THE PHONOLOGY OF THE VERBAL PHRASE IN HINDKO

submitted by

ELAHI BAKHSH AKHTAR AWAN

FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF Ph.D.

at the

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

1974

ProQuest Number: 10672820

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acknowledgment

I wish to express my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Dr.

R.K. Sprigg. But for his advice, suggestions, constructive criticism and above all unfailing kind­ness at all times this thesis could not have been completed. In addition, I must thank my wife Riaz

Begum for her help and encouragement during the many

months of preparation.

CONTENTS

Introduction i

Chapter I Value of symbols used in this thesis 1

1 .00 Introductory 11.10 I.P.A. Symbols 1

1.11 Other symbols 2

Chapter II The Verbal Phrase and the Verbal Word 62.00 Introductory 6

2.01 The Sentence 6

2.02 The Phrase 62.10 The Verbal Phra.se 7

2.11 Delimiting the Verbal Phrase 7

2.12 Place of the Verbal Phrase 7

2.121 - Exceptions 8

2.1211 Sentence without the Verbal Phrase 82.1212 Sentence in which a non-verbal phrase

or phrases follow the final Verbal Phrase 8

2.13 The constituents of the Verbal Phrase 9

2.131 One-word phrase 102.132 Two-word phrase 10

2.133 Three-word phrase 102.2 Criteria for delimiting the Word 11

2.21 Inter-Word Junction 12

2.211 Criteria of word initial features 132.2111 Glottal friction 132.2112 Occlusion combined with Tone 1 13

2.212 Criteria of word-final features 14

2.2121 Criteria drawn from combination of

features 142.2122 Pause 172.2123 Criteria drawn from both syllables

of the Junction 17

2.21231 Criterion based on syntagmatic relation­ship between vowels 18

2.22 Intra-word Junction 182.221 Criterion of length in consonants 182.3 Criteria for establishing the Verbal

Word 19

2.31 Classification of the Verbal Word 20

2.311 Main Verb 202.312 Operator Verb 20

2.313 Auxiliary Verb 21

Chapter III Tone 233.00 Introductory 233.10 Tonal System 28

3.11 The phonetic exponents of the Tonal

System 293.111 Phonetic exponents of the T1 29

3.1111 Pitch features 293.11111 Exponents relating to the F term of

the Intonation System 293.11112 Exponents relating to the H term of

the Intonation System 31

3.11113 Exponents relating to the L term ofthe Intonation System 32

3.11123 .11121

3.11133 .112

3.1121

3.11211

3 .11212

3.11213

3 .1122

3.11221

3.1123

Chapter- IV

4.00 4.10 4.11

4.1114 . 1 1 2

4.1121

4.11211

4.112111

4 .112112

4.112113

Phonation 34Criterion • 34Phrase-initial features 35

Phonetic exponents of the T2 35Pitch features 35Exponents relating to the F term of

the Intonation System 35

Exponents relating to the H term of the Intonation System 37Exponents relating to the L term of the Intonation System 38

Phonation 40

Criterion 40Phrase-initial features 41

Intonation 42

Introductory 42Intonation System 45Phonetic exponents of the terms of

the Intonation System 45Phonetic exponents of the tJ 45

Phonetic exponents of the U 47

Sub-System 55Phonetic exponents of the terms of

the Sub-System 55Phonetic exponents of the F p5

u it it H 50» ” x L 57

Chapter V The Verb-initial 585.00 Introductory 585.10 Initial System; 595.1:1 Phonetic exponents of p 605-111 h/E System 605.1111 Phonetic exponents of h 615.1112 tt 11 11 £[ 625.112 v/v System 635.1121 Phonetic exponents of v 635.1122 11 11 II y 635.113 Relationship between the terms of the

h/h and v/v Systems 64,5.12 Phonetic exponents of p 675.13 , Syntagmatic relationship between the initial

consonant and certain qualities of vowel 675.22 Phonematic Systems (Syllable initial) 695.221- Phonematic C- System for p(h, v, Ev) 70,5.222 ii . i i it p 72

Chapter VI The,Verb-root Final 736.00 Introductory 736,10 Final System 746.11, Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

Final System 7.46.111 Phonetic exponents of , c- 756.1111 n/n System 766.11111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

n/n System 76.6.111111 ;■ Phonetic exponents of n 76

6.112 Phonetic exponents of the P 786.1121 s/s System 796.11211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

s/s System 796.112111 Phonetic exponents of the s 796.112112 it n It tt s 806.1121121 h/h System 816.11211211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

h/h System 816.112112111 Phonetic exponents of the h 816.112112112 it it It tt ii 826.1121122 v/v System 836.11211221 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

v/v System 836.112112211 Phonetic exponents of the V 836.112112212 it tt It tt V 846.113 m tt tt ti a 856.114 n it tt it 0 86

Chapter VII The Verb-root final syllable and. theInflexion syllable 90

7.00 Introductory 907.10 Intra-Verbal Junction System 957.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

Intra-Verbal Junction System 957.111 Phonetic exponents of the c 967.1111' s/s System 10i7.11111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

s/s System 10i7.111111 Phonetic exponents of the s 107.111112 tt it it it i 10]

7.112 tt tt tt tt P 10'7.1121 h/h System 1 1!7.11211 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

h/h System 1117.112111 Phonetic exponents of the h ir7.112112 it it It tt h 12

7.1122 v/v System 1307.11221 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

v/v System 1307.112211 Phonetic exponents of the V 1317.112212 it n n it V 1357.1123 r/r System 1437.11231 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

r/r System 1447.112311 Phonetic exponents of the r 1457.112312 it ti 11 it r 148

'=3-C\][> s/s System 1577.11241 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

s/s System 1577.112411 Phonetic exponents of the s 1587.112412 it ti It ti s 1637.113 ii n tt ii o 1717.1131 r/r System 1767.11311 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

r/r System 1767.113111 Phonetic exponents of thei r 1777.113112 ii u 11 tt r 1787.114 n ii n n f 1827.1141 r/i System 1867.11411 Phonetic exponents of th e terms of the

r/r System 1867.114111 Phonetic exponents of the r 187

7.1141111 n/n System 1907.11411111 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

n/n System 1907.114111111 Phonetic exponents of the n 1917.114111112 ii ti 11 n n 1927.114112 ii tt It ti r 1937.115 n ii II ti a 1977.1151 r/r System 1977.11511 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

r/r System 1977.115111 Phonetic exponents of thei• r 1987.115112 ti n 11 i t r 199

7.1167 .12

7.121

7.207.21

7.211

7.2127.2137.2147.2157.216

7.217

7.218

7.219

7.2110

7.22

Chapter8.008.10

8.11

8.208.21

8.22

Phonetic exponents of o 202Relationship between the Intra-root Pinal System and the Intra-verbal System. ,208Prosodic classification of the verbs 208Phonematic Systems for the verb-root syllable 209 Phonematic Systems (Syllable final) 209Phonematic System for cndr 210

H- n u cndr 211" " obrics ....21111 n n cries and.cncs 211” u 11 cnfrn,cnfrn and cnfr ^12" 11 11 phsr, pvsr, pvsr,

phvsr and phvsr 21211 11 " phsr, pvsr, pHvsr,

pHvsr and pvsr 213Phonematic System for the penultimate consonant in the final syllable of ar and ar 213Phonematic System for the ultimate consonant in the final syllable of or. 214Phonematic System for the ultimate consonant in the final syllable of or 214Phonematic Systems (syllable): V Systems. 215

VIII Inflexion Syllable 216Introductory 216Intr-inflexion Prosodic System 216Phonetic exponents of the terms of the Intra-inflexion System 217Phonematic Systems 217Phonematic C Systems 218

' . Phonematic V Systems 218

Appendix I Abstract 220n II Classified list of Main Verbs in

accordance with the Initial System 22311 III Classified list of Main Verbs in

accordance with the Pinal System and the Intra-Verbal System 241

” IV List of Operator Verbs 261” V List of Auxiliary Verbs 261H VI Tonograms 262n VII Tape record of examples" VIIIB i bli o graphy 274

INTRODUCTION

This thesis deals with certain aspects of the Hindko dialect of Lahnda (which belongs to the North-Western group of Indo-Aryan languages) as spoken in Peshawar City* the Capital of North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan*

a Lahnda is the language of the West Psnjabv To its East it has Panjabi* spoken in Central and East Panjab and it merges so gradually into that speech that it is impossible to fix any dividing line between the two^ For our purposes we may take a convenient line running North and South through the Central Panjab and call everything to the West of it Lahnda; but it must be understood that the change from one language to the other is so gradual that many typical Lahnda peculiarities will be found on the East of the line and many typical Panjabi peculiarities on the West*1 The further West we go the less traces we find of Panjabi and we may -consider Lahnda to be finally established on the districts of Multan and Jhang*

The existence of Lahnda, as a separate language has long been recognized under various names such as Jatki$Multani, Hindki or Hindko and West Panjabi.

In the plains of the Panjab: Lahnda has to itsEast Panjabi. Towards the North, in the hill country its Eastern neighbours are the Dogri, Panjabi of Jammu and Kashmiri and in the extreme North Shina on its East* Along the Western border of Kaghan it has the Kohistani dialects of the Indus, lower down, along the Western border of Hazara, as far as, and including Dera IsmaBb Khan, the language on the West is Pashto, and below that in Dera

Ghazi Khan, it is Balochi. At Ahmadpur, where the boundary line turns to the Bast it has Sindhi to its South, and further East, in South Bahawalpur, the language is the Thali dialect of Rajisthani- (Grierson 1916, pp 233-34)*

The only attention that the dialect of lahnda spoken in Peshawar has received from linguists is a brief reference to it in the Linguistic Survey of India by Sir George Griersonpublished in 1916, Gommenting on the language he has stated that"Lahnda cannot be called the language of the district of Peshawar, any more than it can be called the language of Kohat. Peshawar isa Pashto speaking district . • « There is no territorial divisionbetween the two languages. The speakers li ie side by side, and the distinction is one of nationality and not of locality." (p554):.

It is not clear as to what Grierson means by nationality. Perhaps he means nationality based on religion, as he refers to Hindko as a language of Hindus. The specimen of prose given by him seems to be of a Hindu speaker. If it is so his comments are not correct. There are certain parts of the district such as villages of Khalsa Chamkani, KukrSfand city of Peshawar where the language of the majority is Hindko and they are Muslim. Hindus who settled in the district, and were scattered throughout the Pashto speaking areas used to speak the language of their ancestors, mostly various dialects of Lahnda and Panjabi. Their language can, therefore, not be regarded as representative of the language of the Hindko of the district.

Grierson’s term Lahnda is not known to the speakers of Hindko all of whom refer to their language as Hindko and object to the term Panjabi, While the origin of the name is unknown it seems reasonable to associate it with the Indus River and the Hindu Kush range of mountains which form the frontier of Hind for people furtherrWest*

"The great city of Peshawar^contains a further mixture of peoples. Here, not only are Pashto and Hindko spoken but also Hindostani, Panjabi and other languages of various parts of India. All these have contributed to Corrupt Hindko, and we therefore find not only very free use of Persian and Arabic words, but even of Hindostani itioms . , . Here the mixture of languages is so great that some, not without reason, describe this form of Hindko, locally known as Peshawari as a mongerel produce of city life?" (pp 554-55)* (*The underlining is m$ne. I do not agree with the concept of corruption in linguistics).

He then gives: two specimens saying that "The first is a version of the Parable of the Prodigal Son in the language of the district, andthe second is a ghazal, or ode, in the language of the City.

The language of both specimens is nearly the same as North-Western Lahnda of Jhelum, Dhan and Hazara!" (p 555)•

Grierson does not specify the part of the district which the first specimen belongs to. As such it is

1. This gives strength to my conclusion that the specimen of the prose is one of the dialects spoken by Hindu settlers.

not possible to know as to which dialect of Hindko of

Peshawar it represents• I find it impossible to relate..it to any of the dialects of the district* The specimen of ghazal is not representative of the City language* Being a piece of poetry it has far more Persian and Arabic words and some constructions which are not usual to prose. This has led Grierson to incorrect conclusions such as !"we even have Persian idioms vised with Indian words. Thus ’vich’ is used as a pre-position, not as a post-position and we have 'ghani mahshar-dd-nd1 for 'mahshar- dd. gham-nd', and order of words entirely un-Indian, and due to the memory of the Persian 1gham-e-mahshar1 (555)*M

The normal order of words in day to day speech is ’mahshar-dd gham-nd’, He further states that "the influence of Panjabi and Hindostani is very strong . * «. The post-positionA*of the Ablative is Hindostani sd (sab-sd, ss la-s$)* In the Peshawar specimen we have the Hindostani &sa (-aisa), of this kind and kucch, instead of kujjh, anything (p 555)M .

The post-position form ’se' is restricted to poetry. In prose the form is ’si’. Again Ssa is restricted to poetry. It is hardly used in normal speech. Furthermore ’Hsa1 is Persian and not another form of ’aisa’ of Hindostani or Urdu.With regards to ’kucch’ he hasi perhaps been mislead by the script it is kujjh, pronounced as [kojsa].

V

My purpose here in making the aforementioned comments is not to criticise (Jrierson but to point out that the specimens given by him are not representative of the Hindko of Peshawar and hence his analysis is not relevant*

According to the Linguistic Survey of India (1916)the population of Peshawar district was 788,707 of which 129,000were Hindko speakers. The number of speakers in the City of Peshawar itself was 50*000.

According to the Census carried out in 1961the population of Peshawar City was 218,691* In the absenceof any recent linguistic survey it is not possible to state exactly as to how many of them speak Hindko* However, my impression is that the number of Hindko speakers in the City is 70 per cent of its total population, which is approximately 1140,000.

Hindko is very rich in poetry and has produced many reputable poets during the last seveisL centuries. But their works have never been preserved in a written form. However, there are still many persons, mainly poets, who remember quite a reasonable amount of the works of these poets. As far as prose is concerned almost nothing appears to have been written in the past. However, early in this century a local newspaper encouraged the prose writers of Hindko by devoting a column every week and then a page every week. Only few short stories and miscellaneous tit-bits have been produced in written form. In the early '60s Radio Pakistan Peshawar introduced a Hindko programme named kawa xansa. This monthly half-hourly feature programme still continues^

The first book ever published in Hindko wass diwane kail'a collection of poetic works of a living poet, Ustad Ghulam Rasool Ghail. This was collected by Fahmeed Atish and edited by myself.

Although Hindko has existed in written:.form for some time it has no uniform orthography as;yet. Persio- Arabic characters are used, but in case of sounds which are peculiar to H ndko there are various practices. For instance the word [pal'] is written by some as [bhol],, whereas some prefer it to write as^J^[pohl] still some others write as-(Jv [pal]. Another word [j3x] is written in three different forms: t * tJ'k 51? <iHrand the word^[kol'] is written a s ( J ^ [ k o h l [ k a h o l ] ,[kol] orWj^tghol],

In view of the diversity I have not used orthographic transcription or romanic transliteration of that orthographic transcription.

My parents come from?Peshawar City where I was born. I have spent greater part of my life in Peshawar^ though I have spent some time in Ambala and Amritsar (East Panjab), India also. But even during this period we were not cut off from Peshawar.

I matriculated from the Panjab University in 1950 and passed ky Honours in Persian Examination from the same University in 1952. I graduated from the University of Peshawar in 1957 and passed my M.A. in Persian, M.A. in Urdu and M.A. in Pashto examinations from the same University in I960, 1961 and 1966 respectively.

v i i

The speech under study is my own. Where I had some doubts on some points of pronounci at ion I have relied on my wife as informant, who is also a native speaker of this dialect.

It is worth noticing that Grierson has nothing to say on whether Hindko is tonal or non-tonal. Graham Bailey was the first to describe Panjabi as a tonal language. I find that the Hindko tonal distinction is two-term and not the three- term distinction described by Joshi (1970) and by Gill (1963) for Doabi and Majhi dialects of Panjabi.

Gleason and Gill (1963) have based their tonal analysis on the word unit; but I find evidence in Hindko for making the unit for my tonal statement not the word but the phrase, which in Hindko may contain from one to three words* In this I am following Kloster-Jensen, who has based his tonal statement of the tonal Norwegian dialects on the phrase. Both these Norwegian dialects and the Hindko dialect of Lahnda are of course Indo-European languages; but to the best of my knowledge my thesis is the first occasion on which Kloster- Jensen1 s phrase-based analysis has been applied to one of the Indo-European languages^ of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent.

The thesis seems somewhat bulky in appearance because I thought it was important to include a tape recording of the more crucial examples (Appendix V). I anticipate that it may not be long before it becomes standard practice to include tape recordings in theses concerned with the phonetics and phonology of languages.

1

CHAPTER IVALUES OP THE SYMBOLS USED

IN THIS THESIS______

1.00 IntroductoryThe purpose of this chapter is not to give a

detailed phonetic description of the various sounds of Hindko, but to state the phonetic values of various symbols used in this thesis. This chapter, therefore,, describes in general phonetic terms the values to b^attributed to the symbols. 1*10. The following symbols used in this thesis havethe I.P.Ai values*

Symbols Examples EnglishTranslation:

[p] [pi] DrinkD>] [bol] SpeakM [ M ] Tell[g] [ga] Sing[m] [mar] Killm [mSjlg] Beg[j»] [mSjij ] CleanM [cix] Cry[/] 1—

l s I 1 _I SwallowM [war] Sacrifice[h] [har] Be defeated

2

I.11 The following symbols have the values asdescribed belowsS.No. Symbol Description

1. [ti voiceless alveolar jSosive2. [d] voiced alveolar plosive5. [t] voiceless retroflex plosive4* [d]1 voiced retroflex plosive5. [c] voiceless palato-alveolar affricate6. [3] voiced palato-alveolar affricate7. [s] voiceless alveolar fricative8. [z] voiced alvaiar fricative9* voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

10. [1] voiced alveolar lateral non-fricativeII. [r] voiced alveolar flap12. [r] voiced retroflex flap13* [?] voiced retroflex nasalised flapIt seems useful to give a further description of this lastsound. The point of tongue is raised towards the hard palate and the blade of the tongue falls back on the floor of the mouth after hitting the hard palate while the soft palate is lowered to let some of the air escape through the nasal passage.

1. These symbols have been used in place of theI.P.A. symbols for typographic reasons.14. [y] voiced palatal non-syllabic vow£l15. [i] close front unrounded long (vowel)16. [e] half close front unrounded long

3

17*18.19.20. 21. 22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.

[S][a]to][u]Mto][a][*][ «[5]Ei]E«][s][a]mta]

half open front unrounded longopen neutral unrounded longhalf close "back rounded longclose back rounded longhalf close front centralized shorthalf close back centralized shorthalf open central shorthalf close front short nasalhalf close back centralized short nasalhalf open central short nasalclose front unrounded long nasalhalf close front unrounded long nasalhalf open front unrounded long nasalopen neutral unrounded long nasalhalf close back rounded long nasalclose back rounded long nasala low level pitch

34. a mid level pitch

35. a high level p$ntch

36.

37.

38.Y.

a low falling pitch

a low falling pitch followed by a mid rising pitch on the same syllable.

a low falling pitch followed by a high risjig pitch on the same syllabled

4

391 L V ’v \

40./

41.A

42./

43i

A

44:\_

45. *

46. [ ]

Example S51. [jot]2. [ladsa]3. [mut]4. [khed]5. [osl]6. [ja]7. [so]8. [lsrez]9. [jos]

10. [mal]

a low fall in pitch followed by a mid rise and a low fall on the same syllable*

a mid rising pitch

a mid rising pitch followed by a low falling pitch on the same syllable.

a high rising pitch

a mid level pitch followed by a low falling pitch on the same syllable.

a' low falling pitch followed by a low level Jifch on the same syllable.

indicates^: that the sound represented by the' preceding symbol is long.impressionistic (or general phonetic) transcription.

English translationHarness (the horse)Load Shut Play Walk Go away Go to sleep Tremble Be angry

Rub

5

Examples English translation11. [mar] Kill12* [sar] Burn13. [sS?] Listen14. [aya] He came15. [pl] Drink16; [de] Give away17. [te] Speak18. Li a] Go away19. [so] Go to bed20. [su] Deliver (a baby)21. [mTla] Mix22. [fflor] Turn round23. [mal] Rub24. [g^] Count25. [sar] Listen26. [bsra] Make27. [jifa] To live28. [d??a] To give away29. [ m a ] To speak (or to tell)30; To sing31. [s3rS.] To sleep32. [ stir&] To deliver (a baby)33; [kodsa] Jump'

6

CHAPTER 11.

THE VERBAL PHRASE AND THE VERBAL WORD.

2.00 Introductory.

This chapter deals with the verbal phrase, its

constituents and the criteria for delimiting the verbal phrase.

2.01 Sentence.

In Hindko all sentences, with certain exceptions

(2.111) are verbal. A sentence may comprise (i) a verbal phrase

only or (ii) a verbal phrase and a nonverbal phrase, e.g.

(i) a.[ ja 3 Go away

b.[cala jasa] (I) will go.

Non-verbal____ Verbal

(ii) a.[ rot:i kha] Eat the bread.b,{ o e k#m k$r si] He will do this ;job.

2.02 The phrase.

It seems feasible that before proceeding to give

an account of the verbal phrase in Hindko.? a brief description

of the term "phrase" , as used here should be given. The term

phrase is used in this thesis "for a unit that either comprises two

or more word units (two-word phrase, three-word phrase etc.,,) or

itself is co-extensive with a single word unit (one-word phrase).

7

Thus as compared with the word# the phrase is a? long or longer.

As compared with the clause, however, the phrase may he co-extensive

with the clause (one-word clause), or a clause may comprise

two or more phrases (two-phrase clause# three-phrase clause

etc. )»

2.10 THE VERBAL PHRASE.

The verbal phrase is characterised by the 1

presence of the verbal word. As this characteristic is exclusive

to the verbal phrase it can be used as,criterion to distin-A.guish the verbal phrase from the non-verbal phrase.

2.11 Delimiting the verbal phrase.

As the verbal phrase consists of a whole number

of words the boundaries of the phrase coincide with the boundaries

of the word. If the verbal phrase is co-extensive with the word

the phrase boundaries coincide with the word. If, however the

phrase contains more than one word the phrase boundary begins with

the beginning of the first word and ends with the end of the last

word in the phrase.

2.12 Place of the verbal phrase.2

With certain exceptions the verbal phrase is

final in the clause or the sentences e*g.

1. For the definition of the verbal word see 2.2

2.. see 2.121

8

Non-verbal Verbal

[o b^zar jasi] He will go to the market.[tu xat lrksha kars§] You will write a letter.[o rtshe sSnda aya] He used to sleep here.

2il21 ExceptionsIt was stated earlier that with certain

exceptions, all Hindko sentences are verbal and that theverbal phrase is final in a clause or sentence. The exceptionsare given hereunder;2.1211 Sentence without verbal phrase

The example of this kind of sentences are situational sentences, such as (i) an answer to a questionor (ii) an answer to a call, (iii) a call or (iv) an exclamation.(i) Question: [o ke khason] % a t will they eat?( Answer: Mangoes.(ii) Gall: [oe salim] 0 Saleem;

Answer: [ji] Yes (sir or madam)(iii) [oe salim] 0 Saleem.

[wa wa] Wonderful•2 ;i212 Sentences in which a non-verbal phrase or

phrases follow the final verbal phrase.This type of sentence occurs in a situation

where the speaker having finishedhhis> or her sentence suddenly realises that something which he should have said earlier

9

was left unsaid, so he adds the additional material to the sentence* This part of the sentence is said on a low level pitch* As such all the non-verbal phrases which follow the final verbal phrase in a sentence are characterised by the low level pitch, e*g*

Non-verbal Verbal Non-verbal

1* [tu d3ftar te salim tu bi]2. [bot acthi e kxtab]3* [salim fel hogTa e bvcara]

1* You should come to the office, and Saleem you as well.2* Very good is, the book.3* Saleem has failed (the examination), poor fellow.2.13 The constituents of the verbal phrase*

A verbal phrase may contain one or more examples of the verbal word, up to a maximum of three words. The verbal phrase may, therefore, be classified as one-word phrase, two-word phrase, and three-word phrase according to the number of words it contains.

This section gives a brief description of these three types of phrases and their constituents.

10

2.151 ONE"WORD PHRASE (M)1A one-word verbal phrase comprises a Main

Verb; e.g.[tu (ja)]2 [tasi (jawo)] 2.132

You(s) go away. You go away.

TWO-WORD PHRASE (M+0 or M+A)A two-word verbal phrase may comprise either

(i) a Main Verb and an Operator Verb (M+0) or (ii) a MainVerb and an Auxiliary Verb (M+A); e.gi(i) [tu (a ja)] You(s) do come.

M 0(ii) [o (aya aya)] He had come.

M A

2.133 THREE-WORD PHRASE (M*0+A or M-t-0+0)A three-word phrase may comprise either

(i) a Main Verb, an Operator Verb and an Auxiliary Verbor (ii) a Main Verb and two Operator Verbs; e.g.(i) [o (ja sakdi e)] She can go away.

M 0 fi

(ii) [o (a jaya kare)] He/she should come (here).M 0 A

1. For the classification of the verbal word as Main Verb, Operator Verb, and Auxiliary Verb see 2.32.

2i The relevant piece in the examples has been enclosed in round brackets.

11

Criteria for delimiting the word.

Though the purpose of this thesis is

not to investigates in any detail, the phonological and

grammatical criteria upon which the establishment of the

word as an entity is based, what follows gives some of the most0obvious phoftological features about the word.

In order that the limits within which

the thesis is to be confined may be precisely drawn, it

is essential to know the boundaries of the verbal phrase.

But it is important at th£ phonological level to define,

at least in some measure, the word boundaries.

This section is introduced to give an

account of the word boundaries. As far as the spoken form

of the language is concerned, there are some obvious phonetic

features that characterise the junction of syllables. Those

features are used here as criteria for word boundaries. They

are stated here as criteria of one or the other of the

two terms of a junction system; Inter-word and Intra-word.

"Inter-word junction is so named as marking the boundaries

between words and, therefore, also such super a word units

as phrase# clause, and sentence where boundaries of such units

coincide with those of the word, i.e. initially and finally

in these units* Intra-word junction is so named on the other hand.,

as marking the absence of the word boundaries and, therefore,

12

)>absence of phrase; clause, and sentence boundaries.

(R.K. Sprigg, 1968?$ p p )

In the phonetic transcription the

Inter-word junction is indicated by a space in successive

syllables, whereas Intra-word junction is indicated by

absence of space between successive syllables.

The criteria of Inter-word Junction

(2.21 and Intra-word Junction (2*22) are stated below.

2.21 Inter-word Junction.

The criteria of Inter-word Junction

consist of various phonetice feal&res and sequence of these

features, that can be used to demarcate the word. The word,

as far as this type of junction is concerned, is considered

whether it is at the beginning or end of phrase or within

the phrase. In cases where the word boundaries are co-extensive

with the beginning or ending of a phrase, only the initial or

the final syllable will be of interest, but where a word occurs

within a phrase, both syllables, the initial and the final, will

be considered. The criteria of Inter-word Junction will enable us

to decide as to which word a particular syllable belongs to.

These criteria are stated under the

following headingss-

(i) Word-initial features. These criteria are drawn

from the syllable initial features of an initial syllable of the

word and mark the beginning of the word? These criteria do not

13

need to be related to any other syllable of a preceding word,

if there is any such word in the phrase, and are valid in

their own right without reference to any such syllable

(a® 211).

(ii) Word-final features. These criteria are drawn

from a single syllable; i.e., the final syllable of the word, and

are valid independently of features characterising any of the

initial syllables of a following word, if there is anysuch word,

and are valid without reference to any such syllable. (2.212);

(iii) Criteria consisting of phonetic features drawn

from both syllables of the junction (2.213);

2.211 Criteria of word initial features.

The following two combinations of phonetic

features are markers of word-beginning. It should however,

be pointed out here that though the presence of these features

marks the beginning of a word, their absence does not necessarily

mark absence of word-beginning. That is to say that there

are also other possible features at the beginning of word

but since they are not confined to this position alone,

they cannot be used as a criterion.

These criteria of word-initial features are

drawn from the syllable initial features of initialsyllable of

the junction and are, therefore, appropriate to the beginning of an

utterence as well as a junction between words. These features

which are cited as criteria.)of word-initial, may also be preceded

14

by silence or by an utterance of another speaker.

2.2111 Glottal friction [ h ] e.g.

[ karim (har) Ja si ] Kareem will be defeated

£ hrna (hasdi) pai ai] Hina was laughing.i2.22212 Occlusion combined with Tone 1 , e.g.,

1. For Tonal classification see Chapter

[ o kop (pare')] He/she should fill the cup*

[ man:e kensti (capsa')aya] I had caught the ballv

2.212 Criteria of word-final features.The following combinations of phonetic

features are markers of word-ending;; It seems advisable to point out here that though the presence of these features marks word-finality their absence does not necessarily mark absence of word-ending. That is to say that there are also other possible features at the ending of word? but sine! they are not confined to this position alone,- they cannot be used as a criterion-;-

These criteria of word-final features are drawn from the final syllable of the junction, and are, therefore, appropriate to the ending of an utterance as well as a junction between words.* These features may also be jbllowed by silence or by an utterance of another speaker*

The following table gives combination of phonetic features which are markers of word-ending:

.1. For Tonal classification see chapter V.

• -HI—I M

MM I—I

» * 10 PP,O '0 1P©H *PctH *0P0 )mC D( D

PmC D01O

HjI_ i

• §

1c dct

Pp0)

{ 3 * O£0P C DMj aI •o \H a*0 p01 PC D H ) • IO

C DP

£P01

MC DaOCjct{3*

< 1OOPH *H *O

Ho 'H *01<C D

13*

&

VsoMoEflCD#

HC Dp Cb cta *

P P 0 ) » -

■ f c ,H *P aC D

&Pct

|3*

P-?O

= aC Da

HC DP0*3ct13*

PO?PPw

HC DP0*3cta*po?*ic dct

OC DPct*

P0?PP01

Wao4ct

C DP0*3ctP*

o a 1 o} j jo p *tf M C D01 H> PCO 1 • '* o * \+ m a

o 'o p t f l p

p C D H>o • 1K O* o

a c d p •

+ PH p C D MP *

< 3 . >t r §

Bp01• H*

Oo!2JCQOt e !

<oslr»

IP*

P*

col

C D *O *

C D * C O

O ' a M O *«■ •• • • • •

ct P i ct** ft* •• •# **'

K P IP* let•• •• »• •• •ft

C _ J . O 0*3 p?• • • » • • f t *C j . o

— - _ J • • f t *

P* p

col C OC D ! C DO i Opa P

OOa02O

H3

< 1Otdtn

vn

DESCRIPTION OP

FEATURES PHONETIC

SYMBOLS

1 6

e.g.

I 1 [leaps a]

4 ■, [ c ck s o ]

7 [manse]

10 [khentu]

II 1 [kapsa]

III 1 [ays]

IV 1 [awe]

V 1 [kKara]

3 [gare]

2 [katss]

5 - [ al s u ]

8 [mans'?]

2 [ na c : a ]

2 [kar? ]

4 [jaro]

3 [patse]

6 [laksa]

9 [manso]

17

2;2122 Pause [--------]

A pause can also foe stated as one of the criteria for word-ending. A pause in the course of utterance or between utterance cahcides with word-ending and ca^ therefore, foe treated as a word-final marker, e.g;

[o Snda — -----] Had he come — -[agor o awe ta — ----] If he comes — ----- ----[o aya hoya e — ----- ] Has he come o r -------

2.2123 Criteria'drawn from both syllables of thejunction^

The following criterion (2.21231) establishes the two syllables concerned as being in Inter-word junction and therefore as belonging to different words: a word boundary runs between them.

2.21231 Criterion based on a syntagmatic relationshipbetween vowels of both syllables of the junction.There is a kind of syntagmatic relationship

between vowels of various syllables of a word. Certain vowels in a word preclude the possibility of there being certain other vowels in that word. When, therefore,, vowels of two syllables in junction are incompatible with each other as regards membership of the same word, this sequence of vowels may be cited as a criterion of Inter-word junction.

18

The following table gives vowels which do not occur in the same word:

First Syllable Second Syllable

Close. + back. + length i—i £ i—i

Half-close. + 11 to e] ^ Close. + back. + length [u]half-open. + 11 [«J JPartial voicelessnesa; [hi ha 1

iPartial voicelessness, [hi hu 1

he ho / he ho |hS ha ) he ha /hr ha i hr. ha

i 1 ff 1 i_i i—iJ§

2*22 Intra-word Junction*The criterion of Intra-word Junction

comprises sequences of phonetic features that serve to establish the two syllables concerned as being in Intra-word Junction relationship with each other and therefore as members of the same word#

2422 Criteiion of length in consonant»Where a long consonant occurs at the

junction of two syllables both the syllables concerned are intra-word junction and must therefore, be assigned to the same word: e.g. [satta kap:i].14 The length in a consonant is indicated by placing [:]

after the consonant concerned.

the verbal word.

A verbal word (except an Auxiliary

verb) may take one of the following inflexions? any word exemplifying any of the range of inflexions given below „ must, therefore, be identified as a verbal words-

1 . i 2. e 3. S 4. a 5. 0 6. e 7. /va8. ie 9. ia 10. on 11 . di 12. de 13. da 14. dia

15. deo 16. ni 17. I*/ne 18. na 19. ri 20. ft/ /Vre 21 . ra

22. ria 23. s

e.g,

1 . [use i i] 2. [nacse] 3. [nac s s]

4 • [nac sa] 5. [ na c t o ] 6 [nacJe]

7. [nacsa] 8. [nacsie] 9. [nac sia]

10. [nacson] 11 . [nucdi] 12.}[nacde]

13. [nacda] 14. fna cdia] 15. [nacdeo]

16. [nz>c san.a.] 17. [nac:ane] 18. [nac?ana]

19. [kfrari] 20. f" T «/fW»V/W I|_ knar e J 21 . r i itv (*** #>/ /vz nLknaraJ

22. [kftaria] 23. [khas]

2.51}

Classification of the Verbal.... Word*

A verbal word may be classified as djtain Verb* Operator , Verb or an Auxiliary Verb#This seotion gives a brief description of these different kindaof Verbal Words•

2;311 Main-Verbi*

The- Main vetfb may be defined as a Verbalword that can occur on its own in a phrase #\ln a compound

\

construction the MainiVerb always oooupies the first place* e*g*fion-verbal phrase«

. [ mante e kem. 2* [o e kam 3# [ tu e kam

verbal phrase...

(kitia)eyaj (kar) sakda >ya] (ker)J

1.1 had done this job.2iHe.could do this job*3*Do this job# ‘ ■

i2*3^2' Operator Verb*-

In a. oompound Verb the second element is*, one of a restricted olass of verbal words which are oalled Operators.The difference between the Main Verb

t u1#JSxSmples of/v Main verb are enolosad in round braokets.

21

and the Operator verb is that an Operator verb cannot occur on its own in a phrase, whereas the Main verb can.The second distinction between these two types of verb is that the Operator verb always occupies the second place in a compound construction whereas the Main verb always occupies the first place in such constructions;The Operator verb, like the Main verb, has the potentiality of taking any of the range of inflexions stated above (2.21) e.g;

Non-verbal phrase

l; [oi;Tt:he.,2. [o irt:?K5

i; He can come here.2, He will go away from here.

* \2*3/3 The Auxiliary Verb

The type of verbal word which is used to form tenses iB named here the Auxiliary Verb. The members of this class of verbal word are restricted in number.In a compound construction where all the three types of verbal word (Main, Operator and Auxiliary) occur the Auxiliary verb always occupies the last place in such construction e.g.

i; Examples of Operator Verbs are enclosed in rougd brackets.2* See Appendix (IV) for a list of operators.

Verbal phrase

a (s^kda) e]-**^’ cala (ja) si]

Non-verbal 1 . [ o

Verbal 22caldi r£ndi ( e)

2>.[ o

3. to

celdi rrndi (ai ) ]

cala kar (si ) ]

I.She keeps on walking2.She used to walk.3.She will be walking.

The Auxiliaiy verbs> unlike Main verbs andOperator verbs, do not have the potentiality to accept

any range of inflexions stated in 2.21 above.

1.Examples of Auxiliary verbs are enclosed in round brackets.

2.These are the third person feminine singular forms. For other forms see AppendwxTST,

23

CHAPTER 111 Tone

3.00 Introductory

Tone has been variously regarded as

the property of either a syllable (Pike) a word (Abercrombie)

or a group of words (Jensen).

Abercrombie*^* makes a distinction between

tone and intonation as follows:

Pitch fluctuations in its linguistic function#

may conveniently be called speech melody.....................

The linguistic functions of speech melody are very

varied, but of two fundamentally different kinds. In one

case, the function of the speech melody patterns is to be

part of the structure of the sentences, in the other case

their function is to be part of the structure of words;

In the former case the patterns are called intonation

and in the latter case they are called tone....... .........

Tone is speech melody when^it is a property of

the word, while intonation is speech melody when it is

a property of the sentence (D. Abercrombie, 1967, pp 104^5)*

Pike makes the following observations:uA tone language may be defined as a language having lexinally

significant, contrastive but relative pitch on each syllable...

So defined each syllable of a tone language carries at least one significant pitch unit. Most frequently there-is one to one correlation between the number of syllables and' the mumbier&of tonemes, in any specific utterance.

Tone languages may have monosyllabic or disyllabic (or trisyllabic or so on): words and morphemes. A disyllabic word has two syllables and at least two tonemes....11 (K. Pike, 1948, pp.3, 4).

Kloster-Jensents views are as follows:** 53* The tonemes can be demonstrated to be realized in all non-oxytoi^ and ,therefore’increase their segmental span as the number of.,stressed syllables is reduced in fluent.speech, wherefore they may as well be considered as typical of stress groups without of course therefore belonging to ..the intonational system and no longer charac- terising the word form as such. Shifting of stress often involves tonemic variation (1.5) •

24: These, considerations extenuate the view thattonemes .are word accent. They could be more properly characterized as word group ~ accents or measure

2§

measure features........ but recognition of tonemic

contrast in word groups helps to realize that tonemicity

in Scandinavian sometimes differentiates longer units

than word forms (example 11 ga hjem" ) with the

consequences that its function borders on or encroaches

upon that of intonation. (M* Kloster-Jensen, 1961, p.24)

Various studies of Panjabi consider

tone to be a property of the word-*1 nThe position of

tone in'Panjabi is significant in a word” (K.C.Bahl, 1957> p.157)#

11 It is important to note that it is the word, as a

unit, including both stressed and unstressed syllables

that is taken to be affected by the pitch distinctions

(and hence tone) #..** (SvSv Joshi, 1970, p. 22). Gill and

gleason have**,also described tone to be related to the word in

Panjabi (Gill and Gleason, 1963, P# 48)*

The view taken in this thesis is that

whether tone is a property of the syllable, the word or

group of words depends upon the language under study#

So far as Hindko is concerned tone should be regarded

to be a property of the phrase*

2 fiThe following examples are given to illustrate tones as applying to the phrase t

s ; noqExample s

Verbal ghjpaseMain verb jj

1

Intona-tionalGlassS

GrammaticalCategory

perator,Auxiliar:

1. I [cinsi fkol' j de ] J

2; | [bua |kholA

3?

de ] I <•

1 Imperative,non-causative

3 : It o

4; I [ o

para

s£a

| S2>kd£ ] | Ii

\ A Lsakd£ ] 8 u

Declarative, causative

5.

4-\

o man sC£ mrkSndi'St*

“ V

6* $[o but fcsmxandda | ]

1. For classification of^verbal words as Main verb,Operatorand Auxiliary see 2.23.

2. For^/Intonational classification see chapter IV.

271* Dissolve the sugar*

2, Open the door*

3# He can teach.

44 He can make (him\her) sleep.

5. They (F) used to excite me#

6. They (F) used to shine the shoes#

It should he noted that examples 1- and 2

both belong to F, intonational class} they both are imperative

and causative and both contain the Main verb and an Operator.

But they have a different puteh pattern from each other. In

example 1,_ the Main verb has a low fall and a mid rise on

the same syllable and the Operator has a mid level and a

low fall on the same syllable. In example 2 on the other

hand, the Main verb has a mid level and the Operator

has a low fall in pitch.

Similarly examples 3 and 4 both belong to

intonational class D, both are declarative and causative

and both consist of a Main verb and an Operator* But their

p^tch pattern differs from each other. In example 3 the

main verb has a low fall on the first syllable and a

mid rise and a low fall on the second syllable and the

Operator has a succession of two low levels in pitch.

In example 4* on the other hand, the Main verb has a

succession of two mid levels in pitch and the Operator

has a low fall on the first syllable and a low level in

28

pitch on the second syllable*

Finally examples 5 and 6 both belong to

intonational class L and both are Declarative and Causative

and both consist of a Main verb and an Auxiliary and their

pitch pattern is different from each other* In example 5 the

Main verb has a mid level on the first syllable, a low fall

and a mid rise on the second syllable and a succession of

two mid levels in p&teh on the third and the fourth syllables J and the Auxiliary has a low fall on the first syllable and a

low level in pitch on the second syllable. In example 6. on

&he other hand, ifche main verb has a succession of two

mid levels on first and second syllables, a low fall on

the third syllable and a low level in pitch on the fourth

syllable and the Auxiliary has a succession of two low

levels in pitch.

It should be clear from the above illustration

that the distinction of pitch pattern applies not only to

the first word of the Verbal phrase ( i.e. the Main verb )

but also to the remaining words of the phrase ( i.e. the

Operator and the Auxiliary In other words the tone applies

to the phrase as a whole.

3.10 Tonal System.

The difference in pitch patterns of the

above pairs of examples ( and other similar pairs ) needs to be

explained in terms of tone in relation to the verbal phrase.

29Examples 1, 3 and 5 belong to one type of tonal

phrase whereas examples 2, 4 and 6 belong to the other

type of tonal phrase.

In order to deal with the difference in

pitch patterns stated above a two-term tone system has been

stated for the verbal phrased The two terms of the system

are named Tone 1, (Tl) and Tone 2, (T2).

I have preferred to mark the two tones by

number instead of attaching a descriptive label to each tone.

My reasons for doing so are that each tone has various

phonetic exponents and it is not possible to

attach a descriptive label such as falling, rising, or level,

etc., to a particular tone. Although a fall in pitch

in the ultimate syllable of a phrase is the most common

exponent of Tone 1 but there are certain contexts where

the exponent of Tone 1 may be a level or a rising pitch.

Similarly on the other hand, although a level pitch on

the ultimate syllable of a phrase is the most common

exponent of Tone 2f but it is not the only exponent

of this Tone.

3.11 The Phonetic Exponents.

The phonetic exponents of Tl (3.111) and

T2f(3.112) are as followsi-

3.111 Tl

The Phonetic exponents of Tl are stated

under three headingss

29a

1. Pitch features (3*1111)

2, Phonation features (3*1112)

3* Phrase initial features (3*1113)

3*1111 Pitch features

The pitch features of Tl have three .

exponents, one for each term of the Intonational System

(F,H,L).

3.11111 The exponents relating to the F term of the

30of the Intonational System,

M1. A low tail-mid rise-low fall in pitch, e.gv - i$

M 1 ?[cinsi ( kol/) ] ' J

\A____________M________________________ 0 _

2 mid levep&low fall-mid rise amid level-low fall in pitch® * & * ■T' f\ j

M O ^[ e gdl (p61a/ de ) ]

V A. M3o A mid level,a low fall-mid rise a fall in pitch, e.(

M 0[cap r<£ te gol ( pala ' de ) ]

“ v" \M 0 0 A

4* A low fall-mid rise a>..mid level,a low fall in pitch,e.g.M 0 A

[w^dsa ho si te ( pod/ ja si ) ]

v " ” \_____________M________________

5* A low fall-midvrise,a low fall in pitch, e.g.

M] mft w m ' ke nst ( tewa') ]

. v \

The relevant examples have been enclosed in round brackets.2..Letters M,Op and A on the top of pitch description and words in the examples indicate that the particular description relates to or the word concerned is; a Main verb,Operator^ or Auxiliary respectively.

M 36. A mid”Tevel,ja low fall-mid riseja low fall in pitch,e.g.

............... M..[m2 £n:Cf Ids y ft ( parhftffift' ) ]

~ v \English translation:

1.Dissolve the sugar.

2.Forget it.3.Keep silent and forget it.4.He v/ill forget it when he grows older.

5iShould I wash my face or not?6.Why should 1 excite him/her.

3.11112 The exponents relating to term H of theIntonational System.

M1 .A low fall-mid rise,a high rise in pitch, e.g., ^

[md ( tdffSt' ) ]/

V M2,A mid level,'a low fall-mid rise^a high rise- in pitqh,e.g.

[mr SnsCt ( parkswa' )' ]

- v 7, M 0 A

j 2—

3 ;A low fall a low level ,va mid rise aa high rise in pitch,

32

____ M ______________ _4* A "mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid level

0 Aa high rise a high level in pitch, e.g.

/ M 0 [o t$n:S i, ' -(paraya' ';„ b r -- sx)J’ / /~ v —

M ________5. A low fall.rhigh rise in pitch, e.g.

M[cinsi (kol') te C3la ja]

English translation:1. Should I wash my face?2. Should I excite him/her?3. Has the pigger been filled?4. Will He he teaching you?5. Dissolve the sugar and go away.

3.111135 The exponentsirelating to the term 1of the Intonational System.

M _________1. A low fall, mid rise-low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g.M

[m3n:£ Sn:.tl (parkaye')]

\ A _

______________ M_________________ ’ '2. A mid rise-low fall, a low level in pitch, eigi

[o (tatg^iS')]«

A _

___ ;_________ M ________________ ___ AA mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid level a low fall-low level, e;g«

M A[o m$n:$ (park&ndi' e)]

v

MA low fall-mid rise a low fall, a low level a low levelin $itch e.g;

M 0 A[o kapre (to' sakdi e)]

v \ _ ______________________M______________________ __A mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid level_____________ A ' •a low fall, a mid level in pitch, e;g.

M A -

[otfcns.TS. (parSnda' aya)]_ v _ . \ _

M 0 AA low fall a succession of two/levels a low level In pitch, e;g.

M 0 A[o jarmSnsU (par' sakda e)]

\ J _________

_ __ __________ M __________ __A mid level, a low fall-mid rise , a mid level

a low fall a low level in pitch, e.g.M 0 A

[o (paraya' kar si) ]

34

English translations

1* I excited him/her,

2. He fell down*

3. She excites me.

4# She can wash the clothes.

54 He used to teach you.

6. He can pay the fine.

7. He/she will be teaching*

3.1112 Phonation.

A constricted voice quality in the first

word ( and hence the only word of a one-word phrase) and a

non-constricted voice quality in the remaining words of

the phrase is the characteristic phonetic exponent of 1T1 phrase.

3*11121 Criterion

As the phonation feature stated above

(3.1112) is exclusive to the T1 phrase it can be used to

distinguish this type of phrase from the T2 phrase, which is

characterised by a non-constricted voice quality of the whole 1

phrase*

1. See 3*11221

3.1115 Phrase initial features

The following combination of phraseeinitial features is a phonetic exponent of T1 i

Occlusion-f voicelessness [ p 7t?t:k fc ]

e.g.[ p^n/ tTkta'.t,*/, kol,?C3l/ ]English translation:

Break J?ush* Falldown. Dissolve. Bear.\

3 4112 T2

"The phonetic exponents of T2 are also

stated under three headings:1 .Pitch; features (3*1121)2.Phonation (3*1122)

3.Phrase initial features (3.1123)

3,1121 Pitch features.

T2 also has three exponents one for

each term of the Intonational System F tHjL).

3.11211 Exponents relating to term F

of the Intonational System.

36M

\

11. A mid rise-low fall in pitchjeig.M

[ baa (khol)]

A________ M____________________________ 0

2i A succession of two mid levels a low fall in pitch,'e.g.

M 0 ^ 0[ p^kansa ' (s6ja.i de )] ^

M 03i A low level,a mid rise a low fall in pitch; e.g.

[ rot si I I te ahsft (kh&a de )]

_ / \M 0 A

4* A mid level a low? fall a low level in pitch,M 0 A

[ kanji l^g si te b&a ( kh&l ja si )]

M5i A mid level a low fall in pitch,eig.

M[ m£ jStta ke nS ( jatta )]

— \M

6 ♦ success ion of U/o~TeveTs, a low fall , in pitch, e.g.

[m£ but kaya ( camxSm )]

English translation!1iOpen the door.2.Blow the balloon.

37

3i Take the bread and feed him/her.4. The door will open only when the key fits in,5. Should I go cr not?6. Why should I shine the shoes?

3*11212 Exponents relating to term H.of the Intonational System.

M ___________1, A mid level, a high rise in pitch, e.g.

M[mtf (j&WS.)]

V.

M2. A mid level, a high rise, a high level in pitch, eig;

M[iriS but (camx&ft&)]

M 03i A mid level a mid level, a high rise in pitch, e*gi

M 0 [cacsa (mar gre)]

_ _ /M

4. A succession of two mid levels, a high rise, a high level

a high' level in pitch, eig.M 0 A

[o t3n:tt (sataya kar si)]v

M5i X idd level-iiigh rise in pitch, e.g.

M[boa (khol) te cala ja]

\

38

English translation;1. Should I go?2; Should I shine the shoes?3i Has the uncle died?4;, Will he he- teasing you?5• Open the door and go away?

3ill213 Exponents relating to term Lof the Intonational system;

M ______ ‘ ‘1. A low fall-mid level in pitch, e.g;

M -[e admi (e)]

\_________ M_______________

2i A low fall, aHmid level in pitch, e.g.M

[o (sot:e)]\ _

_________ M.______ A3; A succession of two mid levels, a low f$ll a low level

in pitch, e.g.M A

[o but (csmx^&ndi e)]

— \ _M 0 A

4i A low fall a succession of two levels; a low level(iie; low levels)

in pitch, e.g;M 0 A

[o (ro sakdi e)]\ __

_______________ M_________;_____________5# A succession of two mid levels, a low fall

__________ A ___________a succession of two low levels in pitch, e.g;

39M A

[ o mansft ( sat&nda aya )]

J1_______________ _0___ A6. A mid level a low fall,\a low level a low level in pitch,'e.g

M 0 A [ o e kam ( kar sakda e )]

“ \ _ _

_________________ _M__________________ __________7. A succession of two mid levels,'a low fall

___0_______ ____A___ ____a lov/ level a low level in pitch, e.g*

M 0 A[ o tanstt ( sataya kar si )]

English translations

1.Thi s i s a man.2.He went to sleep.3.She shines the shoes.4iShe can weep.5.He used to tease me.6.He will he teasing you.

3.1122 Phonation

A non-constricted voice quality of the whole phrase is the characteristic phonetic

exponent of T2 phrase.

3.11221 Criterion

As the phonetic feature stated above(3.{1 20) is exclusive to 12 it can be used to distinguish this type

of phrase from T1 phrase.The following table will illustrate this:

T1 phrase T2 phraseMain jj Operator verb | Jluxilia]

MainVerb

Operator { Auxilary

tOne-worcf Consjti-jj phrase ;ed x Non- |

constrictfed

Two-wordjj n | Hon- $ Nonponstr-jj oonstr-jj

phrase | Slcted I ictedThree- jj

I " { w } "word | ji xy jj Yphrase j | I

Non- JNon-constri- jj constricted cted. I ---------

41

3U125 Phrase initial features.

The following combinations of phrase initial features are the phonetic exponents of T2 phrases

Description of exponents

2. Occlusion + voicelessness, vowel +voice

3. Occlusion + voice, vowel + voice4. Friction + voicelessness, vowel +

voice5. Nasality + voice, vowel + voice6. Flap +voice, vowel + voice7. Laterality + voice, vowel + voice8. Vowel + voice,9* Vocalic + labio-vel.

10. Vocalic + voicelessness

Phoneticsymbols.

1. Occlusion + voicelessness, vowel + partial voicelessness [phe tho the kho

”cho][pi to ta ka ci]

[bo do da ga ja]

[so sa][ma na][ro]O ][a a a][w][h]

e.g.1. [phe thok:a thSr khol chor] 16. [ro]2. [pi tol tal kar cir] 7. [i^r]3. [bol dor daksa ga ja] 8. [akar »tka ada]4. [so sarma] 9* [war]5. [mar nacsa] 10: [har]

42

CHAPTER IV.

INTONATION

4.00 Introductory.

My interest .in intonation is limited to the part it plays in relation to the verbal phrase* Since the verbal phrase is the clause final phrase. (2.12), whatever intonational features characterize the end of the clause must also characterize the verbal phrase.

In order to state those intonational features which help to delimitssome such units as the clause within utterances two main, type of clausal patterns have been used: one type of pattern terminates, the sentence,,final clause and the other type terminates the sentence non-final clause.The possibilities for the sentence final clause are different from the sentence non-final clause. The' sentence non-final clause invariably terminates with a high, rise, in pitch irrespective of grammatical category and type of sentence it occurs in, whereas the sentence final clause may terminate with a low fall, a high rise, a high-level or a low level in pitch depending on grammatical category and type of sentence it .occurs in. The following examples will illustrate this:

43

S.NO'?- SENTENCE NON-FINAL | SENTENCE FINAL CLAUSE CLAUSE

V IS 11. 1 [pEse ( de ) Jte csla ja ]/ I

5 j2. | [kapre (to') Site cala ja ]

\ ' 1 II3. I [mg ( ) I k e na ]

_ y I4 . J [mft ( te w a ' ) Jcke nU tCWS']

! v !V

15i I [ o boa ( khol si ) 5 te cala jafei ]5 '! _ / j

6. |[ o cinsi ( kol' si ) 5 te eala ja/si ]

v 7 |7. | | [bcia (khol )]

A

8. I 1 [cinii (kol')] "Tp~— 1$

\AI &| 1

9. | | [me (jaws )] H

_ /1 .Relevant examples have heen enclosed in round "brackets.

44

10. [mti (tW5£')]

v y11; t° baa(khol sak si)]

~ \ -

12;: [o cinti (kol' ssk si)]V V ______

English translations1. Give the money and go away.2. Wash the clothes and go away.3* Should I go or not?4. Should I wash my face or not?5. He will open the door and go away.6. He will dissolve the sugar and go away.7.- Open the door.

D8; issolve the sugar.9. i go away?

10; Should I wash my face?11. He will he able to open the door.12. He will be able to dissolve the sugar.

It should be noted that final syllable of the sentence non-final clause (examples 1 to 6 above) has invariably a high rise irrespective of the tonal class of the verbal phrase^ it contains and the grammatical type of the sentence;. On the other hand the sentence-final clause

l; For Tonal classification of the verbal phrase seeChapter III (examples/;..

45

(examples 7 to 12 above) has different pitch possibilities in the final syllable* Example® 7 and 8 end in a low fall in pitch, examples 9 and 10 end in a high rise in pitch, and examples 11 and 12 end in a low level in pitch*

4*10 Intonational SystemIn order to deal with the two types of

clausal patterns stated above, a Two-term Intonational System is stated. Two terms of the system are named U (from ultimate) and non-U (U).

4*11 Phonetic exponents*The phonetic exponents of U (4*111) and U (4*112)

are as follows:

4.111 UM

l; A high rise in pitch, e.g. M

[(bol) te cala ja]/

M2. A low fall-high rise in pitch, e.g.

M[cinii (kol') te cala ja]

n/M

3. A mid level, a high rise in pitch, e.g.

[ms (jafe) ke n& ja$a]

_/

46

____________ M___________________4. A low fall-mid rise,a high rise in pitch,e.g.

M[ ( tSffS') k e n & tStfgt']

/V '_________ ______ M, _____ A _______

5.A succession of two mid levels a high rise in pitch,e.g.

^ , M A\ r n TvT\kkn :a^[0 p^kansa'(s&ja si ) te cala ja si ]

' _ _ /M A

6. A mid level,alow fall-mid rise a high rise in pitch,e.g,t

M A[ 0 gal(p^la' si ) te cala ja si- ]

~ v 7English translation!

1 .Speak and. go away.

2;Dissolve the sugar and go away.

3.Should I go or not?

4 .Should 1 wash the face or not ?

5 .He will blow the balloon and go av/ay.

6.He will forget about the matter and go away.

474.112 U_________ m__________ ;________

1.A low fall-mid rise-low fall in pitch,e.g. (oM

[ cinsi (kol') ]

\AM

2.A mid rise-low fall in pitch,e.g, M

[ b&a (khol ) ]

AM 0

3. A--laid level,a low fall-mid rise a mid level-low fallin pitch,e.g. r j_f

M 0 [ e gal ( pala' de ) ]

_ \/ ^M 0

4.A succession of two mid levels a low fall in pitch,e.g.

[ pakansa' ( st3ja de ) ] "^Vv’ ’

\___________ M__________________ 0 __

5. A mid level,a low fall-mid rise a^fall in pitch,e.g.M 0

[ c&p rS te e gal ( p&la' de ) ]

" V \M 0

6. A low level,a mid rise a low fall in pitch,e.g.,M 0

[ rot:i IS te an: 13 ( kh^a de ) ]

_ / \

48 M______ 0 _ ___A,___

7. A low fall-mid rise a mid level a low fall

irjfpitch,e .g.M 0 A

f wadia ho si te ( p^l' ja si ) ]

v — \M O A

. A mid level a mid level a mid level-low fall

in pitch,e.g.M 0 A

[ ktoji lag si te b&a ( khbl ja si ) ]

~ “ AM

9. A mid level,a low fall in pitch,e.g.M

[ mS j&WSt ke na ( jStfa ) ]

— \M __________ _

10. A low fall-mid rise,a low fall in pitch,e.g.

M[ ma tawa' ke nu ( tai&a' ) ]

v \_______________ M_______________ __________

11. A mid level,a low fall-mid rise,a low fall in pitch,e.jM

[ m£ I£n:tt kaya ( parkawa') ]

“ \/\___________ ___M ___________________

12. A succession of two midjELevels,a low fall in pitch, e.g.M

[ m£ but kaya ( camxS^a ) ]

M13, A low fall-mid rise,a high rise in pitch,e.g,

M ■ / O[ rnft { w m ' ) ]

v /< M_______ ____14iA mid level,~a high rise in pitch,e.g. "Tp*' t*

M[ mZ ( ja«a ) ]

_ _ /

______________ M_____________________________15.A mid level,a low fall-£i§ rise,a high rise in pitch,(

M t%[ m£ &nstf ( parkawa/ ) ] v

“ V 1M16. A mid level,a high rise,a high level in pitch,e.g.

M '75^-/ 3[ mg but ( cumxawa ) ]

M - . 017.A low fall,a mid rise,a high rise in pitch,e.g.

• /4>[ kura' ( p3r' gvg ) ] ”

/\ / M _________ _0______ _____

18."A rnid~Tevel a mid level,a high rise, in pitch,e.g.

M 0 '7 - / C[ caeja ( mar gTgr ) ] - g "

______________ M _______ ____19* A mid level,a low fall-mid rise,a mid level

0 A ____a high rise,a high level in pitch,e.g.

5°

M 0 A[o tfnsft (paraya' kar si)]

' ’ /“ V “ *_________________ M________________ _________ _

20* A succession of two mid levels, a high rise0 A

a high level a high level in pitch, e.g.M 0 A

[o tSnsft (sataya kar si)]

M21. A low fall-low level in pitch, e.g.

M[e admi (e)]

\ _• M________________

22. A mid rise-low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g.M

to (tat;hs')]

A _N

23; A low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g.M

[o (sot!g)]\ _

__________________ H_______________________24* A low fall, a mid rise-low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g.

[ m S n o n :u (pa rkayg')]v \ _

_________________ M_______________________25* A mid level, a low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g,

M[mSn:§ hut (camxayg)]

— \ _

51

26. A mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid levelA __________ _

a low fall-low level in pitch, e.g.M A

[a n&nsfi (park&ndi' e)]_ v _ V.

M AA succession of two mid levels, a low fall a low levelin pitch, e.g;

M[o hut (camx&ndi

Ae)]

II

M 0 AA low fall-mid rise a low fall, low level a low levelin pitch, e.g.

M 0 A [o kapre (to' sskdi e)]

V' \ ,— -n mrnM 0 A

29• A low fall a succession of two levels a low levelin pitch, e;g.

M 0 A u[o (ro sakdi e)§

\ ___________ ________________ M__________________________

30;. A mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid level 0________________A low fall, a low level in pitch, e.g.

M 0[o k^niS (paranda' ^ya) ]

“ V ” \ _

52

• M ________________31 i A succession of two mid levels, a low fall

0a succession of two low levels in pitch, e.g,

M 0[o (sat&nda aya) ]

\M

32; A low fall a succession of two low levels a low level in pitch, e;g.

M 0 A[o kad<*o 3&rm&n:& (par' sakda e)]

\ ___________

M 0 A33# A mid level a low fall, a low level a low level

in pitch, e.g.M 0 A

[o kera kam (kar sakda e)]

' _____________________M _______________34; A mid level, a low fall-mid rise, a mid level

0___________ A______a low fall a low level in pitch, e.g.

M 0 A[o kad:o (paraya' ker si)]

“ V " - \ __________ t r ' _________________ o_____A succession of two mid levels, a low fall a low level Jj. __a low level in pitch, e.g.

M 0 A[o kSJftS (sataya kar si)]

53English translations

1.Dissolve the sugar*

2.Open the door.3.Forget about it .4.Blow the balloon.

5.Keep quiet and forget about it.

b.Sake tne bread and feed him/her.

8.The door will open when the key fits in.

9.Should I go or not ?10.Should I wash the face or not?11.Why should I excite him?

12.Why should I shine the shoes?13*Should I wash the face?14.Should I go away?15-Should I excite him?

16.Should I shine the shoes?17.Has the pigger been filled18.Has the uncle died?19.Will he be teaching you?20.Will he be teasing you?21.This is a man.

22.He fell down.23.He went to sleep.24.1 excited him.

25*1 shone the shoes.

26,She excites me.27.She shines the shoes.28.She can wash the clothes.29-She can cry.

7.He will when he grows older

5430.' .. Whom did he teach .? /31 .Why did he tease'(him/her)?32.Can he pay the fine?33.What job can he do?34.When will he be teaching ?

35.Why should he be teasing (him/her) ?

4*1121 SubsystemIt will be seen from the phonetic

exponents of U (4.112) that (i) that examples 1 to 12 terminate with a low fall in pitch (ii) examples 13 to 20 terminate with a high pitch (either level or rising) and examples 21 to 35 terminate with a low level in pitch.

In order to deal with these differences in pitch a three-term prosodic sub-system is stated for U. The three terms of the sub-system are named (i) F (from fall, as fall in the final syllable is the charac­teristic feature of this term), (ii) H (from high, as a high pitch in the final syllable is the characteristic feature of this term) and (iii) L (from low, as a low level pitch in the final syllable is the characteristii feature of this term).4.11211 Phonetic exponents.

The phonetic exponents of (i) F (4.112111)(ii) H (4.112112) and (iii) L (4.112113) are as follows 4.112111 F

Phonetic exponents stated at serial numbers 1 to 12 (4.112) correspond to the exponents of term P.

It should be pointed out that examples 1 to 6 belong to Imperative grammatical category whereas 7 and 8 belong to Declarative and 9 to 12 belong to Interrogative grammatical category. As a low fall in the final syllable is common to these different grammatical categories it cannot be used as a criterion to distinguish

56them from each other, (however since in a Declarative type of sentence the final clause is preceded by the Inter­junction jj te] and in an Interrogative type of sentence the final clause is either preceded by the Interjunction [ ke ] or contains an Interrogative word like [ kayc5 ] there are other criteria for making the distinction apart from pitch). It should further be pointed out that Imperative is always associated with a low fall in the final syllable but the reverse is not true i.e. a low fall in the final syllable is not always associated with Imperative*4.112112 H

The phonetic exponents stated at serial numbers 13 to 20 (4-112) correspond to the exponents of term H*

It should be poihted out that all the examplesgiven at serial numbers 13 to 20 beldmg to Interrogativegrammatical category. However a high pitch is not exclusive

1to Interrogative. It should further be pointed out thatcertain types of Interrogative sentences end with either

2 3low fall in pitch or a low level in pitch.

1* See phonetic exponents of U (4-11)

2. See 11 !! of F at serial numbers 9 to 12(4.112)

3; See « " of I,. " 11 30 to35 (4.112)

574.112113 L

The phonetic exponents stated at serial numbers 21 to 35 (4.112 ) correspond to the exponents

of term L.

It should be pointed out that examplesnumber 21 to 29 belong to Declarative grammaticalcategory whereas examples number 30 to 35 belong to /fee

Interrogative grammatical catego-iy.As a low level in

pitch in the final syllable is common to these twodifferent grammatical categories it cannot be used

as a criterion to distinguish one from the other.However as the final clause in an Interrogative sentencecontains an Interrogative word there are other criteria

ftuLfor making.distinction apart from pitch.

58CHAPTER V

THE VERB INITIAL.

5,00 Introductory.

This chapter deals with the syntagmatic relationships that exist between various segments of initial syllable of the Verbal 'Word*

The initial consonant in the initial syllable of the Verbal Word exhibits certain syntagmatic relationships with the following vowels for instance (3) initial occlusion is linked to voice or partial­voicelessness in a following vowel and (II) non-occlusion is linked to voice in a following vowel.The following examples will illustrate this*

la. [(pa)l]"* b. [(pho)l]

3fa. [ (ma) r ] b* [(so) ]

English translations1a.Bring up. b.Look for.

2a.Beat. b.Go to sleep.

It will be seen that in examples 1a above occlusiwa [p] is followed by a voiced vowel[a] and in example 1b occlusive [p] is followed by a partially voiceless vowel [ho],whereas in example 2a

I.The relevant examples have been enclosed in round brackets.

59

and 2b non-occlusive [m] and [s] is followed by a voiced vowel [a] and [o] respectively. It should be clear from the above that on the one hand initial occlusion is associated with voice or partial voicelessness as an alternative feature in a following vowel, and on the other hand non-occlusion is associated with voice in a following vowel.

There is also a relationship of a different type between certain features of the initial consonant and certain qualities of vowel especially certain degrees of openness. For example where voicelessness and aspiration characterise the initial, the vowel has the following possible seven-fold range of quality:

[e o sa j t a?] but not closeness ([i u]) where, however, voicelessness combines with non-aspiration as initial features or alter­natively where the initial consonant contains a feature of manner of articulation other than plosion, the range of vowel quality is nine-fold:

[i u e o {?$? T

5.10 Initial System

In order to deal with the first of these two types of syntagmatic relationship specified above a two-term prosodic system has been set up at 5*11 for the initial syllable in a di-syllabic verb word (and hence the only syllable in a mono-syllabic word). As this system is related to the word initial it is named Initial System. The two terms of the system are named p (from Iplosion*, plosives being dominant in this type of syllable) and non-p (p).

60

Phonetic exponents of p and p The phonetic exponents o f p (fF.ll) and p

(5*12) are as follows?

5 *11 f&&No

Description of phonetic exponents Examples•

Consonant Vowel

l.« occ.+vcless. vow.-Kp-vcless, [(phe) ? (tho)k*?, (thg)r. ! . (kha),(cho)]

2« i occ .-fvcless. vow, voice

3* occ.+voice vow, voice

[(pi).(t3)kS3,(ta)l,(kg), (co) j

[(bs),(de)>(d^)r,(ga),(ja)]

Sub-systems % h/h (5*111) and v/v (5,112), .

5,111 h/h System.

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of p (5.11) that there is a type of p syllable in which partial voicelessness in the initial part of a vowel is linked to voicelessness in the initial consonant? say, as in [phe], ^his may be contrasted with the remaining type of p syllable in which full voice in a vowel is linked to either voice or partial voicelessness in the initial consonant? say, as in [ji pa] respectively.

In order to deal with the difference in vowel-consonant relationship as explained above a further two-term (h/E) prosodic system is stated as a sub-system for the p term of the Initial System. The two terms of the

li The relevant piece has been enclosed in round brackets.2. The^following abbreviations have been used for phonetic •

sub-system are named h (after 'partial voicelessness in - the vowel) and non-h (h)..

The phonetic exponents of h (5.1111) and h (5.1112) sire as follows:

5.1111 h 1 ’

S . No. Description of phonetic exponents Examples consonant v o w e l ___________ __________

1 vless. p-vless. [(phe) (tho)ksa(ths)r (kha) (cho)]^

features socclusion- occ.J plosion=plos.; affrication=affr.; nasality=nas#; frictionsfric•j alveolarity=alv.; laterality=lat.? retroflexion= ret*? palatalitysspal.; palato-alveolarity=palato-alv. j vowel=vow.^ voicelessness=vless.? partial voicelessness=p-vless.shortness- | short.? central!ty=central.? centralization=centraliz.?labiality : =lab.

1. Also a reason to treat the feature of aspiration as a prosodic feature is that this feature is unrepeatable withina verbal form. It occurs in initial, medial or final syllable, but not jnore than once in any given verbal form.2. The relevant piece has been enclosed in round brackets.

62

5.1112 H

•o•I

CO Description of phonetic exponents * Examples

Consonant 1 Vowel

1. vless. voice [(pi (te)kse (ta.]HL (ke) (co)j ‘

2. voice voice [(be) (de) (da)r (ga) (da)]1 .

5.-112 v/v System.

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of p : (5.11) that there is a type of p syllable in which voice in an initial consonant is linked to full voice in'an following vow|l^ say, as in [ja]. This may be contrasted with the remaining type of p syllable wherein voicelessness in an initial consonant is associated with either full voice or partial voicelessness in a following vowel as an alternative feature; say, as in [co cho]•

1. The relevant piece has been enclosed in roundjfcirapke-ts.

63

In order to account for this relationship between consonant and vowel a further two-term (v/v) prosodic system is stated, as a sub-system, for the p term*. The two terms of the system are named v (from voice, vo&ce being the characteristic feature of the initial consonant in this type of syllable) and non-v (v) •

The phonetic exponents of v( 5*1121)ILand v (5*1122) are as follows*

5.1121 v

S.No*

..... 1 II. rlW-UW.— ■Ij.nDESCRIPTION OF PHONETIC :i

EXPONENTS EXAMPLESCONSONANTS ! VOWEL.... - ... _ _ - i ...

1 .I**" ’ ..-.1—1-11. :

voice voice [(be)> (ja)]

(de), (de)r, (ga),

5:1122 v

S.No.DESCRIPTION OF PHONETIC

EXPONENTS EXAMPLESCONSONANTS VOWEL

vless. voice [(pi) (ts)ks^ (ta)l (ke),(00)]

2i vless: p—vless. [(phe) (tha)kss (the)r,(kha) (cho)]

64

5ill3 Relationship between h/h and v/v systems*

There are three possible combinations of the two prosodic systems, which are (i) hv, (ii) hv and(iii) hv. The following table will illustrate this:

TYPE OP COMBINATION 1 EXAMPLES

w [pi t?l tal k^r co]hv [bol de dar ga 3a]hv [phe thaksa thgr kha chfr]

It will be seen from the above table (5*113) that [ph], for instance, has been classified as h because of partial voiceless­ness in the vowel combined with the matching voicelessness in the initial plosive, in contrast with [pi], for example, classified as h, in which there is a contrary relationship).[bol], for example,, on the other hand has been flassified as v because of full voice in the vowel combined with the matching voice in the initial plosive, ^his contrasts with, for example, [pi], classified as v in which there is a contrary relationship;

It will further be seen that once a syllable is classified as h it must be ^ s well. Similarly a v syllable must be h as well. As this is the case a h(v) syllable for the sake of economy, will mark as h$ and a (h)v syllable will be distinguished as v. The third type of syllable will, however, have to be symbolised as hv.

65

An alternative treatment of the material is also possible* One might set up a two-term (h/h) system for the initial syllable* If this mode of analysis were adopted the phonetic exponents of (i) h and (ii) h would be as follows:(i) hDESCRIPTION OP PHONETIC

EXPONENTS ! EXAMPLESCONSONANT ’ VOWEL

occ,+vlessl$ p-vlessi [(phe) (tha)k:3 (ths)r (kha) (cho)]

(ii) EDESCRIPTION OP PHONETIC

EXPONENTSff

EXAMPLESCONSONANT ) VOWEL...

occ*+voice j voice [be de d?r ga da]lat*+voice voice i-iMrH

i_l

nas*+voice | voice [m^r,nac:a]lab.+ |fric- ^ i n voice i less jcont. I

voice [war]

flap+voice voice [ro]occ.+vless* | voice [pi to'tSf/ ke co]fric*+vless* ‘ voice [so har]

66-

This treatment is not adopted here. The reason is that this treatment would obscure the important phonological fact that it> is nd£ any consonantal articulation that is associated with alternative features of vowel, but it is the feature of occlusion that is linked to these alternative features of voice and partial voicelessness in a following vowel. The contrast is between occlusive initial and non-occSusive initial syllable. The major difference between these two types of syllables is that in the latter the vowel invariably is voiced, regardless of whether the initial non­occlusive consonant is voiced or not, whereas in the former the vowel may be either voiced or partially voiceless, and relationship can be established between these alternative vowel features and occlusion in the initial consonant. The syntag­matic implications of non-occlusion are very different from those of occlusion. ( i f . English too:

occlusion +voice/voicelessnesslaterality, nasality, roll+voice (only)friction -fvoicelessness (only) (except '

loan words, deictics etc:));

67

5.12 P

DESCRIPTION OF PHONETIC EXPONENTSCONSONANT I VOWEL EXAMPLES

1 . lat. +voice voice C(l®)r]2i nas. +voice voice ■—tto..ou3i _i3. fricless.cont +voice voice [(wa)r]4 . fric. +vless voice [(so), (ha)r]

English translations 1. Fighti 2; Die, dance*3i Sacrifice.4* Go to sleep. Be defeated.

5*13 The second type of syntagmatic relationship,that Between different ranges of vowel quality and such syllable initial features as plosion versus some feature other than plosion (lat., nas., non-syll.,fric;) or between aspiration versus non-aspiration etc., coincides with the distinction already made under the Initial System (p/p) and with the p> term's sub-systems lij/h (5*111) and v/v (5 112) stated above; hence no additional prosodic systems are needed.

68

5*13.1... (l) Plosion when combined with voicelessnessand non-aspiration ([p t t k c]), and (2) initial featuresother than plosion ( [ l m n s r h w ] ) , are related to the fullnine-fold vowel range [i u e o 8 a? % a ;

e.g.:(1) (plosives) [cir tur' pej' tol t.8 pa err pol' par'](2) (non-jSosives) £si su se so ss sar mirl rol lar]

The first of these two sets of examples (at l) are of course also examples of the h and the v terms of the two sub-systems stated for the term p of the Initial System (5.1112 and 5*1122); while the second set (2) are alsoexamples of the p term of the Initial System (5*12).

5 ^ 1 3 2 Plosion when combined with voicelessness and aspiration, on the other hand, is related to a seven-fold vowel range [ e g a o ; T o a ]

e.g.* [phe thgr khct phol phrr thar thfrk*?]These examples have already been classified

on other syntagmatic grounds as examples of the h term of the h/h sub-system stated for the p term of the Initial System(5illl)*

5il33; Further, voice when combined with plosion as aninitial feature is relatable to a range of vowel quality inter­mediate between the two stated above at 5*131- and 5*132;f the following eight-fold vowel range [i e o G a| t o 3 ] e.g.i [ji de dol bs ga drwa bols b^l]

6g

Since these examples are also examples of the v tfirm of the v/v sub-system stated for the p term of the Initial System (5*112) no additional need be stated;

5V 134 Prom the examples shown in Section 5*13? itwill be seen that closeness as a vowel feature ([i u]) does not combine with word initial aspiration? nor does closeness plus backness ([u]) combine with word-initial voice and plosien (.5*133 ) *

It is interesting to note that the second type of syntagmatic relationship between a vowel's closure feature and word initial consonant feature does not require an additional prosodic system to be stated: it can be accom­modated to the Initial System (2*10) and its sub-systems already stated on other syntagmatic grounds, and therefore, in effect serves to re-inforce that system.and its sub-system.

5i2,2 Phonematic Systems (Syllable initial).Since the syllable initial features of the

p (h,- v, hv) and the § types of verb are not subjected to any further prosodic analysis, the remaining phonological dif­ferences; among them are stated as the exponents of phonematic units* Two types of phonematic system are set up for the initial syllable; . (3ne C- System for p (syllableinitial) lexical item ( 5 * 2 2 1 ) and another C— System for p lexical items.

70

A five-term Phonematic C- System has been set up for the fifteen types of verb.belonging to the $ h 9

pv and phv types of syllable (5;121),~ whereas a nine-termPhonematic C- System has been set up for the nine types of verb belonging to the p type of syllable (5.12)*

5*£21 Phonematic C- System applicable to the t o

(h, v. Evfr.A five-term phonematic C- Sjdbem is stated for

the 15 types of verb belonging to the p (h, v, hv) types of syllable. Five of these types of verb (1, 2, 7, 10 and 15 in the following table, page 11 ) belong to the phv type of syllable, the other five (2, 5* 8, 11 and 14) belong to the ph type of syllable and the remaining five (5> 6, 9, 12 and 15) belong to the pv type of syllable. The five terms of the System and their phonetic exponents are as follow*:

(Table overleaf)

71

PHONEMATICUNIT PHONETIC EXPONENTS PROSODIC

GROUP EXAMPLE ' SYMBOL f.

x; P Xah. -J-pXos* i pvh b ] [[pal] p2; i ph i [p] [phe] |?I-3. ! pv I ft] . [bol] [

4° T!s. ,

I alVo “Jdafflo pXos.1 ' i

*pvh ; [t] [to'] j

5* * i

iph [t] [thoksa];

6 » 1i pv [cl] [do] |

7. 0 ; ret. 4-apic. -S-pIos. i pvh [t] [te'] ;8. ph [t] t^her] ■9. pv [d] r-

X O o K v e l . ^ d o r s . . 4 - p I o S o pvh [k] [kar]XX* ph [k] [kha]X 2. p v [ d [ga]

X % € pal-alv. 4-dors, -J-affr . pvh [c] [cix]X4. Ph [c] [chrk sa ]rX5. pv [j] [ja]

English translationsX ; Bring up 4. Wash Stop 12. Sing2* Press 5. Spit 9* Throw

away 13. Cry

3; Speak up 6; Give away 1 0 . Do 14. Pull7. PaXX down XX. Eat 15. Go away

72

5*122 Phonematic C— System applicable to pA nine-term Phonematic C~ System has been

set up for the nine types of verb belonging to p. The nine

S;H0.

1*2.3.4.5.6 .7.

8 .9.

PHONEMATICUNIT

LM N B Z

V 1

R

HW

PHONETIC EXPONENTS

lat.+alv. +voicenas*+lab. -l-voicenas.+alv. +lam.+voicefric.+alv.+lam.-f-vlessfrie.+alv.-KLam.+voicefric.+ret*+apic.+ vless.

fric.+alv.*KLam.+ vless.

vocalic+vless.vocalic+labio-vel.+

voice

follows:

jPHOUETICSYMBOLS EXAMPLES

[1] [lar][m] [mar][n]

1-1ftO£ i _i

1 [s]t [so]! c*] [za k]

! w [jsarmaJ

: m [ro]

: [h] [har]

: [w] [war]

English translation:1. fight 4*2. ^ie 5*3* Dance 6..

Go to sleep 7.Long for 8;.Be shy 9

CryBe defeated Sacrifice

73

CHAPITER VI ROOT FINAL

This chapter deals with characteristics ofthe root syllable final. According to these characteristics4 different types of final syllables have been established.In one type of syllable shortness in a final consonant islinked to shortness or length in a preceding vowel as analternative feature; e.g., [m(ar)] and [m(ar) ] .***In another type of syllable shortness in a final consonantis linked to length in a preceding vowel;; or length [:] ina final consonant is associated with shortness in apreceding vowei together with presence of the post-vocalicelement [a ha ] $ e.g., [t(ok)j or [t(ak*a)] and [r(ak:ha)].In the third type of syllable shortness in a final consonantis linked to shortness in the preceding vowel ? e.g.,

[ tar( of) ]Finally in the fourth type of syllable there is no post vocalic consonant and the final vowel is long? e.g.,[0(a)].1

It should be pointed out here that the fourth type of word is phonetically similar to a second type of syllable in being open but differs from it in (i) being monosyllabic and (ii) having a long vowel;

1.brackets#

The relevant piece has been enclosed in round

74

6.10 Pinal System.

In order to account for the above characteristics a four-term prosodic system has been set up here for the

root final*and'it is, therefore, named Pinal System.The 4 terms of the system are named (i) c (after continuant(ii) p (after^plosion, plosive being dominant in this type of syllable) (iii) o ( this being the only vowel in this type of final syllable) and (iv) o (from openness) .

6.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of theFinal System•

The phonetic exponents of (i) c (6,111)(ii) p (6.112), (iii) o (6.113) and (iv) o (6,114)are as follows*

CO o

75

6.111 c

PHONETIC EXPONENTS 1!EXAMPLES

I

s .NO.VOWEL1 | CONSONANT

1 ength/-short.. fric. +short. [n(as) 1[p(sx' 2[ j(os) 3[c(ix) 4

m ti flap [m(ar) 5[ w (ar) V >

II u 1 at. [t(®l) 7[t(al) 8

n n +nas. nas. -[-short., occ. +short. [m(3nd ] C|

[r(3»fg 3 10

[m(ajij 3 1ii ii n ii n [ c ( am) 12

I-1 S. D? P 13[3(S?)' 14

1 . JU bowels are non-nasal except where nasality[~] is indicated.

2. o#t'4elevant piece has been enclosed in round brackets.

766.1111 ii / n System.

It will be seen from the phonetic

exponents of ' . . c (6.111) that in one type of c syllable

nasality [~] in a vowel is linked to nasality in a

following consonant ( examples 9 to 14 ). This may be

contrasted with the remaining type of c syllable where

non-nasality in a vowel is associated with non-nasality in a following consonant (examples 1 to 8 ).

In order to deal with the syntagmatic relationship between a vowel and a following consonyfc a ^ jtwo-term prosodic system is stated here for the c. The

2 terms of the system are named . (i) n (after nasality) and('Uion~n ( n ) .

6.11111 Phonetic exponents of the n and the n.

The phonetic exponents of n (6.111111)

and n (6.111112) are as followss

6.111111 n

PHONETIC EXPONENTS EXAMPLES S.NO.

VOWELn a s . nas occ.

2

[m(ajjj)] 3[c(om)J 4[m(on)] 9[J(ar)] 6

77

6 . 1 1 1 1 1 2 n

PHONETIC EXPONENTS

VOWEL CONSONANT EXAMPLES

non-nasl non-nas. [n(?s)] [p(^x') ] £j(os)] [c(ix)] [m(^r)][ w (a r) ] [t(*l)] [t(al)]

786 . 1 1 2

PHONETIC EXPONENTSVowel I consonant T vowel

|~EX AMPLE S p .tooi;

short, occ. +voice 4-length cent. 4-voice 4-short. [l(absa) ] i[k(odsa)] 2

[k(ad sa) ] 3[t (hag:a) ] 4

[g^j i^)] 5» ti 4-vless. " 11 M " [k(^p S3)] 6

[k(at sa) ] 7[p(?tSa)] 8

[ C ( ok S 3 ) ] 9[n&csa) ] 10

” n " 11 ” 4-p-vless. " [l(vpsha)] 11[ C ( T71 8 ha)] 12

[(otsha)] 13[ r >k! ha) ] 16[k(ac !ha) ] 17

length " ” +short. - [j(ot)j 18

[m(ut)] 19[r(ok)] 20[w(ec)] 21

” u 4-voice 11 - - ~ [d(ob)] 22

[k(hed)] 23[o(ag)] 24

[p(ej 0] 25

796 .1 1 2 1 s / i System.

It will be seen from the phonetic :

exponents of the p (6.112) that in one type of p syllable

length [:] in a final consonant is linked with shortness

in a preceding vov/el and the following vowel as well

(examples 1 to 17)* This may be contrasted with the remaining type of p syllable where shortness in a final consonant is associated with length in a preceding vowel

(examples 18 to 25).

is set up here for the p. The 2 terms of the system are

named (i) s (from shortness in the consonant) and (ii) s

(non-s).

The phonetic exponents of (i) s

(6.112111) and £ii) s (6.112112) are as follows:

In order to deal with the syntagmatic relationship stated above a two-term prosodic system (s/s)

6 . 1 1 2 1 1 Phonetic exponents of s and s .

6.112111 s

p h o n e t i c, exponents

VOWEL FCONSONANTI EXAMPLEST ~

S.NO.

length short Ci(ot)] 1 [m(ut)j 2

[r(ok)] 3

[w(ec)J 4 [d(ob) ] 5

[k(hed)] 6

lj(ag)] 7

[p(ejO] 8

806.112112

PHONETIC EXPONENTSVOWEL CONSONANT VOWEL

EXAMPLES S.NO

short. length short. +voice

" +p-vless.

[l(3h 13) _ 1

[ k v o d i 3 ) _ 2[ k (3 d 13) 3[ t ( h.3 g S 3 ] 4

j s®) 5[k(3pi3) 6[ k ( 3 t S 3 ) 7

[p(3t S3 ) 8o D P? 1* t . t

9

[ 11 ( 3 C S 3 ) 10

[l(Tp sh3 ] 11

t C ( T t 1 ha ] 12

[(o t S h 3 ) 13

[r(3 k sh3 ] 14

[ k (3 c s h3 ] 15

81

6.1121121 h / h System.

It will be seen from the statement

of exponency of the s (6.112112) that in one type of s syllable partial voicelessness in the final vowel[ha]

is linked to voicelessness in a preceding consonantv?( examples 11 to 15 ). This type of s syllable is distinguished, prosodically, from the remaining type of s syllable in which voice in the final vowel [a]

is associated with voice or voicelessness as an alternative feature in a preceding consonant (examples 1 to 10).

syntagmatic relationship stated above a two-term(h/h)

prosodic system is set up here for the s. The 2 terms

of the system are named (i) h (from partial voicelessness

in the final vowel) and (ii) non-h (h).

The phonetic exponents of (i) h (6.112112111) and (ii) E (6.112112112) are as follows!

In order to deal with the

6.11211211 Phonetic exponents of h and h.

6.112112111 h"PHONETIG EXPONENTS

” rCONSONANT"! VOWEL

EXAMPLES '( S.NO

vless. p~vless. [l*tf.( p sha) ] 1[ c t (t i ha) ] 2

[ sha) ] 3[retain**)] 4[kb(csha)] 5

6.112112112 h8 2

PHONETIC EXPONENTS

CONSONANT VOWEL

voice voice

vless.

IEXAMPLES ; S.NO

[is (b 53 ) ] 1

[ko(dS3)] 2[k3( d 53 ) ] 3[ th3(gS3 ) ] 4

[g^( 2 !»)] 5[ k3 ( p 13 ) ] 6[k3(t!3)] 7

[p?( t:«0] 8[c<*(kS3 ) ] 9[ ns (c: 3) ] 10

836.1121122 System.

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of the s that in one type of s syllable voice in a final consonant is linked to voice in the following vowel [a] (examples 1 to 5 (6.112112)).This may be contrasted with the remaining type of s

syllable in which voicelessness in a final consonant is associated with voice or voicelessness as alternative

feature in the following vowel [a ha] (examples 6 to 15

(6 .112112)).In order to deal with the syntagmatic

relationships between consonant and vowel a two-term (v/v)

prosodic system is stated here for the i. The 2 terms of the system are named (i) v (from voice in final consonant) and (ii) v (non-v).

6.11211221 Phonetic exponents of v and v.The phonetic exponents of (i) s

(6.112112211) and (ii) s (6.112112212) are as follows:

6.112112211 v

“ IPHONETIC EXPONENTS 5 EXAMPLES | S.NO

CONSONANT VOWEL $___________I_____voice voice [la(bsa) ] 1

[ k & (d s a ) J 2

[ka (d :a ) ] 5

[tha(gsa)] 4

[g3(d! )] 5

846.112112212 V

PHONETIC EXPONENTS.

c o n s o n a n t ! VOWEL

EXAMPLES S.NO,

vless. voice

p-vless.

[fcS>(pj3) ] 1

[ k a ( t ! 3 ) ] 2

[ p a (t:<?)] 3

[ c o ( k i ? ) ] 4

[ll3(c£3)] 5

[l-c(piha)] 6

[c t(t s h 3)] 7

[ o (t :h3 ) ] 8

[ r3 (k % h s ) J 9

[k3 (c s h s ) ] 10

85

6 .1 1 5

PHONETIC EXPONENTS | EXAMPLES | S.NO.!j 5

VOWEL CONSONANT 8_________ 8

back.+ short. [khot (or)] 1short.

[lsp(ar)] 2 [t3r(os)] ■ 3

[bax(os)] 4

[cam(ox)] 5

[tar(af)] 6

[lar(oz)] 7 [war(ot)] 8

[khar(ok)] 9 [khar(oc)] 10

11

English translations1. Dig out.2. Catch.

3. Be deprived of,

4. Forgive.

5. Shine.6. To.ss yjmr head.

7 Tremble,

8. Use it.

9. Scratch.10. Scratch.

11. Understand.

86

6.114

PHONETIC EXPONENTS'

vow. -{-length

EXAMPLES S.NO

[p(i)]W e - ) ][k(£)J [3(a)]l>(o)]

[ s ( u ) ]

English translations

1. Drink.

2. Give away.

3. Speak up.

4 . Go away.

5. Cry.6. Deliver (a baby)

87

In accordance with their similarity in

respect of the syntagmatic association of features

within the verb-root final as stated above the

fifty three types of verb root have been jut into

the following nine groupss

8 8 1S.WO.jj V^RB-ROOT j PROSODIC GROUP jg GROUP WO.

I

1 fcond-j |

2 r n iLr ogJ3. [majij]

r . rw rv "1 f4 bar j ]c: [cam ]

6 [nuSn 1N. *

7 [nos ]8 [cox' ]v. * (mol ]

10 [jos ] {

11 [cix ]

12 [tal ]

13 [war ]

14 [rnor ]

15 [lvpsho j|

16 [cTt »ho ji

17 [rok s ho jf

18 |ko c s ho ]

19 [at sho ] j

cn

cn

phs

ii

i n

88

4ftA:LS.ftO.j VERB-ROOr

2021

22232425 2 627

28

2930

3132

333435363738

3940

41424344

454647

[lobsoj :

[ k ods o ]

[ thog so ]/[g*D»'?][ ko d s a ]

[kopsoj

[ ko t s O ]

[ C ok S 3 ] ')

[nacsa]

[potS3] [jot][rok jr iiwecj >

mut ] JV

>

[dob]

[Dag][pej '] [khedj /

V[loporj

[khotorj

[ tor os J [boxosj

[torof] }[lor wS]

[wo rot ]

[khorokj | [khoroc j1[g^roj]

{ PROSODIC GROUP

pvs

phvs

pnvs

ovs

I GROUP 110.

iv

v

vi

vi i

viii

89

1S .NO .1 VERB-HOOT 5 PROSODIC GROUP j GROUP NO

_JL48

4950

5152

55

[pi]Ue]

[ks i[ga] [ro j

[su j

IX

As each prosodic group contains more than one type of verb-root, any further phonological distinctions may be stated as exponents of phonematic units; but there

is still one more set of syntagmatically associated features to be taken into account. This set of features is drawn from the verb-root syllable and an inflexion syllable that

combines with it.and is stated in the following chapter.

90

CHAPTER VII VERB-ROOT PINAL SYLLABLE

AND INFLEXION INITIAL SYLLABLE

7*00 IntroductoryThis chapter gives an account of the verbal

form in relation to some syntagmatic differences that ib exhibits, in its phonetic form, in different contexts.

Let us take, for example, a few words in which the verbs such as [kac:ha das r-^g war kharak ro] appear in their un-inflected forms and with a few inflexions too, such as [di/ndi a/ha/ya aa they appear indifferent contexts:

S.No A B C D

1. [kac:ha kac-di kac:fta-ra kac:-ha]2. U1•si _i das-di das: - a H das:-a]3. [r3‘J)g ra3g-di raj)g~ara raj>g-a]4. [war war-di war-ntl war-aj5. [kharak kharak-di kharak-n& khark-a]6. [ro ro-ndi r8-£& ro-ya]

English translations1A Measure 1C $o measureIB Had she measired ID Measured

1. I have taken only three inflexions here foconvenience of illustration; various other inflexions will: be statedllater (7.10).2. An oblique has been used here to state alternative forms.

91

2A Show 2B Had she shown2C To show 2D Shown3A Colour 3B Had she coloured3C To colour 3D coloured4A Sacrifice 4B Had she sacrificed4C To sacrifice 4D Sacrificed5A Scratch 5B Had she scratched5C To scratch 5D Scratched6A Weep 6B Had she wept6C To weep 6D Wept

We find that in the case of example 1 the verb-root is [kacsha] in column A, it is [kac] in column B and it appears to be [kacsha] and kac:] in columns C and D respectively*In the case of example 2 the verb-root is [das] in columns A and B and it is [das:] in columns.C and D.In the case of examples 4 and 5 the phonetic shape of the verb-root remains the same in all contexts*Finally in the case of example 6 we find that the verb-rootis [ro] in columns A and D, and it is [rb] in columns B and C.

Now if we look at these examples from the inflexion point of view we find that in the case of examples i to 5 the inflexionin column B is [di]j but it appears to be [ndi] in the case of example 6.In the case of examples 1 the inflexion in column C appears to be [?&], in the case of examples 2 and 3 it appears to be

in thg case of examples 4 and 5 it is [na] and in thecase of example 6 it is [r&]>

92

Finally in the case of example 1 the inflexion in column D appears to be [ha], in the case of examples2 to 5 it is [a] and in the case of example 6 itappears to be [ya]i

The difference in the phonetic form of a lexical item can be explained in terms of syntagmatic relationships that exist between final syllable (or final segment of a final syllable) of the verb-root and an initial segment of an inflexion, when they occur in Intra-verbal Junction*

The verb-root final syllable features are,accordingly, considered in association with features of theinflexional initial syllable in 8 phonetic types ofpiece ^ which are as follows:-1 [di]2 [r&]3 [os]4 [ya]5 [ft&]6 [we]7 [hi]8 [n3]

l; A piece may be mono-syllabic or di-syllabic, e.g.,[(as)], [(aya)], [ra( g o r e d )i]. (The relevant piece in the examples has been enclosed in round brackets)t It will be seen that in the first example the piece is mono-syllabic and comprised [a] the root and [s] the inflexion* In the second example the piece is di-syllabic and comprises [a] the root, [a] the inflexion and [y] the junction element;In the third example the piece is diMSgpLkabic and consists of [gar], which is part of the root, [d] which is part of the

93

Each of the 8 types of piece stated above is named after the inflexion or one of the inflexions that combines with the verb-iroot in that particular type of piece. Each of the 8 groups of inflexions have more than one phonetic shape depending on the context it appears in.As such one of the phonetic form has been adopted for naming the pieces. The [ya] piece, for instance, may contain one of the two inflexions, i.e. [a/S/ha/ya] or [s/S/he/ye]. The former inflexion |ias been adopted for naming this piece.This inflexion has 4 different phonetic shapes. The piece has been named after one of these 4 i.e. [ya]'*'.

It will be seen from the following table that seven of the above 8 types of piece may contain more than one inflexion. The [di] >piece, for instance, may contain either of the following 4 inflexions:

[di/ndi/^di/Sdi/hadi][ da/ nda/ada/ada/ha da{]> v * »[de/nde/ade/^de/ha de][ dT^/ndT^/ adT$H/<? dr^/ha drya]

Although these inflexions are grammatically different from each other they have been grouped together on the basis of their phonetic behavioufl in different contexts.

Continued from previous page: inflexion and [a] the junction element.1. Another way of naming the piece would be to use capitalletters, for instance, the [di] piece could be nanei DI or D,Although it is economical and easier to use capital letters as".compared with using one of the phonetic forms, as the capitalletters have been used in this thesis for phonematic unitsthis could cause confusion. Hence my preference to use one of •hVifi uhonetio forms ins toad-

94

TYPE OP PIECE INFLEXION

[di] di de da dia

. -i /viv (V/v /v/v rv/v/vra] pi re ra ria

U s ] s

[ya] G a

[w%] e a ■

[we] e o

[hi] i ia> i®

t_, “1 rv /*** r*j.na] ni ne na

deo

95

7.10 Intra-verbal Junction System.

In accordance with their similarity, in respect of the syntagmatic associations of features in conjunction with a following inflexion the verb roots have been put into the following 6 groups. The six groups mean that there are syntagmatic grounds for distinguishing the verb roots of each group from the verb-roots of the other 5 groups in at least one of the 8 types of piece stated above(7.00). Accordingly, a six-term prosodic system is stated. Since this system is concerned with the final syllable of the verb-root and the initial syllable of a following inflexion it is named the Intra-verbal Junction System. The 6 terms of the system are (i) c ( after continuants, where final consonants in the verb-root are continuants), (ii) p ( after plosion, where plosives are dominant in the final syllable of the verb-root), (iii) <6 ( where the only vowel that occurs' in the final syllable of the verb-root is [u>j), (iv) f ( after flap, where the articulation of the final consonant is of flap type), (v) d (after double, where the verb-root has a sequence of two consonants injthe final syllable) and o ( after open, where the verb-root has a final vowel).

The phonetic exponents of each of the 6 terms of the system are sequence of features drawn from both syllables, the verb-root final and the inflexion initial.As such the phonetic exponents of each of the 8 groups of inflexions are stated as well. .'Hence . there is no need to stele exponents of inflexional syllables separately.

7.11 The phonetic exponents of the terms ofthe Intra-verbal Junction System.

The phonetic exponents of c(7.111), p (7.112), 6 (7.113), f (7.114), d (7.115) and o (7.116) are as follows!

Relevant piece

has been

enclosed in

round brackets.

H-

COH*ct-

c+ c-t* c+

o

MO

o

1-3GO

C + H-M

O

H- H-I CO

IhS? IhR IP3 H- GOH-

03 roVJ1roo

o o<1 H0 Ui ~ hi & p —C&,hj O 0

c + c +

c+ c+

H*

H-ro l\) pUOOrt c+- O 13* O H P O H(I) cn i - b jz>

o ^ ohj hd 0 1—1 0 £ Hj PI—H-

c+ ro

H-

ro rovn ro co —3 VJ1

97

<~srx?•

For verbs

containing inflexion

..o see

examples 30a

to 35a

page?'

T- r^ 98H j s Ms p P

C D c fo • •

cnS'oS 5e+•

HjsH*O+

Pci" sH-O+MC DSat)Ci"S'

-5}

+P r—1 <1 *D

+OMOCDC D

+>~bSo13< r h

1S "

t-T,i-'J<- 'ocn

$*

oH *0 C D1 f— 1 C DS0c +S'

c + -S"

2 O BD i D i Ps 9 "P• • • • » •H* H« H*

'-1 i — i r— io c _ n SH * O P^ — S ,— Nx icn C D* 9 * * * •

H - H * H --— ' ■-_ -

1 1 i _ _ i - - 1

\ > 1GO —j

I .1 1 "1 r“ t f— 1 f-19 O B Q c_i.$> L\ o H- O/-N /—N ^ ^^s 1—1 X ten♦» • * • 0- ««ft (Vi <v> Pbv—1-.J t • .1 t- ■ 1 1_, 1__

(i. .[s. \jJ V>1 V-jJ VjJ ^ ^ V>J ^o vo go —-j cr\ ' o - ^ o

04 ro _ k C/1O 4^ 03 PP p P 'Orp 1— 1 0 Bi— i i—n i— ~ i 0P p P PP p P C + *

-— •. -— - -— •. P01 01 cn P# o 09 99 <<!o 0i CO 0wp&l<~|

04 ro - A '0 *k on C O cn’P P p •*

P MP Pcn c +

ppi

H)4H-O+01p-opc t -

9'9

04 ro tofO cn OP P P•

P., ).oloi

C _ i .o C 1.O10) 101

o n 99a r t co

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100

In the case of [ra] piece it would be possible to attempt to allocate certain features to the final syllable of the root and to the inflexions [ar&] might be assigned to the inflexion thus leaving [e-] for the root5 but there is no need to make a divisions the vowel [3 ] can perfectly well be considered as common to, and shared by, both root and inflexion;7.1111 s/s System.

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of the c (7.111) that a final consonant of the root syllable is short in the [di] and [n&] types of piece whereas it is long in the [ya], [ffiS.], [we] and [hi] types of piece. However in the [?a] and fcas] types of piece one type of the c root syllable final conconant is long (examples 6,7, 10, 14) and in the remaining type it is short (examples 8, 9, 11,12, 13, 15, 16, 179* The length or shortness as an alternative feature of the root syllable final consonant depends oh the type of piece it appears in? In order to deal with this syntagmatic relationship between the root syllable and an inyelexion a two-term prosodic system is stated for the c. The 2 terms of the system are named s, (after shortness in the final consonant of the root syllable) and non-s (s);

7*11111 The phonetic exponents, of s and s.The phonetic exponents of s (7.111111)

and s (7.111112) are as follows:

IN), . - Y«

h doH j

C DL m J

i. . l£ ?Pi

i_ _ i

> l<•<)Pi_ _ j

r - . ,s >0 )

I ~ 1I3i PH -i o r

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cmH > < 1 < !3 o S oH j =C| ^ J ft *

o a ? C O

0 )3 2 C D

C D

C DMP3 zz 0>dHC D0 )

— V — C X D. p * — A PP P

f t *f t * f t * OO O

— A— a _ ^oCA CjJ pP P ,.C I

' C ! > d ■■)Pi P CMCM Oil C DC D C D* > . — %c cs f t

K " .

| c t *P

C O

<<5 < < i H j 3 * do 3 O 3 o 3 3 p H<7* H * 0 ) zz O• • ft O • 0 )

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3 3 c*t* — oH -

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The phonetic exponents of s and s stated above show that s type of root syllable is not distinguished m in the [di], [ya], [wa], [fet] and [n& ] types of piece from the s type of root syllable| but they are distinguishable from each other in the [os] and[r&] types of piece. The s type of root syllable is characterised by shortness of final consonant whereas the s type of root syllable is characterised by length of final consonant.

2.Vowels are

non-nasal except

where nasality[“]

is indicat

d

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£ see

examples 54a

to 68a

page ill

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69a to

83a page id

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see examples

84a to

98a page/17

113

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[na('c:an)a] 126

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[ro(kn)a] 128

[we(cn)a] 129

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1 1 5

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117

Supplementary examples!

54a. [khe(d :£ ] 55a. [mu(ts £)

56a. [o(tshs) 57a. [lT(psh£

58a. [c t (tshe ] 59a. [ra(ksh£

60a. [ka (c she ] 61a. [ ka (p s £)

62a. [ka(1 1e) 63a. [ro(kse)

64a. [na(cs S) 65 a . [la(h : £)

66a. [la(dse) 67a. [ja(gsg)

68a. [pe(j sS' ] 69a. [khe(dse

70a. [mu(t se) 71a. [ a (t s h e )

72a. [ 1 t (p : h e ] 73a. [c t (t she

74a. [ ra (k : he ] 75a. [ka(c she

76a. [ka(pie) 77a. [ ka (t s e )

78a. [ro(k je) 79a. [na(cse)

80a. [la(bs e) 81a. [la (d se)

82a. [ja(gse) 83a. r / • r[pe(jse'

84a. [khe(dso ] 85a. [mu(t so)

86a. [o(tsho) 87a. [1t (p sho

88a. [c t (tsho ] 89 a • [ra(ksho

90a. [ka (c : ho ] 91a. [ka(pso)

9 2a * [ka(t So) 93a. [ ro (k s o )

94a. [ na (c S o ) 95a. [la(b so)

96a. [la(dso) 97a. [ja(g:o)

98a. [ p e ( j s o ' ]

118

7.1121 , h / h_System.

It will be seen from the statement of

expon-ency of the p ( 7.112 ) that in one type of p' syllable voicelessness [h] in the initial part of the vowel of an inflexion syllable initial or in

the initial part of the element [ a a a ] of the junction of verb-root and inflexion is associated with voicelessness in the final consonant of root

syllable e.g.

[ ra(k:ha)], [a( t shad)i] , [ra (ksFiar)aJ , [ra(k;has)]

This may be contrasted with the remaining type of

p syllable in which full voice in a vowel following-

final consonant of the root syllable is linked to

voice or voicelessness in final consonant of the root syllable as an alternative feature? e.g.

[ro(k:a ) ], [ka(jsa)], [ka(tsad)i], [a(d:ad)i],

[ka(p!ar)aj, [la (bsar) a] , [ka (p: as) ], [la(bsos)].

In order to account for the consonant-

vowel relationship a two-term ( h / h ) prosodic

system is stated here for the p. The tv/o terms of the

system are named h ( after partial voicelessness in

the vowel) and non-h ( h ).7.11211 The phonetic exponents of h and H

The phonetic exponents o f h (7.112111)

and h (7.112112) are as follows!

119co

P0 p1pC Dc +

iH0COC O

+K*0P(toc+P*

<OK•+tS*PJotv

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4-C OPJopct*

4*P0 p1p0c +

I ' M{Dt

P J

o0

4*p0c+

H000

4*| ~ »

0POHC-+-p*

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+ P J

I <! h-1 0 0 0

4* + P 0P p*0 o p <rt -

ioH *O0

p i H.o psO H-*o o '• 0

4-p0 p1p0c+

4-0p'opc t *

+P0c+

+<1|_j000

it0PCfc)C+"P4

4-o0Pc+

+PSI<1H000

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(V)- J»

P*

t-bPH*O

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° I 0 1

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p'v>0

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P0)

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ro

op

ct* • •P JO0

tvb)

o + »p ?

I P *

P

S

Pt I P *

P *

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P

S#•p * 1<D*

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lei’ • *wb)*

IP *^

p *'----1 P* pi p}| p! I__I

C T \

OPQjP j

H -

!VP

oP

H -

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to 18a

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examples 55a

to 64b

page

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Supplementary examples?

4-5a. [khe(dse)] 46a. [mu(ts e)

47a. [ka(pss)] 4-8a. [ka(t; £ )

49a. fro(kss)] 50a. o CO

51a. [la(bss)] 52a. [la(d S S )

55a. [ja(gse)] 54a. [pe(jse'

55a. fkhe(dse)] 56a. [mu(t ie)

57a. [ka(pse)] 58a. [ka (t s e)

59a. fro(kse)] 60a. [na(c se)

61a. [la(bse)] 62a. [la(dse)

65a. [ja(gse)J 64a. [pe(jse'

65a. [khe(d so)] 66a. [mu(t so)

67 a. [ka (pso) ] 68a, [ka(t so)

69a. [ro(kso)] 70 a. [ na (c: o)

71a. [la(b so) ] 72a. [la(dso)

75a. [ja(gso)] 74a. [pe(j so'

130

The phonetic exponents of h and h stated/show that some of the h type of root syllables ( examples 2 to 5 (7.112111)) are not distinguished in [di] piece from some of the h type of root syllables ( examples 5? 6, 7? 9 (7.112112)) but they are distinguishable from each other/the remaining 7 types

of piece.

7.1122 v / v System.

It v/ill be seen from the exponency of the p that in one type of p syllable voice in a final

consonant of root syllable is linked to voice in a

following vowel; e.g.

[ku(j:a)]} [o(dsad)i]? [la(b;ar)a], [la(b;os)J.

This may be contrasted with the remaining type of the p syllable in which voicelessness in a final consonant of root syllable is associated with voice or partial voicelessness in a following vowel; e.g.

[ro(ksa)], [ra(k:ha)], [ko(t:ad)i], [o(t:h^d)iJ

[ro(kur)aj, [r^(k;li3r)a], [ro(kos)], [r®(k:has)].

In order to account for the consonant- vowel relationship stated above a further two-term (v / v) System is stated here for the p. The 2 terms

of the system are named v'j (after voice in final consonant) and non-v ( v ).

7.11221 The phonetic exponents of the V and the 17.The phonetic exponents of the :V (7.112211)

and the % (7-112212) are as follows;

r~~n '—■>4 i Ppi H1i__I J__l

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• •

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Tor verbs

containing inflexion

see examples

23a to

27a paget

5>4

p DC/>

132

>3j ..joCO

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p i

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OJ fO r o mpOJ ID OJ

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containing inflexion

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examples 32a

to 41a

page /*f'V

H*

c i "

137

v . .

Por -gerbs

containing inflexion

\€

\ see

examples 42a

to 51a

page /?2-

ct*

I c+c+ *CJ I ct-

ODv no

138

or verbs

containing inflexion

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examples 52a

to 61a

page

1 3 9

c+

C-1-

H-

C"i“

v nV X 5

a\ v nCO

140

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C _ J .Oc+3

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OD v

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00r- co COro oo ooo

141

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Supplementary examples?

32a. [mu t e)J 33a. [o(t she)

34a. [IT P hC) ] 35a. [c t(t she

36a. [ra k he) ] 37a. 1-1 X O 99 & CO

38a. [ka P S)] 39a. [ka (t s S)40a. [ro k B)] 41a. [na (c i e)42a. [mu t e)J 43a. [a(t s he)44a. [IT P he) ] 45a. [c t (tshe46a. [ ra k he) ] 47 a. [ka(c she

48e|. [ka P e)] 49a. [ka(t s e)50a. [ro k e)] 51a. [ na (c ; e)52a. [mu t o)] 53a. [o(tsho)54a. [IT P ho) ] 55a. [c t (t sho56a. [ra k ho) ] 57 a. [ka(c sho

58a. [ka P o)] 59a. [ka(tso)

60a. [to k o)] 61a. [na (c s o)

143

The phonetic exponents of v and v stated above show that one of the v type of root syllable (example^*112211)) is not distinguished from a v type of root11!.syllable (example^7.112212)) in the [di] piece. They, however, are distinguishable in the remaining types of piece.

7,1123 r/r SystemIt will be seen from the phonetic exponents

of the p (7.12) that in one type of p syllable the element [a ha] of the junction of root and an inflexion in the [di] and [n&] types of piece is associated with retroflexion in the final consonant of the root syllable and with an initial consonant in the inflexion syllable;- e,g.

[ka(t:ad)i], [ka(t:an)&], [a(tshad)i], [a(t:han)&]

The presence of the junction element [a ha] or in other words the sequence [-CVC-] at the junction of the root and the inflexion in the 2 types of piece stated above in the type of p syllable illustrated above may be contrasted with the remaining type of p syllable which is characterized by the sequence E-CC-] at the junction of the root and the inflexion in the same two types of piece. In the later type of p-piece syllable the sequence [-CC-] is linked to non­retroflexion in the final consonant of the root-syllable and to the initial consonant in the inflexion syllable; e.g.

144

[ro(kd)i], [ro(kn)a], [we(cd)i], [we(cn)a]

In order to deal with the syntagmatic relationships stated above a two-term (r/r) prosodic

system is set up here for the p. The 2 terms of the

system are named r (after retroflexion) and non-r

( r ) .

7.112$1 The phonetic exponents of r and r.

The phonetic exponents of r (7.112311)

nad r (7.112312) are as follows:

Es03 I4ir-1CXiH-

145

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41a. [It Ti CO ] 42a. [c t t she

43a. [ra k ;hs ] 44a. [ka c shs

45a. [ka pss) 46a. [ka t S S )

47a. [ ro ks s) 48a. [na CSE )

49 a. [13 b:e) 50a. [la ds s)

51a. [ ja g*s) 52a. [pe d*s'

53a. [lT p;he ] 54a. [c t t she

55a. [ra k she ] 56a. [ka c She

57 a. [ka pse) 58a. [ka tie)

59a. [ ro k:e) 60a. [na c; e)

61a. [la b se) 62a. [la die)

63a. [da g:e) 64a. [pe lV *

6 5a. [It p ;ho ] 66a. [c t t; ho

67a. [ra k: ho ] 68a. [ka c s ho

69a. [ka p;o) 70a. [ka t s o )

71a. [ro k;o) 72a. [na c ; o )

73a. [la b ; o) 74a. [la dso)

75a. [da g so) 76a. [pe d so'

157

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of r (7.112511) and r (7.112512) that both r and r types of verbs have sequence of [-CVC-] at the junction of root and inflexion in [/F8-] piece. As such they are no longer distinguished from each other through the contrast of sequence [-CVC-] and [-CC-]. However, they continue to differ from each other through the feature of retroflexion versus non­retroflexion in the final consonant of the root syllable.

7.1124 s/i System.It will be seen from the phonetic exponents

of the p term (7.112) that the final consonant of the root syllable is long in the [ya], [&&], [we] and [hi] types of piece. However, in the remaining types of piece one type of p-final.3syllable has length in the final consonant whereas the remaining type of p-final syllable has shortness in the final consonant. The length or shortness as an alternative feature in the final consonant of the root syllable depends on the type of piece it appears in. In order to deal with this syntagmatic relationship between root syllable final and infleacton syllable initial a two-term (s/s) System is stated here for the p* The 2 terms of the system are named s (after shortness/ in final consonant of the root) and non-s (I).

7.11241 The phonetic exponents of s and s•The phonetic exponents of s (7.112411) and

s (7.112412) are as follows;

1--)IV* r~iP 158)

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Supplementary exampless

23a, [iche (die)]

25a, [jo(tseO]

27a, [we(c 18)]

29a. [ja(gse)]

31a. [khe(dse)]

33a. [jo(t:e)]

35a. [we(cse)]

37a. [ja(gse)]

39a. [khe(dso)]

41a. [ao(t!o)]

43a. CD O •« 0 1_1

45a. [ja(gsa)]

24a. [mu(t s £)

26a. [ro(ks £ )

28a. [do ("b: 8 )

30a. [ p e ( j *8 '

32a. [mu(tse )

34a. [ro(k:e)

36a. [do(b se)

38a. [pe(jse'

40a. [mu(t:o)

42a. [ro(kso)

44a. o«*O:_i

46a. [pe(j so '

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49a to

58a page

1660

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+01CDc+

+<HGK0101

'Cj|-J001 •+hiCDc+

+<5oH-oCD+MCDP05c+

r~ ~ i i 1S C l e t -(l) Q)C-J.** 0*}H- •*

j_ i0)

OJ00 CT\'—J CT\CT\

I—1 0JG*

CTVVJl

CT\-F

OD

O VVJl

K

< !r s o<•* hOM

r: O01C D•+H jHjOS 3c +*+<1OH *OC D

+l _ jC DS 3

= s mc +t r

1___J 1 " |KD D )

z 1— s /--N1 C + I P j9 *H * H *

Q)e _ j .* «QJ3

- sro?

-oCO

I c-t- I31

£3pi

'— -3

rfr

h->

< r b

r\

i — i

c +

-Jo

Supplementary examples I

£9a. [ku (d i s ) 30a, [ka(tsfi)31a. [ka(pse) 32a. [ka (t S E )

33a. [ca(k8E) 34a. [na(css)

35a. [la("b; S) 35a» [la (d s S )

37a. [tha(gs S ] 38a. [wa(js£)

39a. [ka(dse) 40a. [ko(t se)

41a. [ka(p; e) 42a. [ka (t i e)

43a. [co(kse) 44a. [na(c s e)

45a. [la(b se) 46 a. [la(dse)

47a. [tha(gse ] 48a. [wa(jse)

49a. [ ka (d % o) 50a. [k&(tso)

51a. [ ka (p s o) 52a. [ka (t so)

53a. [co(kso) 54a. [na(c so)

55a. [la(k so) 56a. [la (d s 0)

57a. [tha(gso ] 58&a [wa(j so)

I

170

It will be seen from the statement of exponency of the s and the s that some of the s type of syllables (examples 3-8 and 57-62 (7.112411)) are not distinguished from some of the s type of

syllables (examples 4-9 (7.112412)) in the [di] piece. It will further be observed that s and s types of syllables are not distinguishable in the [ya],[wa], [we] and [hi] types of piece either.However they continue to differ from each other

/ ftu. through length versus shortness in/final consonant

of the root syllable in the remaining types of piece.

Relevant piece

has been

enclosed in

round brackets.

Vowels are

non-nasal except

where nasality[~]

is indicated.

ro

I -Hi| — I

PP+NCDc~t~

hi

8'8PH

INIP?

OOirsm+ N t3

CD O c+ |3 * 1

CDc~t~&NS3PI

p " ,r — lP

p Cl)

tv Xo

P 103>3 13

P t!_ ___ J S

v

5"8o13

tv

tstv13

Hit-1PP+NCDc+

&>H*

OOP03+ N 3

CD O c+ !3 • I

NCi)CV<0INa.

a)<rl-&NP

P* P\

i— i[3

1---ICT*

1---1tvCi)

/— - Dtv Xo o CHM 1 03

p OV--✓ pH* H-

----: i___! }_j.

OCDtvtv&feTIVP

M 0 ti7itd H| Ip o td t d

oo[303

<OV+PP 03o PIV tdS+<1 Po MH- s tO >CD P+03fVONc+-• ro

. j

_<t „o Ot----; P cd

sS g? i—J• . . o+ + h"}P P I— \P P oo otv V• . ; m+ + p<t <! tdo o sH- H- tdO O PCD CD P+ + ..— ..03 03 [— IP P Po ON N P<rt- c+ P

P03ppp

S3 - ViP 1— 1 M03 o isi* 03 HI P+ • 1st PP m tdt— 1 + p X< <J HI P* — O

H-> O P St

todj r**iOfejbd

fcd><!>-ptHfcd03

03

ro o v.O 00 P VJl -h 03 to t2j 03 O •

For verbs

containing inflexion

. £ see

examples 17a

to 22a

page<7S"

172

-to'pjotv*+<JoH-QCD+coZ?oP

SOdP ■ CD c+-

OOPco*+ P p (0 o a - P • f

I— f}I-1Pd+pcoc+

OopCO+

p p CD O e+ P * I<J <Jo oH - K O •CD + + ct CO ppr o o IV4 .C+* +

d 1 £0 d(D H (DP H) P

M jPH-O

PQ)0$IPp

8)(St: pP

p ct .Vp C*) pr<•—•*. V>V N1—1 I CO Pp P o

P

tvPJpiVp

p

at?£>I P&co

CDct*ptsCO

tdS>

PE>ODCO

tvps>pptvDCO

ro ro

.— i 1— 1ro _i s a* 0 p ^

hr]— O od 3 od<! 0C D •d' V0

\sHj o H i oo H o | ~ i oo P d P dd d 0 d 0

< r h + + *P d d d +

2 H - 1 f t ) o 0 dd j c r h d c + oH - » 1 * dd d 1

o q 0 dt r h 0

H - i • c-t-d »M(D

173

o CDi

(V)VQP

c-t-OV M

dPC F QCD

0WPB

■xiI— i00rovmPt-t-oO00phiP00

•"J V(

< 10

+d*pMH d1oMO00♦+<ioH-O0+|_I(7)dmc+Vro

os:ohd0drrpMHjIOHO00+<:oH-O 0 + h-1 0 d Gt3C “ hV+dP0

&o\

£

O’q I dCD

0dtV0

tVp100

i— itvd*£doCD

tvtv£dIV0

dp(TqIdPi

0c+dpi

d

VMPi

i-1V I-1tvP V V-Ss ft;1 0 d dPi o tv-— ' pi pi

OJ-£=• 00v dDO

V>J V>!o DOvs DOCD

CO-0 DOCD DOVJl DO-£=• DOVS

i— f r_ |P P*pi H-i—j 1-- '

Or-iup01

“<!

3 o o Hj oh- < j._ 1 oO • P pP -f CO+ a* * •

3 co pp* o + +o ,V H j pP * P oP" -f- P p

1h! Hj V .

1p

p 1— 1 1 + o pP- p p p o P* 'P p o p ♦

+ P- P CO

174

+cf P o'JT*

o 1—1 • o o + co P* o p ct-

b>r\

f*\L.

p

0*5 D I h i D Ppii-.. iVJl

+PM<J

prSf*T*O

cj1PXD101P

pi pi pi

isr*13*DPDOP

P-*13*DH j

R'P

VJl445a> -P*VJl

pi pi4 = . J *ro

i-- 1P

r-- i i-- 1P

P P P/-N /-V /--Vp p?

IP p MH* H- H*

-h'O VJlVO

VJ03

CT*PM

1 coH-

VJl-4

P\13*E>hiOH-

VJ CJ\

+ o (—1 o coCD

+po£cJ+<1OH-OP+HCDPOt}c4-P*

P*DH}k N *H-

VJlVJl

Supplementary examplesj

17a. [kho(rks)] 18a. [kho(rc£)]

19a. [ ba (x s £ ) ] 20a. [nr(kl£)]

21a. [we(trS)] 22a. [ ra (gr £) ]

23a. [kho(rk15)] 24a. [kha(rce)]

25a. [ba(xse)] 26a. [nir(kle) ]

27a. [we(tre)] 28a. [ra(gre)]

29a. [kha( rko) ] 30a. [kh&(rco) ]

31a. [ba (xso) ] 32a. [nr(klo)]

33a. [we(tro)] 34a. [ ra (gro) ]

176

7.1131 r/r System.

It will be seen from the statement of exponency of & (7.1131) that in one type of o syllablethere is a vocalic element [o] at the junction of the root

and the inflexion in [di], [ra]- and [na] types of piece

(examples 6, 12 and 45 (7.113)). The sequence {/CVCVC/] at the junction of the root and the inflexion in this type

of a> syllable may be contrasted with the remaining type

of & syllable in which we find that the sequence at the junction is f-CVCC-J (examples 1-5? 7-11? 17-21, 23-27,

29-33 and 41-44 (7.113)) .

The sequence in the former type of o syllable is associated with retroflexion in final consonant of the root syllable and a consonant in a following inflexion, on one hand •

the sequence f-CVCCT] in the later type of o syllable is

linked to non-retroflexl^'TH in final consonant of the root syllable and a consonant initial in a following inflexion,

on the other hand.

In order to deal with the syntagmatic

relationship stated above^ a two-term (r/r) System is set up here for the o . The 2 terms of the System are named r

(after retroflexion) and non-r (r).7.11311 The phonetic exponents of the r and the r.

The phonetic exponents of the r (7.113111) and the r (7.113112) are as follows?

T— IH-H-

H*

H*H-

ci-

c~t-Cl-

CDl P O

VJl

I pipi p <H-178

p PjHJ p [—IH- cn oo • in•

+*

' P -h<<! o

f * j_i,t oP

CDc+DPDCfl

tVp-DPDODCD

!VtPDPD0m

S!CDc+DPP

P

!VDMP

O'P■V'1MigP

pi pi pi

(VpJD

PDOP

tvp*DhiDVP

CDc+DPQi

Pp

tvDMpj

(VP

'S'oIPp,X

tvp ‘0p0op-

pi pi

tvp*DPoV

1-1.

03 ro ouo 00 —vl G\ 03 -£=» OJ ro

- \

Zll

Zll

04 (V)

O CD*

m- = CD CDCDwps = &>X3 M CD ui

ci-3CD

ro00

<1pi p3

2 O3 o

o<1 - 30 ' 0

= 3 •O'm '*

o oo o3 = 3erf* U l

p •= H *

3 +H- 3P o(ft 31H*

13

3 0H> ct-H *0 • MH *O3 ■

c <! <1[O —i- — o o o-fc. CO 4^P P P • • •c+ ct- ct‘ + + +o o o 3" o o I

P pj hjj jro ro - i 1_i 0 0 ]00 04 CD Hj 3 3 1p p p J \ \

o 3 3"10 ho 3 1—1 P p ?M p p o I-1 H

(ft (ft (ft in Hj H>0 0 0 0 t 1 [

"*■ ->u * o O t^ 1? ^ 1_t h3C. t t) + o 0

< Ul 3o 0 •3- •O +0 + <1 ij

<1 o+ o H- *h-1 H- O0 O 0 )3 0 +

0*3 + t—1C+' I-1 0 '3 0 3v» 3 (ft(ft c+

ct- 33* — i+3P,0 i

— .. ro3!VMCD

ro—J

CT*p

rood

r™i3 3

i— i53* 3* 0D D c+3 3 3O 3 Pi0 0 ■—'

toVJl

ro.fi. >oOJ

3<1WMpi

toto

o ’p

i*rltdpi

to

i--13

i— iK'J 3 0D D/■—S /— \ ct-3 3 3o 3 P^pi pi

1—J p

too vo CO

3p

>rI wp

CTi

r~~i33o3CDP

VJl

W3J£>33p

4^

179

ro —i CO-3 VO -3 3P p P ‘3

330(30

i— i 1— 1 i— i P3 3 3 <ri'3 3 3 PD 0 O 3

‘ft3 3 33 3 3o 0 1 co 0

3pi

ro ro _ iV Jl o V JlP P p

|__ i— i3 3 33 3 3£> i> D

3 3 3O O OO 0 i CO

M1M00

OO3m•+3031

30<3

r™“!3H-

+3031

30c+

18

ro ro __so\ —5. CT\p cP P0

1----1 1----13 3 oJP P p

/ ---v ,— s

M M MI w 1 0 1 0o 0 i CO

ro ro .—-i- f t ro - f tp P• p«

+PM< 1

+OoUl0+3>3O3Ct-

ftOH-O0+M03(ftct*3

r \r \

fe-

3ft3 l—1o

3ft3

0 i

3ft3l_joo

ro roCD 04 00P P p* * c

i— i ,__ ,--r 3

0 0 0

c~h ct* c t-3 3 3O 0 i CO

30<rt-33

04CX>

3ft3£>M3

04-ft

3P

"5?OUl3

p i p i p i

33D

3£>Q3

04ov 040 4

33O

3D33

p i p i

04-3

c t-3H*

0404

3ft3l_j H-

04fO

3P

> T10H-

04

3

D

3OH*

04O

33t>33H*

rovo

181

It will "be seen from the statemant

of exponency of r (7.113111) and r (7.113112) that both r and r types of verb have^j sequence |- CVCVC^j at the junction of root and inflexion in [os] piece.

As such the 2 types of o syllable are not distinguished from each other/the contrast of sequence f-CVCVC-] and -CVCC- in this particular piece. However they continue to differ from each other through the

feature of retroflexion versus non-retroflexion in

final consonant of root syllable.It will further be noted that

inflexion syllables in [ra] and [na] types of piece

are not distinguishable from each other. The phonetic exponents of both in these types of pieee are identical

i.e. nasality+alveolarity. However they continue to

be distinguished from each other through retroflexion versus non-retroflexion in relation to the c, p, d,

and o types of syllables (7.111, 7.112, 7.115 and7.1l6).

no1 r l < "1 ' “'1 * 3*—

-- 1 53 Id? M*• p _ 0 PS i----1

hrjO Msd ]—i

<1p'd

0d + + + 4- + + + 4* _i_ +cr d d d d d d d d d d0 2 0 o ~ 0 O 0 O Z 0 o :s 0 o

ct- d C+* d ci* d c+ d trl*o • 1 • 1 • i I •o d d d d 0d 0 0 CD 0 c+crt- <rl" c+ ct- <rt" •P « • * •H- + 4* 4- +d d d d dt-i- p p p pd 0 0 0 0(Jtj • * • •

H* <i ‘ <J‘d 2 o z z z OHj1_I • «0 4- +

1- i DJ oH- 1 i 1 2 P 0o O z z z dd (Tt"

+n

| i I 1

4*<1o -*

<ioH-

0 1 1 1 1 H- O0 O 00 0

+4~0

CD 0 d"W

i 1 1 1 =>->o

** od<rt*

43 ci™ 4- •M • 30 p0 0

182

ro c.D SB Pc-h ci* O O4s» —i<35 ppa P Oil (ft 0 0

s

<osi+ohd0d

d'pjHjIOj—r

o00*+<io

o0+

0d(K)ci*ty+

P0DO

+o*d0d

IdpaMHjIo*d0d

+<!oH-o0+M0d

c+“dJ

paH

hdMo0

i— ic_i,

Id

paIddD j

H'L _ ™ f

B

4^

H)

For verbs

containing inflexion

_o, see

examples 15a,

to 17a

'pcy1o<!0

VJRp

CT\P

I PO

P

noP

0PP0l

P

ip0 l

-1-P

I-1P

P P :• 'd !'dI—i0 P 0 Pc+p PHj <<*ro 0I 1 fx{psehfj0in

OP

PI?py

C_l. C_J, C_l.pi pi piI d * I P * i P lo i 01 cm

1~<

+p0trt*

+O0P<rt-+<OH*O0+inp"opCi-

+P0 id1P0C't"

+P0c+

+P

+PPin

r:

+p0 id1P0Ct-

+OMOin0•ih!oPc)~+OJ-J.o0+H0P0*3ci*p'

+p0c+

+ppin

rr\ 183

P>MP*dH-P0id1P0c+

+iPHP>IOI—ioin0«-I-<ioh -o0+p.10pC’Qc+P"

!C_I.pi! pi PI ppi pi

$ppppi

C_l.piI p ii H i

C_J,PIIPI01

£pI p 0

(V> IV)no

no IV)o '-O•-J-

00 *-0 cn vn

f C Co-si &

•}

184

There are two verbs [kar] and Imar] (as they appear in their un-inflected form) which are not distinguished from the verbs belonging to the p and the o, respectively, in the [ya] and [hi] types of piece* The verb root [kar] is, therefore, treated as alternating between the f and the p, having an f form in the [di], [ra], [os], [$&], [we] and [n&] types of piece? e.g. [kardi karnli karos karll kare karnU] and a p form in the [ya] and [hi] types of piece? e.g. [kit:a kitsi]. Similarly the verb root [mar] is treated as alternating between the ,f and the o, having an f form in the [di], [rS], [tra], [ we] and [nil] types of piece? e.g. [mardi marna m?r& msre marn^,] and an o form in the [ya] and [hi] types of piece? e.g. [moya moi].

An alternative treatment of the material is possible, that is to treat [-it:a -itsi] and [-oya -oi] as exponents of f in the [ya] and the [hi] types of piece, in addition to those exponents already stated above (7.3E4)*This mode of analysis has not been adopted here. The reason is that this treatment would have meant three different statements of exponency of the f in the [ya] and the [hi] types of piece, two of which [it:a it si] and [oya oi] would have applied to only one lexical item each. It is uneconomical to make^two separate statements of exponency for the sake of one lexical item.

!

185

It will be seen from the statement of exponency of the f that the inflexion syllable in the [ra] and the [n&] types of piece are not distinguishable from each other* The phonetic exponents of both are nasality + alveolarity, However they continue to be distinguished from each other by retroflexion versus alveolarity in relation to the c,p,d, and o types of root syllables*

1867.1141 r/r System.

It will be seen from the phonetic exponents of the f (7.114) that in one type of f syllable there is a vocalic element [ a 3 ] at the junction

of root and the inflexion in [di] and [na] types of

piece; e.g.

[wa(rad)i], [ja(ran)a]

The sequence £cVC-]at the junction of rdot and inflexion

in the types of piece stated above is associated with

retroflexion in final consonant of root syllable and with consonantal articulation in the following

inflexion syllable initial. This type of syllable may be contrasted with the remaining type of f syllable

in which sequencd £-CC-3 at the junction of root and

inflexion in the same types of piece is linked to non-retroflexion in final consonant of root syllable and to consonant oft inflexion syllable; e.g.

[ma(rd)i], [ma(rn)a].In order to deal with the syntagmatic

relationships stated above a two-term prosodic System

named ( r/r Systemjis stated here for the f. The 2

terms of the system are named r(after retroflexion)

and r (non-r).

7.11411 The phonetic exponents of r and r .

The phonetic exponents of r(7.114111) and r (7.114112) are as follows?

r-\ r iw* 11 r-i r— s\'UCDL—l L_J. illL=l Ui

■ \ —

+1=5P'3

+fcfcPui

+=3PUi

+ +

Ui Ui

I

c+*

Ihi

ffi 00 -O -<lVQ

187V-£=■_s.-5.'_i.

i

1*-i

I

I

IIIIi

Ii

188

+tsp

+P

CDc +

Ui«

Ui

<io

1 1<1•+

1 1pm

<J3 p o0)• •

+ +

p o2 M H<1 O« m

CD•

+

<1oH*oCD

+[—iCD

dtjc~t*

(\to$£

p i

1*50)?pi

plh!P3p i

C_J,pii i -i i l >“ j H*n H-v --

VJ1 .fs* VjJ ro

189

7.1141111 n/n System.

It will be seen from the statement

of exponency of the r (7.114111) that in one type of the r syllable nasality [~] in a vowel following final consonant of the root syllable is associated

with nasality in the consonant (examples 2, 4? 7? 7a,

9, 9a, 11, 11a, 13, 13a;and 14). This rnay be contrasted with the remaining r tyoe of syllable in which non-nasalij:y in a vowel following final consonant of the root syllable is linked to non-nasality in the

consonant (examples 1, 3, 5, 6, 6a, 8, 8a, 10, 10a,, and

1 2) .In order to deal with the syntagmatic

relationship between final consonant in the root syllable and a following vowel stated above a two-term ( n/n ) prosodic system is set up here for the r* The two terms of the System are named n (after nasality) and non-n ( h ).

7.11411111 The phonetic exponents of the n and the

The phonetic exponents of the n

(7.114111111) and the n (7.114111112) are as follows?

r~vH- 190

H-

H*

<rfct*

C_j,C_J.

H-

CT\

F'“'TPpii_i

1

p "

. ■ * " i

“^4

r " " ' i 1-------1

*<H - 0 P i P

L------ 1

.... ........... ..

- - 2 =2

w

F-- 1

H *

i ^

191

1 1 ■I , tiP • j 1 j0 S;J* m

++ 4* trP O PH tsH [_j< B ’ 4>• Ui- 1

0 OHO

4* Ui4 > 04 •O +P <ic+ O« H *

O4- 0<! 4*O MH- 0O P0 m4*+0PCqcl*P*

P*

g ;5aI hi Ci)

P

5a

GO

s: £p 5a14s lr_1H. O

-J CT\fa

fa\^iCD

cr\

I 40i

VJlP

+o

' r j0pprp ,

1of - 1

o

Ui0■ +< 1o

H *

O

0

+M0POtJ4 *

p J+PfU0

+O

h d0P

P "

PMH-,

IO

•1 30P

+<o

H -

0 0 +1 -I0P

O t?c +

p r

p p1 4pi 113

CO

£p14

P

1 i> 4I-1.o

+pH

<

• r i

+“-HO|-J.

o0

P

'?Uip

1 * 7ppp

3p14

PQj

vjn -F=*

P

V>1 ro

ip 1

, c—™,

p p-P? H* 0i ' IS*Pi *<

P14? Ojpi t-*•

192

41

4-P

(3P4Ppi

4*O I—1o00+>■04OP4*

4“< 1OH-O04~j..-t0PCm4"PJ

<!05*4"P'PMhb1oMO00

OH-O04*|~i0Pcm4*P4

<!O£+00■5.P4Ph-1HI,1

oI—1o0

o4*<o]-*•o0+I-*0pcm4 ‘P"+PP0

!-1P4CCi

S3P4P<

ep4co

<! H, PO 4 P b-»sS H- 0 O• O ♦ 04- • 4-o J.) 4*hd | — i <J0 < oP 1 H-

oP“ 0PMH,I

ohd0P4*<SoH-Q04-_J0

POb4-P4

r ™ ,

P4p

&P4Oj

00 PCb VJ1

PUI .ps* UJ ro

Relevant piece

has been

enclosed in

round brackets.

Vowels are

non-nasal except

where nasality

[~] is

indicated.

ro h O kJHrj HcJ:O Dd:

c+ Ct"

M

c+

H-H-

H

c+-

H-

MO■=-!H* MM

l*i* IOK H- H- H-

\_n

193

16a to

19a page

■

V>J IV)

o as

hr]O

<JCD<rfm

ooac-t*jaH-aH-d0*3H-aHjHCDXH-oP

h-1CDCD

CD

+P0a1aCDct-

0)+aCDc+

siPS

+a0 a1aCDc+

+aCDct*

«kja 194

=: zz :: aUi

++ + + + aa a a a oo CD o CD aa c+* a c-t- ii • f aa a CD |CD CD ‘ c-l-<rt- c+ *• •

v*iv* oO DJ O I—i oO M o o oo O o Ui »

+a

4aCDci-

<< O

— !■ — i. <1 Ov >j o O <- .a a <T' • +■ + OC“h cl* o ndo O + hd aa a— i _s. a a \vn ro i—1 \ aja a Hj aj zz a

1 a H1Di !a o i-1 Hja a 1—J ,-b 10*3 0*3 o 1 OCD a m Q Div a H a-6 7s* • o a

Ui •+ a<! • +o + <5H- < oO o ZZ H-a H- oO a+ aM + +a M I—*a a a

<jo a aot* 0*3 zz 0*3<rt-03 a a*+ar: aUi

r\ft

St

ro

0}fal£bCD

PSS'C_J.CD

a

otja

e- E3a* pslaIOj C_J.ps PSt_! i _>

r~—iaa?

0*3ffii

& & aa? ps a*ia S' C h "ICb C_J. ma a^ a

CD -D CT\ VJ1 -t V>l r\D o

hiP I

0*2O

V_S)p

4PI

0*2(DI

OP

hiPi

CQPiTZiP3H *0 )BCDPct-PP

"<1

CDM

IhziMCDm

pi

PCD<rf

<PMOm

+PCDC+

P0p1

h i0c+

_l_p0P1

HJ0C't'

h i0c +

* dI_io£/)•4 "P0trt-

P *H -

+P0 31

0c~h

+p0p1

40c+

195

- op

-p*P P

i— i i— i i— i& & &pi pi pi

C—l. C_J. C_J.O 01 OO

M + <10 <! oP o

0*2 H- •c~h oPJ 0 +

o+ CD

pC"l"•

+H iPOPirh

COP

v nP

t\DP

+<1oH-O0

BP i

r ?I Qj O

13PIIPI Q ,0 l

BP I

i p "I Qj

cn

+H 10P0*2c+p “

i 1 i 1 r~—i r— i--i-- 1 i— -iB B ^ B B PPi pi Pi Pi pi piIP V co* i hT o GTI pj CO. 0<3 ip, C_J. Q*}

P p p H - H - H -P

P ip i p i

y f

196

7*1151 r/r System

It will be seen from the phonetic

exponents of the d (7.115) that in one type of d syllable the element [ ^ ] h:j of the junction of root and inflexion in [di] and [na] types of piece

is associated with retroflexion in final consonant of the root .syllable and with a consonant in the inflexion syllable initial; e.g.[ma£ndad)i], [ma(ndan)a]The presence of the junction element [a3 1 _ or in otherwords the sequencef^CVC^O the junction of the root and the inflexion in the above 2 types of piece in the

type of syllable stated above may be contrasted with the remaining type of d syllable which is characterised by the sequence £-CC<g]at the junction of the root and

the inflexion in the same 2 types of piece. In the

later type of d syllable the sequence £-CC£jat the junction is linked to non-retroflexion in final

consonants of the root syllable and to the initial

consonant in the inflexion syllable; e.g.

[ro(^gd)i], [rs(5gn)a]In order to account for the

syntagmatic relationships between root syllable final and inflexion syllable initial a two-term(r/r) System has been stated here for the d. The 2 terms of the System are named r (after retroflexion in final

consonants of root syllable) and non-r (r).

7.11511 The phonetic exponents of the r and r .The phonetic exponents of the r

(7.115111) and the r (7.115112) are as followss

rn i— t r“iD D*pi H- CDi— i i~^j i— j

r"”i=3Pi *<P CD

Mi?Pi DjH*197

Dcdd"

dcod*

O

D <P OCD <*• •

++ op I-1M o<J CD• CO■

+DODc+*+ + (— 1 < 1

CD O 3 H* 0 O c+ CDQ J

<J <! < Hi D •Do o o D p M

H- Ui ■o« • * O 4 Ui+ + + 4 •D o D" o o D o + +P I—1 p tp D (D D D1— 1 O M 0 CD I-1 CD CD oHi CD Hj D D Hj P c+ H-1 CD 1 \ 1 ■"■•- • oa • + CO1_i 4* <o < OCD o H-CD H< O• O CO+ CD +<S + h-1o |~i CDH- CD Da D 0^CD mi eh•h c l’ DJH D *CD +D

Pc4“ CDp" •

3

<d "\DjuDprt,-U—1-03

£Sii'd 'IpjH*

—d]

|3I— I%Pi

ID IDIDj I Q j O CD

<T\P cn

Q.UI DIpjCDi

■cnP

r—isPiI QjPi

vn

Pii r-IQj

co

&PiI Qj

4*

Ii d"I PjoUi

04

&P«IS*Pi'Dipi

ID

I€0P j

H-

I -”1 I— 1H.UttI

H-

H-

H-

O GO

cl‘ H-|__ii

c+ct*

H-

CT\ rorv)

19S—s CD -PI_!* P> SDPJ• • 9

1----1 i— I ,-,y y yp i p i p i^ z s

P S P 30*3 os 0^o CD i CQ

_S. —^ 03ro o ppe

Pe

B B BP* pi pi

"y Ss %C_l. C_l. C_J.O CD! CQ

OQ£'ddiCDCDderf"pyCDMp>Bhdf - jCDUI

ypi drH-

c_i.3pi

PS-Oq c_J-y Hi pi L__!

y0y1yCDc+

y0y1yCDc-t-

y <ip otn• *

+ +p o|™J M<1 O« D>CD

+<1OH-OCD+1—JCDycn?c+y'

|3 y S3 ypi Pi pi piPi'ffQHi

r\$I

o\ CJ1 -f UJ

200

It will be seen from the phonetic

exponents of r and r that both r and r types of verbs have sequence of -CCVC- at the junction of root and

inflexion in.![ra] piece. As such they are no more di sting-

uished from each other in this particular piece through

the contrast of sequence |~CCVC-j and f-CCC-J . However they continue to differ from each other through the feature of retroflexion versus non-retroflexion in

final consonants of root syllable.

Relevant piece

has been

enclosed in

round brackets.

pi 201 ,-™ipjH -

•xl i-3l— I Otn hdO M

<1 <o o

=c* •

+ +I-1 I-1CD CDP ts0^ (ftc+ c+PJ p*

+ +p pp p01 01

p| p

01

pjM001

4a>c+

<kx-=kgs>

P2 I PiP*

ro

i— i 01

fVjIPJ

OJIPi01

CD2IP 2

01

PiIPJpa? po? po? pi

O <x> CO

I Hi Pipt

—j

c=riPiPQ.

cri

01

PQ j

VJ1

apQ j

CKPQjH-

V>3

BQ j

ro

HJPQ j

V>J ro --4 1----1 —1* • • J si

1 p ? p

hr]1

<J!o O Ip s: i

0 1 rj< i—1 i0 0 !P iP P ;0 P !

0o j — •jo Pp Oc+ P +zZ P i pH- P 1 pP P i 0H- 0 •P P Hj

04 H1 P ViH* PH- 0 O !—1

P x [_j PHj o 0 ehI- 1 0 0 ,

- 0 Vi 0W crt- * 4-H- 035O s; O MP v o H-

Q p PP cl- 0

(K to 0 •

P0 j

r 0 Ui0

P;0 H-X 0+

li*<

zz Vi IM <__iCD0 H-

ro —i Ui'rQ cap P H-

P <1 <4<r\~ c+ Pb o Oo O H* F1 j 'ro O • a

PO CD P + 4-D> P c+ o ot» 0 Vi Vi

Vi pJ 0 0Pi P3 • P PP 035 '>v. \

0*3 0 P"1 P0 P P*■ ** I - 1

Hji_iHj

O | |-Cv o O

PSsiPS

03or?siPS

asipsossiPS

0PisiPS

oCOCD»+<JoH-O0+M0POfc}c4-PJ+ppCO• V»

H fS2PS

p

p

0Php

V0P+< 1ol_i.o0+M 0 P 0 3?ct*P*

IV)

+ f—10ot}ci-P

HjPH-O

O*<P

0 H*‘V

rv P 0-—stv O 0P 0 00

202

o

££51

IV)ira IV)\J3

IV —sIVVjJIV)(V V> ro

o CD 00 -V ca vn V»

For verbs

containing inflexion

,o see

examples to

pageAcfy

203

+MCDP(ftc4‘&

Mji-jH-OM0COCO

OOPc+

+OMO0)0+Hj4OPC+

£OH-0 0+ 1_!CDp(ftci-

+b?*pMH jIOMO00

+ftOH-o0+M0P(ftc+tr

rs0

0coH-

0 0CO-£!0

©<

-ft CTvVjV jl -£=> V>)UJ

03ED 03MS 03o P O roCXI

PO-ft

21a. [j(iwe)]

22a. [s(ewe)]

23a. [r(owe)]

24a. [s(2we)]

25a. [(awe

26a. [j(iwo)]

27a. [s(ewo)]

28a. [r(owo)]

29a. [s(swo)]

^0a. [(awo

pa

p

w£dddCO&CDdct*4c<!CDMIdl__lCD0)

£Jpi

+HCDS0*3ci~CT

0)CDCO

204

i

COP»

o

CO

+pa

p

CO'<3CO

JLpa?

uiCO

I-1mCDP

pi pi pi piH-pi

-£=>OJ ■ [Sro

4 .O V_MCO

roop

pCO

( -)zp

eD

~) 0

205It may be pointed out here that

there are 6 verbs fde si pi so kh& ts^ ] as.ithey appear in their un-inflected form, which are

not distinguished from some of the verbs belongingto the p in [ya] and [hi] types of piece (7.112).These lexical items are treated here as alternating between the p and the o, having a p form in [ya] and [Ki3 types of piece; e.g.

. [ya]________ [j l ] ___ .1. [attsa] [d'£tsi]2. [sitsa] [sitsi]

3 . [pit: a] [pitsi]4. .. [sat:a] [sot:i]5. [kh’adsa] [kh&d:i]6 . [tatsha'] [tatshi']

/keand an o form infdi], [ra], [os], [wa], [we] and [na] types of piece; e.g.

[di] [ra] [os] ' [wa] [we] [na][den:a] [si n : a] [pinsaj [sbn:a] [khan: a][Vgnia/]

i.[dendi] [dera] [des] [dewa] [dewe]2 . [ sindi ] [sfr a] [sis] [sfwa] [sfwe]3 .[plndi] ' [pira] [pis] [piwa] [piwe]4 .[sondi] [sora] -

r *1(.sowaj [sowe]5 .[khandi] [kHara] [khas] [khawa] [khawe]6 . [t'Sndi'] [ t m ' ] - [thwa/ ] [tswe/]

An alternative .treatment of the material is possible, that is to treat [-vta itsa -ot:a -ad:a -at:ha] and [ -rtsi it:i -ot:i~ad:i *-^t:hi] as phonetic exponents of the o,In addition to those already stated above (7,116), i n , [ya] and [hi] types of piece. This would have

206

meant 6 different statements of exponency for the tU-o in/ [ya] and [Li] types of piece, 5 of which would have aiiplied to 6 lexical items, 1 to lexical

items at serial numbers 2 and 3 above and 4 to one lexical item each. This mode of analysis has not

been adopted here as it would be uneconomical to

to make 5 different statements of exponency for

the sake of 6 lexical items.

207

7„12 In accordance with their similarity in respecc.the syntagmatic associations of features in the final of th verb-root syllable in conjunction with a following inflexic

as stated above, the fifty-three types of verb-root have be

put into the following twenty . , prosodic groups"

TYPE OE 0 NAME OE THE } NO. OE THE5 IVERB-ROOT1 H PROSODIC GROUP jj PROSODIC GROUP

1 dr I

2 and 3 dr II

4 f rn III

5 to 9 cs IV

10 to 12 cs V

13 f rn VI

1 4 f r VII

15 to 18 phsr VIII

19 phsr IX

20 to 23 pvsr X

24 pvsr XI

25 to 28 phvsr XII29 phvsr XIII

30 to 32 phvsr XIV

33 phvsr XV

34 to 36 pvsr XVI

37 pvsr XVII38 or XVIII

39 to 47 or XIX

48 to 53 0 XX

1 . For examples see pa ge$j.io-fU

208It will be seen that in one case i.e. prosodic

group o the Intra-verbal Junction System coincides with the prosodic distinctions already arrived at through the Intra­

root Junction System, but in other cases it cuts across it.

The prosodic groups i and ii are split into four grouos eachWi.e. I to IV and IV to VII, respectively(group^is shared by

both i and ii), whereas groups iii, iv, v, v i , vii and viii

are split into two groups each i.e. VIII and IX, X and XI, XII-and XII, XIV and XV, XVI and XVII and XVIII and XIX respectively.’ The following table will illustrate the

relations between the two systems:

TYPE OF | INTRA-VERBAL VERB ROOT J JUNCTION

1 1 dr I

■dr IIi. cn 3

4 f rn III5 and 6 ci IV7 -to 9

ii cn . 1 0 to 1 2 cs V. • 13 f rn VI

14 f r VII

iiiphs 19 to 18 phsr VIII* 19 phsr IX

iv pvs 20 to 23 pvsr X24 pvsr . XI

v phvs 29 to 28 * phvsr XII• 20 • phvsr XIII

vi pEvs 3 0 to 3 2 phvsr XIV, 33 ohvsr XV

viipvs\

34 to 36 pvsr XVI37 pvsr XVII

viii’ o 38 or XVIII•- 39 to 47 or XIX

ix o 48 to 53- O ' XX

1 . For examples see pag

INTRA-ROOTJUNCTION

209

7.20 Phonematic Systems for the Verb-root SyllableThis section completes the account of the

phonematic systems set up for the verb-root syllable. Certain

Phonematic Systems have already been stated; these are the

C-Systems stated above ($.12) following immediately on the

prosodic systems that apply to the syllable initial only

($.10).It remains to state - C Systems? and this is

the logical place for them to be stated following on those

prosodic systems which apply to the syllable final piece

(of the verb-root syllable).Last come the V Phonematic Systems? (7.22)s

this is the most appropriate order of statement for them

because they are affected by the syllable-initial piece prosodic systems ($$10) as well as by the syllable-final piece prosodic systems (7*10).

7.21 Phonematic Systems (syllable final)The following ten -G Systems have been set

up for the twenty prosodic types of syllable final; in

setting them up I have made use of a native speakerfs intuition in that I have assumed certain gapes in the

occurence of consonants in my examples to be accidental

rather then structurally significant.1. A One-term System for cndr (7.211)

2. A Two-term System for cndr (7.212)

$. A Two-term System for : ocncs (7.213)

210

4. A Four-term System for

5. A One-term System for

6. A Four-term System for

7. A One-term System for

(cncs^ (cncs)fcnfrn' fcnfr ] (cnf rn,’phsr 'pvsr 'pvsr_,' phvsr^ "pHvsraphsr ) 'pvsr ) | phvsr) 'pEvsr/

8. A Nineteea-4erm Systemfor the penultimate consonant in the final syllable of or and or.

9. A 0 One-term system for theultimate consonant in the final syllable of or,

10. An Eleven-term System forthe ultimate consonant in the final syllable of or.

(7.214)

(7.215)

(7.216)

(7.217)

(7.-218)

(7.219)

(7.2110)

7.211 Phonematic-C System for cndr

A one-term Phonematic-C System has been set up for the cndr type of verb-root. The phonetic exponents of the term are a& follows:

PhonematicUnit

fPhonetic Exponents |3-

Examples-

D Voice + apic, [m^iial

211

7.212 Phonematic -C Sy stem for cndr.

A two-term Phonematic -C System has been'-Vset

up for the cndr type of verb-root. The two terms of the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

G vel. + dors. + voice,plos. + vel. + dors. + voice [ ra-Jg]

J palato-alv. + dors. + voice,affri. + palato-alv. + dors, ■+ voice [ majaj]

7.213 Phonematic - C System for cncs.

A two-term Phonematic -C System has been set up for the cncs type of verb-root. The tow term of the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

M ,la^« + voice. [cam]

N alv. lam. + voice [mon]

'7.2-14 P honematic ~C System for cncs and ones.

A four-term Phonematic -C System has

been set up for the cncs and cncs types of verb-root. The four terms of the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

212

cncs cncs

S fric. + alv. + lam. + vless. [n^s]

\j\ H + ret. + apic. + ’* - [jos]

X H + vel. + dors* + M [p^x' cix]

L lat. -t-alv. + voice [mal mel]

7.215 P honem atic -C System for cnfrn , cnfrand cnfrn.

A one-term Phonematic -C System has beenset up for the cnfrn, cnfr and cnfrn types of verb-rooti:

The term and its phonetic exponents are as follows:cnfrn cnfr cnfrn

R voice [war war jar]

7.216 P honematic -C System for phsr, pvsr.pvsr, gxaxx phvsr and p hvsr.

A four-term Phonematic -C System has been set up for the phsr, pvsr, pvsr, pEvsr and pEvsr types of verb-root. The four terms of the system and

their phonetic exponents are as follows:

213

phsr pvsr pvsr pEvsr

p plos.+lab. [lTp:he> lab dob kap:a

T ' plos.+alv.+lam. [crt:h^ kodsa --- kat saK plos.+vel.+dors* [lrk:ha lag:-a jag cok:3

C affri.+palato-alv. +dors.

[k«>c:ha kaj tv pej ' n^c:a

7*217 Phonematic-CpEvsr.

Systemfor phsr, pvsr, pEvsr

A one-term Phonematic-C System has been setup for the phsr, pvsr, phvsr and pEvsr. The phoneticexponents of the term are as .follows:

phsr pvsr pEvsr pEvsrT apic. [at:ha ksd:3 katS3 mut]

7i218 Phonematic-C System for the penultimateConsonant in the final syllable of or and or.A nineteen-term Phonematic-C System has been

set up for the penultimate consonant in the final syllableof the or and or types of verb-root. The nineteen termsof the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

or or

P plos*+lab.+vless? ......... [lapor ----

B plos;+M>.4-voice ? ........... ----

T plos,4-alv.4*lam.+vless..... [--- khotor]D plos#4-alv.4-lam.4-voice .... . [--- badol]1- plos.+ret.+apic*+vless .... [--- latok]

plos*+ret•+apic*+voice .... [--- ---- ]K plos.4-vel.4-dors.4-vless .... [pak*£ * 3G pi o s.4*vel .4-dors.4-voice .... [cagor ---- ]C affri .+palato-alv*4-dors.4-vless [nocor

214

(Cont)• ar A*

J. affri. 4-palato-alv.4-dors.4-voice [ooar CTjok]S fric.4-alv.4-lam.4-vless ••••••••* [--- khTsok]z fric.4-alv .4-lam.4-voice ........ [--- gazar]

fric*4-ret.4-apic.4-vless ....... [— hasak]X fric.4-vel .4-dor s. 4-vless ........ [--- bsxos]<3 fric.+vel.+dors.+voice ........ [--- 1-1&s

M nas. 4-lab. 4-voice ........ [csmar camox]N nas. 4-alv. 4-1 am .4-voice .......... [--- ---- ]R flap.4-alv.4-lam.4-voice ........ [— laraz]

flap.4-ret.4-apic.4-voice ........ tar&f ]

7*219 Phonematic-C System for the ultimate -consonant in the final syllable of ar.

A one-tern Phonematic-C System has been set

up for the ultimate consonant in the final^syllable of the©r Sype of verb-root. The phonetic exponents of the term areas follows:

R flap.4-ap$ a* 4-voice [lapar]

7.2110 Phonematic-C System for the ultimate -consonant in the final syllable of a r .

An eleven-ter Phonematic-C System has beenset up for the ultimate consonant in the fmil syllable of the

ar type of verb-root. The eleven terms of the system andtheir phonetic exponents are as follows:

215

T plos.+alv.+lam.+vless ............. [warot]

K plos.+vel*+dors.+vless....... .... [khorok]

C affr.+palato-alv.+dors.+vless ... [xarac]

J affr.+palator?aiv.+dors.+voice . •• [samaj]

P. fric.+lab,+voice .............I... [tarof]

S fric.+alv.+lam.+vless ........... [taros]

Z fric.+alv.+lam.+voice ...... [laroz]

V} fric.+ret.+apic.+vless .......... [baxos]X fric.+vel.+dors.+vless ....... [camox]L lat .+alv«H-voice ......... . [nr ol]

R f 1 apa+alv£+l a m . +vo i c e [kho t or ]

7.22 Phonematic Systems (syllable): V Systems.The following Phonematic systems - V Systems

account for those paradagmatic distinctions which remain

after the prosodic systems of the syllable-initial piece

and of the syllable-final piece have/dealt with all syntag- matically associated features of those two types of piece.

Separate V Systems have, therefore, to be stated in order

to reflect prosodic distinctions already made for the syllable-

initial piece (p, p? h, E; v, v) and the syllable-final piece

(ends?, cndr, cncs, etc), (as before the absence of certain

vowels in some types of example iff.?taken to be accidental

rather than the systematic (7*21))i

At this point the various V Systems are stated

in turn according to the prosodic type of types of syllable- initial and syllable-final piece to which they are appropriate

216

but a summary of the V Systems and the prosodic types of

lexical item to which they apply is given at the end of

this section (73228).

7*221 A nine-term Phonematic V System ha.s been set

up for the types of verb-root syllable classified as phv or

p (syllable initial) and cndr, cndr, cnfrn, cnfrn, cnff, or,

or or (syllable final). The nine terms of the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

P h °UnittiC Phonetic exponents

I close.+front.+unround.+length

U close.+back.+round.+lengthE half-clo s e .+front.+unround.+1eng th

0. half-close.+back.+round.+length

£ half-open. +front .-hunround.+ler$h

A A open.+neutral+unround.+length

O half-close.+front,+centraliz•+short.a half-open.-{-central .+short.

& half-close.+back.+centraliz.+short.

7222 An eight-term ^honematic V System has been

set up for the types of verb-root syllable classified as pv

(syllable initial) and cndr, cndr, cnfrn, cnfrn, cnfr, or or or, (syllable final). The eight terms of the system and

their phonetic exponents are as follows:

216a

PhonematicUnit Phonetic exponents

U close.+back.+round.-t-length

E half-clo se .-{-front .-{-unround. -{-length

0 half-close .-{-back.+round.-{-length

^ half-op en .4-front .-{-unround.-{-length

A. open.-{-neutral .-{-unround.-{-length

"C half-close .-{-front .-{-centralize .+short

half-open.-{-central .-{-short

half-close,+back.-{-central iz .-{-short

7.223 A seven-term Phonematic V System has been

set up for the types of verb-root syllable classified as ph (syllable initial) and cndr, cndr, cnfrn, cnfrn, cnfr, or

or or (syllable final). seven terms of the system and

their phonetic exponents are as follows:

Pil°Unit° Phonetic exponents

E half-close.+front.+unround.+lergfch

0 hal f - cl ose.+back.-{-round.-{-length£ hal f-op en. +f ront. -{-unround. +1 eng th

A op en. +neu t r a l .-{-unround, -{-length

~ C half-close .-t-f ront ,-t-centraliz .-{-short

a half-open.-{-central.-{-short

Cs, half-close .-fback.+centraliz .-{-short

216b

7i224 A six-term Phonematic V System has been setup for the types of verb-root syllable classified as phv or p (syllable initial) and pEvsr, ]Evsr, pvsr, pvsr, cncs or o

(syllable final). The six terms of the system and their

phonetic exponents are as follows:

PhoneticUnit Phonetic exponents

I close.+front.-{-unround

U close .-{-back.+round

E . half-close.+front.+unround

0 half-close.+back.-{-round

t half-open.+front.+unroundA open.+neutral.+unround

73225 A five-term Phonematic V System has been set

up for the type of verb-root syllable dajb&ified as pv (syllable

initial) and phvsr, phvsr, pvsr, pvsr, cncs or o {(syllable

final). The five terms of the system and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

P^Unit^"C Phonetic exponents

U close.+back.+round

E half-close .-{-front .-i-unround

0 half-close.+back.+roundfrhalf-open.-{-front .-{-unround

A open.+neutral .-{-unround

216c

7i226 A four-term Phonematic V System has beenset up for the types of verb-root syllable classified as ph (syllable initial) and pEvsr, pEvsr, pvsr, pvsr, cncs or o (syllable final). The four terms of the system and their phonetic exponents are as followBS

PhoneticUnit Phonetic exponent

E half-close.+front.+unround*

0

thalf-close.+back.+round■

half-open.+front.+unround*

A open.+neutral .+unround#

7;-227 F i n a l l y a three-term Phonematic V System has

been set up for the types of verb-root syllable classifiedas p E v , p v , Ph or p (syllable initial) and cnci,£ncs,p h s r , p v s r , pEvsr, pEvsr, phsr or pvsr (syllable final).

The three terms of the system and their phonetic exponents

are as follows!i►

PhoneticUnit ‘‘‘honetic exponent

XL half-close .-kfront.+centraliz.

half-open.+centrain

half-close.+back.+centraliz.

216d

SUMMARY

Syllable-initial types of piece

P, p Svpv

ph

p, phvP-".....& v

fph

;P, pEv pv, ph

Vowel RangeSyllable-final types of piece

,1 O' E 0 a A ‘U 0 * D l

\f _ \/ p \/ | \/ ]/ \/iX t/ v/ [/“ \/ \/ \f ,\/

\ y

X : i/\.. s/ \/ \/ \/ \fs / ! \ / i / y / . A . X t X

\ / . / j x/ 1 \ / \ / , jc x ; X

*| X i / / / \/ X X X

X i X x y y \/

cndr, cndr, cnfrn

cnfrn, cnfr, ar, <r.

'phvsr, pEvsr, |pvsr, pvsr, cncs, o

cncs, cncs, phsr,

(phvsr, phvsr, phsr, tp v s r .

4— 1

X » structural non-occurence

y = occurence or accidental non-occurence

CHAPTER VIII

THE INFLEXION;

§.00 Introductory .

This chapter gives an account of the

prosodic and the phonematic systems as applicable to

the verbal inflexion. Section 8.10 deals with the

prosodic system and section 8.20 with the phonematic

systems *

£t8.10 Intra-iniexion_Prosodic System.

An initial consonant in, a verbal inflexion

exhibits syntagmatic relationship with a following vowel.

In one type of inflexion syllable nasality in an initiallr iconsonant is linked to nasality[~J in a following vowel;

e.g. [ra na]. It will be seen from the preceding

examples that the nasality in initial consonants [rj and

[nj is associated with nasality in the following vowel

[a].' In the remaining type of the inflexion syllable

non-nasality in the initial consonant is linked to

non-nasality in a following vowel jj$.g. [di da].I

It will be seen from the above examples that the non­

nasal consonant [d] is followed by a non-nasal vowel

[i a].In order to account for the syntagmatic

relationships between the two segments• of an inflexion

syllable a two-term prosodic system is stated for the-

inflexion syllable. As it is concerned with the

relationships within the inflexion syllable the systemli. ,is named Intr.finflexion Prosodic System (or briefly

21®Intra-inflexion System). The two terms of the System

are named n ( from nasality) and non-n (n) .

8.11 Phonetic exponents of the terms of the

Intra-inflexion System.______ __________

The phonetic exponents of the n (8.111)

nad the n (8.112) are as followss

8.111 Phonetic exponents of the n *

Phonetic exponents Examplesconsonant $ vowel f l _____ ___

nas. nas. [ kar(ni) kar(ne) kar(n^) kar(na)A/ / i v ^ v \ W / \ / / tV 'W \ #w / / v ^ v \ 1so(ra) so(re) (so(rt) so(ra)J

8.112 Phonetic exponents of the n

(Phonetic Exponents ! consonant 5 vowel

Examples i

1non-nas. noh-nas, [ker(di) kar(de) kar(de) kar(da)]

8.20 Phonematic Systems.

Since the Inflexion syllable features are

not subjected to any further prosodic analysis the

paradigmatic differeneces between them are stated as

phonetic exponents of phonematic units. Accordingly

two phonematic sysjsems are stated ; one for the consonant

indicated as C System (8.21) and the other for the vowel

indicated as V System (8.22).

2198.21 The Phonematic C- System

A two-term Phonematic C~ System is stated for the n inflexion syllable (8.211) and a one-term Phonematic C— System for the h inflexion syllable (8.212).

8.211 The Phonematic C- System for the n.

The two terms of the Phonematic C- System and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

Phonematic Unit Phonetic exponents Examples

R Voice [a(r)a]^N M [a(n)a]

8.2112 The Phonematic C- System for the h

The Phonematic C- System for the n inflexion syllable comprises one term. The term and its phonetic exponents are as follows:

Phonematic Unit Phonetic exponents Example

D alv. + lam. [kar(d)a]

8.22 The Phonematic V System

Three Phonematic V Systems are stated for the Inflexion Syllable; one for the initial vowel in the initial syllable of an inflexion indicated as PhonematicV- System (8.221), one for the non-initial vowel in the initial syllable of an Inflexion Syllable indicated as Phonematic _V- System (8.222) and the third one for the vowel in the second syllable of an inflexion indicated as -V System (2.223).

1, The relevant example has been enclosed in round brackets.

8 . 2 2 1 The Phonematic V- SystemThe Phonematic V- System contains five

terms. The five terms and their phonetic exponents are as f oilows %

Phonematic Unit Phonetic exponents Example s

IIEEViAA00

frontI!\\

neut. hack.

I sar(i)J [ s a r (e)[sar(£)] [ s a r (a ) ] [sar(o)]

sar(e)]

sar(a)]

8.222 The Phonematic -V- System.

The Phonematic -V- System comprises four terms. The four terms of the System and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

Phonematic Unit Phonetic exponents Example s

close,+front.+voice+length [kard(i)]half-close.+front .-Kvoice+length [kard(e) ] half-open. " n n [kard(s)]open. +neu t. " n [ka r d (a ) J

The Phonematic -V System.

The Phonematic -V System contains two terms The two terms and their phonetic exponents are as follows:

IIEEECAA

223

Phonematic Unit Phonetic exponents Examples

AA

00

open. +neut. + voice + nas. +length [kardi(a)]half-close. + hack. + voice +length k^de(o)]

The relevant example has been enclosed in round brackets.

APPENDIX I

ABSTRACT220

This thesis deals with the phonology of theVerbal Phrase in Ilindko as spoken in Peshawar City. Adetailed description of the junction features bothwithin the verb-root and the root and inflexion has beengiven. The verb-root when combined with an inflexionexhibits a high degree of variation in its phoneticshape. “Since prosodic analysis....... .is particularlysuited to dealing with the phonological problem presentedby such a high degree of variation in the phonetic form

iof lexical items ........n 'it is prosodic analysis thatis here applied to the Hindko material.

Accordingly the verb-roots have been put intofour prosodic groups in accordance with the junctionfeatures in the syllable initial of the verb, in nineprosodic groups in accordance with the junction featuresin the sBdtaslfc syllable - final of the verb-root andtwenty prosodic groups in accordance with the junctionfeatures vetween a verb-root and a following inflexion.twoThe inflexions are put into/prosodic groups accordingto the junction features in the inflexion syllable andeivht prosodic groups in accordance with the junction ~ anfeatures between/inflexion and a preceding verb-root.

Tone in Hindko applies to the phrase. Accordingly the Verbal Phrase has been put into two groups; tone 1 (T1) Phrase and tone 2(T2) Phrase.

\

My interest in intonation is limited to the part it plays in relation to the Verbal ohrase. Two types of Clausal pattern have been usedL^ sentence final and sentence non-final.

1. (Dr.) R.K. Sprigg; Verbal Phrase in Lhasa - Tibetan p-

221

APPENDIX IABSTRACT

This thesis deals with the phonology of the verbal

phrase in Hindko as spoken in Peshawar City. A detailed description of the junction features both within the verb-root and the root and the inflexion has been given. The verb-root

when combined with an inflexion exhibits a high degree of variation in its phonetic form. "Since prosodic analysis ... is particularly suited to dealing with the phonological problem

presented by such a high degree of variation in the phonetic

form of lexical items ,..."(R.K. Sprigg,1967» p. 187)it is prosodic analysis that is here applied to the Hindko material.

Accordingly the verb-roots have been put into four prosodic groups in accordance with the junction features in the syllable initial of the verb, in nine prosodic groups in accordance with the’ junction features in the syllable final

of the verb-root and in twenty prosodic groups in accordance with the junction features between a verb-root and a following inflexion. The inflexions are put into two prosodic groups

according to the junction features in the inflexion syllable and in eight prosodic groups in accordance with the junction features between an inflexion and a preceding verb-root.

Tone in Hindko applies to the phrase. Accordingly

the verbal phrase has been put into two groups; tone 1(T1) phrase and tone 2 (T2) phrase.

My interest in intonation is limited to the part it

plays in relation to the Verbal Phrase. Two types of clausal pattern have been used;' sentence final and sentence non-final.,r

Chapter I gives values of various symbols used in

this thesis. ;Chapt’er II, describes the verbal phrase a,nd its consti-: .

tuents, delimits the verbal phrase and gives

various types of verbal phrase, such as one-word phrase, two-word phrase and three-word phrase. It further states

the criteria for establishing the word and describes various types of verbal word, such as Main Verb, Operator Verb and Auxiliary Verb.

Chapter III states the tone in Hindko, describes the

tonal system and classifies the verbal phrase in accordance with the tonal system.

Chapter IV gives an account of various Intonational Systems in relation to the Verbal Phrase.

Chapter V gives an account of the syllable initial of the Verbal Word and states the Initial Junction System, various sub-systems and the Phonematic Systems at the Word-initial place.

Chapter VI gives an account of the syllable final of the verb-root. It states the Final Junction System,,and various sub-systems.and .Fhunem.-.r ic

Chapter VII gives an account of syntagmatic relation­ships between the verb-root and a following inflexion,states the Intra-verbal Junction System,various sub systems, describes relationships between the Final Junction System and the Intra­verbal Junction System, and finally states the Phonematic

Systems at the root-final place.Chapter VIII states the prosodic system relating to

intra-inflexion junction and the Phonematic Systems relating to

initial, medial and final place in the inflexion.Appendix II contains a list of Main. Verbs, classified

in accordance with the Initial System, Appendix III a list of Main Verbs classified in accordance with the Final System and .theyntra-verbal System, Appendix IV a list of Operator Verbs, Appendix V'sSjList of Auxiliary Verbs and Appendix VI contains

the tonograms used.in this thesis.

223APPENDIX II1Classified Lis to f Main Verbs in

accordance with the Initial System

p vE

1 . plra 29. pexara'2. pi sera 30. pen sera '

3- pi ran a / 31 . pe n a r a '

4. pejera' 32. pe rn a '5- p'Sra 33. pe rara'6 „ para 34. p e p n a /7 * -1 /V (V <vp alar a 35. perara'8. pocera 36. per war a9. porna' 37. perJina10. prtJ?ra 38. pe rkara11 . p t tara 39. ft/ ^pen(era12. _ * <V'V|V mpxjwara' 40» paara13. pTiara 41 o pocara14. p t s 4 era 42. poc i her a15. <VrVrt/nrsara 43.

A/pochara16 .

i rV«V«Vpejbsera 44. rv/v /

17. pejtara 45. -j SV /V »pal sera18. pek ssra 46. p alar a '19. pekara 47. Ay (Vft/fV *p an sera

oCM pekorena 48. Ay <vrv/v /p onara21 . pekrara 49. poji jera22. pekwara 50. A/ , » Alp oji,] ara23. pe cara 51 . Parana24. pec shera 52. parara25. pachara 53. * yV /v fvtare ii a26. pe c tara 54. tarna27. pel sera 55. tarena28. pex sera' 56. r Aiy yv /w ytor a'

1 As they appear in the [raj piece

224pvE

57. tolara. 90. jtapara58, turSna' 91 . jbal sara59. trksara' 92, 1 <h r \ j i vtal sara60. I *i /V AV tV /trkara 93. I i f v A / / V /talar a61 . tap ;?ra 94. J #V (V A//V_ta]?gara62, j ( V / V » Vtapara 95. ta^gara65. i t iV/V/wtak ;?ra 96. 4 A//V A> /t oar a '64 , tokara 97. 1 i . r v /%/ « /tot sarao5 ° I A/ / V As/ /tassara 98 o j ; ok Sara66 .

j /V <V Arf /ta sara 99. tokara67. J n / v / v / vtal sara 100. I A*/ /V *V» /N/tondara68. talar a 101 . i IV fV A/ AW

t o *» gar a69. t a ra n a 102. I W . I V I Vto^gara70. ta rn a 103. torna71 . tarosna 104. I r t / i v r t /torara

oCME”- tarsara 105. kaborna

75. tarofna 106. kerna'74. j _ri^ /»tarfara 107. kt ra75. I /v /x/ /V /-toxsara' 108. k a ran a'76. toxara' 109. -> i v / v / vkora77. tol sara 110. kopara '

78. tolar a 111 , n 1 /kojtara'79. ton sara 112. kolara'80. t onara 113. kurna'81 . tSrS' 114. krl Sara82. r /V As/ /V /tara 115. krlara

e

00 • ~| Au» Al,/ /N/jbalara 116. kirrna'84. j^alara/ 117. kap Sara85. tClara' 118. kapara86. i ( V r v / w /_t°ra 119. kat ?ara87. 1 ■» /VIV/Vtokara 120. ka tara8 8 . _torna 121 . ka t orna89. jnmda ra' 122. 1 . IV A/IVkatrara

225

1 23 o Ira t a r a ' 1 56. karara124o k9csfera 157. cixara125? Ira chara 158. cirna126. kad sa ra 159. cEkara'127 o 1 i ft/ A/ ft/kadara 160. ft/ A/car a128. Ira j sara 161. carana129. ka j ara 162. carana'130. ka s :ara 163. co ra131 o kas sara' 164, coporana132. ka sara 165. ft /V /V A/ y-cokara'133. ft <V/V/W /kasara 166, ft A/A/A/cobara134. Irani? ara 167. cupara135. ft /Vft/ft/kamara 168. ■ A/A/ V /cutara '136. ka rna 169. cusara137. ka rara 170. ext .Tiara138. karakna' 171 . cxtftara139. karana 172. c t jokna'140.. karana ' 173. A//VA/CTxara141 .

ft ft/ /V rv /lrarara 174. earn a142. kar oxna' 175. .curara14-3. k&ara 176. cxrokna'144. ft 1 _ /fty/ ftU <VIk&j] sara 177. capsara'145. ft ! . A/ lV /\t Mkerb sara' 178. A/ /V /capara146. ft 1 ft<(V/Vk ojfc ar a 179. ca t sara147. k&tara' 180. cajiara148. kad sara 181 . caksHara149. ft -./%/•%/ /Vkodara 182. ft MiVAZ/Vcaknara150. 1 ft f\f A/ A/ /kol sara' 183. cagorana1517 ft ft »W(VA/ /k&lara' 184. A/ A/ /cagrara'152. Kornsara 185. cal sara153. ft *v A/ IV /v* /komara 186. n /V /V A/calara154. korokna' 187. cal sara'155. kora ft a 188. ft (V/W»V *calara'

226pvR

189. c nitixna 11 . pha t sara190. csmxara 1 2 . . phajtara191 . cam ora na 13.. phaksara192. rv rvcamrara 14. phakara193. c?pna 15. pha s s ara194. c?rara 16. pha sara195. coara 17. pharara196. c op ara 18. pharolma197. 1 /VfVfV ac ojb ara 19. pharkara198 o ct>k!?ra 20. photsara199. cok S3 ra ' 21 . -i j rv /v /vphotara200: c okara 22. pnolsara201 . c oka r a ' 23. pholara202. cob sara 24. rv -i rv rv /vphondara203. 1 /vrv/vcobara 25. pHondara204. cosara 26. thrrana205. com sara 27. thrrara206 . V/VrVc omara 28. than sara207. f\s rv IV <Wcorana 29 s J 1 /V /V IVtha pars.208. /V4V/VM(Vcorara 30. thatiara209. corara 31 . thak saraph . 32. J 1 1 AT »V /Vthakara

33. j 1 t rv rv rvt h ok sara1 . pHera 34. thokara2. pherna 35. 11 /v /Vthorana3. pharana 36. j i rv rv rvthorara4. pholara 37. thelara5. phrt:ara 38. th erna6. phi; tara 39. _thokara7. n . IVA/IVphrs sara 40 o thap sara8. 1 A/ rv iVphrsara 41 . it fwrwrvth.apa.ra9. phrrna 42. t i rsr rv rwJbhagsara10. phrrara 43. tha r ara

22744 * i -i /vth ok sara 80. chrrana45* _th olcara 81 . chrrara46 . 11 1 rw /x# /vkh eaa ra 82. cbrrokna47.

,v*-1 ■) /V l »khara 83. chrrkara

48. klaora 84. chap sara49. khotorna 85. chapara50. khobara 86. cha t sara51 . kholara 87. clia tar a52. khrdara 88. c bandar a53. khrsokna 89. fV -i »v rv <vciiandara54 « khrskara 90. chap sara55. khrlarna 91 . chopara56. khrrana 92. chotsara57. khrrara 93. chorara58. 1 i ru fw rvkhap sara59. khat;sra60. kh3_fcara pv61 . kha^gara62. kharokna63 .

11 -i rv iv rvkha rka.ra 1 . bbra64. 11 j /v A/khotrara 2. b alar a65. khob sara 3. 1 1 fV /V# bokara66. kh&ir;/2?ra 4. i i fV /v /vbolara67. kholara 5. -i * «pw /%j r%j ts/brtnara68. khorokna 6. 1_ . WA/iVbac sara69. khorkara 7. ba cara70. khorocna 8. badolna71 . khorcara 9. 1 1 “1 'V /V*ba dlara72. cherana 10. baxosna73. 1 /V A/chapara 11 . 1 /V A/ /Vbaxsara74. 1 IV A* <V A<clmrana 12. balsara75. cborana 13. i yv a< w wbarana76. 1 1 *S* fSf /V#chrksara 14. i yw/vwyy a/oarara77. 1 1 A1chrkara I J « barokna78. chrlsara 16. l l a/ yv a/barkara79. cbriara

228

17. -1 * fSJ IS/ tvbo3 sara 49. ga j s ara18. 1 « r%Jbog ara 50. gal Sara19. I f\J /vb olara 51. goara20. dera 52. gozorna21 . dorana 53. g o s a r na22. dTS sara 54. gonara23. drsiara 55. g on sara24. drwara 56. jira25. dab sara 57. • • | iv iv /v31 tara26. da bara 58. jara27. “i -i /v tv tvdal sara 59. » /V /v (V3 agar a28. -v -1 rw tv tvda 1 ara 60. jarana29. “1 IV /V/ ft/das sara 61 . jo tara30. r, -j Ijv /VI ft/dok snara 62. « ft/iViV30 sara31. T 1 /V tV rv l"Vdoknara 63« jorana32. dorara 64. j t tara33. dara 65 * jagara34. dobara 66. jamsara35. dolara 67. jamara36. dak sara 68. jarana37. dakara 69. jarara38. da rna 70. j os; ara39. darara 71 . j 0 ra n a40. -1 -1 |"V» tv tvdob sara 72. j or ar a41 . dob ara42. -i -i iv tv tvdol sara P

43. -i n iviv/vdolara 1 .

n * T rv iv pillikara44. fWIV|Vgara 2. le_tara45. galara 3. l£ra46 . go da r a 4. -1 A -j tV IV IVISkara47. grrana 5. lorana48. ftliv IV/V/Vgxrara 6 . It ara

229p

7. n ftv rv rv fvlrp; Fwra 41 . inrlara8 . lrpKara 42. mrrana9 . lxkara 43- rv rv rv rv rvmrrara10. Irksliara 44. mac sara11 .

n i rv fW fWlrknara 45. rv /v/vmacara12. n w (V'v/v1 Tin sara 46. malsara13. 1Tmara 47. -t rv rv rv. malara14. laParana 48. man sara1 5 . laprara 49. rv rv rv rvmanara16. lat, okna 50. rv *i rv rv rvmandara17. n t -I rv1 ~c> U l£ 3. ¥* cl 51. mandara18. "1 -] rv /v lab sara 52. rv rv /v rvma^gara19. -1 rv f\f rvlad sara 53. ma^gara.

0oOJ m _ iv iv rvlagsara 54. majj. j ara21 . -l n /\y A/ jVladara 55. ma rna22. 1 rv /v rvla gara 56. marara23. larozna 57. ma rwara24. larzara 58. marorana25- larana 59. marana26. n A# /v rvlarara 60. marara27. -i rv rv rv1 oara 61 • j rv rv rvmotrara28. *1 | rv rs/ rvlotsara 62. motara29. ~l i_ rv rv rvJ. o u a r a 63. -i rv rv rvmoksara30. me car a 64. T rv rv rvmokara31 . melara 6 5 • rv rv rv rvmon sara32. mSkara 66. monara33. m a m a 67. morana34. mo ran a 68.' rv rv rvmorara35. mutorna 69 • nara36. mu_tara 70. nrb sara37. i rv rv /wniTt sara 71 . nrbara38. i rv rv rvmrtara 72. nrkolna39. mrcwara 73. nr^olna40. /v rv rvniTl s a ra 74. na c sara

230p75. nacara76, nacorana77. na s “3 ra78, nasara79. W / V A /noara80. nocorana81 o sira82. sera85. 1 JV /V fvsekara84. ( V ( V / vSt ra85. sekara86 . sarana87. sora8 8 . so car a89. sura

CO O P STk sRara91 . S T k M r a92. s t j sara95. s twara94. |_ » V / V A /sa tara95. sa t sara96. sa tara97. I rv rv rvsad sara98. sa dara99. .rt. A/^VAi*sa j isrra100, sa j ara101 . -I rv rv rvsal sara102. sa1ara103. samalara104. samolna105. samojna106. samjara107. sarana108 . sa rara

09. soar a10. -j (V rv rvs ok s ara11 . s ok ara12. so j sara13. sojara14. s ol o j na15. -i * rv rv rvs ol 3 ara16, rv A. rv rv rvsoJgara17. rv - iv rv rvsojgara18, sorana19. rv rv rv rvsorara20. if ra21 . rv rv rv rvrarana22. rokara23. rv rv rvrorana24. rirokna25. rrrkara26. L rv rv rvrat sara27. i rv rv rvratara28. rak sHara29. 1 rv rv rv rvraknara30. ragorana31 . ra grara32. raj sara33. ra jara34. -j rv rv rvral Sa ra35. ralara36 . raj gar a37. rv a rv rv rvraj gar a

COCO I rv rv rvrok sara39. -i rv rv rvrokara40. ros sara

141 . rosara142. -i rv rv rvr o l , a r a

231p

143. rolara 177. wa gara144. r ora na 178. wa j sara145. i” or a.r a 179. > ivrvrvwa 3 ara.1 '4 6 o Imrna 180. wa s t ara147. hrs sara 181 . wasara148. 1 -i eulri.l "ara 182. warotna149. IitI ara 183. • w» «*%/ rvwartara150. ha t Sara 184. warana151 . ha j; ara152. ha s sara153. ha sara1 54. ha1ara155. harara156. hogsara157. hogara158. we t orna159. welcara160. we car a161 . warns.162. warana163. | (V tKIwitrara1 64. •% W rV /v*wtk sara165. wrkara166. w rv /%i o'v/tc i liar a167. rtv/v rvWTcnara168. wrgorana169. (V(V /Virugrara170. v/T s orna171 . w t srara172. wa t sara173. l rv /Vi /v*watara174. T (V AT ("Vwad sara175. wa dara176. /*v rV rvwa g sara

APPENDIX II 232English Translation

pvE

1 . To drink2 . " grind3. " shut4- " send5. " be worn6 o » wear7 « M bring up8 . » reach9. " turn into pieces1 0 . " mourn (cry)1 1 . H cause to cry1 2 . '/ cause to send13. ” cause to drink14. To be ground15. ” cause to grind16. » uproot17. " cause to be uprooted18. » ripe19. ” cookoC

M catch2 1 ,'/Cause to be caught2 2 . " to cook23. To digest24. " cut25- ” mislead26. " repent27 o M grow28. « glow29 .//Cause to glow

o (-3

O break31.//Cause to be broken

32. To fillin33. Cause to be filled in34. To read35. " teach3 6 .❖cause to teach37. To be excited38. " exci te39. H betray40. « put on41. " cause to reach42. " ask43. " investigate44. 11 be grilled45. " forget46.//Cause to forget47. To grill48. " get grilled49. t! clean50 .//'Cause to clean51. To abuse5 2 .//Cause to be abuse53. To erect54. " afloat55. " watch56. ,! v/ash57. " weigh58, " sprinkle5 9 . " push60 .//Cause to be pushed61 . To become warm 62. To make warm

233pvH

63 » To see 97.64. ” show 98.65 « u sink 99.6 6 . " cause to be sunk 1 1 0 0 .67. n fry 101 .6 8 . n cause to be fried 1 0 2 .69. n be erected 103.70. n swim 104.71 . M desire 105.72. cause to desire 106.73. n toss head 107.74. u cause to toss head 108.75. H smoke 109.76. " make smoke 1 1 0 .77. " be weighed 1 1 1 .78. u get measured 1 1 2 .75. " squeeze 113.80. ” feed too much 114.81 . n fall down 115.82. pull down 116.83. put off 117.84 ° M mould 118.85. n stroke 119.8 6 . " remove 1 2 0 .87. " forbid 121 .8 8 . " see off 1 2 2 .89. M look for 123.90. " spend time 124.91 . ,r be put off 125.92. " be moulded 126.93. n cause to be moulded 127.9 4 . " hang 128.95. " cause to be hanged 129.96. " cause to be pulled down 1 3 0 .

To 'break n kite" cause to be bitten H cause to be searched " lift” cause to be lifted n walk” cause to walk ” be harrased n encircle " tell n melt " kill n strangle " liquidise ” dissolve gaze at 11 shout 11 clean M be encircled M cut" cause to be cut M spin” get spinned 11 cut the cloth 11 get the cloth cut 11 decrease n measure H get measured M push out 11 be pushed out " cover

” get covered M tighten

234pvH

131 . To rub1 3 2 . n get tightened133. M get rubbed134 o ff tremble135* n earn1 3 6 . " do137. n get done1 3 8 . n toss with pain139. " melt140. M chissle141 . 11 cause to be melted1 4 2 . ” shout143. " cause to speak144. ,l beat145. '* squeeze1 4 6 . M cause to beat147. M cause to be squeezed148. n jump143. ” cause to jump150. 11 fight151 . n cause to fight1 5 2 . M move round153. ,? cause to move round154. n threaten155. grumble1 56. n cause to grumble157. " shout158. *' saw159. n chirp160. M wish161 . " climb162. M dust1 63. n milk164. " grease165. n push into

166. To prick167. " chew168. swing169. ” suck170. " chew171. " cause to chew172. » hesitate173. ” cause to cry174. ,f be sawn175. " c arise to be sawn1 7 6 . 11 intimidate177. " catch178. " cause to be caught179. " lick180. cause to lick181. n taste182. " cause to taste183. " quantsl184. " cause to quarrel185. " walk186. ” cause to walk187. " bear188. » cause to be born189. " shine1 9 0 . " !?191. n stick1 9 2 . « cause to be193. " climb194. ” cause to climb195. " cause to be milked1 9 6 . " cause to chew197. ” cause to swing1 9 8 . » lift

pvE1 99. To bend2 0 0 . M cause to lift201 . tt cause to bend2 0 2 . M sting203. n cause to sting204 * tf cause to suck205. H kiss206. 11 cause to be kissed207. ” pluck208. 11 cause to be plucked209. 11 steal

ph

1 . To press2 . " move round3. " tear off4. " investigate5. n go off (milk)6 . M spoil7. ” be pressed8 . 51 cause to be pressed9. " walk1 0 . " cause to walk11 . « burst out1 2 . ,5 cause to be burst off13. " swallow14- " cause to swal1 ow15. " be entangled16. « entangle17. ” cause to be burst out18. " toss head19. " cause to toss head

ro o eat

23521 . To tease2 2 . u sw£ll23. 11 cause to sv/all24. n shoot25. " cause to shoot26. M get off the track27. n put off the track28. " plaster29. ” get plastered30. ” stutter31. 11 be tired32. n make tired33. u spit34. ” cause to spit35. ” be short of supply36. " make short of supply37. ,f push38. ” stop39. bong40. " fold41 . n cause to fold42. cheat43. M stop44. ” be banged45. cause to be banged46. ” play47. ” cat48. " snatch away49. " dig50. ” penetrate51 . " opengoJ L- O 11 make to play53 • " move slightly54. ” shift slightly55. n spread

236ph

56. To blooms 87. To get the roof done57. ti cause to bloom 8 8 . ti dust58. tt be assimidated 89. tt get dusted59. 1! earn .1 0 90. 1! hide60. tt make/earn 91 . II conceal61 . ti cough 92. II be released

O'! ro 0 11 wrattle 93. II get someone released63." Clause to wrattle6 4 ."hause to dig pv65. To be penetrated6 6 . To be opened 1 . To sit down67. 11 cause to be opened 2 . tt light6 8 . it scratch 3. H talk 'non-sense69. it cause to be scratched 4. It speak70. ti scratch 5 0 II make someone .sit dowi71 . it cause to scratch 6 . II be left out72. tt irritate 7. 11 leave out73. it print 8 . 11 be changed74 0 tt sift 9. It change75. tt leave 1 0 . II forgive76. tt pull 11 . tt cause someone to77. it cause to pull be forgiven78. tt peel 1 2 . II burn79. 11 cause to peel 13. II be made

00CO it be irritated 14. 11 make81 . tt cause to be irritated 15. 11 boil

CMCO ti spray 16. II cause to boil83. tt get sprayed 17. II be put off

CO tt be printed 18. M put off85. t t get printed 19. II call8 6 . tt roof 2 0 . 11 give away

237

21 . To run 52. To pass along2 2 . " be seen 53. t t pass through23. " show 54. i t cause to be kneaded24. " cause to give away 55. n knead25 - » bury' 56. i t live26 * " get buried 57. i i win27. " grat 58. t i go28. " get (something) grated 59. n be awake29. " show 60. t t know30. » be injured 61 . t i harness (a horse etc.)31. n injure someone 62. t t boil32. 11 make (someone) run 63. t t join33. " lay down 64. t t cause to win34. n sink 65. t t awake35. H throw away 6 6 . t t f reeze36. " shut ‘ 67. t i cause to freeze37. " get someone shut 6 8 . t t deliver (a baby)38. ” be frightened 69. t t cause to deliver a39. " frighten baby40. » be drowned 70. t t boil41 . ” drown 71. t t be joined42. " be thrown away 72. t t cause to be joined43. " cause to be thrown away ■ *44. « sing P45. " simmer 1 . To trace46. « weed 2 . i t lie down47. " count t t take48. ” cause to be counted 4. t t swing49. " make thundry noise 5. i t overlook50. 11 be simmered 6 . t t bring51 . " make someone to sing 7. i t bend (non-causative)

238p8 . To bend ( causative)9. " get traced1 0 . " write11 . M get written1 2 o " plaster13. ” get plastered14. " catch15. ” get caught16. ” hahg (non-causative)17. hang ( causative)18. M find out19. *' load2 0 . *’ be put on21 . ” get loaded2 2 . n put on23. ” shiver24. " cause to shiver25. n fight26. {t cause to fight27. u get unloaded28. n plunder29. n spend (money)lavishly30. ,f measure31. n sweep32. " give fragrance33. 11 beat34. 11 turn round35. M make water36. ” shut37. 11 be vanished38. n vani sh39. 11 get measured40. 11 meet

41 o To mix42. n measure43. " get measured44. ” be naughty45. n make noise46» " rub47. M get rubbed48 • " be pacified49. " make pacified50. ” penetrate51 . n cause to penetrate52. 11 ask for (something)

KALf\ order (something)54. ” clean (utensils)55. 11 die56. " get beaten57. " cause to be beaten58. ” tv/is t59. ” cover60. n get covered61 . 11 cause to make water62. 11 cause to shut63. 11 be finished64 ® ” finish65. ” shave6 6 . M be shaved67. n turn round6 8 . ” cause to turn round69 • 11 bathe70, 11 get on well71 . H put up with72, u get out73. " swallow

239P

74. To dance 106. To make (someone)75. " cause feomeone to dance to understand76. » rinse 107. tt burn77. M run 108. tt cause to be rotten78. ” kidnap 109. tt cause to sleep79. " give bath 1 1 0 . tt dry ( CxuiaJLitnj-# )

80. » be wet 111 . it dry ( )

81 . ” sew 1 1 2 . tt sw&ll.’ ■82. " drench 113. tt cause to swell83. n warm 114. tt be solved84. " bear 115. tt solve85. ” long for 116. tt smell 'lubiA, -8 6 . " burn 117. tt smell (87. " go to sleep 118. tt listen to8 8 . " think 119. tt tell89. " deliver (a baby)' 1 2 0 . tt live90. " learn 121 . it pacify91. ” teach 1 2 2 . it stop92. « be wet 123. tt afloat93. " get (something) sewn 124. tt whi sk94. ” tease 125. tt cause to be whisked95. " throw away 126. tt memorize9 6 o ” cause to throw away 127. tt cause to memorize97. " call (someone) 128. tt put down98. » cause to call someone 129. tt cause to put down99. " be decorated 1 3 0 . To rub1 0 0 .” decorate 131 . tt get rubbed101 plead guilty 1 3 2 . it be full1 0 2 ,” cause (someone) to 133. it feed well

plead guilty 134. it be mixed103.'r manage 135. tt mix104.” control (one self) 1 3 6 . tt dye105.” understand 137. it get dyed

240P

1 3 8 . To stop 1 7 0 . To be separated1 3 9 . make (someone) 1 7 1 .

t i separatestop 1 7 2 .

i t earn1 4 0 . u be annoyed 1 7 3 .

t t buy1 4 1 . " annoy 1 7 4 .

t t move forward1 4 2 . n wonder 1 7 5 .

n extend1 4 3 . ” cause (someone)to 1 7 6 .

i t drain (non-causative)wonder 1 7 7 .

i t drain (causative)1 4 4 . 11 float 1 7 8 .

t i ring (non-causalive)1 4 5 . M afloat 1 7 9 .

i t ring (causative)1 4 6 . M be defeated 1 8 0 .

t i rain1 4 7 . " be reduce 1 8 1 .

t i cause to rain1 4 8 . n be used to 1 8 2 .

i i use1 4 9 . H make used to 1 8 3 .

t i serve (food etc.)1 5 0 . 11 be removed 1 8 4 .

t ! enter1 5 1 *

1 5 2 .

153.1 5 4 .

1 5 5 .

156 .1 5 7 .

1 5 8 .

159.1 6 0 .

1 6 1 .

1 6 2 .

1 6 3 .

1 6 4 .

1 6 5 .

1 6 6 .

1 6 7 .

1 6 8 .

1 6 9 .

removelaughms.lt e (someone) 1 aughmovedefeatbecome famous make famous cut (clothes) see sellsacrificepenetrateget (the clothes) cut be soldcause to be sold be spread spread be angry make angry

241APPENDIX III

1Classified List of Main Verios in accordance with final System and Intra-verbal Junction System.

cndr

1 .• /v -i rv rv <-vJ b u n d ^ r a 8 . T /V/VA/ rv*b a r a n a

2. *V “i A/ A/p a n d a r a 9 . j a r a n a

3 * ■\ /V T **V rv /Vc h a n a a r a 1 0 . p o r a n a

4. rv n Ay <v ywm a n d a r a 11 . c o r a n a

5. *v rv -»rv rv rvp h o n c a r a 1 2 . rv rv /v rvs o r a n a

c n d r c n c s

1 . t a ^ g a r a 1 . 1 Tin? a r a

2o k R a ^ g a r a 2. -i rv rv rv rvk a m s a r a

3 . ma Jjga r a 3* jam sara4. iV _ rv Ay iVra^gara 4. 1 *v /k am sara5. tojjgara 5. com sara6 . saggara 6 . pan sara7. majijara 7. rv rv rv rvman saraq'w' e rv . /v A/yupojajara. 8 . rv rv rv rv /pon sarai • 'W&AjXra 9 . i *v rv rv rvt on saralo pBjzjX raenf rn 1 0 . rV *v iV rvgonsara

11 . rv rv rv rvmon sara1 . ■ rv yv rv a/tarana _ _*cncs2. *1 fV /v rv* rv*cna.rana ------

3. jarana 1 .rv rv rvprs sara

4 . rarana 2. phTssara5. grrana 3 . hrs sara6 0 mrrana 4 . phas Sara7 . ta ran a 5.

i rv rv rv /tas sara

1 As they appear in the f“ rv /v “1[raj piece

242cncs

6 o kas sara7 . kaS sara/8 . das s 3 ra9 . 113 s s?r a10. has S3 fa11 . W3S WWWsara12. pax IVlV w /sara13. ros sara14. t ox sara'15. krl sara16 o chrl;§ra17. niTl sara18. hrl sara19. pal /V t \ / ry tsara20. tal sara21 . tal A//VW /sara22. C31 WWWsara25. Cal ww w #sara24. bal sara25. dal s a ra

26. g»l sara27. 11131 sara28. S3l sara29. hal sara30. ral WWWsara31 . pholS3fa32. pol /*s/ rv* W /sara33. t ol tara34. kb ol ? 3 fa35. kol W /s a r a

36. dol WWWsara.37. ral s a r a

cncs

1 . pi sara2 . cusar a3. jo sara4. cixara5. _thelaf a6 . me 1ara7. telara8 . -1 rtrf <vp alar a9. f -7 /V /V /Vt; alar a10. 1 -> rv* w *talar a11 . b alar a12. WWWgalara13. samalara14. 1 ~i W w wpholara15. , n WWWtolara,16 .

7 7 *7 W w wkholara17. kolara '

18. bolara19. ■7 -j W W Wdolara

_ —cnf rn

1 . pirana/2 . cherana3. ph ara 11a4. tarana5. k a ran a '6 . c ara na7. carana'8 . 0jarana9. sarana10. wara na

243

11. chorana12, na copna13. do ran a14. jorana15. lorana1 6 , morana17. rorana18. ma ror;ana19. turana/20. thrrana21 . khTrana

<MCM chrrana25. pa ra na '24. karana25. karana'26. ca ra na27. in ran a28. Parana29 . mara in30. sarana31 . warnna32. i i 'vth nrana33- korana34. iorana35. m 6ra na.36. r a r a n a

cnfr

1 . oi rna2. oherna3- kerna'4. t h e rna

5 . tarns.6 . klrularna7. mar n a8 . gazarnaq , via rna10. harna11 . porna'12. jborna13. ku m a '14. phrrna15. km rna/16. cirna17. pa rna'18. ta rna19. ka rna20. da rna21 . ma rna22. porna'

plisr

1 . n /(w <v <v rvImpinara2 . i rv #v rv rvcTt:hara

1 rk % ha r a4. stk shara5. wic % ha r a6 . cakshara7 .

i rfv rv rv rvrak snara8 , pa c 173 raQ 1 ivn//Vrtrka c % ka r a10. WiVdak snara11. d & c Ina ra.

244

I I /SJ /V /Vat sKara.

pvsr

1 . rnrb 5 a ra2 * dab3. '"l n »v <v/vla n sa ra.yiw r ®

1 T _ -j / W J W ^ Vknoc sara5. cob sara6 . dab* ara7. sad SaraO U o -i i iv rwladsara9 * wad sara10. -v t rw #>-»k»d sara11 .

1 ■! |*Vjbiagsara12. ~i „ ^ V / v Wlaasara13. wa g s ara14. bagsara15. sri sara16. ~t • /v /vka3 sara17. ga;j Sara

18. S3 j sara19. ra j s ara20. ♦ _ /V /wto j sara21 .

* , i V W /v mpo;j sara22. b a j 5 3 ra23. s^j sa7a

pvsr

1 . kad sara2 . n /v /v /voct sara

1 . tap sara2. . thap Sara3. topssra4. kap ssra5. i r*j r\*chap sara6 . cap sara7. chap Sara8 . -i , I /VlVWka t sara9. cha t sara1 0 . i _ <V ft* fs*j a t . ara1 1 . trksara'12. chTksara13. i _ fty /v rvvwtk sara14. pak sara15. phaksara1 6 . taksara17. thak sara18 . dak sara1 9 s 1 ■} 1 /V (Vthak sara2 0 . taksara21 . th ak s ara2 2 . c ok. ara

L'OCM coksara'24. s ok sara25. nioksara26. r ok s ara27. bac sara28. mac sara29. nac sara

phvsr

1 . » /sy #v* yvpvtsara2 . phT_t sara

245pEv'sr 2 0 . poearaV..H* 1 .

21 . /V #*w /vso car a3. i rv rv ts*mrtsara4. pa t s5ra phvsr5. phaj^sara.6 . ka jb s 3 ra/ 1 . -3 • rt# /V rv1 e_ta r a7 r khajt ;?ra 2 . kotara/8 . cat ssra 3. cujbara^9 • ra_t sara 4. mutara1 0 . J W f W Wwajb sara1 1 . 1 1 W f V C wphot sara. pvsr1 2 . i ■ M i V Mt at s ara13 * 1 . *5 1 *t AT ,*V /Vkhob?rak at:ara14. katsara' 2 . ■» rv A* t*Jco oar a15 . chatsara 3. t -i rv rv rvdo bar a1 6 .

1 i W / V I V1 at sara 4.5.

♦ W r t / A rjagara« M / v r v /pejara

phvsr— pvsr1 . chapara

1 . n rv /v /wkhedara2 . kopara

« W ( V 2 . godara3 *> cupara4. j i ta r a ar5 .

• -i f%t /V /Vlikara —

6 . sekara1 .

rvcoporana7. n V /V (Vwekara 2 . la parana8 „ cSkara 3. akoranao 0 sSkara 4. pakorana1 0 . 1 £ kara 5. rvnacorana1 1 . niBkara S“ wrgorana6 .

1 2 . _tokara 7. rvcagorana13 .

i i *> rv rv /vtihokara 8 . rvragarana14. cokara ' rv9. an arana15. -i t rv rwrvbokara 1 0 . camarana16. rokara17. kukara ar18. me car a19. 1 . waratnawecara

246

2 . ajsokna3 . lat_okna4. ct j okna'5. khrsokna6 . karckna'7. kh&r&kna8 . korokna'9. kh^r&kna1 0 . chrrakna11 . cTr^kna''1 2 . rrr&kna13. phar&kna14. pa r okna'15. ba r okna16. xarcbcna17. kh&r&cna18. samajna1:9. al&j na2 0 . s ol d j na21 . tarafna2 2 . tarasna23. baxosna24. camaxna25. karoxna

V£>OJ larozna27. nTkolna28. nryolna29. samolna30. wetarna31 . k&borna^32. khotorna33. mutorna34. wTsarna

35 • Irstorna '36. kasorna 37. gozorna

o

1 . pira2 . j T ra3. w/v/vsira4. pliera5. dera6 .

(V/v A/sera7. pt> ra8 . t m '9. k m

1 0 . btra11 . s^ra1 2 . i m13. r'Sra14. (V(V/vara15. para16. tara17. 1 (v A/ rv A/knar a18. A//W/V /car a'19. -1 rv rv /vdara2 0 . gara21 . • /Hi Af3 ara2 2 . tora'23. , f%j rv r* *.tora24. i <fw rv (V ryknora25. kora'

ro cor a27. /v rw rvsora

247

28. rora29 o sura30. 1 t~ra31 o roar a32 o , * rv #ijsra33. k 23.r a34* c oar a35* goara36 . soar a37* j. i1 bara38* no ara39* -1 *W /V /V /Vlrpnara40. tupara41 * • 1 W/V(Vrnarara42. tupara43* i i /v rv rvthupara44* n A/ rv rvkupara45* chapara46 * rv rv rv rcup ara.47* /V /V /Vc op* ara48. i /v rv rvchopara49* j t tara50* t rvArrv/vcrtna.ra51 * n i rv rv rvku t ara52. cha tara53* su tara54* , rv rv rvj otara55* prtara56. phrjtarpL57* bT_thara58. pu tara59* phujbara60. t -s t rv rv rvkhu tara

61 . kujbara62. 1 /V /v rvcuj^ara63 * r rv rv rvsu^tara64 * 1 A'lViVrujjara65* j rv rv rvwu tiara66. *i j iv rw rvnu tiara67* phoj,ara68. 1 j rv rw rvKc ‘C3*rBJ69* *1 j rv iv rv /ko tiara'70. I rv rv rv mc ojb ar a71 * “i * oj rv rv1 ot ara72. t rv rv rwmere ara73* 1 m rv rv rvrojinara74* ^Tkara'75* T t rv rv rvchrkara76. i -i rw rv rv1 T7i££ir£L77* wrkara78. “1 n iv rv rv* rvlrknara79* *i rw rv rv rvSTKilcir £L80. 1 rv rw rwpukara81 . i n rv rv rvph^kara82. tukara83* j_ i i w/v/vthukara84* 1 -i rv rv /wdak ara85* n <v rv rv rvcuknara8 6 . -i rv rw /v rvraknara87. j_ -i 1 rv* rv rwthokara8 8 . j t rv rv rvj; ok ara89* ’i t ■ 1 ■ rv rv rvthokara90. c okar a91 * t rv ^cokara92. s okara93 * mokara

248

94® rokara 126, phrsara95® cl okfi ara 127. phasara96. *V /V /VwTcnara 128 . ta sara'97 - pacara 1 2 9 ® ka sara98. -1 /V /V /Vba cara 1 3 0 . kasara'99* mac ara 1 3 1 . nasara

1 0 0 . /V /vnacara 1 3 2 . wa sara101 . rv <vwpacnara 1 3 3 ® hasara1 0 2 . *» a< rw rv rvk<? cTieirs. j r? j rv rv rv

1 3 4 ® cosara103® p ocftara *1 i"7 i— w rv rv135* rosara104® -i rv rv rvnrbara » rw/vrw136® os ara105® rv iv rvdabara 137* CTxara106. c obara ’ 1 3 8 . paxara'107® -L T A/ (V rvdobara 1 3 9 . toxara108. sa dara 1 4 0 . prlara109* I n rv W ftrladara 1 4 1 ® krlara1 1 0 . wa dara 142. mrlara111 . kodaka 143® hrlara1 1 2 . khTdara 144. talara113* ka dara 145® calara114. odara 1 4 6 . calara/115® . -rv rv rvjagara 147® dalara116. lagara 1 4 8 . galara117® wagara 149. salara118. h ogara 150. malara119® ka jara 1 5 1 ® ralara1 2 0 . sa j ara 1 5 2 , ha1 ara121 . • rv rv rvra j ara 1 5 3 ® pholara1 2 2 « wa jara 154* polara'1 2 3 ® bojara 155® toltra124. sojara 1 5 6 . kholara125® pisara 1 5 7 * kolara'

i

249

1 5 8 . bolara1 5 9 . dolara160. lrmara161. dTwar%162. kamara 165. j a rn ara1 6 4 . k5mara'165. panara'Ji s~ S~ IV w / v166. manara.1 s~ r*7 rw rw rv rv *167. ponara'

r~\ i rv a / a ; / v /168. tonara'j rJ rv rv rv

1 6 9 . gonaraj n A rv rv rv rv170. mronaraj* p. j #y_ rv rv rv rv171. grrarar--* /-v rv# rv rv/ iv rv1 7 2 . mrrara

•rt r~T T~7 i rv rv rv tv rv1 7 5 . bararaa j—•-j d iiVlVfwiVAl174. 3^rara175. p'Srara* r—t /* /v rv/ rv» rw rv176. corara177. sorara1 7 8 . chandara1 7 9 . mandara180. phondara181. ton dara''182. tp y gar a» /—» r-» <v rv rv rvI 8 5 . ms3 gara* ^ j rv rv rv rv]8 4 . rs^jgara

^ r* i rv rv rv rv185. t,o7)gara. rv r* rv , i v w i u186. sojgara1 8 7 . j ara188. p j a r a1 8 9 . phrrara1 9 0 . cirara

191. s t wara192. pa rara'195. t i rv rv rvjbha rara194. -j rv rv rvda rara195. rv rv rvma rara196. ha rara'"'197. » rv rv rvtorara198. corara199. pTrara'200. thrrara201 . i i rv rv rvkhrrara202. chrrara205. wTrara204. pa rara r205. karara'206. carara207. sarara208. -i rv rv rvlarara209. rw rv rvmarara210. rw rv rvvia rara211 . . i rw rw rwthorara212. korara215. i rvchorara214. i rv rv rvdorara2T5. j orara216. morara217. pa c tara218. wa r tara219. ■ 1 rv rv rvajbkara220. latkara221 . i i i rw rw rvkhTskara222. i i i rw rw rvkhorkara225. chrrkara

250

2 2 4 ■> rrrkara 2 2 5 « plrarkara 226. parkara' 2 2 7 » kharkara228, barkara2 2 9 . kh&rcara 2 3 0 o samjara 2 3 1 « oljara2 3 2 . s&ljara2 3 3 . tarfara2 3 4 . tarsara2 3 5 . baxsara2 3 6 . camxara2 3 7 . larzara2 3 8 . drslara 2 3 9 * tha tiara2 4 0 . badlara2 4 1 . wrtrara2 4 2 . wisrara243. katrara244. kasra:ra'2 4 5 . kh^trara2 4 6 . riicjtrara2 4 7 . laprara2 4 8 . pakrara249 » Wrgrara2 5 0 . c a g r a r a '/-\ r~ -1 /v fw2 5 1 . ragrara2 5 2 . micwara2 5 3 . prjwara'2 5 4 . prlwara2 5 5 . pakwara

256. y 257.

ma r w a r a

p a r wa r a /

APPENDIX III English Translation

251

cndrTo •

1 2 . listen

1 . look for cnc s2 . ' betray To J3. dust 1 . plaster4. penetrate 2 . shiver5. shoot 3. freeze

cndr 4 . move around---- 5- kiss

To <►9 6 * break1 . hang 7. be agreed to2 . cough 8 . roast3 . beg 9 . penetrate4. dye 1 0 . knee5. push in 11 . shave6 . smell cncs7. cleanse ----8 . wipe off To

1 . be groundcnf rn 2 . be pressed

To 9• 3 * shrink1 . erect 4 * be entangled2 . sift r* sink3 * know 6 . tighten4. pacify 7. rub3. count 8 . show6 . measure 9 . run7 . be erected 1 0 . 1 augh8 . be made 11 . rain9 . deliver (a baby) 1 2 . glow1 0 . abuse 13. be angry11 . select 14. smoke

cncs 1 0 . mouldTo pe 11 . burn

15. shout 1 2 . simmer1 6 . peel 13. control17. meet 14. investigate18. be used to 15. weigh19. grow 16. open2 0 . fry 17. di ssolve21 . be moulded 18. speak2 2 . walk 19. throwaway25. bear enfrn24. burn ----25.26.

grindbe simmered

To !1 .2 .

shuttease

27. rub 3. tear off28. plead guilty 4. watch29. move 5. mel t30. be mixed 6 . lift31 . sw&ll ’ ' 7. dust32. forget 8 . be destroyed33. be weighed 9. burn34. be opened 1 0 . penetrate35. f i gh t 11 . leave36.37.

be thrown away wonder

1 2 .13.

rinserun

criesTo 0

14.15.

joinoverlook

1 .2 .3.4.5.

grindsuckboilcrypush

1 6 .17.18.19.2 0 .

turn round drown twi st sprinkle loose ground

6 . collect 21 . 2 2 .

bloom b started7.

8 . 9 .

walk around bring up put off

23.24.

read mcl t

253

4.5.6 07cq0 o9 o 1 0 . 11 . 1 2 .1 3 . 14 *15.16. 17.

chisieclimbfixfightcoverbe burntenterbe short of supply grumble be joined turn around be drowned

enf i

s awturn roundencirclestopcause to swims o r e a dkillspend (time)sacrificebe defeatedturn into piecessee offgaze atwalkbe encircled be sawed fill in

18-. swim19. do

ro o be frightened,21 . die

CMCM be turned intc

phsrTo i

1 . bend2 . chew3. write4 . learn5. be spread6 . taste7. keep8 . cut9. measure1 0 . be injured11 o ask forphsr1 . To stand uppvsr

To1 . get on well ;2 . bury3. find out4. be penetrated5. prick6 . drown7. call for8 . load9. advance

254pvsr

13. he soldTo s 14. he cooked

10. jump 15. swallow11c cheat 16. look out12. he put on 17. he tired13. flow 18. shut1 4. he famous 19. spi t15» he wet 20. bite1 6 e cover 21 . he hanged17c shout 22. lift18c he decorated 23. bend19c he full 24. he dried20. ring 25. he finished21 . he roasted 26. stop2 2 . go off 27. he saved23. inflate 28. shout

29. dancepvsr—--- phvsr

To ! — ---1 c turn out To 32. fly 1 . cry

2. go offphvsr 3. he rubbed off

To; 4. take out1 . h e warm 5 . hurst out2. plaster 6. he reduced3. fold 7. earn4. cut 8. li'pk5c he printed Q memori se6. catch 10. earn7. hide 11 c eat too much8. spin 12. break down9. roof 13. be at10c he harnessed 14. squeeze11c push 15. be left out1 o . ■nnl 1 16. rob1 2 . p u l l

phvsr 3. drownTo a 4 . keep awake

1 . print 5. send2 . strangle3. chew pvsr4. win To5. trace 1 . play6 . warm 2 . weed7. see8 . chirp or9 * long for To e01 0 . swing 1 . grease11 . give out fragrance 2 . catch1 2 . stop 3. be proud13. "bang 4. catch14. push into 5. be wet15. abuse 6 . be angry1 6 . stop 7. quarrel17. call 8 . rub18. measure 9. be destroyed19. sell 1 0 . stick to2 0 . reach21 . think or

To spEvsr 1 . use

To t 2 . stay1 0 lie down 3. hang2 . liquidize 4. hesitate3. swing 5. move slightly4 o shut 6 . cry with paii

7. scratchpvsr 8 . intimidate

To s 9. rattle1 . penetrate 1 0 . spray2 . prick 11 . intimidate

256or

To:1 2 . whisk 6 . drench13. toss head 7. be worn14. flare up 8 . fall down15. boil 9. tell16 o spend (money) 1 0 . sit down17. scratch 11 . bear18. understand 1 2 . take19. he entangled 13. stay20 o he released 14. cpme21 . toss head 15. wear2 2 . long for 1 6 . warm23. forgive 17. eat24. shine 18. want25. shout 19. lay down26. shiver 2 0 . sing27. get out 21 . go28. swallow 2 2 . wash29. control oneself 23. remove30. cut (clothes) 24. snatch31 . he embarrased 25. kill9 9 . dig 26. milk33. make water 27. go to sleep34. he separated 28. weep35. cut 29. deliver (a baby)36. rub 30. bring37. pass by 31 . £ause to wear

32. 11 " wash0 33. " " kill

To t 34. 11 n milk1 . drink 35- 11 n sing2 . line 36. 11 M sleep3. sew 37. M 11 take off4. press 38. give bath5. give away 39. bend

257To %

40. warm 72. cause to shut41 . get plastered 73. ti ” stand up42. pass by- 74. 11 " push43. get folded 75. it " pull44. get cut 76. ti " trace43. get printed 77. t t ” sell46. get caught 78 0 t t " write47. get chewed 79. n M learn48. hide 80. cook49. cause to win 81 . cause to swallow50. get chewed 82. show51 . get spinned 83. mak e tired52. get roofed 84. get shut53. tease 85. cause to taste54. get pacified 86. 11 put down55. make cry 87. t t 11 spit56. spoil 88. t t n bite57. cause to sit down 89. tt M bang58. 11 i t dig out 90. get lifted59. it 11 burst 91 . get bent60. t t ti make money 92. get dried61 . get cut 93. fini sh62. get licked 94. get stopped63 * get fall down 95. injure64 . memorize 96. spread65 . buy 97. digest66. remove 98. save67. tease 99. shout68. beat 100. caus e to dance69. cause to be squeezed 101. mislead70. cause to swing 102. get measured71 . spend money lavishly 103. get investigated

0 258

To;—u o put up with 136. boil

105o press 137. make cry106. prick 138. gl o w107. drown 139. smoke108 o cause to call 140. make to drink109. n ” load 141. clean110. extend 142. mix111 . cause to jump 143. make used to112. " 11 pi ay 144. get fried119. H ” take out 145. drive114. fly 146. cause to bear115- awake 147. get ground116. put on 148. simmer117. flov; 149. cause to plead118. make famous guilty119. get covered 150. Cause to rub120. decorate 151 . mix121 . feed 152. move122. ring; 153. inflate125. put off 154. mi slead124. inflate 155. get weighed125. get ground 156. cause to open126. get pressed 157. " n fight1 27. entangle 158. Call for128. penetrate 159. cause to be thrown129. tighten away130. ruh 160. get plastered131 . ahduct 161. cause to give away132. cause to rain 162. earn133. make laugh 163. deliver (a baby)134. cause to suck 164. turn round135. make angry 165. cause to break

2591

To t1 66. pacify 197. cause to walk167* get roasted 198. steal168. feed too much 199. get shut169. get kneeded 200. cause to loose170. get shaved ground171. cause to count 201 . cause to bloom172. cause to measure 202. cause to start173. make 203. adjust174. cause to deliver 204. teach

(a baby) 205 * get chi sled175 o cause to abuse 206. uplift176. M select 207. cause to be spoil177. tell 208. M n fight178. g e t du s t e d 209. get covered179. cause to penetrate 210. ca,use to enter180. M n shoot 211 . t i »t -kg spor'181. ” ,f search for of supply182. u u hang 212. tease183. ask for 213. get released184. cause to be dyed 214. cause to run185. cause to push in 215. n " be join186. make to smell 216. !i turn roi187* cause to cleanse 217. repent

COCO rt " wipe off 218. • serve189. u n walk 219. stop190. " M be sawed 220. hang1 9 1 1 . " be sewn 221. move slightly192. ” M fill in 222. cause to scratch193. H M stop 223 - sprayT9 4. frighten 224. get whisked195. get killed 225. cause to flutter196. defeat.'!'. !:■ 226. cause to flare u

260To l

2 2 7 . rattle2 2 8 . boil2 2 9 . get scratched2 3 0 . make tO 'understand2 3 1 . to entangle2 3 2 . resolve2 3 3 . cause to flutter2 3 4 .

ii n long for2 3 5 .

n t i forgive2 3 6 . shine2 3 7 . cause to shiver2 3 8 . show2 3 9 . stutter2 4 0 . change2 4 1 . get cut

CM■^r

CM cause to separate2 4 3 . get cut2 4 4 . cause to rub2 4 5 .

tt 1 1 dig2 4 6 .

tt It make water2 4 7 .

ii t t be caught2 4 8 .

t i tt t t t t

2 4 9 . make angry2 5 0 . cause to fight2 5 1 .

It tt rub2 5 2 .

I t It measure2 5 3 .

11 tt send2 5 4 .

t t It drink2 5 5 .

11 1 1 cook2 5 6 .

11 tt be killed2 5 7 .

t t 1 1 read

l & l

APPENDIX IVLIST OP OPERATOR VERBS

AS THEY APPEAR IN THE [raj PIECE.

[ ara jar a dera p'Sra IV r a rVra ksrn&J

APPENDIX VLIST OP AUXILIARY VERBS'.

PERSONE | 51™ E R ___

I f Ii I fi II $ IIII t . *. *5 | Singular Plural ^Singular Plural | Singular Plural

P | MASCULINE [waj [a] [e] [oj [e] [n]S j| FEMININE [a] [a] [e] [o] [e] * [n]T

P 5 •g | MASCULINE [uya] [3ya] [3yV] [ayo] [aya] [ae]

PA I FEMININE [aya] [3ya] [ayej [^yoj [si] [^ya]R jj T |I 1p 5 L I

‘ ^ ”U I MASCULINE [sa] [sie] [sej [soj [si] [sanj

R | FEMININE [sa] _ _ljUPj i.sL.l [so] [si] r son].

Drt-

&

7

V ; -r.?■i-

h

IJ

-7?

266

;

/

n

A-/

1— 4

2li

M

V'.-;-’ :;;; .....

£ £Zn: i ko( ']

(

!*U— \ P I • " • I ' - V ! " •<’ •!•'•; tJ lljj im,,,ntl||.ll!<|n "I"...... '.It;-,

m:>, i...Un-V \ !,

~7*p'v\ . / cj'n.&l boi-1

272. j|

;) jl "

v .-v. »•* ' . v 1" Vv. .•

O

JA

W • • .*• ' • 1 -r A.,:,,."'.

A .

*' w-^iUVA'tV - ^ ^ CV-V-■ «v‘. — 'W-.\ .,-V* ■ i* 'j£

Tp* £! . £e ^ 3 ^ yOis/a. et& ]

273

274

t

i

275

b i b l i o g r a p h y ;-

ABERCROMBIE, Di 1956

I 6>6

ALLEN, W*S. 1955

AUSTIN, W*M. 1957

BAHAL, K. C . 1957

BAILEY, T.C. 1913

BECKER, C.A., NARANG, C. C.

BLOOMFIELD, L.

BOLINGER, D. L.-

BURTON-PAGE, J.

CANOCHAN, J.

COLLINGE, N.E#-

DAVE, R9V,;;

1971

1914

1949

1957

1964

1959

1967

Problems and Principles in Language Study, London, 1956. Elements of General Phonetics, Edinburgh, 1966.

Phonetics in Ancient India, London, 1953*Criteria for Phonetic’ ' Similarity Lang. 33/#/l.

Tones in Panjabi, Indian Linguistics, 17, 1957.

Panjabi Phonetic Reader, London, 1913*

Aspiration and Nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi, Urdu, Lang.Vol. 47 No. 3*An Introduction of the Study of Language, London and New York, 1914*Intonation and Analysis, Word, 5/1949.Compound and Conjunct Verbs in Hindi, BSOAS X1X/3.

Gemination in Hausa,Pitch Tone and Intonation in Yoruba. *

External Sandhi in Indo- European, Lingua viii/3/9- 1959;A Formant Analysis of Clear Nasalized and Murmured Vowels in Gujrati, Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics University of Copenhagen No. 2*1967.

* In honour of Daniel Jones, ed. D* Abercrombie, D.B# Fry, P.A.D.* Me. Car thy, N.C» Scott, J.L.M. Trim. (London) pp 397-406;

276

DEWANA, MiSi 1933

FIRTH, J. R$ 1957

1930

FISHER- J ^ R / G M S E N , E. 1954

GILL, H. S. 1963

GILL, GLEASON, H.?A. 1963

GLEASON, HsA. 1961

GRIERSON, Sir George, 1916

HALLIDAY, M.A.K. 1970

HARRIS, 2> S. 1951

HENDERSON, E; J. A. 1970

HOARD, JsE. 1971

HOCKETT, C.F. 1955

1958

Panjabi Language and Prosody, Lahore, 1933i

Phonological Features of Some Indian Languages, papers in Linguistics London 1957.Speech, London 1930.Acoustic analysis of Stop Consonants, Miscellanea Phonetica II -

Panjabi Tonemics, Anth.Ling. 2 No 6, 1963'

A Reference Grammar of Panjabi, 1963*

An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics,New York, 1961.Linguistic Survey of India, viii, 1916.A Course in Spoken English Oxford, 1970.Co-occurence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure, Lang., 33/3/1* Structural Linguistics, 1951*

Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian, BSOAS xxxiii Part I.Aspiration, Tenseness and Syllabification in English, Lang, Vol 47/l*

A Manual of Phonology, Baltimore, 1955•

A course in Modern Linguistics, New York 1958#

277

HOUSEHOLDER, F. W. 1972

INTERNATIONAL 1904PHONETIC ASSN.

JACOBSON, R. and 1956HALLE, M.

JENSEN, M.K. 1961

JONES, D. 1950

JOSHI, S. Si 1970

KRISHNAMURTI, B. 1958

PALMER, H.E. 1922

PIKE, K.L. 1946>

/

ROBINS, R.H. 1953

1957

1963

* Proceedings of the University Series B (Arts) I, pp. 1-12

Accent, Juncture Intonation and my Fathers Reader, Lang. Vol. 48/3.Aims and Principles of the International Phonetic Association, Bourg-la-Reine, 1904.Fundamentals of Language,The Hague, 1956.

Tonemiclty, Universitet iBergen Arhok 1961(n. Us* P.) Bergen- Oslo.

The Phoneme: its Nature and Use, Cambridge 1950.

A Phonological and Phonetic Study of Pitch and other Associated Features in Panjabi (Boabi), Mi* Phil. Thesis London University, 1970;

Alternation of i/e and u/o in 'South Dravidian, Lang. 34/4.

English Intonation with Systematic Exercises, Cambridge, 1922.Tone Languages, Ann Abor, 1948, Intonation of American English, Ann Abor 1946.The Phonology of Nasalised Verbal Fo'rms in Sudanese, BSOAS XV/l PP. 138-45Aspects of Prosodic Analysis. *General Linguistics in Great Britain 1930-60, Trend in Modern Linguistics, ed.C. Mohrmann, F. Norman and A. Sommerfelt (Utrecht) pp. 11-37.

Durham, Philosohical Society

J

SAMPOT, K.£

SAPIRE, E.

SHARP, A.E.

SPRIGG, Rsl

278

1964 Tonal Structure of Majhi, Indian. , - Linguistics vol. 25.

1921 Language: an Introduction to the Studyof Speech, New York.

1958 Falling Rising Intonation Pattern inEnglish,,Phonetica 3/4.

1970 The Tonal System of Tibetan(Lhasa dialect)

and Nominal Phrase, BSOAS, XVII, 1 pp.133- 153. (Reprinted in Palmer, 1970 as pp.112-132).

1966 Phonological Formulae for the Verb in

Limbu as a Contribution to. Tibet.o-Burman Comparison,In Memory of Firth ed. C.E.Bazel, J.C. Catford, M.A.IC. Halliday and R.H. Robins, London, pp.431-53.

1965 Prosodic Analysis of Burmese Syllable- Inirtial Features, Anthropological Lingui­stics vol. 7 number 6 pp.59-81.

1961 Vowel Harmony in Lhasa-Tibetan: Prosodic analysis applied to interrelated vocalic

features of successive syllables, BSOAS, XXIV, 1, pp.118-138.

1953 Verbal Phrases in Lhasa-Tibetan, BSOAS,. XVI, 1, pp. 134-56.Lepcha and Balti-Tibetans tonal or non- tonal languages? , Asia Major, New Series, XII,2, 185-201.

/^'7 Balti-Tibetan Syllable Finals, and aProsodic Analysis, Asia Major, New Series vol. XIII, parts 1-2, pp. 187-210.

1968 The Phonology of th Grammatical Constituent

SWEET, Ii.

TRUBETZKOY,

279

of Verbal-Phrase Words in Spoken Tibetan (Lhasa Dialect), Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.

1888 A History of English Sounds, Oxford.1877 Hand Book of Phonetics, Oxford.

.S. 1949 Principles de phonologie, Paris.