The South American Archaeology in the Russian Historiography ...

The South American Archaeology in the Russian Historiography

Andrei V. Tabarev

Division of Foreign Archaeology

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography

Novosibirsk, Russia

Email address: [email protected]

Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

ID: ijsa00001

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Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

The South American Archaeology in the Russian Historiography

Andrei V. Tabarev

Division of Foreign Archaeology, Head Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia

Email address: [email protected]

Available online 30 September 2007

2011-0626/$ - see font matter © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved. ID: ijsa00001 http://www.ijsa.syllabapress.com/issues/ijsa01art01.html

Abstract

Since first information from travelers and navy expeditions in XIX century the history of ancient South American cultures

was in permanent focus of interest for Russian archaeologists and ethnographers. After more than 150 years it’s possible to talk

if not about “Russian school” but about specific “tradition” of South American studies in Russia. The intensity of these

researches was changing but in any case Russian scholars produced wide range of interesting works and ideas about the origins

of South American cultures and civilizations, ancient art and mythology. Current period highly requires new forms of

organization and international cooperation and joint projects. © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Tradition; Soviet Period; Main Directions; Current Situation.

Resumen

Desde los primeros informes de los viajeros y expedicionarios del siglo XIX la historia Antigua de Sur América ha sido de

gran interés para los arqueólogos y etnógrafos rusos. Después de 150 años es posible hablar sino de una “escuela rusa” si de

una “tradición” de los estudios suramericanos en Rusia. La intensidad de estas investigaciones fue cambiando pero de alguna

manera los científicos rusos han producido una amplia variedad de trabajos interesantes e ideas sobre los orígenes de las

culturas y civilizaciones antiguas suramericanas, así como también sobre arte y mitología antiguas. Las investigaciones actuales

requieren urgentemente nuevas formas de organización, cooperación internacional y proyectos conjuntos. © 2007 Syllaba Press

International Inc. All rights reserved.

Palabras Claves: Tradición; Período Soviético; Tendencias Principales; Situación Actual.

Introduction

The structure and history of Russian studies of

South American archaeology is not known in details

for western specialists. The only article published in

English is the work of archaeologists from the

Institute of Archaeology in Moscow Vladimir A.

Bashilov and Valery I. Gulyaev in “Latin American

Antiquity” (Bashilov and Gulyaev 1990). It calls

“Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient

Cultures of Latin America” and was devoted to the

works of Russian specialists in Mesoamerican, South

American and Caribbean archaeology in whole. It

included big list of articles and monographs published

in Russian and other languages and also the overview

of main directions of the researches from 1917 to the

end of 1980th (only Soviet times). Almost twenty

years later the author of this paper will try to add new

information and to summarize the current situation in

South American studies.

Information about far South American continent,

its original people and bright traces of ancient cultures

and civilizations became widely known in Russia in

the beginning of XIX century thanks to the first

maritime expeditions to the Atlantic and Pacific

oceans (e.g. expeditions of O. Kotseby, I.

Krusenshtern and Y. Lisiansky, V. Golovnin, and

others). The stories and diaries, reports and drawings

along with small collections of antiques and artifacts

produced scientific interest of scholars, Universities

and museums. In 1854 famous Russian ethnographer

Leo I. Shrenk arrived to Peru (Lima, Callao) and

during his visit got chance to see Inca sites and

burials, to meet with A. Raimondi and to get three big

boxes of artifacts (mummy, textiles, pottery etc.) for

the Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg. This

was the first brick to the collection of South American

artifacts in Russia.

The picture of South American cultures was

presented to the Russian scientists and wide public in

the series of monographs translated into Russian. The

works of A. von Humboldt (Russian edition in 1834-

1835), A. d’Orbigny (Russian edition in 1839), J. von

Tschudi (Russian edition in 1867), W. Prescott

(Russian edition in 1886) became real bestsellers and

were included into the lecture courses on world

7 A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

archaeology and ethnography in the Universities in

Moscow and St. Petersburg.

First original publications prepared by Russian

scholars appeared on the border of XIX and XX

centuries e.g. the article of N. Kharuzin about Peru

(Kharuzin 1899) and the chapter on the ancient culture

of South America by K. Gebler in the “History of

Humankind” (Gebler 1902).

Before 1917 several scientific expeditions were

organized for the complex researches in South

America. For example, the expedition of G. Langsdorf

to Brasil in 1821-1829 and expedition of F. Fielstsrup

to Brasil, Argentina and Chile in 1914-1915. Most of

the results were published in Russian periodicals. In

spite of the naturalistic goals these reports included

some important description and observation about

native cultures and history of the region.

According to V. Bashilov and V. Gulyaev

(Bashilov and Gulyaev 1990) history of Latin

American archaeology studies during Soviet times

may be divided into several periods:

- from 1917 to early 1950th;

- early 1950th - early 1960th;

- early 1960th - late 1970th;

- late 1970th - 1980th.

Let’s make a brief overview of this division

taking into consideration main directions of the

studies devoted to the archaeology of South America

with the continuation for the recent 15 years (1991-

2006).

Main directions of studies in South American

Archaeology during soviet times

Not too many works were published about

ancient South American cultures during first two

periods -1917- early 1960th. A number of short

articles (“Aymara”, “Ancient Peru”, “Chibcha”,

“Incas” etc.) were included into various editions of

Soviet encyclopedias in 1930-1950th along with very

few special publications, e.g. “Ancient Peru” by M.

Kosven (Kosven 1941). All this information was

based on written sources from European and

American periodicals and monographs.

In the middle of -1950- early 1960th several

bright articles and books were published by

distinguished Russian specialist Rostislav V.

Kinzhalov who was working with the examples of

ancient art in the collection of Hermitage Museum in

Leningrad: “Ancient Peruvian Vessel from

Chancay” (Kinzhalov 1957), “Culture and Art of

Ancient America” (Kinzhalov 1958), “Art of Ancient

America” (Kinzhalov 1962) etc.

The generalized information on the South

American people and some archaeological cultures

(Quechua, Moche, Tiwanako, Chavin, Chimu etc.)

were described in volumes of “World History” (1958)

and collections of articles “Indians of

America” (1955), and “Peoples of America” (1959)

published by Institute of Ethnography in Moscow.

The further periods was highly influenced by the

organization of new research structures – Institute of

Latin America (1961) and the Division of Foreign

Archaeology in the Institute of Archaeology (1962) in

Moscow. At the same time several researches

continued their works in Leningrad - in the Institute of

Archaeology and in the Museum of Anthropology and

Ethnography (Kunstkamera). This situation - only two

real scientific centers (Moscow and Leningrad) with

researches on South American archaeology and Pre-

Columbian archaeology in total existed up to the very

end of 1990th.

Early -1960- late 1980th were very productive

timeframes for Russian studies on ancient American

cultures. As for the works on South American region

the number of publication is too big to be analyzed

just in frames for one article so we’ll concentrate on

the main directions of these publications.

Origin of agriculture and early civilizations in the

coastal and mountain regions of South America. In the

mid 1960th Russian specialist Yuri E. Berezkin

(Leningrad) independently from North American

archaeologists (M. Moseley, E. Lanning) proposed the

model of the origin of early states on the Peruvian

coast on the base of intensive exploration of marine

products. In several works (e.g. Berezkin 1969) he

pointed on the importance of various aquatic

resources (fish, sea mammals, birds, shells etc.) in the

process of the formation of settled way of life and the

origin of big settlements with complex economy.

Several years earlier L. Fainberg for the first time in

Russian literature published the information about

Huaca Prieta Site in Peru (Fainberg 1963).

Another archaeologist -Vladimir A. Bashilov

(Moscow)- devoted a big series of interesting works to

the process of the origin of agriculture in Peru. He

called it by traditional European term “Neolithic

Revolution” but underlined very important regional

peculiarities (e.g. Bashilov 1980, 1982, 1984). He also

wrote a fundamental monograph “Ancient

Civilizations of Peru and Bolivia” which is one of the

best examples of Russian researches on the South

American archaeology (Bashilov 1972).

Descriptions of archaeological cultures and states.

The most of the publications on pre-Columbian South

American cultures devoted to Incas and various

aspects of their history, religion and art. Among the

remarkable monographs books of V. Kuzmishev “The

Kingdom of Sons of Sun” (Kuzmishev 1982)1 , Y.

Svet “Last Inca” (Svet 1964), Y. Zubritsky “Incas-

Quechua” (Zubritsky 1975)2 and others.

The data on Moche culture also was wildly

presented in the publication of Russian archaeologists.

First of all, very interesting series of articles and a

special book was written by Yuri Berezkin (Berezkin

1983). His primary focus was on Moche mythology.

Berezkin studied the design on Moche pottery and

tried to reconstruct social structure and mythological


beliefs of Moche people (e.g. Berezkin 1978, 1981a).

In 1982 Y. Berezkin wrote a compact book

“Ancient Peru: New Facts- New Hypothesis” where

he described recent data on such cultures as Chavin,

Moche, Nasca, along with the stories about

excavations of Kotosh, La Galgada and Garagay sites

(Berezkin 1982).

Several publications were devoted to the culture

of ancient Muisca and other cultures of Colombia -e.g.

the book of S. Sozina “Muisca: One more Civilization

of Ancient America” (Sozina 1969) and article by V.

Bashilov “Ancient Colombia the Country of

Metalworkers and Jewelers” (Bashilov 1979).

Talking about the publications of V. Bashilov

during this period it should be specially mentioned

that in 1983 he took part in the field works in

Colombia so far the only example of joint works of

Russian and South American archaeologists on the

territory of South America. The results of these works

were published in Russian and Spanish (e.g. Bashilov

1985; Bashilov, Rodriguez, Salgado 1993).

Late 1970th - late 1980th were one of the top

periods in Latin American studies (including South

America) in Russia. The bunch of articles of Russian

specialists were published in Spanish (Ed. by

Grigulevich 1978) and in English (Berezkin 1981b),

Russian archaeologists attended several international

conferences in Mexico (1981)3 and the United States,

from the other side international symposium

“American Indians: Past and Present” was organized

in Moscow (1983). This activity was inspired by

multiple contacts and meetings with the colleagues

from Latin America, by the increase of Latin

American archaeological literature in our libraries

(Berezkin 1987a-c), by bright exhibitions of Pre-

Columbian artifacts in Russian museums, exchange of

students between Russia and several Latin American

countries (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile etc.).

1990th and current situation

This positive tendency continued up to the end of

1980th. The political changes and financial problems

in Russian science influenced the slow decrease of the

number of publications and researches on Latin

American archaeology and especially on South

American archaeology. In fact only V. Bashilov and

Y. Berezkin stayed very active in their studies. V.

Bashilov continued his researches of the peculiarities

of the Neolithic revolution in the Central Andes

(Bashilov 1996, 1999)4, Y. Berezkin published a book

on the mythology of South American Indians

(Berezkin 1994a)5 and a variety of articles on the

problems of the investigation of Moche culture (1993,

1995b, 1998), early states on the Peruvian coast

(1995a), Amazonia (1995c), Wari empire (Berezkin

1994b) etc. He also published a book about Inca state

and this work is of special importance for Russian

historiography - the author analyzed the evolution of

Inca social structure from early communities to the

complex chiefdoms and confirmed the empire level of

Inca state (Berezkin 1991). One more work about the

image of Recuay-Beast on Peruvian pottery (Moche

culture) was presented by I. Nersesov (Nersesov

1993).

Fundamental book “History of Peru from the

Ancient Times up to the End of XX Century” was

prepared and published by the group of the specialists

in Moscow. V. Bashilov wrote a chapter on the

history of pre-Inca people of Peru, and S. Sozina -

about the Inca Empire (Bashilov 2000). With this

edition and the end of XX century one more period of

South American studies in Russia was finished.

What is possible to say about recent years (2001-

2007) and current situation? What are negative and

positive factors about the future perspectives of South

American archaeology in Russia?.

In comparison with Mesoamerican studies which

now are represented by very interesting generation of

young scholars6 South American archaeology in

Russia dramatically reduced its scope. During last two

years Russian science lost two very famous people -

Vladimir A. Bashilov died in 20057 and Rostislav V.

Kinzhalov in 2006. For many years both represented

the classical style in Latin American studies in Russia.

One more “veteran” of South American studies -Y.

Berezkin- now is concentrating mostly on mythology

of South American Indians in the context of New

World and World mythology (Berezkin 2007) (Figure

1) and his articles about archaeological materials

became rare (Berezkin 2005).

Anyway several interesting recent publications of

other specialists should be mentioned.

In 2002 G. Ershova published two-volume

overview of Pre-Columbian cultures of America

“Ancient America: Flight in Time and Space” for

wide public. One of the volumes is devoted to North

and South America archaeology. This is the fine-

illustrated edition with photos and drawings and

contains the stories about various South American

Figure 1. Cover pages of Yuri Berezkin books on mythology: 1. Myths of South American Indians (1994); 2. Myths Settle America

(2007).


archaeological cultures Valdivia, Muisca, Chinchorro,

Chavin, Paracas, Nasca, Tiwanaky etc. (Ershova

2002).

N. Rakuts presented articles and reports on quipy

system (e.g. Rakuts 2001), I. Nersesov published a

collection of Central and South American Indian

myths (Nersesov 2004), V. Yurevich gave the

astronomical interpretation of some South American

monuments and buildings (Yurevich 2004), V.

Tiuleneva wrote on the early colonial versions of

hidden Inca treasures (2001, 2002), V. Zubarev with

colleagues published a textbook on the history of

Central and South America (Zubarev, Tiurin,

Butovsky 2002). Also very informative collection of

papers were gathered in volumes “History and

Semiotic of American Indian Cultures” (2002) and

“Power in Aboriginal America.” (2006)8 (Figure 2).

But this is just a small list in comparison with

previous rich tradition of Russian archaeology.

and to coordinate the strategy. One of such

organizations for example could be traditional

conferences in honor of Yuri V. Knorozov held in

Moscow since 19999. Second, Russian specialists

should intensify and elaborate new lecture courses on

South America in Russian Universities. Third, we

need to rejuvenate the active dialog with South

American colleagues in terms of possible exchange of

specialists and/or student and the flow of recent

literature. Third, we should enlarge the corpus of

research monographs, historical descriptions and

chronicles translated from English and Spanish into

Russian10.

The author of this paper has his own modest

experience of this way. Novosibirsk never before was

the center of American studies and never had enough

specialists, and materials to develop such type of

researches11. In late 1990th the author started the

multiyear project of lecture courses on the Pre-

Colombian Americas in the Universities of

Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk State University and

Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University). Thanks to

several foreign grants he was able to work in the US,

to gather information and literature in the libraries and

during active cooperation with American

archaeologists. This was resulted in two illustrated

textbooks one of which is called “Introduction to the

Archaeology of South America. Andes and Pacific

Coast” (Tabarev 2006) (Figure 3) and in the series of

publication about the ancient cultures of the Pacific

Rim (e.g. Tabarev 2001, 2003, 2004)12.

Figure 2. Recent collections of articles about American Indians: 1. History and Semiotic of American Indian Cultures (2002); 2. Power

in Aboriginal America (2006).

Figure 3 Textbooks on Pre-Columbian America published for

students by Russian specialists: 1. Zubarev, V.G., Tiurin, E.A.,

Butovsky, A.Y. History of Ancient Central and South America

(2002); 2. Tabarev, A.V. Introduction to the Archaeology of South America (2006)

There are also new structural developments.

Today Novosibirsk is one of the main centers of

archaeology in Russia. During recent years

Novosibirsk State University open the specialization

on archaeology (with intensive program in foreign

archaeology) and the Institute of Archaeology and

Ethnography created new division - Division of

It’s a fact that today in Russia there is no any

formal or informal center for South American

archaeology, there are no any joint projects with

South American archaeologists, no chances to get

fund to attend conferences in South America or to

take part in the archaeological expedition in South

American cultures. Most of the contacts with

Peruvian, Colombian or Ecuadorian colleagues were

lost. This is a reason why not many new names

appeared in South American studies during last 5-6

years, and students in Russian Universities from one

side demonstrate high interest to the information

about South American archaeology but not enough

motivation to study foreign languages (Spanish, first

of all) and to conduct serious researches from another.

What are the most important steps to improve this

situation? Structures, new generation of young

scholars and international collaboration.

First of all, South American archaeology in

Russia should get its professional organization -

society, association, etc. to gather all the specialists

10

Foreign Archaeology with Pre-Columbian Americas

as one of the main research focuses.

Conclusions

1. Russian archaeologists historically had very

deep interest to the ancient cultures of South America.

Thanks to the works of such specialists as Vladimir

Bashilov, Yuri Berezkin, Rostislav Kinzhalov,

Vladimir Kuzmishev and many others South

American cultures (e.g. Moche, Nasca, and Inca),

their architecture and economy, warfare and art,

mythology and rituals were widely presented and

analyzed in fundamental books, interesting articles,

encyclopedias and reports on regional and

international conferences.

2. From the other side lots of territories and

chronological periods were never studied e.g.

Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,

Uruguay.

3. In spite of serious structural and financial

problems during last 15 years and decrease of

researches on the South American archaeology

publications (books, textbooks, articles) continue the

traditions of previous periods and there is a very good

perspective to improve this situation.

4. These improvements may be reached via the

consolidation of Russian specialists interested in

South American archaeology, in the intensive

teaching and lecturing on the South American

archaeology in Russian universities and in active

collaboration with South American colleagues.

5. As the representative of the Institute of

Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk and the

Head of the Division of Foreign Archaeology the

author express great interest in cooperation with

specialists and archaeological institutions in South

America. Exchange of students and graduate students

for participation in archaeological excavations in

South America and in various Siberian regions may be

just one of numerous and extremely fruitful options on

this way.

Aknowledgements

My special debt of gratitude is to Dr. Carlos Armando

Rodriguez who kindly invited me to prepare this publication. I also

would like to express my deepest thanks to the great number of

American archaeologists I’m familiar and corresponding with for

many years: Betty Meggers, Daniel Sandweiss, Karen Stothert,

John Staller, Karen Bruhns, Richard Burger, James Richardson III,

Garth Bawden and many others. They opened for me the door to South American archaeology and keep the fire in my heart about

this fantastic continent sending me books, articles, files and news

about recent events, meetings and discoveries.

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Notes

1. V. Kuzmishev also made first translation of Garsilaso de la

Vega’s work into Russian and wrote about another famous Spanish chronicler - Guaman Poma de Ayala (1974, 1975).

2. In 1963 he published outstanding research on “Apu

Ollantay” drama dated by XVI-XVII centuries and connected with

12

Inca’s art tradition. 3. X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias

Prehistóricas y Protohistóricas.

4. In 1998 V.A. Bashilov defended his doctoral dissertation about the Neolithic revolution in the Andes.

5. This work was part of his doctoral dissertation “Ancient

History of South America and Indian Mythology” defended in 1990.

6. For example, most of the researches are concentrated in the

Center of Mesoamerican Studies in Moscow. The leader of this Center is Dr. Galina G. Ershova, the pupil of the famous Russian

mayanist Yuri V. Knorozov.

7. The last publication of Bashilov appeared the same year in the journal “Russian Archaeology” “U-shaped Temples on the

Central Peruvian Coast, 2,000 BC.”

8. Such collections include the articles about American Indians in whole.

9. The last conference was in 2006.

10. About the high importance of this work wrote in one of his last articles Rostislav V. Kinzhalov (Kinzhalov, 2002).

11. With one very important exclusion -during 1980th

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk had a complex joint program with Cuban archaeologists- there were

several expeditions in Cuba and a number of Cuban graduate

students and specialists attended field researches in Siberia. 12. In 2004 the author defended doctoral dissertation

“Peopling of the Marginal Pacific on the Pleistocene-Holocene Border”.

A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

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