The Role of Professional Associations in the Romanization Process of the Western Provinces. A Study...

SOMA 2011

lScM III 30 Kallatis (Mangalia) late 1st BC/early l" AD lScM III 35 Kallatis (Mangalia) late 3,<l BC lScM Ili 40 Kallatis (Mangalia) late 1st BC lScM Ili 47 Kallatis (Mangalia) 2nd BC IScM III 48A Kallatis (Mangalia) 4'1

' BC IScM III 488 Kallatis (Mangalia) 2nd BC lScM Ili 49 Kallatis (Mangalia) 2"'1 BC IScM III 76 Kallatis (Mangalia) 4'" BC IScM III 78 Kallatis (Mangalia) 3,d BC IScM III I 06 Kallatis (Mangalia) 3,d BC IScM III I 07 Kallatis (Mangalia) Hellenistic peri od IScM III I 08 Kallatis (Mangalia) late 2'"' BC/carly I" AD !ScM Ili 117 Kallatis (Mangalia) 3,d BCIScM III 132 Kallatis (Mangalia) 3,d BCIScM III 134 Kallatis (Mangalia) 2"'1 BC IScM III 254 Kallatis (Mangalia) early 4'" BC

4. IGB 12 (Mihailov, G., 1970, lnscriptiones Graecae inBulgaria repertae, voi. 12 , lnscriptiones Orac Ponti Euxini,(Sofia)

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5. 1GB 12 307(2) Mcsarnbria (Ncsebar) )'d BC1GB 12 316 l'vlcsambria (Ncscbar)

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1GB 12 388(2) Apollonia (Sozopol) 200-150 BC1GB 12 391 Apollonia (Sozopol) 3,<1 _ 2nd BC

IGIJOlbia (IJubois, L., 1996, lnscrip1iom; on.dia/ectales d'Olbia c/11 ?0111. Hautes Énide~ dli �-Gréco-romain, 22, (Gcneva)IGDOlbia 19 Olbia 4'" BC!Olbia (Knipovich, T. N. & Levi E.I., I 968, /J0/biae (/917-/965). (Leningrad-St. Petersburg!Olbia 7 Olbia 4'1' BC

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The Role of Professional Associations in the

Romanization Process of the Western Provinces.

A Study Proposal

Ilenia Gradante 'Sapienza' University, Rome

lntroduction

The associations have been oflen considcred by scholars of Antiquity as a very useful phenomenon to undersland lhc socia!. politica! and economie dynamics of Roman society, through the observation or those socia! components which look no pari in thc grand hislory and were neglectcd by thc aristocratic litcrary sources.' As the sole pass-partoul defìnition applicable to a complex scenario, associations bave left a rich production of cpigraphic texls, which shows a socicty thai was slruclured inlo collective syslems, where profèssion and worship, convivialily. politics, solidarily, elhnic idcnlily and socia! redemplion. cross each olher. And ali lhcse elements appear lo f'ollow instances or integration in a sharcd model or communily."

Thcreforc. the collegium is a slructural elcmcnt or the Roman socia! model, whosc rcsults in dirtèrent ethnic contcxls of lhc Empire descrve to be carcfully examined.

For fif'ty years the survey on lerritorial contexts relatcd to thc association phenomenon has become more ancl more lhorough in ils sludies," via diflèrcnt claborations, which ncccssarily musi cope wilh issucs of acquiring an exhaustivc documcnlation. Unarguably, any attcmpt at historical reconslruction for such cntilics has lo conlì·ont itsclr with thc Étude historique sur /es corporations pro/essionnelles chez !es Romains by thc Bclgian scholar Jean Picrrc Waltzing. By mean or this monumcntal cssay - rour volumcs rclcascd belwecn 1895 ami 1900 -Waltzing expresscd bettcr than anyone else the crucial rolc of thc cpigraphic clocumcnt within the flcld or rcsearch. prcsenting an unequalled documentary apparatus that counts ovcr 200 associalions and 1500 tcxts and a systematic analysis or the associalion phenomenon as a wholc. 1

There is a long lradition or studics on this topic, largcly lraccablc in thc bibliographic cataloguc by Frangioni ( 1998). For a historical frame or lhc rcscarch scc Cracco Ruggini 1971, Clemente 1972, t 42-144, Van Nijf 1997, 3-28, Trans. 200 I.

This papcr prcscnts some considcrations claborated within the Doctorate in Ancient History on lhe theme '/,e corpor,i=ioni 11m/èssionalinelle province romane d'Occidente dopo il Wal!zing', held al Univcrsitù degli Studi di Roma 'Sapienza' and Kommission lìir Alte Gcschichtc uml Epigraphik of Munchcn of 13avaria. I would likc to lhank prolcssors Silvio Panciera and Gian Luca Grcgori of thc Università 'Sapienza' and professor Claudio Zaccaria of thc Univcrsitù degli Studi or Trieste for their suppor!. I would also like to thank professor Giovanni Mcnnclla. who kindly shared with me his materiai on professional collegia provincia! territorics.' Arnong thc carly rcscarchcs, although focuscd on vcry limitcd areas, scc J\I lòlcli 1952 a nel Al lòldy, 1958. For lhc Danubian arca, scc Kurz I 960; ror lhc Galls, scc Kncissl ( 1981, 1988, 1998) all(I Chrislol 2003.

•1 Thc projcct bcgan in 1887 by a commillcc of lhc J\caclémic Royalc dc Bclgiquc, aiming lo underlakc historical rcscareh inlo thc organization, rights, duties and inlluence or thc arts ancl cralls corporations in Roman socicty <Dubuisson 1990. 389). Thc rclevancc ancl topicality or such a lhcmc are slrcsscd by Wallzing on many occasions, such as lhc opcning

Yet an epigraphic body without any new struclured contribution since the early 20th century may turn out lo be an obsolele tool, attachcd lo a fodcd or perhaps revolulionized framework. Findings from over a century or archacological investigations in difforcnt regions of the Roman Empire havc produccd rclevant changes in thc perspcctive.

Over the last 15 ycars. thc shared necd to fì Il such a gap has fostcred tbe publicalion or contributions meant to updatc thc documentation relateci to thc ltalic arca," whcrcas no similar cfTort has been made so rar tor most or thc provincia! conlexts. This is partly due to thc greater difliculty of recovering new documcnts. as tbey are scattercd in numerous locations and publications with dilTcrent acccssibility ami visibility.

I lence lhe s/a/us quaeslionis dclermined the guidclincs or tbis paper, wbicb, starting witb a criticai revision or a supplemen/11111 to the cpigraphic corpus or the Étude for tbe Western Provinces, aims to clevelop some generai considerations about associative dynamics within tbe cxamincd areas.';

Identikit of a professional collegium

The updaling or thc cpigraphic documentation had as its preliminary methodological basis a criticai rcvision ofWaltzing's work in order to set rcliablc parameters for the sclcction or documents, also in thc light or ali latcr studics that havc rcconsidcrcd thc charactcr or thc prolèssional collegio.

717

Altbough lhc sclcction criteria or Et11de may now secm outclatcd, nonetheless Waltzing's awarcncss of the limits of classification should be acknowledgcd: such an awareness grcw lhrough tbc analysis or a vcry high number or texts. whcre thc nuanccs of the formulary Ianguagc as wcll as thc prolifcration and diversilication of collegia names do not nccessririly indicate cntilies with dirtcrent charactcr and purposes. lndced. tcrms such as 'funcrary', 'cultish' ancl 'profcssional' appcar to be ali modcrn notions. or at !cast uscd in a modcrn perspcctive. Tbc dangcr

lcclurc for lhc Lai in Epigrnphy coursc al lhc Univcrsily or Licgc ( 1891-1892). 1 n thc samc lccturc the scholar cmphasizcd lhc crucial rolc or thc cpigraphic source as thc only instrurncnt usef'ul lor documcnling lhe everyday lilc or thc poorcr classcs.' Thc only syslcmalic conlribulion for an updalc or Wallzing's cpigrnphic co1/m1· is thc study by Mcnnclla and /\picella (2000). This docs not include thc lar<>c clocumcnlation or Romc ami Ostia and thcse two citics are thc s;ecilic sub_jcct of a stucly by Roydcn ( 1988). dedicateci to thc magistralcs orthe Roman prolcssional collegio. Sce also Castagnctti (2006) ancl Chclotli (2006) rcspcctivcly !'or Ca111p,111ia ancl Apulia. r, In this papcr data are prcscntcd relateci to thc provinccs or Moesiain/érior, Dacia, Moesia .,·11perio1; /Ja/111atia, Pa1111onia i11/èrio1; Pannonia superir11; Noric:11111, /Jritan11ia ami Cier111a11iae. The provinccs or lbcria. Gaul and North Africa are stili 10 be compieteci ami will conclude thc s11pp/e111e11111111.

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is lo distorl the character of the ancient contexts. l- lowever, scholars wcre often sceptical about categorizing by the so-cal lcd 'main ' funclion or funclional class, i .e. thc act ivi ty considered as predom inant in tbc associative I i fe or tbe collegium, because of lhc arbi trariness thal such an operation impl ies . ·1 But it should be noled lhat this metbodological legacy from l bc I 9lh cenlury, allhough of l iU le worth according to tbe statemcnts of today ·s scholars, st i l i underlies lhe conceptual frmnework for lhe represcntation and analysis of Roman collegio, and a/Tects tbc identity delin i tion of the professional collegia.

Of coursc lhc goal is not so much to rejccl any kind of categorizat ion in analyzing the association phenomenon, rathcr lo free the argumentation from recurrent misunclerstand i ngs, rcdelining the basic parameters by which it shou ld be examined. Thus, useful coordinates to ident ify the professional collegia may be sought among factors sucb as the ancient terminology. lhe jurid ical nature, the socia! and professional composit ion, the aims of thc association and ils d ist inclive features concerning the socie/a/es. witbin conlcxts related lo lhe commerciai act iv i l ies.

Il is unclispuled lhat lhc collegium's ancient clcnomination is of considcrable imporlance lor drawing the collecl ive proli le of tbc associated mernbers. Regardless of socia! origin. prolèssion or worship of the indiv iduals, indced, the colleclivc denomination cbaraclcrizes (bolh publicly and among i ts members) an essenlial feahrre of the associat ion: its self-representation . On the basis of the ancienl term inology. the prolessional collegium may be delined as any entity for which an associative const itut ion" is declarecl in thc denom ination (by terms collegium, corpus etc.), fol lowed by a professional speci lication. fo these may be added, witb caution, al i the real i ties denominated simply by the plural form of the pro fession, looking each t ime at the eontcxt, part ieu larly textual contents, lo confirm the associat ion attitude.'1

From the point of view of the jurid ical nature, ' " it can be saicl that the const itutive statutes (/eges collegiorum) do not al low us to detect any signi ficant element from contents related to other associative entit ies. 1 1 Whilc the officiai Roman legislation

Scc obscrvations by Tran (2006), 9- 1 5 . In Volume I V oi" thc i'."tude. (236-242), Waltzing i ntrocluccs a l isi with

45 Latin and Grcek words dcf'in ing associat ions that are mentioncd in thc epigraphic clocument or h is catalogue. Th is l ist may be enlargcd on the basis or rccent lindings a nel by aclding local use variat ions. However, mosl evidence from professional c:ollegia refers lo the couple coqms c:ollegi111n with sl ight clrnnges in meaning from time to t ime (Cf. Cracco Ruggin i 1 976). Therc are a/so locai alternativcs, such as thc case of /,11gd111111111, whcre al i co!/egia are cal lcd c:01y,ora (Cf. Cracco Ruggin i 1 978)

/\ negative contcxt is reprcscntcd by sanctuaries dccl icaled lo the gocldcss Nchalcnnia in Domburg a11Cl Colijnsplaat, Germania in/èrior(scc Stuart - Bogacrs 200 I ). Both sitcs had a commerciai harbour, trad ing on thc onc hand with Gcrmany and Gal l ia Bclgica, and on thc othcr wi th coastal rcgions ofGal l ia and Britannia's cast coast (cf. Hassa/1 1 978, 4 1 -8). Bcrorc lcaving thc cstuary, thc mcrchanls would ask for thc protcclion or thc gocldess, whose name mcans 'guardian d iv in i ty ' or 'guide ' Both sanctuarics documcnl a continuous presence from thc end or thc 2nd lo the bcginning of the 3rd ccntury, prevalently or negotiatores or d i ffcrcnt origin ami trading special i ty ( for an analysis on the onomastics of negotiatore.1· in inscriptions and a reconstruction of the commerciai roulcs, scc also Mòcsy 1 984, 43-58). None or thc votive al tars (ovcr 1 50) revcals evidencc or an associative cntity. ' " Thc search for a distinctive juridical identily of the corporations has kcpt law scholars occupied lor a long time. The Roman juridical lexicon, inclced, apparently docs not use a single un ivoca! tcrm to iclenti ly collegia (Dc Robcrlis 1 97 1 , I , p. 1 1 ) . Scc Dc Robcrtis 1 984, 1 259- 1 269 and, more gcneral ly, B iseardi 1 990. To designale thc featurcs attributed by thc doctrinc, scc thc schcmc in Dc Robcrlis ( 1 97 1 , I, pp. 5-6) . 1 1 For the l ist ofthe lege.1· collegiomm sec the entry rn//egi11111 i n DI,, I l , I , 369-37 1 . Limits lo thc analysis are causcd by thc scant number of"

718

emphasizcs priv i l cgcd rclat ionsh i ps between the state ancl �of11-profess ional catcgorics. resu l t i ng from pub l i c service funqiort;connectccl to thc admin i strat ion or thc mun ic ipal I i fe and ti\ 1. � grain suppl ies (annonaria) . ' "

Thc soc ia! composit ion o r d i flerent collegia is essenq3J1_• homogencous and gcncra l ly equ ivalent among the cli fl\ n. categories. Professional collegia tcnd to attrae! mainly a S(\çiJ, group thai. wi lh in a mun ic ipal ambit , had relevant finn�,iJ.1 resourccs o lìcn l i nked lo commercia i act iv i t ies but kept 0 ... 1 or admin istration, wh ich mainta ined pract ices of favouri\isr, lhrough patronagc. ' "

M issing corrcsponclcncc bctwccn i nd iv iduals and denom inaq0:,� or the collegi11111 clocs not compromise the recognit ion l'.\f " collegi11111 as prolèssiona l . l t is possib lc to d is t ingu ish era ti 31 Jcommerc iai rea l i t ics. such as pistores. negotiatores. etc .. I<' which corrcspondcncc is rcasonable, and other enti t ies. wher • clespitc m iss ing corrcspondencc, the prolèssion orthe i ndivid�3L is rc lcvanl to act iv i t ics o r thc collegi11111, e. g. the negotiat,;f'l. srelated to the na111ae and naviculari collegia, a conn \jc,n betwccn !rade in goods ancl transportat ion . and publ ic ser\ i ,, collegia, as .fàbri and centonarii. but a l so larger corporai i1w'• such as the negotiatores Cisalpini or ?i--ansalpini col leqin� ind iv iduals from d i l'fèrcnt act iv i t ics.

Thc prolessional a im of the collegiwn shou ld not be con ·id�� as a dist inctivc lèaturc as opposcd to othcr associat i ve ent i t i e�_ ,. l east not in thc pcrspcct ive o r mcdieval corporat ions. Al th0\1grthe dcnom inat ion ofcorpora was appl ied to Roman associat ÌC\nsthe ancicnt. tcrm shows no rclat ion w i th thc not ion ofcorpormì0r:. s incc the Roman western r.:ollegia were not agencies fN professional organ izat ion and regu lat ion . 1 ·1 I n the socia! exislt'h of thc membcrs, thc profèssion and collegium are two sepél!'Z)1e. bui commun icat i ng, d imensions. I l owever it is c lear thai the \\d:o f re lat ions spun by collegia_ l oca l ly as wel l as on a wider sq1c.

ava i lablc docu111cnts, wh ich are a l so s0111eti111cs cxtremely fragmcntc ancl a/so in thcir ccl i t ion modal i t ics. The ancient associative statlitc, inclccd, wcre not li l l cd out l i kc regu lat ions. Probably the transcripll(''l f many rulcs was lelt unncccssary due lo thcir being currcntly in use (ò<''-' Wal tzing i n ! )!;, 1 1 , I . p. 370, s . v. collegi11111) . The nssociat ion aims ,1re usua l ly unexprcsscd and somct imcs they can be impl ic i t ly in ferabl ' 11 ,, possi blc, howcvcr, lo i denti fy an intercst ing clcment lor the le.r cofl,,p. 11egotiaton1111 ehorariom111 et c:itwriomm of Rome (C!L, VI . 338&5 1 dating lo the /\drian peri od Thc cmphasis is on the expl ic i t res1rictll'n tor the two catcgories or negotiatores to jo in a c:o//egi11111 (rr. -!,5): consequcntly special attenti on to protess iona l composi tion is ne '<1<''herc. " With rcgard tu publ ic scrvicc, two categorics may be iclcnti licd: lhC profess ional rnllegia, lor wh ich thc pubi ic performance corresponded 1,1 common practicc (ma in ly dcalcrs and carricrs work ing for the m111011,11-ancl those who had occasionai rcspons ib i l i t ies, a l though relateci to thf( job. Thc latter category ccrta in ly i ncl uclccl munic ipa l collegio o(la/,n sin� centonarii. !\ ltmclamcntal nccd tor thc c i ty was, i ndeecl, protection ag.ai11;: lire: such a nccessity hacl st imulatcd thc organ ization of free associatioll groups . 1- lowever, spontancous adherence cl i d not mean a sponianeoos formation, as lhc lettcr by P l i ny thc Youngcr tu Trajan (Ep., I O, ' 3 -3�'. clcmonslralcs: il rcquircd Imperia/ pcrmission to i nst i tute a collogi111 1 <1t fahri wi th 1 50 sk i l lcd man dedicateci lo fire lighting in N icomedia. T<' run the annona servicc thc state i n i t ia l ly turned to publ i can comp,mics. "1accordancc wi th i ts contracts (Dc Robcrtis 1 938, pp. 405-6). Profcssion.il c:ollegia recei vccl the samc trcatmcnt s ince thc 2nd century. See Coli?r 1 996, De L igt 2000 ami 200 I , ., The inscriptions from wealthy cit ies. l ike Arles, L ion or Ostia. mai providc s ign i licant i nd ications - especia l l y for thc 2nd centur)' AD -about thc af"li l i a tion of" peoplc !"rom thc locai m icldle class tu protcssion:il c:ollegia. I l ollen i nvolvcd frccdmen. who becmne weal thy throu�ll commcrce and were patrons or their own or some other colltgiwn (Cracco Rugg in i I 97 1 , 1 1 4-5) . 1 1 Fi n lcy 1 973, 1 37-8 .

was mcant to he lp the financial i n terests of i nd iv iduai membcrs. /\s N ico las Tran c la ims, it seems that in the collegia context. and probably in ali Roman society, ' le preslige correspond en e/fèt à1111 bien monnayable ' . ' "

The Role of Professional Associations in the Process of

Romanization: some observation

The lì rst remarkable bene l i t o fan updated basis ofdocumentat ion. as previously mcnt ioned, is to clouble the cpigraph ic sources for thc majority or the exami ncd contexts. ' " l 'avouring rurthcr dcvelopments in lhe survcy.

or spec ia l i nterest is knowing how the commun it ies rcca l l ing t he Rornan model ( t he collegia) were involved i n the socia ! developrnent of conquered terrilories. and whethcr assnciat ions i n cl i fterent macro-regions wcre promoters or aclhercnts o f Rornan socia ! practices.

Un l i ke in the East, thc western provinccs rcprcscnt a re lat ivcly coherent un i t , marked by the abscnce of organized forms of assoc i at i on of local populat ions beforc the Roman conquest. 1 1 I n fact Waltzing h i mself had bare ly regarclccl castcrn rcgions due t o the i r pecul iar issues wi th the origins and soc ia! and economie ro l e of the prolessional associat i ons. ' "

/\m ong any assoeiat ions, the prolèssional collegia prov ide a van tage point as they wcrc widespread i n every region or the Empi re ami socia l ly i mportant in munic ipa l contcxts, thus ,·esul t i ng, together with the /lugustales, as the most rcpresentat ivc among the i nst i tut ions o r the commun i ty.

Th is proposal for a read ing or thc provinc ia I epigraphic heritagc f"rom the professional assoeiat ions imp l ics first of a l i a precise observat ion of the texts' chronological posi t ion in thc process of Roman ization: starting from the entrance into thc Roman domain - for example i n the case or an ear ly commerciai l ink - throughthc annexation to the Empire ancl subsequent urbanizat ionphases, out l i n i ng each t ime the professional catcgories i nvolvcd .The exarn inecl t ime span pri ncipal ly encompasscs the lirst threcccnturies ofthe Empi re, i .e . a period i nto which the cxpansion ist icphase of Rome has been compieteci, wh i le s imul tancously thccharacterisl ics o f the collegia have become tota l ly de linecl. Thereare many topics for elaborat ion in such an art icu lated rcsearchf 'ramework.

City foundation and institution of collegio

/\ n el emen l o f special i nterest is the tempora! l i nk bctween the cstabl ishment of rnunic ipa l i t ies and colon ies and the evidcnce of associat ion acti v it ies, assess ing the t im ing o f t he phcnomcnon and h igh l ight ing any prev ious context. In the analyzed eontexts

" Tran 2006, 5 1 9 . The aiTil iat i on to a collegi11111 reprcsents a means or socia ! promotion, lounded on access to thc uppcr classcs. The col/egi11111rrov i c.lcd the opportun i ty lo accumulate and sometimcs hancl down status. I lcnce. the profess ional c:olle1si11111 cnablcd mcmbcrs to main ta i n a noneconom i e l i nk w ith the pro lèssional world, cven w i thoul being clircctly invo/ vcd with commerciai activ i ty, which is the real assct. ,,, crr. note 5. 1 7 /\usblillcl 1 982, 33 . " Thc essays by Onno M. Van N i.i f ( Van N ij r 1 997) and Caro I ai', i 1111ncr111ann (Z immermann 2002), on rcspectivcly professional associ ations ami cralls co//egia or thc Grcck Easl in thc Roman agc, rcstore thc balance w i th in the studics or a ncglectcd field . partly losl wi th i n thc Western v icw or the h i storiograph ic framcwork or thc last ccntury.

I L EN IA GRADANTE: THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL AssOCIATIONS

cmerges thc i mportant rol e of thc so-cal led 'public scrvIce co/legia (jàbri and cen/onarii), that in some Danubian regions proves thc rc lat ionship betwcen city foundat ion ancl i nst i tut ion o f the collegi. /\ considcrable contcxt i s locatcd in Dacia. TheUlpia ?ì-aiana Augusta Dacica colony. named Sarmi:::egetusaundcr Aclrian. was based wi th in the arca formerly occupicd bythe legio /lii Flavia Felix. which had left in I 06 AD a lìer thcconclusion o r the sccond Dacian war. Chosen as the capitai orthc prov ince. i t took advantagc o f thc ius Italic11m '" a lkr itsestab l ishment. From the city come 28 documcnts ascribablc to.fàbri col legia.2" The r ich textual procluction and thc conspicuousn umber or members. d iv icled into at least 1 3 decuries/' havemade us th ink that the collegi11111 gathercd the ma_jority or crn lìand commerciai catcgories in thc city. probably dist inguishcdby decurie.i·. _judging from how much attent ion has bccn paidby membcrs to stress th is detai l .'" The dec11ries-bascd systcmis certain ly connccted to publ ic service functions performcd bythe collegi11111 and coordinatcd by a praejèctus, who was usua l lyrankcd among the h ighest posi t ions o f thc admini st rat ion.

The date or the honorary i nscript ion lor the collegi11111·s patron M. Opellius Adiutor to the Tra_jan agc' ' a l lows us to docurnent thcexistcncc or the associat ion from thc lìrst ycars or thc colony·sfoundat ion . Thc Sarmi:::egetusa collegi11111 apparently pcrformsits own act iv i t ies ancl publ ic scrvices also wi th in thc tcrritoryof 1lp11l11111. al !cast in i ts carly mun icipal phasc. During most orthc 2nd ccntury. thc s i te o f Ap11l11m and the legio Xlii Geminarcprcscnt lhe pivot of Dacia Superior·s /imes . Thc m i l itary camphad a close rclationship with thc two bu i l t-up areas: onc that spreadal i around the camp has been ident i licd as canabae. thc other.about 2 km south, near thc v i l l age of Parto�, now i ncorporatcd i nthc c ity o r Alba G iu l ia, wou ld have bcen a c iv i l vicus. This vicusachievcd mun icipal i ty rank undcr Marco Aurel io (11111nic1jJi11111A 11re!i11111). thcn the rank of colony undcr Com modus. l'robably i n1 97 AD took piace the foundation of t he 11111nic1jJi11111 Septi111i11111/lp11lense, locat.cd ncar the legionary camp but cquipped with itsown fort i lications. 2 ' l ntercst i ngly enough. the new munic ipa l i tyd id not include a l i thc canabae. which survived unt i ! thc 3 rdcentury/" Thus at the end o r thc 2nd ccntury a m i l i tary camp amithrcc bui l t-up arcas occupi ed the tcrritory of Apul11111: the coloniaAurelia /lpulensis, the 1111t11ic1jJi11111 Septi111i11111 Apulense and thecanabae o r t he legio XIII Gemina.

Numcrous epigrnph ic tcxts help to reconstruct thc organizat ion of the .fàbri collegium i n d i ffercnt scttlcmcnts: from a rcccnt lyacqu i rcd honorary i nscription. dat ing to thc li rst ycar orl'oundal ion of the 11111nicipi11m A 11reli11111/'; i t can in ler thal /lp11l11111hacl no collegiwn of its own cl uring t hc l irst municipal phase.Thercfore 1fp11lwn shnrcd a collegi11111 with the Sar111i:::eget11sacolony. as a lready rnent ioncd. The cxistcncc or an indcpcndcntcollegium o f thc A urcl i a colony is documentecl by i nscript ions offour patrons. a lways using lhe phrasc patronus collegi i fahrum

'" Marghi tan 1 999, 437-44 1 .'" Waltzing quotes 1 5 inscriptions (cf. Waltzing 1 895- 1 900, 1 1 1 , 89-9 1 , 1111. 254-269), to wh ich must be addccl 1 3 upclat ing tcxts: !DR, 1 1 1 . 2. 1111.

6, 1 1 4. 1 1 6, 1 24, 1 63. 2 1 4. 349. 362. 385. 406. 409. 456 ami Ciongradi 1 998, 87-94 = lf f,; 1 998, 1 1 07 .

719

" Waltzing 1 895- 1 900. 1 1 1 , 11. 269 (= / "//,. 1 1 1 . 7905 ) " /\rdcvan 1 978. p. 1 67 . // J//. 1 I 1 . 2 , 1 1 6.

1·1 The founclation d,1te comcs rrom a new rcad ing of an inscription found i n M icc�t i , ncar Potassa (cf. I . Piso Tychc, 6, 1 99 1 , p. 1 56. nr. 1 25)." Scc the i ntrocluction by I Piso for thc city or Apu/11111. in // J/<. 1 1 1 . 5.I . p. XX. w i th rcl'crcncc lo cxaminccl i nscriplions.

;!(, // )](. 5, 2.

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is lo distorl the character of the ancient contexts. l- lowever, scholars wcre often sceptical about categorizing by the so-cal lcd 'main ' funclion or funclional class, i .e. thc act ivi ty considered as predom inant in tbc associative I i fe or tbe collegium, because of lhc arbi trariness thal such an operation impl ies . ·1 But it should be noled lhat this metbodological legacy from l bc I 9lh cenlury, allhough of l iU le worth according to tbe statemcnts of today ·s scholars, st i l i underlies lhe conceptual frmnework for lhe represcntation and analysis of Roman collegio, and a/Tects tbc identity delin i tion of the professional collegia.

Of coursc lhc goal is not so much to rejccl any kind of categorizat ion in analyzing the association phenomenon, rathcr lo free the argumentation from recurrent misunclerstand i ngs, rcdelining the basic parameters by which it shou ld be examined. Thus, useful coordinates to ident ify the professional collegia may be sought among factors sucb as the ancient terminology. lhe jurid ical nature, the socia! and professional composit ion, the aims of thc association and ils d ist inclive features concerning the socie/a/es. witbin conlcxts related lo lhe commerciai act iv i l ies.

Il is unclispuled lhat lhc collegium's ancient clcnomination is of considcrable imporlance lor drawing the collecl ive proli le of tbc associated mernbers. Regardless of socia! origin. prolèssion or worship of the indiv iduals, indced, the colleclivc denomination cbaraclcrizes (bolh publicly and among i ts members) an essenlial feahrre of the associat ion: its self-representation . On the basis of the ancienl term inology. the prolessional collegium may be delined as any entity for which an associative const itut ion" is declarecl in thc denom ination (by terms collegium, corpus etc.), fol lowed by a professional speci lication. fo these may be added, witb caution, al i the real i ties denominated simply by the plural form of the pro fession, looking each t ime at the eontcxt, part ieu larly textual contents, lo confirm the associat ion attitude.'1

From the point of view of the jurid ical nature, ' " it can be saicl that the const itutive statutes (/eges collegiorum) do not al low us to detect any signi ficant element from contents related to other associative entit ies. 1 1 Whilc the officiai Roman legislation

Scc obscrvations by Tran (2006), 9- 1 5 . In Volume I V oi" thc i'."tude. (236-242), Waltzing i ntrocluccs a l isi with

45 Latin and Grcek words dcf'in ing associat ions that are mentioncd in thc epigraphic clocument or h is catalogue. Th is l ist may be enlargcd on the basis or rccent lindings a nel by aclding local use variat ions. However, mosl evidence from professional c:ollegia refers lo the couple coqms c:ollegi111n with sl ight clrnnges in meaning from time to t ime (Cf. Cracco Ruggin i 1 976). Therc are a/so locai alternativcs, such as thc case of /,11gd111111111, whcre al i co!/egia are cal lcd c:01y,ora (Cf. Cracco Ruggin i 1 978)

/\ negative contcxt is reprcscntcd by sanctuaries dccl icaled lo the gocldcss Nchalcnnia in Domburg a11Cl Colijnsplaat, Germania in/èrior(scc Stuart - Bogacrs 200 I ). Both sitcs had a commerciai harbour, trad ing on thc onc hand with Gcrmany and Gal l ia Bclgica, and on thc othcr wi th coastal rcgions ofGal l ia and Britannia's cast coast (cf. Hassa/1 1 978, 4 1 -8). Bcrorc lcaving thc cstuary, thc mcrchanls would ask for thc protcclion or thc gocldess, whose name mcans 'guardian d iv in i ty ' or 'guide ' Both sanctuarics documcnl a continuous presence from thc end or thc 2nd lo the bcginning of the 3rd ccntury, prevalently or negotiatores or d i ffcrcnt origin ami trading special i ty ( for an analysis on the onomastics of negotiatore.1· in inscriptions and a reconstruction of the commerciai roulcs, scc also Mòcsy 1 984, 43-58). None or thc votive al tars (ovcr 1 50) revcals evidencc or an associative cntity. ' " Thc search for a distinctive juridical identily of the corporations has kcpt law scholars occupied lor a long time. The Roman juridical lexicon, inclced, apparently docs not use a single un ivoca! tcrm to iclenti ly collegia (Dc Robcrlis 1 97 1 , I , p. 1 1 ) . Scc Dc Robcrtis 1 984, 1 259- 1 269 and, more gcneral ly, B iseardi 1 990. To designale thc featurcs attributed by thc doctrinc, scc thc schcmc in Dc Robcrlis ( 1 97 1 , I, pp. 5-6) . 1 1 For the l ist ofthe lege.1· collegiomm sec the entry rn//egi11111 i n DI,, I l , I , 369-37 1 . Limits lo thc analysis are causcd by thc scant number of"

718

emphasizcs priv i l cgcd rclat ionsh i ps between the state ancl �of11-profess ional catcgorics. resu l t i ng from pub l i c service funqiort;connectccl to thc admin i strat ion or thc mun ic ipal I i fe and ti\ 1. � grain suppl ies (annonaria) . ' "

Thc soc ia! composit ion o r d i flerent collegia is essenq3J1_• homogencous and gcncra l ly equ ivalent among the cli fl\ n. categories. Professional collegia tcnd to attrae! mainly a S(\çiJ, group thai. wi lh in a mun ic ipal ambit , had relevant finn�,iJ.1 resourccs o lìcn l i nked lo commercia i act iv i t ies but kept 0 ... 1 or admin istration, wh ich mainta ined pract ices of favouri\isr, lhrough patronagc. ' "

M issing corrcsponclcncc bctwccn i nd iv iduals and denom inaq0:,� or the collegi11111 clocs not compromise the recognit ion l'.\f " collegi11111 as prolèssiona l . l t is possib lc to d is t ingu ish era ti 31 Jcommerc iai rea l i t ics. such as pistores. negotiatores. etc .. I<' which corrcspondcncc is rcasonable, and other enti t ies. wher • clespitc m iss ing corrcspondencc, the prolèssion orthe i ndivid�3L is rc lcvanl to act iv i t ics o r thc collegi11111, e. g. the negotiat,;f'l. srelated to the na111ae and naviculari collegia, a conn \jc,n betwccn !rade in goods ancl transportat ion . and publ ic ser\ i ,, collegia, as .fàbri and centonarii. but a l so larger corporai i1w'• such as the negotiatores Cisalpini or ?i--ansalpini col leqin� ind iv iduals from d i l'fèrcnt act iv i t ics.

Thc prolessional a im of the collegiwn shou ld not be con ·id�� as a dist inctivc lèaturc as opposcd to othcr associat i ve ent i t i e�_ ,. l east not in thc pcrspcct ive o r mcdieval corporat ions. Al th0\1grthe dcnom inat ion ofcorpora was appl ied to Roman associat ÌC\nsthe ancicnt. tcrm shows no rclat ion w i th thc not ion ofcorpormì0r:. s incc the Roman western r.:ollegia were not agencies fN professional organ izat ion and regu lat ion . 1 ·1 I n the socia! exislt'h of thc membcrs, thc profèssion and collegium are two sepél!'Z)1e. bui commun icat i ng, d imensions. I l owever it is c lear thai the \\d:o f re lat ions spun by collegia_ l oca l ly as wel l as on a wider sq1c.

ava i lablc docu111cnts, wh ich are a l so s0111eti111cs cxtremely fragmcntc ancl a/so in thcir ccl i t ion modal i t ics. The ancient associative statlitc, inclccd, wcre not li l l cd out l i kc regu lat ions. Probably the transcripll(''l f many rulcs was lelt unncccssary due lo thcir being currcntly in use (ò<''-' Wal tzing i n ! )!;, 1 1 , I . p. 370, s . v. collegi11111) . The nssociat ion aims ,1re usua l ly unexprcsscd and somct imcs they can be impl ic i t ly in ferabl ' 11 ,, possi blc, howcvcr, lo i denti fy an intercst ing clcment lor the le.r cofl,,p. 11egotiaton1111 ehorariom111 et c:itwriomm of Rome (C!L, VI . 338&5 1 dating lo the /\drian peri od Thc cmphasis is on the expl ic i t res1rictll'n tor the two catcgories or negotiatores to jo in a c:o//egi11111 (rr. -!,5): consequcntly special attenti on to protess iona l composi tion is ne '<1<''herc. " With rcgard tu publ ic scrvicc, two categorics may be iclcnti licd: lhC profess ional rnllegia, lor wh ich thc pubi ic performance corresponded 1,1 common practicc (ma in ly dcalcrs and carricrs work ing for the m111011,11-ancl those who had occasionai rcspons ib i l i t ies, a l though relateci to thf( job. Thc latter category ccrta in ly i ncl uclccl munic ipa l collegio o(la/,n sin� centonarii. !\ ltmclamcntal nccd tor thc c i ty was, i ndeecl, protection ag.ai11;: lire: such a nccessity hacl st imulatcd thc organ ization of free associatioll groups . 1- lowever, spontancous adherence cl i d not mean a sponianeoos formation, as lhc lettcr by P l i ny thc Youngcr tu Trajan (Ep., I O, ' 3 -3�'. clcmonslralcs: il rcquircd Imperia/ pcrmission to i nst i tute a collogi111 1 <1t fahri wi th 1 50 sk i l lcd man dedicateci lo fire lighting in N icomedia. T<' run the annona servicc thc state i n i t ia l ly turned to publ i can comp,mics. "1accordancc wi th i ts contracts (Dc Robcrtis 1 938, pp. 405-6). Profcssion.il c:ollegia recei vccl the samc trcatmcnt s ince thc 2nd century. See Coli?r 1 996, De L igt 2000 ami 200 I , ., The inscriptions from wealthy cit ies. l ike Arles, L ion or Ostia. mai providc s ign i licant i nd ications - especia l l y for thc 2nd centur)' AD -about thc af"li l i a tion of" peoplc !"rom thc locai m icldle class tu protcssion:il c:ollegia. I l ollen i nvolvcd frccdmen. who becmne weal thy throu�ll commcrce and were patrons or their own or some other colltgiwn (Cracco Rugg in i I 97 1 , 1 1 4-5) . 1 1 Fi n lcy 1 973, 1 37-8 .

was mcant to he lp the financial i n terests of i nd iv iduai membcrs. /\s N ico las Tran c la ims, it seems that in the collegia context. and probably in ali Roman society, ' le preslige correspond en e/fèt à1111 bien monnayable ' . ' "

The Role of Professional Associations in the Process of

Romanization: some observation

The lì rst remarkable bene l i t o fan updated basis ofdocumentat ion. as previously mcnt ioned, is to clouble the cpigraph ic sources for thc majority or the exami ncd contexts. ' " l 'avouring rurthcr dcvelopments in lhe survcy.

or spec ia l i nterest is knowing how the commun it ies rcca l l ing t he Rornan model ( t he collegia) were involved i n the socia ! developrnent of conquered terrilories. and whethcr assnciat ions i n cl i fterent macro-regions wcre promoters or aclhercnts o f Rornan socia ! practices.

Un l i ke in the East, thc western provinccs rcprcscnt a re lat ivcly coherent un i t , marked by the abscnce of organized forms of assoc i at i on of local populat ions beforc the Roman conquest. 1 1 I n fact Waltzing h i mself had bare ly regarclccl castcrn rcgions due t o the i r pecul iar issues wi th the origins and soc ia! and economie ro l e of the prolessional associat i ons. ' "

/\m ong any assoeiat ions, the prolèssional collegia prov ide a van tage point as they wcrc widespread i n every region or the Empi re ami socia l ly i mportant in munic ipa l contcxts, thus ,·esul t i ng, together with the /lugustales, as the most rcpresentat ivc among the i nst i tut ions o r the commun i ty.

Th is proposal for a read ing or thc provinc ia I epigraphic heritagc f"rom the professional assoeiat ions imp l ics first of a l i a precise observat ion of the texts' chronological posi t ion in thc process of Roman ization: starting from the entrance into thc Roman domain - for example i n the case or an ear ly commerciai l ink - throughthc annexation to the Empire ancl subsequent urbanizat ionphases, out l i n i ng each t ime the professional catcgories i nvolvcd .The exarn inecl t ime span pri ncipal ly encompasscs the lirst threcccnturies ofthe Empi re, i .e . a period i nto which the cxpansion ist icphase of Rome has been compieteci, wh i le s imul tancously thccharacterisl ics o f the collegia have become tota l ly de linecl. Thereare many topics for elaborat ion in such an art icu lated rcsearchf 'ramework.

City foundation and institution of collegio

/\ n el emen l o f special i nterest is the tempora! l i nk bctween the cstabl ishment of rnunic ipa l i t ies and colon ies and the evidcnce of associat ion acti v it ies, assess ing the t im ing o f t he phcnomcnon and h igh l ight ing any prev ious context. In the analyzed eontexts

" Tran 2006, 5 1 9 . The aiTil iat i on to a collegi11111 reprcsents a means or socia ! promotion, lounded on access to thc uppcr classcs. The col/egi11111rrov i c.lcd the opportun i ty lo accumulate and sometimcs hancl down status. I lcnce. the profess ional c:olle1si11111 cnablcd mcmbcrs to main ta i n a noneconom i e l i nk w ith the pro lèssional world, cven w i thoul being clircctly invo/ vcd with commerciai activ i ty, which is the real assct. ,,, crr. note 5. 1 7 /\usblillcl 1 982, 33 . " Thc essays by Onno M. Van N i.i f ( Van N ij r 1 997) and Caro I ai', i 1111ncr111ann (Z immermann 2002), on rcspectivcly professional associ ations ami cralls co//egia or thc Grcck Easl in thc Roman agc, rcstore thc balance w i th in the studics or a ncglectcd field . partly losl wi th i n thc Western v icw or the h i storiograph ic framcwork or thc last ccntury.

I L EN IA GRADANTE: THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL AssOCIATIONS

cmerges thc i mportant rol e of thc so-cal led 'public scrvIce co/legia (jàbri and cen/onarii), that in some Danubian regions proves thc rc lat ionship betwcen city foundat ion ancl i nst i tut ion o f the collegi. /\ considcrable contcxt i s locatcd in Dacia. TheUlpia ?ì-aiana Augusta Dacica colony. named Sarmi:::egetusaundcr Aclrian. was based wi th in the arca formerly occupicd bythe legio /lii Flavia Felix. which had left in I 06 AD a lìer thcconclusion o r the sccond Dacian war. Chosen as the capitai orthc prov ince. i t took advantagc o f thc ius Italic11m '" a lkr itsestab l ishment. From the city come 28 documcnts ascribablc to.fàbri col legia.2" The r ich textual procluction and thc conspicuousn umber or members. d iv icled into at least 1 3 decuries/' havemade us th ink that the collegi11111 gathercd the ma_jority or crn lìand commerciai catcgories in thc city. probably dist inguishcdby decurie.i·. _judging from how much attent ion has bccn paidby membcrs to stress th is detai l .'" The dec11ries-bascd systcmis certain ly connccted to publ ic service functions performcd bythe collegi11111 and coordinatcd by a praejèctus, who was usua l lyrankcd among the h ighest posi t ions o f thc admini st rat ion.

The date or the honorary i nscript ion lor the collegi11111·s patron M. Opellius Adiutor to the Tra_jan agc' ' a l lows us to docurnent thcexistcncc or the associat ion from thc lìrst ycars or thc colony·sfoundat ion . Thc Sarmi:::egetusa collegi11111 apparently pcrformsits own act iv i t ies ancl publ ic scrvices also wi th in thc tcrritoryof 1lp11l11111. al !cast in i ts carly mun icipal phasc. During most orthc 2nd ccntury. thc s i te o f Ap11l11m and the legio Xlii Geminarcprcscnt lhe pivot of Dacia Superior·s /imes . Thc m i l itary camphad a close rclationship with thc two bu i l t-up areas: onc that spreadal i around the camp has been ident i licd as canabae. thc other.about 2 km south, near thc v i l l age of Parto�, now i ncorporatcd i nthc c ity o r Alba G iu l ia, wou ld have bcen a c iv i l vicus. This vicusachievcd mun icipal i ty rank undcr Marco Aurel io (11111nic1jJi11111A 11re!i11111). thcn the rank of colony undcr Com modus. l'robably i n1 97 AD took piace the foundation of t he 11111nic1jJi11111 Septi111i11111/lp11lense, locat.cd ncar the legionary camp but cquipped with itsown fort i lications. 2 ' l ntercst i ngly enough. the new munic ipa l i tyd id not include a l i thc canabae. which survived unt i ! thc 3 rdcentury/" Thus at the end o r thc 2nd ccntury a m i l i tary camp amithrcc bui l t-up arcas occupi ed the tcrritory of Apul11111: the coloniaAurelia /lpulensis, the 1111t11ic1jJi11111 Septi111i11111 Apulense and thecanabae o r t he legio XIII Gemina.

Numcrous epigrnph ic tcxts help to reconstruct thc organizat ion of the .fàbri collegium i n d i ffercnt scttlcmcnts: from a rcccnt lyacqu i rcd honorary i nscription. dat ing to thc li rst ycar orl'oundal ion of the 11111nicipi11m A 11reli11111/'; i t can in ler thal /lp11l11111hacl no collegiwn of its own cl uring t hc l irst municipal phase.Thercfore 1fp11lwn shnrcd a collegi11111 with the Sar111i:::eget11sacolony. as a lready rnent ioncd. The cxistcncc or an indcpcndcntcollegium o f thc A urcl i a colony is documentecl by i nscript ions offour patrons. a lways using lhe phrasc patronus collegi i fahrum

'" Marghi tan 1 999, 437-44 1 .'" Waltzing quotes 1 5 inscriptions (cf. Waltzing 1 895- 1 900, 1 1 1 , 89-9 1 , 1111. 254-269), to wh ich must be addccl 1 3 upclat ing tcxts: !DR, 1 1 1 . 2. 1111.

6, 1 1 4. 1 1 6, 1 24, 1 63. 2 1 4. 349. 362. 385. 406. 409. 456 ami Ciongradi 1 998, 87-94 = lf f,; 1 998, 1 1 07 .

719

" Waltzing 1 895- 1 900. 1 1 1 , 11. 269 (= / "//,. 1 1 1 . 7905 )" /\rdcvan 1 978. p. 1 67 .// J//. 1 I 1 . 2 , 1 1 6.

1·1 The founclation d,1te comcs rrom a new rcad ing of an inscription found i n M icc�t i , ncar Potassa (cf. I . Piso Tychc, 6, 1 99 1 , p. 1 56. nr. 1 25)." Scc the i ntrocluction by I Piso for thc city or Apu/11111. in // J/<. 1 1 1 . 5.I . p. XX. w i th rcl'crcncc lo cxaminccl i nscriplions.

;!(, // )](. 5, 2.

SOMA 2011

coloniae Ap11/ensi11111.2'' One or thc patrons is also in charge as dccurion or the municipium (Septimius Apu/ensis),2" as evidence for thc coexistencc ofclifferent settlements. Unl ike what occurrccl with the municipium Aurelium, the municipium Septimiwnproves lo have becn equipped with its own fabri's co//egi11111from the start, as clemonstratecl by two other inscriptions from the association's patrons. One of these patrons proclaims h imscl f patronus collegiifabrum primus municipii Septimii Apulensium,"' an honour that would have becn shared suon after with C. lulius Va/entinus, /Vvir primus annualis municipii Septimii Apu/ensium e/ patronus collegii jàbrum municipii supra script i .""Therefore, a l i eviclence seems to out l i ne a speci fic pian on lhc aclmin istration leve!, implying the simultaneous establ ishment or collegio ancl ci ties. However, there is also evidence or main collegio in vici, just l ike dendrophori A 11g11s/ales or lhe vicusNidae,"' clependent on civi/as Taunensium in Germania superior,or lor Jàbri and cenlonarii, as in funerary inscriptions from thc vicus of Ulcisia Castra"" in Pannonia superior. In the !alter case, lhc purcly runerary vocat ion of collegio may be justi fiecl by lhc adm inistrative reliance on lhe capitai Aquincum. Eviclcntly associalions werc locateci in lhc same piace, where publ ic servicc act ivi l ies were performecl, as is seen from bolh votive decl ications - by vexillarii'"' and a magister" ', or the centonarii collegium -and clonalions - cult slatues"" ancl a hydraul ic organ dedicateci bylulius Viatorinus, prerect or cenlonarii in 228 AD, found in thc collegium's scho/a.·m

Commerciai associations and territory

Analysis or relalionships between commerciai associations ancl territory cleserves equa! attention: identi fieation ofethnie enelaves, l'onns or integration, connections with locai el ites. The rolc or negotialores, the most nexible ancl rcsourceful businessman in ant iquity, as veelors for Roman culture in distant regions, is wcll known. Smal l communities ormerchants, insti tutecl by conven/uscivi11111 Romanorum, occasionally actecl as forerunners with in recent ly conquerecl lands, preparing the clevelopment or actual cit ics. In other cascs, sucl, communitics continued as separate ent it ies, relying on al reacly bui l l towns or canabae, under lhc consislenles dcnomination. r' With regard to this, the ambiguity in thc networking forms or this profèssional class should be strcssed, ranging through co/legia, socie/a/es ancl conven111s.with juriclical and other ambitions that should be cxamincd cascby-ease. In Aq11inc11111, Pannonia superior, has been rccorded one or the fcw cxplicit inclications from a collegium or negotiantes,"" whose votive clcclicalion for Jupiter Optimus Maxi11111s, Juno, Ncptunc and Mars, perfcclly summarizes via these d iv ine ligures ali thc economie ancl pol itica! refèrcnces or lhe traclers. i .e . thc Roman establ ishment, thc fluvial lransporl l i nks, and th� army.

" Waltzing 1 895- 1 900, I l i , 1111. 228 ( = (.'//,, I l i , 975) ; 229 (= Cli., 1 1 1 . 984); 240 (= C '/1,, l l f , 1 2 1 2) ; 242 (= ( .'//,, 1 1 1 , 1 2 1 7 ) " Wallzing 1 895- 1 900, l i i , n. 228 (= Cli,, f i l , 975 ) ,., Wallzing 1 895- 1 900, l i i , 1 1 . 232 (= CIL, l i i , 1 05 1 ) '" Walizing 1 895- 1 900, I l i , n. 234 (= ( .'//,, f i l , 1 083). " Fischcr - Schlcicrmachcr 1 962, 73-84 = Al:' 1 962, 232." /?Ili, 1111. 89 1 ; 897; 898; 908. " Al:' 1 937, 1 94. 1 1 Wallzing 1 895- 1 900, l i i , n . 325 (Cli., l i i , 1 0335) . 15 Waltzing 1 895-1 900, f i l , n. 323, slaluc of lhe god Si lvanus, givcn lo lhc collegi11111 offahri 'oh honorem magisteri'. "· Al,· 1 934, 1 1 8 e Al,· 1 944, 1 29. For a synthesis of thc sludies on Lhe A1111i:1c:111_11 organ and possiblc reconstruclion or functioning, scc M 1 11arov1cs 1 99 1 all(I Szonnlagh 1 99 1 . '7 Pavis d 'Escurac 1 988, 57-68. " Wal lzing 1 895- 1 900, l i i , n. 325b (= ( ,'/I,, l i i , 1 0430)

720

In h is study on thc negotialores rrom the provinccs o hì and midcllc Danubc, Gal l ego Franco unclerl i nes that epiarap ', .

.

eviclence from Pannonia in/èrior are concentrateci at : lai;� mornent than thosc or thc superior, a lter the end of 1he inJ ccntury AD."'' The scholar cred i ts the phenomenon as lr.� out come or thc greatcr clcvclopment of Pannon i a superi or. lit .•' its strategie ancl polit ical importancc unt i I the t ime of Cnra aJJ� However, a rcal i ty that. a l though outside or profcssional collegia. rclers st i l i lo the commercia i sphere ancl associat ion ntr i 1u,k cmergcs from the cvidcnce or cives Agrippinenses Transa/p1,i.

in thc provincia I capitai or Pannon ia infèrior probably in e th t imcs or Trajan or Aclrian.·1" The archacological documenlatit• shows that Aquincum was onc or thc li rst Pannon ian to" ns 1, rcccive Ga l l ic and German products, whcn. at other s i tes i n thc superior - such as Carnun/11111 , Savaria ancl Brigetio - the ha]i( in lluence was st i l i prcva lenl . /\ dec is ive factor for this hns lo , thc movemcnt of troops f'rorn thc Rcnan area cluri ng tbc rcigni , i Domit ianus and Trajan. 1 1

The juridical status or 1/grippinenses m ight have be�n lhn, or cives !?omani consistenles, which wcre commun i t ic "Ìlh c lcar commercia i purposes thai had sctt lecl next: to the ctmah,., around the /egio Il ;ldiutrix camp. ·12 Parl icu larly in1er�s1in� is thc adclit ion or thc i nd ication 7i-ansa/pini lo two of th: three documentecl inscriptions. '" which t i es Agrippine/I es 1, imporlant corporat ions or tradcrs work ing on the /\ lp i ne sid'. based in Lugcluncnsis. Germanics and north l ta ly. 11 Th.: th1\� tcxts indicale an assoeiation att i tudc or the communit:y. which manifcsts i tsel f by thc financial support to the burials of Gcnnanborn people. Thc cives AgnjJpinenses 'fransa/pini of rl q11i,1ci,,r ol'fèr a good example or thc issucs occurring wi th the ddini1i()l: ora prolessional collegi11111 of" negotiatores. I n th i s case. al1houch tcrms such as co1p11s or collegium, and even the job indicaiil�n. are miss ing, thc communi ty ·s prolessional act i v i t ies ar� ck3; cnough. espcc ia l ly whcn thc 7i-ansalpini aclject ive ap ,·ar; Morcovcr, clespitc i ts rclèrcncc lo a collegi11111 jimeratici11m. 1h,· sharcd burial points more p la in ly to a corporative attitude 1h.u, many other contexts.

Collegio and locai elite

More gcncra l ly lhc pub l ic scrvicc aet iv i t ies or the as!- ciatil1n; shoulcl be takcn into account, f'ocus ing on thc network or rdation, betwecn aclm in istrat ion and locai c l i tes. iclcn t i f"y i ng the inr �r�;J, or a l i subjccts involvccl.

I r thc prolits or thc associat ions in tcrms or v isi bi lii) an,l prcstigc ( and cconomy ind i rcct ly) rcsul t ing from being und 'r th,· protecl ion or powerrul palrons are obvious, i n turn. thc pmrm:, o ften bave the lcnclcncy to llaunl honorary t i t les, as an indi ·a11 r or wide and irnportant socia I ( ami thus c lectoral) suppor!. uc:i

:,,, Gal lego 1:ranco 1 996, 24 1 . ·'" Mòcsy ( 1 974. 1 25 ) lcnds towards a chronology i n the Tni.ian peri,\l. bui qucslioncd by K . Sz. Pòcsy ( 1 96 1 ) as too early in tcn11s of d'.è settlement or the legion. 11 Mòcsy 1 974, 1 24-5; Savino 1 999, 2 1 7. .,, Cl'. ( '//,, 1 1 1 , 3505 ami I 0336. l t is also interesti ng to note the pr ':,,•n,,· of some inte,prete.1· on thc fronticr in both Pannonian provinc�s Th,·1 inlerncled with thc army ancl traclers at lhe same 1 ime. as can be d� j11, •J from lhc funcrary inscrip1io11 o f: Q. Atilius Primi.,·. inte,prex leg(io1P 'XV idem ((cent11rio)), negotiator, l'rorn /Jrigetio (Kolnik 1 978, pp. 6 1 -;,, Aga in fro111 /Jrigetio anche lii/ I, 590 ( interprex Uacomm). I n . -l,111111,11 ' an interprex Germanomm (Cli,, 1 1 1 , I 0505) confirms the imp rtnnc� ,,J lhe Ucnnanic presence. 1 1 ( '//,, I l i , 1 0548 e Al,· 1 933, 1 1 1 .

•1•1 On negotiatore.1· ( 'isalpini et '/i-ama/pini sce /\ I Io idi 1 952 and \\ ':il,-'' 1 99 1 .

patronage, i ncleecl, i s o ften ment ionecl i n thc c11rs11s honor11m or eo-oprecl incl iv icluals, and the same can be said for thc prcfccture or jàbri ancl cenlonarii col legia, an ol'fice usual ly assignecl lo pcrsons from the mun ic ipal e l ite, hence, or a h igher socia ! rank than corporat ion members.

In cases wh ich o ffor an opportunity to obscrve the office or prelect w i th in a mun icipal career, such as in thc Danubian regions, 15 it can be seen how the o flice coulcl work at cli fferent levels of the cursus honorum, bui mostly associateci wi th the decurionate. Therefore i t m ay be v iewecl as a pol i t i ca ! o flice, rcserved, as a rule, for 111e111bcrs of thc locai senate. However, il is very unl ikely that the prefecture ofcollegia coulcl reprcscnt a step in a m u n ic ipa l career. On the other hancl it shoulcl be consiclerecl as an extraorcl inary assignment helcl wi th other runclions in the l ocai aclm in istral ion .

Conclusion

Thc previous eonsiclcrat ions reprcsentjust a few orthc poss ib i l it ies for a rurther survey on topic of the role or prof'cssional collegiain the Romanizat ion process of tbc West. I n the perspecrive of lhc cl i a logue between centrai powcr ancl locai autonomies, f'òr cxample, thc recept ion ofthe Emperor cul t (cleclications to d iv ine augustae) by the collegia, and the re lat ionships wi th t he m in isters ur such a cu l t (Augusta/es), may be of some real s igni licance. 1 l owever, care fui analysis or cleclicat ions on bchal r or co//egia to thc I m peria ! house, as an ev iclence of consensus, wou lcl a l low us lo broadcn our knowledge of I mperia! pol i t ics. This wou ld also ru i se new e lements for thc treatment orknown themes, especia l ly rrorn a j uricl ical point o f v iew, such as the frecclom orassociat ion.

( jcneral ly, i t i s hard to cleterm ine a spontancous process of comrnun i ty networks for i nst i tut ions such as collegia: both pub l ic and private act iv i ties performed by collegia reprcsent a systcm or serviees and expressions const i tut ing a f'undamcntal part or the mun ic ipa l l i re. Consequently the state i s concernecl wi th focusi ng and regulat ing their soc ia ! , pol i t ica ! ancl economie i rnpact . l t should a lso not be undercstimatecl that the practiccs rclat ing to t he private d imension, centrai lo col/egia, such as eonvi v ial act iv i t ies, or Jimeraticia ( prov icling 111embers wi lh d ign i lied buria ls) ancl functions of the cura sepulchri. Thcsc act i v i t ies reprcsent the everyday ! i fe and part ic ipatory aspccts in the associat i ve process, by which thc Roman cu l tura! lcgacy is l l lOSl evident .

·1 hcrefore, i t st i l i remains lo rurther c lar i t"y what was the socin iancl poli t ica! c l imate or associ at i ve opportun i t ies, f'ostereclduring rhe 2nd ancl 3rd ccnturies in the pcripheral areas or theEmpire thanks to tax aclvantages. I n orcler to aehicvc th is goal ,a comparison of the conspicuous legis lat i ve product ion withthc d i recl textual expressions of the col/egia may be a su itableapproach . Th is would be a way to enter the great and cornplexphenomenon or the res sodaliciaria, whieh, as the 25-year-oldThcodor Mommsen wrote i n 1 843 : 'Ea eni111 natura est [ . . .], utpe1pelua111 interprelalionem vix recipial; ita radices egil in tota,11re111 Romanam' : '"

Bibl iography

AE = L 'Année Epigraphique, Paris 1 888-.

See, lor cxainple, the cases fro111 Da11ubian provi nces 1nc11t io11ed in l fagy 2003.

Mommsen 1 843 , 1 28.

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The Eastern Mediterranean in the Greek Anthroponymy of Roman

Hispania:

the Case of Aegyptu

Pedro Marques Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon

lntroduction

Roman /-fispania proviclcs us with a fertile set of Grecizecl anthroponyms, compilcd almost exhauslively by Lozano ( Lozano Veli Ila 1998). Several aulhors, including Lozano h<::1·sel f, made thcmatic approachcs bascd on thc reportccl anthroponymy (Carclim Ribeiro 2000: 419-54; Coclho and Dias 1988: 341-52; Coclho ancl Dias 1989: 305-I O; Lozano Veli Ila 1989: 207-39; Lozano Velilla 1993: 361-409; Lozano Vclilla 1996: 275-91; Striano 2004: 73-7). Others analyzed the names in corpora or in more comprchcnsive studies (Encarnaçào 1984: 837-9). Howevcr, wc may ignore the cxistcncc of works clevoteclspecilìcally lo thc issuc ofGrecized anthroponyms with scmanticcontent of a geographic nature identilìed in the tcrritory ofrornan f-lispania, today's lberian Peninsula. For this r<::ason, wcconsiderecl il of interest lo unclertake the rcscarch ancl present illo this SOMA.

Thc compilation of the anthroponymic co,pus thai wc wantccl to analyzc was bascd on lhe intcrsection of the information exposcd in Lozano, enriched ami supplementccl by works such as Los Nombres Persona/es en las lnscripciones Latinas de /-/ispania of Abascal P alazon, the Atlas An1roponi111ico de la Lusitania !?omana ancl f -/ispania lìJigraphica, with Solin's css<::ntial study on Grecized names attcsted in Rornc (Abascal Palaz6n 1994; Lozano Velilla 1998; Navarro Caballero, Oria Scgura ancl Ramirez Saclaba 2003; Solin 1982; V.V.A.A. 1989-2007). The quantity ancl quality or the inl'orrnation availablc conccrning the castern rcgions of the Roman Empire led us to selccl the indivicluals rcgistered in the I lispanic cpigraphy with Creek anthroponyms with a loponymical basis thai cstablish a rclationship with prouinciae Aegyptus, Arabia, Annenia, 1lsia, //ssyria, Bithynia et Pontus, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Calatia, .Judaea, Lycia et Pamphylia, Mesopotamia and Syria. 1 We are awa1·e that the thcmc thai wc present a nel the choice of our corpus raise s<::veral problcms. Thereforc, wc followed mostly thc classi lication ancl localization of the namcs made by Sol in for Rome (Solin 1982).

Thus, we organizccl onc corpus with I 09 occurrenccs, hetcrogcneously distributed among di ffercnt provinces: 4 anthroponyms relateci to Aegyptus, 5 to Arabia, 36 to ,1sia, 8 lo /Jithynia et Pontus, 2 to Cappadocia, I to Cilicia, 8 lo Galatia, 7 lo Lycia et Pamphylia, and 30 to S)wia. We included also 4 anlhroponyms thai refer lo two rivers ancl four names rclatecl lo lwo diffcrenl locations in lwo provinccs. The provinces of Armenia, Assyria, Mesopotamia and Judaea are noi rcpresentcd.

The scientifìc world has been clebating thc queslion of the rncaning of Grecized anthroponyms in / -fispania, without lìnding,

( 'oe!es, Commagenes ancl l'hoeniciae.

howcver, a solulion acceptabk by ali. Do the names indicate indivicluals from tbc eastern part of the Roman Empire or their offspring, or are they due to cultural fashion? Wc agrec with Cardim Ribeiro, who consiclers ·1t1<:: incliviclual analysis or each case ( ... ) can promotc the rcconciliation of both inkrpretative tcnclencies' (Cardim Ribeiro 2000: 420).

With rcgard to thc themc of this contribution, givcn thc necd for caution in terms of the relcvance ancl mcaning thai an anthroponym might contain in association with a piace namc, we have decidecl lo qucstion whethcr the geographical m1turc of Grccizcd anthroponyms can witncss a basic reality: thc cstablishment of a rclationship by the nominccs, their fomilies. ancl/or those who intcntionally gavc them such namcs, within certa in Eastcrn rcgions of the Roman Empire.

A simplc analysis of the anthroponyms bere, attcstcd in Hispanic cpigraphy, proviclcs us with inlcresting ancl important infonnation in answcr lo thc question. However, it secms that other sourccs shoulcl also be considcrccl. So, we scek further to cnhance the presence in thc lberian Pcninsula of othcr inscriptions, ancl artifacts and proclucts from thcse samc rcgions, roughly cocval to thc epigraphic tcstirnonies selcctcd, in ordcr lo be better able to contcxtualize ami understand thc meaning of thc transMcditerranean rclationships suggcsted by thc studied serics of anthroponyms.

723

Due lo spac<:: limits hcrc, our analysis is restrictecl to the province ofilegyptus, resaving thc other information, which wc prcs<::nl in tables, for furthcr analysis.

Aegyptus

The Anthroponyms

In the lbcrian Pcninsula there werc four identifìccl four Grccizcd names that wc considcred to have a gcographic rclation to the prouincia 1/egypt11s: two examplcs for Alexandria, one for 11/exandrina and one for Phar(i)onis.

Alexandria is a homonym ofseveral citics founclecl by Alexandcr: Alexandria 7ì·oas, Alexandria ad Latmum and Alexandria ad lsswn in Turkey, Alexandria in Egypt, Alexandria in /\rrncnia, ,1 lexandria in Merv-Bactra, A lexandria Oxiana in Bactria, among othcrs (Talbert ccl. 2000: 843, 938, I 028, 1118, 1282, 1360, 1365). Also 11/exandria, togcther with its variant 11/exandrina, may havc any relationship, b<::cause thcy can be formecl from thc anthroponym Alcxandcr. Howcvcr, we follow the option orSolin for Romc, who includccl the namcs 11/exandria ancl 11/exandrina in the chapter or the anthroponyms derivccl from piace names and locatcd in Aegyptus. For Phar(i)onis, Solin look the sam<:: dccision (Solin 1982: 621-3, 625).

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