142Cartagena(seeBahaire),ii,131Casma,i,26Cassana,atCuzco,ii,158Cavinas,i,354Caxabamba,ii,235Caxamarca,i,271;ii,8,59,83,86,178,179,186,206

Caxas,ii43,179,207Chacamavalley,i,241Chachapoyas,i,277,278,207;ii,70,91,157,179Chancas,i,280,315,316;ii,83,199;conquestsof,119,139;advancetoCuzco,ii,140,154,157;defeated,143;trophyoftheirbodies,ii,144

Chaqui,i,383Charcas,i,381;mines,385;ii,195,200,233

Chayanta,i,383;ii,212Chicama.(SeeChacama.)Chichas,i,383Chilana,villageintheCollao,i,373Chilca,i,255Chile,i,30,384;ii,44,51,59,64,65,70;conquestbyTupacYncaYupanqui,195;HuaynaCcapacin,201,203;nameof,202n.

Chimu,i,242;ii,185,212Chincha-suyu,51,175,176,177;roadof,177

Chinchas,i,228,260;ii,189,190,191Chinchay-cochalake,i,294,296.(SeeBombon.)Chiquana,i,356Chiriguanas,ii,69,201Choclo-cochaLake,ii,118Chucuito,i,373;ii,4,59,130,135,152,170,173,174,194Chumbivilicas,i,335;ii,168Chunchos,ii,69Chungaravillage,nearVilcañota,ii,88Chuqui-apu(LaPaz),i,380;ii,59,200Cochabamba,i,383Cocha-casa,ii,140,147Cochasqui,ii,215Collas,i,359,363,367;theirhead-dress,72.(SeeCollao.)

Collao—Colla-suyu,i,304,359,360,363,370;ii,2,51,75;invadedbyIncaUira-ccocha,130,167;incursionsofChinchasinto,189;Chancachiefsentto,151;invasion,165;rebellion,169,172;subjugation,173;pacification,174,175;TupacYncaYupanquiin,194,195;HuaynaCcapacin,200

Compata,ii,133Conchucos,i,286,291Condesuyo(Cunti-suyu),ii,51,106,107,112;treasonofchiefs,117;invasionof,146,168;summonedtojointhearmyofHuascar,233

Copacopa,ii,165Copayapu,i,30Coquimbo,i,30;ii,4Coropunatemple,ii,89Cotobambas,ii,8Curahuasi,ii,147Curampa,ii,140,148Curicancha,TempleoftheSunatCuzco,i,328,385;ii,9,22,23,71,83;descriptionof,84,85,101,103,158,203

Cuzco,i,146;situation,i,322;divisions,i,325;description,i,330;fullofstrangers,i,71;foundation,i,329;ii,21;firstarrivalofSpaniardsat,ii,9;AnanCuzco,ii,97,102,122;Orin(Hurin)Cuzco,ii,127;drainageofswamps,ii,99,100;riversof,ii,111,112;indangerfromtheChancas,ii,140,141;fortress,160-164;Bishopof,i,424.(SeeCuricancha.)

Desaguadero,i,373;ii,174

Ferrol,portof,i,26

GorgonaIsle,i,21,420;ii,220Guamangafounded,i,307,308;Indians,310

Guanacauri,ii,148,154.(SeeHuanacauri.)Guañape,i,26,245;ii,213Guarmay,i,26,247;ii,213Guayaguil,i,197,201,203;ii,209,211

HananCuzco,ii,97,102,122HatunColla,ii,3,14,16,17,33,59,117,130,135,170Hatun-cana,i,356Hatuncanche,ii,158Hayo-hayo,i,381Hervay,fortressof,ii,193n.Horuro,i,356Huallabamba,i,139Huamachuco,i,287,289Huambacho,i,247Huanacauritemple,ii,17,18,19,22,89,101,107,111Huancas,i,279,298;legendsof,i,299;head-dress,ii,72;conquest,ii,153,154;submission,ii,155,173

Huancabamba,i,210,269;ii,59,179,207Huancachupachos,ii,206Huancavilcas,i,168,181,192Huanuco,i,282,283,285;ii,157Huara,i,26,248Huaray,i,293Huarcovalley,i,257,258;fortress,ii,164;war,191-195

Huarina,i,9,380

Huarochiri,ii,43Huaqui,i,274Huaura,ii,213Huaylos,i,286HurinCuzco,i,67;ii,97,102

Juli,i,373;ii,130Juliaca,i,369

Lampa,harvestceremonyat,i,412LaPaz,i,380,381.(SeeChuqui-apu.)LaPlata,ii,201Latacunga,ii,59Lima,i,248Limatambo,i,320Llacta-cunga,i,143,150LobosIsland,i,25Lucanas,ii,148,199Lunahuana,i,228,260Luracachi,ii,134

Mala,i,256Manta,i,182,184Marca,inCondesuyo,ii,107Marcapata,ii,169Marcavillca,ii,34Mauleriver,i,31;ii,64,195,221Mohina,treasurefoundat,i,353;roadfromCuzcoto,ii,44

Motupevalley,i,239Moxos,ii,69Moyobamba,i,280Muhina.(SeeMohina.)Mulahalo,i,147,148Muli-ambato,i,153

NascaPoint,i,28——valley,i,264;ii,190Nicasiovillage,i,365,369

Ocoñavalley,i,29,265Ollantay-tambo.(SeeTambo.)Oma,nearCuzco,ii,105Omasayu,i,369;ii,90,166OrinCuzcos.(SeeHurinCuzco.)Otavalo,ii,215

Pacarec-tampu,i,335;ii,11,13,87Pacasmayu,i,240Pachacamac,i,251,252,253,254;ii,90;templeof,ii,187,211;HuaynaCapacat,213

Paltas,i,205;ii,43,235Paria,i,381;ii,59PariacacaPass,ii,43,188PariñaPoint,i,25Passaos,i,22,172Parcos,i,302;ii,154Parmonga(Parmunquilla),i,247;ii,186Pasto,i,54,55,120,121,123;ii,219Patia,i,118Payta,i,25Picoyvalley,i,302;ii,154Pifo,ii,215Pincos,i,294Pisagua,i,30Piscobamba,i,293Piura,i,213Pocheosriver,i,213——city,i,32,381,382,384Poconavillage,i,384Pomata,i,473;ii,130Pomatambo(Pumatampu),ii,113,149Popayan,i,32,54,55,109,115,124;ii,70,221Porco,i,285Potosi,i,384,390,391Pucamarca,ii,158PuertoViejo,i,22,174,180,187;ii,78,211

Pumatampu,ii,113n.,149Puná,i,24,198;ii,211Purnaes(Purnaes),i,154,161;ii,180,210

Quichuas,tribeof,ii,109;defeatedbyChancas,ii,118,119

Quilca,i,29,265Quillacingas,ii,221Quillaco,motherofAtahualpaanativeof,ii,203,224Quiquijana,i,354;ii,133Quito,i,131,140,142,144,145;foundedbyTupacYncaYupanqui,ii,181;governmentof,ii,183;arrivalofHuaynaCcapacat,ii,210,211,213,214,217;newsofarrivalofSpaniardsreaches,220;richesat,221;mourningforHuaynaCcapacat,222;Atahualpaat,224,225;rebellionofAtahualpaat,227,229,230,231

Rimac,i,250;ii,213Riobamba,i,155,160,210Rumichaca,nearQuito,i,132Runchuanac.(SeeLunahuana.)

Sanavalley,i,240SanGallan,i,27SanLorenzoCape,i,23SanMiguel(Puira)founded,i,213,214SanNicolasPoint,i,28Santa,i,245,246SantaClaraIsland,i,24SantaElenaPoint,i,23,189SantaMariaCape,i,31Saqui,palaceat,ii,122Sicasica,i,381Sipesipe,i,383Soras,ii,148,149,199

Tacunga,iii,180,181,210Tambo(orOllantay-tampu),i,332,333Tampu-quiru,ii,14,16,101,103Tangarara,originalsiteofPiura,i,214Tapacari,i,383Tarama(Tarma),i,286;ii,156,175,176Tarapaca,i,30,138,265,266Tarma.(SeeTarama.)Tiquizambi,ii,180TiticacaLake,i,370,371,372;ii,167——Island,i,372;thesuncameforthfrom,ii,5;Yncasat,167,200

Tomebamba.(SeeTumipampa.)Totora,i,383Truxillo,i,26,186,242,244;ii,212Tucuman,ii,201Tumbez,i,23,128,193,213;ii,185,212Tumipampa,i,165;ii,180,209,229,232,235Tuqueme,coastvalleyof,i,239Tuquma,i,383Tusa,lastvillageofthePastos,i,132

Urcos,i,354;ii,133

Valparaiso,i,31Viacha,i,380Vicos,ii,115Vilcas,i,312,313;roadsfrom,ii,44,59;edifices,ii,150,154,206;river,149,150

Vilcacunga,ii,142Vilcañotatemple,ii,88,134,169Viñaque,i,309,379Viticos,i,305;ii,11

Xaquixaguana,i,9,32,150,320;ii,44,129,131,137,138,140,199Xauxa,i,296,297;ii,34;

roadtoLima,43,59,75;partitionofland,148,154,156,178,188;tenureoflandarrangedbyHuaynaCcapac,206,208

Xayancavalley,i,239

Yahuar-cocha,i,133;ii,218YahuiraHill,ii,19Yanahuaras,ii,168Yauyos,ii,153,178,206Yca,i,263;ii,190Ylave,ii,134Ylo,i,265Yuli(seeJuli),ii,130Yucay,i,354;riverof,ii,124;valley,i,137,140

Yuncasofthecoast,i,162,209,218,219,223,232,237;ii,72,90,183;conquestof,185-193;sacredtempleof,ii,187

Zepita,i,37;ii,130QUICHUAWORDS.

A,C,H,I,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,Y,ZAnacona.(SeeYanacuna.)Ancha,very,ii,14,63,212Apu,chief,ii,14,62,97,212Atoc,fox,ii,228Ayllos,slings,i,355;ii,46,54-73

Camac,creator,i,253Camayus,officials,ii,27,90Cancha,place,ii,83Canqui,thouart,ii,62Capacocha,ceremonyofofferings,ii,88,89,91-93Cay,this,ii,212Ccapac,rich,i,136;ii,12,17,21,22,105Ccampa,thou(dative),ii,62,212,218Ccepi,burden,ii,88

Ccocha.(SeeCocha.)Ccuri,gold,ii,83Chaca,bridge,i,132Chacara,farm,ii,27,30,60Chacu,hunt,i,288n.Chaqui,foot,ii,76Chaquira,beads,i,176,405;ii,40,86,90Chumpi,belt,i,146Chuñu,preservedpotatoe,i,361;ii,54Churi,son,ii,14,62Coca,i,352;ii,196Cocha,lake,ii,8Cuna(pluralparticle),ii,205,213,218Curaca,nobleman,ii,41,58Curi(correctlyCcuri),gold,ii,83

Hatun,great,ii,14,62,212Hatuncancha,ii,158Hatun-raymi,ii,93,96Huaca,sacred,i,77,228;ii,87,88,90,91Huaca-camayoc,i,413Huaranca,thousand,ii,135Huarmi,woman,ii,76Huasi,house,ii,83Huata,year,ii,55,76,82Huauque,brother,ii,76Huayna,youth,ii,197,213,218Huayna-cuna,youths,i,138;ii,213,218Huayras,usedinthemines,i,389Huillac.(SeeUillac.)Huis-cacha.(SeeUiscacha.)

Inca.(SeeYnca.)Inti.(SeeYnti.)

Llacta,city,ii,197Llama,i,393;ii,45Llautu,fringe:emblemofsovereignty,ii,2,19Lliclla,mantle,i,146

Lloque,left-handed,ii,100,102,103

Macana,club,i,49,203Mama,mother,ii,12,105,114Mama-cuna,womenofthetemples,i,25,149,164,369,405;ii,10,46,85,92,95,138,206Manan,not,ii,218Maqui,hand,ii,76Micuni,toeat,ii,212Mitimaes,colonists, i, 149, 150, 209, 271, 328, 362; ii, 24,36,39, 50, 67-71,166,177,179Mizqui,sweet,ii,212Mucha,worship,ii,17,38,96,210Molletrees.(SeeMulli.)Mulli,SchinusMolle,i,299

Naña,sister,ii,76Naui,eye,ii,76

Oca,Oxalistuberosa,i,361;ii,94Oxota.(SeeUsuta.)

Paccari(Pacarec),dawn,ii,11,13,87Pacha,earth,ii,62——world,i,253;ii,82——hundred,ii,205Palla,marriedprincess,ii,147,224Pillaca,kindoffringe,ii,19Pucara,fortress,i,302,368;ii,2,69,75,121,147,216Punchau,day,ii,76Purachuco,tuftoffeathers,ii,19

Quilla,moon,ii,76Quinua,ChenopodiumQuinua,i,361;ii,54,94Quipus,systemofrecord,i,290;ii,33,34,53,57,61,165Quiru,tooth,ii,14,76

Raymi,festival,ii,93,96Rincri,ear,ii,76

Rumi,stone,i,132;ii,227Runa,man,ii,76,205Runtu,egg,ii,121

Sapa,only,ii,62Sasi,fast,ii,18,20Senca,nose,ii,76Sullull,truth,ii,62Sulluy,ofatruth,ii,212Supay,devil,i,224;ii,10

Tampu,inn,i,161,290;ii,14,16,73,101,103,131,201,230Taqui,music,ii,29,40,91,92,137Ticiviracocha,God,i,299;ii,1,6,7,8,9,22,94;imagelost,97

Topu.(SeeTupu.)Tucuy,all,ii,62,197,218Tupu,measure,i,146;ii,43,66,88,112Tuta,night,ii,76

Ucumari,bear,ii,232UillacUmu,HighPriest,i,329,414;ii,86,97Uira,grease,ii,8Uiscacha,rabbit,i,402;ii,46Uma,head,ii,76Uncha,filletforthehead,i,146Usuta,shoe,i,146;ii,38Uyay,hear,ii,62,197

Vira,grease.(SeeUira.)

Yahuar,blood,i,133;ii,218Yana-cuna,servant,i,391;ii,55,67n.,88,89,201,205Yaya,fatherYlla(namegiventobodiesofthevenerateddead),ii,96Yllapa,lightning,ii,96Ynca,sovereign,ofthebloodroyalYnti,thesun,ii,14,62Ynti-huasi,TempleoftheSun,ii,83

Yscay,two,ii,205Ynca,i,233Yunca,warmvalley,i,162Yupanqui,youmaycount,ii,102n.,158

Zazi.(SeeSasi.)

NAMESOFINDIANSANDGODS.A,C,G,H,I,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,Y,Z

Ahuapanti,ageneralofHuascar,ii,233Alaya,chiefofXauxa,i,224,301;ii,206Alcariza,alordofCuzco,ii,15,16,17Ancoallo,chiefoftheChancas,i,280;ii,154,156;hisflight,157

AperahuaOracle,ii,90Arnauan,anameofTiciviracocha,ii,6Atahualpa,ii,8,9,10;ransom,ii,83,86;atCaxamarca,i,271;meaningofword,i,231;birth,ii,203;toruleatQuito,ii,221,222;accountof,ii,224,225;rebellion,ii,227;crueltytoCañaris,i,167;ii,230,235;warwithHuascar,i,273,275,409,421;ii,235

Atoc,generalofHuascar,i,167,273;ii,228,230,231,232,233AyarCachi(Asauca),ii,12,13,14,16,17,20AyarManco,ii,12,21AyarUchu,ii,12,13

Capac.(SeeCcapac.)Cari,agreatlordintheCollao,i,363;ii,5,130,135;rebellion,170,173

Cariapasa,chiefofChucuito,i,373CayuTupac,theYncawhosuppliedCiezadeLeonwithinformation,ii,11,121Ccapac,arebelagainstYncaUira-ccocha,ii,127CcapacYupanqui,hisreign,ii,106,107,108;embassyfromtheQuichuasto,109;death,ii,110

————generalintheHuancacampaign,ii,154————governorofCuzco,ii,178ChalcoMayta,governorofQuito,ii,183Chalicuchima,ageneralofAtahualpa,i,320;ii,9,227,232ChimboOcllo,wifeofHuaynaCcapac,ii,199

Chirihuana,governorofChucuito,ii,4CollaTupac,guardianofHuascar,ii,222,237n.,228Cusi-chuca,chiefatXauxa,ii,206Cusi-hualpa,sonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222

Guacarapora,lordofXauxa;useofquipus,ii,34

Guamaraconas.(SeeHuayna-cuna.)Guanacauri.(SeeHuanacauri.)Guasco,chiefofAndahuaylas,i,315,318

HastuHuaraca,chiefoftheChancas,ii,140,141;interviewwiththeYnca,ii,142;defeated,ii,143;entersserviceoftheYnca,ii,145;senttotheCollao,ii,151

HuamanHualpa,asonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222Huanacauri,theherogod,ii,14,18,20,22,87,101,103,107HuancaAuqui,asonofHuaynaCcapac,general,forHuascar,ii,233;defeated,235

Huaraca,chiefoftheChancas,ii,118Huarivilca,godoftheHuancas,i,300;ii,154Huascar,i,272,421;ii,8,9,99,163,203,222;hischaracter,ii,224,225;accession,226;warwithAtahualpa,ii,228,229;hisalarm,233;armydefeated,235

HuaynaCcapac,i,140,169,179,193;ii,11,25,44,67,99,155,163,180;birth,181;accession,197;character,198;marchof,199,200;toChile,201,202;invasionofBracamoros,208;severity,209;atQuito,210;onthecoast,212;anecdote,212;

warnorthofQuito,215;besieged,217;hisvengeance,218;hearsofSpaniards,220;death,221;obsequies,222,223

Huayna-cuna(Guamaraconas),i,138;ii,213,218Humalla,achiefintheCollao,rebels,ii,170

IllaTupac,ii,227n.

LloqueYupanqui,marriage,ii,100;reign,102;death,103

————brotherofYncaYupanqui;governorofCuzco,ii,147;commandsthearmyintheHuancacampaign,ii,154,155

MacayCuca,QueenofYncaRocca,ii,111MamaCahuaPata,daughterofthelordofOma,QueenofMaytaCcapac,ii,105MamaChiquia,ofAyamarca,QueenofYncaYupanqui,ii,114

MamaCora,oneofthewomenwhocameforthfromPacarecTampu,ii,12MamaHuaco,oneofthewomenwhocameforthfromPacarecTampu,ii,12MamaOcllo,QueenofTupacYncaYupanqui,ii,175MamaRahua,oneofthewomenwhocameforthfromPacarecTampu,ii,12MancoCcapac,i,136,194,329,354,409;ii,12,17,22,23,99MancoYnca,i,304,305;ii,11,30,222;assumptionofthesovereignfringeby,17

MaytaCcapac,fourthYnca,ii,103;death,107

NanqueYupanqui,sonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222

PaulluYnca,i,77;funeralobsequies,ii,104,196n.,222

Quizquiz,generalofAtahualpa,ii,8,164,227

RahuaOcllo.(SeeMamaRahua.)RoccaYnca,ii,111;reign,ii,113;obsequies,115

————ageneralofHuascar,ii,233Rumi-ñaui,ageneralofAtahualpa,ii,227Runta-Ccoya,QueenoftheYncaUira-ccocha,ii,121

Sapana.(SeeZapana.)SayriTupac,ii,11SinchiRocca,ii,23,24;reign,ii,99

Tici-uira-ccocha,god,i,299;ii,1,6,7;name,8,9,22,24;image,97

Titu,asonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222Tuapaca,nameofTici-uira-ccochainCollao,ii.6Tumbala,lordofPuna,i,195;ii,211TupacYncaYupanqui,i,147,149,165,169,178,192,217,261,269,313,337,357;ii,25,44,64,86,99,150,163,170;accession,171,172;subjugatedtheCollas,173,174,175;marchtoChinchasuyu,ii,177;atCaxamarca,178;atBracamoros,179;conquestofcoastvalleys,185-193;conquestofChile,195;death,196

————asonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222TupacHualpa,asonofHuaynaCcapac,ii,222TupacUasco,chiefoftheChancas,ii,118,147,151,157TutaPalla,motherofAtahualpa,ii,203

Uasco.(SeeTupacUasco.)Ucumari,generalofAtahualpa,ii,232UillacUmu,HighPriest,i,329;ii,86,97Uira-ccochaYnca,i,332,338,355,363;ii,64,71;

accession,120;reign,121to136;abdication,137,140

——(God),i,162,357,367.(SeeTici-uira-ccocha.)UrcoYnca,ii,129;objectionstohisaccession,137;accession,138;viciousconduct,139,140,141;deposition,144,146

UrcoHuaranca,governorofAtahualpa,ii,233

Viracocha.(SeeUira-ccocha.)

YncaYupanqui,accession,ii,116;murder,ii,117

————ii,129,139;defenceofCuzcoby,140;defeatstheChancas,143;accession,144;marchofhisarmy,147;rule,152;meaningofname,158;buildsfortressofCuzco,158-164;proceedings,165;conquestoftheCollao,167;ofCondesuyos,168;invadesAnti-suyu,168,169;abdicates,171

Yumalla,chiefoftheCollao,i,373

Zañu,chiefof,ii,100Zapana,lordintheCollao,i,363,369;ii,2,3,14,117,130;embassyfrom,132;death,135,170

NAMESOFSPANIARDS.A,B,C,E,G,H,L,M,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,Z

Aldana,Lorenzode,foundedPasto,i,123;hiskindtreatmentofthenatives,andbequestintheirfavour,i,124n.

Almagro,Diegode,i,7,159,186,256,318,419Almagro,Diegode(thelad),i,306,312,335;ii,13Alvarado,Alonzode,i,159,279,282Alvarado,Pedrode,i,148,155,156,157,185,186,248Alvarado,Gomezde,i,157,281,283Aranda,aSpaniard.Evidenceastoconversewithdevils,ii,132

Bachicao,Hernando,hangedatJulibyFranciscodeCarbajal,i,373Belalcazar,Sebastiande,i,79,93,105,110,113,145,201,423;marchestoassistGasca,i,151,186

BlascoNuñezVela,i,187,139Bobadilla,FrayFranciscode,theumpirebetweenPizarroandAlmagro,i,256Bueno,Martin,oneofthefirstsoldierswhowenttoCuzco,ii,9

Carbajal,Franciscode,i,362,373,422Carrasco,Alonzo,hadseenthetrophyofbodiesoftheChancas,ii,145Castro,Vacade,i,283,312Centeno,Diegode,i,380,384Chaves,Franciscode,i,292CiezadeLeon,Pedrode(theauthor),dedicationofhiswork,i,1;hishabitofwritingonthemarch,i,3;planofhiswork,i,6;collectinginformationconcerningthecoast,i,27;loseshisjournalafterthebattleofXaquixaguana,i,32;joinsVadillo,i,41;methodofcollectinginformation,i,177;marchingtojointheroyalarmy,i,151,167,241;crossesbridgeovertheApurimac,i,319;goestoCharcas,i,339;atPucara,i,368;takesnotesintheCollao,364;atTiahuanaco,i,376;ii,173;proposestoformplantationsoftrees,i,401;seesGod’shandintheconquestoftheIndies,i,418;finishesthefirstpartofhiswork,i,427;recordofretribution,i,423;inquiresofthenativesastotheirconditionbeforethetimeoftheYncas,ii,2;visitsthetempleofCacha,ii,7;informationfromcitizensofCuzco,ii,3;

Yncasourcesofinformation,ii,11,121;planofhissecondpart,ii,24;learnsthepracticaluseofthequipusatXauxa,ii,34;praisesYncarule,ii,47;heardoraclesspeakatBahaire,ii,131;visitsthefortressofCuzco,ii,162;conclusionofhiswork,ii,236

Elemosin,DiegoRodriguez,greatwealthdiscoveredby,ii,89Escobar,Mariade,introducedwheatintoPeru,i,400

Gasca,Pedrodela,i,208,241,318,320,339Gomara,FranciscoLopezde,criticismon,ii,67Guevara,JuanPerezde,conquestsintheeasternforests,i,280GutierrezFelipe,hisdiscoveriessouthofPeru,i,383Guzman,Hernandode,presentatthesiegeofCuzco;visitsthefortressofCuzcowiththeauthor,ii,162

Heredia,Nicolasde,discoveriessouthofPeru,i,383Hiñojosa,RuySanchezde,discoveriesinthedirectionofRiodelaPlata;killedbyHeredia,i,384

Ladrillero,Juan,navigatesLakeTiticaca,i,370Ledesma,Baltasarde,retributionon,i,423Loaysa,Geronimode,ArchbishopofLima,i,227,424

Maldonado,Diegode,hisestates,i,317n.;ii,139n.Moguer,nameofoneofthefirstsoldierswhowenttoCuzco,ii,9

Ondegardo,Polode,corregidorofCharcas,i,387Orellana,Franciscode,i,112,202,406Orgoñez,Rodrigo,i,254,304Otaso,Marcos,apriest,whogavetheauthoranaccountoftheharvestceremonyatLampa,i,412

Pacheco, Juan, his experience of the conduct of devils in obstructing theconversionofheathens,i,416,417Pancorvo,Juande,estateatAyaviri,i,359;hadseenthetrophyofChancabodies,ii,145

Pinto,Simon,corregidorofChucuito,i,373Pizarro,Francisco,i,21,156,214,244,250,256,268,272,310,329,353;ii,9,34,220Pizarro,Gonzalo,i,32,137,303,311,320,380Pizarro,Hernando,i,253,254,335;ii,13Puelles,Pedrode,i,187,283

Rios,Pedrodelos,i,419

Saavedra,Juande,arrivedinPeruwithPedrodeAlvarado,i,157,185;asgovernorofCuzco,assistedtheauthorinhisresearches,ii,11

SantaMaria,FrayJuande,troublewiththedevilwhenbaptizingachief,i,417SantoTomas,FrayDomingode,hislaboursinthestudyofQuichua,i,163;givesinformationtotheauthor,i,219;hisevidencerespectingthewilesofthedevil,i,225;foundsamonasteryinthecoastvalleyofChacama,i,242,427

Santillan,Hernandode,judgeoftheAudiencia,i,425;ii,236;hadseentheauthor’swork,ii,236

Saravia,Dr.Bravode,judgeoftheAudiencia,i,205,425;hadseentheauthor’swork,ii,236

Solano,Juande,BishopofCuzco,i,424Sosa,HernanRodriquezde,retributionon,forcrueltytoIndians,i,423

Terrazas,Bartoloméde,hisestateatCacha,ii,6n.Tobar,Franciscode,retributionon,forcrueltytoIndians,i,422

Uzeda,Diegode,goeswiththeauthortoCharcas,i,365

Valverde,Vicentede,BishopofCuzco,i,424Varagas,Juande,heldtheIndiansofTiahuanacoinencomienda,i,379Vasquez,Tomas,hisestateinAyaviri;givesinformationtotheauthor,ii,3;theauthorvisitsthefortressofCuzcowith,ii,162

Vergara,Pedrode,i,205Villadiego,Captain,sentagainsttheYncaManco,i,305Villacastin,Franciscode,atAyaviriwiththeauthor,ii,3n.Villaroel,discoveredminesofPotosi,i,386

Zarate,nameofoneofthefirstthreesoldierswhowenttoCuzco,ii,9

GENERALINDEX.A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,O,P,Q,R,S,V

Accounts,methodofkeepingbymeansofquipus,i,290;ii,33;useatXauxa,34,35,53,57,61,165;auditof,ii,61

AdministrativesystemoftheYncas,ii,36,37,209Adobes,sun-driedbricks,i,129,219,251Aguacate,afruit.(SeePalta.)Ajipepper,i,42,232;ii,94Algorobatrees,i,129,235,239n.Alpacas,i,394;ii,45Amazons,araceof,ii,3Andenes,i,321;ii,160Andes,description,i,129;forests,323,337;animalsandsnakes,338;richesof,406

Army:militarycolonies,ii,69;orderofmarching,73,199;assemblyof,133,147,153,165,177,205;disciplineof,177,205;difficultmarch,200,201;methodofdefendingfortified

places,217,218;Huascarcallsforanassemblyofthearmy,233

Art,Peruvianworksof,i,403,404Assessmentoftribute,ii,51,52Astronomicalknowledge,ii,82Authorityforthehistory,ii,11,24,25,121

Balsas,usedatsea,i,265;ontherivers,ii,125

Barley,i,144,400BathsoftheYncas,i,271,285n.Building,skilloftheYncasin,i,405;ii,160,161-164

Cannibalism,absenceof,ii,79Ceremonies of the Yncas, previous to accession, ii, 18, 19. (See Festival,

Funeral,Harvest,Homage.)Chain,golden,atCuzco,ii,19,20,91,97,153,226;lost,ii,97

Chicha,fermentedliquor,i,152,220;ii,18,85,87,94,95,200Children,naming,i,231;oftheYnca,ii,26,27

Chirimoyas.(SeeGuanavanas.)ClimateofPeru,i,130;ofQuito,i,140;ofPeruviancoast,i,214;oftheCollao,i,360

Cloth-weaving,i,405Coastvalleys,i,129,214-216to268;fertilityof,i,233.(SeeYuncas.)

Colonists,i,149,150,209,271,328,362;accountofsystem,67-71,passim

Conquests,systemof,ii,47,48-49Cotton,i,143,393Couriers.(SeePosts.)Crime,punishmentof,ii,81

Desertsofthecoast,i,128,238,240;peoplingof,ii,70

Devil.(SeeSupay.)Dogs,i,235Doorways,monolithic,atTiahuanaco,i,276DrainageofswampatCuzco,ii,99DyesusedbyIndians,i,405

Ears,ceremonyofpiercing,ii,19EarthquakesatArequipa,i,268Emigrants.(SeeColonists.)

FestivalofHatunRaymi,ii,94,95Fishusedasmanure,i,255Fishingonthecoast,i,267Flowersusedatsacrifices,i,71Fortress(seePucara);buildingsofthefortressatCuzco,ii,160-164

Foxes,i,227,402Fringe.(SeeHead-dress.)Fruits,i,234,235,283;pepino,ii,212

FuneralobsequiesofanYnca,ii,104,115

Gold,i,57,70,77,79,86,336;ofCaravaya,369,381;ii,40.(SeeTreasure.)

GoldenmaizeandanimalsatthetempleoftheSun,85Guanavanas(orChirimoyas),i,234

Harvestfestivities,i,412;ii,97Head-dresses,i,171,172,330;ii,72;oftheCañaris,i,167;ii,72;ofchiefsonthecoast,i,225;Carinas,i,330;oftheCollao,i,363;ii,72;oftheHuancas,ii,72;oftheCanas,ii,72;oftheYuncas,ii,72;oftheCanchis,ii,72;fringeorLlautuofthesovereign,ii,2,19

HighpriestoftheSun,orUillacUmu,i,329,414;ii,86,97Homage,ceremonyof,intheCollao,ii,136Honey,eatenbyoldCarbajal,i,362Hunt,royal,ii,45

Irrigationworks,i,236,263;nearCuzco,i,354

JourneysoftheYncas,ii,62,63Justice,administrationof,ii,81

Knighthood,ceremonyofinvestiture,ii,19,101

Labour,organisationof,ii,58Land,partitionof,ii,75Languagegeneral,orQuichua,i,163,146,407;ii,76,77Llamas,i,393;ii,45

Memorials.(SeeRecords.)MinesinCañaris,i,169;ofemeraldsatManta,i,182;inTarapaca,266,267;Conchucos,293;Potosi,382-386,390,391;Charcas,385;Porco,385

Miningindustry,ii,53MoralityoftheYncas,ii,80MummiesoftheYncas,ii,30,31

Obeisance,markof,ii,38Oracles,consultationof,ii,103,131

Palta,afruit,i,16,73,99,234Pepinos,i,234;ii,212Postsandrunners,systemof,ii.64,65,66Potatoes,i,360Priest.(SeeHighPriest.)

QueenoftheYnca,selection,ii,24Quichua.(SeeLanguage.)Quipus.(SeeAccounts,Records.)

Rain,absenceofonthecoast,i,214Recitationsofwisemen,ii,32RecordsandmemorialsoftheYncas,ii,28;systemofrecordingevents,ii,29

Religion(SeeYncas):oftheCañaris,i,162;oftheHuancavilcas,i,181;oftheMantos,i,183;oftheHuamanchucos,i,289;oftheCanas,i,357;oftheCollas,i,366;oftheHuanucas,i,285;oftheHuancas,i,299;

ofthecoastpeople,i,221RetributiononSpaniardsforcrueltytotheIndians,i,422,423RichesoftheYncas,ii,39.(SeeTreasure.)Roads,Ynca,i,153,217,253,287,290,293,302,320,326;ii,42-44;posts,ii,64,65,66;roadofChinchasayu,ii,177,204;roadfromCuzcotoQuito,ii,183

Runners,systemof,ii,64,65

Sacrifices,human,practicemuchexaggeratedbySpaniards;buttheauthordoesnotdenyitsexistence,ii,79,80;accountof,ii,87,89,103

Sarsaparilla,i,200,395SilveratPotosi,i,388;atCharcas,i,385

Skulls,customofflattening,i,96,363Snakes,warwith,ii,166Statistics,Yncasystemof,i,57Sun,templeof,atCuzco,ii,83-85;figureof,lost,ii,97,98

Temples.Ccuri-canchaatCuzco, i, 328,385; ii, 9,22,23,71,83,85, 101, 103, 158,

203;ofHuanacauri,ii,14,18,20,22,87,101,103,107;ofAncocagua,i,357;ii,88,89;ofCoropuna,ii,89;ofVilcañota,ii,88,134,169;ofPachacamac,i,251,253,254;ii,90,187,211,213

Traditions,ofbeardedmenatTiticaca,ii,4;ofastrangemanofgreatstature,ii,5;ofthebrethrenofPaccari-tampu,ii,12,13

Treasure,ii,39;lost,ii,42,97,98(seeGold);treasureoftheYncas,ii,39,40

TreesofPeru,i,129,142,235,239,397,401;fruittrees,i,234

Tribute,ii,51-56

Vice,absenceof,ii,78

Yncas,ceremonies,ii,18,19,20;wife,children,ii,26,27;memorialsof,28,32;mummiesofdeceased,i,226;ii,30,31;forethoughtof,ii,37;markofobeisanceto,ii,38;richesof,ii,39,40;attendanceon,ii,41;roadsof,ii,42-44;hunts,45,46;methodofconquest,ii,47-49;systemofcolonising,ii,50,67;tribute,ii,51-56;statistics,ii,57;auditofaccounts,ii,61;organisationoflabour,ii,58;governorsappointedby,ii,59;orderofmarching,ii,73;punishmentofoffences,ii,74,81;partitionofland,ii,75;journeys,ii,76;absenceofviciouspractices,ii,78;morality,ii,80;councillors,ii,81;astronomicalknowledge,ii,82

LONDON:WHITINGANDCO.,LIMITED,SARDINIASTREET,LINCOLN’S-INN-FIELDS.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Seep.34.[2]Introduction,p.xviii.[3]History,i,p.161.[4] The Spanish editor accounts for Mr. Prescott’s mistake by supposing that the person

employedtocopythemanuscripthadwrittenpor(by)insteadofpara(for).Butthisisnotso,asMr.Prescotthimselfquotesthewordpara(i,p.161).TheSpanisheditorreferstoalifeofSarmientointheHistoriadelColejioViejodeSanBartoloméMayordelacelebreUniversidaddeSalamanca,2dedicion,PrimeraParte,p.336.

[5]ConquestofPeru,i,160-62.[6]Ibid.,ii,297-99.[7]Cronica,ii,pp.25,44,45,51,131,160,173,180,193,212.[8]Ibid.,ii,p.212,referencetochapterliii(livintheincorrectlynumberedAntwerpedition)of

theFirstPart.SeemyTranslation,p.192.[9]Page84.[10]BibliotecadeEscorial,códiceL,j,5fromfolio1to130inclusive.[11] Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina. Segunda Parte de la Crónica del Perú, que trata del

SeñoriodelosIncasYupanquisydesusgrandeshechosygobernacion,éscritaporPedrodeCiezadeLeon. La publica Márcos Jimenez de la Espada. Madrid, Imprenta de Manuel Gines Hernandez,Libertad,16duplicado,bajo,1880.Pp.279,andxiofIntroduction.

[12]ThiswastheeditionusedbyPrescott;andbymeintranslatingtheFirstPartfortheHakluytSociety.

[13]DonM.J.delaEspadasaysoftheHakluytSociety’svolume:—“Edicionmuybella.Bienanotadaenlapartegeográficaydehistorianatural,enlahistoricaybiograficaconloscomentariosdeGarcilassoylasdecadasdeHerrera.”

[14]BibliotecaHispano-Ultramarina. Tercero libro de lasGuerrasCiviles del Peru, el cual sellamalaGuerradeQuito,hechoporPedrodeCiezadeLeon,Coronistade lascosasde lasIndias.Madrid,1877.PrólogoporM.J.delaEspada,pp.cxix.LaGuerradeQuito,pp.176.Apendices,pp.120.

[15]“TheFirstPart, asalreadynoticed,wasalonecompleted.Theauthordiedwithouthavingcoveredanyportionofthemagnificentgroundplanwhichhehadconfidentlylaidout.”—ConquestofPeru,ii.p.298.

[16] So says Fray Buenaventura de Salinas y Cordova, in hisMemorial de las Historias dalNuevoMundoPiru(Lima1630),butwithoutgivinganyauthority.

[17]HerreragivesLlerenaasthebirthplaceofCiezadeLeon(Dec.vi,lib.vi,cap.4;andDec.vii,lib.ix,cap.19).Inthelatterofthesetwopassages,inthefirstedition,thewordisprintedErena,anerrorwhichisrepeatedintheeditionsofAntwerpandofGonzalezBarcia.Piedrahita(lib.iv,cap.2)repeatsthatCiezadeLeonwasanativeofLlerena.ThetownofLlerenaisnineteenleagueseastofBadajos,atthefootoftheSierradeSanMiguel.ItwastakenfromtheSaracensin1241;andin1340AlfonsoXIassembledtheCortesatLlerena.BesidesCieza, itproducedtheHolguins,andJuandePozo,thewatchmakerwhoplacedthegiraldaonthetowerofSeville.

[18]SeemyTranslation,p.335.[19]MyTranslation,p.40.

[20]Mr.RobertBlakeWhite,whohas travelled in thevalleyof theCauca, readan interestingpaperonthe“CentralProvincesofColombia”,atthemeetingoftheRoyalGeographicalSocietyonFebruary26th,1883.HeafterwardsreadtheFirstPartoftheChronicleofCiezadeLeon,andwasstruckbytheaccuracywithwhichthesoldier-historiandescribedthatsameregionwhichMr.BlakeWhite travelled over more than three hundred years afterwards. The English explorer was muchinterestedintheperusaloftheworkofhisSpanishpredecessor.

[21]Page2.[22]Page7.[23]Page32.[24]Vol.i,p.194.[25]Añay,interjectionofpraise;sauca,joy,pleasure.[26]Awordreferringtosomekindofhead-dress.[27]Verybrutish.Probablyafarce.[28]Tragic.[29]ColecciondeobrasydocumentosporDonPedrodeAngelis,vol.v(BuenosAyres,1836-

37).[30] Padre Francisco Ituri also speaks of the “Quichua dramas transmitted to our day by an

unbroken tradition.”—Carta critica sobre “La Historia de America de Juan B. Muñoz” (Rome,1797).

[31]Vol.i,pp.203-204.[32]AntiguedadesPeruanasporMarianoEduardodeRiveroyJuanDiegodeTschudi (Viena,

1851),p.116.[33]Ibid.,pp.116,117.[34]DieKechuaSprache,vonJ.J.vonTschudi(Wien,1853),pp.71-110.[35]HewasasonofDr.JustoPastorJustiniani,asurgeon,byDoñaManuelaSimancasCataño,a

lineal descendant of Hualpa Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, one of whose daughters was the mother ofGarcilasso Ynca de la Vega the historian. Dr. Justo Pastor’s father was Don Nicolo AmbrosioJustiniani,hisgrandfatherDonLuisJustiniani,hisgreat-grandfatheralsoDonLuisofSeville,whoseparentsbelonged to theGenoese familyof Justiniani, descended from theEmperor Justinian.ThisfirstDonLuisJustinianicametoPeruandmarriedDoñaCatalinaOrtizdeOrue,whosefather,DonPedroOrtizdeOrue,aBiscayan,wasoneofthefirstconquerors,andwhosemotherwasthePrincessTupacUsca,daughteroftheYncaMancoCcapacII.

[36]TheQuichuadramaofOllantaywasreviewedinaperiodicalpublishedatCuzcoin1837,called theMuseoErudito, Nos. 5 to 9. The editor, DonManuel Palacios, says that the storywashandeddownbyimmemorialtradition,butthatthedramawaswrittenbyDr.Valdez.TheeditorhadinquiredofDonJuanHualpa,anobleCuracaofBeleminCuzco,andoftheCuracasofSanSebastianandSanBlas,nearCuzco,whoagreedintheiraccountofthetradition,whichwasthattherebellionofOllantayarosefromtheabductionofanacllaorvirginoftheSun.

[37]Ollanta, an ancient Ynca Drama, translated from the original Quichua. By Clements R.Markham,C.B.(Trübner,1871.)Pp.128,withintroductionandnotes.Mytranslation,owingtomyimperfectknowledgeofthelanguage,containednumerousmistakes,whichhavebeendulypointedoutbyZegarra,anativeofthecountry,inhisworkpublishedsubsequently.

[38]“Ollantao’sealaseveridaddeunPadreylaclemenciadeunRey,dramadivididoentresactos,traducidodelQuichuaalCastellano,cosnotasdiversas,porJoséS.Barranca.”(Lima,1868.)Pp.16and71.

[39]“LosvinculosdeOllantayCusiKcuyllor,DramaenQuichua.Obracompiladayespurgadacon la version Castellana al frente de su testo por el Dr. José FernandezNodal, Abogado de lostribunales de justicia de la Republica del Peru: bajo los auspicios de La Redentora Sociedad deFilantroposparamejorarlasuertedelosAborijenesPeruanos.”(Ayacucho,eneldepositodelAutor.)Dr.Nodalcommenced,butnevercompleted,anEnglishtranslation.

[40]“Ollanta.EinAltperuanischesDramaausderKechuasprache.UbersetztundcommentirtvonJ.J.vonTschudi.”(Wien,1875.)4to.,pp.220.

[41]LopezalsotellsusthathisfatherwasapersonalfriendofDr.Valdez,andneverheardthatthelearnedQuichuascholarwastheauthorofOllantay.Onthecontrary,hebelievedthatthedramawasveryancient.MarianoMoreno,anotherintimatefriendofDr.Valdez,bearsthesametestimony.RacesAryennes,p.325.

[42]CollectionLinguistiqueAmericaine.Tomeiv.“Ollantaï,dramaenversQuechuasdutempsdesIncas:traduitetcommenté.”ParGavinoPachecoZegarra.Paris:MaisonneuveetCie.,25,QuaiVoltaire,1878,pp.clxxivand265.At theend there isavocabularyofall thewords in the textofOllantay.

[43] In my book,Cuzco and Lima, 1853, written when I was twenty-two, immediately aftertranscribing the Justiniani version, I assumed the antiquity of the drama. But in my later work,TravelsinPeruandIndia(1862),Iexpressedadoubt,andinclinedtotheopinionthatDr.Valdezwastheauthor(Note,p.138).AsubsequentdetailedandcriticalstudyofthetextobligedmetoreverttomyformerbeliefthatOllantaywas,inthemain,acompositionofYncaorigin,datingfrombeforetheconquest.AllIhavesincereadhasconfirmedmeinthisopinion.

[44]Seep.51.[45]P.116.[46]DonVicenteLopezsuggeststhefollowingderivationforthenameofOllantay.Thesecond

part,Antay,signifies“oftheAndes”,anythingbelongingtotheAndes.OllwouldbeacorruptionofUllorUill.ThecorrectformwouldbeUill-AntayorUillaAntay.Uillameansalegend,tradition,orhistory,TheLegendoftheAndes.SeveralofthemanuscriptshaveApu-Ollantay,Apu,meaningchief,“TheLegendoftheChiefoftheAndes.”

Barranca proposesUlla as a derivative ofUllu, “the power of love.”Ccahuari-Ullanta, as anexpressionofadmiration.

NodalthinksthatOllaisreallyColla,thechavingsufferedelision,thatthenisthepronounforthethirdperson,andtatheaccusative.HetranslatesOllantaas“herlover”,withreferencetoCusi-coyllur.

Dr.delaRosasaysthatLopezismistakeninhisetymology,thatthesuggestionofBarrancaismoreplausible; but that he thinkshehas himself hit upon amore rational derivation.Hehas not,however,yetgivenittotheworld.

Zegarrarejectsallthesederivations.[47]Ollantay. Estudio sobre el dramaQuechua. PorBartoloméMitré, publicada en laNueva

RevistadeBuenosAyres.(BuenosAyres,1881.)Pp.44.[48]BartoloméMitréwasbornonJune26th,1821,andinearly lifewasseveralyears inPeru

andChile as an officer and journalist.Returning toBuenosAyres, he distinguished himself as anoratorintheRepresentativeAssembly,andwasMinisterofWarin1859.In1860hewasappointedGovernorofBuenosAyres,andwaspromotedtotherankofGeneral.OnSeptember17th,1860,hedefeatedGeneralUrquizain thebattleofPavon,andsoonafterwardssigneda treatywithhim.OnOctober 5th, 1862, hewas elected President of theArgentine Republic, and held that officewithcredittohimselfandbenefittohiscountryforsixyears.Heisanableandenlightenedstatesman,aswellasanaccomplishedscholar.GeneralMitréistheauthorofaLifeofGeneralBelgranoandotherworks.

[49]Ticknor,ii,p.167.[50]ThepointsraisedbyGeneralMitrémay,however,beenumeratedanddisposedofinafoot-

note:—I. He discusses the words huañuy ychunantin, or “death with his scythe”. The word ychuna

means an instrument for cutting ychu (grass). GeneralMitré argues that the idea of deathwith ascytheisexclusivelyEuropean.ButtheworddoesnotoccurintheRosasversion,althoughIprinteditbymistakeinmybook.Nodalhasychuspa,whichisquiteadifferentword.

II.TheHighPriestperformsamiraclebysqueezingwateroutofaflower.Ollantayexclaimsitwouldbeeasiertosqueezeitfromarock.GeneralMitrésaysthattheideamusthavebeensuggestedbythemiracleofMosesmakingafountainflowfromarock.Itisreallyaplayuponwords,involvinganessentiallyQuichuanidea.ThewordintheRosasversionisnotrock,butbrick.Tticaisaflower,andtica abrick.Thegeneral couldnothavehit uponapassagewhich ismorecertainlyofnativeorigin.

III.GeneralMitréreferstothewordsmisi(cat),asna (ass),and llamaoccurring,andconsiderstheirappearanceasaproofofSpanishorigin.Butallaretheerrorsofcopyists.Inthetrueversionthewordatoc(afox),takestheplaceofthosewordsineveryinstance.

IV. The General further maintains that the interjection ay! which occurs fifteen times in theDominican text, is notQuichuan,butSpanish, and is an indisputableproofofSpanishorigin.Butanothermanuscripttexthasnay!andanay,whicharegoodQuichuaninterjections.

V. There is an allusion to an owl on the roof as a warning of death, which General Mitréconsiderstobeananachronism.Thisisnotthecase.ItisalludedtoasapopularsuperstitionbytheCouncilofLimain1583.

[51]Thewordsipi(aring)isalaterinterpolation,notintheJustinianitext.[52] I have received from Dr. Mujica a copy of a Yaráhui, written with the orthography he

considerstobemostaccurate,andtheordinarilyacceptedspelling,inparallelcolumns.[53]Hefinishedhisbookin1586.[54]Pages224to235.[55]Everyayllu,orlineage,wasknownbyitshead-dress.[56]MercuriodeValparaiso,14thMarch1853.[57]SeePartI,p.363.[58]HatunColla(GreatColla),avillageN.W.ofLakeTiticaca.[59]TheCanaswereahardymountainraceonthewater-partingbetweentheTiticacabasinand

the Vilcamayu. A proud, cautious, melancholy race of shepherds; constantly in revolt against theYncas.

[60]TheCanchesinhabitedthehillsoppositetheCanas,ontherightbankoftheVilcamayu.[61]TomasVasquezwasoneofthefirstconquerors,andhadhousesinCuzco.—G.delaVega,ii,

p.255.[62] Francisco deVillacastinwas also a householder inCuzco.Hemarried anYnca princess,

widowofJuanBalsa,whowaskilledatthebattleofChupas,fightingforyoungAlmagro.Throughher,VillacastininheritedBalsa’shouseatCuzco.HediedinprisonatCuzco,havingtakenthesideofGonzaloPizarro.HeownedthedistrictofAyaviri,andwasoneof thefirstconquerors,butagoodman.—SeeG.delaVega,ii,p.524.

[63] A village on the ridge between the basin of Titicaca and the Vilcamayu. The AyavirisborderedontheCanas.

[64]SeePartI,p.363.[65]Chucuitowasafiefofthecrown.

[66]Garcilassode laVegasays:“TheSpaniardsgaveanothername forGod in theirhistories,which isTiciviracocha, but neither I nor theyknowwhat itmeans.”But hequotesBlasValera inanother place, who says that the god Ticci Huira-ccoccha was otherwise called Pachacamac.Montesinos suggests that Tici meant “bottom or foundation”. I suspect it comes from Atini, “toconquer”.Atic,“conquering”.ItmaybefromTicci,“beginning”.

[67]Terrazaswasoneofthefirstconquerors,andheaccompaniedAlmagrointheexpeditiontoChile.Afterwards he became an active agriculturist. Garcilasso de laVega says that hewas verynoble, liberal,magnificent, andpossessedof all theknightlyvirtues.Heplantedvineyards, and in1555sentalargepresentofgrapestoGarcilasso’sfather,whenhewasCorregidorofCuzco,witharequestthathewouldsendbunchestoallthecavaliersinthetown.Thesewerethefirstgrapeseverseenthere.TerrazaswasalsothefirsttoraisecarrotsinPeru.

[68]ThebestdescriptionoftheveryinterestingtempleofCachawillbefoundinMr.Squier’sPeru(Macmillan,1877),pp.402to409.

[69]OneofthegeneralsofAtahualpa.[70]AnotherofAtahualpa’sgenerals.[71]ZarateandGarcilassodelaVegagivethenamesofHernandodeSoto,andPedrodelBarco

ofLobon,asthoseofthefirstSpaniardswhoweresentbyPizarrotoCuzco.PedroPizarro,whowasatCaxamarcaatthetime,saysthatonlytwoweresent,MartinBuenoandPedroMartindeMoguer.

TheyleftCaxamarcaonFebruary15th,1533,andremainedoneweekatCuzco.Xeressaysthatthree men were sent. The truth seems to have been that three soldiers named Pedro Moguer,Francisco de Zarate, and Martin Bueno were first sent; but that they behaved with so muchimprudenceandinsolenceatCuzcoastoendangertheirownlivesandthesuccessoftheirmission.Pizarro, therefore, ordered two officers of distinction, Hernando de Soto and Pedro del Barco, tofollowthethreesoldierstoCuzco.—SeeG.delaVega,PartIIlib.i,cap.31;Herrera,Dec.v.lib.i,cap.1;Zarate,II,cap.vi;Gomara,cap.cxiv;Xeres,p.72.

[72]MatronsinchargeofvirginsoftheSun.Thewordseemstobeusedhere,andelsewhere,forallfemalesconnectedwiththetemples.

[73] Uira means “grease”, and Ccocha, “a lake”. The word for the sea is Mama-ccocha.Montesinos says thatUira, in thewordUiracocha,was a corruption ofPirua,meaning all thingsunitedtogether.Pirualiterallymeansa“granary”.GarcilassodelaVegapointedoutthatUira-ccochawould mean a “Sea of grease”, not “Foam of the Sea”: the genitive always being placed first.Ccochap-uirawouldbe“Foamofthesea”.

But theYncaGarcilasso, thoughhepointsout theerrorsofotherwriters,doesnotexplain themeaningofthewordhimself.Hesimplyinfersthatitisapropername,theoriginalmeaningofwhichislost;andaddsthatBlasValerasaysthatitsignified“thewillandpowerofGod”,notbecausethatisthe etymology of the component words, but because of the God-like qualities ascribed to Uira-ccocha.

[74]Inthebeginningof1550.[75]BalboasaysthatfourbrothersandfoursisterscameoutofPacarecTampuorTampuToco,

namedMancoCapac,AyarCacha,AyarAuca,andAyarUchi;thewomenbeingMamaGuaca,MamaCora,MamaOcllo,MamaArahua.Montesinosgivesthenamesas—AyarMancoTupac,AyarUchuTupac,AyaSaucaTupac,andAyarCachiTupac,andthewomenMamaCora,HipaHuacum,MamaHuacum,PilcoHuacum.GarcilassodelaVegaalsosaysthattherewerefourbrothersandfoursisters,namely,MancoCapac,AyarCachi,AyarUchu,AyarSauca,butheonlygivesthenameofoneofthewomen,MamaOcllo,wifeofMancoCapac.JuandeBetanzosgivesthenamesinpairs,intheorderinwhichtheycameoutofthemysteriouscave,namely,AyarcacheandMamaguaco,AyarocheandCora,AyaraucaandRaguaocllo,AyarmangoandMamaOcllo.

FrayMartindeMorua,inhisHistoriadelOrigenyGenealogiadelosIncas,aworkwrittenin

1590,butstillinedited,givesthefollowingnamesofthosewhocameoutofTamboTocoorPacaricTombo.Theeldest,Guanacauri;thesecond,CuzcoHuanca;thethird,MangoCapac;andthefourth,TupaAyarCache.Ofthewomen,thefirstwasTupaUaco;thesecond,MamaCoya:thethird,CuriOcllo;andthefourth,IpaHuaco.BeforereachingCuzcotheystoppedataplacethencalledApitay,andnowGuanacauri.Thethirdsister,CuriOcllo,whowasconsideredmost intelligentbytherest,wasthensentforwardtoseekforthebestsituationforasettlement.ComingtothesiteofCuzco,theninhabitedbyLares,Poques,andHuallas,alowandpoorrace,beforeshearrivedthereshemetoneofthePoques.Shekilledhimwithaweaponcalledraucana;cutouthis lungs;and,withtheminhermouth, all bloody, she entered the settlements. The people were frightened at the sight of her,thinkingthatshefedonmen,andtheylefttheirhousesandfled.Seeingthattheplaceseemedgoodforasettlement,andthatthepeopleweretame,shereturnedtoherbrothersandsisters,andbroughtthemallthereexcepttheeldest.HepreferredtostayatApitay,wherehedied,andinmemoryofhimtheycallthatplaceandhillGuanacauri.Therestwerereceivedwithoutopposition,andtheynamedthe second brother to be the chief of the town, forwhich reason the placewas calledCuzco, forbeforeitsnamewasAcamama.HediedintheCuricancha,andwassucceededbythethirdbrother,namedthegreatMancoCapac.

[76]Ancha, the superlative;Hatun, “great”;Apu, “a chief”; Intip, genitive ofYnti, “the sun”;Churi,“ason”.

[77]Molinaoftenmentionstheworshipofthishero,Huanacauri.GarcilassodelaVegareferstoHuanacaurifourtimes(i,65,66;ii,169,230).HesaysthatthefirstsettlementmadeinthevalleyofCuzcowasonthehillcalledHuanacauri,andthataverysacredtemplewasbuiltthere.Molinareferstothesacrificesofferedupthere.TheidolofHuanacauriwasagreatfigureofaman,“theirprincipalhuaca,thebrotherofMancoCcapac,whencetheydescend”.TheceremoniesofarmingyouthswereagooddealconnectedwiththisHuanacauriidol.

[78]Mucha,“adoration”,fromMuchani,“Iworship”.[79]Sasi,“afast”.SeeG.delaVega,PartI,lib.vii,cap.6.[80]Thisword,inQuichua,isusedalsoforakindofcloak.[81]Puhura is “a feather”, and chuccu, “a cap”. The distinctive head-dress of each tribewas

calledchuccuorumachuccu.[82]ThewordMancohasnomeaninginQuichua.Ccapacmeans“rich”,and,asappliedtothe

sovereign,itisexplainedassignifyingrichinpowerandinvirtues.[83]Ccuri,“gold”;“cancha”,“aplace”.[84]Sinchi.[85]Colonists.[86]Cap.xxxviii, inwhichherefershisreadertothissecondpart.HeobservesthattheYncas

wereveryintelligentandlearned,withouthavingletters,whichhadnotbeeninventedintheIndies.—Seep.136ofmyTranslation.

[87]Caman is a particlewhich,when added to a noun, denotes a task or occupation.Nocap-camaymeans“mytask”;Campa-camayqui,“yourtask”.Italsomeansfitness,asApupac-caman,“fittobea chief”.Camayoc is aword attached to offices and occupations.Siray-camayoc, “a tailor”;Llacta-camayoc,“avillageofficer”.Pucara-camayoc,“acastellan”.

[88]Afarm.[89]InAugust1550.[90]Quipu-camayoc,theofficerinchargeoftherecords.[91]Taquiis“music”;Taquiz,“asong”.Thetaquiswasanassemblytohearthelegendarysongs.[92]Itwasthemummifiedbody,aswillbeseenpresently.

[93]Twentyyearsafterthiswaswritten,theLicentiatePolodeOndegardodiscoveredwherefiveof these figures were concealed, which proved to be the actualmummies of theYncas and theirwives,dressedintheirclothes.Ondegardo,whowascorregidorofCuzco,showedthemtoGarcilassode la Vega in 1570. One mummy was that of the Ynca Uira-ccocha; the second of Tupac YncaYupanqui;thethirdofHuaynaCcapac;thefourthofMamaRuntu,queenofUira-ccocha;thefifthofCcoyaMamaOcllo,mother ofHuaynaCcapac.Theywere perfect,wanting neither hair, nor eye-lashes,andweredressed in theclothes theyworewhenalive,with the llautuor fringe.Theywereseatedwiththearmscrossedonthebreast,andeyescastdown.

Acosta, who also saw them, says that the eyes were made of small pellets of gold, “so wellimitatedthatnoonewouldhavemissedtherealones”.ThemummiesweretakentoLimabyorderoftheViceroyMarquisofCañete,andeventuallyinterredthere,atthehospitalofSanAndres.

[94] See Prescott’s Conquest of Mexico (i, p. 83), where the Aztec system of notation andarithmeticisexplained.

[95]Thecanvasshoeswithropesoles,usedintheBasqueProvinces.[96]Colonists.Seechapterxxii.[97]Usutas.[98]Muchanimeans“Ikiss”,“adore”,“worship”.HenceMucha,theactofadorationorworship.[99]Smallbeads.Itshouldbechaquira.ThewordoccursseveraltimesintheFirstPart.[100]Recitalofsongs.[101]Curaca,agreatlord.[102]Tupuisthegeneralnameforameasure.ThemeasureoflandwhichtheYncaapportioned

toeachvassal,sixtypaceslongbyfiftywide,wascalledtupuortopu.SeealsotheFirstPart,p.146ofmyTranslation,andofG.delaVega,I,v,cap.3.Alargepinforsecuringamantleisalsocalledtopu.

[103]Chapterxcii.[104]Chaptercxi.[105]Male.[106]Ayllu,meansthe“bolas”,orstonessewnroundwith leatherandattached to lines,which

werethrowntobringdownanimals,bytwiningroundtheirhindlegs.SeetheLifeofDonAlonzodeGuzman,p.101.AlsoBalboaandG.delaVega.ThewordAyllualsomeans“lineage”,or“family”.

[107]Calledcharqui,whence“jerked”beef.

[108]Alargerodent,intheloftierpartsoftheAndes.LagidiumPeruvianum.[109]Colonists.[110]Thatistosay,thatcolonistsweresentfromthecoldandloftyplateauoftheCollaotothe

warmanddeepvalleysof theAndes,wheremaize and coca canbe cultivated.Therewas thus anexchange of products between the cold and the more genial regions. For another account of themitimaesorcolonists,seeG.delaVega,partI,lib.iii,cap.19.

ThepeopleoftheCollaowerealsosenttosettleinthecoastvalleys,andthusArequipa,Tacna,andMoqueguawerecolonised.Tothisday,itisrememberedinthevillagesofthecoastfromwhatparticular districts in theCollao their ancestors came asmitimaes. Thosewho colonisedArequipacame fromCavanilla near Lake Titicaca; the colonists ofMoquegua were fromAcora and Ilave,villagesonthelake;ofTacna,fromJuliandPisacoma.

[111]InchapterxciioftheFirstPart.[112]ThefourgreatdivisionscomprisedinTtahuantinSuyu(thefourprovinces)wereChincha

Suyu,CuntiSuyu,CollaSuyu,AntiSuyu.[113]Potatoesfrozenanddriedinthesun.—SeeG.delaVega,i,lib.V,cap.5.[114]ChenopodiumQuinoa.[115]Yanacuna.Yanameans“aservant”.Also“black”.Literally,Yanacunaseemstobemerely

thepluralformofYana.ButthewordwasappliedtoIndiansboundtoservice.BalboasaysthatsixthousandIndians,accusedofrebellionagainstTupacYncaYupanqui,wereassembledinthevillageofYanayacu. Theywere pardoned, but they and their descendants were ordered henceforth to beemployedsolelyintheserviceoftheYncasandofthetemples.TheywerecalledYanayacu-cuna,ormenofYanayacu,corruptedtoYanaconas.Hence,domesticservantswerecalledYanaconasby theSpanishsettlers.—Balboa,p.120.

In the time of the Viceroy Toledo (1570), the Yanaconas numbered about forty-six thousandsouls.TheViceroyMarquisofMontesClaros,in1601,describedthemasIndiansdomiciledinthehousesoron theestatesofSpaniards, likeservants.Theirmastersfoundtheminfoodandclothes,andgavethemapatchofland,alsopayingtheirtributeforthem.Lestthesystemshoulddegenerateintoslavery,theKingofSpaindeclaredthattheYanaconaswerefree,anddesiredthatthisshouldbemadeknowntothem.—MemoriasdelosVireyes,i,p.27.

[116]Huata, “a year”. A sun circle for astronomical observations was called Ynti-huatana.Huatanameans“ahalter”,fromhuatani,“Iseize”.“Theplacewherethesunistieduporencircled.”Hence,huatameans“ayear”.

[117]VilcasisbetweenCuzcoandAyacucho,ontheleftoftheroad,andneartheleftbankoftheriverPampas.ThebuildingsoftheYncasaredescribedbyourauthorinhisFirstPart(chap.lxxxix,p.312ofmyTranslation).TheonlymoderntravellerwhohasvisitedanddescribedtheruinsisM.Wiener. They are called Vilcas Huaman.—See Pérou et Bolivie, Récit. de Voyage par CharlesWiener,Paris,1880,pp.264-271.

[118]Theprincipalplaceinthevalleyofthesamename,inthesierraeastofLima.ThevalleyofXauxawasinhabitedbythetribeofHuancas.

[119]OntheheightsabovetheriverPampas,ontheroadfromAyacuchotoCuzco.[120]ThecityinthenorthofPeru,whereAtahualpawasseizedandputtodeathbyPizarro.[121]NorthofCaxamarca.[122]InthekingdomofQuito.[123]InQuito.

[124]InthenorthernpartofQuito.[125]Seep.3.[126]Seep.4.[127]OnthesiteofthemoderncityofLaPaz,inBolivia.[128]OnthewesternshoreoflakeTiticaca.[129]IntheprovinceofCharcas.[130]ThegovernorsorviceroyswerecalledTucuyricoc.—SeeBalboa,p.115;Montesinos,p.55;

G. de laVega, Part I, lib. II, cap. 14, says that theTucuyricoc was a commissioner who secretlyvisitedtheprovincesandreportedtheshortcomingsofofficials.

[131]Anchaisasuperlativeform.Hatun,“great”.Apu,“chief”or“lord”.YntipisthegenitiveofYnti,“thesun”.Churi,“ason”.Canqui,secondpersonsingular,presentindicativeofCani,“Iam”.Sapa, “only”; lla, a particle expressive of love.Apu, “lord”.Tucuy, “entire”.Pacha, “the earth”.Ccampa, genitive ofCam, “thou”.Uyay, fromUyani, “I obey”.Sullull, “truth”. “Most highLord,ChildoftheSunThouartthesoleandbelovedlord.Thewholeearthtrulyobeysthee.”

[132]Theextremesouthernlimitoftheempire,inChile.[133]Thenorthernlimitoftheempire,tothenorthofQuito.[134]Thesepost-runnerswerecalledChasqui.[135]FranciscoLopezdeGomarawastheauthorinquestion.Inthechapterreferredto,entitled

“TheRulemadebyGascarespectingtheTribute”,heconfusesthemitimaeswiththeyanaconas.Thelatterwerenotexactlyslaves,buthereditarydomesticservants.ThewordsofGomaraare—“Alsoheleftmanywhomtheycallmitimaes,andwhoare in thepositionofslaves in themanner theywereheldtoservicebyGuainacapa,andheorderedtheotherstoreturntotheirhomes.Butmanyofthemwishedfornothingbuttoremainwiththeirmasters,sayingthattheywerewellwiththem,andcouldlearnChristianitybyhearingmassand sermons, andcouldearnmoneyby selling,buying, andbyservice.”Clearlyheisreferringtotheyanaconas,nottothemitimaes.

ThiscriticismofourauthorprovesthatthisSecondPartwaswrittenafter1552,inwhichyearthefirsteditionoftheworkofGomarawaspublished.

[136]Alharaquientos;thosewhomakeagreatnoise,fromalharaca,confusednoise.[137]ItwascalledSamca-huasi,orsamca-cancha.[138]SeechapterxixofmytranslationoftheFirstBook,p.71.[139]GarcilassodelaVega(i,p.177)givesafulleraccountofthesesolstitialtowers;andCieza

deLeonhimselfreferstotheminhisfirstpart(chap.xcii,p.225).Acostaalsodescribesthem(ii,p.395).

[140]According toCiezadeLeon, these threemenwereMartinBueno,Zarate, andPedrodeMoguer. Pedro Pizarro, an eye-witness, says there were only two, Martin Bueno and Pedro deMoguer.Butseethenoteatpage9.

[141]In1552.[142]TheHospitalofSanJuanBautista.ItwascommencedonDecember9th,1541,andupto

1624thefirstMasshadnotyetbeensaidinitschapel.Theactivityinforwardingtheworkceasedonthedeathofthefounder,ArchbishopTavara,in1545.

[143]Burdenorload.[144]Guineapigs.[145]InJanuary1550.[146]ChenopodiumQuinua.

[147]Oxalistuberosa.[148]ThestatueoftheSunwasfoundbytheSpaniardsin1572,inpossessionofTupacAmaru,

at the timewhen thisYnca andhis campwere capturedby the expeditionunder the commandofGarciadeLoyola.

[149]Sinchimeansstrong,valiant.RoccahasnomeaningintheQuichualanguage.[150]GarcilassodelaVegasaysthatthelegitimatewifeofLloqueYupanquiwasnamedMama

Cava.[151]Seep.17.[152]Seep.14.[153]Garcilassode laVega also says thatSinchiRoccawagednowars; but that theCanches

submittedtohim,andthatbypeacefulmeansheextendedhisdominionsasfarasChuncara,abouttwentyleaguesbeyondhisfather’sfrontier.

[154]Lloquemeans left-handed, andYupanqui is the second person singular of the indicativefutureofaverbmeaning“tocount”.“Youwillcount”,anditisunderstoodthathewillcountasgreat,virtuous,andexcellent.

[155]Chapterxcii.[156]According toGarcilassode laVega, thisYncaLloqueYupanquinotonly conquered the

CanasandAyaviri,butthewholeCollaosubmittedtohim,asfarasHatun-collaandChucuito.[157]PaulluTupacYupanquiwasasonoftheYncaHuaynaCcapac.HelivedatCuzco,inthe

housewhichbelonged tohisbrotherHuascar;muchbelovedand respectedbothbySpaniardsandIndians.TheGovernorVacadeCastroinducedhimtobebaptisedwiththenameofChristóbal.HediedinMay1549.

[158]Mayta has no special meaning in Cuzco. Ccapac means rich, not in gold, but in thequalitiesofmind.

[159]AccordingtoGarcilassodelaVega,theYncaMaytaCcapacmarriedhissisterMamaCuca.[160]Allcay-villcas,aswrittenbyBalboa;andAlcaviya,accordingtoBetanzos.Inthereporton

thefirstLordsofCuzcobytheViceroyDonFranciscodeToledo,writtenin1572,itisAlca-uizas.[161]GarcilassodelaVegagivesaverydifferentaccountofthereignofMaytaCcapac,whom

he makes out to have been a great conqueror. He says that Mayta Ccapac marched to the riverDesaguadero,crossedit,andconqueredthegreatprovincecalledHatun-pacasa,ontheotherside.HiscaptainscrossedtheCordillerastoMoquegua,wheretheYncaestablishedacolony.MaytaCcapacthenconqueredtheprovincesontheeasternsideoflakeTiticaca,includingCaravaya,andeventuallyoverranthewholeofCharcasasfarsouthasthelakeofParia.Notsatisfiedwiththisgreatacquisitiontothesouth,GarcilassoalsoattributestothisYncatheannexationoftheprovincesofChumpivilicas,Parinacochas, and Pumatampu to the west of Cuzco; and the colonisation of Arequipa.—SeemyTranslation,i,pp.210-234.

[162]ThelanguagewasfirstcalledQuichuabyFriarDomingodeSantoTomas,inhisgrammarprintedatValladolidin1560.Quehaniis“Itwist”,andtheparticiplequehuascameanstwisted.Ychuis“straw”—together,Quehuasca-ychu, “twistedstraw”,corruptedandabbreviated intoQuichua.AQuichua isproperlyan Indianwho inhabits the temperate slopes, socalled from theabundanceofstraw in that region.According toGarcilassode laVega thenameofQuechuawas applied to thebasinoftheriverAbancay(i,p.243).

[163]GarcilassoreferstotheenmitybetweentheQuichuasandChancas(i,p.345).[164]GarcilassoattributestheconquestoftheprovincesofCotabambasandAymaraestoCcapac

Yupanqui;aswellasthesea-coastfromAcaritoQuilca.HealsoattributesthesettlementofthefeudbetweenCariandSapana,twogreatchiefsoftheCollao,toCcapacYupanqui.Itwillbeseenfurther

onthatCiezadeLeonplacesthateventinthereignoftheYncaHuira-ccocha.CcapacYupanquiisalsomade,byGarcilasso,toextendhisconqueststoCochabamba,Chayanta,andtheextremesouthofCharcas;whilehissonRocca,duringhislife-time,overranLucanasandadvancedthelimitsoftheempiretothevalleyofNascaonthecoast.

[165] There are two rivulets which flow through Cuzco, the Huatanay and Tulumayu orRodadero,comingfromeithersideoftheSacsahuamanhillonwhichtheYncafortresswasbuilt.ThetwostreamsunitebeyondtheconventofSanDomingo,atPumap-chupanor the“lion’s tail”.Boththesestreamsareconfinedbywallsofcutstone,withstairwaysdescendingtothewater,andstonebridges, consistingof long slabs at frequent intervals.Thehouseson thewestern sideof thegreatsquarearebuiltover theHuatanayriver;but thesearemodern,anddidnotexist in thetimeof theYncas.Garcilassode laVega says that theHuatanaywas linedandpavedwithmasonry, the floorbeingoflargeflags,andthatthismasonryworkextendedforaquarterofaleaguebeyondthecity.Althoughthereisverylittlewaterinordinarytimes,thestreamissubjecttoviolentfreshes,whentherushofwatersometimesinjuresthemasonry.Thenameiscomposedoftwowords,Huata(ayear),andAnanay an ejaculation ofweariness, indicating the fatigue caused by the yearly necessity forrenewingtheriverbanks.

GarcilassodelaVegamentionsotherspringswhichconveyedwatertothetempleandgardensofthesun,undertheHuatanay.Hesaysthat,in1558,afloodtoreuptheflag-stonesinthebedoftheriver, justover theplacewhere thepipe leadingwater to the templewas laiddown,andbroke thepipeitself.Thesiltthencoveredtheplace,concealingthepositionofthepipe,sothatnosignwasleftofit(i,p.281).

[166]AccordingtoGarcilassoitwasMaytaCcapacwhoconqueredtheprovinceofPuma-tampu(corruptlyPomatambo).

[167] Garcilasso says that Inca Rocca made the bridge over the Apurimac, and conqueredCurampa,andthetribeofChancasinAndahuaylas.HeisalsosaidtohaveannexedVilca,andtwoprovinces called Sullu and Utunsullu, while his son subdued Paucartambo and part of the forestregiontotheeastward.IncaRoccaisalsosaid,byGarcilasso,tohavefoundedschoolsatCuzco,andtohavebuilthisownpalacenearthem.Heleftason,namedYahuar-huaccac,byhislegitimatewifeMamaMicay.

BlasValera relates that IncaRoccareignedformore thanfiftyyears;and thiswriterpreservedsomeofhislaws,regulationsforhisschools,andwisesayings,whicharegiveninGarcilasso(i,p.336).

[168]“YsehizoenelCuzcolapiedraquellamandelaguerra,grande,ylasengastonadasenoroypiedras.”SointheEscurialcopy,butthemeaningisnotclear.

[169] This Ynca Yupanqui of Cieza de Leon, son of Ynca Rocca, is the Yahuar-huaccac ofGarcilassoandotherwriters.Whenhewasachildheissaidtohaveweptblood,andhencethename.Yahuar(blood),andHuaccac(weeping).Othersdeclaredthathewasbornweepingblood.Duringhisreign, according to the account ofGarcilasso, all the coast region fromArequipa to the desert ofAtacamawasannexedtotheempirebytheYnca’sgeneralandbrothernamedApuMayta.TheYncawasmuch troubledby theheadstrongdispositionof his son,whomhebanished to a lofty plateaucalledChita,totheeastwardofCuzco,tolivewithshepherdswhotendedtheflocksoftheSun.Threeyearsafterwards, thesonreturned toCuzcoand told theYncahis father thatanapparition,callingitselfUira-ccochaYnca,hadappearedtohimwhilehesleptunderarock.ItorderedhimtorepairtoCuzcoandreportthattherewasagreatrebellioninthewesternprovince,threateningtheexistenceoftheempire.Yahuar-huaccacdidnotbelievethestory,andorderedhissontoreturntohisbanishmentin the pastures of Chita. But soon the news came of the great rebellion of the Chancas, Yahuar-huaccac fled toMuyna, five leagues southofCuzco,while his sonput himself at the headof thearmy,anddefeatedtherebels.Hetookthenameoftheapparition,callinghimselfYncaUira-ccocha,anddethronedhisfather.

ThereislittleresemblancebetweenthestoriestoldbyCiezadeLeonofYncaYupanqui,andby

GarcilassoofYahuar-huaccac,exceptthattheywerebothunfortunate.ItwillbeseenfurtheronthatCiezadeLeonplacesthegreatrebellionoftheChancasafterthereignofUira-ccocha,andtellsquiteadifferentstoryaboutit.

[170]Hecontradictshimself,for,attheendofthelastchapter,hesaidthatYncaYupanquihadnoson.

[171]Garcilassodescribes the apparitionwhich, according tohis story, appeared to theprincewhowasafterwardsYncaUira-ccocha,ashavinghadabeard.

[172]GarcilassogivesthesamenametothewifeofYncaUira-ccocha(ii,p.88).Runtumeansanegg.

[173]InthevalleyoftheVilcamayu,nearCuzco.[174]TheriverVilcamayu.[175]OrVilcamayu.[176]OnlyCiezadeLeoncouldhavesaidthis.BahaireisthetowninthebayofCartagenawhere

hewaswithHerediain1533.[177]InthebayofCartagena.[178]GarcilassodelaVegaplacesthisfeudbetweenthetwogreatchiefsoftheCollao,Cariand

Sapana (or Chipana), in the reign of Ccapac Yupanqui, two generations earlier. He says that thenameswerethoseofdynasties,eachsovereignbecomingCariorSapanawhenhesucceeded;addingthat,“CiezadeLeonplacestheseeventslongafterthetimewhentheyreallyoccurred.”HisversionisthatboththechiefsdeclaredthattheywouldabidebythearbitrationoftheYnca.TheycametotheYnca’scampatParia,nearOruro,bydifferentroads.TheYnca’sdecisionwasthatboundarymarksshould be set up, that peace should bemaintained, and that his laws should be observed by bothchiefs. Cari and Sapana were, from that time, faithful vassals. Their territories comprisedCochabamba.

It will be seen that the version of Garcilasso is very different from that in the text. See mytranslationofGarcilassodelaVega,i,pp.247to252.

[179]TheterritoryoftheCancheswasintheupperpartoftheVilcamayuvalley.[180]TheCanasinhabitedonesideofthevalleyofVilcamayu,andtheCanchestheother—the

riverdividingthem.[181]ThiswordisalmostillegibleintheEscurialmanuscript.SeñorJimenezdelaEspada,the

Spanish editor, has suvica. The learned Peruvian, Dr. de la Rosa, has sinica. The words forintoxicating liquors in Quichua are acca, azúa, huiñapu, sora. The Spaniards also use the wordchicha.Butitisnotlikeanyofthese,unlessitbesora.

[182]Thousands.[183]ThisYncaisnotmentionedbyGarcilassodelaVega.[184]ThisisacuriousblunderofCiezadeLeon,fortheSpanishformofAndaguaylasismuch

morenearlycorrectthanAndabailes.TheQuichuawordisAnta-huaylla.[185]DiegoMaldonado,anativeofSalamanca,wasoneofthefirstconquerorsofPeru,andone

oftherichest.HehadahouseinthegreatsquareofCuzco.Whenthehospitalwasfoundedthere,he,asseniorRegidor,placedaplaqueofsilverwithhisarmsengravedon it,under thefirststone.Hewasput inprisonbyAlmagro,withmanyothers;andfoughton thesideofVacadeCastro,at thebattleofChupas,whenAlmagrotheladwasdefeated;andhefledfromthearmyofGonzaloPizarro,tokeephimselfandhisrichesontheloyalside.ButhefounditsafertofeignsubmissionandfollowGonzalo’scamp.Thennewscamethathislifewasforfeited,sohefledfromhistentnearLimainthedeadofnight;thoughoversixty-eightyearsofage,ranallnightonfoot,andhidhimselfinacanebrake.NextdayanIndiantookpityonhim,madeupabundleofreedsandpushedouttosea,thetwo

sittingacrossthebundleasonahorse.TheywerejustabletoreachoneoftheshipsofLorenzodeAldanainCallaobay,whichwereontheloyalside.HeeventuallyreturnedtoCuzcoandoncemorebecame a leading citizen there, taking a part in making the peace between the authorities andFranciscoHernandezGiron.HewaswithAlonzodeAlvarado inhis campaignagainstGiron, andstrongly dissuaded him from giving battle at Chuquinga,where hewas defeated.MaldonadowaswoundedatPucara, in the last fightwithGiron,butsurvivedfor twelveyearsafterwards, livingatCuzcoandonhisAndahuaylasestates.

[186]OnaloftyplateaubetweenAndahulayasandAbancay.Thefortressconsistsofthreewideterraces,withaslopingrampfromthegroundtothehighestone.Nearitaretheruinsofatown.ThenearestmoderntownisHuancarama,aboutaleaguetotheeast.

[187]According toGarcilasso de laVega, theChancas encamped on the plain of Sacsahuana(Xaquixaguana),onthespotwherethebattlewasafterwardsfoughtbetweenGonzaloPizarroandthePresidentGasca.TheplainisdescribedbyCiezadeLeoninhisfirstPart(p.320ofmyTranslation).ItisnowcalledtheplainofSurite.HereGarcilassosaysthatthegreatbattlewasfoughtbetweentheYncaHuira-ccochaandtheChancas(ii,p.34).Thefightragedwithdesperatefuryfromdawnuntilnoon;when five thousandQuichuas,whountil thenhadbeen inambush,attacked theChancasontheirrightflank.Morereinforcementsarrived,untiltheChancasbegantothinkthattheverystoneswereturningintomen.Atlengththeybrokeandfled.ItwascalledthebattleofYahuar-pampa(plainofblood).

[188]IdonotfindanyothermentionofAlonzoCarrasco.HisnamedoesnotappearinthelistofconquerorswhoreceivedsharesofthespoilsatCaxamarca,norinGarcilassodelaVega.

[189]JuandePancorvowasacitizenofCuzco,andhadahouseonthewesternsideofthegreatsquare,whichhesharedwithAlonsodeMarchana;forJuandePancorvodidnotwishhimtoliveinanotherhouse,becauseofthewarmandlong-continuedfriendshiptheyalwaysfeltforeachother.SosaysGarcilassodelaVega.Pancorvohad,inhisgrant,oneofthegreathallsinwhichtheYncasheldtheir festivals.Thishebestowedupon theFranciscanconvent.Heseems tohavebeenapeaceableman.

[190]Hanco-huallu is thenamewhichGarcilassode laVegagives to thewarlike chief of theChancas.Hecouldnotenduredependence,evenunderthemildruleoftheYnca,and,tenyearsafterhisdefeat,heemigratedwithmanyfollowerstotheforestsofMoyobamba.IntheFirstPart,CiezadeLeonsaysthesamething,callinghimAncoallu(p.280).Alsoseefurtheron,atpage157.

[191]TheSorasandRucanasweretribesofhardymountaineers,inhabitingthewildregionofthemaritimecordillera,tothesouth-westoftheChancas.TheRucanas(themodernprovinceofLucanas)weredescribedasahandsomeandwell-disposedpeople,whowereexpertbearersofburdens,andhadtheprivilegeofcarryingtheYnca’slitter.TheSoras,closelyalliedtotheRucanas,livedontheleftbankoftheRiverPampas,nearitssource.

[192]ThegreatRiverPampas.[193]TheSpanisheditorsuggeststhatthisshouldbeTupacYupanquitheInca’sson.Hewould

begoingonhisfirstcampaign,toacquireexperience.ButGarcilassohasCcapacYupanqui,abrotheroftheInca,astheGeneralinthiscampaign.(Seeii,p.127.)

[194]Thisiswronglywritteninthemanuscript.GarcilassodelaVegahasAsancaru(ii,p.76).[195]Garcilassode laVega (ii, p. 129) says that the countryof theHuancaswasdivided into

threeprovinces,calledSausa,Marcavilca,andLlacsapalanca.[196]ThelakecalledPumpu(Bombon)orChinchay-cocha.[197]Garcillasso de laVega calls himHanco-Huallu, chief of theChancas (seeBook v, cap.

xxvi,ii,p.82),anddescribeshisflight.[198]Seeback,noteatpage102.

[199]Bymymeasurementthelengthis400yards.[200]Thesethreenames,accordingtoGarcillassodelaVega,arenotconnectedwiththefortress,

butbelongtodifferentpartsofthecity(ii,p.246).[201]Seechapterxcii.[202]FibreofAgavatuberosa.[203]FourhundredyardsaccordingtotheEditor’smeasurement.[204]Thelargeststonesare,bymymeasurements:—First,10feethigh,by6broad;second,16½

feethigh,by6broad;third,14feethigh,by8broad;fourth,14feethigh,by12broad.[205]TomasVasquez,oneofthefirstconquerors,hadahouseinCuzco,andanestateinAyaviri.

(Seechapteriv.)HedistinguishedhimselfinthebattleofLasSalinas,fightingagainstAlmagro.HejoinedGironinhisinsurrection,andcommandedtherebelcavalry.AtPucarahedesertedGiron,wentover to the royalcamp,andobtainedapardon.Heretired tohisestates,butwasafterwardsput todeathbyorderoftheViceroyMarquisofCañetein1557.

[206]ThesiegeofCuzcobyMancoYnca,in1526.[207]Thisnameisnotclearinthemanuscript.ItmaybeLaRea.ThePeruvianeditorhasJuande

laPlaza.[208]Thereareseveralversionsofthenativetraditionrelatingtothismonolith,whichiscalled

piedracansada,orthe“tiredstone”,inQuichua,saycuscarumi.TheSpanisheditorgivestheleastknownandmostcuriousoftheseversions,whichhefoundinthemanuscripthistoryoftheYncasbyPadreMorúa.HesaysthatanYncaofthebloodroyal,namedUrcoorUrcon,agreatengineerandarchitect,was theofficialwhodirected themovingof the tired stone from thequarry, and thatonreaching this spot where it stopped, the Indians who were dragging it, killed him. This Urcondesigned and traced out the fortress of Cuzco. He also conceived and carried out the idea oftransporting from Quito the best soil for potatoes, with the object of raising them in it for thesovereign’stable.WiththissoilhemadethehillcalledAllpaSuntu,totheeastofthefortress.

[209]TheSpanisheditorherehasthefollowingnote.HesaysthatthefaultdidnotliewiththeSpaniards, but in the very natural want of archæological knowledge in Cieza himself, and in hisextremecredulity,believingallthestoriesoftheOrejonesanddescendantsoftheYncas,forwhomeverythingthatwasworthyofnoticeinthecountrywastheexclusiveworkofthosesovereigns.ItisnowagenerallyreceivedopinionthattheveryancientcyclopeanworkatCuzcowasduetoapeoplewho lived longbeforeYncaYupanqui, andevenbeforeMancoCcapac, if itbe true that the latterappearedinthebeginningoftheeleventhcentury.Moreover,theYncasthemselvesdestroyedsome,andleftothers,withoutcompletingwhathadbeenbegunbytheirpredecessors.NotalltheruinsinPeruwere due to Spanish vandalism.On the contrary, theViceroyDon Francisco de Toledo andothers,farfromcontributingtothedestructionofthefortressofCuzco,tookmeasurestopreserveit,and,onmore thanoneoccasion,prevented the stones frombeingused formodernbuildings.Thiswasespeciallythecaseintheyear1577,whentheJesuitsofCuzcoappliedforleavetotakestonesfromthefortressfortheirmonasteryandchurch,andwererefused.

[210]TheViceroyDonAndresHurtadodeMendoza,MarquisofCañete,orderedthefortressatHuarcu (valley of Cañete on the coast) to be repaired and garrisoned, a few years after this waswrittenbyCiezadeLeon.ItiscalledthefortressofHervay,andtherearestillconsiderableremainsofitatthemouthoftheCañeteriver,overlookingthePacific.

[211]SeechapterxlviiioftheFirstPart.[212]Worship.[213]ThereignofthisYncaYupanquiappearstoincludetworeignsaccordingtoGarcilassode

laVega.CiezadeLeonmakesonegenerationwhereGarcilassomakestwo,namelyPachacutecandYncaYupanqui.Pachacutecmeans“hewhochangestheworld”,andGarcilassosaysthatthenameshouldhavebeengiventoViracocha,thefather,whochangedthecourseofeventsbyhisvictoryovertheChancas,butthatitwasgiventohisson.CiezadeLeonattributesthevictoryovertheChancastothis very son,whom he callsYupanqui, and towhom the surname Pachacutec rightly belongs. Itseemslikely,therefore,thatCieza’sversionofthegenealogyisthemorecorrectofthetwo.

Garcilasso, however, makes two long reigns where Cieza has only one. To Pachacutec heattributestheconquestoftheHuancas,Caxamarca,andthecoastvalleys,andherecordsseveralofhislawsandwisesayings(ii,p.208).ToYupanquiheassignstheexpeditionintotheeasternforests,andtheconquestofChile.

[214]SeechapterciioftheFirstPart.[215] The ruins are 18 leagues west of the present town of Huanuco, in the province of

Huamalies,12,156 feet above the sea.Theyareofgreat extent, coveringmore thanhalf amile inlength.TheyshowworkofthesamecharacterasthepalacesatCuzco.Theworkincludesareservoir250feetlongby130,abathofcutstone,andastoneaqueduct.Adoorwayofcutstone,withalongrectangular roomon each side, opens to another at a distance of 240 feet, and further on there isanother doorway. Squier says,—“The perspective through this series of portals is the finest to befoundintheancientworksofPeru.”Abovethesecondportalarerudely-cutanimalfigures.Therearemanyotherruinedbuildings,andwhatiscalledthecastle,180feetlongby80,withafinecut-stonewall13feethigh.Aninclinedplaneleadsuptotheterre-plein,whichisenteredbytwoportals.

[216]Chapterxliv.[217]PuertoViejowasaseaport in1°2´S. latitude. Itwas foundedbyFranciscoPachecoon

March12th,1535,byorderofAlmagro.[218]GarcilassodelaVegagivesafulleraccountofthewarwithChimu.(ii,pp.193to201.)[219]Parmunca. InhisFirstPart (p.247)CiezadeLeoncalls theseruinsPormonga.Theyare

nearthecoast,southofGuarmay.Theouterwallsare300yardslongby200.Theinteriorisdividedintosmallhouses,separatedbylanes.Thewallsarepartlycoveredwithakindofplaster,onwhichwere painted representations of birds and beasts. The ruined fortress stands at the extremity of aplain,closetothefootofsomeruggedmountains,aboutaleaguefromthesea.

[220] The original Yunca temple, called by the Yncas Pachacamac, was on a terraced heightoverlookingthesea,andabout500feetaboveitslevel.TheTempleoftheSunwasaboutamileandahalfdistant,theruinnowbeingcalledMamaconas.ThislatterruiniscertainlyofYncaorigin.

[221]ThepassofPariacacaisintheprovinceofHuarochiri.Theterracesor“stairs”mentionedinthetextarenearthesummit.Acostadescribeshisgreatsufferingswhilecrossingthisformidablepass(i,p.130).FatherAvilahasrecordedthestrangetraditionsofthenativestouchingPariacaca.(SeemyTranslation.)

[222]SeealsoGarcilassodelaVegaontheallegedancientconquestsoftheYuncas(ii,p.153).Hedeclares that theassertionsof thecoastpeopleas to their former incursions into theCollaoare

false.[223] On the other hand, Garcilasso attributes the conquest of the Chinchas to this Ccapac

Yupanqui,inthetimeoftheIncaPachacutec.[224]This road leads to the valley ofPisco.The subsequent narrative seems to show that the

authorheremakesamistake,andthattheIncadescendedtothecoastatNasca,muchfurthersouth.[225] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Chinchas carried on a long war before they were

subdued(ii,p.150).[226]NowcalledCañete.[227]Chapterlxxiii.Thisis thefortresscalledHervay,at themouthoftheriverofCañete, the

well-preservedruinsofwhichmaystillbeseen.Iexaminedthemcarefullyin1853.SeeanaccountoftheminanotetomytranslationoftheFirstPartofCiezadeLeon,p.259.

[228]Paulluwasa sonofHuaynaCcapac,andayoungerbrotherofHuascarandof theYncaManco.HeaccompaniedAlmagro inhisexpedition toChile,andwaswithAlmagro the ladat thebattleofChupas.In1543hewasbaptisedunderthenameofDonCristobal,andhelivedatCuzco,respected by the Spaniards and beloved by the native population. He died inMay 1549.His sonCarlosYncawas a schoolfellowofGarcilassode laVega, andhad a sonMelchorCarlosYnca, aknightofSantiago,whowenttoSpainin1602,anddiedatAlcaladeHenaresin1610.

[229]Huayna,youth;ccapac,rich;inca,king;zapalla,sole;tucui,ruler;llacta,city;uya,hear.[230]ThemodernLaPaz.[231]Chuquisaca.NowcalledSucre,thecapitaloftherepublicofBolivia.[232]Domesticservants.[233]ThenameChiledidnotbelongto thewholecountry includedin thepresentRepublicof

Chile,noreventoanylargepartof it.ThenorthpartofmodernChilewasknowntotheYncasasCopayapu(Copiapo);furthersouthwastheprovinceofCoquimpu(Coquimbo);andthecentralpartofmodernChilewascalledCanconicagua,andalsoChilli,thelatternamebeingprobablythatofachief.ValdiviaadoptedthenameofCanconicagua,whileAlmagrocalleditthevalleyofChilli.ThefollowersofAlmagroandassassinsofPizarrowerealwaysknownas“losdeChile”.ThenameofChilewaslongappliedonlytothevalleyofAconcagua, includingQuillota;andthatwasnodoubtthe sense in which it was used by the natives and by their Ynca conquerors. Afterwards, theSpaniards gave the name of Chile to the whole country on the Pacific coast, from Copiapo toValdivia.Thenative formof thewordwasChilli,which theSpaniards softened intoChile. In thenorthofPeru,intheprovincesofChachapoyasandPataz,therearethreevillagescalledChilia;andthewordoccursinseveralnamesofplacesinsouthernPeru,suchasPacon-chile,Chilihua,andtheriverChile atArequipa.ThewordChirimeans cold inQuichua.ButVicuñaMackennamaintains(RelacionesHistoricas:art.“OrigendelNombredeChile”,p.92)thatthenameisindigenoustothecountry,andwasusedbeforetheYncaconquest;thatoriginallyitwaslocal,andwasappliedonlytothevalleyofAconcagua,butthatithadnospecialmeaning.

[234]“Yformasdehombrescrecidos.”Themeaningisnotclear.TheSpanisheditorsuggests“Yfueramasdehombrescreida.”

[235]Seep.91.[236]CiezadeLeonalsogivesanaccountof the roadsof theYncas inhisFirstPart (chapter

xlii),p.153,whichisquotedinextensobyGarcilassodelaVega(I,lib.ix,cap.13).SeealsoZarate(HistoriadelPeru,lib.i,cap.10),and,foramodernaccount,Velasco(HistoriadeQuito,i,p.59).

[237] Yscay, “two”; pacha, “hundred”; huaranca, “thousand”; runa, “men”; cuna, the pluralparticle.

[238]TheislandinthebayofGuayaquil.

[239]Thisischapterlivoftheeditionof1554.SeemyTranslation,p.192.InthischapterCiezade Leon gives a full account of the treacherous murder of the Orejones by the people of Puná.GarcilassodelaVega,inhisversionoftheaffair,copieslargelyfromCiezadeLeon(I,lib.ix,caps.1,2,3).

[240]Wherenow stands the city ofGuayaquil. In the17th century theplace still retained thenameofthe“PassofHuaynaCapac”.

[241]Pepinoisacucurbitaceousplant,andgrowningreatabundanceonthecoastofPeru.Theplantisonlyafootandahalfhigh,andcreepsalongtheground.Thefruitisfromfourtofiveincheslong,cylindrical,andsomewhatpointedatbothends.Thehuskisofayellowish-greencolour,withlongrose-colouredstripes.Theediblepartissolid,juicy,andwellflavoured,butveryindigestible.

[242]Ancha,“very”;hatun,“great”;Apu,“Lord”;micu,“eat”;campa,“thou”.[243]Campa,“you”(dative);manan,“not”;puculamustbeaclerical error, itmaybepucuna

(correctlypoccuna), frompoccuni, “to ripen, to becomemature”; tucuy, “all”; huambracuna is amistake,itshouldbehuayna-cuna,“boys”.CiezadeLeontranslateserroneously.Itshouldbe,“Youarenotgrownup,”“Youareallboys.”

[244] Garcilasso de la Vega also tells the story of this war of the Caranques and of theirpunishment(II,p.447).ThiscountryisonthenorthernfrontieroftheempireoftheYncas,andoftheprovince ofQuito.Garcilasso gives a violently prejudiced account of thewar, and endeavours toblackenthecharacteroftheCaranques,bywayofexcusingtheYnca’scruelty.CiezadeLeonalludestotheaffairintheFirstPart(p.133ofmyTranslation).VersionsofitarealsogivenbyBalboa(p.149), Montesinos (p. 221), and Velasco in hisHistory of Quito (I, p. 18). Balboa describes theCaranquewarashavingcontinuedthroughthreebloodycampaigns,andsaysthatanumberofCollas,withtheirchiefs,whomhenames,wereservingintheYncaarmy.

[245]1526.[246]ThenamesofthethirteencompanionsofPizarro,asenumeratedintheCapitulationforthe

conquestofPeru,madebyFranciscoPizarrowithQueenJuanaonJuly26th,1529,were:—

BartoloméRuiz(Pilot).CristóbaldePeralta.PedrodeCandia.DomingodeSoraluce.NicolásdeRibera.FranciscodeCuellar.AlonzodeMolina.PedroAlcon.GarciadeJaren.AntondeCarrion.AlonsoBriceño.MartindePaz.JuandelaTorre.

Xeres,Pizarro’ssecretary,saysthatthenumberwas16.Seethewholesubjectdiscussedinanoteatpage8ofmytranslationofthenarrativeofFranciscoXeres(HakluytSociety,1872).

[247]IntheThirdPart,stillinedited.[248] Ciui Chimpu Runtu, the second legitimate wife of Huayna Ccapac. According to most

authors,thenameofthemotherofHuascarwasRahuaOcllo.[249]Hewasquite right. In1571 theViceroy,DonFranciscodeToledo, received information

thatHuaynaCcapacwasburiedinCuzco,wherePolodeOndegardoafterwardsfoundhismummy,withothers.(SeeG.delaVega,I,p.273;andII,p.91.)

[250] The author alludes to Lopez de Gomara in his chapter entitled “Linaje de Atabaliba”.Velasco,whofollowsGomara,saysthatthenameoftheQueenofQuitowasScyriPaccha.

[251]BeforeheiscalledCollaTupac.[252]Rumi,“astone”;ñaui,“eye”.“Stone-eyed.”[253]ThisisthereadingofthePeruvianeditor.TheSpanisheditorhasSepocopagua.[254]Atocmeans“afox”inQuichua.[255]Ucumarimeans“abear”inQuichua.[256]Ylaquita,accordingtothePeruvianeditor.[257]Abanteinthemanuscript,forwhichtheSpanisheditorsuggestsAhuapanti.[258]Thefullestaccountofthewarbetweenthetwobrothersistobefoundinthenarrativeof

Balboa. It ismade interesting by a romantic love story,which is developed as themilitary recordunfolds itself.Thereisanotherdetailedaccountof thewargivenbySantaCruzPachacuti(seemyTranslation,pp.111-119).ThechaptersdevotedtoitbyGarcilassodelaVegagivelessdetailandareveryprejudiced.Onhisownshowing,heexaggeratestheextentofthemassacresatCuzco(I,lib.ix,chapters32to39).

[259]MelchorBravodeSaraviawasoneofthejudgeswhocameoutwiththePresidentGasca.He was afterwards President of the Audience of Chile. After the departure of Gasca, he was, asPresidentoftheAudience,practicallyGovernorofPerufrom1552,whentheViceroyMendozadied,until1556,whenhissuccessor,theMarquisofCañete,arrived.

[260]HernandodeSantillanwasacolleagueofBravodeSaravia.Hewroteanaccountof theorigin,lineage,andgovernmentoftheYncas,whichwasfirstprintedatMadridin1879,editedbyDonMarcosXiménesdeEspada.

Typographicalerrorscorrectedbytheetexttranscriber:HowCarireturnedtoChucnito=>HowCarireturnedtoChucuito{pgx}HowtheChancasarrivedatthecityofCnzco=>HowtheChancasarrived

atthecityofCuzco{pgx}SeñordeleEspada=>SeñordelaEspada{pgxxiii}constautlyinrevolt=>constantlyinrevolt{pg3}

Meanwhiletheprestsmadetheirdiabolicalexorcisms=>Meanwhilethepriestsmadetheirdiabolicalexorcisms{pg92}

theeightIncathatreigned=>theeighthIncathatreigned{pg120}andonthetheotherIfound=>andontheotherIfound{pg162}madeotherarangements=>madeotherarrangements{pg207}Cassana,atCuzce,ii,158=>Cassana,atCuzco,ii,158{pg237}

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