The new American dictionary of the English language

AUTOGRAPHS OP THE PRESIDENTSOF THE UNITED STATES.

AUTOGRAPHS OF THE PRESIDENTSOF THE UNITED STATES.

THE>

NEW AMERICANDICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.BASED OX THE LABORS AND PRINCIPLES OF

WEBSTER,AND OTHER LEADING AUTHORITIES.

CONTAINING

UPWARDS OF FIFTY THOUSAND WORDS,BVESY WORD RESPELLED PHONETICALLY EXACTLY AS PRONOUNCED, WITH

CAREFUL AND CORRECT ACCENTUATION AND SYLLABICATION,TO WHICH 18 AFFIXED

ACCURATE AND CONCISE DEFINITIONS.

TO WHICH IS ADDED A VAST AMOUNT OP

VALUABLE AND USEFUL INFORMATIONUPON

AMERICAN' HISTORY, CONSTITUTIONS, LAWS, ARMY AND NAVY, INDIANS

LAND-TITLES, DEBTS, CITIES, COLLEGES, GROWTH OF CITIES, RATEOF MORTALITY, RATES OF INTEREST, SCIENCE, MYTHOLOGY,

BIOGRAPHY, INSOLVENT AND iS-SIGNMES X LAWS, Sid.

NEW YORK:

WORLD MANUFACTURING CO.,PUBLISHERS,

NO. 122 NASSAU STIIEET.

THI METBIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AJTD KXASTTUl

In the Hrtri* Syitem of weight* acd measures, the Hettr li the hue of all them*WThe B'UP'WS Intended to be, and it very nearly, one ten-millionth prt of tt dlitaaM

measured on a mndia of the earth from the equator to the pole, and equal* about S9.J7 lache*.

The BfUrit the primarr oilt of length; and upon the meter are ba*ed the following primaryunit*- the Square Beter.'the An, the Cubic Hetrr or SUre, the LlUr, aid the Gram.

The Bonare Beter ii the unit of meaiore for wnall turfacet, ai the furface of a floor, table, etc.

The Are ii the unit of land meuure. This ii a iqnar* whole ide li ten metert in length,

The Cubit Beter, or Stere, is the unit of TOlums. Thii li a cube whe *dfe li one atT la

length.The Liter Ii the unit of capacity. Thli it the capacity f a cube whoM edge It eni-te&th of

*The'eram't'/the unit of weight. Thli ii the weight of diitilled water eontalntd In a cube

whote edge ! the one-hundredth part of a meter.

From theme primary uniu the higher and lower orderi of unit* art derived decimally ,ai abcwn

In the following tablei.

CHEME'OF THE WEiaHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM.

KATICM.

P REPACK.

vVe have endeavored, in this work, to press into the smallest

compass the greatest amount of information. The Dictionary

proper will be found reliable in every point. Equal care has

been bestowed upon the Spelling, the Denning, and the Pro-

nouncing. This book will be found worthy of comparison with

the most extensive and expensive Dictionaries in the language.

In addition to this, it will be seen, by a glance at the con-

tents, that this volume contains concise, but thorough, article^

giving explanations of many other useful branches of human

knowledge, besides the science of language.

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.

The consonants used in the Phonetic Spelling retain their name or ordi-

nary unvarying sounds, with the exception of G. The same sounds are al-

ways represented by the same letters, no matter hew varied their actual

spelling in the language. Vowels, unless marked, retain their short soundsas in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The diphthong au or aw represents thesound of a as heard in all; and au or ow as in now, The syllabic soiind oi

ble, whether terminal or incidental, is represented by bl, and the the termi-nation bly by ble. The marked vowels are shown in the following line :

Fate, Far, Me, Mine, Mote, Mflte, MOOn.

When more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placedirst ia the moat accepted.

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS.

a. Btandi for adjective. pp. stands for past participlead. " " adverb ppr.

" "present participle

con;." "

conjunction pret." "

preterit,

intery." "

interjection prep." "

prepositionn. " " noun pron.

" "pronoun,

pi.' "

plural v,' verb.

aujrcjojB3i|pSS -!s^i?55 : 5i

:^

: : : d :::::::> .a . .^ .."

"S.irb :-:,

u .1

^4-^

u T? = -e 5O, ao fc'o _ iCLe4

I fig'lil ^t IHlfl 1

^2 s:

} fiSIllH

.^ .^ = .- ws a- i.2>i^5jfrf^8>-=-5 OJ 1-1

J- -^5 W2Efra &2?5if a^ -~ Z ="" "^anH^S^ = "5*^

"

^M"-"^ 2?*~"H'S ~* * -i^'^-S 5?

i|!ijlil=i'|t-C != IT

A. SICTIOSAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING.

PIOTIONAHY Or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

fe ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.

A DIOTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

A DICTIONARY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ABORIGINAL 8 ACACMHJS

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ACCEDE 9 ACCUSATIVE

A DIOTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

ACCTSATORT 1 ACTU1TB

A DIOTIOHAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ACULEATE 11 AUMliMSTUATOltSllIP

A DIOnONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ADJIIMSTRATRrX 12 ADVERBIAL

A DIOTIONAUT OF TEE MGUSH LANGUAGE

ADVERBIALLY 13 AFFLICTED

A DICTIONARY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AFFLICTING 14 ACOG

A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AGOIKG


ALEXmiAKMIO 16 AlLtSlVK


ALLUVIA I,

A DICTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AHACROSIS 18 A31I'J11THEATRICAL

A DIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Ample (am'pl), o. large ; ex-

tended; liberal; diffusive;

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE EKGLISH LANGUAGE.

ANGRILY 20 ANSWER

A DIOTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ANSWERABLE 21 AKTIQUEKE8S

A DIOTIOflAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

A.NTISIIAVS 22 APPAREL

A DICTIONABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

APPARENT 23 APPROXIMATION

A DICTIONAEY Or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AITKOXIMATIVE 24 ARDEKT

A DICTIONARY Of THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AHDOU :5 ARREST

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

AKKESTJIEXT 26 ASLANT

A DIOnOffABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ASLEEP '.'7 ASSCASIYE

A PIOTIOUAEY OF THE EHGLISH LANGUAGE.

ASSLLTCDE 23 ATT.UIIAHLK

A DICTIOtfAEY OF THE EJTGUSE LANGUAGE.

ATTACHE 29 AURORA BGKEALIS

A DICTIONART OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AtSCCLTATlOS 30 AWAKBKIN9

A DICTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

AWAUD


BAILEE 32 BANTER


BANTLING 33 BASELESS


BASEMENT 34 BEAU


BEAU 35 BEFIT


BEFITTI5G. S6 BENDER

DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

BENDLET 37 BETTY


BETWEEN 38 BILBOES


BILK 39 BlTtJIIMHS


BIVALVE 40 BLEEDING


BLKHISII 41 BLUFFY

A DIOTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BLUISH 42 BOMBARDMENT

A DIOTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ISOXIIAST 43 BOTCHY


BOTH 44 BKAKEHiS

A 2)IOTIOKABY OF THE SITGLISH LANGUAGE.

BRAKY


BKEWEK 46 BROKEN

A DIOTIONAKY OP TEETENGLlsH LANGUAGE

BROKEN-HEARTED 47 BUFF


BUFFALO 48 BURGOCT

A DICTIONAEY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Ill Ki.l MiY 49 BYS80ID

A DIOTICUAEY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

BY-STASDEK 50 CAIKXDS

A DICTIOMBY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CALESCEXCE 51 CANDLESTICK


CANDOR 52 CAPITATIO.V

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

CAPITOL 53 CARMINATIVE


CARV4GE M CASTE


CASTELLATED


CATHOLICITY 56 CEKOBITK


CENOBITICAL 5T CETACEOUS

A DIOTIONAEY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAFE 58 CHARACTERIZE

A DIOTIOUAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

CHARACTERLESS 59 C1IKRCR

A DICTIONARY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHKKUIUC 60 CHOLERA

A DIOTIONAET OF TEfc ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

CHOLERIC

A DICTIONAEY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

CICERONE 62 CIRRIGEKOIS


CIltKOl'S 63 CLEAN


CLEANLINESS 64 CLOTH*

A DICTIONARY 01 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CLOTHES 65 COCKSWAIN


COCOA 6S COKE

A DICTIOffAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

COLANDERv

C7 COLOSSAL


COLOSSEAS 63 COJOESSrRATIOS

A DICTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

COHJIEKT 69 COMPARATE8

A DICTIONAKI OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

COMPARATIVE 70 COMPOSITIVE

A DIOTIOffAES: OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

COMPOSITOR 71 CONCESSION

A DICTIOUABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

COKCESSIO.VIUY 72 CO.VDL'CTIBILITY


CONDUCTION 73 CONCEALMENT

A DICTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CONGELATION 74 CONNOTATION


COXXOTATIVE 75 CONSOLE


COSSOLIDAST 76 CO.NSDIAKI.K


CONSUME 7T CONTRACT

tOMUACT 78 COM'KNTlOVUi

A DICTIONAKY OF TEETENGLISH LANGUAGE.

COJiYEJiTIONALISJI 79 COOHB

A DIOTICUAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

COOP fO CORKSCREW

A DICTIOKAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

(OKKT 81


CORRUPTIBLE 82 COUNTERFEIT


COtNTERFElTEK 83 COWARDICE


COWARDLY 81 CREATOR

CRF.ATl.IU: 85 CROCODILE

A DIOTIOKAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CROCODILIAN 86 CKl'STACEOUS

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CRESTATED 87 CCPRIFEROCS


CUPOLA 83 CCTTKE


CUTTING 89 DAMN

A DIOTIONAET OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

DAMNABLE BO DEACOXSHIP


DEAD 91 l)K< EXJVOVAKY

A DICTIONAKY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

DECEST 92 DECUKRENT


DECfSSATE *.! PEKLOUATE


DISLOCATION 94 DELL


DELTA 95 DENOTATION


DKSOTATIVE % DEPRESSION

A DIOTIONAKY OF THE EMLISH LANGUAGE,

DEPRESSIVE 97 DESOLATE


9 DKIOMli:

.i!e; ruin.

:. loss O!

. .liout hope; to de-

poml.cS (tle-patsh').

.1,

away In huste; an e\pre?.

.; to finish.

le-por.idn v-l.- jC-rVdol, II. :\

turiout man ; a

i1 iO.<i.hav-

,--ra'huu).

to peel off ns e.iles. [Drtreable(dr-tek ta-bl)u.thatICMjunwallon (des-kna-ma'-j may l>f found out.

shun:, 11. the separation of Detrrtlnn (de-tek *hun).ti. act1 of findiiiKou. : di.oonTV.

UI ), 11. a >top ill

.tk-a-bl), . De>"

v. t lx>)i

down upon viihto *oorn; to .'.

IV-P>* (de-pil 1. M, TioV

of Iruit. Ac., after IIHMI.

nhich auv-

...IK.liitedj thceiui:

l>eN|ine (,-'..

Uvm ; to appuint.K, unitvoid-

l><->iltut<>(d>-> !e-tut),.i. want-

V -i.tniion t.'.es te-tu ahun).

Del, nl (vie

toe*.

ndle-ti'n'shunVn.the.-t of de:

Deter (.!'. l.-r i. i. to fricHten

IVlr?e(,!.by K

rtfrjwnt .

.

IV.iidallon (\les-i\-dVshunV H.

IV- liltrflil >de spitful). *-

Dp*U idc-<poil ). r. to plun- Rcetad<Kdes'MWT&oMlonor pracuc

IV-iwllpr (dc-ipoilcr), M. oar De*uhi>n-who drspoila. |

H. a passing from one tali

lK~>poliaiUi>,de-sjxVle-i'shn\ to another without orderM. a stripping or robbin*. I method.

In| (de-s)XMul ), r. to lose lVllry (des'i:

ciHirai*, or hope. _ loose; un,vna*e;e.l: hasty.l*S>MHi*ra (de-spon'deBS) >"

n'den-J

i. r. to over-

Drterioralli'n... : of bacouiiafor

: rut i inentl. fi.

rath. I tl-.j:

. : imlnaMe (de-ter'rae-na-, that may 1

lVlfr.loatM.1f-lcr'nir-nt),.

'

;

1> .-p..n,'

tapkli ^

.i. -: : HMfcMMl

c***tte*J (iMo-pot%Mtl-. NM i-.-. A. .::..:;:>

n^wiut* (d<**|M-*<), , tofMik; to throw tttTfeun.

huui, H.

.

having a :

otahv

Drtaeh (df'-t*eh \. r. to take(rom ; to trparan ; to disuBtte; to withdraw.

| p.

IWtarhe4 (d*-tachf). . *epa Delrated; wat

.iving

M\: ::^;:;v7 . ,vo .'.:.

.ah- DrtaU (de-til . r. to relat !- DeihrMoBIlMtTOT

rVlai,.t^tJinl.r.K.to ierpln rv.-

rowlnjoff. Drialver (de-Un'er), . oneUK

Drleel (de-i'

i :.- . MM

:-..u: :-.i: t

-

IVtnlalioa (J

t >, "<!!*::

mrnt), - act of dethroning.D*ttaB* (det'e-nu\ H. a kindof writ or action to recover

. :ci_.ie^: IVtonate .'.f. o-t: ..toe

A DICnOUAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

DETO.NiTi!j>

'.:-:;. T'.T'.Z.. ^r *:j:lm..:Detractor (de-trak'ter). n. ooc

io detracts ; a slanderer.

Detractory (le-trak'co-re), a.

Detonation (iev-o-:^'itian), B. I Satan : a wicked person;.

I. to grill wiih pepper.

Detort de-to" ,. T. to :TL5jor DerUhh <!*T ..-;... ;. '.i?

perrert. |_ the deril; wicked; fieadUh.

..- wreadng; a per

:-

toort, n-rooadabout, a eirenicons war.

Detract :-;-:.-ii:).r.to"".>!.'.". 1 . r . '. -j '.n :.:;.

'

MM.'

Detractive (de-trak'tJT), . apt

. -. i; -.

Dennble if-rlz a-bi jf a.

may be coaîTed.(deire-iu). a. j

DniM (dg-TizQ, j. tocoalrire;[foih; B. a

(Jer-e-re'), - theper-f^- ^-. -r^.î i :_.i^ ij _-*-

îor~i"-v:;-r -.. -~

DeTcid (d .

DeV :r ':':-:-- -'-.'

Detriment (detê-ment). n. Der. -T-

; hartroLDetritBt ' ie-tri'tus), n. acra::^~:'i' ^ cf c.i-'.':

* -^-ed by the weariac aiforks.

DetHtal ri-tri'tal), a.

posed of i-;t.-;:-i.

Detrition (le-Uuh'on), B. tie

ctorweuiagawaj.Delrmd* (de-trod'), r. to thnutor posh dawn with force.

g down.9e(rWAeate<de-traak

>

at), . to

lop; to shorten by cuiun*-Dar (dui). m. a card or di*

n. lie '.'-.i tflci^ri.::>i.Deimtate (der'ai tat) w. to lay

e; hiToe; deatne-:ia; desolation,

op (Je-Tel'ap), r. to m-

*. to rail

to fi.. :-:":. nr.

tleactofdcToltia;.-it'), . to sei

t; to doooj ; to execrateto appropriate by TOW.

De'otea (de-To ted), a. an!

DeT.v- . 41 ,,n. c-- '.-

votea ; a fc irot.

DeyoUon (de-TO'abm).*. re--

DT..i:.;nl! . .-T; siii-v .. <:

<de-Towr'),. toeatrar-

^v---,,, .-

wane ; todestroy ; torara^. Drroatlj (de-rowtle), a<i. pioaiij: religi<m<ly.

Dew (da), m. Bwiiti

Dewfay (dalap), m. the teakonder aa a'j thnxu.. . Uropen; to disclose

D*TelopBWBi(de-Tela p-men-. Dewyfdd'e), a. like dew ;

n. gndaxl anfolding. |wiih dew.

Drrexity (de-rekJ'e-te), . a IViter^'i-i^ter) *jther!ghtbeading farwari. I hand side ; r

Deviate (de're-it), r. to wan- Dexterity (deki-ter'e-te), .

der; to err; to zo u-.rar.cTiatlon (d-r*-ifiniar a: J

. :- ; i^ e-- r.

eric* (i*-rLj). n. scheme:

:'.>,. theeri

(till and activity; expert.

>extcmn fdeki'trr-us), a. ex--.-:: - -

Ir^trrmtly (deki Kr^s-te),-i. with skill or adroitness.

. x!-^:rE=.- i.

BS BjW|| :-.=. ::;-: :.,

Mrtttei (di-a-b't*i), a.a dl>-

f urine.fdi-a-bet ik), . per-

DUh>r. - -i r- -.. i.-.

TJ nr InrinllrMiB

(ai-a-boHi), t

(dM-tank.^n.t*-: 1:1 -, . .

.

y ibederil.KaeaavUe (di^-kawz'tik), a.

pertaiaia? to ewe* baaed

HkicMM.

- - - .-

-

Diachyau'

.:-a-!L:'cia), m. Oecircular ti>e of feaTec.U-..aii ;.--., -.. . ;. per-talniag UmdeaeoB.i^rinais (dtk'-pal), n. the

-

-:; ..' z i BBBB,:T-. 3-ii . -i- -*:.; B,

. . -:..:._. -

r..

BfI . . i.

Diacritic :^-i-

_-- *

r. _:<.'

(diVieB),*.acrowB

r'e-su), m. acpa---. -- -

-

. -------

two; the mark [-] jrbeed--.;:- r -..'

o show that they are u beMaced Kpantclr.

i".'

. .-..-. . : ..-.-. ....

-T----'

. -..

*).-tyftiiM. -.,;

1 i a ea e: - - -

fromanjle

HB|-' '

fnVncVvM M.::--,:: -

.:. -.

: ;-^3, .. ,---- B^jnvnV'-''.-. 1

'

.

"

A DICTIONARY OF THE EEC-USE LANGUAGE.

DIAGRAPHIC 100 DIFFUSE

A DICTIOiTAKY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

DIFFrsrLY 101 PIFETAlOrS

liile ; ii:;l, n. a<!i:. :i;a i..juuJ( the sound from loud to soft.

|reventiiiLvJatioa. Diminution (u;m-e-nu'kua)n.

full ; widely spread.Diiiu-i-ly (dif-fu'le), ad. wi.!

1-.; copiously; fullv. DiUearttto (de-bu'er-At). t-. to

Diffusible (dif-fuz'e-bl), a. that t:.r: to n-ud.

may be dihu-i -!. Dilapidate (.ic-lap'e-dat), v. to'Diminutive (de-miii'iMiv). a.

Diffusion (dif-fu'zhun), n. a' fall into decay; topotoruin. I email; little ; contracted ;

spreading or scattering Diii-.pidiited (de-lap'c-di-ted), n. a word expressing a little

abroad; extension; dispcr-i a. suffered to go to ru:n. I thing of the kind.sion. [spreads widely . Dilapidation (dc-'.ap-c-dV- Diini.,i>ry(ilim'is--or-O,a.di*-

DiffusiTe (dif-fu'ziv), a. that I shun), n. destru :. :.,mg to another jurisdit

I)ig(dia).r. totpcaor tura up Dilataliilily (de-lat-a-bil'e-te),| tion.

spado; to excavate;n. a thrust; a poke.

Digest (di'jest), n. a conipila-

ry of laws.

Digest (de-jest i, r. to dissolv

Di :ty (dim'e-te) n. a kind of:otton cloth, ribbed.

Dimly (dim'le), ad. obscurely.Dilatation (dil-a-ta'shun), n. Dizanets (dim'nes), n. want ofact of expanding. | brightness; duhiess.

-

'

Dilate (de-lat').v. to expand; to Dimorphism (di-mor'Usra), n.

n. admittint; expaus:__.Dilatable (ii.j-lSt'a-bi;, a. that

may be dilated.

food in the stomach; to think; extend ; to en!;

over; to arran.-f. [Dilatory (dil'a-tor-e), a. teud-

Digestil)Ie(do-jest'c-bl), a. ca-l ing to delay ; slow; tardy.pableofbein; digested. ni!:itorily (dil'a-to-re-le;, ad. Dimorphous (di-n:or'fu.s). )

"

Digestion (de-jest'yun), n. act! iu a slow or tardy manner. I havingthepropertyofdimor-ofdigesting; arrangement. iDilcmmn(de-lem'ma),u.aEt.-.te phism.

Digestive (de-jes'tiv). a. tend-, of perplexity how to deeid?. Diai;,!e (dim'pl), n. a small

ing to cause digestion. Dilettante (dil-et-tan'tc), n. an natural depression on the

Digit (dij'it), n. three-fourths !_ admirer of the fine arts. j_ face ; t-. to form dimples."in inch; the 12tU of t:

the property of crystallizing

Dimorphic (di-'mor'fik), J _

aumirtT 01 me line aris.j

lut-e ; 1\ 10 lorin uimpies.Diligence (dil'e-jens), n. steady Dimply (dim'plc), a. full of

diameter of the sun or moon;

A DICTIOttAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

DIPHTHERIA 102 DISCERXINfi

DISCEKNMKST"

103 DISEMBARK

A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

DISEMIUKKATIOS 104 DISJUNCT

A DIOTIONABY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

',DISJO'CTIOS 105 DISPROrORTlOXABLE

A DIOTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

DISPEOPORTIOXAL

A DIOHOKABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

DISSUADE"

107 DIVERGENT


PITERS 106 DOGSTAB


DOGWOOD 100 DOCCHSCT


DOCGHTT 110 DREARINESS

.

A DIOT10NAET OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

DREDGE 111 IIKI.\kF.NNKSS


mars 112 DURESS

A DIOTIONAKY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

DCSlt 113 1AT

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LAMTTAGE.

EATABLE 114 EFFERVESCESCE

A DIOTIOMEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

EFFERVESCENT 115 ELECTHOPLATE

1 UICTIOEAEY OF TEE MGLKH LANGUAGE,

ELECTROTYPE 116 EBBAT

A. DICTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

EMBED 117 EHPOIVEP

A DICTIOtfABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ESPRES3 1 1 < ENERVATE

A. DICTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

ENERTATION 119.

KXSfK


ENSUING 1:0 EPIIEHERIS


EPHOD 121 EQUIPAGE


EQUIPMENT 122 ESfCTfHF.OX


ESOPHAGUS 123 ETTHANASIA '

A DIOTIOMBY GF THE EHGIIEE. LAElfAG

;\:iv.!r.;>t '.C-vak u-ani), n. a Everlasting ..--or ia.n'ing), 7. r:\-:i!isi!c

..e that evacuates. | endless ; j-crpeius! : eti'. acy.to E>TOfnaM te-vas u-siji v. 10

to quit.


EXCEPTIONAL 125 EXEQCIAE

A DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

EXERCISE 126 EXPEfilTIOCSLY


EXJ'EL


EXTA5T 128 KYE.TOOTH

A DIOnOITAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

J:YK-WITNESS 129 FALSITY

A DICTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH

FVLTER 130 FAILING


FATSESS 131 Frxxrr,


FF..NXY 13J FIELD-PIECE

A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

FIEND 133 FIRKIN

A DIOTIONAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

FIKH 134 FLATOROCS

A DIGTIOHABt OF THE ENGLISH LAMUAGE,

FLAW 135 FLOWKKV

A DIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

FIXWIXG 136 FOR.UIF.


FORAMEN 137 FOKKED.NESS


FORKT 138 FRAGILITT

A DICTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

FRAGMENT 139 FK1K.M)

A DICTIONARY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGtJASR

FRIENDLESS 140 FCCIVOKOtS

FCCU8 141 FCSEE


FCSCTS 142 GAHBOS

A DIOTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

GAMUT 143 GENEALOGY

A DIOTIONABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

GEXERAL 144 GIBBOCS

A DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

GIBE 145 CLOAT

A DIOTIONAET OP THE EffGUSZ LANGUAGE.

GLOBATB 148 COOPS


COOD-WILIj H7 GKA.vr


"(.UAMT.K US GRIPE

A DICTIOffAKY OP THE EKGLISH LANGUAGE.

GRISLY 149 GCXKER

CCXXERT -50 HAL10GR4PHY


HALL l.'.l HARl'SIUIOHn


HAUM 152 HEATHEN

HEATHENISH 153 HERALDIC

HERALDRX 154 HIGHLANDER

A DICTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

HIGHNESS


HOME 156 HORTICULTURE

A DIOTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

HOItTICCLTCltlST 157 HUMILITY


HUMMING-BIRD 153 HYPF.RCIUTIC

A DIOTIOKABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

A DICTIONAEY OF THE EffGHJBH LANGUAGE

ILLLtiAL 160 IJUIOKTALI'IV

A DlOTIOtfABt Of !THE ENGLISH UNGtJAGlL

IMMORTALIZE 161 IXPLEAD

A DKHTOITABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

IJU'LEHK.VT


IMPtRITT 163 INCESSANTLY

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

INCEST


INCONSCMABLE 165 INDEPENDENCE

A DIOTIONAEY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

ITOEPE.1DKST 166 IXDCBATIOS

A DIOTIONAEt OP THE ENGLISH" LANGUAGE

i.Micsr.tML 167 INFKKMI,

A DIOTiONABf OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

INFERTILE 168 IMiKllKM K


INHERENT 169 ISSALCTART


INSANE


INSTRUCTOR 1TI INTERDICT

A MOTIONAL? OP THE EHGLISH

IXTERDICTION 172 INTERVIEW

DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

INTERVIEW 173 INVESTMENT

A DIOTIONABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

nVETEIUCY 174 IRRITATE

A DIOTIONAEY OT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

IRRITATION 175 JESTISfl

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH

JESUIT 176 JUXGLE

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE..

Jt.MOU 177 KINO

A DIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH

KIS9FOLK 178 LAGOOB


LA IK

a shallow pond.

A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGtJAGl

LATCIIET 180 LEAYEH

A JblCTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LAMUAGii,

J.KAVINCS 1B1 LETIAKLE

A DIOTIOUAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

LEVIATHAN 182 L1311!


^

LIMBER 183 LITE

A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

18t

Livelihood (livle-hood), n. the

means of living.Liveliness (liv'lc-nes), n. vi

vacity; eprightHness.Livelong (liv'long), a. longduration; tedious.

Liver (liv'er),n, one who lives;

the organ in the body whichsecretes bile.

Livery (liv'er-e), n. a dress o:

servants.Live-stock (llv'stok), n. cattle,

horses, &c.Livid (liv'id), o. discolored.

Living (Hv'ing), n. subsist-

ence; support; anecclesiastical benelice.

Lixiii.il (liks-iv'e-al), a. re-

sembling lye.Lixivium (liks-lv'e-um), n.

lye frem ashes and water.Ltesrd (liz'erd), n. a scaly rep-

tile.

Lo(!6), tntcrj. look) seel be-

hold! observe.Load (loci), n. that which is

carried; weight; freight;

cargo; v. to burden; to

freight; to charge.

Loading (lod'ing), n. a cargocharge ; burden.

Loadstar Hod's tar), n.the pole-star.

Loadstone (16d'st6n), n. an or

of iron which attracts otbe

pieces of iron.

Loaf (16f). . mas3 of bakedbread.

Loafer (16fer), n. a low, Idli

Loan (Ion), n. that which i:

lent; v. to lend.

Loath (16th), a. i

reluctant.

Loathe(la'.ha), v. to bate or feel

disgust at.

Loathsome (loth'sum), a. ex-

citing abhorrence.Loathsomenossdoth'snm-nes),n. quality that excites dis-

gust or abhorrence.

Lobby (lob be), n. an openingbefore a roein.

Lobe (16b), n. a division of the

lungs, brain, Ac.Lobster (lob'ster). n. a shell-

fish with large claws.Local (lo'kal).a. pertaining or

Locality (16-kal e-tc),n. place;

Localize (lo'kal-Ii). . to limitto a particular place.

Locate (l&Tcat), v. to designatetUe place of; to place.

Location (16-ka'shuu), n. situ

atin ; act of placing,"i (lok), n. a lake ; an arm

of the sea.

In; afastening for a door, ic.

partofa firearm; tul tor ring-let of hair ; works to oouDnewater in a canal ; . to fast-

en with a lock ; to embraceLockage (lok'aj), n. the whol<locks on a canal; toll paicfor passing.

Locker (lok'er), n, any close

place that locks.Locket (lok'et), n. a catch ; anornamental lock.

Locksmith (lok'smitb), n. amaker of locks.

Locomotion (16-ko-mo shun),ti. act or power ot movingfrom place to place.

moving from place to place;n. a railway engine.

Locust (16*st),n. a dclive insect; a tree.

Lode(lod), n. an ore-producingmineral vcia.

Lodge (loj), n. a small house ;

a den; a meeting or club;v. to rest at nislit.

Lodger (loj '<r. ),.one who hiresa lodging.

Lodging (lojlng), n. a placeofrestortemnoraty.rsldcn

a. pertaining to or c

of logarithms.Log-book (log'book), n. regls

tor ofa ship's waj-.Loggerhead (Ios'cr-hc<:), . :

dunce; a blockhead.

Logic (loj'ik), n. the art o

reasoning correctly.Logical (loj 'e-kal), a. according

to logic ; clear.

Logician (16-jish'an), n. a i

son skilled in logic.

Logistic (lo-jis'tik), a. madthe scale of sixty.

Log-line (log'lin), n. a line tomeasure a ship's speed.

Logomachy (lo-conVa-kc), n.contention about words.

Logotype (log'6-tip), n. a typowith two or more letters inone piece.

Logwood (log'wood), n. a dyewood.

Loin (loin), n. the back of annimal ; reins.

Loiter (loi'ter),v. to linger; to

saunter.Loiterer (lol'ter-er), n. one who

loiters an idler.

Loll (lol), v. to lounge ;to hang

out the tongue.Lone (16n), a. solitary._LoDrllness(Um'le-ues), n. wantof company.

Lonely (lon'lc), o. solitary ; re-

tired; single.

Lonesome(16n'sum)a. secludedfrom society; dismal.

Long (long), a. extended ; te-

dious; ad. toagrcatlenglhor extent; p. to desire orwish for earnestly.

Longer (long'ger), o. morelong or extended.

Oiigcval (lon-je'val), o. Ion;-lived.

Longevity (lon-jcv'e-tc), n.

length of life; old age:jonglng ( longing), n. aa ear-nest desire ; continual wish.

Lodgment (loj 'uicr' /, n. act of Longitude (Ion je-tud), n. dis-

Loft (loft), n. f room Dearroof.

Loftiness (loftc-no-), n. alti-

tude s pride ; dignity.Jofty (lofte), o. high j proud ;

stately ; Elaughty.icjr (log), n. a heavy piece of

Logarithm (loir'fc-rlthm), n. aseries of artificial numbersIn arithmetical progression.

Logarithmio (log-a-rith'mik),

I tance east or west,the Longitudinal (lon-je-tu'd. i'de-na!)

a. pertaining to long-itude or

length.Loo (loo), n. a game at cards.Look (look), v. to behold ; to

expect; to appear; to searchfor ; n. cast of the face; aopearance; view.

Looking-glass (look'ing-glas>,n. a mirror.

Loam (loom), n. a weaver'sframe; v. to appear elovated

A BIOTlOtfABf 0? TfiB ENGLISH LAHGtfAGfi.

LOOK

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE EJTGLISE LANGUAGE.

LUNATIC 183 HAGNACHARTA

A PICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

MAGNANIMITY


MANAGEMENT 188 MARLINE '

A DICTIONAKY OF TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

MARMALADE 189 MATURATION

A DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

MATURE 198 MEMBER

A D1CTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

flkMBERSIllP 191 Jit El ECU

A SlOTMAfcY 0? THE EKGLISH LANGUAGE

METEORIC 192 HIM)ED

ANCIENT ALPHABETS.COTOD.. TCTT-rr.tr TOTE inrninr

cnoRaiAW

Rrfa J3. Jl , jj^ to tTL a. ^5 *SI .S -^ S Ai a I/ j,

Bo/./ ^. A. D'

r t ^ !V m A"

'.1

Zi G C <S F.***** ' ' Cfcr* O. Ol

s r r- B ir* ci Cl. Cl. O Or3 07 cO ^ Doa a *3Zida ? ? , ,,- o C_ C. O O O Cl Qi-no* 3 "*"/> f J i 9 r T

;

Tliita O A i x A\ j; ^- *i .V v J7>

KMu K e ir//A V "^ 4 H?* ^^ ""^ p

""

Lcmda 'k. X j,''* * t* * j (-^ * x-^

7/'

M ITa N

a-S 7-

|A O o o j//OT jo>a iQ io=. -^-1-1

^ A N, A "' '

f. 2 ; :- ^^ * j

m ^ ^ ^ v '

rs c c .

r""to'"aj^ tt ffl â s* Co **<>< m 5 '

Han TTT T " wvu * * *-* -^ >T~* ^T<"- tt ^Cinn

*' ? * *'t r r r ,' ^ -* m-''

/K/ * * rrf, J J J J >^M .,X OC c- Ktph ^^- O ^M

Au Ib' u> o /fur// r r "TJ

jrf ^ a s, **,* ^- ji a. a ^^ a >^t <<;&/ r grjHa,; j^/1/|"

*jL ^ Jr > LX^-L IsiX^^nA* a , u TJIB tr.r.TniA *

A> "* *''" ^filqiMjC 3C ci g cf A'ffrTi A. a i' ^ r P / y

T* * ? r B HJ B B !. ff P [6 & R r a,,.* Jft j;

jw ^4 p.*Bs vanv, c c 9 9 * ^ ^ ^ ^

> eee T T ^ ^ c ?n T T OD D3 T tfr ^ ^

?w J A h^Jt Uli n A T y Yy _A t x _ -,.. . <S J>a 1- Ccia

3 3Be fftfuyynvu4f ^K ^>"j; TT E I? 3* uiD >; *v <1 3C Ql DP \'*i) $ <p y> $ r f

* j, ^ ^<:66 xr/i/iu* M c ^ 2-

3 JtODijZe'V S' D3<Q>cr

1 PT/w /> Jta n.

T f- ^ H U S S i t uu u; a ** '* -" -

-v -n -v ffrrf* rkVV luii"il Sci /aj/1 T/> Â t> a

* "" Alt JJC3H3 ^y V V C Â L. Hiun in

y C

JX j IAV///-TJ ^ViWSc /, / %.

T ^ vpK K & ? ic - UL Ul IU IU s o -

j. -^ gn AAtftDtLlV^lT oji,^ ^Bn fc

S H ^V Jrl/A JH M Ma fc t' Sa H]lJm.J\f N JP P Na H IJ Q^rtlYa

I Qt i .^-x ic fc ^ 3 Y ,rjc 4

J? a A 3 ff o . }o jo nr a Y .^ x

* v ÎT fl f P r p ic ib p T

C' K

ANCIENT ALPHABETS.fctitn *4rmffan Htrmctan, axcicntM&rmcor Sanarttsr.

ft

ANCIENT ALPHABETS.

AB

! ( / /

^tfftfdJdd

Yz

HTii

I

<L

M

M I f / 4 *

i

Q B

PL

Ts

Q

RSA.

ro

Q)' "0 <> O ^>

i v i n (i

\

J 'Iv^ ^ V Jl A?

ft/I <H if / J

VNA W- 'M \AA

1 7TT

M PI

Itl

g

i'Jt,.^

pf.J'S.si n 1 ^n> 7

f i i r -7 \ A

B $ f li (p

/-\ r\\^ -e

^1d 9

ie j

A 4 ^ A

Foe-similes of the Signatures3"O THE

Defarimntt ofState, i$lh April, 1819. / Certify that this is a CORRECToriginal Declaration of Independence deposited at this Department^ and that Ihave compared ail tke Signature, vitk those oj the Original and /lavefsundthem EXACT IMITATIONS:

^Xi^^'C'' 1 /^^^;S;^ ^7^#;^%-=t? ^S] Sw F>&\ 116^

**4 xrv^^U 1> -.

\ S^v^Sf\^ ^ ^io\ N J m jt'^>;-v ^ zt / iT\~/~\-l / e\i

'

.*' --s ' _>-A V -A

ONE HAND DEAF AND DUMB ALPHABET

NT "/ft, "<

TWO HAND DEAF A_XD DUMB ALPHABET.

Of THE KHOMBH

MINDFUL 193 /MISCONCEPTrof^


JIISCOXDrCT 194g

JIISTRAXSLATIOS


MISTREAT 195 JiOXAUCHY

A DIOTIO.NART OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

MONASTERY 196 MORIBtND


MOK3IOM


MUCILAGINOUS 198 HESICAI>


Ml'SK'IAN 199 NATATOKY

A

SATiOS MO SEOLOGY


NEOPHYTE 201 NOCTAMBCLIST

A DIOTIONABY OF THE -ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

HOCTIYAGANT 802 NOTHlTHSTASDlNfl

DIOTMABY OP THE EHGIISH Li$<r0'A&

NOUGHT 203 OBITUARY


OBELISK 204 OCCURRENCE

DIOTIOMBY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

OCEAN 205 OUNIBCS

I D10TIOKAHY Or TffiB EHOUSH

OMSIFARIOCS


ORACIE 207 OSCULATE

A DIOTIONAHY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

OSCtLATION 208 OTATE


OYATIOS 209 OX


OXALIC

A DIOTIOKAUY OP THE HWHJSH LAIGtTAdl-E,

PALSIED 211 PARALYTIC

A DICTIONARY OP TEE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PARALYZK 212 PARTITIVE

A DIOTIOMEt OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

PARTLY 213 PATE

A DIOTtOKABY OF THE EIGLISH LANGUAGE,

PAVEMENT 214 PKXDANT


PESDESCT 215 PERFORHABLK

A DICTIOEAEY OP THE MGLISE LANGUAGE

PERFORMANCE 8 PERSPECTIVE

A JJL(J1!10M Of TttfiWWZ LANGtFA&L

PERSPICACIOCS 217 PIIASIS

A DICTIONARY OF THE MGLISH LANGUAGE

PHEMX 218 PIACCLAR


PIANIST 219 PISTIL


PISTOL 220 PLAUDIT


PLAUSIBILITY 221 PKECJIATIC


PNEUMATICS 222 POLYTHEISH

POLYTHEIST 223 POSSESS

OP THE QTOttSH UNGUAGii

POSSESSION 12* PRANK

A BICTIOffAEY OF THE MGLXSS

PIUSINOfS

A DIOTIONAKY OF THE EUGLISH

PRFDOSINASCK KR PRESBYTERIAN


PKI.MiYTKICIAMSJI 227 PK1J1K


1>Kn!E ,l K8 PKODIGALITV


PRODIGIOCS 229 PIJOMlUiATE

A DICTIONAET OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

PROSCLGATIOS 230 PttOTECTITE

A DIOTMAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

PROTECTOR 2S1 PUBLICAN

A UICTIOKAEY OF THE EHGLXSS LASGITAQfi

PIKUtAllUX 232 PtKK

A DICTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

PCRBLIND 233 <{CADUAT


QCAORATE 234 QUKKSAXD

qilCKSKT 235 RACK

KA(,(.I.I> 236 RATHER

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LAHGT3AGE.

RATIFICATION 2:i7 REASOXEIt

A DICTIONARY Or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

REASOM.M; 238 RFCOLLEfTIO.T

A DIOTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

RKCOLOMZB 239 BEUKSCEND


REDINTEGRATE 240 REFORMER


REFOUNB 241 REIGMNO

A DICTIONARY OF THE MGLISH LANGUAGE

ItKILI.rjIINATK 243 REMARK

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH

REMARKABLE

REPAYMENT

REQUIEM Z45 RESTIVE

A DICTIOtfAEY or THE ENGLISH LAftGtfAGE.

KESTlVEJiESS 246 REVENGER

A DICTIONAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

REVENUE 247 RICK

A PICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

RICKETS 248 ROE

ROEBUCK 243 ECDDEB

A DICTIOHAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Ht'OliIM-iSS 250 SADDLES

A DICTIOFAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SAUDltEAS 251 SANGUINE


SASCCINEOrS 252 SCALD


SCALE 253 8COKN

A PICTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

SCOUNEK 254 SEAM

A DICTIONARY O'f THE MGLlSS t

SEAMAN 255 SEISM06RAPHT

OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

SEISMOLOGY K6 SEPTA.VGCL\U

of IBS arousa

SEPTEMBER 257 SF.XE55IAL

SEXTAXT 258 SHEETS

A DICTIOtfAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SHEKEL 259 SHOWER


SHOWERY 260 SILVER

SILVERY 201 SKILLED


SKILLET M 8IIT

A D1GTIOM&Y OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SLIVER 263 SKIFF

0? THE fifctiBH

KStrrLi: IC4 SOLIFIDIAN

A DICTIONAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SOLIDIFY 2G5 SOCP


SOUR 266 SPHKRK

SPHERICAL 26T SPRAWL


SPRAT JC8 STAGNATION

STAGNANT 269 STEADFASTNESS


STEADINESS 270 STINGY

A DIOTIONABT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

8TIHK

A DIOTIONABY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

STKVriKlfATlOff SW STVGIAX

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH

SCBSTITCTE 274 SCLTRY


SUM

A DICTIOKAHY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SUFF08ITIOS 178 SWARTHY


SWASH '-77 SYNTACTIC


SYNTAX 278 TAKO

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

TASGEHCY ZTD TKASK

TEASEL MO TENURE

DICTMAEt Of THE HSfcUJBS

TEPEFACTIOS 2sl TlLACMATCEet


THAW 282


TIIOSU 283 TIFT

A DICTIONAEY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

TIGER 281 TOLL


TOLLAGE 285 TOXICOLOGY


TOXOPHIUTB 286 TRASSLCCID

A DICTX01TAKY OF THE E1TGLIS2 LANGUAGE.

TUANSBARIXE 287 TRESPASS

0?

TRESPASSER 88 TRIUJIPHANT

A. DICTIOKAEY OP TEE EHG-UBH LANGUAGE.

TKICJIVIUATE 289 1TNE


TUNEFUL 290 ULTEJHOU

ULTIMATE 291 1 MtLEMISHKD


IABLEST 292 UAWEBME


ODERLIJiE 293 UXFITSESS


UNFIX 294 UMTEUSALLY


UNIVERSE


CSPROLIFIC 296 USTHAXKKUL

A DIOTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

tKTHOUGHTFUL 29T USUFRUCT


USUREK 298 VARIEGATED

A DICTIOtfAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

VARIETY *9 YEKGK

A DICTIONARY OF THE MGLtSS LANGUAGE

TEUIFICATIOS fto VIGH,]

A DICTIOHAEt OP THE Etf<JHSH LANGUAGE

VIGILANCE 301 VIVID


VIVIDNESS 302 WAFER

A. DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

WAFFLE 303 WATCHFUL

A. DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

WATUWAlvlJl 30* WELL


WELL-BEING 305 WHIST

A PIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LAITO'TTAGE,

* WHISTLE 306 WINDOWED


WINDMILL SOT WOMB

A DICTMAfcY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

WOHKS 308 WOtJJDED

A DIOTIONAEY OP TEE ENGLISH

WOVE


YARD 310 ZODIAC

A DICTIOffAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

ZODIACAL Sll ZYMOTIC


' .

312 FOREIGN' WORDS AND PHRASES.

4 DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

FOREIGN WORDS AXD PHRASES. 313

A DICTIOFABY OF THE EHGLISE LANGUAGE.

3U FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES' 1


FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. J15


S16 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASKS.

A. DICTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 317

A UICTIONAKY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

318 FORF.IGV "WORDS AND PHRASES.


FOREIGN WORDS AKD PHRASES. 311


320 FOREIGN WORDS AXD PHRASES.

A i or THE EBTGLKE-

A COMPLETE LIST OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES,

A BIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

r 3 ,2 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 323


3it 6CK1PTUKE PP.OPEK NAMES.

A DIOTIOSARY Of THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SChlPTCKE PROPER NAMES. S25

A DIOTIOtfAKY OF THE MGLISH LANGUAGE.

316 SCRIPTUKE PKOPEK NAMES.

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMF.S. 827

A DICTIONARY 0? THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

S28 SCR1PTUUE PKOPER NAMES.


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMKS. 329

A DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

$30 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 3:H

A DIOTMAfct Of flffi EKGLBS UJTGtfAGfi,

332 SCRIPTURE PKOPKR NAMES.

A DtOTIOHAEf 0? THE HfGltSH UXGQAG&

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 8SS

A DICTIONARY OF TEE MGLISH LANGUAGE

S34 BCKIPTUKK PROPER NAMES.

A DICTIOffAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.



335 SCRIPTURE PKOPER NAMES.

A DIOTIOffAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. S3T

A DlbnONAET OP THE ENGLISH LAfflftMB.

338 SCRIPTUKE PKOPER NAMES.


SCR1PTUKE PROPER NAMES. 339

Ol1 OT3 LANGUAGE

840 8CBIPTUJJ.T PROJ-'KK NiMKS.

BIOTIGtfAEt OF THE ENGLISH

SCEJPTUKE PEOPER NAMES. SI'.


1(2 SCRIPTURE PKOPEP. NAML3.

A DIOTOTAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

344 SCBIPTUBE PEOPER NAMES.

A DICTIONARY 01* THE MGLISS

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 34j


346 AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMEa.


AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. S47


348 POPOLAK NAMES OF AMERICAN STATES AND CITIES.


POPULAR NASItS OF AMtKIJAN BTA1ES AND CITIES. 349


350 POPULAB NAMEM OF AMERICAN STATES AND CITIES.

A DIOTIONABY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

SPECIMENS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. EXHIBITING THEPROGRESS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.

CAEDMON, A. D. 680.

Nu we sccolan herian Now we shall praiseheofon rices weard, the guardian of heaven,metodes mihte, the might ot the creator,and his mod-ge-tbonc, and his counsel,R-cra wuldor faedcr I the glory-father of men'wa he wundra ge-hwaes, how he ot ali wouders,ce dryh'en the eterual lord,

oord oustealde. formed the beginning.

ALTOBD TO* GRSAT, A. D. 841-831;

Swa elsene heo waes othfoallen on Anelecynne, than fe.nwa waeron behseonan Humbre thehira thenunge euthon under>t:indan on KngUse, otbthe furthon an aereuil-ge-writ of Ledeneon Englise areccau ; and ic wene thast naht nionice begeondan Humhre nseron. Swa leawaheora wasron, thset ic furthon anne senl^pne iitt inae--ge-thencan besuthan Thamise iha tha

ic to rice feug. Gode slniighugum ay tuaue, thaet we nu tenigne au steal habbath lar-

So clean it was ruined amonzst the English people, that thero were very few on this side

the Humher who could understand their service in English, or declare forth an epistle outof Latin into English; and I think that there were nut many beyond the Humber. So fewsuch there were, that I cannot think of a siuple one to the south of the Thames when I be-

gan to reign. To God Almighty be thauks, that we LOW have any teacher iu stall.

TUB OBMCLDM, 1205.

Nu. brotherr TTallterr, brotherr mia Now, brother Walter, brother mineAffterr the Hashes ki d.; : After the nosh's kind (or nature) ;

Annd brotherr tnin i CrNsujnddom And brother mine in ChristendomThurrh fulluhht and thurrh truwwthe ; Through baptism and throuch truthAuud brotherr min i Godcso bus. And bruthor mine in God's houe.

THOMAS or ERCILDOCX, 1280.

Glad a man was he Thai seyd that bet was haThe turnamcnt dedexrie, Tlie child of Ermouie

That maidens might him se In Tour :

And over the walles to lye j Porthi chosen wa heThai a.sked who was fre To maiden Bluuiciie Floor.To win the maiairie ;

\VILLIAM LAXC-.LAND, 137S.

I sAope me in sftroudes as I a sAcpe were. (1)

JTent uiyde in this trorid. Koiidr<-s to here.Ac (2) on a *ay mornynce, on Jfaluerne holies.Me hv/el a/erly (3) of/airy, me thouhtc ;

I was iwry forjcanderort, and urent me to restaVnder a ftrode lank ty a oornes (4) side;And as I iny.ianl /enod, and Joked in the waterea,I lilonibred in a <2epjng, it <weyued so merye. (5)

The alliterative character of the above is shown by the letters In Italics.

CHACCKB, 1328-1400.

His breed1

, his ale. was alway after oon ; (6)A bettre envvned (7) man was nowher noon,Withouthe bake mete was neverc his hous,

1 Shrp*. shepherd ; it oftener nvnns sheep. 2 Bat. 3 A wonder.4 A brook at burn. 5 Souudrd so merry or pleasant.6 Oon, one. 7 Stored with wiue.

A DICTIONARY OF THE EtfGUM lAJfGITAGJl

SPECIMENS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Of fleissch and fissch, and that to plentyvous,It snewcde In bis hous of mete aud drynke,Of alle devotees that me cowde thynke.After the sondry sesouns of the jeer,Sochaungede hebisniete and hissoper;Ful mauy a lai partricb badde he In mewe.And mauy a bn-ui ai.d many a luce in Steve.Woo was bis cook, but if hn sauce werePojnaunt and scharp, and redy all his gere.Bis table dormant in his hnlle alwayStood redy covered al the louge day.

JOHN VTfCLtm, 1324-1384.

Gospel o/ St. Mark. Chapter I.

1 TheWgynnTngeofthe gospel of Jhesn Crist, the sone of God.S As it is writun in Tsaie, the prophete, Lo I I send myn augel blfore thl face, that Khal

make thi weye redy before tbee.

3 The voyce of oon cryinge in desert, Make ye redy the -weye of the Lord, make ye his

paihis ribtful.

4 Jhon was in desert baptisynge, and prechinge the baptym of penaunce, into remisci-oun of synnes.

5 And alle men of Jerusalem wenten out to htm. and all the cuntree of Judee;nod weren

baptisid of him in the flood of Jordan, kuowlechinge her svnnes.6 And Jhon was ciothid with teeris of camelis, and a girdil of skyn abowte his leendis ;

and he eet locusts, and bony of the wode, and prechrde, Beyinge:t A strengere than I schal come aftir me, of whom I knelinge am not wortLi for to rndo,

or vnbynde, the thwong of his bchooo.

JOHN LvEGiTi, 1373-1160.

Ageyn tronth falshed hath no myght ; Bcleight or engyne, for or felonye,Fy on qnerilis cat grounded upon right! Am to feble to'holden chaupanveWith-oute whichmay be no^ictorye, Ageyns trouth who that l.st takehede}Therefor ech man ha this in memorye. For at the end falsbede may Dot spedeThat gret pnuer, shortly to conclude, Tendue long ; je soul fynde it thus.

Plenty of good, nor much multitude,

WILLIAM TYKDAIJ.. 1477-1536.

Cure Father which arte In heven, halowed be thy name. Let thv kingdom come. Thywyll be fulfilled, as well in erth, as hit ys in beven. Geve T3 this daye cure dayly breade.And forgeve vs cure treaspases, even as we forgeve them which treaspas vs. Leede TS notinto tempiaciaa, but delyvre \s from J veil. Anien.

BOGEB ASCHAM, 1515-1563." These bee the inchantementes of Circes, brought out of Italic to marre mens maner*

in England; much, by example of ill life, but more by prcceptes of fonde bookes, of latetranslated out of lialian into English, sold in e\cry shop in l.oLdcn. . : . There bee moeof these ungratious bookes setout in Prime wyihin bcse fcwe monethes, than have benesene in England many score yeares before. . . . Than they hnye in more reverence thetriumphesof Petrarehe: than the Genesis of Moses: The make more account of Tallies

offices, than S, Paulea epistles: of a tale in Bocace than a stone of the Bible."

EDMUXD SPXXCES, 1553-1599.

"Theioyous day gun early to appcare;And layre Aurora from the deawy bedOf nged Tithoue gan herselfe to renreWith rosy chetkes, for shame as blushing re<:Her golden locks, for hast, ere loosely shedAbout her eares, when Una her did marVeClymbe to her charct, all with flowers spred,From hevB high to ohao* ibc fbearelese darke;With rccry note her lowd salutes the mounting 'arke.

HOW TO TRONOUCE DIFFICULT WORDS.

PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION.

Pronunciation is just when every letter has its proper sound, and everysyllable has its proper accent or quality. Dr. Jo ,nson.

TUB difficulties of pronunciation arise from the nature of lan-

guage ;the imperfections of alphabets, and the ignorance, care-

lessness or affectation of the generality of speakers.

These difficulties are so numerous that it would be impossible

to notice them all, even in the most cursory manner, in so small a

work.

We shall, however, give a few general principles which will be

found to embrace almost all that is useful in practice.

1. The ANALOGIES of the language, the AUTHORITY of lexicogra-

phers, and above all. the CUSTOM of the most correct and elegant

speakers, are the guides to which we must refer in ail cases of

difficulty. Nor can these difficulties, in every case, be resolved bysuch references

;for we shall often find analogy opposed to anal-

ogy, authority to authority, and custom divided, even among tin

naost elegant speakers.

2. In cases in which custom or authority is divided, we should

give the preference to the pronunciation which is most in accord-

ance with analogy. The word Some, for instance, should be pro-

nounced rome rather than room ; and this is beginning to be the

case, though the latter pronunciation was once thought"irrevo-

cably fixed in the language."3. The three great and prevailing errors in pronunciation are

VULGARITY: pr^ANTRY, and AFFECTATION. Against each of these

faults we shi'

1 be constantly on our guard; but most of all

against AFFECT YTION forr/.': '. y far the most odious.

4. The fi."owing excellent observations from Dr. Johnson de-

serve particular attention-"Jfor FEOXCXCIATIOX, the best general rule is to consider

354 HOW TO PBONOtn^C-E, DIFFICULT WORDS.

those of the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the

written words. Of English, as of all living tongues, there is adouble pronunciation, one cursory and colloquial, the other regu-lar and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague anduncertain, being made different in different mouths by negligence,

unskillfulness, and affectation. The solemn pronunciation, thoughl>y no means immutable and permanent, is always less remote::.>m the orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation."

5. Every word of two or more syllables has in pronunciation a

certain ACCENT, that is, a peculiar stress or force laid upon a par-

ticular syllable.

If the accent in any word is misplaced, the pronunciation i.

injured or destroyed. Compare, for instance, the different pro-

nunciations of refuse and refute; desert' and des'ert; minute and

minute.

a. Some words, in addition to the principal, have a SECONDARY,or weaker accent

;as in

Ad'verti"se, Ab'sente"e, Com'plaisan 't,

Ar 'tizan', Ben' efac'tor, Con 'versa' tion.

6. The general tendency of our language is to accent the root,

and not the termination of a word. Hence the natural position of

the accent in English words is in the first syllable. As a general

rule, therefore, English or Saxon words should have the accent

on the first syllable.

This general rule is exemplified not only by the usual position

(f the accent in English or Saxon words, particularly in DISSYLLA-

BLES and TRISYLLABLES, but also by the tendency which we ob-

serve in our language to bring words of foreign origin under tha

English or radical accent.

a. The words memoir, bouquet and reservoir, for instance, have

been brought under the English accent, and complaisant, balcony,

revenue, cravat, s-'line, and many others, are on the way. Hencealso the popular pronunciation of the word police (namely po-lis) ;

and the colloquial, but now recognized pronunciation of boattwain,

(bo in}, cockswain (cock sn), cupboard (cupburd), etc. Many foreign

words, however, particularly French, have struggled successfully

against the English tendency ;as

Antique Critique Palanquin RavineBrazil Fascine Profile RecitativeWombazin Fatigue Quarantine ReparteeCaprice Grimace Machine Routine

PKICIPLES OF COERECT PKONtJNCIATION". 355

Capuchin Invalid Marine Tambourine

Chagrin Pelisse Magazine Tontine

Chemise Police Mandarin Unique

b. With regard to words of Greek or Latin origin, it may be laid

down as a general rule, that when they are adopted whole or

without change the accent or quantity of the original word is

usually preserved ;as in

Anath'ema Dilem'ma Diplo'ma Hori'zonAcu'men Bitu'men Deco'rum Spectator

c. In many such words, however, the English tendency has pre-

vailed;as in

Or'ator Sen'ator Aud'itor Pleth'ora

7. This tendency is, however, counteracted to a certain extent

by another natural tendency in the language. In words used as

verbs, the tendency of the accent is to the termination, and not to

the root. Hence, in verbs of two syllables, the accent is generally

on the last, and in verbs of three syllables, on the last, or last but

one.

a. Hence the unsettled position of the accent in such words as

Confiscate Contemplate Enervate

Compensate Demonstrate Extirpate

Some authorities, following the general tendency, place the

accent on the first syllable, as compensate; while others hold that,

as verbs, it is better to accent the second syllable, as cmnperi sate.

8. The radical accent is also counteracted by the tendency in\

compound or derivative words to follow the accent of their prima-ries

;as in

Admi rer from admi're Begin' ning from begin'Abet' tor

" abet' Common' cement " common' ceProfess' or "

profess' Commit' tal " commit,Assail' able "

assail' Coquet' ry"

coquet' te

a. In many cases, however, the radical or general tendency of

the accent has prevailed ;as in

Ad mirable from admi're Adver'tisement from adverti'se

Com' parable"

compa're Chas'tisement "chasti'se

Lam entable " lament Dis'putant"

dispu'te

b. In several words the contest is, as yet, undecided;as in

Ac ceptable or accept able Dis'putable or dispu'table

Com'mendable or commend' able Con fessor or confess' or

356 HOW TO PRONOUNCE DIFFICULT WOEDS.

9. The tendency in compound or derivative words to preserve

the accent of their primaries, is crossed by another natural ten-

dency, namely, the disposition in compound or derivative words to

shorten the long sounds or syllables of their primaries : as in the

following words :-

Depravity from deprave Maintenance from maintain

Severity" severe Shepherd

"shespherd

Divinity

ConsolatoryGranaryVillainy

Desperate

divine Splenetic'

splwnconsole Gosling

'

goose

gram Throttle '

throat

villam Pronunciation '

pronouncedespair Southerly

' south

10. ACCENT, from its very nature, must affect not only the syl-

lable under it, but also the syllable next it; for in proportion ai

the one is dwelt upon, the other is passed quickly over. This is

exemplified by the usual pronunciation of the unaccented syllable

in the following words :

Cab'boge Fur'nace Cli mate Cap'tamCourage Menace Curate Fountain

Image Palace Prelate Villain

Village Solace Private Britain

For'i'gn Fa'vor Fa'mows Car'rtageForfeit Fervor Pious MarriageSurfeit Humor Pompous Parliament

Sovereign Labor Monstrous William

In the preceding words the unaccented syllable is pronounced

quickly and indistinctly ;and in the case of a diphthong, one of

the vowels is omitted altogether in the pronunciation. Compare,for example, the different sounds of the termination age in the

words cab' bage and enga ge, p>es age and preset ge. Compare, also,

the different pronunciations of the accented and unaccented sylla-

bles in the following words :

Contain' Cap'tam Retain' Foun'tazn

Allay' Sunday Ally' Sal'ly

DecV For'f't Conceit' Sur'f'tPercme' For''gn Survey' Sur'vey

11. Hence it is that such combinations as ea, ia, ie, eo, io, eout,

tout, following an accented syllable, are, in pronunciation, usuallydrawn into one sound or syllable, though composed of more than

ooe roweljas ia

PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 357

Ocean (o'dan)Logician (lo-jish an~)

Social (w_$hal\Partial (par s/tal

Conscience (con theme]Patient (pa'shent)

Surgeon (sur'jun*}Luncheon (lun'skun)Pension (pen shun

Mention (men shun)Gorgeous (gorjus*)Gracious (gra shus)

a. And when e, 3, or t precedes any of these combination, it has,

by the quickness of the enunciation, and the conspquent blendingof its sound with the vowel, the force of sh, as in the examples just

given.

b. Hence the terminations cial, sial, and tial, are pronounced like

thai ; as in commerce/, controver*toJ, and martial.

e. The terminations ceous, cioits, and tious are pronounced like

thut ; as in farinaceows, capaei'ow*, and contentious.

d. The terminations geous and gious are pronounced like jut; as

in courageous and religiout.

e. The terminations tion and tion are pronounced likeihun; as

iu mission and invention ; but the termination tion, preceded by a

vowel, is pronou iced like zhun ; as in explow?iand confusion.

12. The seat of the accent will generally serve as a guide in the

pronunciation of final syllables in ICE, ILE, IXE, ISE, and ITE.

When the i is accented, it is long, and when unaccented, it it,

usually short;as in the following words :

Advice

35^ HOW TO PEONOTJNCE DIFFICULT WOBDS.

Rec'oncile Gel'atine Ser'pentine Ex'pediteIn'fantile Incar'nadine Tur'pentine Er'emite

In'fantine Leg'atine U'terine Par'asite

As'inine Le'onine Ac'oaite Sat'ellita

a. It should be observed, however, that in each of the preced

ing words the i is evidently under a secondary accent, and there-

fore inclined to be long. See No. 5.

14. As we have already observed, a proper accentuation of i

words is essential to their just pronunciation ;and a proper ac-

centuation can only be acquired by attending to the most correct

peakers, and by consulting the most approved Dictionaries;for

words are under so many influences with regard to their accent-

nation, that it is scarcely possible to lay down a rule on the sub-

ject to which numerous exceptions may not be found. The fol-

lowing rules, however (in addition to the GENERAL PRINCIPLES

which we have already explained), will be found useful to the

learner :

15. Words ending in rial, tial, tial, eian, tian, eient, tient, eeout,

ciout, tiout, lion, tion, tiate, have the accent on the preceding sylla-

ble; as

Provin'cial Physi"cian Pa'tient Confu'sion

Controversial Chris'tian Gra'cious Muta'tionSubstantial An'cient Senten'tious Ingra'tiate

16. Words ending in tty, ity, or ical, have also the accent on th

preceding syllable ;as

I

Propri'ety Insensibil'ity Astronom'ical Emphat'icalSati'ety Spontane'ty Categor'ical Polern'ical

17. When the termination teal is abbreviated into ie, the accent

f the original word remains;as

Astronom'ic Emphat'ic Harmon'ic Polem'ic

Aiigel'ic Fanat'ic Mechan'ic Specific

18. In English, as has been observed, athe favorite accent in pol-

ysyllables is on the antepenult, or last syllable but two; but in

many cases the accent has been transferred to that position from

the radical part of the word, for the greater harmony and ease of

pronunciation ;as in

An'gel Angel'ical Sa[tan Satan'ical

Har'mony Harmo'nious Sa'tire Satir'ical

Rbet'oric Bhetor'ical Vic'tory Victo'rious

19. Iu nulling simple words into a compound, there is a ten-

PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 359

dency to simplify the compound as much as possible, by throwing

the accent on that syllable in which the simple words unite. Hence,words with the following terminations hav the accent on the ante-

penult, or last syllable but two :

-eraey, as democ'racy-ferom, as somniferous

-fluent, as circum 'fluent

-fluoiis, as superfluous-gamy, as polyg'amy-gonal, as diag'onal

-graphy, as geog'raphy-logy, as philol'ogy

-loquy, as ventril oquy-machy, as logom'achy

-mathy, as polym'athy-meter, as barom'eter

-nomy, as econ'omy-parottt, as ovip'arous

-palhy, as antip'athy-phony, as eu'phony-strophe, as catas'trophe-tomy, as anat'omy-vommu, as igniy'omous-rormit, as omniv'orous

a. Some words are differently ACCENTED, according as they ar

used as NOUNS or VERBS.

20. Of foreign words admitted into our language, particularly

French, there is usually a threefold pronunciation. 1. The origi-

nal or foreign pronunciation. 2. The English pronunciation. 3.

A pronunciation which is neither English nor foreign, but be-

tween the two. In this case, the middle course is not the best;

but it is perhaps right to encourage it as a step in advance towards

an honest English pronunciation.

21. Some Greek and Latin words retain the pronunciation of *

final, though in such a position in English, it is always siLnt;as in

Acme Catastrophe Strophe Cicerone

Apostrophe Epitome Recipe FinaleAnemone Hyperbole Simile Rationale

22. The diphthong au before n and another consonant should be

sounded like the long Italian a, as in far and father. In some

words of this class, however, it is pronounced, particularly by

persons who are ambitious of being thought to speak better than

their neighbors, like aw in awe. AVAUNT and VAUNT are perhapsthe only words of this class which should be considered as excep-tion*.

360 BOW TO PROXOtfSCE DIFFICULT WOEDS,

A LIST OF WORDS COMMONLY MISPRONOUNCED ORIMPERFECTLY ARTICULATED.

THE article a is slurred by most persons, being mispronouncedlike an indistinct ur : a book is mispronounced ur book. The

article a should always be pronounced distinctly, like a in repeat-

ing the alphabet fast, as a, b, c, etc. When emphatic, it shouvl

be pronounced like a in repeating the alphabet slowly, as a, b,-4

c, etc.

As should be pronounced az, not z:

Avoid a too broad or too slender pronunciation of the vowel a,

in such words as command, glass, etc. Some persons vulgarly

pronounce the a in such words, as if it were written ar, and others

mince it so as t<~ rhyme with stand. The same observation applies

to the vowel o, which many persons pronounce as if written aw, as

caw'-i'e, instead of cof-fe, while others mince it into cuf'-te.

Equally avoid the extremes of vulgarity and affectation.

A.

Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced,

a-gane' a-gen'a'zhur a'zhurehand'i-urn and i-urn

an te-podz an-tip o-deez

ap-par'ent ap-pa' rentawks-il a-re awg-zil ya-reat-tact' at-tak'

ad'dep a-dept'ac're-ce ak ku-ra-cea-reth'ma-tik a-rith me-tik

ap-pint'ed ap-point'eda-feerd' a-frade'

ar'tur^ afturakrost' a-kross

fcad de me*a-kad de-ma

a'prile a prilan'tsiiunt ane'tshentol'lurs al'wazeak'sess ak-sess'

ad-mi' ra-bl ad mir-a-bl

a'gueale'yen

Correctly spelled.

AgainAzureAndironAntipodesApparentAuxiliaryAttackAdeptAccuracyArithmeticAppointedAfraidAfterAcrossAcademyAprilAncientAlwaysAccessAdmirableAgueAlienAlnionrisAlpineAlternate

a gura'le-in

al'rnunz

al pineol-tur nate

al pin

WORDS MISPRONOtTNT'ED. 361

Correctly spelled.

HOW TO PBONOTJNCE DIFFICULT WOED8.

Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced.

TTOBD5

Cbirectly spelled.

HOW TO PEuiSUU.2sCE DIF?ICULT AVORDS.

Correc: ly spelled. 1

Correctly spelled. IncorreeJy pronounced. Correctly pronounced.

Felloe fel'le fel'lo

Ferocious fe-rosh' us fe-i o'shus

Fertile fer tile fer til

flatwise flat'waze flat'wise

Forger for'jur-ur forajui

Fragile fra'jile frfij'il

Franchise fran tshize fran tshiz

Finance ft" -nance fe -nance

Foundling fond ling found'-ling

G.

Gather geth'ur gath'urGet git getGirth gurt ger<A

Going gwine go ingGold goold gold

Grudge be-gretsh' grudgeGeneral gin ral gen er-al

Gifts gifs giftsGimlet gimb'lit gim'letGirl gal gerlGenuiue jin'u-ine jen'u-inGuardian gar-deen' gyar de-an

Gown gound gounGave gin, or give gaveGalled gald ed gald

Generally jin'ral-le jen'er-al-le

Gymnastic gim-nas'tik jim-nas tik

Gallows gal'loz gal'lusGranduer gran dur gran'jurGalveston galves'-ton gal -ves-ton

Geneology gen'-e-ology ge-ne-ology

Geography gog-graphy' ge-og-ra-phyGeometry jom-e-try ge-om-e-tryGovernment gover -ment govern-mentGrindstone grin' -stone grind' -stone

Garden gar'-den gar'dnGalleon ga.\-loon gal-le-onGallant, meaning brave, gay, etc., should have the accent on

the first syllable, gal'-lant; but gallant, meaning polite to ladies, or

as a substantive, meaning a wooer, should have the accent ou the

second syllable, ga.\-'lant.

H.

Many English people, especially Londoners, omit the aspirate

net only at the beginning of words, but after the te, as in where;and in the middle of words, as in forehead, which they misnnr

366 HOW fO PRQSOCarCE DIFfiCULT WOBDS.

nounce ior-td, instead of for'-Aed;in abAor, beAold, exhaust, io-

Aabit, un-Aorse, etc. The A should always be sounded, except in

the following words, where it is silent : Heir, heiress, heir-loom;

herb, herbage ; honest, honesty, honestly ; honor, honorable, hon-

orably; hospital; hostler; hour, hourly; humor, humorist, hu-

morously ;and their other derivatives. The A in Aumble was

formerly silent, but it is now aspirated. Humble-pie is an incor-

rect spelling of mnble-pie, a pie made of umbles, a plural noun,

meaning a deer's entrails.

Many persons not only omit the aspirate where it should be

sounded, but aspirate where there is no A, or where it should be

silent, as Aend for nd, etc.

Be careful not to mistake loudness for aspiration. Hold up the

finger a few inches from your mouth, and pronounce any word

containing the A. If you aspirate you will feel the breath against

the finger, but not if you merely speak loud.

Correctly spelled.

WORDS 367

Correctly spelled.

368 HOW TO PRONOUNCE DIFFICULT WORDS.

scholars, that a different accentuation to that used in ordinary

conversation, and an over-distinctness of articulation, as the pro-

nouncing e-vil for e'vl, dcv-il for dev'vl, etc., should be adopted in

solemn speech and Scripture reading, in order to impart impressive-

ness. True impre&siveness depends upon the tone, and not uponthe mere pronunciation. To be truly impressive you must be nat-

ural, expressive, and in earnest.

L.

Correctly spelled.

WORDS MISPKONOUKCED.

Correctly spelled.

37 HOW TO PRONOUNCE fclFFICULT WORDS.

Correctly spelled.

WOSDS

Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced.

Quay kwa ke

Quash. skwosh kwosh

Quadrille kuod-ril ka-dril'

Query kuir'-y kwe'-ryQuoth kwoth kwuth

Ri'lris two sounds the strong vibratory r, heard at the beginning'of words and of syllables, as in rage, error ; and the smooth r,

which is heard at the termination of words, or when it is suc-

ceeded by a consonant. The first is formed by jarring the tongue

against the roof of the mouth, near the fore teeth;and the second,

by a vibration of the lower part of the tongue, near the root,

against the inward region of the palate. In some parts of Ireland,

the r before the final consonant, as in card, is pronounced with

the force of the commencing r, accompanied by a strong aspira-

tion at the beginning of the letter;whereas in England, and par-

ticularly in London, it is entirely sunk, and the word sounds as if

written caad. The Scotch frequently give it with more roughnessand clearness at the termination than at the beginning. But the

sound which they give at the commencement is not the Englishterminational sound

;it is a negligent and imperfect quivering of

the first English r. In such words as thorn, worm, many of the

Scotch, as well as the Irish, sound the rn as if they formed a sepa-

rate syllable. Many persons, from indolence or inattention, in-

stead of quivering the tip of the tongue in this letter, give it n

burring sound by quivering* the epiglottis. In looking* into tlio

mouth of these persons, on desiring them to sound r, the tongueis seen thrust behind the lower teeth

; by causing them to lift upthe tongue, balance it in the mouth, and then breathe strongly,

they will frequently at once give the true sound of the letter. The

difficulty afterwards lies in teaching the terminational r, which

they will for a time give with the old sound;in such cases they

should use the first r, though it is harsh, and soften it gradually.

Reptile rep'tile rep'lil

Rind rine rind

Rinse rense rinse

Rosin roz'um roa in

Routine rou'tene roo-teen'

Rapture rap'tur rap'tshureRecord re-kori' rek'ord

HOW 10 PUOKOUKCE DIWICULT V Vit,i,

Correctly spelled.

\VORDS 373

Correctly spelled.

374 HOW TO FBOffQUKCE DIFFIClJLx WORDS.

Correctly spelled.

WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 375

Correctly spelled.

3?6 HOW TO PRONOUNCE DIFFICULT WORDS.

Words ending in a. The proper pronunciation of the last

syllable in all words ending in a, is as the a in father. Two errors

are of frequent occurrence. One is to drawl out the a aa if it had

anV after it. In this case the r is sounded with more force than

i.- commonly given to it in words that properly end in r. Some-

times the a is changed, and the syllable pronounced as if it ended

in cr. The other error is to pronounce the syllable as if it ended

in ie, or y." Emma "

is pronounced" Emmy."

"Sarah,"

"Sary."

The a, with the power of the broad a in father, should be pro-

nounced very quickly.

Words ending in ar and er. An rror of the opposite

character is committed in the case of words ending in ar and er.

The r is often cut off, and a broad sound it given to the a, stronger

than in father, and often as strong as the a in water."Waitah,''

"altah," "rnistah," "watah," for "waiter," "altar," "mister,"

"water." The r should always be heard in such words.

Cork, fork, curtain, morseL Be careful to sound the r.

Do not say "cawk,""fawk,"

"cu'tain," "mo'sel."

Car, card, kind, and other words beginning with e or k, as

well as many beginning with g, are often given an e or y sound

that does not belong to them. As"kyar," "kyard,""kyind,"

"gyard," etc., for car, card, kind, guard, etc.

Harriet, superior, interior, etc. In these words, and in

others in which r is followed by a y hound, we sometimes perceiv*

that it is omitted, hearing such pronunciation as "ha'yet,""supe'-

yor," "inte'yor," etc. Be careful to sound the r

While r should always be sounded when it occurs, it is not

trilled or foiled in the English as it is in other languages, or as

the Irish roll it in their brogue." Warm "

should no more be

pronounced "warrum" than " wawm." "Stormy" no more

"storrumy," than "stawmy."

Words and syllables containing ow and ou. Avoid

the sharp nasal pronunciation of "how,"

"cow,"

"confound," and

other words containing the oio sound; as l

'heow," or "h'yow,"

"keow," "confeound." The sound of this diphthong should be

formed deep in the chest, and should be pure and rotund.

U in tune, mute, etc. The in tune, mute, etc., has a pecu-liar sound, which cannot be represented by any other letter, or by

any combination of letters. It must be heard. Some persons err

by sounding it like vo. Maying toon," "dook,"J

'dooty,"for "tune,"

*'duke,"

"duty.'

1 Others make it excessively sharp, as if it had a

dj sound before it. They say"tjewn,"

"djewk,"

"djewty." Tlie

correct sound must be heard, carefully observed, and copied.

Do, to, have also a peculiar sound, which cannot be represent-

ed. It is alike distinct from the sound of '

too," and from that

of " dew.'1 This sound also must be heard, then followed.

Boot, shoot. Do not pronounce them "bute,"

" shute."

Butcher. Another difficult u sound is that in butcher. It oc-,'

curs i:i but few, if any, other words. Some pronounce it" booch-

'

er;" that is a word of very different sound. The u is formed

deep ia the chest, and is made very short.

Either, neither. A fashion sprung up in England a few

years ago, of giving to ei in these words the long sound of*',as in

eye. It has been extensively copied in the United States by cler-

gymen and others who pride themselves on precision in speech.

The proper pronunciation is with ei as e long, as in receive, grief.

That pronunciation is as old as the words;

it is sanctioned by all

lexicographers, and by the critics who have written upon the sub-

ject since the innovation came into notice.

Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names. There

are no difficulties as to the pronunciation of these, since they are,

most of them, so much used in modern speech, as to have long

ago adapted themselves to the ordinary rules of English pronun-

ciation. The foregoing rules, therefore, whan applicable to this

class of words, are to have full force;and the only particular

which requires notice here is as to their division into syllables.

It is evident that unless we divide words properly we must mar

the pronunciation. Thus Ca-to may, by improper division, be pro-

nounced Cat-o;and a similar error may convert Mi-das into Mid-

as, So-lon into Sol-on, and so on, to the destruction of all that is

sacred in the mechanism of ancient literature. Reference to" Webster "

will give the accent of all classic names, and likewise

the proper mode of dividing them for purposes of pronunciation.

Usually the words have a full sound. The accent generally falls

late in the word, and i, e, and o, especially, are used as longvowels.

The diphthongs se and oe, which are found only in classic words,are l have the sound of e. as described in connection with the

digraphs ;at is to bo sounded as our alphabetical a, and ci unlike

37 HOW TO PKCXNOUNCE DIFFICULT WOEbS.

the sound of it in ordinary English e, must, in classic words, have

the sound of t.

C and g, before, f, y, a, cs, must Lave their soft sounds. like s

and /; but ch in Greek words is always sounded k, and in Scrip-

ture names also, though with one or two exceptions. Ph has thc>

same sound as in English, namely, f;while cn,ct, gn, mn,f/n, ps,pt.

ohth, tin, and other similar combinations, when they occur at the

commencement of words, drop their first letter in the pronun*ciation.

In all classic names the seat of accent is the important matter;

this, with a few exceptions, is always on the last syllable but one,

or on the last but two

The termination es, in Greek proper names, should have a dis-

tinct utterance, and by giving it this, the accent will indicate itself

to both ear and tongue. For instance, we once heard an incipient

orator pronounce Hippocrates, Hip'-po-crah'-tes, and Socrates,

So-kraytes. Had the learned gentleman ever struggled for a

scholarship, or passed through the tortures of matriculation, ne

would have known that es was not to be so trifled with, but would

have given the termination its importance, thus Hip-pock-ra-tees

Sock-ra-tees. I should not have called attention to this subject,

from a belief that the veriest tyro in book knowledge would be

well aware of the necessity of giving es its due in classic proper

names, had I not observed the deficiency, even in public speakers.

The following instances will suffice to place the reader on his

guard, and serve as keys to the pronunciation of names havingthis termination Pericles, Perry-klees; Socrates, Sock' -ra-tees'

;

Thucydides, Thu-sid'-i-dees'; P-raxitiles, Pracks-it'-i-lees;Harmoni-

des, Har-mon'-i-dees'; Simonides, Sigh-mon'-i-dees'.

Foreign Names of Persons and Places. Continental

languages have an almost uniform alphabet, and the sounds of the

vowels are as nearly as possible identical in each separate tongue.

A is usually sounded like our a in ah, or the second a in afar. It

has, however, its sound of a as in may, in all continental languages,

but this sound occurs very seldom. E has the sound usually of a

in way, and 'sometimes a shortened sound, approaching to er, made

by curling over and pressing the tongue against the lower palate,

at the same time breathing outward. The vowel i has almost in-

variably the sound of e ; o maintains its English sound of o, as in

r, but has occasionally the sound of oo; in Italian it has the dis-


tlnct sounds of o as in so, and aw in saw. The u in French has adelicate sound, the lips being compressed ;

but in Italian it inva-

riably bears the full sound of oo; as, Luisa, -pronounced Loo-e-zah.

With respect to the consonants, their sound, generally speaking,

is the same in all European languages, and little hazard will be

incurred by adhering in this respect to English custom. Amongthe exceptions is th, which, on the Continent, is usually sounded-

as t simply. Thus the French name BerthoUet is sounded Dare'*

tol-lay'. X is often sounded as a, or ce, as in Aix-la-chapelle)

Ace'-la-sha-pel. The French nasal sound of n it is sometimes

proper to retain, as in Nantes, Nongt, the Simplon, Sang'-plong ;

and sometintes to sink the nasal sound, as in Lyons, Orleans, which

two words, and many others, easily receive a purely English pro-

nunciation. It must be confessed that this point isve^j" doubtful,

as in the word Ghent, which some call Gongt, and others Guent.

Similar remarks apply to Caen (the place in Normandy), which

some call Gang, and others Ca-en. The last syllable in JElboeuf,

has its diphthong sounded with a medium between the English uin buff, and the oo in roof. If the reader will curl up the tongue

against the lower palate, and the inner side of the lower front

teeth, and breathe outward, this sound may easily be produced.In La Saone, the oo have the sound of long o, and so have the

the eaux in Bordeaux;while in Bruxelles the x is sounded as *.

In Boulogne the concluding sounds are oin, with a sound as of

y consonant added. With regard to Italian, the c always has the

sound of tch before e and i; and of Jc before a, o, u, or any other

letter. G is soft before e and i, and hard before all other letters,

except I or m. J always has the sound of or y; Ajaccio is pro-

nounced A-yat-che-o. G before 1 or n takes the sound of y after

it, as in Bentivoglio, Benli-vo-lt-yo. In Spanish, the y is sounded

as in Italian.

Double consonants in Italian must always be both sounded : as

Machiavelli, Ma-kee-a-vel-ee. When two ffs,or two c come to-

gether, the first always alters the sound of the second : thus Guic-

ciardini is pronounced Gwitch-tche-ar-de-ne. In this beautiful

language there are no diphthongs. Every vowel has its own clear

Bound, however many may occur together, as calzolaio is cal-tzo-

xah-eo. The only approach to a diphthong which this languag*contains is in do and gia.

. In regard to French names, they occur so

380 HOW TO PRONOUNCE DIFFICULT WORDS.

often in newspaper reading, they mingle so much in our every-day

conversation, that we feel it a duty to offer a few plain instruc-

tions on this head.

There are some few sounds so common to the French, that everyone not acquainted with the language should at least "know the

correct utterance of these few. The article le (the) is pronouncedIff ; the article la (the) lah; and the indefinite articles ttn and une,

'as nearly as possible as they are written. The plural let is pro-

nounced lay before a consonant, and lays before a vowel. lie (of)

is pronounced der ; and des, day before a consonant, and days be-

fore a vowel.

We have already given, in the above quotations, a sufficiently

clear account of the sound of the French vowels. There are, how-

ever, a few combinations that require notice. The most impor-tant of these is oi, as in nun, me, pronounced mtcor ; moucko'r,

handkerchief, mottschtcor ; Vive le Roi, Veev ler Jticor, long live the

King.Another important compound is au, which has the sound of o ;

or when united to x, and followed by a vowel, ose. The e havingthe sound of our'a, and m and n having a nasal twang, causes the

pronunciation of some words to be very difficult to a novice;

for instance, the M. Druon de L'huys will be pronounced Mong-senur Droo-on der Lwees. In addressing titled personages the

French say Monseigneur, instead of the ordinary Monsieur;the

latter is pronounced short Mongsur, and so much abbreviated bythe tongue and rapidity of utterance, that it is almost impossi-

ble to place the sound on paper. The nasal sound must, how-

ever, not pass through the nose, but rest in it;and the g must not

'/be fully uttered.

In verbs of the third person plural, the ent with which they usu-

ally terminate is always mute. The consonant r must be trilled

freely at all times.

In sounding u or eu, the mouth should be contracted as if for

whistling, so as to accomplish a sound between our u and oo.

Thus Monifcur is pronounced, as nearly as possible, mon-e-tur,

amateur, generally pronounced am-a-tew-er, should be am-a-tur.

Where ai occurs as a compound vowel, i has the sound of our a,

with a minute dash of in it so minute, however, as to be but

scarcely perceptible.

Terminal consonants are usually mute; as, for instance, St.


Arnaud is pronounced Sannarno Charngarnicr, Shattgarneay>

Anglais, JLur.glay Canrobcrt, Kangnoarc Pellissier, Pel-leect-ce-ay^

etc. When the article le or la ij abbreviated, as it always is be-

fore a vowel or silent h, it combines with the word to which it is

attached, thus VEmperor the emperor is pronounced laungp'rer.

French words have no decided accent;and where the reader is at

a loss, he must give the accent as if it were an English word.

Italian Names. The Italian language is the most musical

of any in the world. It is like the f o;ig of the nightingale ren-

dered into syllables. Hence it is easy of utterance : there are

no harsh gutturals, such as perplex us in German and Dutch, and

which hare been humorously described as compounded of a cough,a sneeze, a hiccough, and a husk of barley in the throat. The

vowel a has two sounds, one of which, at the end of words, is

sharp, and the vowel *' the full sound of the English e. The Italian

vowels are said to represent the seven notes in music, a, a, e, i, o,

6, u, having the graduations of do, re, mi, fa, sul, la, ci. The con-

sonant-compounds are not difficult; zz has the sound of fe, and

serves to break the syllables, as in Alazzini, pronounced Mat-zee-

ne; Peitalozzi, Pes'-ta-lot-ze. In a general sense, the correct pro-

nunciation of Italian names is very easy, the great point being to

give the syllables, vowels, and double consonants their full music

and distinctness.

German Names. The pronunciation of German is exceed-

ingly simple." The rule is," says Mr. Lebahn,

" to speak it as it

is written, and to write as it is spoken." The sounds are mostlythe same as the French, though their uses and combinations vary.

The frequent occurrence of the long vowel, as ii, 6, u, is a striking

peculiarity. "When a occurs long, with the dierassis, its sound is

the same as our a in hay. Otherwise the sound of a in German is

broad, like our a in cart. The 0, when so made long, has just the

Bame sound as our u in purse ; hence, Carl Theodor Korner is pro-

nounced Carl Ta-o-dor Kur-ner; th, as before explained, being

equivalent to t in English. How many thousand blunders have

been made over those well-known names, Schiller and Goethe,

names, of all others, most easily pronounced when the rule is

once made plain. We have heard the first converted into Skiller,

and the second into Gurthey, Go-e-the, and Goat. The ce is

equivalent to 6, and hence, if we proceed in the same way as in

the KOrner, we shall have Gur-e-tay, a very slight trill of the t

-32 HOW TO PEONOUNCE DIFFICULT WOEDS.

giving it the roughness with which a German utters such word*.

Schiller is pronounced exactly as it is written, and sch has alwaysa soft sound, exactly the same as in English. Ng has the sound

of nk, and M generally that of oo. The consonant v is equivalent

to f, and w to v, while j is used precisely as we use y when a

consonant.

The great terror of all Americans, however, is the German ch.

Irhis is described by Mr. Smart as being sounded in the same wayas the English k. This is an error

;for although those who can-

not easily accomplish it may fall back on k, yet the German sound

of ch has but little resemblance to k in English. Mr. Lebahn pro-

poses not to consider ch " as a letter at all, but merely as a loud

breathing." However bold this assertion may appear, still, fre-

quent trials have proved its accuracy." For Instance, if you are

to pronounce ich, pronounce the i with the short sound of ef. then

push a loud breath through the upper teeth, but be not con-

founded by the c or ch, which is not to be considered at all, nor

is the breath to be interrupted, but joined to the ee, and ich will

be correctly pronounced." We advise the reader to practice this,

as ch occurs so frequently in German names and in ordinary news-

paper reading, that to slur it over, or halt before the word, has

an illiterate appearance, and greatly reduces the pleasure of read-

ing and conversation. The vowel compounds ie and ei are sounded

respectively like e in bee, and like y in my. The second vowel of

the two has its full English sound, the other remaining mute.

The vowel combination eu or aeu has the sound of of in oil, and

of a broad, has a slight sound, but scarcely so much as to give it

the character of a syllable. Au has always the sound of ow.

Dutch Names come within the scope of what has been said as to

German names, though with a few exceptions ; uy has the sound

of oo, as Zuy-der-zee, pronounced Zoo-der-zee;the consonant t be-

comes d in sound, and ch is the same guttural aspirate as in the

German.

Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian come within the rules first laid

down.

EXAMPLES. Sehleiermacher, Schli-er-mah-ker, the last syllable

following the rule already given for eh; Oehlenschlayer, Air-len-

schlay-ger, the g in the last syllable hard; Oersted, Air-sted

;Lan-

geland, Lahn-ger-lahnt ; Welt Chronich, Velt-kron-ik; Schonbein,

Schean-bine;Neue Beitrage zu dem Geiat in der Natur, Noi-er Bi-

trah-ger zoo dem Gist in der Nah-tur.

!OW TO SPEAK AND WRITE WITH ELE-

GANCE AND EASE.

Accept of." Please accept of this gift." Say

"please accept

this gift."

Admit of." His conduct admits of no apology." Say

" bh>

conduct admits no apology."Ascend up.

" He ascended tip the mountain." Omit up.

Ask for why. "If you ask for why I did it." Say "if youask why I did it."

At all." Some found fault with me for dealing at all with the

matter." At all adds no force to the remark, and is generally

superfluous. In "without any pains at all," it tends to make the

expression weaker.

Before first." Before I do that I must first be secured

against loss." Omit first.

Both alike. "These two watches are both alike." Say"these two watches are alike."

Both Of." Give me both of those books." Say

" both those?

books."

But however. "But climate, however, always stamps its seal

upon the human race " Either but or however is enough. Both

should not be used.

But that. " There can be no doubt but that he will succeed."

Say" there can be no doubt that he will succeed."

But v/lnt. "They will never believe but what I have been tc

blame." What i.s thai which But what would be but that which.

The sentence might be supposed to read,"They will never ".,e

lieve but that which I have been to blame." That is nonsense.

Say "they will never believe but that I have been to blame."

3^4 HOvt TO SWiAiv ASTD WKITE

"They will never believe that I have not been to blame it. pref-

er able.

Cannot by no means. "I cannot by no means, allow it." Say

"I can by no means allow it," or,

"I cannot by any means allow

it."

Combine together." He combined them together." Omit

together.

Consider Of." Let me consider o/this matter/' Omit of.

Continue on. " He continued on thus." Say" he continued

thus." Omit on also in such expressions as " he continued on las

journey." But it is proper to use on in such expressions as" he

continued on the road," because he might have continued his jour-

ney off the road that is, through the fields, or by a bye-way.

Converse together."They conversed together for more than

an hour. Omit together.

Cover over. " He covered \t wcr." Say" he covered it."

Dead corpses." Evil spirits are not occupied about the

dead corpses of bad men." Omit dead ; it is implied in corpses.

Descend down ' He descended down the hill very rapidly."

Omit down.

Enter in. They told m.e to enter in." Omit in.

Equally as. As should not be used after equally. Say equally

high, equally dear, equnlly handsome, etc.; not equally as high, equally

as dear, equally as handsome.

Equally as Well as. "I can do it equally as well as he.

Omit equally ; it is implied in the words as well as.

Equally the same. "It is equally the same." Say "it is

the same."

First of all, last of all. "First of all he measured the

ground." Omit of all, saying simply, ^rs/. "We must do this

last of all." Omit of all. What is first, or what is last, is necessary

first of, last of. all.

Prom hence, from thence, from whence. Hence is

equivalent to from here; thence to from there; whence to from where.

Hence using/, om with either of these words is equivalent to using

it twice wjien it is wanted but once.

Funeral Obsequies. ''After the funeral obsequies were per-

formed." Say obsequies The sense of funerrl is contained in this

word. It would be as proper to speak of a ; '

wedding marriago-

ceremoay"as of " funeral obsequies."

WITH ELEGANCE AtfD EASE. 3S 5

Go fetch. '-Go fetch me my riding whip." Say" fetch it," or

'go and bring ft." fetch has the sense of go andbring.

Have got." John has got a sorrel horse." Say

" John has a

sorrel horse." Have yijinifies to be in possession of anything. Get

signifies to obtain possession.- When unehas got a thing, he ceases

getting it, and from that time has it.

If in case. "If in case he comes, all will be well." Say"

if he!

come ;" or "in case he come."

Issue out. " A warrant w"as issued out for his arrest." Say"a warrant was issued."

It what. "It is true what he &ays." Say "what he says is

<rue."

Latter end. " I expect to get through by the latter end of the

week." Say "by the end of the week." "The latter end of that

man shall be peace." Say" the end of that man."

More than one thinks for.' :

It amounts to more than you

Ihink/or." Say" to more than you think," or " than you sup-

pose," or "imagine." Prepositions are often thus unnecessarily

tacked upon the ends of sentences.

Never Whenever. "I never fail to read whenever I can get

a book." Say" when I can get a book." One ever is enough.

New beginner. Say beginner. When one begins anything,he is new at it of course.

Nobody else. " There was nobody else but him." Omit else.

Of four years old. "A child of four years old." Say "a

child four years old," or "a child of four years."

Off of." There were ten yards of the cloth before I cut this

piece o^o/it." Say "before I cut this piece off it," or " from it."

Plunge down. " He plunged down into the stream." Omit

down.

Retreat back. "They retreated back." Say

"they re-

treated."

Return back. " After a week's absence he returned back"

Say" he returned."

Rise Up." He rose up and left the room." Say

" he rose;"

say also, raise, lift,Jwist ; not raise up, lift up, hoist up.

Sink down. "The stone sunk down in the water." Omit

down,

Some one or other. " Some one or another has it." Say" some one has it,"

iS'j HOW TO SPEAK AKD WEITE*J

They both, you both, and we both." They both met."

Say"they met." " My friend came to see me, and we both took a

walk." Say "we took a walk."

Throughout the Whole. "They sought him throughout the

whole country." Omit the whole. The idea of the whole is embodied

in throughout. "They sought him through the whole country,"

using through instead of throughout is also correct.

Double negatives. Two negatives used in the same clause

contradict each other, and give the sense of an affirmative. Yet

nothing is more common than to use two negatives in this way." I did not do nothing" or "

I didn't do nothing," means that " I

did something." Say instead, "I did nothing," or "I didn't do

anything.""I have not but one." Say

C'I have but one."

"I did not see him but once." Say"I saw him but once," or

"om'y onco .''

" He is not improving much, I don't, think." Say"

I don't

Ihink he is improving much," or "I think he is not improving

much."" He had not hardly a minute to spare." Omit not.

Above. "It is above a month since" Say "more- than a

month since." Instead of " the above discourse," it is better ta

say" the preceding discourse," or " the discourse above quoted."

Aggravate." His indifference aggravates me." Say

"dis-

pleases me," "irritates me," or "makes me angry." But if the

displeasure already exists, his indifference may aggravate it, that

is, increase it, or make it heavier.

Almost with a negative"They pay almost no rent."

Say "they pay scarcely any rent," or hardly any rent." The

thought of " almost nothing"

is ridiculous.

Alternative. " You may take either alternative." Say"you

may take the alternative of either." Alternative relates to the

choice of things, rather than to the things themselves.

Balance. " You may pay me five hundred dollars down, and

the balance in a year." "I cut part of my hay yesterday, and shall

cut the balance to-day, if it does not rain." Instead of balance say,

in both cases, the rest.

Calculate. " The failure of the house of is calculated to

cause great excitement in the money market." " Weston's feats

have this additional recommendation, that they are calculated to

WITH ELEGANCE A1TD EASE 387

promote the species of exercise to which most people have a mor-

bid aversion." "I collate, friend, you are a stranger in these

parts." For "is calculated

"in the first example, say "is likely."

In the second example, say" have a tendency to." In the third

say" I suppose, sir, you are a stranger here."

Caption," The caption of the paragraph." Say

" the head

ing of the paragraph."

Catch. " If you hurry you may catch the cars." Say"catch

up with the cars," or overtake them.

Convene. "The President convened Congress." Say, the

President convoked Congress, or called a session of Congress. But

Congress convened (that is, came together) at the call of the Pres-

ident.

Directly."Directly Mr. Hendricks finished his speech, Mr.

Thompson rose to oppose the motion." Say" as soon as," etc.

"1 will come directly." Say

"immediately."

Dry. "I am dry, let me have a glass of water." Say "I amthirsty."

Empty. " The Ohio river empties into the Mississippi." It is

better to say "Jlows." The river cannot be emptied while anywater remains in its channel.

Endorse. " He endorsed this proceeding." Say" he approved,"

or "commended this proceeding."

Enjoys bad health. " This business would suit any one who

enjoys bad health." Say" who is in delicate health," or " who is in

bad health."

Expecft"I expect my brother sold his house yesterday." Say

"I expect to hear that he sold it." or,

"I think,"

" believe " or " amconfident," "I think," or "

I hope that he sold it." We do not

xpect things of the past, but of the future.

First, the First. "I have not yet heard of the first objection

to the scheme." Say" a single objection," or "

I have heard of

no objection."

Get. "I am afraid Mary is getting crazy." Say

"is growing,"

or "is becoming crazy."

" John got left by the train." Say" was

left." We get any thing that we come in possession of. We mayalso get a disease. But get must be followed by ,a noun as its ob-

ject.

Gratuitous. " That is a gratuitous assumption." It is better

to say "unfounded,""unreasonable," or "unwarranted."

388 HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITE

Half. "Cut it in half." Say "cut it in halves," or "cut it in

two." There must be two halves.

Hearty." He ate a hearty meal." Say

" he ate heartily of

the meal.'' It is the eater not the meal, that is hearty,

Inaugurate." He receives regular information of the official

changes to be inaugurated at Albany and Washington."" A sub-

jscription was inaugurated last evening to purchase a house for Gen.

Sherman." Say ''changes to be made,"<: a subscription was

commenced,""started,"

"opened," or "

begun." Inaugurate

means to induct into office under solemn ceremonies. The Presi-

dent of the United States is inaugurated, as also are the Presidents

of colleges. Pastors are installed. A ball is opened, a new business

is established.

Initiate. ""Reinitiated the proceedings." Say "he openedthem." " He took the initiative in the affair." Say he " com-

menced," "begun," or "opened "the transaction.

Leave. "I shall leave this morning." Leave what 1 If any

thing, or any place, name it. If you mean "go away,'

:

say "I

shall go away."

Light." In reading Macaulay's essays, I suddenly lit upon the

passage I wanted." Say" met the passage," or " found the pas-

sage." Another bad expression is, "I came across the passage.1 '

Limb. " She fell, and bruised her limb." Say what limb.

The arm is a limb, as well as the leg. The foolish shame which

avoids mentioning the leg by name, is not modesty but prudery.

Like. " We don't do that like you do." Say "as you do."

Midst. " In our midst." Say"among us," or "

fit the midst

of us."

1 Most for Very, &C. "It is a most melancholy and most unac-

countable fact." Say"very melancholy

" and "quite unac-

countable."

Monstrous. "It was a monstrous gathering." Say "large,""great," or " immense." Monstrous means ill formed, misshapen.

Never. "Washington was never born in New York." Say

"Washington was not" etc. Do not use never in denial of events

which by their nature could take place but once.

Notice. "I shall notice a few particulars" is frequently used

when "I shall mention a few particulars

"is meant.

Obnoxious. "His coaduct is obnoxious to me." Say "his

conduct is offensive to me." Obnoxious means exposed to, A per*

WITH ELEGANCE AND EASE. 389

son or his conduct may be obnoxious to blame, to censure, to re-

proof, etc., but not to persons.

Of all Others. " The guerilla style of warfare is of all others

the most barbarous." Say" of all styles." or "above all others."

Over, under. " He wrote over the signature of Junius." Say" under his signature," in all cases.

Over, with a number. Over 300 persons were present." It

is better to say "upwards of 300 persons," or ''more than three

hundred persons."

Over a bridge." He went over the bridge." It is more ex-

act to say, "he went across the bridge." A bird may fly over a

bridge, if it does not touch the bridge.Partial Partially." This view is partially correct." Say

"partly correct," or "

in part correct"

is better. Partially means,

properly, one sided, with bias.

Portion. " A large portion of the town was burned." Say"part." A portion is a part set aside for any one.

Posted. "If s is posted on that subject." Say "he is well in-

formed."

Predicate. " My opinion is predicated on. the belief," etc. Say"is based upon the belief," or " formed upon it."

Prejudice. "I was prejudiced in his favor." Say "was pre-

possessed." We are prejudiced against people or things.

Promise. "I promise you I was much astonished." Say

"I

assure you."

Repudiate."Secretary Stanton repudiated the policy of Mr.

Johnson's administration." Say" disowned it,"

" condemned it,""disapproved of it," or " denounced it."

1 Section. " Mr. Smith does not live in this section." Say"

in

this neighborhood," "vicinity," or "part of the country." A sec-

tion, in geography, is one square mile, or 640 acres of land, whichhas been laid out by the government surveyors, and called " Sec-

tion No. ." The use of the word as a term of place in anyother sense is improper.

Stand. " He stands upon security." Say"

insists uponsecurity."

Stop.<: Mr. ?erguson is stopping at the American House."

Say"

is staying." Stopping is a momentary act. As soon as one

has stopped he stops stopping, and begins to stay. It is customary,


however, to express a very brief stay by stop." "We stopped at

Altoona twenty minutes for breakfast."

Transmit." He transmitted his check for the amount." Say

" he sent his check."

Transpire. "More than a century transpired." Say"elapsed.''

" The bass-ball match for the championship between the Atlantics

and the Mutuals transpired yesterday." Say" took place." News \

or a secret may transpire, an event cannot. The word means to I

breathe through, to leak out, and can be correctly used only when

such a construction can be put upon it." What took place at the

cabinet meeting yesterday" that is, news, report, or knowledgeof what took place "has not transpired," is correct.

Try and. "I will try and do it." Say

" I will try to do it."

Undeniable. " Mr. Jones is aperson of undeniable character."

Say"of unexceptionable character." An undeniable character is one

that cannot be denied. It may be good or bad, but whichever it

is, there can be no dispute about it. An unexceptionable character

is one to which no exception can be taken.

Existing truths. Matters that are as true now as at the

time spoken of, should ^be stated in the present tense, no matter

what may be the tense of the context. " His text was. that ' Godwas love,'

" should be "His text was,' God is love.' " " The truth

was, that John struck him first." Say" the truth is, that John

struck him first."" I told him that the Mississippi ran south-

,

wardly." Say" runs southwardly."

" Did you tell him you were

Johnson's brother." Say "that you are Johnson's brother.""They ascertained that the great pyramid stood near the banks -

of the Nile." Say" that the great pyramid stands."

Instead Of."I have seen him last week." Say

"I saw him last

week." " Last week" is a past time." I saw him this week." Say

" I have seen him this week." This week still continues.

"The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away."

Say" the Lord gave."

"All the brothers have been greatly indebted to their father."

Say" are greatly indebted." But if by any strange circumstance

they may have discharged the obligation, "have been indebted"

would be correct.

Adverb with the infinitive. " Teach scholars to carefully

scrutinize the sentiments advanced in all the books they, read.*

Say"carefully to scrutinize," or " to scrutinize carefully."

WITH ELEGANCE AND EASE. 391

Befell befallen. "It has befell me." Say

"It has befallen

me." But say. in the imperfect,"

it befell me."

Began begun. "I have began to study history." Say "Ihave begun." But it is correct to say, using the imperfect, "Hebegan to cut his wheat yesterday."

"I begun

"is also used as

mi imperfect form.

Broke broken. "I have broke my gun lock." Say "havebroken." But say, using the imperfect,

"I broke the lock yes-

terday."

Chose Chosen. " She has chose the blue silk." Say" has

chosen." But say, in the imperfect," she chose him in preference

to the others."

Come. "I come to town yesterday." Say

"I came." But

say, using the imperfect,"I have come from Pittsburg to attend

to this business."

Did done. " Who done it 1" Say" who did it 1" " who has

done it?"

Drank drunk. " He was very thirsty, and drunk eagerly."

Say" drank." " He has drank three glasses of soda water." Say

"has drunk." "Drunken," the ancient form of the participle, is

not now used.

Drove driven. "They have drove very fast." Say "theyhave driven." But using the imperfect, say "they drove the

people out, and locked the gates."

Froze frozen. " The potatoes are froze." Say" the pota-

toes are frozen." But say, in the imperfect, "it froze very hard

last night." Avoid saying*frozed or frizen.

Rode ridden." I have rode fifty miles on horseback to-

day." Say"

I have ridden." But say, using the imperfect," a

courier rode up with great speed to warn them of the approachof the enemy."

Rang rung."

I have rang the Dell half a dozen times."

Say" have rung." But say, in the imperfect,

"they rang the bells

merrily for Christmas day."

Saw seen se%. "I see him last Monday." Say"I saw

him." "I seen him yesterday." Say

"I saw him." "Ihav'n't

saw him for a long time." Say"

I hav'n't seen him." See is pres-

ent, saw imperfect, seen the participle. The habit of confusing

them prevails widely.

Shook Shaken. i: Have you shook the carpet?"Say shaker*

39 2 HOW TO SPEAK AtfD WRITE

But say, in the imperfect, "they shook it well." Do not in any

case say shaked.

Spoke spoken."It was spoke in my hearing." Say

"it was

spoken." But say, in the imperfect,'' Mr. L. being called upon,

spoke as follows." Spake, the ancient imperfect, is not now in

use.

Swam swum. <:I have swam across the river many a time."

Say" have swum." But say, in the imperfect, "the mate swam

to the shore with a rope." Swum may also be used as the imper-

fect." The mate swum " would be correct.

Took taken " Mr. Smith and family have arrived in Wash-

ington and took up their quarters for the winter." Say" have ar-

rived in Washington and taken up their quarters," etc.

Went gone. "He would have went with us, if he had been

invited." Say" he would have gone." But say, in the imperfect,

"being invited, he went with us."

Wove woven. " This cloth is wove very compactly." Say''

is woven." But say, hi the imperfect, "the girls wove jeans and

linseys enough to clothe the family."

Beholden beholding."

I am bclwlding to you for it." Say"

I am beholden."

Know knew known "I knowed it." Say

t!I knew it."

"I have knowed it all along." Say

"I have known it."

Plead. " He plead earnestly," say "he pleaded earnestly."

Proved proven." That is not proven.'" Say

"that is not

proved."

Idiomatic use Of some verbs. Sometimes an active and

transitive verb is used in its entire form intransitively or in a pas-

sive sense. "The cloth tears too easily;" "Mahogany planessmoothe ;"

" These lines read well." Sometimes an intransitive

frerb takes a kindred noun as an object." He lived a virtuous

life ;"" This dream which I (Pharaoh) have dreamed."

W^ords like scissors, snuffers, tongs, trousers, etc., denoting arti-

cles which are paired or coupled, are plural, and take a plural

verb. " The scissors are dull," not "is dull."

"Many is the exhortation given." Say "many are the

exhortations given."

As he has. "I can lift as many pounds as he has" As " ha

has " what ? Say as "he has lifted/'

WITH ELEGANCE AND EASE 393

" The first remark I have to make shallbe." Say" the first re-

mark I shall have to make will be."

Is ceased. " The storm is ceased." Say" has ceased."

Was burning since. " The fire ions burning since Wednes-

day night." Say" the fire had been burning since Wednesday

night."

"Each of the daughters take an equal share." Say"takes." "Every leaf, every twig, every blade, every drop of

water, teem with life." Say "teems." Also, instead of "one of

those house have been sold," say" has been sold."

" Where is it, says I to htm." Say in all such instances,

"said I."

" John will earn his wages when his work is done." Say" will have earned."

Use the subjunctive form instead of the indicative

in hypothetical cases. " Was I to tell of all her good qualities

it would look like flattery." Say" were I to tell." "Be that as

it trill." Say" be that as it may."

Was you ? you was. Say" were you 7

" " You were."

I who is."

It is I who is to go." Say" who am to go."

It is one of the subjects that is, etc. Say "it is one of

the houses that was built by Mr. Jones." Say "it is one of the

houses that were built," etc.' " Be wise and good that you might be happy." Say" that you may be happy."

Among Between. ''The father divided part of his prop-

erty among his two children, and distributed the remainder between

his other kin," should be " he divided a part between his two chil-

dren, and distributed the remainder among his other kin."

" John will be apt to catch the fever if he goes into that house,"

should be '' John will be liable," etc. A person who is studious

may be spoken of as apt to learn, and liable to become dyspep-

tic.

At length At last. " I have heard from my friend atlenath,"

may mean, and often does mean, that a detailed statement of his

affairs, r setting of them forth at length has been received."I have heard from him at last

" must mean that he has been

heard from, after long waiting for news from him.

Than him. " You are stronger than him." Say" than he"

It was them. Say"

it was they."

394 HOW TO SPEAR^AND WKITE

Is it me. "Is it'me you mean ?

"Say

"is it I ?

" or " do youmean me ?

".

It is him. whom. "It is him whom you said it was,

"Say

"it is he.1 '

w In consequence of me neglecting."" The horse got

away in consequence of me neglecting to fasten the gate." Say" in consequence of my neglecting," etc.

With James and I."They went with James and J." Say

" with James and me." I

Not me." Who made that noise 7" " Not me." Say

" not J."

"It wasn't me." Say

"It wasn't J."

Me being." Me being absent, the young folks lived high."

Say' : I being absent," or " while / was absent," or "

during myabsence."

Between you and. I." This is'a secret between you and J."

Say" between you and me." Better " with you and me."

Let you and I. Say'

let you and me"

As good as me. Say" as good as /."

It is me. Say "it is /.''

" You and us enjoy many privileges.''" Say "you and

we."

He and they we know. " Se and they we know, but whoare you 7" Say

" him and them we know."

If I was him. "I would do the same if I was him." Say

"if

I was he."

He that was mentioned. "They chose William, he that

was mentioned before." Say, him that was mentioned," or better,

"him who was mentioned."

I am friny"I know I am him whom he meant." Say

"I am

he."

That is him that is her. Say" that is he,"

" that 5& she"

Prom him having." From htm having always assisted me,

I again applied to him for help." Say "because he had," etc.

" What you saw was but a picture of him, and nothim." Say "and not he."

To be they." I knew it to be they." Say" to be them."

As for who. " The boy as is reading." Say "the boy whois reading."

Who for whom. " Do you know who this cane belongs to 1"

Say "to whom this cane belongs." "Whom this cane belongs


ko"is correct, and less formal. ' Who do you wish to see1

?"

Say" whom." " He did not know who to suspect." Say

" whomto suspect

" " He is a person who I respect very much." Saywhom I respect."

Which for who. " The men which you saw." Say" the

men u'Jwm you saw." But, of an animal, "the horse which yousaw."

Of the relative pronouns, who is used exclusively with per-

sons, which exclusively with things, and that with persons and

things. In common conversation that is more frequently used

with persons than who. But who is considered more elegant.

Where for in which. "It is a cause where justice is partic-

ularly concerned." Say in which. " We presented a paper where

his case was fully explained." Say" a paper in which.'

1 Butwhere may be used instead of which and a preposition when place

is the prominent idea. " The old house where I was born."

Them books. " Give me them books." Say"

those books."

Thus for this." The manner of it is thus."1

Say" the man-

aer of it is this," or "this is the manner of it."

This for thus or SO." This much is certain." Say

"thus

much," or," so much."

I who is." It is I who is to receive the appointment." Say

"it is I who am to receive the appointment."

Those set. "I will take those set of books." Say

"that set."

This twenty years."I have not been there this twenty

years." Say"

these twenty years."

One another themselves. " These authorities differ

among one another." Say "differ among themselves."

Every for all." The men deserve every praise." Say

"att

praise.""Evo-y human being has this in common." Say

" aU

human beings have," or," each human being has this in common

with every other one."

Every for entire. "I have every confidence in him." Say" entire confidence." Every means " each of all," and should not

be used in any other sense.

All for each. " Seven lads were present, and he gave them

all a book." Say" he gave them each a book."

Such for SO. " Such distinguished virtues seldom occur." Say" $o distinguished virtues," or,

" virtues so distinguished."

All the Whole. " Almost the whole inhabitants were pros-


ent." Say" almost all the inhabitants." But say

" almost the

whole society attended the ceremonies." Use all in speaking of a

multitude or collection hy the individual parts, the whole when it is

spoken of as a body.

Number of every."Every rifleman and lancer were at thei.

post." Say" was at his post."

The indeterminate possessive."Every child should

bey thfir parents." Say"his parents."

" No one should incur

censure for being careful of their good character." Say his, or

her, if talking more particularly of women. " Let each of us mind

their own business." Say"his own business."

*' When he was entered." Say "when he had entered."

So also say" when he had departed,"

" when he had returned."" I catched it." Say

"1 caught it."

" Of two evils choose the least." Say" the less."

"Is this or that the best road?" Say "the better

road."" The prisoner has, of all the gang, committed the fewer

misdemeanors." Say '''the fewest."

Perfect. " This is the more perfect of the two." " This is the

most perfect piece of mechanism I ever saw." Such expressions are

in common use. They are allowed but not encouraged. "More

nearly," or " most nearly perfect," is a more accurate term.

Chief. :( He sought the chiefest positions." Say "the chief."

The chief positions are the head positions ;

" the chiefest" would

be " the headest."

Universal. " Of all vices, pride is the most universal." Say" most general." What is

"universal," extending over, and in-

cluding the whole universe and every thing in it, cannot be moreso.

Right wrong." That is very right

" " That is very wrong."Omit very in both cases.

Agreeable agreeably "Agreeable to my promise." Say

agreeably.

Bold bolder more boldly." He acts bolder than was ex-

pected." Say more boldly.

Comformable comformably."Conformable to your

orders." Say"comformably to your orders."

Distinct distinctly. "The girl speaks distinct." Say"speaks distinctly"

WITH ELEGAKCE AXD EASE. j97

Exceeding exceedingly." He was exceeding kind tome."

Say exceedingly kind.li She was exceeding careful." Say exceedingly

tareful.

Fluent fluently." He speaks very fluent"'

1

Say veryflu-

ently.

Indifferent indifferently." He was indifferent honest."

Bay indifferently honest.

Near nearly."I lost near twenty pounds." Say

"nearly

twenty pounds."Previous previously.

" He wrote me previous to his com-

ing." Say "previously to his coming."Remarkable remarkably. "She is a remarkable pretty

girl." Say remarkably pretty.

Shocking Shockingly. "This letter is written shocking."

Say shockingly. Shockinyly is generally too strong a term to em-

ploy in this case. Badly is a better word. Bad writing is not so

uncommon or so important a matter as to cause a shock.

Never not for." He was never an instant diverted from his

purpose." Say" not for an instant."

Seldom or ever. "I seldom or ever see him now." Say

" seldom if ever," or " seldom or never."

Almost never. Scarcely ever, or hardly ever, is better.

Never SO.' He is a man of honor, be he never so close in

trade." Say"

ever so close."

Such a for SO." He was such a disagreeable fellow that no

one liked him." Say" he was go disagreeable a fellow."

This thus SO." This much is certain." Say" thus much,"

or '' so much is certain."

So for very." That was so nice." Say very nice.

Very very much greatly."I was very disappointed.'*

Say"very much disappointed," or "

greatly disappointed."

Very much Of." He is very much of a gentleman." Say

" he is very gentlemanly." , . .

Over for more than. " There were not over twenty persons

present." It is better to say" not more than, twenty persons."

As for that. " Not as I know." Say" not that I know."

But for if."I shouldn't wonder but that was the case." Say

"if that was the case."

But for than. " We suffered no other inconvenience but that

arising from the rain." Say" no other inconvenience than that,"

398 HOW TO SPEAK AtfD WRITS

etc,, or omitting oilier, and using but," We suffered no inconvenience

but that arising from the rain."

But for that. "I have no doubt but he will be here to-night."

Say "I have no doubt that," etc. "I doubt not but I shall be

able." Say"

I doubt not that I shall be able." Some writers

have a habit of omitting the conjunction altogether, saying, "I

doubt not I shall be able." This is a slipshod style.

If that. " If that I had offended him." Omit that.

In SO far as." We are to act up to the extent of our know-

ledge ; but in so far as our knowledge falls short." Say" so far

a," omitting in.

Doubt not but. "I doubt not but I shall be able to help

you." Say"I doubt not that," or, better,

" I have no doubt," or

" I do not doubt, that I shall be able," etc.

If for Whether. " He doubts /his friend will come." Say"he doubts whether" etc.

That for if or Whether. "I doubt that it be so." An awk-

ward expression, though common. Say"

I doubt if," or "I

doubt whether."

After that. " After that he had seen the parties." Omit

fftat.

But that. "I don't know but that I shall buy that house."

Omit that.

But What. "They will never believe but what I have been to

blame." Say" but I have been to blame," or. better,

" that I have

not been to blame."

H"O doubt but that. " There can be no doubt but that he

will succeed." Say" there can be no doubt that he will succeed,"

or, "there is no doubt of his success."

Not impossible but. "It is not impossible but I may go

with you." Here are two errors. That should be used instead of

but. In "not impossible," two words are used to express what

one word expresses better. By this one of the words is made to

kill the force of the other. Say"

it is possible that I shall go with

you," or it is probable," or "possibly I shall go with you."Confi.de. " He is a man on whom you can confide." Say

" in

whom you can confide." But "on whom you can rely,""owhom you can depend," "whom you can trust."'

Fall into a man's conversation." When I fail into that

WITH ELEGA1TCE AJSTD EASE. 399

ifktn'x Conversation, I am entertained and profited." Say "when I

engage in conversation with that man."

Taking one apart."I took my friend apart to converse

with him." Say"I took him aside," and avoid a ludicrous sug-

gestion.

To change one's self."I am very wet, and must change

myself." Say"I am very wet, and must change my clothes."

One of the family."Wanted, two apprentices, who wil;|

be treated as one of the family." Say"will be treUted as members

of the family."

"I have not written to him, and am not likely toy Supplythe verb,

" am not likely to write to him."

Quite the lady." She is quite the lady." Say

" she is very

ladylike."

Such expressions as "I do not like too much sugar,"

"I

do not want to walk too far," are indefinite. They mean "I do

not like more sugar than I like,""I do not want to walk farther

than I like."

Wot only for only except or unless. " The cars will

not stop at this station only when the bell rings," should be," the

cars will not stop at this station unless the bell rings," or "except

the bell rings." It would be correct also to say," the cars will

stop at this station only when the bell rings," omitting not.

A most beautiful. " It was a most beautiful sight." Say a

beautiful sight, or a very beautiful sight. The superlative degree is

not used with the indefinite article. "A most a beautiful sight"

is low.

Most for almost. "They see each other most every day."

Say almost.

" Not as I know of."" Say" not that I know of."

Some for somewhat. " He is some better to-day." It ia

better to say" he is somewhat better."

Bad and badly." He feels bad" used sometimes in descrip-

tion of ill health, means literally that he is troubled with a sense

of wickedness. "He feels badly," expresses clearly that he ia

sick.

Good for well. " He cau do it as good as any one else cam."

Say as well.

Bred and born. "Bred and born,''1 should be, "Born and

fraf." Birth precedes education.

400 HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITEt

Wot mistaken. "If I am not mistaken," should be,

" If I mis-

take not."

Are mistaken. "You are mistaken,''' should be, "You mis-

take."

Had would. "I had rather not," should be,

"I woUd rather

not."

Had better. "I had better go," should be,

" It were better that

I should go."

New pair. "A new pair of gloves," should be,"

A. pair of new

gloves."

Very rising. "He is a very rising man," should be," He is

rising rapidly."

To let "Apartments to let," should be,

"Apartments to be let."

Learns. " Who learns you French1

?" should be," Who teaches

you French?" The pupil learns.

Less fewer. "No less than ten persons," should be, "No

fewer than ten persons." Less must be applied to quantity, as

"No less than ten pounds." fewer must be applied to things.

Never Whenever. I never speak whenever I can help it,"

should be,"I never speak when I can help it."

Get over. " To get over an illness.*' should be," To survive,"

or," To recover from an illness." " To get over a person." should

be," To persuade a person."

" To get over a fact," should be," To

deny," or "refute" it.

Never. " Be it never so good," should be," Be it ever so good."

Began." I have began" should be,

"I have begun"

The then. " The then Mrs. Howard," should be," The Mrs.

Howard then living," or "of that time."

Ought." For ought I know," should be,

" For aught I know."*

Aught means anything ; ought implies obligation.

As far as. " As far as I know,"should be, "Sofarasl know."

As far as expresses distance.

Couple. "A couple of dollars," should be, "Two dollars."

Couple implies union, as, "a married couple."

United together."They are united together," should be,

aThey are united"

So much. " She is so much the lady," should be," She is very

lady-like."

Noways. " He is noways in fault," should be," He is nowist

in fault."


Like. "He is like to be," should be, "He is likely to be."

All over. " All over the land," should be," Over all the land.'

Whenever always." Whenever I sing I always am ap-

plauded," should be, "WJtenever I sing, I am applauded."

To with. "I am stout in comparison to you," should be,

" I am stout in comparison with you."

At by." It will look beautiful at night," should, "y night."

Best. " At best," should be, "At the best."

Worst.--" At worst" should be, "At the worst."

For to. "For to give," should be," To give."

Eat up." The dinner was all eat up," should be,

" The dinner

was all eaten."

Eat. "I eat heartily of fruit," should be,

"I ate heartily," etc.

Again." He again repeated it," should be "He repeated it."

Again is included in repeated.

Approved." His conduct was approved ofby all," should be,

" His conduct was approved by all."

Sweetly sweet. " The rose smells tweetly" should be," The rose smells sweet." You smell, and not the rose, and an

adjective must be used to express the quality of a thing." Thos

roses scent the room sweetly," is correct, because the roses scent

and not you, and an adverb is required to express the action.

In into. " He fell in the river," should be," He fell into the

river." Into should be iised after a verb of motion; in, when mo-

tion or rest in a place is signified: "I walk in the garden daily,"" I sleep in this room."

Every another. " Handed down from every age to another,"

should be," Handed down from one age to another." "On some

day or another," should be," On some day or other" Another cor-

4responds to one, some and every to other.'1 ''

In. " Who finds him in money ?" should be," Who finds him

money 7"

TWO first." The two first," should be," The first two."

1

Two last." The two last," should be " The last tivo."

First of all.'

The/rs* of all," should be,"The/rrt."

Last of all." The last of all," should be, "The last."

Will may. " Be that as it will," should be," Be that as it

may."

Every all."My every hope," should be,

" All my hopes,"

4b2 HOW TO SPEAK AXD WEITB

When Which. " Since when" should be," Since which

time.''1

If that. "If that I said so," should be,

"If I said so."

"After that you had spoken," should be,

"After you had spoken."

^-That is superfluous.

What that. "I do not know but what I shall call upon you,"

should be,"I do not know but that I shall call upon you."

Of at."I am glad o/your success,'' should be.

"I am glad

at your success." " Glad of" should be used when something is

gained or possessed ;

" Glad at" when something happens to

another.

From to."I am averse from it," should be,

"I am averse to

it." We Bhow aversion to, not from a thing.

Got. " He has got money," should be," He has money." Got

is superfluous.

An one. " Such an one," should be," Such a one." An should

not be used before a long u, o when that vowel has the sound of

w, or eu. Thus, it is correct to say, a University, a European, a

unit.

Or are. " I or my son are to call," should be," I or my son

M to call."" Neither one nor the other are true," should be,

"Neither one nor the other u true." Or and nor are disjunctive

conjunctions, and separate things.

Setting." The hen is setting," should be,

" The hen is sitting."

Hung hang." He was hung," should be,

" He was hanged.'"

To hang, to take away life by hanging, is a regular verb, having

hanged for its past participle. To hang, to suspend, is an irregular

verb, having hung for its past participle, as," The picture was hung

np."" His life hung upon a thread."

Propose purpose."I propose going," should be, "I purpose

V>ing."

No not. "Is it true or no ?" should be,

"Is it true or not ?"

Sets. " The wind sets," should be," The wind sits."

Further farther. " He walked further than you," should

le," He walked farther than you." FartJter must be applied to

distance, further to quantity, as "Further funds are wanted."

Over again-"I said so over again," should be,

"I repeated '<."

But than.-^" No sooner but," should be," No sooner than"

" No other but," should be," No other than."

WITH ELEGANCE AJTD EASE 403

Nobody else. "Nobody ch but him," should be, "Nobody

but him."

Back Ego." Six weeks back" should be,

" Sis weeks ago"or "

since.1"

This these. " This two days," should be," These two days."

Mean intend. "Do you mean to come," should be, "Dov;,u intend to come." To mean is to signify ; to intend is to purpose.

Each. " Each of them are" should be," Each of them is.'

1

Each means one and the other of two.

Neither or. " Neither one or the other," should be, ''Neither

one nor the other." Neither (not either) means, not the one nor

the other of two.

Either any. "Either of the three" should be, "Any one of

three." Either means one, or the other of two.

Every are is."Jfi-ery one of them are," should be,

"Every

one of them /*." Every refers to any one of a number more than

two.

Whom to Whom. " Whom do you speak to ?" should be," To icho.n do you speak 1" The preposition should not be sepa-rated from the relative. The answer should be,

"Him," or "Her.''

I me. " Who said that V The answer should be, "/(said

it)," not " me" The word containing the answer to a question

must be in the same case with the word which asks it.

Into from. "They were refused entrance into, and driven

from, the house," should be,"They were refused entrance into the

house, and driven from it." Two propositions should not be con-

nected with a noun.

Ever. " As soon as ever," should be," As soon as."

Some one. "You will some day be sorry," should be," You

will one day be sorry."

Direct ^address. "Direct to me," should be, "Address to

me."

Very." The very best," should be," The best."

" The very

worst," should be," The worst."

Now. " From now," should be, "From this time."

With from. "I differ with him," should be,

"I differ from

him."

Thoughts-think." Therefore, 1 thought it proper to write

to you," should be."Therefore, I think it proper to write to you."

44 HOW TO SPEAK A2fD WRITE

With in." Conversant with politics," should be,

" Conver-

sant in politics." We say conversant with men, in things.

Oh, Ah, and other inteijections, generally require the oljectivt

case of 2, and the nominative case of Thou, as " Ah me !" "

tliou

fool !

" "0 ye hypocrites !

" " Woe's tJiee" (is to thee) is correct.

Oh is used to express pain, sorrow, or surprise ;to express

wishing, exclamation, or an address to a person." Since tlien" should be,

" Since that time."

"A summer's morning," should be," A summer morning."

Have got." My clothes have got too small, or too short for

me," should be," I have become too stout or too tall for my

clothes."

Most perfect." A most perfect poem," should be, "A perfect

poem." Perfect, supreme, complete, full, empty, true, false, chief,

universal, hone*, do not admit of comparison.In Within. "Is Mr. Smith in?" should be, "Is Mr. Smith

within ?"

Other. "The other one," should be, "The other." None other,"

should be," No other." Another has no plural.

" Another one."

should be," Another."

Spoonsful." Two spoon*/7," should be,

" Two spoon/wk."You do not measure the medicine, etc., in two spoons. For the

same reason we say Mouthfuls, Cupfuls, Handfuls.

To. "I spoke to, and warned him," should be,"

I spoke to him

and warned him." A preposition and an active verb should not be

connected with a noun or pronoun.

Therefore, Doubtless, and Perhaps, are generally placed at the

beginning of a sentence, as "Perhaps he will."

Left. "I left this morning." Name the place left.

Head and ears. " Over head and ears," should be," Over

head."

Perhaps. "I may perhaps," or "probably," should be, "I

may."

Possibly."I can possibly," should be,

"I can." May and can

imply probability.

No not. " Whether he will or no," should be," Whether he

will or not."

Says said. "Says I," should be,

" Said I," or,"

I said.'

Cortl-ftptibly." He spoke contemptibly of him," should be,

" He spoke contemptuously of him."

WITH ELEGANCE A3O> EASE. 45

Cannot can. "Nothing cannot" should be, "Nothing can.''

H"O not. " No one has no'-," should be," No one has."

Oftener. "I am oftener well than iil,

:i should be," I am more

frequently well tlian ill."

Without unless. "I cannot agree to it without you prom-

ise," should be," I cannot agree to it unless you promise."

Quantity." There was a quantity of people," should bo,

" There was a number of people,"

Good and all." For good and all" should be,

" For ever."

Above more. "It is above a month since," should be, "It

is more than a month since."

Sllperior." He is a superior man," should be,

" He is superior

to most men."

At in.'' He lives at New York," should be,

" He lives in Newfork." In should only be applied to capital cities.

To. " He lives opposite the park," should be," He lives oppo-

site to the park."

Bight bound. "I have no right to pay this bill," should be,

"I am not bound to pay this bill."

On Of." I think nothing on it," should be,

"I think nothing

of it."" Take hold on it," should be,

" Take hold o/it."

Need needs. " He need not do it," should be, "He needt not

do it."

Me I. "You are older than me (am)," should be, "You are

older than J(am)."Her she. "I am taller than her (is)," should be,

"I am

taller than she (is)."

Over across. " Go over the bridge," should be," Go across

the bridge," unless you mean," to go from side to side."

Some at some. "I was some distance from home," should

be, "I was at some distance from home."

Some. "1 knew him some six years ago," should be, "I knew

him six years ago."

Here hither. " Come here" should be," Come hither."

Such another. " For such another book," should be," For

(mother such book."

Mutually."They mutually loved each other," should be,

" They loved each oth<r." Mutually moans both.

Eminent. " He was in eminent danger," should be, "He was

HOW TO SPr '.VJIITE

in imminent danger." Eminent relates to rank. Imminent means

to hang over.

Plenty.--" Vegetables were plenty," should be, "Vegetableswere plentiful."

Ye you. Ye must always be used in the nominative case, as

" Ye have wronged me," but never in the objective case."

I have

wronged ye," should be,"I have wronged you."

One he. " When one speaks incorrectly, he should not be

offended at being politely corrected," should be." When one

speaks incorrectly, one," etc.

They those. "They who do right shall be blessed," should

be," Those who do right," etc. Those stands for a noun not intro-

duced but understood. They stands for a noun already used, as

" I saw the picture*. They are very good."

That this. "They are not experienced, and for that reason,"

etc., should be," and for this reason," etc.

" Those pictures which

I see," should be,"These," or " The pictures," etc. This or these

refer to things present orj'tist named, that and those to things past.

Has have. "Ignorance and official routine has caused the

evil," should be,"Ignorance and official routine have caused the

evil." Two or more singular nouns coupled with and require the

verb to be in the plural number, unless the nouns denote only one

person or thing, as "That great statesman and warrior has said,"

etc. When the nouns coupled with and are qualified by every, the

verb should be singular, as "Every man and woman was" etc.

This these. "They were industrious, and by this means

rose to eminence," should be," and by these means "

This means

and that means refer to what are singular ;these means and thas

means to plurals. By means, By this means, etc., are used to denote

instrumentality, as "By means of art." A mean is used only to

denote a middle state, as " There is a mean between extravaganceand stinginess." Amend* should be used in the same manner, as

"That will be an amends to me for my exertions." 'Fame and

wealth are amends for his dangers.''

Do. " You do me honor," should be," You honor me." You

might as well say, "You do me Jlattery," instead of "You flatter

me."

Avoid using "fine" language. Speak good, strong, expressive

English, such as Shakespeare and the best writers used. Maaw

persons affect grandiloquent language, ponderous, but poor.

SLANG AND VULGA1T PHRASES.

Allow, for expect, imagine, doubt Mot ; as,"I allow he will suc-

ceed.''"I allow he will be in town to-morrow."

Allow, for intend, design, purpose ; as, "I allow to go on Monday.""They allow to return next week."

A power, for a large amount or quantity, a great number ; as," He has a power (a great amount or quantity} of money ;

a power

(great number] of friends," etc.

After a bit, for soon or presently ; as,"

I will be there after a

bit.''" He will be along after a bit."

Ary, for either; as," Take ary one of them." "

Ary one of you

may go."

Above my bent. " That is altogether above my bent," for,

"out of my power,"'

beyond my strength,""beyond my capa-

city."

All along Of, as," That was all along of you," for,

" that wasall your fault."

Anyhow, when used too frequently, suggests that one is in

the habit of talking"anyhow." No how is still more liable to

objection. *

A'ry, na'ry."I haven't a'ry one,"

"I have na'ry one." Say

" I have neither,""

I haven't either," "I have none." "I haven't

got na'ry red." Very low. Say"I have not one cent."

As how. " He said as how you was to do it." Say "he said

that you were to do it."

At loggerheads is uncouth. If roughness of expression is

not desired, say" at variance," or,

" on ill terms," or speak of a

disagreement, a misunderstanding, or a quarrel.

Any, for at all ; as," He was not injured any."

" He cannote any from the effects of the accident."

48 SLANG AND VULGAR PHRASES.

Averse from, for averse to ; as "A miser is averse from noth-

ing so much as from parting with his money."Allot on, or 'lot on, for rely on, count mi, or upon ; as,

"I allot

on, or ''lot mi his ability and readiness to aid me."

Among, for with ; as," The deception passed among each of the

company."" The money was current among every one of the

banks."

Among, for between, where two only are referred to; as "Hedivided it among the two." "John and George were the persons

among whom the estate was equally divided."

A little ways, for a little way, a short distance ; as "I will go a

little ways with you."" He is a little ways in advance of us."

Awful, for disagreeable, ugly, disgusting, etc.; as," This is awful

(disngreeable) medicine." " He has an awful (ugly} countenance."" His conduct was awful (disgusting")."

Ain't, for are not, am not ; as,' 'AM t (are you not) going to the

city ?" " I ain't (am not)."

After, for for ; as," He has no regard after his father's com-

mands."

A good little bit, for a considerable time, a considerable distance,

etc.; as," He has been gone a good little bit."

" He is a good littlt

bit ahead, or in advance of you."A long mile, for a little over, or a little more than a mile ; as,

" It

is a long mile to the city."

As good's go, as good's do it, etc., for inay as well go, mightas well do it, etc.

; as," You'd as good's go (you may as well go) as stay,"

" You'd as good's do it (you might as well do it) as not."

Budge, for move off, ttir ; as "You have no right here youmust budge (move off")." "I will not budge (stir) an inch."

Between, or betwixt, for among or amongst, where more than

two are referred to; as,

" Let this be divided between the three."

Bad box. "He is in a bad box " has a vulgar air. Say bad

predicament, or unpleasant situation.

Bamboozle gives the impression of disresoect from whichdeceive and mislead are free.

Barking up the wrong tree is an expressive and comical

back-woods phrase which is not found in cultivated circles.

Bran new, or brand new is condemned by some writers. It

seems unobjectionable as a colloquialism, but should not be used

too freely where dignity is to be regarded.

rSTACCtTKATE TERMS AXD EXPRESSIONS. 409

Balance, for remainder ; as,"

I move to retain the first section

of the bill, and to strike out the balance.'1

'

1 "I spent a part of the

evening with a friend, and the balance at home." " A part of the

army were killed, and the balance taken prisoners."

Be, for are, or am ; as,"

lie (are) you going to church 1 I b

(am)."

Be to be, for am to be, or must be ; as,"I be to be there at tho

hour appointed."

Bad, for ill ; as," The patient is very bad." " My friend is not

so bad to-day as he was yesterday."

Bimeby, for by and by, or (which is, perhaps, in hetter use),

presently, soon, in a short time ; as," ! shall he there bimcby."" If

you will come bimeby, I will return with you."

Back, for ago; as, "It was almost two years back." "It was

a long time back, that I read the history of Cromwell."

Bravely, for well, or intimately ; as," I knew him bravely.'11 " He

knew me bravely before I came to the city."

By Jupiter, By Jove, By Jimini, and the like, are oaths byheathen gods.

Bother, bother it, botheration, plague on it, plague take if,

plague, show the disposition to say worse things ; only the will is

not equal to the attempt." Avoid even the appearance of evil."

This should be enough on this point, without citing, other illus-

trations.

Bain't, for are not ; as,"They bain'/ at home."

By good right, for by right; as," He is entitled, by good rights

to the whole amount."

Better, for more; as, "It is better than a month since I saw

him." "I have resided better than seven years in the city."

Calculate, for purpose, design, intend ; as, "I calculate to go a

journey.""

I calculate to return in the spring."

Calculation, for intention or design ; as,"

It is my calculation to

visit him on my return."

Conceived, for expressed; as, "His letter was conceived in the

following words."

Cleverly, for quite well, or in good health; as," How is your

friend to-day ? He is cleverly ; or he is getting along cleverly."

Cave in. Low. Say give up, submit, or yield.

Considerable Of, for a considerable ; as," He is constderabk of

a poet," instead of " He is a considerable poet."

410 SLAXG AXD VULGAR PHRASES.

'Cute. Say acute, keen, sharp, intelligent. The American use of

this word corresponds nearly with the English idea of clever.

Chance, for an appearance, prospect, or probability; as, "There

is a chance," or, as many say, "a smart cJumce," or," a right smart

ch'ince of a shower."

Call to be. "You have no call to be angry with me. :1

Say' no occasion to be/' or,

" no reason for being."

Chicken fim'nfl is a frivolous expression for which trifles,

small matters or little things may be advantageously substituted.

Clever, as generally used in the United States, signifies good

naturcd, kind, accommodating. In England it signifies smart, ready,

quick, apt. This is its proper meaning.

Curry favor has an air of disrespect.

Cut. It is an ungracious act to " cut" an acquaintance; but

it is'more ungracious to speak of it under that term.

Clear out, for go away, be gone ; as," You have been here long

enough ; so, clear out.''

Curious, for excellent ; as," These are curious apples."

" This

ia curious wheat."

Carry, for take or lead ; as,"Carry the horse to water."

Come Of^ for overcome ; as, "He will soon come e/that habit."

Confide on, for conf.de in; as," You may confide on his honor."

"They confide on what he says."

Cahoot, for partnership or company ; as,"They do business in

cahoot (company)." A very common vulgarism in the West.

Chunk, for piece ; as," He has a chunk of bread."

Comeatable, for approachable; as, "European monarchs are

not easily comeatable.'"

Crack'd Up, for represented, recommended; as, "I found hint

by no means what he was crack'd up {represented) to be." " Hewas crack'd up (recommended) to me as a skillful teacher."

Chomp, corrupted from champ, to ehew loudly, greedily; as," The

horse chomps his bit.""They chomp their food."

Clip it, for to run with speed; as, "You can get there before

the coach starts, if you clip it."" He was obliged to clip it, or he

would have been too late."

Cut, for 1o run; as," Cut on." " Cut ahead."

Different than, for different from; as, "This is very different

than that."

Done, for did; as," He done the work."

INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 411

Dicker is a colloquialism of wide currency for bargain or trade.

It is not admitted in books nor favored in polite society.

Dreadful tine is a contradiction. Say very fine. Dreadful,

like awful, is often misapplied in this way to qualify words of the

contrary significance.

Do don't, done gone, together with you uns, are vulgarismsof the Southern plantation which it should be the first business of

those addicted to them to disuse.

Don't ought, for ought not; as," Yon don't ought to return evil

for evil."

Don't know as I Shan't, for do not know but I shall ; as," Shall you go to Boston to-day 1 I don't know as I shan't"

Done come, for come; as," You may now go and dine, aa

your brother is done come.'"

Differ With, for differ from; as," My plan differs with yours."

" The Latin language differs with the Greek."

Derights, or torights, for presently or directly ; as," He will

be here derights."" I will do it torights."

Dump, for unload; as," You may dump your cart in the yard."

In Dickens we have a diminutive of divil (vulgarly pronounced

div'l), the process of corruption being Devilkins, Divilkins, Dilkins,

or Divkins, Dickins or Dickens.

Disremember, for forget, or do not remember; as," I know him,

but I disremember his name."

Dragged out, for fatigued, exhausted; as, "I have been so

much deprived of my rest, of late, that I am dragged out" or, aa

some qualify the phrase, by way of emphasis, "fairly" or " com-

pletely dragged out."

Done Up brown, for handsomely, thoroughly, effectually, or

ndro'My done ; as," His defence of the prisoner was done up broivn."

A very low phrase. So, ia the other tenses of the verb; as,

" Hewill do it up brown." " He did it up brown."

Dreadful, for very, exceedingly, extremely ; as," He is dreadful

kind." " She is dreadful neat."" We are dreadful thirsty."

Dassent, to venture, for dares not, dare not ; as," He dassent

{dares not) approach the cage."" We dassent (dare not] disobey

our instructions."

E'enamost, for almost ; as," He is e'enamost through with the

work." " He is e'enamost persuaded to be a Christian." A gross

corruption.


Extras, for superfluities, should be allowed but limited use.

It is generally frivolous. In some cases, as in hotel bills andhouse builders' bills, the objection is much less to the word than

to the items included under it.

Furnentz, or fornenst, for opposite, or opposite to ; as," He

lives furnentz the college.""I stood directly furnentz him."

Fixed, for repaired; as," He fixed my watch."

To fix is to make fast, or permanent ; to set immovably, etc. : hence,

iofixa watch is to stop it, or prevent it from"goiny ;" which, it

must be admitted, is a very unsatisfactory mode of repairing that

article.

Fix, to prepare, to arrange, to adjust, to settle ; as, To fix (prepare)

the room;

to fix (arrange) the furniture;

to fix (adjust) the harness;

tofix (settle) the difficulty, though not thus defined in the English

dictionaries, is, nevertheless, allowable, according to Webster and

Worcester, both of whom give these several definitions of it, but

as peculiar to the United States.

Neither of these, however, signifies to mend, or repair what is

broken or worn out, nor have I been able to find any authority for

this use of the te*m fix.

Fix, as a noun, for state, situation, condition ; as," He is in a bad

fix.""They were in a worse fix than they ever were before."

For, for of; as," He was accused for transcending his orders."

" There is no need fo>- his assistance."

For good and all, for absolutely, entirely, forever; as," He has

left the country for good and all." A low colloquial phrase.

Fetch, for fetch, or bring; as, "Will you fotch the water?"" Fotch the trunk up stairs."

Firstly, for first; as, Firstly, let us call the roll."" He was

willing to join the expedition ;but said he must firstly obtain the

consent of his parents."

Fizzle should be applied only to inglorious failures, such as

may be properly spoken of in ridicule. In other cases, say fail,

come to nothing, or something that is not comtemptuous.Flare up.

" When the subject was mentioned he flared up."

Say" flew into a passion,"

" was enraged,"" became violently ex-

cited," or " became very angry," or "got mad." Many would

condemn the last. But it seems idiomatic, and is expressive.

Full chisel. " He went full chisel"

is an absurd expression.

Say "as fast as be could," or, "be ran his best."


Foot. "This pole is twelve foot long." Say "twelve feet

long." It is customary, however, to say" a twelve foot pole," "a

five inch pipe," etc.

Flunk. " He flunked out "is low. " He sneaked out." or

"he backed out," are better expressions to denote a mean or

cowardly abandonment of an enterprise. If the act was not meanor cowardly, say "he gave up," "he retired from the enterprise,"" he abandoned the design," etc.

Gumption, for skill, capacity, energy; as, "He is a man of

gumption."" Some have more gumption than others."

Gone Up, gone up the spout, played out, are of the lowest onder

of slang. The last is gambler's slang. There is never any occa-

sion for the use of such expressions.

Gump, for simpleton, blockhead; as," He is a great gump."

"I

would not intrust the business to such a gump."Good chunk Of, for good sized ; as,

" You have a good chunk of

a horse." " He is a good chunk of a boy."

Grand, for good, excellent; as, "He is a. grand fellow." "This

is grand news."

Gab, for loquacity, prate, idle talk; as," I will have no more of

your gab."" He was full of his gab the whole evening."

Grub, as a noun, forfood, a meal or lunch ; as," Wait till I take

a little grub,"" Have you had your grub this morning ?"

Heap, as an adverb, for much, very much, far; as,"I think a heap

(much or very much} of him." "I like him a heap (far} better than

I do his brother."

Hadn't ought, for ought not; as," You hadn't ought to address

one in so rude a manner."

His'n, for his or his own ; as>" This house is mine

;that is

his'n."

Your'n, our'n, their'n, her'n, are similar contractions, and equally

objectionable.

Hain't, hasn't, for have not, has not; as,"They hain't (have

not) determined whether they will move into the country."" He

hasn't (has not} boon in the city these two weeks.

Head over heels, for headlong, or heels over head; as,"lie

tumbled head over heels into the water.''

He'll, for he will ; as," If he'll visit his friend, he'll be tendered

a conveyance ;and he'll meet with a welcome as cordial as he'U

receive during bis journey,"

4 '-4 SLANG AND VULGAR PHRASES.

Have got to go, etc., for must go, am obliged to go, am compelled

to go, etc.; as, "I have got to go into the country." "I have got to

wait till I receive a letter."'' I have got to obey the orders of uiy

commander."

He's, for he is ; as," He's an eloquent speaker."

" He says he's

seen what he's described, and he's generally believed."

The contractions, I'm, I'd, TU, tkou'rt, thou'dst, he's, he'll, he'd,

ihe's, she II, she'd, 'its, we've, we'll, we'd, we're, you've, you'll, you'd,

you're, they've, they'll, they'd, they're, who'll, hain't, shan't, and some

others, are perhaps allowable in familiar conversation, and occa-

sionally in poetry, but should be avoided in prose.

Hoped, for helped; as, "Who hoped you to get it!" "Hehoped me out of the difficulty."

Het, or heat, for heated ; as," The iron is het."

" The water

is heat."

Halt, for whit, particle, any at all; as,"They had an abundance,

but would not give him a halt (any at all)." ''You have been so

disobedient, you ought not to have one hait (whit or particle)."

Half an eye."I perceived with half an eye

'

is objectiona-

ble. With a glance expresses the sense intended by halfan eye.

Helter Skelter, hurty burly, pell mell, topsy turvy, and similar

expressions, are colloquialisms. They should not be used exceptin writings of a very light character.

" How's yourself, this morning," savors of the familiarity

that breeds contempt. Say"good morning."

' How do you do 1"

Housen, for houses ;"

as," He is the owner of several housen.''

" The enemy burned all the homen in the city.'

Hunk, for piece; as," He has a hunk, or a large hunk of bread.'

1

Interior of New England.Have went, has went, etc., for have gone, has gone, etc.; as

"Whither have they went ?"" He has went in the steamboat."

Honorary, for honorable ; as,<: His conduct was very honorary.

'

" It was an honorary action."

In, for into, with verbs of action; as," He got in the coach.

"

'rHe went in the house." " He broke it in pieces."

Incident, for lialle ; as," Man is incident to numerous evils."

To " Jew down." To speak of ; '

Jewing down "in connec-

tion with trying to get a seller to reduce the price of his goods, is

to speak very offensive.

INACCURATE TEEMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 415

Illy, for ill ; as, "They seeui to be My disposed."" He be-

haved very illy towards his friend."

In, for for ; as, "I have not seen him in six weeks."

Jam Up, used adjectively ; a low barbarous phrase, which it is

difficult to define by an exact equivalent ;but as nearly as can be

gathered from observation, signifying good, very excellent ; as," Hit

credit isjam up." "These apples are jam ?//?."

Ju, for did you ; as, "Ju see the elephant 1" "7 erer see the

like ?" " Ju know the man 7"

Jounce, for jolt, shake (both as a noun and a verb} ; as," A

hard trotting horse jounces the rider."" The axle broke, and- \ve

all came down with a jounce."

Know'd, for knew ; as, "I know'd him when he was a boy.'" I know'd when he arrived."

Knew, for known ; as, "I have knew him these twenty years;and I must say, I have never 'knew an honester man."

Kotch'd, for catched, or caught ; as,"They who set traps for

others, often get kotch'd themselves."

Kin, for can ; as," Kin you read the French t I kin not."

Lit, for lighted, to set fire to ; as," He lit the candle." " The

lamp was lit." "The city was lit with gas."

Lit, for lighted, or alighted ; to descend, to fall on, to stoop from

flight; as," The traveller lit from his carriage."

" The arrow lit

on the house." " The bird lit on the tree."

La, Law, and Lawk are vioious pronunciations of Lord." Lauk a mercy on me "

is" Lord have mercy on me."

Like, for as, that, as though ; as," He strikes like (as] I do."

" I feel like (thaf~)

I ought to forgive him." " He looks like (as

Ihoutjli) he could endure fatigue."

Lay, as a noun, for bargain, price, terms ; as. " I refused to pur-chase the articles at such a lay (bargain)"

"I sold the property

at a good lay (price)." "He bought his goods on the same lay

(terms) that I did mine."

Leave me be, for let me be, leave me alone, let me alone ; as," He

had a good situation, and I concluded to leave him be (let him be} ;

f. e,, permit him to stay, or remain where he was. "As I wish

to sleep a little, you will please leave me be (leave me alone) i. e.,

by myself, without company." If you are unacquainted with

type, just leave it be (let it alone) ;i. e., do uot touch it, do not med-

dle with it."

41 6 SLANG AND YULGAR PHKASES.

Loss, for lose; as, "Where did you loss it?" "You will lou

more than you will gain by the enterprise."

Lot, contracted from allot,, as a verb, for design, intend, purpose ;

as''I Uot to return in the autumn." " We ''lot to be there at the

time appointed."

Lick, as a noun, for Row ; as,"lie gave me a lick in the face."

"Give him another lick."

Learnt, for learned ; as,"George has learnt his lesson." " H>

learnt to read the French language."

Let OH, or let OU to, for disclose, inform ; as,"If you know

the fact, yet you must not let on (disclose it)."" Take this letter to

your uncle, but do not let on to (inform) him that I am in the city.'1

Lots is a local expression for a great many, a large quantity. It

is not a good word for public use.

Local phrases Of this Class, of which every part of thr

country has a number characteristic to itself, are sometimes found

used in constructions that are extremely ludicrous. Persons whoare sick are sometimes declared to be "mighty poorly." Wehave heard persons who had the ague spoken of as being

"power-

ful weak." The backwoodsman whose family are all well, will

communicate the fact to his neighbors by saying that " the old

woman and the young ones are all alive and kicking." A shower

with him is "a right smart sprinkle of rain ;" if there have been

many showers, he will remark that " we have had a heap of wet

weather in these parts, lately." All such expressions are wrong.

Blighty, as an adverb, for very, extremely, exceedingly ; as," The

boat was mighty near sinking."" He is mighty fond of reading."

"It was a mighty cold day."

Marry is a corruption of the name of the Virgin Mary.Made out, for succeeded in; as, "I made out to find him," in-

stead of "succeeded in finding him." " We made out to get to the

shore," instead of " succeeded in reaching the shore."

Mought, for might ; as,"It maught have ruined him." " He

mought have done better." " He mought have been wealthy and

respected, hau he been sober and industrious."

Marble, for move off ; as," If you do that again you must mar-

Ke," i. e., move quickJy, be off immediately.

Mayn't, for may not; as," You mayn't have another opportu-

nity." "They mayn't be there when you arrive."

Mustn't, for must not; as," You mustn't expect to improve


without study." "You mustn't depend so much upon others as

upon yourself."

Mad, for angry, vexed ; as," He was very mad at their conduct "

"It is folly to get mad at every one who may chance to differ with

us."

Never let on, for never mentioned, never disclosed, or developed ;

as," He communicated the secret to me, but I never let on to any

one ;" t. e.,"

I never mentioned, disclosed, or divulged it to anyone." " He spoke to me several times, but I never let on that I

heard him ;" t. e.,"

I never seemed to hear him."

Nippent, fot impudent, impertinent ; as," He gave much offence

by his nippent expressions."" He was so nippent that his employer

dismissed him."

+ Never, for ever; as, "They might be destroyed were theynever so numerous." " He disregards the counsel of his friend,

though given never so kindly."

Nowheres, for nowwhere ; as, "It is nowheres to be found."" Such a passage is tiowheres in the book."

Of Consequence, as an adverb, for consequently, or necessarily ;

s," Such a wicked course must of consequence, result in his ruin."

Ornaiy, for ordinary ; as," He is a very ornary fellow." "

I

never listened to a more ornary address."

Otherguess, for oilierguise, very different from, or superior to;

as," He will tell an otherguess story when he returns," " This is

n oth'rguess lot of wheat than the other."

Over, for of; as, "He is an overseer over the public works.''" His brother is overseer over the poor."

Otherlike, or Otherlike than, for different, or different fro<n

what ; as," It is quite Otherlike {different} in your friend's case."

"It resulted otherlike than (different from what) I expected."Odd's boddikins either refers to the nails under the name of

bodkins, or to God's body.

Ort, and ortn't, for ought and ought not ; as," We art to im-

prove our time.'1 " We ortn't to waste it in idleness."

Odd splutter her nails signifies GW' blood and the naUt

which fastened Him to the cross. "*~^T~"

Of a majority, for majority, or a majority of; as," He is elected

by five hundred of a majority."

Once in E While, for sometimes, occasionally ; as, "He will oc*

in a while get drur-V" We go to the city once in a. whiie."

41 3 SLANG AND VULGAR PHRASES.

Ouch, for oh, used interjectionally, on receiving a sudden fright

or injury ; as," Ouch ! the boat is sinking !"

" Ouch ! that waspstung me in the eye !"

Preventative, for preventive ; as,"Industry and frugality are

the surest preventative against poverty."

Pucker, for passion, excitement, pertubation ; as," You need not

get into such a pucker about it."" He was in a great pucker when

he heard of his defeat."

Pair Of Stairs, for flight, or set of stairs ; as," There were two

pair of stairs."" We ascended the first pair of stairs.'"

Pull wool over one's eyes, implies contempt. Say dece'fje,

mislead, delude, make false representations or pretences." To throw dust in one's eyes

"is of the same import. Both

expressions are sometimes applied with considerable force to char-

acterize various kinds f trickery.

Plunder, for baggage, or luggage ; as,"Stranger, is that your

plunder ?"" How much plunder have you V'

Peel, for fire-shovel ; as," The peel is red-hot."

Peek, for peep ; as,"

It is ill manners to peek over a person whois writing."

" What are you peeking at 1"

A precious mess, a pretty kettle offch, mean nothing. Unless

there is something better to be said, say nothing.

Pesky, for mischievous, troublesome, vexatious ; as," He is & pesky

boy.""They are a. pesky set of fellows."

Powerful, as an adverb, for very, extremely : as,"It is a power-

ful cold day."" My friend is failing powerful fast."

Pretty. This word is often abused by being placed befor*

other adjectives in the fancy that it qualifies them. It does not,

but i& frequently made to appear in a ridiculous combination." This basket is pretty large,"

"I am pretty tired,"

" he is pretty

awkward," are instances. Rather conveys the sense that is in-

tended in such cases. Some who misuse pretty make matters

worse by pronouncing it"pooty," or "

poorty."

Pack, for carry ; as, "Pack the wood home." "He packed the

fruit to the house."

Quite, used adjectivdy, for considerable or large; as,"They paid

him quite an amount of money."" He has raised quite a quantity

of wheat."

Eight, for very, quite ; as," These peaches are right good.*

" Your friends are right welL"

INACCUBATE TEEMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 419

Rugged, for healthy, hardy, robust ; as," He is a, rugged boy."

" One should be rugged to endure fatigue."

Reckon, for suppose, imagine ; as,"

I reckon we shall have rain

to-morrow." "You will not leave to-day, I reckon. I reckon I

shall."

Raise, for rise, to increase in value, as," Tobacco and cotton will

raise." "The stock is every day raising.'11

So ; n the expressions, The bread will not raise ; The river raises;

The intransitive verb rise should be used, but, The yeast raises the

bread, The rain raises the river, etc., are correct, because here the

verb has an object.

Rising, for more than, upwards of; as, "It is rising two yearssince I saw him '' " He was in the city rising a month."

HumpUS, for riot, quarrel, confusion, noise, disturbance ; as," Peaceable and quiet people always strive to avoid a rumpus."

Smart Chance, for strong prospect, or probability ; as," We have

a smart chance of succeeding."" There is a smart cJiance of a frost

to-night."

Sight, for number, quantity, amount; as, "What a sight (number)

of people."'< What a sight (quantity) of peaches."

" What a sight

(amount] of money."

School, for shoal ; as," We discovered a large school of herring."

"Schools of fish were passing us constantly."

Social, for society ; as," The work may be found in the Boston

Social Library."

Scrouge, as a verb, for crowd ; as," Do not scrouge me." " You

icrougerne so that I cannot write."

Set, as a noun, for railing, scolding, rebuke ; as,"

I will give him

a good set."" He came in great rage, and I never before heard

such a set as he gave them."

Sot, for sat ; as," He sot all night in his chair." " He sot be-

side me at the table."

Spake, for spoke; as, "He fpake three hours in the open air."

"I spake to him yesterday." Obsolete, except in Scripture.

Says I, for said I ; as," Who comes there 1 says I. A friend, says

he."" Good morning, says you. I am happy to see you, says I.

Thank you, says he."

Sich, for such ; as,"Sich a man, in rich a dress, on sich a horse,

at sich a time, under sich circumstances, would cut sich a figure, as

we are not accustomed to witness."


Scrape." To get into a scrape." The expression is expres-

sive, but is condemned as frivolous.

Splurge, Splutter." He made a great splurge,"

" he madea great splutter," convey the idea that no respect is intended.

Stave off." He staved off the case a week longer." Say

"he delayed it,""put it off/' or " had it delayed," or "

put off."

Swap is not an elegant word. It will be well to confine it to

trades in horses and jack-knives. Say exchange, barter, or trade.

Slope, for abscond; as," When did he slope ?"

See or see'd, for saw ; as,'' We see him last week." "

I tee'd

him yesterday."

Slice, for fire-shovel ; as," Take up the coals with the slice."

Spec, for speculation or profit ; as,'

They made a good spec on

their flour."" He seldom purchases an article, unless he can

make a spec on it."

Smacked, for ground ; as," Can I have a little corn smacked at

your mill 1"

Sauce, for impudence ; as,"They would have no more of hia

tauce."" Give me none of your sauce.'

Side-hill, for hill-side; as, "He lives on the ride-hOl."" The

dags chased the fox along the side-hill."

Skute, to run, to dart of suddenly. See Marble.

Some, for somewhat ; as," My friend is some better." " Their

prospects are some brighter."

Spunk, for courage, spirit, activity ; as," He is a man of spunk.

1 '

"It requires some spunk to face an enemy."'Sdeath. and 'Sblood are contractions of His death and Sit

Hood, or of Goo's death and God's blood. The latter phrase is some-

times disguised as Odsplut, and in this form it occurs in Mother

Goose's melodies.

Tote or toat, as a verb for carry, convey, remove ; as," Tote the

water home." " Tote the wood to the house." " Tote the trunk

up stairs."

Tote, as a noun, or more commonly, the whole tote, for the

whole lot, or the whole quantity ; as," You may have the whole tote for

five dollars." "I would not give a sixpence for the tote."

So kit is sometimes used in the same sense; as,

" Take the whole

**."

Them's 'uni. Say" those are the ones," or, sometimes,

" that

is so."


Thought a pity Of him, far felt pityfor him, or pitied him;as,

" He appeared so much distressed at his loss, that I thought a

pity of him.''"Indeed, I often think a pity of those blind people.'

1

Take on. " She takes on about it dreadfully." Say" she

grieves about it very much," or "to excess," or "

excessively,"

but not "tremendously."

There's the books. Say" there are the books."

'Tain't, for it is not, has not; as,"'Tairft (it is not) his book.*

" '2w'< (it has not) been a week since I saw him." A gross bar-

barism.

To, for at ; as," He lives to the west end of the street." "Ton

may see him to his own house."

To, for of ; as," He passed me, but I never took any notice to

him." " Did you take notice to the eclipse 1"

Till, for to; as, "He has gone till Boston." "The cars run

every day from New York till Philadelphia."

Tell apart, for distinguish; as," Their resemblance was so

striking, that I Cvmld not tell them apart," instead of "could not dis-

tinguish them" or " could not distinguish the one from the other."

Tough, for hard, riyorous, difficult ; as,"They had a tough (hard)

bargain."" We have had a tough (rigorous) winter." "

They have

a tough (difficult) job on hand."

Tight match, for difficulty or with difficulty; as, "They suc-

ceeded in reaching the shore, but they had a tight match to do it,"

instead of,"They had difficulty to do it," or,

"They did it with

difficulty.'"

Tushes, for tusks ; as," The animal had large tushes."

'Tisn't, for it is not ; as,"

'Tisn't any more than I paid for it."

"I think 'tisn't as much."

Ugly, for bad, morose, ill-tempered ; as," She is beautiful, but I

am sorry to say, she is very ugly."" He is a very fine looking

man, but so ugly, that he is continually in a quarrel with some-

body."

Universal, for the adjective universalist ; as," He is a universal

preacher."

Unbeknown, for unknown ; as," Your friend is in the city,

but ha arrived unbeknown to me." "They lived for several years

in the same neighborhood, wholly unbeknown to each other."

Used to could, used to was." I used to could do it."

Say"

I oould once do it," or "I used to be able to it" " I used

422 SLANG AND VULOAE PHEASES.

to was a groat checker player.""Say

"I was once," or "

I used

to bo a fine checker player."

Up ono hill and down another (a kind of adverbial

phrase) ; as,"lie travelled up one hill and down another" instead of

saying" He travelled tip and down hill" or which is perhaps more

elegant, as well as sufficiently definite," He travelled over a hilly

road" or " a very hiUy road."

Vow (in familiar style), for declare, assert, asseverate ; as," !

vow (declare) he shall leave my premises."" He vows (asserts) pos-

itively that he did not do it.""They continued to vow (asseverate)

their innocence of the crime."

Will, for shall ; as,"

Will I help you to a piece of the fowl 7"" I hope I will see you again."

Shall, also, is sometimes improperly used for will ; thus revers-

ing the respective uses of the two terms, as in the expression of

the foreigner who had fallen overboard :"

I will drown, and

nobody shall help me !"

Wee bit, used substantively, for small piece, small quantity, etc;

as,<: He has a wee bit (small piece) of bread." "

They have only a

wee bit (small quantity) of flour."

Wee bit, used adjectively, for small, or very smatt ; as,"They

crossed the river in a wee bit of a boat." " He purchased a wee bit

of a pony."

What, as a conjunction, for that ; as, "I do not know but what

I shall leave town to-morrow." " There are none so rich but what

they may become poor."

Which, used interrogatively for what ; as, when the person

addressed does not distinctly hear, or fully comprehend the

peaker, he says," Which ?"

This pronoun should never be employed interrogatively, exceptto inquire concerning one or two or more, as, Which man ? meaningwhich one man of the two or more men, alluded to, is intended.

Hence, when a speaker has uttered but one thing, or alluded to but

one person or thiny, to say" WJiich ?" i. e., to ask which one it was, is

absurd.

Worst kind, for very much, exceedingly ; as, "We want a school-

teacher in our district, the worst kind."

Wery, for very ; weal, for veal ; wenison, for venison ; etc. ;

as,"I am wery fond of weal and wenison." " He is neither wery

teieiout nor wery wirtuous, but he is wery wain,"

OTACCURATE TEEMS AiTD EXPRESSIONS. 423

A sailor belonging to Massachusetts narrates the perils and inci-

dents of his late voyage in this wise :" We left Martha's Winyard

in the steamship Wermonth, and proceeded on our woyage towards

the Cape de Werd Islands. Owing to some willainou* neglect of our

safety waive ; and while our wessel was moving over th wast ocean

with wenj great velocity, our boiler burst with a noise like a woUeyof artillery, or the woice of an earthquake, sending up a volume of

smoke and flame like the wnpors of a wolcano, and threatening to

send every wittun on board to the wortcx of destruction."

At auction, for by auction ; as," The property will be sold at

public auction, if not disposed of at private sale."

Authority, for authorities; as, "A contract was entered into

with the authority of the college.

After night, for tvening ; as," A meeting will be held in the

court house, after night.""Being otherwise engaged through the

day, he reads after night.'1

Any manner Of means, for any means / as," He will en-

deavor to carry his point by any manner of means."

Admired, for was pleased; as,(iI admired to hear her sing."

Applicant, for student; as," To become learned, one must be

a close applicant.'" An applicant is a petitioner ; a student, a scholar

or learner."

Betterments, for improvements ; as," He refused to relinquish

his title to the land, till he had received pay for his betterments.'11

Bothsr, for pother, bus/le, perplexity, confusion ; as," There was

.so much bother that I could not proceed with the business."

Alone, for single, or only ; as," The whole busines was accom*

tolished by the alone (single') efforts of one man."

Cutter, for sleigh; as,"They rode in a cutter.'

1 '' " He took a

cutter-ride."

Chock, or Chuck, for quite; as," The pitcher is chock full,"

or "chuck full."

Chunky, for chubby (short and thick) \ as," He is a chunky boy."

" The man is rather chunky."

Chirk, for lively, cheerful ; as, "My friend was very sad yester-

day, but to day he is quite chirk." New England.

Brash, for brittle ; as," The timber is brash."

Crank, for pert, saucy ; as," He was s crank that bo was little

respected." New England.

4 =4 SLANG AND VULQAB PHRASES.

Dabster, for adept ; as,"

I had supposed him unskilled In the

business, but found him a dabster at it."

Desk, for pulpit ; as," We attended the Presbyterian church,

and sat in a pew near the desk"

Either, for each or both; as," A fort was built on either side of

the river."

Folk, or folks, for people, persons, individuals; as, "An un-

usual number of folk* assembled on the occasion." Nearly obso-

lete, except in Scripture.

Hearken, for listen ; as," Hearken to what I say."

" If youwish to hear, vou must hearken attentively." Obsolete, except in

Scripture.

Guess, for know ; as, I guess I have done wrong."*Jeopardize, for jeopard ; as,

" He declared his willingness to

jeopardize his life for his country."

Is being built, are being made, etc., for is building, art

waking, etc. ; as," The house is being built."

"Arrangements are

being made for their departure."

Lift, for to take up, ttllect, receive ; as,"They are about to lift

a contribution." Penn.

Jurisprudence, for law ; as," He is studying jurisprudence"

meaning the common law.

Keeping-room, for parlor ; as," He spent the whole evening

in the keeping-room.'"

Methinks, for" 1 think, or it seems to me; as," Methinks he

might have succeeded, had he made a proper effort."

Mind, for remember, recollect ; as," Do you mind how many

chapters there are in Job 7" "I mind the day of the month he

left."

Motion, for move ; as,"I motion that tho bill lio on the table."

Miss, for Misses, in addressing two young or unmarried ladies;

as," The company of the two Miss Smiths is requested," etc.

Needs, for need; as," Vice needs only to be seen to be hated."

" He needs not expect wealth without industry."

Notified ; as," The public are hereby not/Jied," for " Notice is

\iereby given to the public."

Overhaul, for overtake, i. e,to gain upon in a chase ; as,

" Hetfas so far in advance, that I could not overhaul him."

Observation, for observance ; as," The oh&ervation of the Sab-

bath is a duty incumbent upon all people."

tNACCUKATE TERMS ^ND EXPRESSIONS. 42;

Overflow!!, for overflowed ; as,' c The nver has overflown it!

banks."

Poorly, used as an adjective, for /e<?We % indisposed, somewhat fU,

as," He is very poorly"

'' My friend is too poorly to pursue hi:

journey."Put out, for offended, or affronted ; as,

*'I was much pui out al

his conduct."

Peradventure, for perhaps, perchance, it may be ; as," Perai-

venture, he may never return."

Proven, for proved ; as,." His guilt was ciear'.y provn"

Plead, for pleaded ; as," He plead the ca^o 01 t'ne prisoner."

"They plead the Statute of Limitations."

Polt, for blow; as,' He received a p-M on tne head " " Give

him another poll.'"

Raised, for reared, or (according to many respectable writers),

brought up ; as," He has raised a large family."

Roiled, for disturbed, ruffled ofrermed; as," The news roiled hire

considerably."

Stricken, for struck; as, '-Els name was stricken from the

list."

Smart, for able ; as,"dvory was a smart judge." "Bonaparte

was a smart general."

Spell, for awhile, time; as," He desired to rest a spell (awhile)."

"They resided in the city a long spell (time)."

Temper, for passion ; as," He exhibited a violent temper on ths

occasion."

Then, as an adjective; as," He was a friend to the then admin-

istration.

To let, for to be let ; as in the very common phrase," This

house to let."

Tarry, for stay, or remain ; as," Please tarry here until I re-

turn." Obsolete, except in poetry and allusions to Scriptural sub-

jects.

Turnpike, for turnpike road; as," He travelled on the National

Turnpike," or, more commonly, "pike."

Without, for unless; as, "I will not go witlwut you do.'*

" Without you study, you cannot improve."

Yon, for yonder, that; as," Ton ship."

" Yon moon." " Ton

tree."

Yank, for/*/ A, twitch; as," He yanked it off."

4^0 SLA2TG AND VULGAR PHRASES.

Zooks, Adzooks. Gods hooka, that is, the hooks which were

supposed to have been used for the same purpose.Zounds ! an interjection of frequent occurrence in English

novels, is a curtailment and corruption of His wounds, or God's

wounds, that is, the wounds received by Christ on the cross.

Neck-handkerchief. Say neck-kerchief. A neck-kerchief is

a kerchief for the neck, as a hand-kerchief is a kerchief for the,-

hand. A neck-handkerchief does not exist.

Luck. 'lie met with luck." Say also -what kind of luck.

There are good luck and bad luck. But the adjective lutky, and

the adverb luckily refer to the good kind only.

Cannot. When inability is expressed can and not are joinedas above. In this case the adverb not qualifies can, and does not

qualify any other word. Sometimes not follows can without qual-

ifying it, but passes its force to some succeeding word, and some

other meaning than that of inability is given. Then it is not

joined to can." John can not only swim

;he can also row, and

knows how to manage a sail."

Confusion of rights." The Americans said they had no

tight to pay the taxes." " That they were under no obligation,"

or "ought not to be obliged to pay the taxes," was meant. So,

the aggrieved person in a carriage, who was stopped, by a pro-

cession, and said " the street cars have as much right to be stoppedas the carriages," meant that they ought to be as liable to be

stopped, or that <; the carriages have as much right to go on as

the street cars."

Wero accustomed to be made. There are a variety of

errors of similar form to this and frequent in occurrence. In a

report of a sermon by an eminent divine, we have," The repre-

sentations that were accustomed to be made." He should hav

said "representations that were ordinarily made," or that "

it waathe custom to make."

Was attempted to be. A newspaper paragraph had," the

government was attempted to be attacked," for" an attempt was

made to attack and government." Carlyle commits tho same

error, saying ''weights and measures were attempted to be

changed."Bills are requested.

"Bills are requested to be paid quar-

terly." It is hard enough to make the persons who owe the bills

pay them when they are requested to. Say"

it is requested that

INACCTJKATE TEEMS A2TD EXPRESSION,

bills be paid quarterly," or better, "payment of bills is

or expected, quarterly."

Wot requested to, for requested not to. Requests hsre beett

sometimes made in a left-handed manner, as follows :"Passengers

are not requested to stand on the gangway." Say"passengers

are requested not to stand," etc.

Means is either singular or plural, according to the sense of

the sentence. "By this means they bear witr/vss to each other,"

provided a single matter of testimony is referred to. To employmean for the singular is incorrect.

One of the family.''

Wanted, two aporenticep, who wil)

be treated as one of the family." Say"

will be treated as mem-bers of the family."

All ages and both sexes. Do not say"persons of all ages

and sexes participated in the proceedings," but,"persons of all

ages and both sexes participated in the proceedings.7 ' There are

but two sexes.

TOOth-ache, etc. Say tooth-achr, white-toothed, calves- foot

jelly, and not imagining that the words must be plural in f^nn

teeth-ache, white-teetlied, calves-feet jelly.

Mr. Pecksniff and Wile. A person travelling -with his wife

in registering at the hotels should write," Mr. Pecksniff an<?

wife," not " Mr. Pecksniff and lady," as is too often written. The

wife has a right to her true title and dignity in all places and on

all occasions. One may travel with a lady who is not his wife.

Ooe who travels with his wife and respects her as he should,

should leave no room for doubts.

Gentleman friend, lady friend. Instead of "my gentle-

man friend," say" my frienl Mr. Handy.'

1 Instead of "my lady

friend," say" my friend Miss Smith, or Mrs. Crooks."

Old Gentleman, Old lady. The terms old man, old woman,

though there is nothing essentially wrong in them, have come to

be considered vulgar and disrespectful. Almost universal usage

is against employing them, and favors old gentleman, oldlady. These

are therefore the correct terms.

Such expressions a*,"

I do not like too much sugar,""I

do not want to walk too far." are indefinite. They mean,"I do

not like more sugar than I like,""I do not want to walk further

than I like."

Brilliant, magnificent, splendid, are too often used ia


connection with objects which have none of those qualities. That

is brilliant which glitters and sparkles in the li^ht. That is gplendld

which shines, whether by its own or reflected light. That is

magnificent which makes a grand appearance. It may be splendidand brilliant too. What does not sparkle cannot be brilliant, ex-

cept figuratively ;what does not shine cannot be splendid ; what

does not impose by grandeur cannot be magnificent. There are

numerous words which may be employed with exact application

in the cases in which these words are improperly used. Pretty,

handsome, beautiful, elegant, will answer for most purposes. Whensuch words the proper ones are used, they leave the stronger

words with their full force to characterize objects which having

extraordinary qualities, require more than ordinary words of des

cription.

Charming, enchanting, fascinating, and many other

words are similarly misused. That is charming which charms;

that is enchanting which enchants; that is fascinating which fascin-

ates. Each of the terms indicates the possession or exercise bythe object spoken of, of qualities which deprive one of control of

himself.

AMERICANISMS.

At auction. We sell at auction in America; they sell by

Auction in England.Beatable waters. Waters on which boats pass, and ships do

not.

Boating. Conveying in boats.

Bank-bill. Bank-bill in England is a post-note, and does not

x>ass into the general currency. In America, bank-bill is a bank-note,

of whatever character or denomination.

Brush, in America;small limbs of trees, in England.

Book-Store, in America;

book-seller's shop, in England.

Chore (small jobs of domestic work), in America; char, in

England.

Cheques or Checks, in America; draughts, in England.

Clover, in America, means moral excellence ; in England, intettec-

tual adroitness.

Caucus. A word said to have been coined in one of our east*

era cities, from a room occupied by caulkers, assembled for coo-

saltation

INACCURATE TEEMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 429

Clothier, in America, one who drettet doth; in England, out

who manufactures cloth,

Coal. We burn coal ; the English burn coals,

Clergyman, in America, is applied to ministers of all relig-

ious denominations;in England it is confined to ministers of the

established church.

Driver, in America; coachman, in England.

Freshet, in America;

rise of river, in England.

Fall, in America; autumn, in England. Autumn is used in

America also.

For sale, in America ;on sale, in England.

Forks Of the road, in America;division of the road, in Eng-

lai.d.

Girdle trees. To make a circular incision like a belt, throughthe bark, in order to kill them

;never used in the same sense in

England ; indeed, they have no occasion for it.

Groceries (articles of merchandise), in America; grocery, in

England.

Grocery, meaning a building, in America; grocery-shop, in Eng-

land.

Get the floor (as in Congress), in America;take possession of

thefioor (as in Parliament), in England.

Help, in America; servants, in England.

Hub (part of a wheel), in America; nave, in England.

Hudson river, putting the name first, in America ;river

Thames, putting the name last, in England.Have arrived, in America; are arrived, in England.

Insurance, in America; assurance, in England.

Locate, in America; to place, in England.

Location, in America ; situation, in England.

Lot, in America; field or close, in England.

Merchant, in America, is applied to any respectable dealer ; in

England, it means a commercial man.

Notify of, in America; notify to, in England.

Portage, in America; carrying place, in England.

Raise Wheat, in America; grow wheat, in England.

Rapids, in America, applied to rivers;not so in England.

Sleigh, in America; sledge, in England; and they apply it t

what we call sled.

SCOW, iu America; lighter ,

in England. We also use

8LANG AXD VULGAR PHRASES.

Stage, in America, is applied to the vehicle ; in England, it de-

notes a certain space gone over ; as," To ride one stage."

Subscriber, in America; undersigned, in England. In Amer-

ica, however, we observe to some extent, a distinction between

petitions and mere subscription papers, using undersigned in the for-

mer, and subscriber in the latter.

Steamboat, in America; steamer, in England. We also use

steamer.

Store, in America, the place where goods are sold; in England,the place where eoods are stored.

Shop, in America, the building in which mechanics work, andis called a mechanics' shop ; in England, it is the place where goodt

are sold.

To deed land, in America;

to convey land, in England.To let or to rent, in America

;to be let or to be rented, in Eng-

land.

Wharves, in America; wharft, in Euglaad-

ABOIUGINES OF NOKTH AMEBICA. 431

NAME.

43 2 FIRST SETTLERS. THE REVOLUTION.

EARLY SETTLERS AND SETTLE3CENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

STATE.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 433

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.e*, In the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one

people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them withanother, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate n;:;l

equal station to which the laws of ,Mature and Nature's God entitles thru;,a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should de-clare the causes which impel them to tlie separation.We hold these truths to he self-evident: that all men are created equai ;

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;that among tljeso

are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That tosecure those rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their

just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of

government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the peopleto alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun-dation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as tathem shall seem most likely to effect, their safety and happiness. Prudence,indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changedfor light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown,that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, thanto right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably thosame object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it

is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to providenew guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferancoof these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them toalter their former systems of government. Tho history of the present kingof Great Britain is a- history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all havingin direct object the establishment of an absolute tyrnnny'over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:

lie has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary forthe public good.He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing

importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should baobtained; and when so suspended, ho has utterly neglected to attend tothem. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of largodistricts of people, unless those people would relinquish tlio riLrlit of repre-sentation in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and formidable to

tyrants only.lie has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort-

able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for tho sole

purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with

manly firmness, his invasions on tho rights of the people.He has refused for a long time after such dissolution to cause others to

be elected; whereby tho legislative powers, incapable of annihilation. havreturned

to_the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in

the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without andconvulsions within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that

purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners: refusing to

pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditionsof new appropriations ^>f lands.He has obstructed tha administration of justice by refusing his assent to

laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judsres dependent on his will alone for tho tenure of their

offices and the amount and payment of their salaries,

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of

officers to harass our people, and cat out their substance.He has kept among us. in times of peace, standing armies, Ivithout the

consent of our legislatnres.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to

the civil power.

434 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

He has combined with others to subject ns to a jurisdiction foreign toomr Constitution, and unacknowledged by oui'lawsj giving his assent totheir acts of pretended legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among ns:For protecting them by a mock trial from pniiishment for any murders

which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:For imposing taxes on us without our consent :

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences:For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,

establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its lu'mu'iiric-p,BO as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing theeame absolute rule into these colonies:

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, andaltering, fundamentally, the forms of our poverjimeiit:

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves investedwith power to legislate for iw in nil cases whatsoever.

lie has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,and waging war against us.

lie has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, anddestroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to

complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, withcircumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar-barous ages, and totally unworthy tlio Lead of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,

to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of theirfriends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.Ho has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to

bring on the inhabitants of onr frontiers the merciless Indian savages,whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,sexes, and conditions.

In every staire of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress inthe most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered onlyby repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by everyact which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. "Wo

have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature toextend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over ns. "We have reminded themof the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. "We haveappealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjuredthem by the ties of onr common kindred to disavow these usurpations,which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. "Wemust, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation,and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peacefriends.

"We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, inGeneral Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the worldfor the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority ofthe good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that theseUnited Colonies are, and of ricrlit ought to be, free and independent States;that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all

political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is. nndought to be, totally dissolved ;

and that, as free and independent States,they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab-lish' commerce, and to do all other acts and thin'rs'Vhich independent States

may of light do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firmreliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge Ueach other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 435

SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

NAMES AND PLACE OF BIRTH.

A~6 CONSTITUTION OF THE TJXITEA STATES.TV/

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

PREAMBLE."WE, the Peopla of the United States, in order to form a more perfect

union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com-nion defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of

liberty to ourselves nnrt our posterity, do ordaiii and establish this Cousti-tutiou for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I.

THE LEGISLATIVE DEl'AUTjrEXT.SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shnll he rested in A

Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and llousoof Representatives.

SECTION II. 1. The ITotise of Representatives shaik ho composed ofmembers chosen every second year by the people of the several States;and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for

elector* of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.2. No person shall he a representative who shall not have attained to the

age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the UnitedStates, and who shall not, when elected, he an inhabitant of that Stale inwhich he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall bo apportioned among the sev-eral States which mny he included within this Union, according to their

respective numbers, which shajl be determined by adding to the wholenumber of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of

years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first

meeting of the Congress of tho United States, and within every subsequentterm of ten years, in such nwmner as they shall by law direct. The numberof representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but eachState shall have at least one representative; and until such enumerationshall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choosethree; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania,crjht; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five;South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.

4. When vacancies happen in tho representation from any State, thetxecntire authority thereof shall issue writs of election to iiil such va-eaiicios.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and otherflicers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.SECTION ILL 1. The Senate of the United States shall bo composed of

Xwo Senators from each State, chosc-a by the legislature thereot for six

years; and each Senator shall have one vote.2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence cf tho first

election, they shall be divided as equally ns may be into three classes. Thoseats of the Senators of the first class shall bo vacated nt tho expiration ofthe second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year,and of the third class at tho expiration of tho sixth year, so that one third

may he chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignationor otherwise, during tho recess of the legislature of any State, the executivethereof may make temporary appointments until tho next meeting of tho

legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.3. No person shall bo a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of

thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of tho United States, and whoshall not, when elected, ho aa inhabitant of that State for which he shallbe chosen.

4. The Yice-President r.f the United States shall bo President of theSenate, but shall have no vote unless they ho equally divided.

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President protemper* in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he tliall exercis* tli

office of PrMident of the United States,

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 437

6. The Senate shall hare the sole power to try all impeachments. "WTienBitting for that purpose, they shall he on oath or affirmation. When thePresident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: andno person shall he convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of themembers present.

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than toremoval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office ofhonor, trust, or profit under the United States; hut the party convictedshall nevertheless he liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, andpunishment, according to law.

SECTION IV. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections forSenators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by thelegislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make oralter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in everv year; and suchmeeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall byjaw appoint a different day.

SECTION V. 1. Each house shall be the jndge of the elections, retrrrns,and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall consti-tute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from dayto day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members,in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its

members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds,expel a member.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time totime publish the same, excepting su. h parts as may in their judgmentrequire secrecy: and the yeas and nays of the members of either house onany question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be enteredon the journal.

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, withont theconsent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other

place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.SECTION VI. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com-

pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the

treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason,felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during theirattendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to andreturning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either housethey shall not be questioned in any other pb>ce.

2. No Senatoi or Representative shall, during the time for which he waselected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the UnitedStates which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall

have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office

under the United States shall be a member of either house during his con-tinuance in office.

^ECTIO.V VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in theHouse of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur withamendments, as on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives andthe Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President ofthe United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall returnit, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated; whoshall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon-sider it. If after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agreeto pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the otherhouse, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by twothirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votesof both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the

persons voting for and Against the bill shall be entered on the journal of6Jch house respectively) If any bill shall not be returned by the PresidentWithin tea days (Sundays excepted) after it shall huvo been presented t*

438 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed" it, unlessthe Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, iu which case it

shall not be a law.3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to -which the concnrrence of th

Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-tion of adjournment), sh;ill be presented to the President of the UnitedStates; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him;or being disapproved by him. shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senateand House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre-scribed in the case of a bill.

SECTION" VIII. The Congress shall have power1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts,

and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the UnitedStates: but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughoutthe United States:

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States :

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, arid among the severalStates, and with the Indian tribes:

4. To establish a unifo. n rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on theabject of bankruptcies throughout the United States :

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and tofix the standard of weights and measures:

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities andcurrent coin of the United States:

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads:8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for

limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respec-tive writings and discoveries:

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high

eeas, and offences against the law of nations :

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules

concerning captures on land and water:12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that

use shall be for a longer term than two years:13. To provide and maintain a navy:14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and

naval forces:15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the

Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and

for governing such parts of them as may be employed iu the service of theUnited States; reserving to the States respectively the appoiqtment >f theofficers and the authority of training the militia according to the disciplineprescribed by Congress:

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over suchdistrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may. by cession of particularStates, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government <Kthe United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased,by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be,for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needfulbuildin gs : and

18. To make all laws which shall be necpssary and proper for carryinginto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by thisConstitution in the government of the United States, or in any departmentor officer thereof.

SRCTIOX IX. 1. The immigration or importation of silch persons as anyof the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro-hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred ar*l

eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed OD such importation not excedi*tea dollars for each person.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UJHTED STATES. 439

fe, The privilege of the -writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,anlesa when, iu cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety mayrequire it.

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall he passed.4. X'o capitation or other direct tax shall he laid, unless in proportion to

the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to he ti.ken.

5. Xo tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from an^ State. "So

preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to thejxirts of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to or fromone State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

C. Xo money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence c?appropriations made hy law; and a regular statement and account of thereceipts and expenditures of all public money shall he published fromtime to time.

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and noperson holding any otUee of profit or trust under them, shall, without theconsent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or tille, of anykind whatever,'from any king, prince, or foreign state.

SECTION X. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed-

eration; grant letters of marquo and reprisal; coin money; emit bills ofcredit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment ofdebts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing theobligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

2. Xo State shall, without; the consent of Congress, lay any imposts orduties on imports or exports, except what may bo absolutely necessary for

executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and impostslaid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasuryof the United Suites, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision andcontrol of Congress.

3. Xo State shall.without the consent ofCongress, lay any duty on tonnage,keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or

compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, un-less actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay

ARTICLE II.

THE EXECUTIVE UEPAKTMENT.SF.CTTOX I. 1. The executive power shall bo vested in a President of the

United States of America. lie shall hold his cilice during tho term of four

years; and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, beelected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as tho legislature thereof

Inny direct a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senatorsand Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress: butno Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profittinder the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballotfor two persons, ofwhom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the sameState with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons votedfor, nnd of the number of votes" for each; which list they shall sign andcertify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the UnitedStates, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senateshall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all

the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person havingthe greatest number of votes shall be President, if such number be a ma-

jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more thanone who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, thenthe House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one ofthem for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five

highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose a President.Uut in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep-resentation from each State having one vote: a quorum 'for this purposdshall consist of a member or members irom two thirds of the States, and a

majority of all the Suites shall be necessary to a ehoiee, la every CAM

440 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES.

after tbe choice of the President, the person having the greatest unrobe*of votes of the electors shall be Vice-President. But if there should remaintwo or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, hyballot, the Vice-President.

4. The Congress may determine the tim3 of choosing the electors, andthe day on which they shall gi%

Te their votes, which day shall he the saiue

throughout the United Stcti ^.

5. No person except, a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the "TintedStates at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible tothe office of President: neither shall any person be eligible to that ortico

who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and beeu lour-t^en years a resident within the United States.

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,

resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the saidoffice, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; anil tiie Congress may,by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall thenact as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disabilitybe removed, or a President shall be elected.

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a om-pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the

period for which he shall have been elected : and he shall not receive withiathat period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he bhall take the fol-

lowing oath or affirmation :

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that T will faithfully execute the office

of President of the United States: and will, to the best of my ability, pre-serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

SECTION II. 1. The President shall be Cnmmandcr-in-Chief of the armyand navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, whincalled into the actual service of the United States. He may require tho

opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depait-ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices;and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences agaiu.-stthe United States, except in" cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senntfl.

to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; andhe shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,shall appoint ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, Judgesof the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whosaappointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall beestablished by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointmentof such inferior officers as they think proper, in. the President alone, in thocourts of law, rr in the heads of departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happenduring the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall

expire at the end of their next session.SECTION III. He shall, from time to time, give to Congress information

f the state of the Union, end recommend to their consideration such meas-ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinaryoccasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree-ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad-

journ them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambas-sadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws bofaithfully executed ; and shall commission all officers of tin- United States.

SECTION IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of ihaUnited States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for. and con-viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crime* and uiiadeuiuuiora

AUTICLE m.TTIB JUDICIAL JlfcpAKTMBKT.

SPCTKW I. The Jndicial power of the United .States shall be veste.1 !

one Supreme Court, aud in aucli infvrioi' courts M Cougrvss .'nay. fivui lini*


to time, ordain and establish. Tho judges both of the supreme and inferior

Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at str.tcd

times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin-ished during their continuance in office.

SECTION II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law andequity arising under this Constitution, the- laws of tlie United States, slidtreaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to ail cases

affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls: to all esses ofadmiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the UnitedStates shall bo .1 party; to controversies between two or more Stolen; be-tween a State and citizens uf another State; between citizens of different'States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under cnmta ofdifferent States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreigntales, citizens, or subjects.

^

\t. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls,and those m which a State shall b. a party, the Supreme Court shall haveoriginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the SupremeCourt shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with suchexceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by

Siry,and such trial shall be held in the State wheie the said crimes shall

ave been committ d; but when not committed within any State, the trial

shall be at such place or places as Congress may by law have directed.SECTION III. 1. Treason against the United' States shall consist only in

levying *-ar against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aidand comfort. No person shr.ll be convicted of treason, unless on tho testi-

mony of two witnesses to tlio same overt act, or on confession in open court.2. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason

; butno attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, exceptduring the life of the person attainted.

AKTICLE IT.MISCELLANEOUS PKOVISIOX8.

SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall bo given in each State to the

public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; andCongress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION II. 1. The citizens ot each State shall be entitled to all the

privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,

who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shell, on demandof the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under tho laws thereof,

escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein,bo discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up onclaim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

PI:CTION III. 'l. New States may be admitted by Congress into this

Union ; but no new State shall he formed or erected within the jurisdiction.of any other State, nor any State bo formed by the junction of two or moreStates, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of theStates concerned, as well as of Congress.

2. Conirress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules

and regulations respecting the, territory or other property belonging to theUnited States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to

prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

SECTION Iy. The United States shallgttgraxtee

to every State in this

Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of themagainst invasion : and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive

(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.Tire Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it neces-

sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application

1442 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a conven-tion for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all

iutents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution, when ratified by the

legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions inthree fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may bo

proposed by Congress; provided that no amendment which may be madepiiur to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall iu any mannerauVct the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;ami that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrageia the Senate.

ARTICLE VI.. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop-tiou of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States underthis Constitution as under the Confederation.

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall bemade in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made,under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of theland ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thert-by, anything in theconstitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the membersof the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, bothof the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath oraffirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be

required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the UnitedStates.

ARTICLE VII.The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for

the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying thesame.Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the

seventeenth day oif September, in the year of our Lord one thousandseven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the UnitedStates of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereuntosubscribed our names.

GEORGE "WASHINGTON,President, and Deputy from Virginia,

Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.

ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of

.religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom'of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the securityof a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not beinfringed.

ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in anybouse without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a man-ner to be proscribed by law.AKTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,

honses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place tobe searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

AHTICLE V. Jfo person shall be held to answer fora capital or otherwiseinfamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, whenin actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person besubject for the same oiFunre to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb ; norshall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; norbe deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law: norshall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

ARTICLE VI In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy tho


jight to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State anddistrict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shallhave been previously ascertained by law

;and to be informed of the nature

and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses againsthim ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; andto have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

ARTICLE VH. In suits at common law, where the value in controversyshall ezceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury snail be preserved]and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-exauiiued in any court ofthe U'lited States, than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines

imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rightsBhall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by theConstitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States

respectively, or to the people.ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-

strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecutedagainst one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizensor subjects of any foreign state.

ARTICLE XII. 1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, andvote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least,shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shallname in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal-lots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinctlists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for asVice-President, and of the number of votes for each

;which lists they shall

Sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the scat of the government of theUnited States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President ofthe Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa-tives, open all the certificates, and tho votes shall then be counted. Theperson haying the greatest number of votes for President shall be thePresident if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors

appointed: and if no person have- such majority, then from the personshaving the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on tho list of those votedfor as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately,bj ballot, the President. But, in choosing tho President, the votes shallbe taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote: aquorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from twothirds of the States, and a majority of all tho States shall be necessary to achoice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, /

whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth

day of March next following, then the Vice-president shall act as President, 4

as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President

shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the wholenumber of electors appointed ;

and if no person have a majority, then fromthe two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-

President. A quorum for tho purpose shall consist of two thirds of thewhole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be

necessary to a choice.3. But'no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall

be eligible to thnt of Vice-President rf t!io United States.

ARTICLE XIII SECTION' I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,

excopt as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall havp been dulyCjnvicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their

jurisdiction.SECTION' IT. Congress shall Lave power to enforce this article by appro-

priate legislation.ARTICLE XIV. SECTION I. All persons born ornatnralized in the United

States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United

144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG.

States, and of the State -wherein they reside. Xp State shall make or enforce

any law which .hall abridge the privileges or immunities <>t citizt us of theUnited States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or

property, without due process ol' law; nor deny to any person within ita

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.SUCTION II. Kepreseutatives nijall be apportioned among the several

States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole numberof persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the rightto vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-

t President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executiveand judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is

denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty -one yearsof age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, exceptfor participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representationtherein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such malecitizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one yearsof age in such State.

SECTION III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or niili.

tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previouslytaken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States,or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer

of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall haveengaged in insurrection or rebellion against tho same, or given aid or com-fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds ofeach house, remove such uisability.

SECTION" IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au-thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions andbounties for services in suppressing ^-surrection or rebellion, shall net bequestioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or

pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion

against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of anyslave ; but all suck debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal andvoid.

SECTION V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriatelegislation, the provisions of this Article.

AUTICI.E XV. SECTION I. The right of citizens of the United Statesto vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by anyState on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SKCTIOX II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article byappropriate legislation.

EISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG.THE Idea of Standards originated with the Egyptians, at an early nge.

The Crusaders added the cross to their banners. The union of the threecrosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, marks, first the unionof England and Scotland, into the Kingdom of Great Britain; and then,this Kingdom with Ireland. This is termed the Great Union Flag of GreatBritain, and was brought by the colonists to America. When the thirteencolonies began to feel the pressure of British rule. 1 hey placed upon theirbanners a rattlesnake, cut in thirteen pieces, representing the thirteencolonies, witli the motto, "Join, or die.'' When these colonies became moreunited in their purposes of resistance to British tyranny, they placed upontheir flag a well-formed rattlesnake, in. the attitude of about to strike, withthe motto, "Don't tread on me."

Dr. Franklin, seeing this emblem on one of the drums of that day, writesas follows: "On inquiry, and from study, I learned that the ancients con-sidered the serpent an emblem of wisdom ; and, in some attitudes, of endlessduration. Also, that countries are often represented by animals peculiarto that couuU-y. TIio rattlesnake is found uuwLere but iu America. He!

HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES FLAG. 445

eye la exceedingly bright, and without eyelids, emblem of vigilance. Shenever begins an attack, and she never surrenders, emblem of magnanimityand courage. She never wounds even her enemies, till she generously givesthem warning not to tread on her. which is emblematical of the spirit ofthe people who inhabit her country. She appears apparently weak anddefenceless, but her weapons are nevertheless formidable. Her poison isthe necessary means for the digestion of her food, but certain destructionto her enemies. showing the power of American resources. Her thirteenrattles, the only part which increases in number, are distinct from eachother, and yet so united that they can not be disconnected without breakingthem to pieces, showing the impossibility of an American Republic with-out a Union of States. A single rattle will give no sound alone, but theringing of the thirteen together is sufficient to startle the boldest manalive. She is beautiful in youth, which increaseth with her age. Hertongue is forked, as the lightning; and her abode is among the impen-etrable rocks."

The next form of the United States Flag was the Stars and Stripes. Its

proportions are perfect, when properly made, the first and last stripeoeiug red, with alternate stripes of white. The blue field, for the stars, isthe square of the width of seven stripes.On the 14th of June, 1777, the Continental Congress resolved, "that the

flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, andthat the Union be thirteen white stars on a blue field, representing a newConstellation." Previous to this, our national banner was the Union flag,

combining the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew.The Stars and Stripes were unfurled, for the first time, at the battle of

Saratoga, on the occasion of the surrender of General Burgoyne.The Stars of the flag represent the idea taken from the Constellation

Lyra, which signifies harmony. The blue of the field was taken from thebanner of the Covenanters of Scotland, likewise significant of the leagueand covenant of the United Colonies against oppression, and incidentallyinvolving vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The stars were disposedin a circle, svmbolizing the perpetuity of the Union, the circle being the

sign of eternity. Bo'.h the thirteen stripes and the stars showed the num-ber of the United Colonies, and denoted the subordination of the States to,and their dependence upon, the Union, as well as equality among them-selves.

' The whole was a blending of the previous banners, namely, thered flag of the army and white one of the navy. The red color, which in

the days of Roman glory was the signal of defiance, denoted daring, andthe white purity.On the 13th (if January, 1794, by en act of Congress, the flag was altered

to fifteen red and white stripes, and fifteen stars. On the 4th of April. 1S19,

Congress again altered the flag by r; turning to the original thirteen stripesand fifteen stars, as the adding of a new stripe for each additional Statewonld soon make the flag too unwieldy. The new star is added to the flag(iq vhe 4i.ii of July following the admission of each State into the Union.

446 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

ABEA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

States and Territories

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

AT EACH CENSUS FEOM 1790 TO 1880

447

States andTerritories.

POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE.

POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VC7E FOE PRESIDENT. 1881

STATES.

POPULATION OF UNITED STATES ET RACES.

THE UNITED STATES, BY EACES, IK 1870 AND 1880.

Sfate and

45 PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES,

!*

PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. 451

Illp.=*M 3

4?; PUBLIC DEBT. PAPER MONET.

PT7BLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, FEOM 1791 TO 1878.

179'...

UNITED STATES PUBLIC LANDS. 453

U'NiTED STATES PUBLIC LANDS WHKR-R THEY LIE.

LAXD STATESAXD

TEIUUTOIUES.

454 PUBLIO LANDS OP THE UNITED STATES.

PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

TITE public lands of the United States -which arc still undisposed of andopen to settlement lie in nineteen States and eight Territories. In eachcase, except Oiiio, Indiana, and Illinois, hind offices are established, in

charge of an officer known as Register of the Laud Office, where the recordsof sllsurveyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning lands in e;icli

district are filed and inquiries answered. The public lands are divided intotwo great

classes. The one class has a dollar and a quarter an acre desig-nated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and a half an acre.Titles to these lauds may bo acquired by private entry or location underthe homestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws; or. as to some classes,

by purchase for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at pri-vate sale, or such as have not been reserved under any law. Such tractsare sold on application to the Land Register, who issues a certificate of pur-chase, the Receiver giving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issueof a patent, or complete title, if the proceedings are found regular, by theCommissioner of the General Laud Office at Washington.

Entries und<;r land warrants (given mostly for military services, underacts of Congress,) have fallen oft very largely by the absorption of suchwarrants, tliere having been 110 military bounty land warrants provided foron account of services in the late civil war.

Entries under the pre-emption law are restricted to heads of families, orcitizens over twenty-one, who may settle upon any quarter-section (or 160

acres), and have the right of prior claim to purchase, on complying withcertain regulations.

The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and sixty acres of a1

dollar and a quarter lands, or to eighty acres of two dollar and a half lands, |

to any citizen orapplicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually,settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege extends only to the aur-'

veyed lands, and the title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five

years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homesteadentiles are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of $7 to a max-imum of $22 for the whole tract entered, according to the size, value, or

place of record.Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for

under the timber-culture acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to

promote the growth of forest trees on the public hinds. They give the lightto any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in

trees, to an eighty-acre homestead ; or if ten acres, to a homestead of onehundred and sixty acres; and a free patent for his land is given him at theend of three years, instead of five. The limitation of thenomestead lawsto one hundred and sixty acres for each settler is extended in the case oftimber-culture, so as to grant as many quarter-sections of one hundred andsixty acres each as have been improved by the culture for ten years of fortyacres of timber thereon, but the quarter-sections must not lie"immediatelycontiguous. The following is the complete list of United States laudoffices:

Alabama. Mobile, Huntsville. Montgomery.Arkansas. Little Rock. Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle.Arizona Territory. Prescott, Florence.

California. San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Yisalia,,Sacramento, Los Angelos, Shasta, Susanville, IJodie.

Colorado. Denver City. Fair Play, Central City, Pueblo, Del Xorte,'Lake City.

Dakota, Territory. Sioux Falls, Springfield, Fargo, Yankton, Bismarck,Deadwood.

Florida. Gainesville.Idaho Territory. Boise City, Lewiston.Iowa. Fort l)es Moines.Kansas. Topeka, Salina, Independence, "Wichita, Kirwin, Concordia,

Lamed, Hays City.

FBEE HOMESTEADS OX THE PUBLIC LANDS. 455

Z/ouisiana. Xew Orleans, ilonroe, IJCatchitoches.

Michigan. Detroit, East Saginaw, Heed City, Marquette.Minnesota. Taylor's Palls, Saint Cloud, Dntuth, Fergus Falls, "Wortlv

Ington, Xew Him, Benson, Detroit, Eedwood Palls.

Mississippi. Jackson.Missouri. Boonville, Irorston, Springfield.Montana Territory. Helena, Bozenian.Nebraska. Xorfulk, Beatrice, Lincoln, Kiobrara, Grand Island, ITorth

Platte, Bloomingtou.Xcrada. Carson City, Eureka.A'ew Mexico Territory. Santa Fe, La Mesilia.

Oregon. Oregon City, lioseburg, Le Grand, Lakeview, The Dalles.Ttah, Territory. Salt Lake City.Washington Territory. Clympia, Vancouver, "Walla "Walla, Colfax.Wisconsin. Alenasha, Falls of St. Croix, "Wausau, La C rosso, Bayfield,

au Claire.

Wyoming Territory. Cheyenne, Evanston.

FREE HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC LANDS.THE fact is not so widely known as it should be, that any one willing to

vork ean secure a farm on the public domain of the United States, free ofcost.

By our present laws, any citizen or applicant for citizenship, overtwenty-one years of age, may enter one quarter-section (that is, ICO acres)of any unappropriated public lauds, which are subject to pre-emption at

each person availing himself or herself of its benefits must mako affidavitbefore the Register of the Land Office of the district in which the entry is

to be made, that he or she is the head of a family, or else twenty-one yearsof age. The affidavit must also set forth that the land entered is for theexclusive use and benefit of the applicant, and for the purpose of nctualsettlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the usoor benefit of any other person.

The applicant under the Homestead Law must pay the sum of ten dollarsen filing his affidavit with the Register, and is thereupon permitted to enterthe 160 acres, or acres on payment of five dollars, as the case may be.But no certificate is given or patent issued for the land until the expirationef five years from the date of the entry above provided for. If, at the ex-

piration of five years, or at any time within two years thereafter, the personmaking such entry, or his direct heirs, shall prove by two credible witnessesthat he, she, or they have resided upon and cultivated the land for five

years immediately following the date of its original entry, and shall rnakeaffidavit that nc part of the land has been alienated, then the settler is en-tied to the issue of a patent for the land, without further delay. Q'his patentis a valid title from the United States; and those who have earned it byactual residence and cultivation of the land during the full term of five

years have nothing to pay, except the original ten dollars for ICO acres, orfive dollars for an 80-acre homestead. Any one who chooses to completeIlia title before the expiration of the five years, with a view to sell or re-

move, can do so only by payment to the United States of the valuation-priceof the hind, at $1.25 or $2.50 per acre, as the case may be. But he has at all

times the prior riuht to do this, and so become full owner of the land heLas settled, as ngaiiiat any other person.

There is a proviso in the law that no lands acquired under the provisionsof the Homestead Act shall be liable for any debts of the settler, contracted

prior to the issuing of the patent for his homestead.There is another proviso, intended to guard the interests of the Govern-

ment, and compel all pre.emptors of public lauds to act in good faith, whirb

THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.

declares that if, at any time after the filing of the required affidavit, andbefore the expiration of the five years' probationary residence, the pre-cmptor shall change his residence, or abandon the land for more than sixmonths at any time, then the land shall revert to the United States Gov-ernment. Xo individual is permitted to acquire more than ICO acres underthe provisions of the llomesteatl Act; but there is no limit to the quantityof land which may be purchased by individuals. All existing pre-emptionrights arc maintained unimpaired by the provisions of the act.

The five years' residence required of all other settlers under the Home-tead Law is waived in favor of nil soldiers or sailors who served imi> t.v

days or longer in the United States army or navy during the war of 18C1-C5,nnd were honorably discharged. Every such soldier (or his widow, or chil-

dren, ia case of his decease.) is entitled to free entry of ICO acres of the'

public lauds on condition of actual residence and cultivation of the sauiofor one year only.Any settler on the public lands who has set out and cultivated for two

years as much as five acres of trees on an 80-acre homestead, or ten acreson a homestead of ICO acres, is entitled to receive a free patent for his landat the end of three years, instead ef five. And any person who has plantedand cultivated for ten years forty acres of timberon any quarter-section ofthe public lauds is entitled to a patent for each 1(0 acres so improved, onpayment of ? 10. provided that only one quarter in any section shall be thuspranted. This is the only exception to the limitation of free homesteads to100 acres to any one person, unless in the case of a settler under the armyprovision, who is not debarred, through having occupied a homesteadunder the law previously, from acquiring a second 1C8 acres through hiaservice in, the army.

THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.

NAMES.

THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC. 457

THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC. (Continued.)

I -

NAMES.

458' OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 459

THE ARMY OF THE TJHTTED STATES.

THE Army of the United States on the 15th of October, 187^ consistedof the following forces in officers and men :

EnlistedOfficers. Men.

Ton cavalry regiments 430 7,829Tive artillery regiments 281 3,630

Twenty-five infantry regiments 868 11,205

Engineer battalion, recruiting parties, ordnance depart-ment, hospital service, Indian scouts, West Point,and general service 574 3,097

Total 2153 24,761For convenience, and to fix responsibility, the country is divided into

three military divisions, each with several departments, as follows:1. Military Division of the Missouri, commanded by Lieut.-Gen. P. H.

Sheridan, headquarters Chicago. Comprehends the Departments of theMissouri (Gen. Pope); Dakota (Gen. Terry); Texas (Gen. Ord); and thePlatte (Gen. Crook). Tkore are eight regiments of cavalry and eighteenof infantry in this division.

2. Military Division of the Pacific, commanded by Major-General Irvin

McDowell, headquarters San Francisco. Includes Departments of Cali-

fornia (Gen. McDowell); the Columbia (Gen. O. 0. Howard); Arizona (Gen.O. B. Willcox). Comprises one regiment of artillery, two of cavalry, andfour of infantry.

3. Military Division of the Atlantic, commanded by Major-General "W.S. Hancock, 'headquarters New York. Includes Department of the East(Gen. Hancock); Department of the South (Gen. C. C. Augur, NewportBarracks, Ky.) There is also the Department of West Point, commandedby Major-General Schofield. This division includes four regiments of

artillery and three of infantry.The maximum military force allowed under existing laws is 2,153 com-

missioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. The report of the General ofthe Army exhibits the actual number in service as 2,153 officers and 24,761enlisted men, October 15, 1878. The following table exhibits the numberin each rank of the army :

Colonels, 69; lieutenant-colonels, 85; majors, 244; captains, 585; adju-tants, 38; regimental quartermasters, 38; first lieutenants, 583; second-

lieutenants, 437; chaplains, 34; storekeepers, 21; total, 2,153. The enlisted

men embrace 40 Serjeant-majors, 39 quartermaster Serjeants. 632 musicians.296 trumpeters, 9 saddler Serjeants, 104 ordnance Serjeants, 185 hospitalstewards, 148 commissary sergeants, 427 first Serjeants, 1801 Serjeants. 1451

corporals, 221 farriers, 74 artificers, 115 saddlers, 46 wagoners, and 17,604

privates; total. 23,242. Besides these, there are employed in the SignalCorps. 411; Military Academy, 9 professors, 45 officers, 282 cadets, and 280enlisted men; total, 616.

The number of retired army officers is 331; number of privates dis-

charged during the fiscal year 1878. 3,607 ; number died during same period,273; number deserted, 1,678; number enlisted and re-enlisted, 6.630.

Entered Army.General of the Army "William T.Sherman 1848Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan 1853

Major-Generals (limited by law to three)... Winfield S. Hancock 1844John M. Schofield 1853Irvin McDowell 1838

Brigadier-Generals (limited by law to six) . .John Pope 1842

Oliver O. Howard 1654Alfred H. Terry 1865Edward 0. C. Ord 1839

Christopher C. Augur 1843

tteofge Crook 1998

460 PAY Or THE ARITT OF THE UNITED STATES.

fcP

KH

THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.

There were in active service December 1, 1878, 29 steam crnising vessels,5 sailing vessels. 15 ironclad monitors, and 2 torpedo-boats. There weroalso 19 vessels, temporarily out of repair, which added, make the effective

fighting force of the United States Navy 51 cruising ships, 15 monitors, and2 torpedo-boats, or 68 vessels in all. Besides these, there are 32 steam anjsailing vessels unfit for use, with 4 ironclads, and 11 unfinished steniu ves-sels of war. The whole number of naval steam vessels of all grades, in-

cluding tugs, is 121, and of sailing vessels 22. The number of guns is 1125.

The active list of the navy is composed of 1 admiral. 1 vice-adniiraU 11

rear-admirals. 25 commodores, 50 captains, 89 commanders, 81 lieutenant-

commanders, 2t:0 lieutenants, 100 masters, 85 ensigns. 41 midshipmen, 79

cadet-midshipmen, and 237 cadet-midshipmen on probation at the NavalAcademy, all of whom are officers of the line.

Of the staff, there are 1 surgeon-general. 14 medical directors, 15 medical

inspectors, 50 surgeons. 59 passed assistant-surgeons, 39 assistant-surgeons,1 paymaster-general, 13 pay-directors, 13 pay-inspectors, 50 paymasters, 30

passed assistant-paymasters, 18 assistant-paymasters; 1 engineer-in-cliief,69 chief-engineers, 96 passed assistant-engineers, 38 assistant-engineers, 98

cadet-engineers, and 73 cadet-engineers on probation at the Naval Academy:84 chaplains, 12 professors of mathematics, 1 secretary for the admiral, and1 for the vice-admiral

;1 chief-instructor, 10 naval constructors, 5 assiataut-

constructors. and 9 civil engineers.The warrant-officers consist of 53 boatswains, 59 gunners, 50 carpenters,

40 sailmakers, and 43 mates.There were. July. 1878, in the service, provided for by the Naval Appro-

priation Act for the fiscal year 1878-79, 7,500 enlisted men and boys.The retired list is composed of 45 rear-admirals, 25 commodores, 16 cap-

tains, 13 commanders. 14 lieutenant-commanders, 6 lieutenants, 13 masters,(5 ensigns, 2 midshipmen, 3 aurgeons-general, 17 medical directors, 1 medical

inspector. 2 surgeons, 2 passed assistant-surgeons, 5 assistant-surgeons, 3

paymasters-general, 4 pay-directors, 3 paymasters, 2 passed assistant-pay-masters, 2 assistant-paymasters, 4 chief-engineers, 16 passed assistant-

engineers, 24 assistant-engineers. 1 chief-constructor, 4 naval constructors,7 chaplains, C professors of mathematics, 8 boatswains, 5 gunners, 13 car-

penters, and 13 sailmakers.The active list is therefore composed of 1081 officers of the line, 670 officers

of the staff, and 245 warrant-officers. Total, li>9G officers of nl! irrades.

The retired list is composed of 140 officers of tl-e line, 100 oifictitS of thotaff, 39 warrant-officers, and G professors of mathematics.

NAVY-YARDS OF THE TJlHTEi} STATES.

1. Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn, If. Y.2. Charlestown Navy-Yard, Charlestown, Mass.

3. Gosport Navy-Yard, near Norfolk, Va,

4. Kittery Navy.Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. IL5. League Island Navy-Yard, seven miles below Philadlpiix6. Mare Island Navy-Yard, near San Francisco, Cal.

7. New London Naval Station (unfinished), New London, Gooa.8. Pensacola Navy-Yard, Pe.nsacola, Florida.

9. Washington City Navy-Yard, Washington, IX C.

462 PAY OF THE NAVY OP THE TINTED STATES.

MILITAKY STKENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 463

THE MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES DURING

THE REBELLION. \

NUMBER OF ME* FURNISHED BYEACH STATE AND TERRITORY,FROM APRIL 15, 1861, TO JUKE30, 18C5.

464 CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES.

STATISTICS OF CHUKCHES DI THE UNITED STATES.

DENOMINATIONS.

PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 465

PRICES OF COMMODITIES FOR FIFTY-THREE YEARS,-1325-77.

Showing the Average Price of the Articles named in the New fork Market, inthe month of January of each year.

H

466 KATE OF MORTALITY. PETROLEUM.

BATE OF MORTALITY IN AMERICAN CITIES. NUMBER 0*

DEATHS PER ANNUM OUT OF 1,000 INHABITANTS.

POPCTATIOH OF CITIES OF 10,000 AND UFWABDS. 467

Population of the Towns and Cities of the United Statei

having a Population of 10,000 and upward, according

to the United States Census of 1880.

Akron, 16,512

Albany, N.Y 90,903

Alexandria, Va 13,658

Allegheny, Pa 78,681

Allentown, Pa 18,063Amsterdam, N. Y 11,711

AtchiBon, Kan 15,106

Altoona, Pa 19,716

Atlanta. Ga 37,421

Attleborough, Mass 11,111

Anburn.N.Y 21,924

Augusta, Ga 23,023

Aurora, 111 11,825

Austin.Tex 10,960

Baltimore. Md 332,190

Bangor, Me 16,857

Bay City, Mich 20,693

Belleville, 111 10,682

Biddeford, Me 12,652

Binghampton. N. Y 17,315

Bloomington, 111 17,184

Boston, Mass 302,535

Brockton, Mass 13,608

Bridgeport, Conn 29,148

Brookhaven, N. Y. 11,544

Brooklyn, N. Y 606,689

Buffalo, N. Y 155,137

Burlington, Iowa 19,450

Burlington. Vt 11,364

Cambridge, Mass 52,740Camden, N. J 41,058

Canton, O 12,258

Castleton, N. Y 12,679Cedar Rapids, Iowa 10, 104

Chattanooga. Tenu 12,892

Charleston, S.C 49999

Chicago, 111 603,304

Chester, Pa . 14,996

Chelsea, Mass 21,785

Ciicopee, Mass 11,325

Chilicothe, O 10,938Cleveland, 160,142Cincinnati, O 255,708Cohoes.N. Y 19.417

Columbus, O 61,665

Columbia, 8. O 10,040

Concord, N. H 13,838

Cortlandt, N. Y 12,604Council Bluffs, Iowa 18.059

Covington, Ky 29,720

Dallas, Tex 10,358

Danbury, Conn ... 11,669

U?euj>ort, Iowa, 21,834

Dayton, O 38,671Denver, Col 35,63(

Derby.Conn 11.64J

Detroit, Mich 116,345Des Moines, Iowa 22,40Dover.N. H 11,681

Dubuque, Iowa 22,251

Easton.Pa 11,921East Saginaw, Mich 19,016Eau Claire, Wis 10,116Elizabeth, N. J 28,225Elmlra, N. Y 20,541

Erie, Pa 27.73C

Evansville, Ind , 29,28CFall Eiver, Mass 49,000

Flushing, N.Y 15,919FishkiU, N. Y 10.73Q

Fitchburg, Mass 12,403

Fond-du-Lac, Wis 13,091Fort Wayne. Ind 26,880

Galesburg, 111 11,448

Galveston, Tex 22,253

Georgetown, D. C 12,578Gloucester. Mass 19,323rand Rapids, Mich 32,013

Hamilton, O 12.122Hannibal, Mo 11,074Hartford, Conn 42,553

Harrisburgh. Pa 30,762Haverhill. Mass .... 18,475

Hempstead, N. Y 18,160Hoboken.N.J 30,999

Holyoke, Mass 21,851Houston.Tex 18,64fl

Hyde Park, 111 15,710

Indianapolis, Ind 75,074Jackson, Mich 16,103Jacksonville, 111 10,927

Jamaica, N.Y 10,089Jeffersonville, Ind 10,422

Jersey City, N. J 120,728Johnstown, N.Y 10.620

Joliet,Ill 16,143

Kalamazoo, Mich 11,931Kansas City, Mo 65,813Keokuk, Iowa 12,111

Kingston. N.Y 18,313La Crosse, Wis 14,503

Lafayette, Ind 14.8CCLake Township, 111 18,39Lancaster, Pa 25,7(59

Lawrence, Mass 39,175

Ulo, Col., ,..,

POPOT^ALION or CITIES cr 10,000 AND TJT-WAEDS.

SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS 469

, aterniify, Conn .............20,269

tVutertown, N. Y ............. 10,697\Vatervliet, X Y ............. 2:>.2-20

"Wevm-mth. Mass ............. 10,571

Wheeling. W. V;i ............. 31.206

"\Viiiinmsport, Pa ............. 18,93423,339

"Wilmington, Del .............. 42,499

Wilmiugton, N. C ............. 17,301

"Winonn, Minn ................ 10,208"Woburn, Mass ................ 10,933'Worcester, Mass .............. 5i295"

"Woonsocket, K. 1............. 16.053Yonkers, X. Y ................ 18.692York, Pa ..................... 13,940

Yotmgatown, O ............... 15.431

Zauesville, O .................. 18,120

ANNUAL SALAEIES OF THE PRINCIPAL CIVIL OFFICERS OFTHE UNITED STATES.

LEGISLATIVE.President $50.000Vice-President 8.000

Secretary of State 8.000

Secretary of the Treasury 8,000

Secretary of the Interior. 8,000

Secretary of the Navy 8,000

Secretary of "War $8.000Postmaster-General 8,000A ttorne v-General 8, 000

Speaker HOUM of Represeut's, 8.000United States Senators 5,000

Representatives in Congress.. 5,000

UNITED STATES MINISTER TOEngland $17.500 Central America $10.000Trance 17,500 i Vene/.tiela 7,500

Germany 17.500 Turkey 7,500Russia 17.500 Sweden and Norway 7,500

Spain 12.000 Netherlands 7,500China 12,000 Denmark 5,000

Japan 12.000 Greece 5.000Mexico 12.000 Uruguay 5.000Urazil 12.000 Portugal 5.000

Chili 10.000i

Switzerland 5,000Peru 10.000

'

Liberia 4,000

JUDGES.Chief Justice of tbe United States Supreme Court $10.500A ssocia t e Judges 10. 000United States Circuit Judges 6.000

United States District Judges, from $3.500 to 5,000

Judge of the United States Court of Claims 4,500

HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.DirectorofGeological Surveys, $6.000Auditor of Railroad Accounts, 5.000

Superintendent of Census 5.000

Siiperin't Naval Observatory. . 5.000

Commissioner of Patents 4.500Director of the Mint 4.500

Cowmis'r General Land Office, 4,000

Superintend'! Signal Service. .$4.000Commissioner of Pensions 3.600

Siiperin't Nautical Almanac .. 3.500Commander of Marine Corps.. 3,500Commissioner of Agriculture.. 3.000

Commis'r of Indian Affairs 3.000Commissioner of Education . . . 3,000

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE EARTH,CLASSIFIED BY UACES AND RELIGIONS.

RACES.Cnncnsian, or "White 600.000.000

Mongolian 600.000.000

A frican. or Black 250.000.000

BELIGIOXS.Pagans 676.000.000Christian* 320.00P.OOO

Mohammedans 140.000 000

Copper-Colored 1^.000.000 Jews 14,000.000All these collectively are estimated to speak 3,OC4 languages, and to

profess about 1000 different forms of religion.The Cmu8TiAJ(B are divided as follows:

Church of Rom*. Protestants. Greek and East Church.170.1X10,000 90,000,000 60,000,000

47 DITEMST LAT73 OP THE TOOTED STATES.

INTEREST LAWS IN THE TJJM1TJJD STATES

STATE.

STATUTE OP 471

STATE LAWS WITH REFERENCE TO LIMITATION OF ACTIOK8,SHOWING THE LIMIT OF TIME ON WHICH ACTION MAT BK BBOtTGHT.

STATESAND

TEHBrroBiES.

472 EVOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS.

INSOLVENT, ASSIGNMENT, AND HOMESTEAD LAWS OF THEDIFFERENT STATES OF THE UNION.

Srs'CE the repeal of the United States Bankrupt Law, tho laws of thedifferent States respecting insolvency, assignments for the benefit of cred-

itors, exemptions of property from liability for debts, and attachments of

property upon niesne process have become of general interest. A abortepitome of them is here presented. The following are some of the generalrules governing these matters: A discharge in insolvency does not affectthe rights of u creditor who is not within the Jurisdiction ot the State when)the discharge is granted, and does not submit himself to thiit jnri>dicrionby proving his claim against the estate of the debtor. In the absence of

statutes, assignments 01 property for the benefit of creditors are valid, eventhough they provide for preferences, and for the release of tbe debtor bycreditors taking the benefit, of them. An involuntary assignment, underthe laws of one State, of choses iii action and other property, in another, is

cot good against attaching creditors in the second State. A voluntaryassignment will not prevail against a prior attachment, nor against a sub-

sequent attachment, unless the assignment is valid under, and executedwith the formalities required by, the laws of the State where the propertyis attached.

ALABAMA. "So insolvent law. Assignments regnlated by statuta,tvhich forbids preferences, or any provision for the release of the debter.Attachments issue against a defendant who is a non-resident, or absconds.or removes his property from the State, or is guilty of fraud, <fcc. A b"udis required of plaintiff. Real Estate Exemption 80 acres and house in

country, or lot and dwelling to value of $2000 ia city. Personal Prjp*t/Exemption To amount of $1000.

ARIZONA. No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments issue in no-tions upon contract for direct payment of money wliere plaintiff has no se-

curity, or when defendant is a non-resident, <tc. The plaintiff must givobond. Real Estate Exemption Land and House to value of $5000. Per.sonal Property Exemption $150 library ; ?600 household goods ; $000 tools,stock in trade, &c.

ARKANSAS. No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute,which forbids preferences. Attachments issue against a defendant who ia

a non-resident, about to leave the State, avoids service of process, conceals

property, or is guilty of fraud, &c. Iter.1 Estate Exemption 160 acres in

country; or city lot, with improvements to value of $2500. Personal Prop,crty Exemption Unmarried person specified articles $200; also, wearingapparel. Married person specified articles $500; also, wearing apparel.

CALIFORNIA. An insolvent law by which a debtor surrendering hia

property may receive a discharge from his debts. No preferences permit-ted. No discharge in case of fraud, nor from debts due as a depositary offunds received as banker, broker, or commission merchant. Assignmentsnot allowed, unless under this law. Attachments when defendant is a non-resident, or in an action upon contract for direct pavment of money, whereplaintiff has no security, the plaintiff giving^

bond. Real Estate ExemptionHomestead to value of $5000. Personal Property Exemption $200 libra-

ry, &c.; $200 household goods, &c.; 62000 miner's cabin, and tools, claims,sluices, &.C.; and a multitude of special articles.

COLORADO. No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (pbintiffariving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or conceals himself, or standsiii defiance of officer, or in case of fraud, &c. Re;il Estate Exempt ioaHomestead to value of $2000. Personal Property Fxemption Married per-son 4100 household goods; $200 tools in trade; $300 library; $200 workinganimals; $50 farming implements. Unmarried person $300 took, stock iatrade, &c.

CONNECTICUT. Insolvent latr, -with eompnlsory proceedings, whichmay be taken by creditor to amount ot $100. Property put into hands of

INSOLVENT AXD ASSIGXilENT LAA7S. 473

trustee. DiscTiarge from debts proved, npon payment of seventy per cent.Debtor's property exempt for two years from legal process upon debtswhich might nave been proved. Assignments must be administered underthis law. Attachments on mesne process, in all cases. Real Estate Es-eiuptiou There is no real estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption4150 household goods, cattle, &c.; $2.>0 horse, buggy, family stores, to spe-

cified amount; $500 library of pliysiciau or surgeon; 200 boat used in

fishing.DAKOTA. No insolvent law. Assignments without preferences allowed,

but are void against any creditor not assenting thereto, if they tend tocoerce the creditor to release bis claim, or provide for payment of fraudu-lent claim, or reserve any benefit to assignor, or confer any power uponassignee, which may delay the- conversion of the assigned property, or ex-

empt the assignee from liability from neglect of duty, &c. Attachments(plaintiff giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, absconds, concealsor conveys property in fraud of creditors, &c. Real Estate ExemptionHomestead, 160 acres

;or lot or plot of ground actually occupied in town.

Personal Properly Exemption 1500, books, wearing apparel, &c.DELAWARE. No insolvent law. Assignments governed by the common

law, except that a special partnership may not give preferences. Attach-ments (plaintiff giving bond) when defendant has fraudulently left theState, <fcc. Real Estate Exemption No real estate exemption. Persons!Property Exemption Married person, 275 toola and fixtures. Unmarriedperson, 75 tools and fixtures.

DISTilU'T OF COLUMBIA No insolvent or assignment laws, exceptthat assignments of the property of a special partnership, with preferences,are void. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when the defendant is non-resident, or removes or is about to remove his property, &c. Real EstateExemption No real estate exemption. Person ill Property Exemption$300 wearing apparel and furniture; 200 tools and implements of trade;stock to same amount; $300 library and implements of professional man or

artist; $100 farmer's team, &c. ;400 library and family pictures.

FLORIDA. No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (plnintifif

giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or about to part with his

property fraudulently, or remove from the St;ite, or fraudulently secretes

property, <fec. Real Estate Exemption Homestead ICO acres laud and im-

provements in country, or h:ilf an aero iu village or city. Personal Prop-erty Exemption 1000 personal property.

GEORGIA. No ftisol vent law. Assignments regnlated by statute,whichforbids preferences, or making a release of the debtor a condition precedentto receipt of dividends. Attachments (the plaintiff giving bond) when thedefendant is non-resident, absconds, conceals himselt, resists a legal arrest,removes or is about to remove Lis property, or fraudulently disposes of thoeame. Real Estate Exemption flurried person, guardian, aged or infirm

Eerson.or any person having care of dependent. Female who is not tho

ead of family is entitled to amount of realty or personality, or both, to thovalue of $1600 in the aggregate.

IDAHO Insolvent law, under which the debtor is discharged npoqmaking an assignment, as therein provided, except in cases of tViind. At-tachments (plaintiff giving uond) in action's npn contract for the direct

payment of money, when the plaintiff has no lien or securitv, or when thedefendant is a non-resident, &c. Real Estate Exemption is'o real estate

exemption. Personal I'roiwrty Exemption 100 library, tables, desks, <fcc.t

$200 grain, seed, or vegetables, mechanics' tools, physicians' or surgeonsinstruments, actors' wardrobes, &o. t millers' tools and imnlemeuts, cartmen's specified horses and wagons.

ILLINOIS. No insolvent law. Assignments, -without preference, al-

lowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) whenthe defendant is non-resident, absconds, conceals himself or his property,is guilty of frand, &c. Real Estate Exemption Lot of ground ami build-

ings, value $1000, to head of family, Personal Property Exemption Uo-

474 INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS.

married person, boots, pictures, -wearing apparel, and $100 other property.Married person books, &c., $300 other property.

1NDIAXA. No insolvent law. Assignments, -without preferences or

provision for release of debtor, allowed ami regulated hipstatute. Attach-ments substantially same as in Illinois, lieal Estate Exemption $300 realor personal, or both.

IOWA. No insolvent law. Assignments, -without preferences, allowedand regulated by statute. Attachments substantially same as in Illinois.

Hi-ill Lst.-ite Exemption $500 homestead of 40 acres in country, or half :in

acre in town. Personal Property Exemption $200 household furniture;also, wearing apparel, library, tools, &c. ; $75 wearing apparel and selected

'property to unmarried person.KANSAS. No insolvent law. Assignments,wilhont preference, allowed

and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially same as in Illinois.

Heal Estate Exemption 160 acres land; or one acre in town or city, withimprovements. Personal Property Exemption $500 household furniture,wearing apparel, &c. ; $300 stock aud farming utensils ; $400 library andimplements of professional man.

KEY1TCKY. No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute.

Any preference may beset aside in six months. Attachments substantiallyas in Illinois. Heal Estate Exemptioii $1000 lionne and land. PersonalProperty Exemption $100 household furniture; $500 library and imple-ments of professional man; $100 mechanics' tools.

LOUISIANA. Insolvent law, with compulsory proceedings by a judg-ment creditor, upon return of the execution "no property found." TheDebtor makes a surrender to the creditors, and may be discharged by thoconsent of a majority of creditors in number and amount, except in casefraud or preference is proved. Assignments, without preference, maybemade without regard to the insolvent law. Attachments substnntially asin Illinois. Keal Estate Exemption 1GO acres laud, with improvements,and personal property; value in all $2000.

MAINE. Insolvent law, passed in 1373, modeled on the United Stntes

Bankrupt Law. Voluntary petition may be filed by debtor owing $300.

Involuntary proceedings by at least two creditors, having one fourth inamount of the provable debts. Debtors owing less than $liOO may make anassignment ir> a summary manner. No percentage is retired to be paidto entitle a debtor, for the first time insolvent, to discharge. .Attachmentswithin four months from date of

filing petition dissolved. Preferencesgiven witbin two months void, and may no recovered bj assignee. -Assign-ments are probably acts of insolvency, and may be set aside by the assigneein insolvency, if made within four months of the filing of the petition.Otherwise, probably good, if without preferences. Attachments on tin-sue

process iu all cases. Keal Estate Exemption $500 in Innd and dwelling.Personal Property Exemption $50 furniture; $100 sewing-machine; $150library; $350 animals, clothing, tools. &.c.

MARYLAND. Insolvent law, under which the debtor is dischargedupon surrender of his property, except where fraud or preference is proved.Assignments subject to rules of common law. Attachments (plaintiff

giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, and in cases of fraud. &c.Real Estite Exemption No real estate exempted. Personal PropertyExemption $100 in selected property ; also, tools and wearing apparel.MASSACHUSETTS. Insolvent law, similar to the United States Bank-

rupt Law. Proceedings generally the same, except that involuntary pe-tition may bo filed by one creditor, and the acts of insolvency are not sonumerous. Discharge upon payment of fifty per ent, or by consent of amajority of number and value of creditors. None in case of fraud or pref-erence. Assignments are acts of insolvency, but good if not avoided byassignee in insolvency. Attachments on niesne process, in all cases.Beat Estate Exemption- -$300 turn., or lot of !;in 1 ?nd buildings. Personal

Property Exeniptio~

INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAW 475

MICHIGAN. Insolvent law, by which a debtor, with the consent of twothirds of his creditors, and upon surrendering his property, may be dis-

charged. Assignments allowed. Attachments (plaintiff giviiig bond) issueWhen defendant is a non-resident, or is guilty of fraud, &c. Real Estate

Exemption 40 acres of land in country ;or one lot in city, with dwelling,

81500. Personal Property Exemption $250 household furniture; $150 li-

brary; sheep, cows, &c., to householder, in addition.

MINNESOTA. No insolvent law. Assignments, -without preference,allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond)wben defendant is non-resident, conceals his property, is guilty of fraud. &c.Real Estate Exemption 80 acres laud, or lot aim dwelling in city, or villageof more than 5,000 inhabitants ; and half an acre in town of less than 5,000.

Personal Property Exemption $500 household articles; f300 farming uten-

sils; 400 mechanics' tools, stock, and provisions; library and implementsof professional man.

MISSISSIPPI. No insolvent law. Assignments not requiring a releaseof the dsbtor allowed. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when defendantis non-resident, conceals propertv, or is guilty of fraud, &c. Real Estate

Exemption 80 acres land to any householder; $2000 worth of real propertyin iucoroorated town. Personal Property Exemption 250 furniture- li-

brary, wearing apparel, tools, and implements.MISSOURI. No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, al-

lowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) whendefendant is non-resident, conceals himself or property, or is guilty of fraud.Keal Estate Exemption 1GO acres laud to married man, to value of $1500;18 square rods, value $3,000, in city of 40,000 or over; 30 square rods, value

$1500, in city of le.ss size. Personal Property Exemption $300 personalproperty to dead of family.

SIGM'ANA. No insolvent or assignment laws. Attachments in actions

npon contracts to pay money, the plaintiff giving bond in double the valueof property attached; also before debt due, if debtor fraudulently disposesof his propertv to defraud his creditors. Real Estnte Exemption 160 acresland and dwelling in country ;

or half an aero, with buildings, $2000 value,in city; or 20 acres in city,' value $2000. Personal Property Exemption$500 personal property; $100 household furniture; 50 farming implements,library, tools, &c.

NEBRASKA. No insolvent Inw. Assignments, without preference, al-

lowed and regulated by a recent statute (1877). Attachments (plaintiff

giving bond) when defendant ia lion-resident, or conceals property, or ia

guilty of fraud, &c.NEVADA. Insolvent law No percentage or consent required for dis-

charge, which is only from debts mentioned in debtor's schedules. None,if fraud or preference, &c. Assignments forbidden. Attachments (plaintiff

giving bond) in actions upon contract for direct payment of money, where

$150 sewing-machine.NEW HAJil'SHIKR No insolvent law. Assignments, without pref-

erence or provision for release of debtor, allowed and regulated by statute.

Attachments on rnesne process, in all cases.NEW JERSEY. No proper insolvent law. Assignment law, by which,

the debtor is discharged from the debt proved under assignment, exceptxvhere the debtor is guilty of fraud or concealment, &c. Attachments whendefendant is non-resident or absconds from his creditors. Real Estf.le Ex-emtion No real estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption $200perSoual by head of family, or $200 personal by widow of deceased.NEW MEXICO. No insolvency or assignment laws. Attachments sub

Btontially as in Illinois, Real Estate Exemption $1000 homestead to headof family. Personal Property Exemption $25 provisions 5 $10 furniture;$25 tools and implements*

476

TfETV YOBK. Insolvent law, Tinder which the debtor surrendering hia

property is discharged by consent of the persons representing two thirdsof tiie debts. No discharge if fraud or preference is proved. No involun-

tary proceedings unless the debtor is imprisoned. Aaaignnienta and theduties of assignees have been regulated br recent acts (1877 and 1878)..Attachments substantially as ia Illinois, fecal Estate Exi-mplior. 81000homestead for family. Personal Property Exemption $250 household fur*

niture, &c., Tk'ORTlI CAROLINA. A law by which, Tipon surrendering his property,\ the person of tho debtor is free from liability to arrest or "imprisonment,l except when fraud is proved ; but tlio debt is not discharged. Assignments'allowed. Attachments substantially ac in Illinois. Keel Estate Exemp-tion $1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption 1500 personal tonon-owner of homestead ; 0100 tools, &c.

OHIO. A law similarto that of North Carolina. Assignments, without

preference, allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments substantiallyas in Illinois.

OREGON. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) npon all contracts, pay-ment of which is unsecured. Voluntary assignment law dissolves attach-

ments, if made at any time before judgment, distributes assets pro rata

among all creditors presenting claims wiihiu three months. Real Estate

Exemption No real estate exemption. Persomil Property Exemption $75

library, &c.; $100 wearing npparel ; if householder, $50 esich member; $400tools, implements, &.c. ; 300 household furniture and stock, to householder.

PENNSYLVANIA. Law similar to that of North Carolina. Assignments,without preference, allowed and regulated by statute. A ttncliments sub-

stantially as in Illinois. Ueal EstiUe Exemption $300 real or personal.ii.lOlil'j ISLAM). No insolvent law. Assignments allowed, and reg-

ulated by a recent statute,which took effect September. 187b. Attachments,or levies, within sixty days after the snmo are made or commenced, m:iy bedissolved by an assignment, without preferences, under the act. Upon the

giving of a preference by the debtor, any three creditors, holding not lessthan one third of tlie debts, may petition tho Supreme Court in Equity forthe appointment of a receiver of his estate, who is to take possession likoar. assignee in bankruptcy. Preferences given by the debtor within sixtydays of the commencement of proceedings sro void, as under the UnitedSt.ites Bankrupt Law. Theri is no provision for tho discharge of thedebtor. Attachments, when defendant is non-resident, or fraudulentlycontracted the debt, or conceals or disposes of his property, flfr has refusedto apply his property to the payment thereof. Keal Estate Exemption Xoreal estato exemption. Personal Property Exemption $300 household fur-

niture, &c. ; $200 tools, implements. &c.SOCTIJ CAROLINA. No insolvent law. Assignments according to

common law. Attachments substantially ns in Illinois. Real Estate Ex-empiion 81000 homestead to head of family. Personal Property Exen:;.)-tioii $500 household furniture, tools, &c.

TENNESSEE. Law as to insolvency and nssignraents same as in SonthCarolina. Attachments Rtibstantially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemp-tion 81000 homestead. Person nl Property Exemption 200 of lumber or

product to mechanic; various household article* and stock specific-.!.TEXAS. Law ns to insolvency and a8.i<rnments snmo as in South Caro-

lina. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Ifenl }!sts:to Exemption200 aires and dwelling in country, or lots iu city, value 5000. PersonalProperty Exemption Library, tools, wearing apparel, &c.

L'l'AiI. Law as to insolvency and assignments same as in Sonth Caro-lina, Attachments (when plaiutiif hns no security) substantially as iaIllinois. Keal Estate Exemption SlOOO homestead. Personal PropertyExemption $100 office furniture; $100 seed; 8-400 mechanics' tools or pro-fessional library; $200 cash each member of family; also various articles.

VERMONT Insolvent law of 1876, modeled on' the United States Brink-

rapt Law, with involuntary proceedings by oue creditor to amount of $250.

INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. 477

No discharge, unless assets equal thirty per cent of debts, or by consent ofmajority in number and amount of debts proved. No discharge also in

substantially same cases as in Bankrupt Law. Assignments appear to boacts of insolvency, which may be set aside by an assignee in insolvency, if

made within four months of filing his petition. Attachments on mexneprocess, in all cases. Heal Estate Exemption $500 homestead. Personal

Property Exemption $200 library professional man; $200 cattle; $250 wag.ons, harness, &c.

VIRGINIA. No insolvent or assignment laws. Attachments substan.

tially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption $2000 real or personal.WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Law as to insolvency and assignments

eamo as Virginia. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estat*

Exemption $1000 homestead, Personal Property Exemption $150 house-hold furniture; $200 farming ntensils; $500 mechanic's tools or materials;$500 professional library or instruments; $200 office furniture; $300 team-ster's wagon, &c.

; $200 boats, &c.WEST VIRGINIA. No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by stat-

ute, preferences being allowed. Attachments same as in Virginia. RealEstate Exemption $1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption $200person.il ; $50 mechanic's tools.

WISCONSIN. Insolvent law, by -which a debtor is discharged upon sur-

rendering property and complying with law. Assignments, with prefer,ences, unless by limited partnerships, allowed and regulated by statute.Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exempt ion 40 acresland and dwelling in country, or one fourth acre and dwelling in city or

village. Personal Property' Exemption $200 household furniture; $50farming utensils; $200 tools and implements; $1500 printing-press audmaterial.

WYOMING. No assignment or insolvent laws. Attachments substan-

tially as in Illinois. Ke:il Estate Exemption $1500 homestead. PersonalProperty Exemption $150 wearing apparel; $500 household property;$300 tools, teams, &c.

SUMMER HEAT IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES.The following figures show the extreme summer beat in the various

countries of the world:

Bengal and the African desert, 150 Fahrenheit; Senegal and Gauda*loupe, 130; Persia, 125; Calcutta and Central America, 120; Afghanistanand the Arabian desert, 110; Cape of Good Hope and Utah, 105; Greece,101; Arabia, 103; Montreal, 103; New York, 102; Spain, India, China,and Jamaica, 100; Sierra Leone. 94; Prance, Denmark, St. Petersburg,Shanghai, the Barman Empire, Buenos Ayres, and the Sandwich Islands,90; Great Britain, Siam, and Peru, 85; Portugal, Pekin. and Natal. 80;Siberia, 77; Australia and Scotland, 75; Italy, Venezuela, and Madeira,73; Prussia and New Zealand, 70; Switzerland and Hungary, 66; Bavaria,Sweden, Tasmania, and Moscow, 65; Patagonia and the Falkland Isles, 55;Iceland, 45, Nova Zernbla, 34.

AMERICAN WARS.Sinjr Philip's "War 1675King AVilliam's War 1689Dutch War 1673Queen Anne's "War 1744French and Indian War 1753American Revolution 1775Indian War 1790

Baruary War 1803

Tecumseh'War 180^War of 1812 1812

Algerine War 1815First Seminole War 1817Second Seminole War 1835Mexican War .1846

The Southern Rebellion 1861

RAILROADS OF THE WORLD.

THE BAILROADS OF THE WOELD IN 1877-78.

COVXTEIES.

KAILROADS. COAL PRODUCTION. 479

THE KAILROADS OF THE WOELD IN 1877-78.

COUNTRIES.

480 BATE OF MORTALITY.

BATE OF MORTALITY._EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT All AGESLThe Carlisle Tables, showing how many persons out of 10.000 ipiX annually die,on the average, until all are deccised; also, the expectation of life at all ayes.

Age.

FINANCIAL CONDITION or NATIONS. 481

DEBTS, REVENUES, EXPENDITTJKES, AND COMMERCE OFNATIONS.

COUNTRIES.

482 THE DOillXION OF CANADA.

THE DOMINION OF CANADA.Th Dominion of Canada forms (since 1867) a confederate government

with a representative parliament meeting annually at Ottawa, the capital.The members of the Senate, 78 in number, are nominated for life by thesummons of the Governor-General. The House of Commons, with 206 mem-bers, is elected by the people for five years, the right of suffrage being sub-

ject to a property qualification. The Governor-General (appointed iu 1678)

is the Marquis oif Lome; salary, $50.000.The funded debt in 1877 was 149.397,110, drawing interest from 4 to 6

per cent, having increased to this amount from 80 millions in 18C7. Thorevenue for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877, was $22.059.274. derivedfrom the following principal sources : customs. $12.546.988; excise, $4,941.893;

public works, including railways and canals, $1,870.076; post-office, $1,114.946.The expenditure for 1877 was $34.362,408, of which $3.000.000 was for tho

redemption of the debt, $3,000,000 for the Pacific and other railway con-

structions, and $4,000.000 for other public works. The net ordinary ex-

penses amounted to $23,587,308, tho principal item being for interest on the

public debt, $6,797,227.

COMMERCE OF CANADA FOR 10 YEARS 1868-1877.

Statement showing the values of total Exports, Imports, and Goods enteredfor Consumption in the Dominion, and duty collected for ten years.

Tear ending June 30.

THE ARMIES OP THE WORLD.

THE ARMIES OF THE WOULD.

483

COUNTRIES.

NATIONAL FINANCES AXD

NATIONAL DEBTS, EXPENDITURE, ANDCAPITA, OP NATIONS.

PEE

COUNTRIES.Debt

per head.

Animalizpcn-ilit.ir

per bead.

Anmi.il

importsper licatl.

Annualexportsper hea<L

Argentine Republic $30.07

Austria-Huugary 5.73

Austria proper 63.26

Hungary proper 1T.G3

Belsnim <3.C3

Bolivia 13.04

Brazil 30.43

Canada 31.16

Chili 24.-19

Colombia 5.22

Denmark 27.19

Ecuador 20.20

Egypt 85.2France 127.23

Germany .70

Prussia 10.C5

Great Britain & Ireland 114.C2

Greece 27.50

India, British 3.01

Italy 71.'J4

Mexico 42.C3

Netherlands 101.21

Norway 7.48

Paraguay 54.72Peru 79.P2

Portugal 9G.84Boumania 11.82Russia 16.33Servia 3.C1

Spain 142.71Sweden 8.86Switzerland 2.25

Turkey 31.70United States 52.56

Uruguay 98.00Venezuela 33.11

$12.041.C3

9.29

7.53

10.13

2.536.70

6.C9

10.CO

.04

G.S3

21.36

13.42

14.C7

3.15

6.33

12.35

5.35

1.42

10.122.C811.37

5.91

3.39

12.C2

6.70

3.65

4.83

1.43

7.834.93

3.08

4.38

6.1313.28

2.C4

$20.317.1D

53.41

3.30

8.71

25.8713.21

2.33

2G Cl"Y.77

5.C2

24.1721.54

sb'.ii

13.49

.03

O.C7

3.13

71.2723.77

8.CO

3.19

4 224.58

3.C6

19.39

2.2312.6449.25

6.72

I25.CS5.70

46.CS2.C3

10.31

21.04

17.C53.38

17.C5

4.51

12.C4

23.0514.21

13.30

1.48

8.85

3.41

67.70

13.77

2.74

14.03

5.97

5.CO

3.23

4.06

4.43

14.11

V.5910.9233.09

9.52

TTNIVERSITIES AND COILEGES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1872-76.

The following is a statement of the aggregate number of this class of

institutions, with instructors and students, as reported to the Bureau ofEducation each year, from 1870 to 1876, inclusive:

1870.

Number of institutionsNumber of instructorsNumber of students. . .

2662.823

49,163

2902.962

49,827

2983.040

45,617

3233.106

52,053

3433.7H3

3553.999

58.8!)4

3563.920

56,481

SAVEKS AND MEBCHANT

THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD.

485

COUNTRIES.

486 FOREIGN GOLD Al D SILVER COINS.

TALTTE OF POEEIGN GOLD AND SILVEE COINS INUNITED STATES MONEY.

GOLD COINS.

COUXTRT.

INTEREST TABLES.

INTEREST TABLES.Fonr per cent.

48 7

Time.

4S3 INTEREST TABLES.

SIX PER CENT.

[me.

TABLES. 489

SEVEN PEE CENT.

Time.

49 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

WEIGHTS AETD MEASURES OF THE UNITED STATES A1TD'

OTHEE COTJNTEIES.

Congress adopted the decimal system in tlie subdivision of moneys. In1836 a law was passed for regulating the Weights and Measures of theUnion, by which the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to supplystandards of weights, of length, and of capacity, according to the standardsof Great Britain, to the Governors of States and revenue-collectors. Mr.John Quiucy Adams had reported, in 1821, in favor of the British standards,because they were in general use, and a change to the decimal principle, ashad been effected in France, would be attended with great embarrassment.The measure of time and circular motion is the same iu America and Eu-rope. The Troy weight of England was adopted iu the United States for

weighing coin aud bullion. Our apothecaries compound their medicines bythe Troy pound aud a subdivision of their own. The Avoirduimis weightused in England is also our legal standard for weighing all other articles

bought or sold by weight. The British and the United Stales statute acre,

sq. yard, sq. foot, and sq. inch, and the mile, yard, foot, and inch are thesame.

Congress retains the old English wino gallon as a measure for liquids,and the Winchester bushel fur grain, &c., but England has abandoned both,and substituted what she terms the imperial measure, whether for wines,beer, other liquids, or dry goods sold by measure. Her imperial gallon is

exactly 1 l-5tb of ourwiue gallon, and measures 277,274 solid incurs: our"Winchester gallon, abandoned by her, measuring 2G8.8, or about t?J cubicinches less; her new bushel is equal to 1.032 of ours. Heaped measure wasabolished by law in Scotland two hundred years ago, though not always in

practice. McCuIloch calls it a barbarous custom. England recognizes it

in recent laws, and the United States have sometimes ordered duties to becollected by it.

(U. S.) TitOY WEICUT. 04 grains make 1 pennyweight ; 20 pennyweights,1 ounce; 12 ounces, 1 pound, lib Troy is to lib Avoirdupois as 144 is to

175; or, 5,760 grains make Itts Troy, ami 7,000 grains lift Avoirdupois.(U. S.) AvoiKDL'l'Ols WEIGHT. '[I drachm, cr 27 11-32 grains, equsl 1.7712

grammes]; 16 drachms make 1 ounce [equal to CS-SpOS grammes ]; 1C ounces^1 pound; 28 pounds, 1 quarter; 4 quarters, 1 hundred weight; 20 hundredweight, or 2,240 Ibs., 1 ton.

In Philadelphia and many other places, 2,240 Ibs. are generally considereda ton. In the State of New York, unless by special bargain. 2.CCO Ibs. are aton. Sales by the p^Jtind are the most common ; nothiug is sold by the cwt.of 112 Ibs. In Avoirdupois, 7 Ibs. make 1 clove of wool, and 14 Ibs. 1 stone.A pack of wool is 240 Ibs. In Ohio, when sales are made by the bnshel,without a special agreement, the following are the legal weights of a bushel:"Wheat, 60 Ibs.; Indian cern, 56; barley, 48; oats, 39; rye, 56; flax-seed, 56;clover-seed, 64. Corn is usually sold 'in the Western 'States 56 Ibs. to thebushel. In Boston, 53 Ibs. to the bushel of Western corn.

In freights, a ton (by the rules of the Xew York Chamber of Commerce)is composed of 8 barrels of flour: 22 bushels pf grain, peas, or beans, in casks;36 bushels of grain in bulk, or European salt; 31 bushels W. I. salt; 6 bar-rels of beef, pork, tallow, or pickled fish ;

200 gallons, wine measure, of oil,

wine, brandy, or other liquors; 29 bushels of- sea-coal; 40 cubic feet of squaretimber, oak plank, pine, cotton, wool, and bale goods; 2,000 Ibs. of bar orpig iron, ashes, and all other heavy goods.

(U. S.) LINEAK MEASURE. 3 barleycorns mnke 1 inch; 12 inches, 1 foot;3 feet, 1 yard ; 5J yards. 1 rod or pole; 40 rods, 1 furlong: 8 furlongs, 1 mile.A hand is 4 inches; a fathom, 6 feet; a cubit, li feet; 69i statute," or CO seamiles, 1 degree of a great circle of the earth ; 3 "miles, 1 league.

CLOTH MEASL'HE. 9 inches make 1 quarter; 4 quarters. 1 yard.(U. S.) SQUAUK MEASURE. 144 square inches niake 1 square foot: 9 sq

feet, 1 sq. yard; 30J q. yards, 1 sq. pole; 40 so,, poles, 1 rood; 4 roods, 1acre ;

640 acres, 1 sq. mile.

491

(T7. S.) SOUD MEASURE. 1728 cubic Indies make 1 cubic foot ; 27 cibiofeet, 1 cubic yard ;

42 cubic feet, 1 ton of skipping ;40 cubic i'eet, 1 load oil

unhewn timber; 50 do., 1 load Bqnared <lo.

(U. S.) WlXK MEASURE. 1 gills make 1 pint; 2 pints, 1 quart; 4 quarts,1 gallon; 31 i gallons, 1 barrel; 03 gallons, 1 hogshead; 2 hogsheads, 1 pipe;2 pipes, 1 ton.

(U. S.) I)!IY, ore "WINCHESTER MEASURE. 4 gills, 1 pint = 33.6 cnbioinches = 0.55053 Trench litres; 2 pints, 1 quart = 67 2-5 cub. in. = 1.10106

litres; 4 quarts, 1 gallon = %JG8. 8 cub. in. = 4.40424 litres; 2 gallons, 1 peck =

537.C cub. in. = 8.80848 litres;4 pecks, 1 bushel = 2150.42 cub. in. = 35.23393

litres; 5 quarters, 1 wey or load.

\ The "Winchester bushel is 16i inches -wide and 8 inches deep; it contains2150 2-5 solid inches, being 47 1-5 less than the imperial bushel. Of wheatthe bushel is CO Ibs. The barrel of flour contains 5 Winchester bu.sbelE,and weighs, net, 190 Ibs. The barrel of Indian corn contains 3J bushels.The weight of a gallon of molasses is usually 11 Ibs., but sometimes 10 or 12-

BRITISH IMPERIAL (XEW) STANDARD ^MEASURE, COMPARED WITH WINCHES-TER AND WIXE MEASURES. Our extensive dealings with England make it

useful for business men to have an explanation of the difference betweenthe imperial measure for liquids and dry goods and our Winchester andwine measures, which latter were formerly used in England. It is greatlyto be desired that uniform weights, measures, and coins may soon be usedall over the world.

The English coal bushel was n quart larger than onr Winchester; bnSBelling coal by measure caused such extensive frauds that it was abolished.It is now sold in Great Britain by weight only.

By the imperial -standard, adopted in England in 1825, 1 gill is = to 8.665solid inches; 4 gills = 1 pint; 2 pints, 1 quart; 4 quarts. 1 gallon, or 277.274solid inches; 2 gallons, 1 peck; 4 pecks, 1 bushel, or 2218.192 inches; 4 bush-els are 1 coom ; 2 cooms (8 bushels), 1 quarter.The quarter of wheat ia equal to the quarter of a ton of 2.240 Ibs. = 560

Ibs.; 70 Ibs. in weight are an English bushel of wheat,while 60 Ibs. of wheatmake our bushel; so that the United States wheat bushel is just 6-7ths ofthe English, or imperial; and a quarter of wheat in England is equal to

9J bushels in the United States.The United States grain gallon measures 208.8 solid inches; the wine

gallon, 231 inches; the imperial measures 277J in.; 36 of our wine gallonsare very nearly equal to 30 imperial gallons. The obsolete English ale andbeer gallon measured 282 cubic inches.

The imperial standard gallon is a measure that will hold 10 Ibs. Avoir-

dupois of pure (distilled) water, weighed in air at G2 deg. Fahrenheit, thebarometer being at 30 degrees.

This is the iinit standard, in Great Britain, of capacity for liquids, ale,

beer, wine, spirits, and dry goods not measured by heaped measure. OUTWinchester gallon weighs 9 Ibs. 10 oz. and 1J drachms of pure water.

HOW INTEREST INCREASES.

Very few persons hare figured on the difference between six nnd eightpercent. One dollar loaned for one hundred years at six per cent, withthe interest collected annually and added to the principal, will amount to

$340. At ei;:ht per cent it amounts to $2.203. or nearly seven times as much.At three percent, the usual rate, of interest in England, it amounts to 19.2.";

whereas at ten per cents which has been a very common rate in the UnitedStates, it is $13,809, or about seven hundred times ns much. At twelveper cent it amounts to $84.075. or more than four thousand times as much.At eighteen percent it amounts to $15.145.007. At twenty-four per cent(which we sometimes hear talked of) it reaches the enormous sum of

$2,551,790,404.

4Q3 CHRONOLOGICAL DISTORT.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES.

1-100. America discovered by Christopher Columbus Oct. IS,

^i'J7. Labrador discovered by John iinil Sebastian Cabot July 3.

i-i'Jd. Coast of North Ameriea explored by Sebastian Cabot.Continent of Soul h America discovered by Columbus Ang. 10.

Ii-j9. Soil tb America visited by AIUVI igo Vespucci.Iol2. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon April 6.

1C13. Tlie Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa Sept. 29.;

1C20. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasqiiez de Ayllou.1521. Mexico conquered by leruando Cortez.1524. Const of North America explored by John Veimznnf.>"i34. The St. Lawrence River discovered bv Jacques Cartier........Juno.1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto.1502. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance.15C4. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida,liGo, St. Augustine. Florida, founded by the Spaniards Sept. 13.

Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed bv the Spaniards Oct. 1.

1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sfr H. Gilbert.15e4. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Carolina.1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke, by Sir "W. Raleigh.1587. Secoird attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke.1002. Cai>e Cod discovered by Bartholomew Goxnold May 24.

|f,05. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French.1GOC. London and Plymouth Companies received charters April 20.

1007. Jamestown settled by the London Company May 23.

Plymouth Company liegan a settlement on Kennebec River, An jr. 21.

1COS. Quol>ec settled bv the French, under Chumpiaiii July 3.

1009. Virginia received its second charter June 2.

The Hudson River discovered bv Henry Hudson Sept 21.

1C10. "The Starving Time" in Virgin'ia.1G12. Virginia received its third charter March 22.

1G13. Pocahontas married to Rolfe ApriL114. The coast of New England explored by John Smith.

New York settled by the Dutch.1C16. The culture of tobacco commenced in Tirjrinia.1020. Commencement of Nejrro slavery in the English colonies, Aug.

Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3.

Massachusetts settled, at Plymouth Dec 1.

1G21. Treaty with Masaasoit made April 1.

1022. First 'Indian massacre in Virginia April 1.

1023. New Hampshire settled, at Little Harbor and Dover.1G33. Connecticut settled, at Windsor Got.1C34. Maryland settled, at St Mary's April 6.

103C. Rhode Island settled, at Providence.Harvard College founded.

1C37. The Pequod "War.1C38. Delaware settled, near VTilmhi jrton April.1C41. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts.1043. Union of New England colonies formed Mny 20.

1044. Second Indian mns-sacre in Virginia April.1045. Claybonie's Rebellion in Maryland.1650. North Carolina settled, on the Chownn River.1051. The "Navigation Act" passed by the British Parliament1C52. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts.1C55. Civil TVar in Maryland.

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch Ocl1603. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others.1G(J4. New York became an English province Sept. Si

New Jersey settled, at Elizabetbtown.1670. South Carolina settled, on the Ashley River.1672. Yirgiuia grouted to Culpepper and Arlington

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 493

J67S. King Philip's War begun, by an attack upon Swanzey ..July 41G7U. Bacon's Kebellion.ICdO. Charleston founded.

New Hampshire made a Royal Province Sept. 28.1C82. Pennsylvania settled.

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to William Penn Aug. 31.1G86. Andros arrived t Boston as Governor of New England Dec. 30.

16,-f9. King William's War commenced. Attack upon Dover July 7.

1G90 Schenectady burned bv the French ami Indians Feb. 8.

Port Koyal taken by the English, under Pliipps May.1602. ''Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed.1G97. King William's War terminated Sept. 20.170Q. Queen Anne's War commenced.1710. Port Itoyal, Nova Scotia, captured by the English Oct. 13.1713. Queen Anne's War terminated April 11.

1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces July.17.S2. Washington born, in Westmoreland County, Virginia Feb. 22.

17:53. Georgia settled, at Savannah Feb. 12.

1741. ''The Negro Plot," in New York.17-14. Kinsc George's War begun.1~43. Loiiisluirg captured bv the English June 28.

1748. King George's War ended Oct. 18.

17:>3. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddio Oct. 31.

1754. "Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Diuwiddie Dec. 11.

Tlie battle of Great Meadows May 28.

Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June.The tattle of Fort Necessity July 4.

1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Moncton June.Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela July 9.

The British defeat by Dieskau, near Lake George Sept. 8.

Dieskau defeated by' the British, at Lake George Sept. 8.

1756. Great Britain declared war against France May 17.

France declared war against Great Britain June 9.

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego Aug. 14.

Indians defeated at Kittaning Sept. 8.

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm Aug. 9.

The massacre at Fort William Henry Aug. 10.

1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish at Ticonderoga July 0.

Abercrombie repulsed bv Montcalm at Ticonderoga July 8.

Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe July "X.

Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English Aug. 27.

Grant defeated by Anbry, near Fort Duouesne Sept. 21.

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned bv the French.Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson July 25.

Ba 1 1 Ic of M on tmorenci July 31.

Battle of the Plains of Abraham Sept. 13.

Quebec surrendered to the English Sept. 18.

1760. The French attempted the recovery of Quebec April 23.

Montreal and the whole of Canada snm-ndered to the English, Sept. 8.

17C3. The Peace of Paris between Great Britain and France Feb. 10.

Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain Feb. 10.

1765. The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament March 8.

A Colonial Congress met at New York Oct. 7.

1766. The Stamp Act repealed bv the British Parliament March 18.

17(i7. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, &c., passed June2fl.17fiS. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Por.l. 27.

1770. "The Boston Massacre" March 5.

All duties, except on tea. repealed by Parliammt Aprii 12.

1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overb(.urd Dec. IS.

1774. "Boston Port Bill "passed by Parlianr-rt March,"The First Continental Congress "rut, at Philadelphia Sept. i

1773. Tho battltt f LxiQtftuu April *H

494 CHRONOLOGICAL niSTOET.

1775. Tlcondernga, New York, captured by Allen and Arnold May 10.

Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans May 12.

"Washington elected Commander-in-chief June 15.

The battle of Banker Hill June 17.

"Wash ingtou took command of the army July 1C.

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery Nov. l:j.

Battle of Quebec Dec. 31.

1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmoro Jrn. 1.

Boston evacuated by t lie" British troops March 17.

The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina June 28.

The Declaration of Independence Julv 4.

The battle of Long Island, New Tork Aug." 27.

The city of Xew York abandoned by the Americans Sept. 15.

The battle of White Plains, New York Oct. 28.

The battle of Fort Washington, NeV York Nov. 16.

Fort Lee, Xew Jersey, taken by the British Nov. 18.

Geii. Lee surprised and taken prisoner .' Dec. 13.

The battle of Trenton, New Jersey Dec. 2C.

1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey Jan. 3.

Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut ApriLMeigs's expedition against the British at Sag Harbor May 23.

Invasion of New York by Burgovno Jane.Ticonderoga abandoned \ty the Americans Julv 5.

The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont July 7.

Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton July" 10.

Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward July 27.

Fort Schnyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger Aug.The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler Aug. 6.

The battle of Fort Schuyler Aug. 6.

The battle of Beunington, Vermont Aug. 1(J.

The battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania Sept. 11.

The battle of Bcmis Heights, or first of Stillwater Sept. 13.

The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania Kept. 20.

Philadelphia entered by the British Scrt. 20.

The battle of Germantown, Pennsj Ivania Oct. 4.

Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British Cct. 6.

The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater Cct. 7.

The surrender of Burgoyne Cct. 17.

The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey Oct. 2.

The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsyl vau'ia Oct. 22.

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress Nov. 15.

Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans Nov 1G.

"Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Dec. 11.

1778. American Independence acknowledged by France Feb. 0.

Treatv of Alliance with France Feb. 6.

British commissioners sent to America.Philadelphia evacuated by the British Juno 18.

The battle of Monmouth. New Jersey June 28.

The battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre July 3.

The French fleet, under D'Estaing, arrived July" It.

The battle of Rhode Island Aug. 20.

Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward Sept.Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor Oct.The massacre at Cherry Valley, New York Nov. 11, 12.

The battle of Savannah, Georgia Dec. 20.

1779. Snnbury, Georgia, captured by the British Jan. 9.

The battle of Kettle Creek. Georgia Feb. 14.

The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia March 3.

Tryon's second expedition against Connecticut March,Stony Point, New York, captured by the British May 31.

YerManck's Point, New York, captured by tho British June 1.Wa f Hnr.lared aaiust Great Britain by Spain June 9ft

CHRONOLOGICAL"'HISTOKT. 495

1779. The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina June 20.

Tryoii's thud expedition against Connecticut July.The battle of Stony Point, New York July 15.

British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee July 19.

The battle of the Peiiobscot, Maine Aug. 13.

Sullivan's expedition against the Indians."The battle of the Cheiuuug,

" New York Aug. 29.

Savannah besieged by the French and Americans Sept., Oct.Paul Jones's naval battle off the coast of England Sept. 23.

D'Estaiug and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah Oct. 9.

1780. Charleston besieged by the British April. May.The battle oi Monk's Corner, South Carolina April 14.

Cliaile.ston surrendered to the British May 12.

The battle oi "\Vaxhaw, South Carolina May 29.

The b;utle ol Springfield, New Jersey Juno 23.

French fleet arrived at Newport, Khudo Island July 10.

The battle of Uocky Mount. South Carolina July 30.

The battle of Hanging liock. South Carolina Aug. 6.

The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina Aug. 16.

The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina Aug. 18.

Arnold's treason.Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York ., Oct. 2.

The battle of King's Mountain. South Carolina Oct. 7.

The battle of Fishdain Ford, South Carolina Nov. 12.

The battle of Blackstocks, South Caroliua Nov. 20.

1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops *. Jan. 1.

The battle of the Cowpeus, South Carolina - Jan. 17.

The revolt of New Jersey troops . Jan. 18.

Arnold's depredation in Virginia Jan.Coruwalhs's pursuit of Morgan and Greene Jan., Feb.Articles of Confederation ratified by the States.The battle of Guilford Court-House. North Carolina March 15.

The battle of Hobkirk's Hill, South Carolina April 25.

Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, June.The battle of Ninety-Six. South Carolina June 18.

Colonel Hayne executed by the British, at Charleston July 31.

Arnold s expedition against Connecticut Sept.The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut Sept. 3.

The battle of Eutaw Springs. South Carolina Sept. 8.

The siege of Yorktown, Virginia Oct.The suriender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown Oct. 19.

1752. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris Nov. 30.

1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American army... April 19.

Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British July 11.

Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris Sept. 3.

American army disbanded by orders of Congress Nov. 3.

New York evacuated by the British Nov. 25.

Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British Dec. 14.

Washington resigns his commission Dec. 23,

1787. Shay's Kebelhon in Massachusetts.Constitution of the United States agreed on by the convention

of delegates at Philadelphia Sept. 17.

1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New York, March 4.

Washington inaugurated President of the United States April 30.

1700. Harmar defeated by the Indians, in Indiana Oct. 17, 22.

1791. United States bank established at Philadelphia.Vermont admitted into the Union March 4.

St. Clair defeated by the Indians, in Ohio Nov. 4.

17!)2. Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1.

1793. The difficulties with France.1794. Wayne defeated by the Indians, on the Maimiee Aug. 20.

"Whiskey Insurrection"in Pennsylvania.

496 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.

1795. "Jay's Treaty "with Great Britain ratified Jnno 24.

Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers.17%. Tennessee admitted into the Union June 1.

1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United States .. .March 4.

17;9. The deatli of Washington Dec. 14.

IbOO. The seat of government removed to Washington.Treaty of peace concluded with Franco Sept. 30.

1601. Thomas Jefferson iuauzurnted President March 4.

War declared against the United Su.tes by Tripoli June 10.

1?02. Ohio admitted into the Union No;-. 29.

Id03. Louisiana purchased of France April 30.

Commodore Prehle sent ajraiust Tripoli.IS04. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur Feb. 15.

The duel between Hamilton ami Burr July 11.

1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton April 27.

Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli June 3.

1606. British blockade from tha Elbe to Blest declared May 16.

Bonaparte issued his "Berlin Decree" Nov. 21.

1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade with France, Jan. 7.

American frigate Chesapeake Attacked by the Leopard June 22.

British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States July.British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with France

and her allies Nov. 11.

Aaron Burr tried for troason, nud acquitted Sept.Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree" Dec. 17.

Embargo on American ships laid by Congress Dec. 23.

1809. Commerce with Britain and Franco interdicted by Congress, March 1.

James Madison inaugurated President March 4.

1311. Action between the frigate President and Little Belt May 16.

Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana Nov. 7.

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union April 8.

War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United States..June 19.

Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull July 12.

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan July 17.

The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan Aug. 5.

The second battle of Biownstown -Aug. 9.

Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, bv Gen. Hull Aug. 16.

British sloop Alert taken by the frigate Essex Aug. 13.

British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution Aug. 19.

Tho battle of Qneenstown, Canada Oct. 13.

British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp Oct. 18.

British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States Oct. 23.

British frigate Java taken by the Constitution Dec. 29.

1813. Tho battle of Frenchtown, Michigan Jan. 22.

. British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet Feb. 24.Madison commenced a second presidential term March 4.

The battle of York, Canada April 27.

Port Meiers, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor May 1.

The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio May 5.

Port George, Canada, taken by the Americano May 27.

The battle of Sackett's Harbor, New York Mny 29.

American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon Juno 1.

The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio Aug. 2.

American brig Argus taken by the Pelican Aug. 14.

Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims A ug. 30.

British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise Sept. 5.

Perry's victory on Lake Erie Sept. 10.

The battle of the Thames, Canada Oct. 5.

The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada Nov. 11.

1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War .March 27American frigate Essex taken by the Phoebe tuid Cherub.-.March 23.The battle of La Colle Mill. Canada .-. March 3ft

OKKONOLOGIUAL HIUTO3X.

18/0. British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock April r.British sloop Reindeer taken by the American sleep Wasp. . .June S!8.

Fort Erie captured by the Americans July 3.

The battbj of Chippewa, Canada July 5.

The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, Canada Jwly 25.

The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada Aug. 15.

The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland Aug. 24.

The city of Washington taken by the British Aug. 24.

British sloop Avon taken by the American sloop Wasp Sept. 1.

McDonough's victory on Lake Champlaiu Sept. 11.

The battle of Plattsl'mrg, New York Sept. 11.

The battle of North Point, Maryland Sept. 12.

. The battle of Fort McUeury, Maryland . Sept. 13.

f The baitle of Fort Bowyer,'Alabama Sept. 15.

The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada Sept. 17.

The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson Nov. 7.

The battle on Lake Borgue, Louisiana Dec. 14.

Hartford Convention Deo.The battle nine miles from New Orleans Dec. fc3.

Treaty of peace between the United States and Gt. Britain... Dec. 24.

15. The battle of New Orleans Jan. 8.

American frigate President captured by a British squadron.. Jan. 15.

The Cyanne and Levant taken oy the Constitution Feb. 20.

The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet March 23.War with Algiers declared by Congress March.Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers May.

IBM. Bank of United States re-chartered for twenty years A pril 10.

Indiana admitted into the Union Dec. 11.

1817. James Monroe inaugurated President March 4.

Mississippi admitted into the Union Dec. 10.

The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations.1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians March.

Pensacola seized by General Jackson May 24.

Illinois admitted into the Union .Dec. 3.

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 14.

1820. Maine admitted into the Union March 15.

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain Oct.1821. Missouri admitted into the Union Aug. 10.

1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aug.3825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President March 4.

1826. Death of the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson July 4.

1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President Marcn 4.

1831. Death of ex-president Monroe.... July 4.

1832. "The Black Hawk War.""Nullification" in South Carolina.

1833. Removal cf the government funds from the United States Bank, Oct.1835. War with the Seminoles commenced./ Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles Dec. 28.i Major Dade and party massacred by the 'Seminoles Dec. 28.

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union June 15.

1837. Michigan admitted into the Union Jan. 28.

Martin Van Bnren inaugurated President March 4.

The battle of Okechobee, Florida Dec. 25.

1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President March 4.

Death of William Henry Harrison Apnl 4,

John Tyler inaugurated President April 6.

1842. The War with the Seminoles terminated.The "Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island.

1845. Joint resolutions for the annexation of Iziat signed March 1.

James EL Polk inaugurated President March 4.

Florida admitted into the Union March 3,

Txa admitted into the Union Deo. 29

498 CHRONOLOGICAL DISTORT.

1846. Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, Teras April SML

Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans May.The battle of Palo Alto, Texas May 8.

The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas May 9.

Congress declared ''war existed by the act of Mexico" May 11.

Taylor crossed the Rio Grande ami took Matamoras May Irt.

Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor Sept. 21.

The battle of Bracito, Mexico Dec. 25.

Iowa admitted into the Union Dec. 23.

1847 The battle of Buena Vista, Mexico Feb. 23.

The battle of Sacramento, Mexico Feb. 23.

The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott March 27.

The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico April 13.

The battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico Aug. 20.

The battle of Molina del Rev, Mexico Sept. 8.

The battle of Chapultciiec, Mexico Sept. 13.

City of Mexico entered by the Americans, under Scott Sept. 14.

The battle of Huainantla, Mexico Oct 9.

1848. Treaty of peace signed at Gaudaloupe, Hidalgo Feb. 2.

Wisconsin admitted into the Union May 23.

J849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President March 5.

1850. The death of President Taylor July 9.

"ilillard Fillmore inaugurated President July 10.

California admitted into the Union Sept 9.

1853. FranklVu Pierce inaugurated President March 4.

1854. "Kaiisus-Nebraska Bill" passed Juno.1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President March 4.

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union May 11.

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union Feb. 14.

John Brown's raid into Virginia Oct 16.

1860. Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina Dec. 20.

tUtl. Secession of Mis.*is>jippi. Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,Texas, Virjriria, Arkansas, and North Carolina declared.

Steamer Star o';' '.he "West, off Charleston, fired into Jr.n. 9.

Kansas admitted into the Union Jan. 23.' Southern Confederacy

" formed at Montgomery, Alabama Feb. 4.

Jefferson Davis inaugurated President of the Confederacy. ..Fob. IS.

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States, Mar. 4.

Fort SiimU/r attacked by the Confederates April 12, 13.

President "/jincoln calls for 75.000 troops April 15.

Volunteer droops attacked in Baltimore April 19.

The PrwMent issues a second call for troops May 4.

Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia June 10.

Union victory at Romney, Virginia June 1LUnion victory at Booneville, Missouri. .~ Juno 17.

Meetinjj of Congress in extra session July 4.

Battle of Carthage, Missouri July 5.

Battle of Ilich Mountain, Virginia July 11.

Battle near Centreville, Virginia July 18.

Confederate Congress meets at Ilichinond July 20.

Battle of Bull Run, Virginia July 21.

Buttle of Dug Spring, Missouri Aug. 2.

Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri Aug. 10.

Forts Hatteras and Clark. Nort h Carolina, captured A ug. 29.

Confederates take Lexington, Missouri Sept. 20.

Buttle of Edwards' Ferry, or Ball's Bluff, Virginia Oct. 2LCapture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet Nov. 7.

Battle of I iflnidiit , Missouri Nov. 7.

Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer Nov. 8.

1862. Battle of Mill Spring. Kentucky Jan. 19.

Fort Henry captured by Union fleet Feb. ft

Roanoke Island captured by Uuiou forces , Feb. &

CHRONOLOGICAL EISTOKY. 499

jOGZ. Fort Donplson cnptnred by Union forces .Fob. Ifi.

ISuttlo of Pea Ridge, Arkansas March 6, 8.

U.S.vessels Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac. Mar. 8.

Engagement between the Monitor and Merriiunc March 9.

Newbern, North Carolina, captured by Union troops March 14.

Battle at "Winchester, Virginia March 23.

Brittle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tennessee April G, 7.

Capture of Island No. 10. Mississippi llivcr April 7.

Port Pnlaski, Georgia, captured by Union fleet A pnl 1 1.

New Orleans captured by Union forces . April 25.

Battle of VVilliamsburg, Virginia Ma.y 5.

Norfolk. Virginia, surrendered to the Unionists May 10.

Con federates retreat from Corinth, Mississippi May 28. 29.

Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks May 31. June 1.

Memphis. Tennessee, surrendered to the Unionists June 6.

Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula June 25 to July 1.

The President calls for 300.000 more troops July 1.

Bottle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia Aug. 9.

Pope's battles between Manassas and "Washington Aug. 23. 30.

Battle near Richmond, Kentucky Aug. 30.

Invasion of Maryland by Lee' army Sept. 5.

Battle of South Mountain, Maryland Sept. 14.

Darner's Ferry surrendered to the- Confederates Sept. 15.

Battle of Antietam, Maryland Sept. 17.

Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky Sept. 17.

Battle of luka, Mississippi Sept. 19.

Battle of Corinth. Mississippi Oct. 4.

Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky Oct. 8.

Battle of Fredericksburg, Vii-ginia Dec. 13.

Union repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi Dec. 29.

Battle or Stone River, or Murfreesboro', Tennessee Dec. 31.

18G3. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued Jan. 1.

Battle of Murfreesboro' resumed and ended Jan. 2.

Arkansas Post captured by Union forces Jan. 11.

Bombardment of Fort Surnter. South Carolina April 7.

TTiiion cavalry raid, under Orienoa, iii Mississippi AprilBattle at Port Gibson, Mississippi May 1.

Battle of ChaiHtellorsville. Virginia May 2. 3.

Battle of Haymond, Mississippi May 12.

Union victory mar Jackson, Mississippi May 14,

Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi May 16.

Battle at Big Black Hi ver, Mississippi Ma'y 17.

Second invasion of Maryland by Leo's army J'une.

West Virginia admitted into tlie Union June 20.

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1-3.

Vicksburg surrendered by the- Confederates July 4.

Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates July 8.

Great riot in New York July 13-16.

Morgan defeated near Kyger a Creek, Ohio July 21.

Morgan captured near JJew Lisbon, Ohio July 28.

Fort Wagner. South Carolina, captured by Union troops Sept. 6.

Battle of Chickamaiiga, Georgia Sept. 19, 20.

Knoxville, Tennessee, invested by the Confederates Nov. 18.

Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia Nov. 24.

Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia Nov. 25.

Union victory at Knoxville.' Kentucky Nov. 29.

18G4. The President orders a draft for more men Feb. 1.

Battle of Olustea Florida Feb. 20.

Grant created Lieutenant-General Mni-ch 3,

Fort De Russy. Louisiana, captured by Union troops March 14.

Battle of Cane River, Louisiana March 26.

Battle of Mansfield, or Subiue Cross liouds, Louisiana ....... .April &

500 CEBONOLOGICAL HISTORY.

1864. Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana AprilYon Pillow. Tennessee, captured by the Confederates April 14

Plymouth. N. C., surrendered to the Confederates April 20

Army of the Potomac commenced a forward movement May 1Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia May J>-7.

March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced May 7.

Bnttlei) near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia May 7. 13,

Battle of Resaca, Georgia May 1 5.

Battle of Newmarket, Virginia May 15.

Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the James .June 14.

Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama June 19.

Invasion of Maryland by Early 's army July 5.

Battle of Monocacv. Maryland July 9.

The President calls for 500.000 volunteers July 18.

Battles before Atlanta, Georgia July 20. 22. 28.

Chambersburg. Pennsylvania, sacked and burned July 30.

Explosion of mine and' Union repulse nt Petersburg July 30.

Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay. Alabama Aug 5.

Weldon railroad seized by Union troops Aim. 18.

Atlanta. Georgia, captured by Union army Sept. 2.

Bajt'e of Wine hester. Virginia Sept 19.

Battlo of Fisher's Hill. Virginia Sept 23.

Battle of Cedar Creek. Virjrinia Oi-t. 19.

Confederate ram A Ibemarle destroyed bv torpedo Oct. 28.

Plymouth, North Carolina, recaptured by Uuioii troops Oct. 31.

Nevada admitted into the Union Oct 31.

Battle of Franklin. Tennessee Nov. 30.

Battle near Nashville, Tennessee Dec. 16.

Savannah, Georgia, captured by Union army Dec. 21.

1865. Fort Fisher, North Carolina, captured by Union troops Jan. 15.

Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed Jan. 31.

Columbia, South Carolina, captured by Union troops Feb. 17.

Charleston, South Carolina, captured by Union troops Feb. 13.

Wilmington, North Carolina, captured 'by Union troops Feb. 22.

Battle of Bentonville, NortL Carolina March II. 20*

Battle near Goldsboro', North Carolina March 21.

Battle of Fort Steadman. Virjrinia March 25.

Petersburg and Richmond captured April 3.

Surrender of Lee's army A pril 9.

Mobile, Alabama, captured by Union forces April 13.

President Lincoln assassinated April 14.

Andrew Johnson inaugurated President Apiil 15.

Surrender ofJohnston's army April 26.

Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia May 10.

Close of the Great Rebellion.

Slavery declared abolished Dec 18.

1867. Nebraska admitted into the Union March I.

Alaska purchased from Russia for f7.200.000 June 20.

1868. The House of Representatives impeached President Johnson, Feb 24.

The President was declared acquitted April 26.

58C9. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President March 4.

1871. The " Alabama Treaty" was concluded Ma y i.

The great fire of Chicago occurred Oct. 8, 9 10.

1876. The Centennial Anniversary of American Independence.The "World's Fair ''in Philadelphia May 10 to Nov 10.

Colorado admitted into the Union Auc 1.

18T7. Rutherford B.Haye* inaugurated President March L1881. James A. Oarfleltl inaugurated President M-rch4.

" shot by Chas. J. Guitcau, a: Washington July i

" " " died at Long Branch Sept. 19

Chester A. Arthur inaugurated Preside^ Spt, a

A BRIEF LISTOF

MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES

El THE FABULOUS HISTORT OF THE GREEKS AXD ROMAICS.

Afhatos (a-ka/tSz). The faithful friend of ./Eneas, the hero of Virgil's JEne\A,Acheron (ak'e-ron). The son of Sol and Terra, changed by Jni>iter iuto &

river of hell, or tbe infernal regions; used also for hell* itself.

Achilles (a-kil'lez). A Greek, who signalized himself in the war ngninstTroy; and having been dipped by his mother in the lliver Styx, wasinvulnerable in every part except his right heel, but was at lengthkilled by Paria with an arrow.

IctaMin (ak-te'oti). The son of Arisreus, and a famous hunter, wh;>, havinzsurprised Diana as she was buthiiig, was turned by her iuto a sf.g, audkilled by his own dogs.

Adonis (a-do'nis). A beautiful youth beloved by Venus, lie was killed bya wild boar. When wounded, Venua sprinkled nectar iuto his blood,from which flowers sprang up.

Cgeus (e-je'us). A king of Athena, -who threw himself iuto the sea, whichafter him was called the JSgean Sea.

JEgis (e'jis). A shield given by Jupiter to Minerva.Cneas (e-ne'as). A Trojan prince, son of Auchises and the goddess Venus,

the hero of Virgil's poem, the <3neid.Eolus (e'o-lus). Tlie god of the winds and storms.scnl;ipius (es-kit-la'pe-us). The god of medicine, nnd the son of Apollo,

killed by Jupiter with a thunderbolt on account of hia skill, aud par.ticularly for having restored Hippolytns to life.

Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'uon). King of Mycenae and Args, brother to Men-elans, and commaiidei'-in-chief of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy.

Aganippe (ag-a-nip'pe). A fountain at the foot of Mount Helicou, conse-crated to Apollo and the MUSJS.

Ajax (a'jaks). The son of Telamon, and, next to Achilles, the hravest ofall the Greeks in the Trojan war.

Albion (al'be-on). The son of Neptune, who went into Britain, where hoestablished a kingdom.

Alcestc. or Alcestis (al-ses'te. or -tis). The daughter of Peliaa and wife ofAdmetus. brought back from hell by Hercules.

Alcidex (al-si'dez). A patronymic or title of Hercules.Alecto (a-lek'to). One of the three Furies.Aniiuon (am'mon). A title of Jupiter.Auiphion (am-fi'on). The son of Jupitr and Antiope, who tuilt the city

of Thebes by the music of his harp. He and his brother Zethus arcsaid to have invented music.

Amphitritp (am-fe-trt'te). The daughter of Oceanns and Tethys, goddessof the sea. and wife to Neptune.

Andromache (an-drorn'a-ke). The daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes, andwife of Hector.

Andromeda (an-drom'e-da). The daughter of Cepheus nnd Cassiopp, who,contesting with Juno and the Nereids for beauty, was exposed to a sea-monster, hut was rescued and married bv Perseus.

Antteus (an-te'us). The sou of Neptuue aud Terra, a famous giant, killed\a Heroule*.

50 MYTiTOLOaiCAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.

Ant!son'x(Rn-tig'p-ne). The danghter of CEtlipas and Jocasta, famous for

her filial piety.

Apollo (a-poi'Io). The son of Jupiter nml Latona, and the god of mnsic,

poetry, eloonouce. medicine, ami the fine aits.

Arachne (a-rak-ue. A Lydiaii virgin, turned iuto a spider for contendingwi^h Minerva nt spinning.

Arctl.tis-i (ar-e-tlm'sa). One of Diana's nymphs, the daughter of Neienaand Doris, who was changed into a fountain.

Arg'.is lar'jriw). The son of Arestor, said t<> have a hurled eyes: but beingKilled by Mercury when appointed by Juuo to guard lo, she put his

eyes on the tail of a peacock.Ariadne (a-re-ad'ne). The daughter of Minos, -who, from love to Thesens,

gave him a clew of thread which guided him out of the Cretan laby-rinth, and she became bis wife; but being afterwards deserted by him,she was married to Bacchus, and made his priestess.

Arion (a-ri'on). A lyric poet of Methymna, who. in his voyage to Italy,saved his life from the cruelty of the mariners by meaus of dolphins,which the sweetness of his music brought together.

Astra?! (as-trca). The goddess of justice; changed into the constellation

Virgo.Atalants (at-a-lan'ta). A princess of Scyros, who consented to marry that

one of her sailors who should outrun her. H\ppomenes was the suc-cessful competit

"'

Atlas (at'las). One ol ... Titans, and king of Mauritania, who is said tohave supported the world on his shoulders, aud was turned into amountain by Perseus.

Aurora (au-ro'ra). The goddess of the njorning.

Bacchantes (bak-kan'tcz). 1-riestesses of Bacchus.Bacchus (bnk'us). The son of Jupiter and Semele, and the god of wise and

of drunkards.Bellerophon (bel-lerVfon). The son of Glancus, king of Egypt, very beau-

tiful. "With the aid of the horse Pegasus, lie destroyed the Chiuiaera,Bellona (bel-16'na). The goddess of war, and sister of Mars.Bclus (be'lus). The son of Neptune and Libya, and one cf the first kings

of Babylon or Assyria, to whose statue divine honors were paid, and towhom a magnificent temple was built.

Boreas (bo're-as). The sou of Astraeus anil Aurora; the name of the northwind.

Briarens (bri-a're-ns). A giant that warred against heaven, and was feignedto have had fifty heads and one hundred hands.

Busiris (bn-si'ris). The son of Neptune and Libya, a tyrant of Egypt, nnda monstrous giant, who fed his horses with human flesh, and was killed

by Hercules.

Byblis (bib'lis). The daughter of Miletus, who wept herself into a fountain

through love of her brother Cauuus.

Cacns (Ica'kns). The son of "Vulsan, a most notorious robber, slain by Her-cules for stealing his oxen.

Cad ni us (kad'mus). The son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, the founder ofthe city of Thebes, aud the reputed iiiveiitor of sixteen letters of theGreek alphabet.

Calliope (kal-li'o-pe). One of the Muses, who presided over eloquence andepic poetry.

Calypso (ka-lip'so). One of the Oceanidea, and one of the daughters ofAtlas, who reigned in the island Ogygia, and entertained Ulysses.

Camilla (ka-mil'la). A famous queen of the Volsci, who opposed 2Eueas onhis landing in Italy.

Capanous (kap'a-neus). A famous Grecian, killed by a stone at the siegeof Thebes.

Cusindra (kas-san'dra). The danghter of Priam and Hecuba, eadowWwith, the gift of prophecy b/ Apollo.

MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES, 503

Castalides (kas-tal'i-des). The Muses, so called from the fountain Castaliaa,at the foot of Parnassus.

Castor (kas'tor). A son of Jupiter and Leda. Ho and liis twin brotherPollux shared immortality alternate!}-, and were formed into the con-stellation Gemini.

Cecrops (se'krops). A very rich Egyptian, the founder and first king of

Athens, who instituted marriage, altars, and sacrifices.

Centaurs (sen'taurs). A people of Thessaly, half men and half horses, van-

quished l>y Theseus.Cerbtrus (ser'be-nia). The three-headed dog of Pluto, which guarded the

pates of hell. Hercules overcame and brought him away.Ceres (se'rez). The daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and goddess of corn,

harvest, and flowers.

Charon (ka'ron). The son of Erebus and Xox, and ferryman of hell, whoconducted the souls of the dead, in a boat, over the llivers Styx andAcheron.

Charybdis (ka-rib'dis). A ravenous woman, turned by Jupiter into a verydangerous gulf or whirlpool oil the coast of Sicily.

Chiron (ki'ron). The son of Saturn and I'hillyra, a Centanr, who was pre-ceptor to Achilles. taught ^Esculapius physic, and Hercules astronomy;and who was made the constellation Sagittarius.

Chryscis (kri-se'is). The daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo, famed for

beanty and for her skill in embroidery. She fell to Agamemnon's lot

in the cause of the Trojan war, but was afterwards restored, in orderto stop a plague amongst the Grecians, which Apollo had sent at the

request of her father.

Circe (sir'se). The daughter of Sol and Perse, a noted enchantress.Clio (kli'o). One of the Muses. She presided over history.

Clytemnrstra (klit-em-nes'tra). The faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed

bv her son Orestes for her crimes.

Comus (k&'mus). The god of revelry, feasting, and jollity.

Crocus (kro'kus). A young man who was enamored of the nymph Smilax,and changed into the flower of the name of crocus.

Crwsus (kre'sus). The king of Lydia. and the richest man of his time.

Cupid (kii-pid). The son of Mars and Venus, a celebrated deity ; the godof love, and love itself.

Cybele (sib'e-le). The daughter of Grains and Terra, the wife of Saturn,and the mother of the gods.

Cyclops (si'klops). Vulcan's workmen, giants who had only one eye, inthe middle of their forehead, and were slain, by Apollo iu a piqueagainst Jupiter.

Daedalus (de'da-lus). A most ingenious artist and artificer of Athena, whoformed the Cretan labyrinth, and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumb-line, saw, and masts and sails for ships.

Danaides (da-na'i-dez). The fifty daughters of Danaus. king of Argos. all

of whom, except T^perrunestra, killed their husbaufiS on the first

night after marriage, and were therefore dimmed to draw water outof a deep well, and eternally to pour it into a cask full of holes.

Dapli-ne (dafne). The daughter of the lUver Peueus, changed into alaurel-tree.

Daphnis (dat'nis). A shepherd of Sicily, and son of Mercury. Tie waseducated by the nymphs, and inspired by the Muses with the love of

poetry,nhtnus (diDard:inus (dar'da-nus). The son of Jupiter and Electro, and founder of

Troy.Deidamfa (de-id-a-mi'a). The daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, wife

of Achilles, and mother of Pyrrhus.JDei'ilioiuis (de-ifo-bus). The son of Priam and Hecuba, who married

Helena after the death of Paris, but was betrayed by her to the

504 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NA1IES.

Deja!ra (dej-a-nl'ra). The daughter of (Enens, and wife of Hercules, whoIniled herself iu ftespair, because her husband burnt himself' to avoidthe torment occasioned by the poisoned shirt that she had given hiji

to regain his love., according to the direction of Nessus, tho centaur,from whom she received ir.

Deliis (de'los). An island in the .22gean Sea, wl-ere Apollo was bom, andwhi-iv he had a famous oracle.

Dcljii.i (del'li). A city of Phocis. famous for an oracle of Apollo.Deucalion (deu-ka'li-on). The sou of Prometheus, and king nf Thcssaly,

i who. with his wile Pyrrba. was preserved from the general deluge.

]nnd repeojiled the world by throwing stones behind them, cs directed

/ by the oracle.

I/iai.a (di-a'ua). The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the go<ldes3 ofliimtini_r , chastity, and marriage.

Dirtyiuiii (dic-tin'ua). A uyiuph of Crete, and one of the attendants ofDiana.

Dido (di'do). The qneen of Carthage, daughter of Eelns, nnd wife ofSicua'us. She built Carfhage. and, according to Virgil, entertained.32ne.as on his 'voyage to Italy, and stabbed herself through despair,because ^neas left her.

Dlomedes (di-o-uie'dez). The Ron of Tydens, and king of .Stolin, whogained great reputation at Troy, and who, with Ulysses, &.c., carriedoff the Palladium.

Dirce (dir'se). The wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, dragged to death by amad bull.

Draco (dra'ko). An Athenian lawgiver, so severe as to punish every crimewith death.

Dryades (dn'a-dez). Xymphs who presided over the woods.

Echo (ek'o). The daughter of Acr, or Air, and Tellns, who pined awaythrough love for Narcissus.

Electra (e-ltk'tra). The daughter of Agamemnon nnd Clytemnestra, wl;o

instigated her brother Orestes to revenge their father's death upontheir mother and JSgisthus.

Elysium (e-lizh'e-um). The happy residence of the virtuous after death.tnVeladus (en-sel'a-dus). The son of Titan and Terra, and the strongest

of the giants, who conspired against Jupiter, aud attempted to scaleheaven.

End} inion (en-dinv'i-on). A shepherd and an astronomer of Cana, con-denmed to a sleep of thirty years.

Epeus (e-pe'us). An artist, who made the Trojan horse, and invented thesword and buckler.

Erato (er'a-to). One of the Muses: she presided over lyric nnd amoroupoetry.

Erebus (er'e-bns). Tho son of Chaos nnd Xox. nn infernal deity: a rirerof hell, and often used by the poets for hell itself.

Ertnnjrs (e-rin'nys). The Greek name for the Eurnenides, or Furies.Eunienidex (ii-inen'i dez). A name of the Furies.

Euphorhus (u-for'bus). The sou of Panthous, slain by Menelaus in theTrojan war.

Euphrosyne (ti-fros'e-ne). One of the three Graces.Euryale (ti-ri'a-le). A queeii of the Amazons: also one of tho threo

Gorgons.Enryalus (u.ri'a-lus). A Peloponnesinn chief in the Trojan war: also a

Trojan and a friend of Nisiis, for whose loss ^Encas was InconMilaLlo.

Eur.vdice (u-rid'i se). The wife of Orpheus, killed by a serpent 011 hupmarriage day.

Eurylorhns (u-ril'o-ku). One of the companions of TJlysses, and the oulyone who was not changed by Circe into a hog.

Euryst UPIIS (n-ris'the-us). The sou of Sthenelus. and kinjr of ifycenje. who,at Juno's instigation, set his brother Hercules twelve difficult labors.

Euterpe (u-ter/pe). Oue of tho Mus, th oue wiio uraid:d over muaie.

MYTHOLOGICAL AXD CLASSICAL NAMES. 505

Fates (fates). Powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and thelife of mankind, were the three daughters of Nox and Erebiis, namedClothe, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was supposed to hoM the distal^Lachesis to draw the thread of human life, and Alropos to cut it off.

J

Fauna (faw'na). A Human deity, the wife of Fatmus.Fauni (faw'ni). llural deities, described as having the legs, feet, and ears

of goats, and the rest of the body human.Fau::;:s (i'aw'ntis). A king of Italy about thirteen hundred years IS. C.;

fond of agriculture, and revered as a deity.Flora (flo'ra). The goddess of flowers and gardens. /

Fortuna (for-tii'na). A powerful deity, the goddess of fortune, from whose)hand were derived riches aud poverty, happiness and misery ; s~id to 1

bo blind.

Furie.'i (fCi'rics). The three daughters of IN'ox and Acheron, Alecto, Tisi-

phone, and Megcera.

Galatiea (gal-a-Wa). A sea-nymph, the daughter of Kerens and Doris,passionately loved by Polyphemus.

Gauymcac (gan'o-medo). The sou of Xros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter, inthe form of an eagle, snatched up and niade his cup-bearer, insteadof Ilcbe.

Geryon (jo'ro-on). A monster, represented as having three bodies andthree heads, and as having fed his oxen with human flesh, and wastherefore killed by Hercules.

GorJius (gor'de-us). A husbandman, but afterwards king of Phrygi% re-

markable for tying a knot of cords, on which the empire of Asia de-

pended, in so very intricate a manner, that Alexander, unable to unravelit, cut it asunder.

Oorgnns (gor'gons). The three daughters of Phorcns and Ceto, namedStheno, Euryalo, and Medusa. Their bodies were covered with im-

penetrable scales, their hair entwined with serpents; they had onlyone eve betwixt them, and they could change into stones thoso whom,they looked on.

Graces (gri'aez). Three goddesses, represented as beautiful, modest virgins,and constant attendants on Venus. ^

Harpies (har'pez. The three daughters of Xeptuno and Terra, namedAello, Celasno, and Ocypcte. winged monsters with the faces of virgins,the bodies of vultures, and hands armed with claws.

Debs (he'be). The daughter of Juno, goddess of youth, and Jupiter's cup-bearer, banished from heaven 0:1 account of an unlucky fall.

Hector (hek'tor). The son of Priam and Hecuba, the most valiant of theTrojans, and slain by Achilles.

Jlecu'jri (hek'u-bn). The daughter of Dimas, king of Thrace, and wife ofPriam, who tore her eyes oi;t for the loss of ber children.

Helen (hel'en). The daughter ofTyndarna and Leda, and wifeof Men plans,the most beautiful woman of her ago, who, running awuy with 1'uris,occasioned the Trojan war.

Heleuus (hel'e-nus). The son of Priam and Hecuba, spared by the Greeksfor his skill in divination.

Hello (hel'le). Tito dai.yhter of Athamas. who, flying from her stepmotherIno, was drowned in the Pontic Sea, and gave it the nanio of Hellespont.

Hercu'cs (her'liu-lez). The sun of Jupiter and Alciuena, the most famoushero of antiquity, remarkable for his great strength.

ller:;:ir>ne (her-mi'o-ne). The daughter of Mars and Venus, and wife ofCadmus, who was changed into a serpent.

Hero (he'ro). A beautiful woman of Scstos, in Thrnce ur.d priestess ofVenus, whom Leander of Abydos loved so tenderly tl at he swam overthe Hellespont every night to see her; but at Ic.iigt leiug unfortu-nately drowned, she threw herself, in despair, into tlu lea.

Hesiona (ho-si'o-ne). The daughter of Laomedou, kiug ol Croy, deliveredfrom a sea-monster by Hercules,

506 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAilES.

HesperideR (hes-per'i-dez). Three nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, whoguarded the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter.

Hesperus (hes'per-us). The son of Japetus, and brother to Atlas; changedinto the evening star.

Hippolytus (hip-pol'e-tus). The son of Theseus and Antiope, or Hippolyte.\vho \vas restored to life by .Esculapius, at the request of Diana.

Ilippomenrs (hip-pom'e-nez). A Grecian prince, who, beating At.ilaDt.-x inthe race by throwing golden apples before her, married her. Theywere changed by Cybelw into lions.

Jlyacint lius (bi-a-siu'thus). A beautiful boy, beloved by.Apollo and Zephy-rus. The latter killed him; but Apollo changed the blood that wasspilt into a flower called the Hyacinth.

Hydra (hi dra). A celebrated monster, or serpent, with niit, or, accordingto some, a hundred heads, which infested the Lake Leriia. It waskilled by Hercules.

Hymen (lumen). The son of Bacchus and Venus, and god of marriage.

Icarus (ilc'a-rns). The son of Da?dalus, who, flying with his father out ofCrete into Sicily, and soaring too high, melted the wax of his wiugs,and fell into the sea, thence called the Icarian Sea.

lo (i'o). The daughter of Inachns and Isiuene. turned Viy Jupiter into a-

cow- and worshipped after her death, by the Egyptians, under thename of Isis.

Iphigenia (if-i-je-nl'a). The daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra,and a priestess of Diana.

Iris (i'7'is). The daughter of Thanmas and Electra. one of the Oceanides,and messenger of Juno, who turned her into a rainbow.

Ixion (iks-i'ou). A king of Thessaly, the father of tho Centaurs, who killedhis own sister, and was punished by being fastened in hell to a wheelperpetually turning round.

Janus (ja nns). The son of Apollo and Crensa, and first king of Italy, who,receiving the banished Saturn, was rewarded by him with the knowl-edge of husbandry, and of things past and future.

Jason (ja'son). The leader of the Argonauts, who obtained the goldenfleece at Colchis. If

Juno (ju'no). The daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of Jupiter,the great queen of heaven, and of all the gods, and goddess of marriagesand births.

Jupiter (ju'P-ter). The son of Saturn and Ons, the supreme deity of theheathen world, the most powerful of all the gods, and governor of all

things.

Laoroon (la-oVo-on). The son of Priam and Hecuba, and high priest of

Apollo, who opposed the reception of the woulen horse into Troy.Laomedon (la-om'e-don). A king of Troy, killed by Hercules, for denying

him his daughter Hesione after he had delivered her from the sen-

monster, to which she had been exposed, on account of her father'srefusal to pay Keptuue and Apollo for building the city walls.

Lares (la'rez). Inferior gods at Home, who presided over houses andfamilies.

Laton a (la-to'na). The daughter of Cosus the Titan and Phoebe, and motherof Apollo and Diana.

Led a (le'da). The mother of Castor and Pollux, of Helen and Clytemnenira.Lucifer (hYse-fer). The name of the planet Venus, or morning star; said

to be the son of Jupiter and Aurora.Lucin.i (lii-si'na). A daughter of Jupiter and Juno, and a goddess who

presided over childbirth.Luna (lu'na). Tha moon, the daughter of Hyperion and Terra.

Hedea (me-de'a). The daughter of ^etes, and a wopderful sorceress, or

magician*

MYTHOLOGICAL AXD CLASSICAL NAMES. 507

Mednsa (me-ila'sa). One of the three Gorgons, whose hair Minerva changedinto snakes. She was killed by Perseus.

Melpomene (mel-poui'e-ue). One of the Muses, the one who presided overtragedy.

Heninon (mem'non). King of Ethiopia, the son of Tithonus and Aurora.and king <'f Abydon, killed by Achilles for assisting Priatu, andchanged into a bird at the request of his mother.

Henelitus (meu-e-la'us). The son of Atreus, king of Sparta, brother of

Agamemnon, and husband of Helena.Mentor (men'tor). The faithful friend of Ulysses, the governor of Telema-

chus, and the.wise.st man of his time. /

Mercury (mer'kn-re). The son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the gods,inventor of letters, and god of eloquence, commerce, and travelers.

Minerva (mi-ner'va). Tlie goddess of wisdom, the arts, and war; producedfrom Jupiter's brain.

Minotaur (min'o-taur). A celebrated monster, half man and half bull,killed by Theseus.

Mnemosyne (ne-mos'e-ne). The goddess of memory, and the mother of thonine muses.

Momus (mo'mus). The son of Xox, and god of folly and pleasantry.Morpheus (moi'fe-us). The minister of Xox and Somuus, and god of dreams.

Naiads (na'idz). Nymphs of streams and fountains.Nemesis (nem'e-sis). One of the infernal deities, and goddess f vengeance.Neptune (nep'tune). The sou of Saturn aiid Ops, god of the sea, and, next

to Jupiter, the most powerful deity; represented with a trident in his

right hand.Nestor (nes'tor). The son of Neleus and Chloris, and king of Pylos and

Messeuia. He fought against the Centaurs, was distinguished in theTrojan war, and lived to a great age.

Niobe (ni'o-be). The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, who.preferring herself to Latoiia, had her fourteen children killed, andwept herself into a stone.

Nox (iioks). One of the most ancient of the deities, and goddess of night.

Oceanides (6-se-an'i-dez). Sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus; three thou-sand in number.

Ooeanus (o-se'a-nus). A powerful deity of the sea, son of Ccelus and Terra.

Orpheus (or'fe-us). A celebrated Argonaut, whose skill in music is said tohave been so great that he could make rocks, trees, &c., follow him.

Osiris (o-si'ris). The son of Jupiter, married to lo, and worshipped by theEgyptians under the form of an ox.

Pan (pan). The son of Mercury, and the god of shepherds, huntsmen, an3the inhabitants of the country-

Pandora (pan-do'ra). A celebrated woman, and, according to Hesiod, thefirst mortal female that ever lived. Jupiter gave her a box which con-tained all the evils and miseries of life; but with hope .it the bottom.

Paris (par'is). The son of Priou and Hecuba, a most beautiful youth, whoran away with Helen, and thus occasioned the Trojan war.

Pegasus (pc^'a-sus). A winged horse belonging to Apollo and the Museawhich sprung from the blood of Medusa,when Perseus cutoff her head.

Penates (pe-ua'tez). Small statues, or household gods.Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe). A celebrated princess of Greece, wife of Ulysses,

remarkable for her chastity and constancy in the long absence of herhusband.

Philomela (fil-o-me'la). The daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, whowas changed into a nightingale.

Pluto (plu'to). The son of Saturn and Ops, brother ofJupiter and Xeptune,and the, god of the infernal regions.

F]ntus (plu'tus). The son of Jasiiis and Ceres, nnd the god of riches.Ponioua (po-rniXna). The goddess of gardens and fruit-uees.

508 MYTHOLOGICAL ANT> CLASSICAL NAMES.

Priam (prf'jim). The last king of Troy, the son of Laomedon, under whoserc*ign Troy was tnken by the Greeks.

Prometheus (pro-mc'the-iis). The son ofJapetns. He is said to have stolen

fire from heaven to animate two bodies which he hail formed of clay ;

and he was then-tore chained hy Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, -with avulture perpetually gnawing his liver.

Proteus (pro'te-us). Tiie sim of Oi-eauns and Tethys, a sen-god and prophet,who ]x>sse.sed the power of changing himself' into different shapes.

Psyche (.-si'ke). A nymph be.jveU hv Cupid, and made immortal by JupiterPygmies (pia'mies). A nation of dwarfs only a span high, carried away

by Hercules.

Herons (re'mns). The elder birther of Tlomnlus, killed by him for ridiculingthe city walls, which he n:id just, erected.

Khadanianthus (rad-a-nian'tlnis). Son of Jupiter nnd Europa, and Icing of

Lycia, made one of the three infernal judges ou account of his justiceand goodness.

Domnlus (rom'u-lns). Tho son of Mars nnd Ilia; he was thrown into theTiber by his imcla. but was saved, with his twin brother Uemus, by a

shepherd; and Le became tho founder and first king of Home.

Semole (sem'e-le). The daughter of Cadmus and Tbebc. and mother ofBacchus.

Semi ram is (se-mir'a-mis). Tho wifo rf Ninus, and celebrated qneen of

Assyria, who built the walls of Babylon, and was slain by ber own sonJuuyas. and turned into a. pigeon.

Silenus (si-le'mis). The foster-father, master, and companion of Bacchus,who lived iu Arcadia, rode on an ass. nnd was every clay inebriated,

Sirens (.si'rens). Sea-nymphs, or tea-monsters, the daughters of Cveanngnnd Amphitrite.

Sisyphus (sis'e-fns). The son of .Solus, a most crnfty prince, killed byTheseus, and condemned by I'luto to roll up hill a largo btouc, which,

constantly fell back again.Soninus (som'nus). The sou of Erebus nnd Xox, and the pod of sleep.

Sphinx (sfinks). A monster, who destroyed herself because CEdipus solvedtho enigma or riddle she proposed.

RtenJor (sten'tor). A Grecian, whose voice is reported to have been as

strong and as loud as the voices of fifty men together.fcylvauus (sil-Ta'uus). A god of the woods and forests.

Tantalus (tan'ta-lns). The son of Jupiter, and king of Lydia, who servednp the limba of his sou Pelops to try the divinity of the gods.

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). The part of the" infernal regions iu which the mostimpious and criminal were punished.

Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re). One. of the Muses : she presided over dancing.Themis (the'niis). The daughter of Coelus nnd Terra, and goddess of justice.Tisiphone (ti-sifo-ne). One of the three Furies.Titan (ti'tan). The son of Ccelus and Terra, brother of Saturn, and one of

the giants who warred against heaven.Tithnnus (ti-tho'niis). The son of Laomedon, loved b^ Aurora, nnd turned

by her. in his old age, into a grasshopper.ritoii (trl'ton). The son of Neptune and Amphitritc, a powerful sea-god,

and Xeptuue's trumpeter.

Tcnns (ve'nus). One of <he most celebrated deities of tho ancients, thewife of Vulcan, the goddess of beauty, tho mother of love, and tho mis-tress of the graces and of pleasures.

Tcrtuiinius (ver-tnm'nns). A deity of the Romans, who presided overspring and orchards, and who was tho lover of Pomonn.

Vesta (ves'ta). The sister of Ceres and Juno, the goddess of fire, andpatroness of vestal virgins.

Vulcan (vul'kaii) The god who presided over fixe and workers in uietaL

HEADS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS.

HEADS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE WORLD.

Governments.

\7EIGHTS AKD MEASURES.

THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.MEASURES OF LENGTH.

METBIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES.

VOCABULARY OF BUSINESS. 51 1

VOCABULARY OF BUSINESS.

Abatement. Amonnt taken off a bilL

Acceptance. Agreement to terms.

Account. Statement of goods, or indebtedness.

Accountant. A professional bookkeeper, or calculator.

Account current. A plain statement, or running accountAcquittance. A written discharge, or receipt in full.

Ad valorem. According to value, assessment for customAU'ulavit. Declaration in writing, or oath before a magistrate.Annuity. Sum paid periodically.Annul. To make void; to cancel.Antedate. To date beforehand.Appraiser. A valuator.Arbitration. Reference to persons chosen by tbe parties.Assessor. A person who estimates property for taxation.Assets. Funds of a person or firm in business.

Assignee. A person to whom an assignment is made.Assignment. Conditional transfer of property for safe keeping.Assignor. A person who makes an assigument.Audit. Kegular examination of books, vouchers, &c.Auditor. A person who inspects and certifies accounts.

Balance. Difference between two accounts.Bulance-slicet. A paper containing a concise statement of an accountBalancing books. Making a balance-sheet from the ledger.Bale. A package of goods or produce.Bankbook. Passbook of a bank.Banker. A dealer in money.Bankrupt. A person not able to pay Us debts.Bank-stock. Shares of a banking-company.Bear. A person who strives to depress stocks, In order to buy npBill of Entry. A bill of goods entered at the custom-house.Bill of Exchange. An order for the payment of money.Bill of Lading. A receipt from a railroad, ship, <fcc., 1'or goods as freightBillhead. A printed form, with business, address, &c.Bill. A detailed account of goods sold.

Bill of Sale. A contract, under seal, for the sale of goods.Bill of Sight. A temporary form of entry at a custom-house, permitting

goods to be provisionally landed for examination.Bills payable. The name given by a merchant, or other person, to twotea

made and issued.Bills Receivable. Notes taken or given in payment, except one's own.Blank Credit. Permission given by a firm or person to draw money onBona Fide. In good faith. [account.Bond. A note or deed given with pecuniary security.Bonded goods. Goods for which bonds are 'given for the duties insteadBottomry liond. A mortgage on a vessel. [of money.Bounty. A bonus, or premium, given to encourage trade.Broker. An agent, or factor.Bull. A person who strives to raise the price of stocks in order to sell up.Bullion. Uncoiiied gold or silver.

Capital. Stock in tradfe; the amonnt of assets.

Capitalist. A person having surplus cash, or large property.Capitation. Poll-tax; tax levied on male adults.Case. A bos. for holding goods or merchandise.Cash-book. A book of entry for money paid out and taken in.Cash Credit. Privilege of drawing money at a bank, obtained by deposit?

lug suitable security.Ctflhtor. A PO*MB having the charge of money*.

512 VOCABULARY OF BUSINESS.

Chamber of Commerce. An association of merchants for the encourage.ment and protection of trade.

Charter. The letting or hiring a ship by special contract.Check. An order on a bank for payment on demand.Check-book. A printed book of blank checks.Check-clerk. A clerk who examines the accounts of other clerks.Circular. A printed letter of advertisement.

Closing an account. Balancing the Dr. and Or. sides by placing the differ'once on tke smaller side under the name of "Balance, or "Profitand Loss," and drawing lines beneath.

Clerk. Ait assistant in a store, office, &c.

Clearing. Entering a ship at the custom-house, particulars of freight, &o.Clearance. A certificate for clearing.Cockct. A custom-house warrant to show goods hare been entered.Collector. A person authorized to receive money for another.Commerce. The business of exchanging one commodity for another, &c.Commission. The amount charged by an agent for transacting business

for another.

Company. A number of persons associated in business.Consideration. Bonus, the sum given on account of anything.Consign. To send goods to an agent, or factor, tor sale.

Consignee. A person who receives goods in trust.

Consignment. Goods sent to a distance for Bale by an agent.Consignor. The person who consigns.Consols. Public stocks in England.Consul. A representative of a state in a foreign country whoso duty it u

to protect trade.Contra. On the other picle; per contra, a writing on the opposite side.

Contraband goods. Articles en which there are heavy duties, or article*

wholly prohibited by Government.Contract. An agreement between parties; a bargain.Contractor. A person who bargains.Contribution. Joint payment of money to an undertaking.Conveyance. A legal document transferring land or property from one

person to another.

Copartner. A person engaged in a partnership.Copying-ink. Adhesive ink, prepared with gums, &c.. for transferring

writing.Copying-press. An instrument for taking impressions from damp paper.Counter-entry. An entry to the contrary.Counting-room. A merchant's business-office.

Currency. Paper-money and coin established as the circulating mediumof a country.

Customs. Taxes on goads imported or exported.Customer. A regular "buyer of goods at a stated price.Custom-house. A place appointed to receive customs.Custom-house entry. A statement made and fees paid in clearing a ship.

Dny-book. A book for recording daily transactions.

Days of Grace. A period of three days, allowed by law or custom, beyondthe fixed time of payment.

Debit. Tc make debtor in a person's books; a charge entered.DeMt-side. The left side of a ledger.Debt. Something due to another.Debtor. A person who owes another.Decimal. A tenth part.Dsed. A legal instrument of agreement under sealDefault. A failure of payment.Defaulter. A person who makes away with goods intrusted to him.Defendant. A person accused and summoned to answer to a charge in afcefleit -\2?*->^ac^ fcjeort of law.

VOCABULARY OF BUSINESS. 513

Dcmt rrage. Forfeit-money for detaining a ship beyond the time of ngree-Deposit. Money or goods intrusted to the care ot others. [lueut.Depositor. A person who has money in bank for safe keeping.Depot. A station ; a warehouse for the reception of gooda.Depreciation. A lessening in value.Discount. A sum thrown otf the amount of a bill or note.Discount-broker. A person who gives money on notes of hand.Discount-day. The only day oil which some' banks discount.

Dispatch. A letter or message uy telegraph.Dissolution. A breakiug-np of a 'partnership. CcomPany-Dividend. Interest on stocks; a share of the proceeds of a joint-stockDuck-dues. Charges for the use of a dock. [nation. I

Docket. A ticket or mark on gooda showing their measurement or dead-Document. An official writing.Double-entry. Books containing the debit and credit of every transaction.Draft. An order to pay money; a rough copy of a, writing."Draw. To write an order on an order for money or poods.Drawback. An allowance or return of duty at the custoiu-honse.Drawee. The person on whom the bill is drawn.Drawer. The person who draws a bill.

Drayagc. The charge mode on goods banled by a dray.Drummer. A person who solicits trade or custom for another.

Dry-ffoods. The commercial name for cottons, woolens, luoca, <to.

Duplicate. A copy ; a second article of the kind.

Effects. Goods; property on hand; the possessions of a person or firm.Ejectment. Forcing out; dispossession of houses or lands.

Embargo. Restraint by Government preventing ships from leaving port.Emporium. A mart; a place of trade; a commercial city.Engrosser. One who taKes the whole; a person who purchases snob,

quantities of articles in a market as to raise the price; a forestalled

Engrossing clerk. A clerk who copies; a copyist.Enterprise. An adventure; a projected scheme.

Exchange. Giving one commodity for another; place of meeting of mer-chants, brokers, <tc. ; percentage on the sale of bills, &.c.

Exchequer. A treasury; pecuniary possessions in general.Executor. A person appointed to carry out the -will of a testator.Exhibit. A voucher or document produced in court.Expenditure. Outlay for expenses ; disbursement; expense.Exporter. A merchant who sends goods to another country for nle.

Exports. Goods, wares, or merchandise, sent to another country for snla.

Express. A regular and quick conveyance for packages, commissions, &.O.

Face. The amount for which a note is drawn.Fac-simile. An exact cony, or likeness; a counterpart.F:ictor. An agent or broker; a commission-merchant, or consigned.Failure. A becoming insolvent; suspension of payment; bankruptcy.

">bons. sijks,'&e.

place to place.

Fee-simple. A fee without conditions or limits; an absolute fee.

Fellowship. Companionship; mutual association; partnership.Finance. Revenue; public money; funds.Financier. A person skilled in nioney matters, or financial operations.Fire-insurance. An indemnity against loss by fire.

Fire-policy. The writing or instrument by which insurers engage to payi. ^__._ the insured for a loss sustained, by fire.

514 YOCABin^LRY OF BUSCXES3.

Plrm. The name, tttle, or style.under which a company traj^actsbFlat. Lacking life in commercial dealings; inactive; depressed; dull.

Flush. Pull; abundance of money.Foreclose. To cut off a mortsrager from equity or redemption.Forestall. To buy up goods before the regular time of sale.

Forcstaller. A person -who purchases provisions, or goods of any kind,before thej coma to the market, with a view to raise the price.

Forwarder. An agent who sends forward or transmits goods; a forward-i ing merchant. [a'.other.

Forwarding-honse. A merchant who forwards goods from one pl;ict- to

Franking. The privilege of seudiug letters, &c., through the post-officefree of charge.

Frciirlit. Lading or cargo of a shipj railroad-car, &c.

Freightage. Charge for 'transportation ; expense of carriage.

Freight-ear. A railroad-car for the transportation of merchandise.

Freighter. A person who charters and loads a ship; one whose business it

is to receive and forward freisrht ; one for whom freight is transported.Freieht-train. A railroad -train of freight-cars or goods-wagons.Funds. The stock of a national debt; public securities; ready money.

Gauze. To measure the contents of a cask, measure, or standard.Goods. A general term for movables, bnt usually applied to merchandise.Grocer. A trader who deals in tea, sugar, coffee, spices, liquors, fruits, <fco,

Gross. The whole weight, with box, barrel, &c. ; twelve do/en.Guarantee. A warranty; a security; indemnity against loss.

Gunny-bags. Bags made of a kind of coarse sacking for holding coffee, &O.

Hand. A measure of the hand's breadth; four inches; a palm; usedin measuring the height of a horse.

Harbor-dues. Charges made for the use of a harbor.Hardware. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen furniture, &O.Honor. To accept and pay a draft, bill of exchange, &c.

Hypothecate. To pledge as security; to mortgage personal property.

Immovables. Lands, houses, structures, fixtures, &o>

Immunity. Exemption from any charge, duty, office, tar, or imposition.Imported. Brought from a foreign country.Importer. A merchant who brings goods from another country.Income. Receipts; gains from trade, labor, &c.Income-tax. A tax upon a person's incomes, emoluments, profits, &c.Indorsement. A writing on the back of a note of band, bill, or other pap*i.

as a person's name, an order for or a receipt of payment. &c.Indorscr. The person by whom a note of band, check, &.C., is indorsed.Insolvent. Inability to pay one's debts as they fall due.Intellisence-oflics. A registry-office for domestics looking for employment.Interest. Share in business ; participation in value ; share ; portion ; part.Inventory. A catalogue or schedule of goods and chattels, wares, <fec.

Investment. Money employed in business, or in the purchase of property.Invoice. A written account of the particulars of merchandise shipped or

sent to a purchaser, consignee, &e.., with prices and charges annexed.Invoice-book, A book for entering copies of invoices.

er. One who purchases goods from Importers, and sells to retailers.

Jobbing-house. A mercantile establishment which, purchases from im-porters and sells to retailers.

Joint stock. Stock held in company, or owned by a number of persons.Joint-stock company. Association of persons to carry on a large business.Journal. An account-book intermediate between the daybook and ledger.Journal-book. A book in which entries are made daily; a daybook.

ment. Judicial determination: decision of a court; si compulsorydecree for tiie recovery of a iel-U

OP BTTSWB3S. 515

Land-warrant.. Jl certificate from the land-office authorising the boldttto assume the ownership of a tract of public land.

Lair-officer. An officer who has power to administer or execute laws; on*Law-writer. AD engrosser, or copyist. {who Xa legal authority.Lease. A contract for the use of lands or tenements for a specified time.

Legal tender. Money which the law authorizes to be tendered in payment,&etter of attorney. A writing by which we person Aatborizea er.other to

act iu his stt-ad.

Letter of credit. A letter anJiorizing credit to a certain amount of moneyto be given to tbo bearer.

Letter of license. A paper by which, creditor* iir HI anfortematc debtortime to pay his debt*.

Letter of marque. A commission given to private ship by a governmentto make reprisals on the ships of another state j heoee, the ship itself.

Letters close. Letters or writs closed up and sealed OB the outside, as dis*

languished from letters patent.Letters of administration. The instrument by which an administrator or

administratrix is authorized to administer the goods and estate of adeceased person.

Letters patent. A writing, executed and sealed, by which power and au-thority rs granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some richt.

fitters test?' ,ntkry. An instrument granted by the proper officer to anexecn.xir after probate of a will, authorizing him to act as executor.

Lien. A legal claim ; a charge upon real or personal property for the satis-faction of some debt or doty j power to prevent saie by another.

Liquidation. The ret of settling, and adjusting debts.

Loan. Money cr other property furnished for temporary use to a personat his request, on condition that the specific thing shall be returned,or its equivalent in kind: national debt.

Loan-office. An office at which loans are negotiated, or at which the aocounts of loaas are kept, and tiie Interest paid to the lender.

A Bet or invoice of * ulp' cargo, containing a description byu.arks, numbers, .fee., of wu;b package of goods, to be exhibited atthe custom-house by the proper person.

Market. A place of public .<a!6. a umid ing where wares, provisions, &.O,are bought ana sold ; a markel-hou^e.

Marketable. Fit to be ottered for sale; fit foe market; current in market.Hurt . A place of sale or traffic ; a market [due.Maturity. Arrival at the time fixed lor payment j time when a note fallsMaximum. The highest price.Merchandise. The objects of commerce j whatever is usually bought or

sold in trade, or market, or by merchants ;wares ; goods ; commodities.

Messenser. The bearer of a message; an office servant.Minimum. The least quantity assignable, admissible, or possible, in a

given case; the lowest price.Hint. The place where money is coined; a factory of coin,

Miuipy-broker. A broker who deals iu money.Money-raatter. AT* account, consisting of charges of money: an account

between debtor and creditor.

Money-order. A > order for a sum of money deposited at one post-office, onsome other office where the payment is to be mace.age. A conveyance of property, upon condition, as security for thepayment 01' a debt or the performance of a duty, and to become void

upoti payment or performance.Oi A deed given by way of mortgage".The person to whom property is mortgaged, or to whom

mortgage is made or given.tfH^er. The pt-rsun wiio conveys property as securf*"' for debt

Goods, worts, commodities; property not tu.^ or real

616 TOCABULABY OP BUS-KMS.

Ket. The clear amount; the qnantity remainingBiotnri.il Seal. The soul of a notary-public.>"otar.> -public. A public officer who attests, or certifies, deeds and other

writings, and protect.-, 'ouls ot exonauge. notes, &c.. for non-payment.Note-book. A book which r.ntes oi baud are registered.

Koto of hand. A written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, andpromising payment At a specified time.

Obligation. A bond with a condition annexed, and a penalty* for ton-

fulfillment; a binding agreementOrder. A commission to make purchases or supply goods; a direction, in

writing., to pav money.Order-book. A maniUacturer*8 book in which orders are entered.

Parkmre, A bnndle made np for transportation : a small parcel ; a hale.

Packer. A person employed In packing provisions or goocu for preserva-tion or for shipment.

Panic. A monetary pressure oe crisis.

Paper. The name given by merchants to negotiable evidences of indebt-edness. as notes of hand, bills of exchange, bank-notes, and the like.

Paper currency. Paper-money of a country.

Paper money. Notes or bills Issued by authority, and promising the pay*ment of monev, circulated as the representative of com.

Partner. An associate in any business or occupation; member of a pnrtnershipj an associate in bnsires* under the contract >it partiier.-hip.

Partnership. A contract between two or more competent persons lor join.

ing together their money, goods, laltor, and skill, or any or all of t iu-iu,tinder an understanding that there shall be a communion of profit be.twean them, and for the purpose of currying on trade, business. Arc.

Par of exchange. The established value of the coin or standard of vr.iuo

of one country when expressed in the coin or standard of another.Par TP.lue. The nominal valne.

Pass-book. A book in which a trader enters articles bought on credit, andthen passes or sends it to the purchaser for his iuforniiUi.vn.

Payee. The person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order,the amount is promised or directed to be paid.

Payer. The person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, and who la

directed to nay the money to the holder.

Payroll. A list of persons entitled to payment, with the- Bums to be paid.Percentage. The allowance, dut3', cr commission, on a hundred.Per cent, per annum. By the hundred, lor a year.Personal property. Movables; chattels; property other than real estate.

Petty cash-book. A memorandum-hook of email receipts and expenses.Policy. The writing

1 or instrument in which a contract of insurance is

Post-date. To date after the real time. [embodied.Posting. Transferring from the daybook, Journal, &c., to the ledger.Poner of attorney. "Written authority given to a person to act for another.Price-current. Statement or list, published statedly or occasionally, of the

prevailing prices of merchandise, stocks, sopcfe, bills of exchange, &.C.

Prime. First in excellence; of the highest quality; superior.Principal. A capital sum of money, placed out at' interest due as a debt

ornsed as a fund; so called 'in distinction from interest or profit,Profit, Pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation.Pro forma. According: to fnrm. [chased.Prompt. A limit of time iriveu for payment of an account for goods pur-Protest. Official notice from a notary-public of the non-payment of a note.

Purveyor. A person who supplies provisions, or provide* victuals.

Quitrent. A rent paid by the tenant of a freehold disci arging him fromevery other rent.

"

(market.Quotation. Current prices of stocks and auaxes, or articlaa of produce m

VOCABULARY OV

Bebatf. or Eebatement. Deduction of interest, cr nnv sum. &c., on accountof prompt payment; abatement; discount; reduction.

,

Receipt. A writing acknowledging the inking of money or goods; on ac-

knowledgment of pavment; an acquittance.Receipt-book. A liook containing receipts.lisceiver. A persnn appointed to receive and hold in trust money or other

property which is the subject of litigation, pending the suit.

Receiving-house. A depot of stores.licsourccs. Pecuniary means; funds; money, or any property that can ba

converted into supplies; means of raining money or supplies.Jictnnis. Profit on an inve.stni-.Mit, or in business, trade, <tc.

jKemittaxce. Money, bills, <tc., transmitted to a distance.lieucwal. The act of taking up a note of band by giving a new note for a

longer time; an extension of tima for the payment of a note.

Sale. The transfer of property from one person to mother, for a price inmoney, paid or to be paid.

Salesman. A person whose occupation ia to sell poods or merchandise.Salvage. The compensation allowed to persona \viio voluntarily assist ia

saving a ship or her cargo from pcriLSchedule. An oflicial or formal list or inventory of poods. &c.Scrip. A certificate of stock subscribed to a joiut-otock company, or of a

share of other joint property.Secretary. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, record*.

and the like; the recording oilicer of a society.Set-off. A counter-claim ;

a cross-debt or demand.Shipper. One who ships or places poods on board a ship for transportation.Skipping. Tha collective body of ships in one place; vessels of navigation

generally; tonnage.Shipping-articles. A rticles of agreement between the captain of a vessel

and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, lengthof time for which they are shipped, &c.

Shipping-clerk. A clerk who attends to the forwarding of poods.Sight, at sight. The time when a bill is presented to a person on whomSignature. The name of a person written by himself. [it is drawn.Silent partner. A person who furnishes capital, but takes no active part

in the business.Silent partnership. A partnersliin Jn wliieh capital only is furnished by

one or more partners, but having no action, direction, or co-operationin the business.

Staple. A principal commodity or prodnction of a, country or district.

Sterling:. The liritish money of account, or the- British coinage.Storage. The price charged" for keeping poods in a store or warehouse,Storehouse. A building for keeping poods of any kind, especially pro.

visions; a magazine; a repository; a warehouse.Sundry. Several; more than one or two.

Suspend. To stop payment, or to be uuu'olo to meet pecuniary obligationscr engagements. fbn.-sine.ss.

Suspension, inability to meet pecuniary obligations; stoppage vt work op

Teller. An officer of a bank, who counts over money received, and paysit out on checks.

Trade. The act or business of exchanging commodities by barter; thebusiness <>f buying and selling for money; commerce; traflic; barter.

Trade-mark. A distiUKUi*hing mark or device 'ised by a rjnimfaetnrer oahis goods or labels, the legal right in whie'.i is recognized by law.

Trade-price. A lower price allowed, to members of the same trade, or bywholesale dealers to retailers.

^selling.Trader. A person engaged in trade or commerce; a dealer in buying ami

u auction by and for the trade, especially of the bookstllera,

VOCABULAS15.

.Trades-union. A combination among workmen for the pnrpoietaining their rights and privileges. as to wages, hours of labor, &c.

Trade. Commerce, either by barter or by onying and selling; the bu^ineCSdone upon a railroad with reference to the number of passengers OSthe amount of freight carried.

Transfer. The, conveyance of right, title, or property, either real or p*)Peonal, from one person to another, either by sale, by gift, or otherwise.

Transhipment. The act of transhipping, or transferring, from one ship orother conveyance to another.

f

Transport. To remove goods from one place to another ; to carry ; to conveyTransportation. The act of transporting, carrying, or conveying, from one

place to another; removal or conveyance of goods.Transit. A line of passage or conveyance through a country.5raiisit-duty. A duty paid on goods t^at pass through a different country

from that in which they are proauced.Transitu. On passage ;

on the way.

Voucher. A book, paper, or document, which serves to yoncb. the truth ofaccounts, or to confirm aud establish facts of any kind.

Warehouse. A storehouse for goods; a place for depositing goods, [store.

Warehousing. Th , act of jlacing goods in a warehouse,or in a custom-houseWarehousing system. An arrangement for lodging imported articles in

the custom-house stores, without payment of duties, until they aretaken out for home consumption.

Ifaste-book. A book in which rough entries of transactions are made,previous to being earned into the journal.

NAUTICAL VOCABULABY.Abaft. Toward tbe stern; back.Aboard. Within a ship, vessel, or boat.About. On the other tack.Abreast. Opposite to; off; over against.Afore. Toward the head of; farther forward, or nearer the stem.Aft. Near the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft.

Ahead. Farther forward; farther in front or in advance; onward.Ahoy. A term used in hailing vessels at sea.

Ahull. Wit li the sails furled and the helm lushed, as in a storm.Alee. On the side opposite to the wind. [by the wind.All aback. Backward against the mast; said of tbe sails when pressedAloft. In the top; at the mast-head, or on the higher yards or rigging.Amain. Suddenly, or at once.

Amidships. In tlio middle of a ship ; half way between the stem and stem.Anchor. An iron instrument for holding a .ship nt rest in the water.

A-peak. When the cable is so taut as to bring the vessel over the anchor.Astern. In or at the hinder part of a ship ; toward the hinder part.Athwart. Across the line of a ship's course ; opposite to fore and aft.

Atrip. The anchor raised clear of the ground.Aweigh. The anchor drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly,

Bale. To throw water ont of a boat ; to free from water by dipping.Bare poles. When tbe ship has no sails set.

Beacon. A signal, or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near thashore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners.

Beams. Strong pieces of timber across the ship to support the decks.

Beating. The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in a zigzag course.Becalmed. Kept from motion by the want of wind.Beitd. To fasten, as one rope to another, or to an anchor; or as a sail to

its yard or stay ;or as a cable to the ring of an, anchor.

KATTTICAL VOCABULABT.

Berth. The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a <rharfja long bos on the hide of the cabin to sleep in.

Bill. The extreme poitit of the fluke of an anchor.Binnacle. A box near the helm containing tb* compass of a ship.Block. A piece of wood with wheels, through which the rigging passes.Board. The deck or interior of a ship; stretch a ship makes on one tack.Boatswain (pronounced bo'sn). A warrant officer in the navy who hao

charge ot' tha rigging, and calls tho crew to duty.Bobstays. Hopes or chains to coiiiino the bowsprit of a ship downward to

the etem or cutwater.

Bolt-rope. The rope that goes round the sail, towhich the canvas is sewed.Boom. A spar used to extend a fore-an J aft sail, or studding-sail.Bound. When a vessel is kept ia port by a head wind.Bovr. The bending or rounded part ofa ship forward; the etem or prow.Boirer. An anchor carried at tho bow of a ship.Bowsprit. A large boom or spar, which projects over the bow of a ship,

or other vessel, to carry sail forward.Box. To turn the head of a vessel either wny by bracing the head-yards

aback. To box the compass, to repeat the 22 points of the compass inorder.

Brace. A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which itia turned about.

Brake. The handle of a ship's pump. fgencies.Breaker. A small, fiat water-cask, used in boats for ballast O'id for cnierBreast-band. A band of canvas, or a rope, passed round the body of a man

who heaves the lead iu sounding, and fastened to the rigging to pre-vent him falling into tho sea,

Breastfast. A rope to confine a ship sidewise to a wharf or another vessel.

Breast-rope. A rope passed round a man iu the chains, while sounding.Brig. A vessel with two masts, square-rigged, or rigged nearly like a

ship's mainmast and foremast.Broadside. Tho sido of a ship above the water, from the bow to the quartetBulkhead* Temporary partitions to separate cLiiterent parts of a vessel.Bulwarks* The sides of a vessel above the upper deck.

Bunting. A thin woolen stuff, of which tho flags of ships are made.Bunt line. One of the ropes fastened to cringles iu the foot-rope of a sail,

used to haul up the bod.y of tho sail wher taking it in.

iBuny. A floating mark to point out the position of objects beneath tLowater, such as anchors, shoals, rocks, and the like.

{Buoy-rope. The rope which, fastens a buoy to an anchor.

Cabin. An apartment in tho after part of a ship for officers and passengers.Cable. A ,'arge, strong rope or chain, used to retain a vessel at anchor.Caboose. A small house on deck, where the cooking is done.Camel. A contrivance for lifting ships over ghoals or bars.Can-hooks. A rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting barrels by tho

ends of the staves.Canvas. The sails of a vessel; the cloth of which sails are made.Capsize. To upset, or overturn.Careen. To lie over on tho side when sailing on the wind.Carry away. To break a

spar,or part a rope.

Cat. A strong tackle or combination of pulleys, to hook and draw an anchorup to the cat-head of a ship.

Cat-block. The block of the tackle used to hoist nn nnchor.Cat-bead. A timber projecting from the bow of a ship, through which the

ropea pass by which tho anchor is raised, and to which it is secured.Cat-hook. A large hook fitted to the cat-block, by which the nnchor ia

aised to the cat-head. [the water.

Cat'R-pT. A light air, perceived in a calm by a rippling of the surface ofCaulk. To fill the seams of a vessel with oakum. [sail.Ctetr* Tbe lower corner of a square sail, and after comer of a fore-aud-afi

520 RADTICAL VOCABULARY.

Clew-gampf*. Hopes fastened to the clews of the foresail and mainsail elsquare-rigged vessels, to draw them up to the yard.

Clew-lines. Ropes similar to the clew-garnets, but applied to the smaller

square-Bui's, as the topsail, and top-gallant and sprit-sails.

Close-hauled. Sails and yards braced so as to get as much as possible towindward. -

Clove-hitr.h. A hitch formed with n rope, tearing the ends to rench out in

contrary direction*. It is formed by two halt-hitches round u sparo/ another mpu.

Club-haul. To bring a vessel's head round on the other tack by letting got a lee anchor and cutting or slipping the cable.

Coarainm. The rained borders or edges of the hutches, mnde to preventw~ater from running into the lower apartments from the deck.

Cockpit. A room or apartment in a vessel of war, situated near the after

hatchway, undei the lower gun-deck, for the ns of wounded men.Cockswain. The person who steei-s, or pulls the alter oar in a boatj aad

who. in the absence of an officer, commands it.

Coll. To lay a rope up in a ring with one turn over another.

Companion-way. The staircase to a caliin.

Compass. An instrument by which to tell the course of a vessel.

Cross-jack. The lower yard of the uiizzen-mast.

Cuddy. A small cabin in the fore part of a boat.

Cutter. A small boat used by ships of war. Also, a vessel ripped nearlyUbe a sloop, having one mast and a straight running bowsprit, whichmay be run in upon deck.

Cutwater. The fore part of a ship's prow, which projects forward of thebow, and cuts the water.

:3ead-Ilght. A strong shutter, made to fit a cabin-window, to prevent thewater from entering in a storm.

Dead-reckoning. The course and distances kept by the log to show thevessel's position.

Dead-rope. A rope which does not run through any blr.ck.

Dead-wind. A wind directly ahead, or opposed to the ship's conrso.Dead-wood. Blocks of timber laid on the keel of a ship, jit the extremities.Dock. The floor-like covering or horizontal division of n ship.

Deep-sea lino. A line with a plummet, shot, or other weight,' for takingsoundings at great depths at sea.

Dog-Tane. A small vane of bunting, feathers- or other light material, toindicate the direction of the wind.

Dog-watch, A watch of two hours, of which there are two. the first beingfrom 4 to 6 o'clock, p. in., and the second from 6 to 8 o'clock, p. m.

Donse. To strike or lower in haste ; to slacken suddenly.Downhaul. A rope used to haul down jibs, stay-sails, &c.

Draught. The depth of water which a vessel requires to float her.Drive. To send before a gale, or drift in a cm-rent.

Drcp. The depth of a sail from head to foot, amidships.Drumhead. The top of a capstan, which is pierced with holes in which to

inaert levers used in turning it.

Dunnage. Loose wood, &c., on the bottom of the hold above the bnllnst toraise heavy goods above the bottom, to prevent injury from leakagawater. Also, loose articles of merchandise wedged between parts ofthe cargo, to prevent rubbing and tf hold them steady.

Escutcheon. The part of a vessel's stern on which her name is written.Full. That part of a tackle to which the piwer is applied in hoisting.I'athom. A measure of length, containing six feec; used for measuring

cables, cordage, and the depth of the sea. in sounding by a line and lend.Fender. A piece of timber, old rope made np into a mass, or other thing,

hung over the side of a vessel to prevent htr from injury by strikinggaiiKt a wharf or another VMM&

NAUTICAL VOCABULARY. 521

Fienre-hcad. A figure, statue, or bnst, projecting from tie bovr of a ship.Pish. A purchase used to raise the flukes of aii anchor up to the gunwale.Flub -davits. The davits used for fishing an anchor.

Flowing siioct. When a vessel lias the wind free and the clews eased oft

llj". That part of a ling which extends from the union to the extreme snd ;

also, that part of a compass on, which the points are marked; thecoinpass-fard. [boom.

Flying-jiy. A sail extended outside of the standing-jib, on the flying-jib-

Fog-bell. A bell near rocks, shoals, <kc., rung by 'machinery, to warumariners in fo<:<:y weather.

Foot. The lower end of a mast or fail.

Foot-rope. A rope stretching along a yard, upon which seamen standwhen reefing or furling sails. [vessel.

Fnre and ai't. From one end of the vessel to tho other; lengthwise of theForebrace. A rope applied to the ibre-yardarm, to change the position of

the foresai*. [dations.Fore-cabin. A cabin in the fore pnrt of a vessel, having inferior accommo-Forecastle. That part of a vessel forward of the foremast.Fore-deck. The fore-part of a deck, or of a ship.Forefoot. A piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore-end,

connecting it with tho lower end of the stem.Fore-hook. A piece of timber placed across the stem, to unite the parts of

the bow and strengthen the tore-part of the vessel; a breasthook.Foremast. Tho forward mast of a vessel, or the one nearest the bow.Foresail. (1.) A sail extended on the fore-yard, which in supported by ts&

foremast. (2.) Tho first triangular sail before the mast of a schooner.

Forestay. A large, strong rope, reaching from, the foremast head towardthe bowsprit end. t<> support the mast.

Foretop. Tho platform at tho head of the foremnst.

Foretop-mast. Tho nuust erected at tho head of the foremast, and at thehead of which stands the- foretop.ga'lant-inaat.

Forge. To move heavily end slowly, as a ship after the sails are furled;to work one's way, as one shir 'in outsailing another.

Foul anchor. When the cable has i. turn round the anchor.Founder. To fill or bo filled with water, and sink.Free. When a vessel has f;dr wmd, and yards braced in

;when the water

is pumped out of a vessel.

Furl. To roll up a sail snugly on a yard or boom and secure it.

Futtock. One of the middle timbers between the floor and the upper tins-'

bers, or of the timbera raised over the keel, which form the breadthof the ship.

Pnttock-plates. Plates of iron to which (he dend-eyes are secured.Futtock-bhrouds. Small shrouds over tho lower cues.

Gaff. A sort of boom or yard to extend the npper edge of a fore-nnd-aft sail.

(.'iill'-top- nil. A light sail set over a caff, the loot being spread by it.

Gage. The depth of water by a vessel.

Galley. The cook-room, or the place where the cooking Is done.GalloffS-bltts. A strong frame in the cwiter of a ship's deck for support-

ing spare spara while in port. [of a rope.Gammon. To fasten, as a bowsprit to the stem of a ship, bv several turuaGammoning. The lashing by which tho bowsprit is secured to the stem.

Gaugboard. A board or plank, with cleats for steps, used for walking on'card or from a vessel. [side amidships.

Gangway. The place where people pass on board or from a vessel over theGarboard. The first plank fastened on the keel on the outside.(larboard-streak. The first range or streak of plunks laid on a shin's bot-

tom next the keel. [the cargo.Garnet. A sort of tackle fixed to the main-stay, used to hoist in and outCasket. A flat, plaited cord, fastened to tho viud of a skip, used to iuii Uie

ail, or lie it to the yard wiieu lulled.

523 NAUTICAL VOCABULARY.

Grapnel. A small anchor, fitted with four or five flukes or claws, used tohold boats or small vessels.

Grappling-irons. Crooked irons used as instruments of grappling andholding fast a vessel or other object.

Greave. To clean the bottom of a ship, by burning off the adhering grass,&c.Ground-tackle. A general term for anchors, cables, warps, springs, &c. ;

tho tackle and everything used in securing a vessel at anchor.

Gnimale. The upper edge of the side of a ship or boat. [the other.

(J) be. To shift the boom of a fore-and-aft sail from one side of a vessel to

Hail. To speak to another vessel, or to men in different parts of the ship."

Halyards, Ropes or tackles used for hoisting and lowering yards, sails,&c.Hammock. A piece of canvas hung at each end, in which seamen sleep.

Uarpincrs. The fore parts of tho wales, which encompass the bow ot the

ship, and are fastened to the stem.

Harpoon. A spear or javelin used to strike and kill whales and large fish.

Hatch. An opening in a ship's deck for a passage below; the hatchway.Hanse. The situation of the cables before a vessel's stem, when moored

with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the larboard bow.Hawse-block. A block used to stop up a hawse-hole at sea.

Hawse-hole. A hole in the bow of a shiii through which the cable runs.

Ilawse-piece. One of the foremost timbers of a- ship, through which thehawse-hole is cut.

Hawser. A small cable; or a largo rope, in size between a cable and atow-line, used in warping, &c.

Haze. To punish by exacting unnecessarily disagreeable or difficult duty.Headline. Those ropes of the sails whicL aVe next to the yards.Uead-ropc. That part of a bolt-rope which is sewed to the upper edge or

head of the principal sails.

Head-sail. Any one of those sails of n vessel set forward of the foremastHead-nhid. A wind that blows in a direction opposite to a ship's course.Heart. A heart-shaped block for stays to reeve through.Heaver. A short woodei; bar used as a lever.Heave-to. To bring a ship's head to the wind, and stop her motion.Helm. The instrument by which a vessel is steered, consisting of a rudder,

a tiller, and, in large vessels, a wheel.Helmsman. The man at the helm.Hold. The whole interior of a vessel, in which the cargo. &c., is stowed.Holy-stone. A large stone used by seamen for cleaning'the decks of ships.Hood. A covering or porch for a companion-hatch, skylight, &c.Horns. Tho jaws of booms; also, the ends of cross-trees.

Borse. A foot-rope extending from the middle of a yard to its extremity,to support the sailors while they loose, reef, or furl the sails; also, athick rope near the mast for hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it.

Hounds. Projections at the masthead, on Doth sides, serving as a shoulderfor the tops or trestle-trees to rest on.

House. To lower a mast half its length, lashing its heel to the mast below.Hull. The body of a vessel, exclusive of her masts, yards, sails, and rigging.Hull down. Having the hull concealed by the convexity of the sea, oa

account of the distance from the observer.

Jack. (1) A common term for the jack-crosstrees. (2) A small flag, con-

tabling only the union,without the fly, usually hoisted at the bowspritcap. (3) A general term for a sailor.

Jack-block. A block used in sending topgallant masts up and down.Jaok-crosstree. An iron crosstree at the head of a long topgallant-mast.Jack-staff. A staff fixed on the bowsprit-cap of a suip, upou wbich the

union-jack is hoisted.

Jack-stays. Ropes or strips of wood or iron stretching along the yards o|a ship to bind the sails to.

JacobVUdder. A rope-ladder with woodsn steps, for going alofik

823

Jsw. The inner end of a boom or gaff, -which Is holIoTred in a half-circle Inorder that it may move freely ou a mast.

Je.irs. Tackles by which the lower yards of aship are hoisted or lowered.

Jewel-blocks. Single blocks at the extremity of the main and fore-topsail

yards, through which the studding-sail halyards lead.

Jib. The foremost sail of a ship, being a largo triangular staysail extendedfrom the outer end of the ji b-boom toward the fore-topmast-head, la

sloops, it is on the bowsprit, and extends toward the lower masthead.Jib-boom. A spar which is run out from the extremity of the bowsprit,/ and forms the continuation of it. Beyond tlsis is the fying-jib-loom.Jibe. To shift a boom-sail from one side of a vessel to the other.

1

Jigger. A small tackle, consisting of a double and single block and thefall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a top-sail iu hauling it home.

Jolly-boat. A small boat belonging to a ship, nsnally ho'sted at the stern.

Junk. A sailor's term for hard salted beef supplied to ships.

Jury-mast. A temporary insist rigged at sea to supply the place of one lost.

Jury-rudder. A temporary rudder rigged in case of damage to the rudder.

Kedge. A small anchor with an iron stock, used for warping, &c.Keel. The lowest and principal timber of athip, extending from stem to

stern at the bottom, and supporting the whole frame.Keelson. A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middleof the floor-timbers

over the keel, and binding the floor-timbers to ih^ keel.

Kentledge. Pigs of iron for ballast laid on each side of the keelson.

Kuot. A nautical mile ; a division on the log-i iuc.uiai'iiing a mile of distance.

Labor. To move irregularly with little progress; to pitch and rou heavily,as a ship iu a turbulent sea.

Lacing. A rope used to lash a sail to a gaff, or Jt bonnet to a flaiL

Landfall. The first land discovered after a voyage.Laud ho! The cry used by seamen when land is first seen.

Lauyunl. A short piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships j

especially used to extend the shrouds and stays of the masts by their

communication with the dead-eyes, &c.Larboard. The left-hand side of a ship, when a person is looking forward.

Launch. The largest size of boat belonging to a ship, being double-banked,used for heavy work, as the carrying of loads, &c.

JLay. To take a position ; to come or go ; as, to lay aloft, to lay forward, &Q.Lead. A plummet, or mass of lead, used iu sounding at sea.

'Leadsman. The man who heaves the lead.

Lee. The side opposite that from which the wind Wows.Leech. The bonier or edge of a sail at the sides.

Leech-line. A line attached to the leech-ropes of sails, passing tip thronghblocks on the yards, to'baul the leeches by. [sail is sewed.

Leech-rope. That part of the bolt-rope to which the skirt or border of a

Lee-gage. A greater distance from the point whence the wind blows thananother vessel has.

Lee-lnrch. A sudden and violent roll of a ship to leeward in a rough sea.

Lee-shore. The shore on the lee of a ship.or toward which the wind Mows.Lee-side. The side of a ship furthest from the point whence the wind blows.Lee-tide. A tide running in the same direction that the wind blows.

Leeward. In the direction opposite that from which tho wind blows.^

Leeway. The distance a vessel loses by drifting to leeward. [sailors.

Life-line. A line along a yard or other part of a ship for the security ofLift. A rope leading from the masthead to tho extremity of a yard, to

support the yard or raise the end,when occasion requires, [flying-jib.

Light sails. All the nails above the topsails, with the studding-sails andLighter. A large open boat or barge used to load and unload vessels.

Miaber-hole. A hole cut through the floor-urabera, to afford a passage for

WMK to the jiway- wsU.

521 BittTICAL TOCABtTLABfc

Limber-hoard*. Short pieces of plnn k formin g part of tbe lining of si nhrrtflour immediately above the timbers, to prevent Ibe liuiber-hoies be.

coming clogged-tiiaber-n>;>e, or cii.un. A rope or chain passing through Ilie Ihnber-holea

of a ship, by which tbev may be cleared <>1 din that chukes them.Lobseoase. A hash of meat mn vegetables of vanoiu, kinds.Locker. A chest or box to slow anything away in. [water.1 HIT. An apparatus for measuring tbe rate of a whip's motion llironub tbo

Lug-bo >k. A book kept by the chief officerof a sbi;>. in which tbe situationof tbe vessel, winds, weather, courses, distances, and every e\ i:nt of

importance is noted down.Log-chip. A thin triangular piece of board attached to the log-lice, which

floats erect on the water, aud draws out t:;elit;

.

Log-line. A line or cord about a hundred ami fifty fathoms :r. 1 -njrth,

fastened to the log-chip, marked for ascertaining the speed of a vcaaeL

Long-boat. The la* -rest and strongest boat belonging to a ship.Lubber. A heavy, clumsy fellow ; one who passes his life on Und.LJJU;T'S-!I ilc. A hole in the tops <>f a vessel, next the mast, throngh

which sailors may mount without going over the rim by tbe fnttock-shrouds. It is considered by Bailors as only fit to be nsed by lubbers.

.

ri!T. To put the helm SD as to briug the. tsliip up nearer the wind.

I.u.I-tac^lf. A purchase composed of a double and uingle block and full.

Lugger. A sna.nl vessel currying three masts, with a tunning bowspritand loug or lug s:uls.

Lug-sail. A square sail bent Tipon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast.Lurch. A sudden roll ot a chip to one side.

opp. One ofthe nide-ropes nsod in poincrnp and down tbe side of a ship.llnrl. To wind or twist a small line or rope roiu.it another.Marline. A sma.l line composed of two strands a littie twisted, and either

tarred or white, used for windiii*; round ropes and cables, to preventthem being fretted by the. blocks, &c.

barlinsjtike.An iron tool, tapering U> a point, used to separate the strands

of a rope in splicing.Hast. A spar set upright in a vessel, to support the sails, yards, rig-rinjr.&c.

Masts are of several kinds, as the mainmast, 1'ortouubt, inizzcii-iuuat,

topmast, topgallant-mast, &c.Vastheu.l. The. top or head of a mast.Mate. An officer in a merchant-ship ranking next below the captain.Mess. Any number of men who eat together.Jlesseiiser. A hawser wound round the capstan, and having its two enda

lashed together, aud u.sed for heaving in the cable, [vessel is formed.Midship-beam. Tbe beam or timber upon which the broadest part ot aSliilshipg. The broadest part of tbe vessel.3Ii/xcn. The hindmost of tbe fore-and-aft sails of a ship; tbe spanker saiL

Bijzzen-mast. The aftermost mast of a ship.Mizzcn-ri^'incr. Tbe shrouds of tbe niizzen-ma.t. with their ratlines.Miz/i';:-shroa U. The shrouds connected with the mizzen-masC.Monkey- block. A small single block strapped with a swivel.

Jloukcy-rai I. A second and lighter rail raised about six inches above thequarter-rail of a ship.

Moon-sail. A small sail sometimes carried in light winds, nlwvre n sVysaiLHoor. To secure a ship in a particular station by cables and anchors.

ft'cap tides. Low tides at the first and third quarters of the moon, whenthe effects of the snu'.s and moon's attraction are opposed to eachother, and the difference between high and low water is less than at

any other period in the month.Near. Close to wind ; the order of the helmsman when too near tbe wind.iMp. A abort turn in a rope. [messenger.Mi>er. A number of yarua marled together, used to secure a cable to tba

VOCABULARY. 28

Oaknn). The material of old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose hetnjknsed for calking tlie seams of ships, stopping leaks, &c.

Offing:. At the entrance to a harbor, or at a distance tVom the shore.Out h.-uil. A rope used for hauling out the clew of a boom-sail.Overhaul. To overtake iu a chase.

Painter. A rope at the bow of a boat, nsed to fasten it to anythiner.I'arral. The rope or hoop by which a yard is confined to tiie must at tht

slings, allowing it to be hoisted or lowered at pleasure.

Parting. The breaking of a rope or cable by violence.

I'ay OH. To fall to leeward, as the head of a ship.'ay out. To slacken up on a cable, and let it run out,'oak. The upper outer corner ofa sail which is extended by a paffor yard.Ymmit. A long. narrow piece of bunting, carried at the masthead.'illow. The block on which the inner end of the bowsprit is supported.'innacc. A boar in size between a launch and a cut'.er.

'iiitle. A bolt on which a rudder is linns: to its post.I'itch. To rise and fall, as the bow and stem of a ship passing over waves.i'ort. The larboard or left side of a ship.

Quarter. The part of a ship'sside which lies tnwnrd the stern.

Quarter-deck. The part of the deck of a ship which extends from thestern to the uiuiuuiust.

The inclination of n mnst from a perpendicular position.Batlines. Small lines running: across the shrouds of a ship, forming th

Steps of a ladder for ascending to tln> mastheads.Bazce. A ship of war having her upper deck cut down, and thus reduced

to the next inferior rate, as a seventy-tour cut down to a frigate.Beef. A certain portion of a sail between the head and a reef-band, which

is rolled up to contract the sail, when the wind makes it necessary.Beef-band. A piece of canvas sewed across a sail, to strengthen it in the

part where the eyelet-holes are formed for reefing.Reef-point*. Flat pieces of braided cordage. tapering toward each end. nnd

passed through the holes iu the reef-band of a sail, used in reefing it.

Beef-tackle. A tackle by which the reef cringles or rings of a sail arehauled up to the ya'rd for reefing.

Beere. To pass the end of a rope through a block, ring-bolt, cringle, &.C.

Bender. To pass or run a rope through a block, &c.Bib-band. A long narrow piece of timber bent and nailed on the outsidoi

of the ribs of a ship, s as to encompass the vessel lengthwise.Ribs. The timbers which form or strengthen the sides of a ship.Hide at anchor. To lie at anchor. [yards.

Bjp. To rig a ship, to fit the shrouds, stays, braces. &c., to the masts andliiggiair. The general tenii for all the ropes of a vessel. Running rigging,

all those ropes used in bracing the yards, and making and shorteningsail, <fec. Standirq rigging, the shrouds and stays.

Bight. To right a vessel, to restore her to an upright position after careen;

ing. To right the helm, to place it in the middle, of the vessel.

Binsrbolt. An iron bolt, with an eve at its bead, and a ring through the eye .

Bond. A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from ano-c

Boiling-tackle. Tackle used to steady the yards of a shin in a heavy se

Bopc-bund. A small piece of spun-yarn or marline, used to confine \*~head of the sail to the yaru or gaff.

Bound in. To haul upon a rope; especially, to haul upon the weather ur-?Bound to. To turn the hea<t of the ship toward the wind.

Bound-top. A platform at the masthead: a top.Bound turn. One turn of a rope round a timber.Bound up. To hnnl up the slack of a rope through Its leading block 0*

. haul up a tackle which hangs loose, by it f.iil.

Bonleck* A contrivance for supporting an our ii>. rowing,

VOCAETTtAftl.

Boyal. A email sail spread immediately above the toperallantsafl.

11,/vul-yard. The fourth yard from the deck, where the royal is set.

Rudder. The instrument hy -which a vessel is steered. [the stem port,K:m. The after purl of a ship's bottom, which rises and narrows towardKunner. A rope used to increase the mechanical power of a tackle.

Saddle. A cleat, or block of wood, nailed on the lower yardarms, to retainthe studding-sail booms in their place.

Sail. A sheet of canvas extended by means of masts, yards, ropes, &c., asa means of locomotion by the action of the wind upon it.

Sail ho ! The cry when a sail is first discovered at sea.

Scraper. A triangular instrument for scraping decks and masts.Scud. To drive before a gale with only sail enough to keep the ship aheadScull. To impel a boat by one oar at the stern. [of the sea.

Scuppers. Holes from the water-ways to lead the wattr from the deck.Seattle. To cut large holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of p. ship.Seams. The intervals between, the planks in a vessel's deck or sides.

Shank. The part of an anchor which is between the ring and the arms.

Sheathing. The casing or covering of the bottom and sides of a ship.Sheave. A wheel iu a block, rail, mast, yard, &c., on which a rope worts.Sheepshank. A peculiar kind of knot in a rope, to shorten it temporarily.Sheet. A rope fastened to one or both of the lower corners of a sail, to

extend and retain it in a particular position.Sheet-anchor. The largest anchor of a ship, which, in stress of weather, ia

sometimes the seaman's last refuse to prevent the ship going ashore.Sheet-cable. The cable attached to the sheet-anchor, being tiie strongest

and best cable of a ship.Ship. A large sea-going vessel, furnished with a bowsprit and three masts.

a foremast, a mainmast, an;l a tuizzen-niast, each of which is composedof a lowermast, a topmast, and topgallant-mast, and sq:i.". re-rigged.

Ship's husband. A person who attends to the requisite repairs of a shipwhile in port,and does all other necessary arts preparatory to a voyage.

Ship's papers. Papers with which a ship is .-eqiiirrd by law to be provided,such as the register, charter-party, bill , of lading, invoice, log-book. &c.

Shipping articles. Articles of agreement oetween the captain of a vesseland the seamen on board, in res;>ect to the amount of wages, lengthof time for which they are phipped. &c.

Shiver. To cause a sail to shake in the wind by bracing it. [nlar.Shoe-block. A block with two sheaves, one horizontal, the other perpendio-Shore. A prop or stanchion placed under a beam.

l$hrouds. A set of ropes reacnlng from the vessel's sides to the mastheads,to support the masts.

Skipper. The master of a small trading or merchant vessel.

Skysuil. A small sail set next above the royaLSky-scraper. A skysail of a triangular form.Slack. The part of a rope or sail that hangs loose. having no strain upon it.

Sliug. A rope, with hooks, by which a cask or bale is suspended, andswung into or out of a ship ; also, a rope or iron band used for secur-

ing the center of a yard to the mast.Slip. To let a cable go, and stand out to sea.

Slip-knot. A knot that slips along the rope or line arownd which it is made.Slip-rope. A rope by which a cable is secured before slipping the cable.

Sloop. A small vessel with one mast, the mainsail of which is attached toa gaff above, to a boom below, and to the mast on its foremost edge.

Sloop-of-war. A vessel of war ringed either as a ship, brig, or schooner,and mounting between eighteen and thirty-two guns.

So! Stop! avast! an order to cease hauling upon any thing, when ithaacome to the right position.

Sound. To ascertain the depth of water by means cf the lead and line.

Any place or part of the ocean, or deptb of water wherevtii WBBh the bottom.

SAUTICAL VOCABTTLAET. 527

J. fine with a plummet at the end tisd '.a mating eqtmdinga.Sounding-rod. A rod used to ascertain the depth of water in a ship's hold.

Spanker. The after-.saJl of a ship or bark, being a 'o?e-anUaft sail attachedSpar. A general term for a mast, yard, )x>om, or gaff. [to a gafL /

Splice. T lie union of ropes by interweaving the strands. /

Spoon-drift. A showery sprinkling of sea-water, swept from the tops ofthe waves, and driven from the surface in a tempest.

Spring. To crack, split, bend, or strain a mast or yard, so as to weaken it,

Spring-tide. The highest and lowest tides, at the new acd full moon.Sprit, A small boom or gatf used with some sails in small boats.

Spritsail. A sail attached to a yard which hangs under the bowsprit.Square. To place at right angles with the mast or keeLSquart'-rlffffcd. Having the chief sails extended bv yards, suspended by

the middle, and not by stays, gaffs, booms, and lateen yards.

Sqnare-sail. A four-sided sail extended to a yard suspended by the middle.Stand. To hold a course at sea ; also, an order to attend and be ready.Standing ringing. The cordage or ropes which sustain the masts and

remain fixed in their position, such as the shrouds and stays.Starboard. The right-hand side of a vessel, to a person looking forward.

Stay. A large, .strong rope, employed to support a mast, by being extendedfrom the head of one mast down to another,orsome part of the vessel.

Staysail. Any sail extended on a stay.

Steerage. An apartment between decks forward of the cabin; also, anapartment in a ship for an inferior class of passengers, [at the bows.

Stem. A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are unitedStem. The hinder part of a ship or other vessel, or of a boat.

Stern-port. A port or opening in the stern of a ship.Stern-post. A straight pieco ?f timber, erected on the extremity of the

keel to support the rudder and terminate the ship behind.Stern-sheets. The part of a boat between the stern and the aftmost seat ot

the rowers; usually furnished with seats for passengers.Stocks. The frame or timbers upon which a ship rests while building.Strap. A piece of rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in position.Stream-anchor. An anchor used chiefly iu warping, or mooring in a river.Stream-cable. The cable attached to a' stream-anchor.Studding-sail. A light sail set outside of a square-sail.Surf. The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, or npon rocks,<feo.

Surge. A large wave, or billow ; a great lolling swell of water.

Sweep. To drag the bottom with the bight of a rope, to hook an anchor,f

Tack. To change the course of a ship by shifting the sails and rudder.Tackle. The rigging and apparatus of a ship; a purchase made bv ropesTatfrail. The rail around the upper part of a ship s stern. [and blocks.Tarpaulin. A hat covered with painted or tarred cloth, worn by sailors.

Taut. Tight; stretched; not slack.Thimble. An iron ring with a groove round its whole circumference, to

receive the rope which is spliced about it, used to keep the eye of therope from being chafed.

Tholepin. A pin inserted into the gunwale of a boat, to keep the oar inthe rowlock, when rowing.

Thwarts. The seats of a boat on which the rowers sit, athwart the boat.Tiller. The bar or lever employed to turn the rudder of a ship or boat.Timber. A rib, or a curving piece of wood, branching outward from the

keel and bending upward in a vertical direction.

Top. A small platform surrounding the head of the lower-mast, and pro-jecting on all sides.

Top-gallant. A sail situated above the topmast and below the royal-mast.Top-hamper. The upper rigging, spars, &c., of a ship.Toplieht. A lantern or light earned in the tops of a vessel.

Topmast. The second mast above the deck,and next above the lower-mast

528 ^ATTTICAIi VOCABULARY

Topgallant-mast. The third mast above the deck, next above the tnrmiLdt

Topgallant-sail. The third sail above the deck, and next above the topsail.

Topping. The act of pulling one end of a yard higher than the otiitr.

Toprope. A rope used for sending topmasts up and down.

Topsau. The second sail above the deck, extended across the topmast.Towline. A small hawser, used to tow a ship, <fcc.

Transom. A beam or timber extended across the sterupost of a ship, to

strengthen the aft part and give it due form.Traveler. An iron ring, fitted so as t<> slip up and clown a rope.Trestle-trees. Two strong bars of tiinl>er. fixed horizontally ou the opposit*

siiir.s of the masthead, to support the frame of the top.Trice. To haul or tie up by means of a rope. fhonrs.Trick. The period spent by a sailor sit tbe heln? at one time, tisnaliy twTrim. The condition of a ship with reference to cargo and ballast.

Trip. To raise an anchor clear of the bottom by its cable or buoy-rope.Truss. The rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the mast.

Unbend. To unfasten sails from the yards and stays; to cast offer untiett'nhit. To remove the turns of a cable from off the biteUnion. Tbe upper, inner corner of an ensign, iu distinction from the rest

of the flag, which is called tbeyZy.Union-jack. A small flag containing only the union, without the fly, and

usually hoisted at the bow&piit.

Tane. A fly at the roa-jthead to ehow the course of the wind.Veer. To change direction ; to turn ; said of the wind when it changes.Veer away. To let out; to slacken and let run ; said of the cable.

Veer out. To allow to run, or to let out to a greater length, as a rope

Waist. The part of the deck between the quarter-deck nnd the forecastle,Wake. The track or path a vessel leaves behind her in the water.S> ales. Strong planks running the whole length of a vessel's sides.Vail. A peculiar kind of knot upon the end of A rope.Wall-knot. A knot made by untwisting the ends of a rope, and making a

bight with the first strand, then passing the second over the end ofthe first, and the third over the end of the second, and through the

bight of the first.

Warp. To tow or move a vessel with a line or warp attached to an anchor.Vatch. (1) An allotted poriion of time, usually four hours, for watchiii!*.

or being on duty. (2) That part of the officers and crew of a vesselwho together attend to working her for an allotted time.

Vatch and watch. An arrangement by which the wntches are alternated

every other four hours, in distinction from keeping all hands on deckduring one or more watches, as in bad weather.

Watch-bell. A bell struck when the half-hour glass is run out.Wat?h-bill. A list of the officers and crew of a ship, with their stations.

Vatrh-gliiss. A half-hour glass.used to measure the time ofa watch on deck.Watch-gen. The gun fired on shipboard when the watch is act at night

and relieved in the morning.Water-line. An horizontal line supposed to be drawn around a ship's hull

at the surface of the water.Water-logped. Rendered loelike, heavy, or clumsy In movement, in con-

sequence of being filled with water.Wear. To pat a shit) on another tack by turning her round, with the stem

toward the wind ; to veer.Weather. In the direction from which the wind b?ows; toward the wind.Weather>Ut> A turn of tbe cable about the windlass, without the kits.

Weather-board* The side of a ship toward the wind ; the windward aid*.

jVeather-gage. The position of a ship to the windward of another;

JJeither-shore. The shore to the windward of a ship.V eathex-slde. The windward aide of a vessel.

GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY. 539

Weather-Hde. The tide which sets against the lee-side of a ship, impellingher to windward.

Weigh. To raise or lift so that it hangs in the air, as an anchor.Well. An inclosiire in the middle of a ship's hold, around the ]>nmps, froni

the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve them from injury.Wheel. A circular frame having hanules on the periphery. nd an axle on

which are wound the tiller-ropes, connecting with the rudder.Wheel-house. A small house on deck, which contain* the steering-wheel.Wheel-rope. A rope which connects the steering-wheel and the rudder.

Wjndiiouud. Prevented from sailing by a contrary wind.Windlass. The machine iu a merchant vessel used iii weighing anchor.Windward. The point t'roui which the wind blows.

Yacht (pron.Jbt.) A sea-goini vessel, used for pleasure-trips, racing, 8relard. A loug, slender piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended upon

the mast, by which a sail is extended.Yard-arm. Either half of a ship's yard, from the center or mast to the end.law. A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course

GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY.Cteogmnhy. A description of the surface of the earth. [and animals.Natural, or Physical Geography, treats of land, water, atmosphere, plants,Political Geography, treats of the divisions of the earth made by man.Mathematical, or Astronomical Geography, treats of the form, size, tuution,

and imaginary lines of the earth.

Empire. A country governed by an emperor.Kingdom. A country governed by a king or qneen.Republic. A country governed by men chosen by the people.State. A division of 'a country with a form of government peculiar to Itaali

County. The largest division of a state.Town. A division of a county.City. A town invented with increased rights and privileges.Capital. The seat of government.President. The chief magistrate of a republic.Governor. The chief officer of a State.

Mayor. The chief officer of a city.Metropolis. The largest and chief city in a conntry.Seaport. A harbor large enough for Targe vessels.Cardinal Points. Fixed or chief mints north, easli, south, and -west

Map. A drawing of the whole or a part of the earth's surface.Artificial Globe. A ball represei,ting the surface of the earth.

Mariner's Compass. A box with a needle which always points north.Earth. A planet; a very large oT-anue body.Axis. An imaginary Hue throng. i the earth from north to south.Poles. The ends ofthe earth's avis.

Meridian Circles. Circles round '. he earth passing through the poles.Meridian. Half of a meridian cir le.

Longitude. Distance east or we?:, from any given meridian.

Heinisphei e. Half a globe or sphere.Degree. The 365th part of a circle.

Minute. In geography the 60th part of a degree, or one geographical mil*

Equator. A circle dividing the earth equally between theLatitude. Distances from thu equator.Zone. Belt or girdle.

Frigid. Frozen, or very cold.Torrid. Violently hot.

Temperate. Between two extrea?MArctic. Northern.Antarctic. Southern.

530 GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS.

Caneer. One of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

Capricorn. One of the twelve signs of the zodi.nc.

Zoilhic. A broad circle in the heavens, containing the twelve sicms.

J'arallels. Lines running in the same direction, and at all points equallyContinent. The largest division of laud 011 the earth. [distant.Island. Land surrounded by water.Peninsula. Land almost surrounded by water.Isthmus. A strip of laud joining a pelilUBnla to the main land.

Cape. A point ot' land projecting into the water.

Promontory. A high point of land or cape projecting into the sea.

Mountain. A large mass of earth and rock elevated above the surroundingChain. Mountains connected together. [country.Volcano. A burning mountain.Crater. Opening in the top of a volcano.Hill. An elevation less than a mountain.

Valley. Land between hills or mountains.Plain. Flat, level country.Desert. A barren tract, of land.

Shore, or Coast. Land bordering on the sea.

Ocean. The largest body of water on the earth.

Sea. A branch of the ocean partly inclosed by land.

Gulf, or Bay. A portion of a large body of water extending into the land.Strait. A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water.Sound. A strait which can be sounded by lead and line.

Channel. Similar to a strait.

Lake. A large body of fresh water, almost or wholly surrounded by land.River. A stream of water flowing through the country iu an opeu channel.Source. The place where the river begins to flow.

Mouth. The place where a river discharges its waters into some other

large body of water.Branch. A river flowing into a larger river.

Frith. A narrow arm of the sea into which a river empties.Archipelago. A sea interspersed with numerous ialcs.

GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS.Ancle. An opening between two lines that meet in a point.Bight Angle. A straight line perpendicular to another.Obtuse Ancle. An angle wider than a right angle.Acute Angle. An angle less than a right angle.Triangle. A figure with three sides and three angles.Equilateral Triangle. An angle having all sides equal.Isosceles Triangle. An angle haying two of its sides eqnaLScalene Triangle. An angle having all its sides unequal.Right-angled Triangle. A triangle^having one right angle.Obtuse-angled Triangle. A triangle haying one ootuse angle.Acntc-angled Triangle. A triangle having all its angles acute.

Ouadrangle. or Quadrilateral, is a four-sided figure, and may he aParallelogram, having its opposite sides parallel.Squnre. having all its sides equal and all right angles.Rectangle, having a right angle.Rhombus, or Lozenge, having all its sides eqnaL and no right angled.Rhomboid, a parallelogram with no right angles.Trapezium, having unequal sides.

Trape/oiil, having only two sides parallel.

Polygon, a plain figure having more than fonr sides.

Pentagon, having five sides. Octaeron, having eicht sides.

Hexagon, having six sides. Aonagon, having nine aides.

Heptagon, having seven aides. Decagon, having tea aides.

OS

DICTIONABY OT 1ITJS1CAL TEEUO,ft. By: for.

Accellerando. Accelerating the movement.Accompaniment. A part added to a principal one byway of tenancing the

etfect of the composition.Adagio. A very slow degree of movement.AdainsMmo. Extremely slow.

-

(Ati iibituh* At will, or discretion. This expression implies that the timof some particular passage is left to the pleasure of the performerior that he ia at liberty to lutrouuce whatever embellishments hi*

fancy mav suggestAfTettuoso. Affectionate; tender.

Agitato, or Con agitazioue. With agitation; flnxionsly.A I. Alt', or Alia. To the; sometime*, la the style oLAllegremente. With quickness.Allegretto. Somewhat cheerful, bnt not so quick BS AUtgr*.Allegretto scherzando. Moderately playful and vivacious.

Allegrezza. Joy; as, Con allecrezza, joyfully, animatedly.Allegrissimo. Extremely quick and lively,

Allegro. Quick; lively, A term implying a rapid and vlvaclons move-ment, but which is frequently modified by the addition of otherwords; as, Allegro agitato, quick, -with anxiety and agitation, &c.

Al segno, or Al seg, signifies that the performer must return to a similarcharacter in the course of the movement, and play from that placito the word fine, or the mark ^"* over a double bar.

Andante, implies a movement somewhat slow and sedate. This term is

often modified, both aa to time and style, by the addition of otherwords

Andantino. Somewhat slower than Andante.Animate, Con anima, or Animoso. With animation; in a spirited manner*A piacere, or A placimento. At the pleasnre cf the performer.Appoggiatcra. A note of embellishment, generally written in a fcmaS

character.

Appoggiato. Dwelt ; leaned upon,Ariu. An air, or song.Arioso. In the style of an air.

.Arpeggjando. > Passages formed of the notes of chords which are takeUruegsriato. > in rapid succession, in imitation of the harp, are said to b|4rpegio. ) in arpeggio.lAfisai. Very; extremely. This adverb Is always joined to som other

word, of which it extends the signification i aa, Adagio asstU, veryBlow; Allegro assai, very quick.

A tempo, or A tern. In a regular time.A tempo giusto. In strict and equal time.Attacca, or Attacca snbito. A direction that the performer must directly

commence the following movement.

Ballad. A short and familiar soup.Barcarolle. Airs sung by the Venetian gondoliew or boatmen.Beat. Ono of the principal graces in music.Ben. Well; as, Ben marcato, well marked. This expression Indicate*

that the passage must be executed in a clear, distinct, and stronglyaccented manner.

Bis. Twice. A term which Indicates that a certain passssre, distinguishedby a curve drawn over or unr".er it, must be performed twice.

Brillante. An expression indicating a showy and epaikimg etyie of per*formance.

Brio, or BripNO. With brilliancy and spiritSpriukled) broken into arpeggutL

532 DICTIONAHY OF MTJSICAL TEEMS.

Cadence. A close in melody or harmony; on ornamental and exteinpora-neons passage introduced at the close of a sou^ or piece of luusic.

Cadence parfaite. A perfect cadence.C;H:O:K- rompue. .An iutrrupted cadenoe.Cadenza. A cadence, or close, at tin termination of a, song or other move-

ment. introducing .some fanciful and exteni]>oraueous embellishment.Calando. Gradually <iiinini.>bin^ in t me and quickness.Calore. With much warmth and animation.

Canoiie. A canon or catch for seven-, voices or instruments.Canon. A species of interrupted imi.atiou.

Cantalrilc. In a graceful and sillying style.Can tii nie. A part to be executed by the voice.

Capella. Alia. In the church style.

Capo. The head, or beginning.Capriccio. A fanciful jiud irregular species of composition.Catch. A vocal piece iu several parts, of a humorous character.Cavatina. An air of one movement or part only, occasionally preceded fcy

a recitative.

Chant. A song or melody ; the vocal part.Che. Thau; as, Poco piu die andante, rather slower thnn Andante.Chromatic. Proceeding by semitones, or formed by means < t'wn.itcine*.

Coda. A few bars added at the close of a composition, beyond its naturaltermination.

Colla parte. A direction that the accompanist must follow the principalpart in regard to time.

Con. With; as, Con espressionc, with expression; Con brio, -with brij.

liancy aud spirit.Concento. Concord ; agreement. A selection of pieces 13 sometimes so

called.

Concerto. A composition intended to display the powers of some particularinstrument, with orchestral accompuuuueuts.

Con dolrezzu. With sweetness.Con dolore. Mournfully, with pathos.Con grarita. With gravity.Con grazia. Witli grace.Con gusto, or (just ONO. With tnste.

Con inipeto. With impetuosity.Con moto. In an ;igifcit<:d style; witli spirit.Con spirito. With quickness and siiirit.

Crescendo, or Cres. With a gradually increasing quantity of tone.Da. By.Da cajx), or D. C. From the beginning. An expression which, is often

written at the end of n movement to indicate that the performermust return to and finish with the first strain.

Bal. By; as, Dal segno, from the sign, a mark of repetition.Decrescendo. Gradually decreasing in quantity of toi:c.

Delicatezza. Delicacy ; aa, Con delicatezza, with delicacy of expression.Delicato. Delicately.Diatu:,ic. Natorallj ; that is, according to the degrees of the major or

minor scale, or by tones and semitones only.Dfiaende. A gradual dying away of the tone till it arrives rt rxtinction.

Diminuendo, or Dim, implies that the quantity of toiio ii:ust l>e graduallydiminished.

Di molto. An expression which serves to augment the signification of tli

word to which it is added,biverlimt'iito. A short, light composition, written ia a familiar and

pleasing style.

Dolce, or Dol., implies a soft and sweet style.Dolcexzx, or Con dolrezza. With sweetness aud eoftnau,Dolccmeute. In a street and graceful style,Duloroso. In a soft and patuetic style.

DICTIOXAEY OF MUSICAL TEEMS. 538

Ed. The Italian conjunction and; as, Flanto e tiolino, flute andviolin; Nobiliiiieiite oil aniiiiato, with grandeur and spirit,tni'iitc. or Klcu-aiiio. With elegance.

E, or E<1.

v

EletM:izu "With elegance; gracefully.f'lienriou, Con fiii'rgia, or Energicaniente. "With energy.Kwv.-e.ssivo, or On e>|)re*sioni'. With expression.fciraviisau/a. Extravagant and wild, as to composition and performance.

Faclllta. A facilitation ;an easier Adaptation.

Fantais.sic. I A species of composition in which the author gives freeFantasia. Jsoope to his idt-i

, without regard to those systematic foriu*whicli regulate other compositions.

Finale. The last piece of any act of au opera, or of a concert; or the lastmovement of a symphony or sonata, iu the German style.

Fine. The end.

Forte, or For, or simply/. Loud.Fortissimo, or ff. Very loud.

rorzando, or For/, or/z, implies that the note is to be marked with pecu-liar emphasis or force.

Fuoro, Don. With intent nnimation.

Furioso, or Cou Furia. With fire.

Gaiempnt. In a cheerful and lively style.

Gallopaile. A galop ; a quick German danee-tnne.

Galop, or flali>]>|i*. A quick rpecies of dance, generally in 2-4 time.(iiust.o. In just and exact, time.Graces. Occasional euiielli8lnnents, sometimes indicated ly*he composer,

sometimes spontaneou.siy inirodiiced liy the jrmrformer. The moatimportant of these are the Appogyiatura, the Turn, and the Shake.

Grandioso. Iu a grand and elev.ated st\le.

Gran gusto. In an elevated, grand style.tiravamente. Dignified and solemn.Grave. The slowest degree of movement; also, a deep, low pitch, in tlie

scale of sounds.Gravila. Gravity; as, Con gravita, with. gravity.tiruppetto. A group of notes ; a turn.

Gruppo. A turn, or grace.fcusto, Gustoso, or Cou gusto. With taste; elegantly.

II. The.Jmitazione. An imitation.

mpetuoso. With impetuosity ; impetuously.mpromptu. An extemporaneous production.uiprovisare. To compose or sing extemporaneously.n. Iu

; as, In tempo, in time,

"nnoeeiite, or Innocen (entente. In an artless and simple style.nterlude. An intermediate strain or movement.ntrada, or Introduzionu. A short introductory movement.

Iste&to. The same ; as, Istcsso tempo, the same cime.

Lurglielto indicates a time alow and measured in its movement, bnt leMso than Largo.

Lnniliissimo. Extremely slow.

Largo. A very slow and solemn degree of Movement.Leitato. In a xmooth and connect"<Fmamir.LejratisHiiuo. Exceedingly smooth "! couuctod.Legrrement. With lightness ai.d gayety.1^-srifiardii. Ligbt;

DICTIONAET OP irUSICAL TEEMS.

LeggJero, or Con Ipsrcriprp/za. "With lightness and facility of execution,

Leggierissiino. With the utmost lightness and facility.LeiiUndo. With increasing slowness.

Lcntcincntr, or Lento. In slow time.

Liaison. Smoothness of connection ; also, a bind or tie.

Loco. This word implies that a passage is to be played just as It is writtein regard to pitch. It generally occurs after 8va alta. or 8va batna.

Ha. But; as. Allegro ma 1:011 tropuo, quick, but not too much so.

Maestoso. With majestic and dignified expression.Main. The baud ; as Slain droite, Main guuclie, or M. I)., 51. G., the right

or left Lund in piano music.Marcato. In a marked and emphatic style.Jlarcia. A march.Marziale. In a martial style.llelange. A composition founded on several favorite airs ; a medley.Heine. The same ; as, Meme movement, in the same tune,jiesio. Mournfully; sadly; pathetically.Mestoso. Sadly ; pensively.Metronome. An ingenious instrument for Indicating tne ernct time of

musical piece by means oi a pendulum, which may be shortened or

lengthened at pleasure.Mezzo. In a middling degree or manner; as, Hezzo forte, rather loud;

Mezzo piano, rather soft.

Mezzo carattere implies a moderate degree of expression and execution.Moderate. With a moderate degree of quickness.Molto. Very ; extremely ; as, llolto allegro, very quick ; Jlolto adagio,

extremely slow.Morcean. A piece, or musical composition of any kind.Hordeute. A beat, or transient shake.Moreudo. Gradually subsiding in regard to tone and t'me; !yj

tig away.Mosso. Movement; as, Piu m'csso, with more movement; quicker.Moio, or Con mot o. With agitation.Movimento. Time; movement.

Kobiie, or Xobilemcnte. With nobleness; grandeur.Kottiirno. A composition, vocal or instrumental, snitalile for evening

recreation, from its el ogauce and lightness of character.r

O. Or; as, Flauto q viollno, flute or violin.

Obligato, or OMisrat i. A part or parts of a composition, Indlepenaabla t

its just performance; and which, therefore, can not properly bomitted.

Gttava, or 8v ; An octave. This word is generally joined -with Alta, orJBassa. The first signifies that the passage to which it is appliedmust be played an octave higher than it is \viltteuj the OCOttd, thatit must be played an octave lower.

Passionate. In an impassioned manner.Paietico. Pathetically.Pathetiqne. Pathetic.Pastorale. A soft and rural movement.Peuaie. A porial or stationary bass. In plnno mnsic tnia term implies

that the performer must press down the pedal which takes oil thedamper?.

Pcrdetnlo. Penlendose, or Perden. Either of these terms implies a gradualdiminution, both ir. quantity of tone and speed of movement.

Pen. A little.

Phrase. A short musical sentence containing an incomplete idea.Piacere. Will; pleasuro; as, A piacere, at the performer's pleasure in

regard to time.Soft. PiMissinw, or pp. Extremely soft.

DICTIONARY OP MUSICAL TEKMS. 535

Pin. An adverb of augmentation ; as, Pin presto, quicker; Pin piano,Plantiro. Expressively; plaintively. [softer.Plus. More; as, Plus animc. with greater animation.Poco. A little; rather; somewhat; as, Poco presto, rather quick; Poco

piano, somewhat soft.

Poco a POCO. By degrees; gradually; as, Poco a poco crescendo, louderand loader by degrees ; Poco a poco diminuendo, softer and softer

by degrees.Poi. Then ; as, Piano poi forte, soft, then loud.

Polacca, ) A slow. Polish dance, in 3-4 time, of a peculiar rhythmical?Polonaise, > construction, as the melodical members usually terminate onPolonoise. ) the third crotchet of the bar.

Pomposo. In a grand and pompous manner.Portamento. The manner of sustaining and conducting the voice; a glid-

ing from one note to another.Possibile. Possible ; as, Pin forte possibile, as loud as possible.Potpourri. A fantasia en favorite airs.

Precipitate. In a hurried manner.Precisione. With precision ; exactitude,Preludio. A preludu or introduction.Premiere. First; as, Premiere fois, first time.Prestissimo. The most rapid degree of movement.Presto. Very quick.Priuio. First; as, Violiuo priuio, first violin; Tempo primo, in the first

or original time,

Quasi. In the manner or style of; as, Quasi allegretto, like an Allegretto,

Quieto. With calmness or repose ; quietly.

Raddolcendo, or Raddoleente. With augmented softness.Rjilleiitando implies a gradual diminution in the speed of the movement,

and a corresponding decrease in the quantity of tone.

Rapid o. Rapidly.Refrain. A burden, or tag-end to a song. [emphasis.Rinforzando, Rinforzato, or Hint'., or Rf. "With additional tone andRomance. A short, lyric tale. [words.Romanza. Set to music; or a simple and elegant melody suitable to suchRondeau, or Hondo. A composition of several strains or members, at the

end of each of which the first part or subject is repeated.Bltenente, Uitenuto. A keeping back; a decrease in the speed of the

movement.

Scherznndo, Scherzante, Scherzoso, or Scherz. In a light, playful, andsportive manner.

Segno. A sign ; as, Al segno, return to the sign ; Dal segno, repeat fromthe sign.

Segue, or Sctrtiito. How follows; or, as follows; as, Seoiie il coro, thechorus follows; Sesuo la finale, the finale new follows. It is alsoused in the sense of in similar or like manner, to show that a sub*equent passage is to be played like that which precedes it.

Semplice, or Sempliccincntc. With simplicity ; artlessly.Sempre. Always; as, Sflnpre staccato, always staccato or detached;

Sempre forte, always loud ; Senipre piu forte, continually increasingin force.

Scrioso. In a serious style.

Serpegglando. Gently and silently creeping onward; quietly advancing.Sforzato, Sforznndo, or Sf. implies that a particular note is to be played

with emphasis.Sicilian!. A movement of a slow, soothing, pastoral character, hi 6-8 time,

resembling a dance peculiar to the peasantry of Sicily.SinfonLa. A symphouy or orchestral cozupotiitiuu in many parta,

536 CICTIONAET o? MUSICAL TERMS.

A gradual diminution in the time or speed of tie incrementSmorzando. A gradual diminution as to tone.

Soave. In a soft, sweet, and delicate style.

Soggetto. The subject or theme.

Soli, plural of Solo, implies that two or mornprincipal parts play or sing

together. Such parts, of course, are nevei doubled.

Solo, or Sola. Alone.Kolo. A composition, or eren a passage, for a single mien or InstmmortSouatii, or Sonate. A composition consisting ot several movements, <ii-n.

erally for a single principal instrument, with or without ucvompani.Sostenuto, or Sost. Sustained; continuous in regard to tone. [incuts.

Spiritu, or Coil Spirilo. With spirit.

Spiritoso. With great spirit. [from one another.

Staccato, implies that the notes are to be played distinct, and detachedStesso. The sumo.Subito. Quickly ; as, Yolti suliito. turn quickly.Suite. A series ; a collection ; as, I'ne suite de pieces, a series of lessons.

Syncopate. In a constrained and syncopated style.

Syncopation. The connecting the last note of one bar to the first note ofthe next, so as to form but one note of a duration equal to both.This displaces the accent, and produces a peculiar effect.

Tacet, implies that, during a movement or part of a movement, some par-ticular instrument is to be silent; as. Hiuuo tacct, tUe nutu is nc to

Tsnto, or Ton. Not so much ; not too much. Lpiay.Tarilo. Slowly ; in a dragging luauner.Tema. A subject or theme.Tempestoso. In a tempestuous manner.Tempo comodo. In a convenient degree of movementTeiiilremeiit. Affectionately; tenderly.Teiieramente, Teneroj or Co:i teiierezza. Tenderly.Tenuto, or Ten, implies that a note, or notes, mn&t be sustained or keptTheme. A subject. [down the lull time.Tiraoroso. With timidity and awe.Tran |iii! lo, Tranquiilaiuente, or ton trnnqnilleziu Tranquilly; composedly.Tremendo. With a treinemlotis expression ; horribly.Treuiaiido, Tremolate, or Tremolo, implies the reiteration ff n note or

chord with great rapidity, f=oas to produce a tremulous kind of motion.Trillando. A succession f shakes m different notes.Trille. or Trillo. A shake.Trio. A piece for three voices or instruments. This term also denotes a

second movement to a waltz, march, minuet &c.. which always leadsback to a repetition of the first or principal movement.

Triplet. A group of three notes, arising from the division of a note intothree equal parts of the next inferior duration.

Tntta fur/a. With the utmost vehemence; as loud as possible.Tiuii. A terra used to point out those passages where ail the voices or

instruments, or both, are to be introduced.

Fn. A; as, Un poco, a little.

Yf'iore. or Con velocifa. In rapid time.Yelocissiuio. With extreme rapidity.Yibmnte. A peculiar manner of touching tlie Iceys of the piano.Yisoroso, or Yigorosamente. Boldly; vigorously.Y^istamente, or Vite. With quickness.Vivace, Yiramente. or Con viv'atira. With briskness and animation.Yivacissimo. With extreme vivacity. Yiratii-.i. Tivacity.Vivo, or Con vlvpzza. Animated; lively. Voce. The voice.Volvtnte.

_In a light and rapid manner. [playing, &C.

Volts. Time of playing a movement; as, Prim rolta, the nrsl time ofToltl soi>ito. Torn over quickly.

DERIVATION OF CHKISTIAN NAMES. 537

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN,W1TII THEIB DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION.

NAMESAar'on (TTeh.) Tory high; lofty.Ah'.lii-i (Heb.) The servant of God.A'N'I (Heli ) Breath; vanity.A"i atliar <Heb.) Father f plenty.Abi'el (Heli.) Father of strength.Abi'jah (Heb.) Jehovah is a lather.

Ab'ner (Heb.) Father of light,

A'brahani(Heb) Fail it-rot' a multitudeA'brant (Heb.) Father of elevation.

AVsalom (Heb.) Father of peace.Ad'am (Heb.) Man ; earth-man.A'din (Heb.) 'lender; delicate; soft.

Adol'phus (Sax.) Successful helper.Adoni'rain (Heb.) Lord of. height.Al'an (Slav.) A hound; harmony.Al'aric (Sax.) All-rich; all-powerful.Al'bert (Sax.) All-bright; illustrious.

AlfXiin'der (Gr.) A helper of men.Al'fred(Sax.)All peace; protecting all

Al'lanj (Slav.) The same as ALAN.

Al'len > See ALAN.Aion'zo (Ger.)The same as Alpbonso.Al'plieus (Heb.) Exchange.Alphon'so (Ger.) All ready] -willing.Al'vali (Heb.) Iniquity.AI'van (Heb.) Unrighteous.Al'vin, Al'ivin (Sax.) Conquering all.

Antari'ah (Heb.) Jehovah promised.Arn'asa (Heb.) A burden.Am'brosi- (Gr.) Immortal; divine.Am'nii (Heb.) My people.A'mos (Heb.) Strong; courageous.An'drew (Gr.) Manly; courageous.Aiidroni'cus(Gr.)A coiKjuerorof men.Au'selm (Ger.) An heroic defender.

Au'thoiiy (Lat.) Praiseworthy.Archela'iiK (Gr.) Ruler of the people.Archibald (Ger.) Boldness.A'riel (Heb.) Lion of God; valiant.Ar'nold (S;ix.) Strong as an eai:le.

Ar'temas (Gr.) Gift of Artemis <.r Mi-Ar'lliar(lirit.) High; noble, [nerva.A'sa (Heb.) Healer; physician.As'ahel (Heb.) Made of'God.1'Siipll (lieli.) A collector.Ash'bel (Heb.) Fire of Bel.Ash'er (Heb.) Hai.jty; fortunate.A>h'ur (Heb.) Bl,u-k

; bhickne.s.s.

Augus'tiis (Lat.) Exalted; majestic.Anfrus'tiiif ) (L:it.) BelongiMj; u< Au-Atis'tin ) jriii'tiia.

It:ild'>vin (S.ix.) liuld ; conrapeoim.]iaru<-hi'a>( LI eb. (Jehovah hasbiessedkar'tiabas

\ (Heb.) Son of prophecy,) or exportation.

OP MEN.Barthol'omew (Heb.) A Trarlike eon.Bas'i! (Gr.) Kingly ; royal.Ili-ii'i'dU't (Lat.) Blessed.

Itbii'jnmiu (Heb.) Si.n of tlie rijrht.iScno'ni (Heb.) Son of my sorrow,beri'ah (Heb.) In calamity.Uer'iiard (Sax.) A brave man.Uer'tram (Gi-r.) Bri^tit i-aveu.

liethu'el (Heb.) Man of God.iion'ifare (Lat.) A benefactorliri'an (Celt.) Strung,t'ndwal'lader (Brit.) Valinnt in war.t'se'sar (Lat.) Hairy; or, blue-eyed,fa'li-b (Heb.) A doj;.Cal'viu (Lat.) Bald.O'cil (Lat.) Dim-sijrhted.1 liurles (Sax.) Manly; noble-spiritsd.thris'topher (Gr.) B'earing Chriot.tlar'ence (Lat.) Illustrious.

Clem'ent (Lat.) Mild-tempered,ton'rad (Sax.) Bold in counsel.Coii'titantinc (Lat.) Resolute; firm.l'orne'li:i> (Lat.) Signification uncer-Cutli'berl (Sax.) Renowned. [taiu.C'y'nis (Pers.) The sun.Iian'ifl (Heb.) A judge from God.l!ari'i:s (Pers.) Preserver.Dii'vid (Ileb.) Beloved.Deine'trius (Gr.) Belongins to Ceres.Poi'is ) (Gr.) Belonging toDionysosDeu'iiis 5 or Bacchus, god of wineDex'tcr (Lat.) The right hand.

Dionjs'iiis (Gr.) The same as DEMS.Don'ald (Celt.) Proud chief.

Dun'can (Celt.) Brown chief.Eb'en (Heb.) A stone.Eliene'zer (Heb.) The stone of help.Ed'tfar (Sax.) Successful warrior.Ed'tunnd (Sax.) Successful protector.Ed'ward (Sax.(Guardian ot'i>roperty.Ed'win (Sax.) Successful in war.

Eg'bcrt (Sax.) Bright eye.El'hert (Sax.) All-bright; illustriona.

Kl'dred (Sax.) Terrible.

Elea'zer (Heb.) Whom God helps.E'li (Heb.) A foster son.Eli'ab (Heb.) God is his father.

Kli'as (Heli.) Jehovah is tnv God.Ell'hu (Tie!..) Go.l the Lord.

Eli'jah (Heb.) Strength of die Lord.EH'slia (Heb.) Goil i.iy salvation.Kli-'/ur (Heb.) God in my rock.Einathan (Heb.) God gave.Emrmiu'uel (Heb.) Go.i with ns.

Luti'^a ((Jr.) Praised; commended.

538 DERIVATION OF CHRISTIAN NA1IES.

E'noch (Heb.) Initiated ; Instructed.E'nos (Heb.) Man.K'phraim (Heb.) Very fruitful.

Eras'mus (Gr.) Worthy to be loved.Kras'tus (Gr.) Lovely; amiable.Er'nest (Ger.) Earnest.E'Kau (Ueb.) Covered with hair.

E'thitii (Heb.) Firmness; strength.Easrene' (Gr.) Well-born ; noble.

Kuse'oius (Gr.) Religious; godly.Eus'tare (Gr.) Standing firm.

Ev'an (Brit.) Gracious gift of God.Er'erard (Ger.) Fierce as a wild boar.

Ezc'kiel (Heb.) Strength of God.Ez'ra (Heb.) Help.Fe'lix (Lat.) Happy ; prosperous.Fer'dinand (Ger.) Brave; valiant.

Feruan'do (Sp.) Same as Ferdinand.Frau'cis (Fr.) Free.Frank (Fr.) Contraction of Francis.Fred'criek (Ger.) Peaceful ruler.

Ga'briel (Heb.) Man of God.Gama'liel (Heb.) Recompense of God.Geoffrey (Sax.) Good protector.George (Gr.) A husbandman.Ger'ahl (Ger.) Strong with the spear.Gid'eou (Heb.) A destroyer.Gil'bert (Sax.) Bright as gold.Giles (Gr.) A little goat.God'dard (Ger.) Pious; virtuous.

God'frey (Sax.) Good protector.God'win (Sax.) Good in war.

GreK'ory(Ger.) Watchful.Griffith (Brit.) Having great faith.

(Justa', us (Sw.) A warrior; hero.

Guy (Fr.) A leader.Han'iiibal (Panic.) A gracious lord.

Jle'man (Heb.) Faithful.

jiien'ry (Ger.) Rich lord.

IIlerMtert (Ger.) Glory of the army.'Jler'cules (Gr.) Lordly fame.Iier'man (Ger.) A warrior.Hezeki'ali (Heb.) Strength of God.llil'ary (Lat.) Cheerful ; mrry.lli'rani (Heb.) Most noble.

Hor'ace(Lat.) Signification uncertainHora'lio (Lnt.) Signiflcat'n uncertainliosc'a (Heb.) Salvation.HotT'cll (Brit.) Sound; whole.Hu'bert (Sax.) Briglit; handsome.Hugh (Dutch.) High; lofty.Humph rey (Sax.) Protector of home,

leh'tbpd (Heb.) Glory has departed.Igna'tius (Gr.) Ardent; fierv.

liiiman'uel (Heb.) God with' us.

In'gram (Ger.) A stalwart youth.1'ra (Heb.) Watchful.1'sanc (Heb.) Laughter.lsa'i.,h (Heb.) Salvation of the Lord.Is'rael (Heb.) A soldier of God.lUi'ia (Heb.) God is with me.

JaObez (Heb.) He will canso painJa'cob (Heb.) He will supplant.James (Heb.) He will supplant.Ja'red (Heb.) Descent.Ja'son (Gr.) A healer.Jedidi'ah (Heb) Beloved of the Lord.Jeffrey (Sax.) At pence with God.Jeremi'ah (Heb.) Exalted of the Lord,Jerome' (Gr.) Having a holy name.Jes'se (Heb.) Wealth.Jo'iili (Heb.) Jehovah is his fatherJob (Heb.) Afflicted; persecuted.Jo'el (Heb.) The Lord is God.John (Heb.) Gracious gift of God.Jo'nah (Heb.) A dove.Jon'atlian (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah.Jo'seph (Heb.) He shall add.Joslt'ua (Heb.) Lord of salvation.Jo'thiim (Heb.) The Lord is upright.Ju'dali (Heb.) Praised.Ju'lian (Lat.) Belonging to Julius.Ju'lius (Gr.) Soft-haired.Jus'tin (Lat.) Just.Kcn'elni (Sax.) Defender of kindred.Ken'ncth (Gael.) Leader; coujuaaniierLa'ban (Heb.) White.Lam'bert (Sax.) A keeper of lambs.Lan'eelot (Ital.) A little angel.Law'rence (Lat.) Crowned with laurelLem'uel (Heb.) Created by God.Leon'ard (Sax.) Brave as a lion.

Le'opold (Ger.) Bold as a lion.

LC'TI (Heb.) Adhesion.Len'is (Fr.) Defender of the people.Li'nns (Gr.) Flaxen-haired.Li'ouel (Lat.) A little lion.

Loain'mi (Heb.) Not my people.Loren'zo (Ital.) Crowned with lanreLLot (Heb.) A veil; covering.Lu'bin (Sax.) Beloved friend.Lu'cius (Lat.) Born at break of day.Luke (Lat.) A contract'ii of Lncanus.Lu'ther (Ger.) Illustrious warrior.

Lycur'giis (Gr.) Wolf-driver.Jliil'ariii (Heb.) Message of the Lord.Manas'si'li (Heb.) For-retfulness.Mari-el'lus (Lat.) Diniin. of MarcmLMar'cius (Lat.) The same as Marcus.Mar'cus, Mark (Lat.) A hammer.Mar'maduke (Sax.) A mighty noble.Mar'tiii (Lat.) Martial; warlike.Mat'then- (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah.Matthi'as (Heb.) Gift of the Lord.Mau'rioe (Lat.) Sprung of a Moor.Mor'edith (Celt.) Sea-}irotector.Mi'cah (Heb.) Who is like the Lord!Jli'dmcl (Ileb.) Wlio is like God?Jliies (Lat.) A soldier.

Mor'gan (Brit.) Born on the sea.

Mo'ses (Egypt.) Drawn out of waterKa'huni (Heb.) Consolation.

DERIVATION OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. 539

Na'than (Heb.) A pift; piven.Xathan'iel (Heb.) The pi ft of God.Neal (Lat.) Dark ; swarthy.Keheini'ah (Heb.) Comfort of God.Aich'olas (Gr.) Victory of the people.Ao'ah (Heb.) Rest; comfort.>o'el (Heb.) Born <>u Cbristmas day.Kor'man (Ger.) Native of Normandy.Obadi'ah (Heb.) Servant of the Lord.O'bed (Heb.) Serving God.Octa'vius (Lat.) The eighth-born.Ol'ivcr (Lat.) An olive-tree.

Ores'tes (Gr.) A mountaineer.Orlan'do (Ital.) Counsel for tbe land.Os'car (Celt.) Bounding warrior.Os'mund (Ger.) Protection of God.Os'wald (Ger.) Power of God.Ow'en (Celt.) Young warrior.Ozi'as (Heb.) Strength of the Lord.Pat'rick (Lat.) Noble; a patrician.Paul (Lat.) Small ; little.

Peleg (Heb.) Division.

Per'egrine (Lat.) A stranger.Pe'ter (Gr.) A rock.Vhilaii'dor (Gr.) A lover of men.Pliile'mun (Gr.) Lovinjr; friendly.Phil'ip (Gr.) A lover of horses.Phiu'eas (Heb.) Mouth of brass.

Pol'ycarp (Gr.) Much fruit

Ptol'emy (Gr.) Misrbtv iu war.

(Juin'tin (Lat.) Tbe rtfth.

Ralph (Sax.) Helpful in counsel,

llaph'acl (Heb.) The healing of God.Itay'nio-nd (Gei

1

.) Strong protector.Reginald (Sax.) Strong ruler. -

Keu'ben (Heb.) Bekoldj a son.

Keu'el (Heb.) Friend of God.Beyn'oM (Sax.) Strong ruler.Kirli'ard (Sax.) Rich-hearted.Rob'ert (Ger.) Bright in fame,ttod'erick (Ger.) Rich in fame.

KoMolph (Sax.) Aiding in counselKog'er (Ger.) Famous with the spear.

Roland f(Ger>) Fame of the land>

Ku'dolph (Sax.) Famous hero.iiuTu.i (Lat.) liuddish; red-haired.

Rn'pert (Sax.) Bright in fame.Sain'soii (Heb.) Splendid gun.Sani'uel (Heb.) Heard of God.Saul (Heb.) Asked for.

Se'ba (Heb.) Eminent.Sfbns'liiin(Gi.) Venerable; reverend.Seth (Heb.) Appointed.8i'Ias (Lat.) A contract'n of Silvan aa.

SilTa'nus (Lat.) Living iu a wood.Silves'tcr (Lat.) Living in the woods.Sim'eon nileb.) Hearing with. <tc-

Si'n'iou 5 ceptance.Sol'onion (Heb.) Peaceable.Sle'plicii (Gr.) A crown or garland.Sylva'iius (Lat.) A lover of the woods.Sylves'ter (Lat.) Living in the woods.Tliad'dcus (Syr.) The wise.The'obiild (Sax.) Bold for the people.Tlie'odore (Gr.) The gift of God.Theoph'ilus (Gr.) A lover of God.The'ron (Gr.) A hunter.Thoin'as (Heb.) A twin.

Tim'othy (Gr.) One who honors Gd.Tobi'ns (Heb.) Pleasing to Jehovah.Tris'tram (Lat.) Grave; pensive; sad.Ulys'ses (Gr.) A h:;ter.Urban (Lat.) Courteous; polished.Uri'ah (Heb.) Light of the Lord.U'riaii (Dan.) A husbandman.U'riel (Heb.) Light of God.Val'i-nliiif (Lat.) Strong; powerfoLVictor (Lnt.) A conqueror.Vin'ceiit (Lat.) Conquering.Viv'ian (Lat.) Lively; living.Wal'ter (Ger.) RUiinp the hosfcMil'Iiain (Ger.) Resolute helmet.Wln'fred (Sax.) "Win peace.Zjib'diel (Heb.) Girt of God.Zucche'ns (Heb.) Innocent; pnre.Zachari'ali t (Heb.) Remembered ofZach'ary i tbe Lord.Xeliadi'ah ? /TT , ,^,.. /.., T ,

Zeb'edeo 5<Hel) -) Gift of the Lord.

Zedekl'uli (Heb.) Justice of the Lord.Zelo'tes (Gr.) A zealot.Ze'uas (Gr.) Gift of Jupiter.Zephani'ah (Heb.) Hid of the Lord.

NAMES OF WOMEN.Ab'teail (Heb.) My father's joy.A'da (Sax.) Happiness; rich gift.Ad'aline ? (Ger.) Of uoblo birth; aAd'elinp > princess.Ad'ela (Ger.) The same as Adeline.

*

Ad'elaidp (Ger.) Same as Adaline.Adc'lia (Ger.) The naniu us Adalhie.

Ag'atha (Gr.) Good; kind.

A:r'n's (Gr.) Cliaste; pure.Albpr'ta (Ger.) Feminiue of Albert.llethe'a (Gr.) Truth.

Al'icp (Ger.) Noble birth ; a princess,Almi'ra (Ar.) Lofty; noble.Althe'a (Gr.) A healer.

lAni .i!'c! (Lat.) Lovely; amiable.Aiitiin'da (Lat.) Worthy to be loved.Ame'lia (Gei.) Busy; energetic.A'my (Lat.) Beloved.

Angeli'na (Gr.) Angelic; lovely.AnnAn'naAnne

leb.) Grace; the Earn* :

JiUllIlilli.

640 DERIVATION OF CERISTIAJT KAMZS.

Anett'(Heb.) French form of Anne.Antoinette' (Gr.) Dimin. of Autouia.Antn'iiia (Lat.) Inestimable.Arakel'la (Lat.) A fair altar.

Ausriis'ta (Lat.) Feni.of Augustus.Anre'lia (Lat.) Fern. of Ameiiii.s.

Auro'ra (Lat.) Morning; brightness.Azu'ba (Heb.) Deserted.Barbara (Gr.) Foreign; strange.Be'atrice (Lat.) Making happy.Ber'tha (Sax.) Bright; benutuuEBlanche (Tent.) White; fair.

Bridget (Celt.) Strength.CamO'la (Lat.) Attendant at sncrifica

t'ar'oliBe (Ger.) Fern, of Carol us.Cuth'ariiic ? fC > pCatherine >

(Vr-' rure-

Cecil'ia (Lat.) Feminine of Cecil.Ce'lia (Lat) Feminine of Ccelius.Celcs'tine (Lat.) Heavenly.Clmr'lotte (Fr.) Feminine of Charles.CIilo'e(Gr.) A green herb; blooming.Clar'a (Lat.) Bright; illustrious.

C'laris'sa (Lat.) A variation of Clara.

.

Con'statK'e (Lat.) Constant ; firm.Co'ra (Gr.) Maideu ; daiidite. .

Cor.le'lia (Lat.) Warm-buaited.Corin'na (Gr.) Maiden.Coriie'lia (Lat.) Feni.of Cornelius.Oyntii

' '

^loiiL'in- to Cyutiius.iMi'orali (Heb.) A In e.

De'lia (Gr.) Belon-rinj: to Delos.lian'a (Lat.) Goddess.liiau'thii (Gr.) FlowerofJove; apinkDi'iiah (Heb.) Judged.Uo'ra (Gr.) A gift.DofrM (Gr.) A gazelle.

KorcM,;11

j(Gr.)The gift of God.

Drnsil'la (Gr.) Dewy eyes.E'llith (Sax.) Hai.pines's.td'na (Heb.) Pleasure.El'eanor (Sax.) All-fruitful,tli'za (Heb.) Coutr'n of Elizabeth.Eliz'ahetli (Heb.) Worshiper of God.El'la (Gr.) Coiitniciion of Eleanor.Kl'len (Gr.) Diminiiiiveot Eleanor.Klsip (Sax.) Diminutive of Alice.tniV-Hiie >(Gt-r.)Euergetic; iudus-tni'uieliiip 5 trions.

Km'ily (Lat.) The s;ime as Emelirs.Kiii'ma (Ger.) The same as K;m-lme.Knics'tine(Ger.) Fer.i. Uiir.. .t Ernest.E>'tiier (Pers.) A star; <iuod lortuae.Kth'elind ) ,o \x-iiEthelin'da \

(Sax ' ) :Nobie>

t mlo'ra (Gr.) Good gift,

tuge'nia (Gr.) Well-born ; noble.Xw'uke (Gr.) Happy victory,

Enpne'mia (Gr.) Of good report.E'va,Ere (Heb.) Life.

Kvan'eeliiiL'(Gr.) Briiijiing gla

Kv'l'n!!* I(HeU) Diminutive of Eva.

Fan'ny(Ger.) Diminutive of Fiance*.i'elic'ia (Lat.) Haiipv: liaiiiiiness.

Kide'lia (Lat.) Faiiliful.

Flo'ia (Lat.) Tlie goddess of flowers.Flor/

entt!(Lnt.)Bl<H)iniiig; flomit-ljiugFran'ces (Ger.) Feminine of Fnmcia.(it'ortian'ii (Gr.) Fern, ot George.(;'!' tniilc (Ger.) All tnitb.(race (Lat.) Grace; favor.Ilan'nali (Heb.) The same as Anna.Harriet (Ger.) Fern. dim. of Henry.Ilel'eii (Gr.) Light; alluring.Ilenriet'ta (Gert) Fern. dim. of Henry.Heph'zibHh (Heb.) ily delight in her.Hester (Pen.) .A star; good fortune.llono'ra (Lat) Honorable.Bul'dah (Heli.) A weasel.1'da (Sax.) Happy; happiness.1'iiez (Gr.) Chaste; inre.Ire'ne (Gr.) Peace; peaceful.

Isabd'Ia I(Sp.) Worshiper of God.

Jane (Fr.) Feminine of John.Janet' (Fr.) Diminutive of Jane.Jeannetle' (Fr.) Diminutive of Jane.Jcmi'ma (Heb.) ^V dove.Jeru'sha (Heb.) Possessed; married.Joan' J ,T * \ -P c T i

Joan'na 5(Lat) Feminine of John.

Jo'sephtne (Fr.) Feminine of Joseph.Judith (Heb.) Piaiseil.Ju'lia (Lat) Feminine of Julius.Jnlian'a (Lat.) Feminine ol Julian.Ju'liet (Fr.) Diminutive of Julia.Kath'arine ? (Gr.) Pure; the aanaaKath'eriue i as Catharine.Ketn'rah (Heb.) Incense.Kezi'ah (Heb.) Cassia,Lau'ra (Lat) A lain el. or hay-tree.Lavin'ia (Lat.) Of Latiuin.Lroiio'ra (Gr.) The same as Eleanor.LetKHa (Lat.) Happiness.Lil'iaii, Lil'ly (Lat.) Lily.Lo'is (Gr.) Gool ; desirable.Loui'sa J -T-, . _, ^TI-otiise' S

^r ' Femiuiue of Louis.

Lu'ria (Lat.) Feminine of Lucius.I.ui-iu'da (Lat.) Shining; brillii-t.Lucre'lia (Lat ) Gain.

Lu'cy (Lat.) Feminine of Lucius.I.jd'ia (Gr.) A native of Lv.iia. Asia.

1

Pvbe] (Lat.) Contraction of Auial.cL3!ad dine (Fr.) Same as lln-dalttie.Matr'diilene (Heb.) Belong to M:ii:dabWca (Lat.) Femiuinoof ilaiciua.

ASCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 5*3

ITarfa (Lat.) A form of Mary.Mariaiiiie'(Fr.)Froni Maryand Anne.Mar'ion(Fr.)A familiar form of Mai .

Blar'tIia(Heb.)Sorrowful; inelauchofyMa'r.v (Heb.) Bitter ; star of the sea.

Jlatil'da (Ger.) A heroine.Maud (Ger.) Contraction of Matilil; .

llel'iceiit (Lat.) A sweet singer.3I-lis's;i (Gr.) A bee.Mir!i'du (Lat.) Admirable.Mir'iam (Heb.) The same as Mary.My'ra(Gr.) She who weeps or lamentsKan'cy(Eng.)A familiar form ofAnueKo'ra (ItalT) Coutiaciiou of Honora.Octa'ria (Lat.) i'einiuiue of Outuvius.

|Ros'alie (Fr.) Little blooming rose.Ros'alind (Lat.) Beautiful as u rose.Ros'amond (Ger.) Rosy lips.Roxan'ua (Pers.) Dawa of day.Ruth (Heb.) Beauty.Sabi'iia (Lat.) A Sabine woman.Salome' (Heb.) Peaceful.Sal'va (Lat.) Safe.

Sa'rali \<Heb ' ) A P1 *"-

Seli'na (Gr.) Parsley.Sere'ua (Lat.) Feminine of Serena*.

tlbyi'la }<G'->A prophetess.

Soplii'ii (Gr.) Wisdom.Kopliro'nia (Gr.) Of a sound mind.Stel'la (Lat.) A star.

Olym'pia (Gr.) Heavenly.

Pnulii,"* }(Lat) Fem '

Pcnel'ope (Gr.) A weaver.Per'sis (Gr.) A Persian woman.

Pl!oj'be}(Gr - ) Pure; radiant-

Pbililj'pa (Gr.) Feminine of Philip.

Phyl'l'il }(Gr' ) A ^een lK)" h -

Pol'ly(Eu<r.)Variation of Molly, fromPrisciHa(Lat.)Sotnewhat old. [MaryPrii'dence(Lat.) Foresight; prudencelia'cliel (Heb.) A ewe.Rebi'c'ca(Heb.)Of enchanting beauty.Rlio'da (Gr.) A rose.Ro'sa (Lat) A rose.

Tab'itha (Syr.) A gazelle.Theodo'ra (Gr.) The gift of God.Theodo'sla (Gr.) The gift of 3od.There'sa (Gr.) Carrying ears of corn.Tryphe'ua (Gr.) Delicate: Inxn-ioua.Tryiiho'sa (Gr.) Luxurious: dainty.1 1'rini (Ger.) Rich.I'ra'ni.-i (Gr.) Heavenly.Lr'Niila (Lut.) A she-bear.Yali-'riu (Lut.) Femirine of ValeriusTicto'ria (Lat.) Victory.Vj'da (Eiso.) JFemiuiiie of David.

Vi'olet}<Lat-) A violet

Virtriii'ia (Lat) Virgin; pure.Tirbu (Lat.) Lively.M illiclnii'iia (Sax.) Fern, of TVillianhWlfeOArvd (Sax.) A lover of pence.Zeuo'bia (Gr.) Life from Jupiter.

ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,WITH THEIB COKKESPOXDIXG MODEKS XAJIE3.

JUfClENT. COITN'TRrES OF EITROPE. KODEBS.SraiKliimvia (skan-de-na've-ali) Sweden and Norway.Chersonesus Oiinbrioa (ker-so-ue'sus sim'bre-kah) Jutland, part ofDenmark.Sarniatia (sar-ma'she-ah) Poland, part of Russia.Br itiiiiiiia (bre-tan'ne-a h), or Albion (al'be-uu) Great Britain.Cul i- 1 oil id (kal-e-<16'iie-ah) Scot la ml.HiUfviiia (hi-ber'ne-iih) Ireland.(iernir.nia (jjer-iiia'iie-ab) Germany, north of the Danube.(ialli.'i (gal'ie-ali). or (ianl (gawl) 1'raiice and the JJetherlands.Helvetia (iiel- ve'sbe-ah) Switzerland.

Ilispania (his-pa'ne-ah) Sjniin.Lnisitania (lu-se-ta'ne-ah) Portnpil.Kliietirt(re'slie-ali) Tyrol, <tc.

Vindelida (vin-tle-lish'e-ah) Part of Bavaria.Korieum (nor'e-kuni) Part of Bavaria and of Austria.iliirijuui (il-lir'u-kum) Part of Austria.

Morocco, &o. [vsaiiiia, &o.tbiopia (e-the^Xpe-ah). Nnbia, Ab.

(. a'liilia (je-tu'le-ab.) Biledulgerid.

,542 JUWOENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

A*CTCTT, COtTSTUIES OF EUROPE.Paunonia (pan-nfrne-ah) Part of Austria and of HungaryDacia (da'sbe-ah) Part of Hungary and of TurkeyHtusiii ime'ze-ah), Thrace (thras), Macedonia <inas-e-do'ue-ah). mid

Epiras (e-plrns) Part ofTurkeyGrecsa (gre'she-ab), Greece (gres) Greece and part ot Turkey.felopou&esus (pel-o-pon-ne'sus) TbeMorea.

COUNTRIES OF ASIA.Asia Minor (a'sbe-ab ml'uor) .. Nntolia, Caramania, A.O.

Syria (sife-ah), Phoenicia (fe-nisb'e-ah), Judea <jn-de'ah) ...Part of Turkey.Armenia (ar-uie'ne-ab), Mesopolamia (uies-o-po-tame-ab).. ..T>art of Turkey.Assyria (as-sii-'e-ab), Babylonia (bab-e-Ucne-ab) Pai t of Turkey.Colchis (kol'kis) llieria (i be're-ab), und Albania (al-bi'ne ab), Georgia, Mill.

grelia, and part of Circassia.Arabia (a-ra'be-ab) Arabia.Persia (pefse-ah). Media (me'de-ah), Partula (par'the-ah) Persia,Baetria (bak'tre-ah} Afghanistan.8-">thia (situ'e-ab) Siberia and Xarury.

COtmTRrES OF AFEICA.(rypt (6'gipt) Egypt.

Liiiya 'lib'yeh) Barca.Africa (al're-kab) Tripoli, Tunis.>' uuiidia.(uu-mid'e-ab) Tunis,Algiers.

SEAS. GULFS. STUAITS. A1TD T-AlfF^-Adriatic (a-dre-r.t'ik) Sea GnlfcfJEzxAH (e-ge'aa) Sea Aicbipelago,Aqnitanian (ak-we-ta'ne-an) Ocean ...........Bay ot Biscay.Arabian (a-ra'be-an) Gulf.... KuU Sea.Arsrolic (ar-gol'ik) Gulf Gnlf of Napoli.Aspbaltites (as-fal-ti'tez) Lake....... .............Dead Sea.Atlantic (at-lan'tik) Ocean....................... ..Atlantic.Benacus (be-na'kus) Lake................ .................Garda.Bosphorns (bos'fo-rus) (Cimmerian eira-me're-an) Rtrait of Caff*.

Bospborus (bos'fo-rus) fThracian thra/ehan) Strait of Constantinople,I>rii;:n:tiniis (brig-an-ti'nos) Lake... .......................Constance.f'aspian (kas'pe-an) Sea Caspian.Codanian (ko-da'ne-an) Gulf. Baltic Sea.t'orinth (kor'intli). Gulf of. Gulf of Lepanto.Eux'ine (yuks'in) Sea Black Sea.Galilee (gal'i-le;, Sea of Tabaria.Gallic (gal'lik) Strait Strait of Dover.Gallic (gal'lik) Gulf Gulf of Lyons.Gangetic (gan-jet'ik) Gulf Bay of Bengal.Genncsaretb (.jen-nes'a-reth) Lake of. Tabaria,Hellespont (hel'les-pout.) Dardanelles.Hercules (her'ku-lez), Strait of. ~, Strait of Gibraltar.Hibernian (bi-ber'ne-an) Strait Irish Sea.Ionian (l-6'ne-an) Sea Part of Gulf of Venice.Lrius (la're-us) Lake Coma.Ligustic (legus'tik) Gulf. Gabf of Genoa.Ionian (le man) Lake Geteva.Bcditerranean (med-i-ter-rft'iie-au) Mediterranean.PillilS Jlc'Otis (;;;)

Ins ine-6'tis) Sea Cf Azof,Propontis <pro-pon'tis) Marmora,S!iroiiic(sa-roti

;ik gnlO Gulf of En-ria,Sicilian (se-sil'yan) Strait Strait of Messina,Kyrtis (sir'tis) Major Gulf of Sidra.T herniaic (t he.r-nia'ik) Gulf 'lulf of Contessa,Tiberias (ti-be/re-as), Sea of. Tabaria.Iwrbiuiuc (ver-ba'aua) Lake ....

AJTC1ENT GEu^IUTHICAi, KA.ME3. 513

ISLANDS.MODERN.

Egi"a (e-ji'nnh) Enia,*,(i:i;in (e-6'le-an) Jsl'ds,Lipari Islds.Amoru'ox (a-mor'gos) Amor<:<>.

A n;i|ilH' (au'a-fe) Niiniphio.An tiros (an'dros) Andro.Aradus (ar'a-dim) Larek.lialuares (bal-e-a'i-e?.), Majorca, Mi-

norca, anil I vica.

Calymna (ka-lini'nab) Calmina.

Cap.;iri:i (ka-pra're-ah) Gonieni.

Capri'a* (ka'pre-e) Capri.Carpatlius (kar'pa-thus) . .Scarpauto.Cephalenia (sef-u-le'ue-ah), Cefalonia.Ceos (se'os) Zia.

Chios (kl'os) Scio.

Ciinoiiis (si-iuo'lus) Argentiera,Corcyra (kor-sl'rali) Corfu.Corsica ( koi

jse-kali) Corsica.

Cos (kos) Stancbio.Crete (kret) Canuia.

drcpsa (ki'ep'sah) Cherso.

Cyprus (si'prus) Cyprus.Cytli'iius (sith'nns) Tluumia.

Cythera (wi-tliO'rab) Congo.Delos (de'los) Delos.Euusas (eb'u-sus) Ivica.

Eubcea (u-be'ah) Negropont.Fortunate(for'tii-nate)5sles,Caiiarie8.

HesperitlesOies-per'o-dez) . .Bissajros.Hibernia ()ii-ber'ne-ab) Ireland.Icaria (i-ka're-ab) Kicaria.Ilva (il'vab) Elba.Inibros (im'bros) Imbro.los (I'o.s) Nio.Ithaca (ith'a-kab.) Tbeaki.

ANCIENT. KODEEBT.Leninos (leni'nos) StaliiiK-ne.Lesbos (les'bos) ^lotelin.

Lencadia (In-ka'de-ab) St. Maura.Lipare (lip'a-re) Li part

Jjelite (mel'i-te) Mai;*Jielite (mel'i-te) 31eit>da,Blelos (ine'los) Milo,Moiia (mo'iiab) Anglesea,Dlunabia (mo-n&'be-ah) Man,jti.u'oims (niic'o-iius) ilyconi.> ax'os (naks'o.s) N.-ixia,

Msyros (ni-sl'ros) Ki.siii.

Oloaros (o-l"'a-ros) Antiimros.1'aros (pa'ros) Paros,1'atnios (pat'mos) Patino.

1'sy ra (sl'rab) Ipsara.lihodes (rods) Kbodes.Salaiitis (sal'a-mis) Colour!.

8ainotbr!m'(sauiotbra'8e)Saiiu>thnikiSanios (sa'mos) Samoa.Sardinia (sar-diu'e-ab) Sardinia.

Scyros (si'ros) Syra.SeriphuN (se-ii'fus) Ser))!io.Sjcily (sis'e-le) Sicily.

Si ph iios (sifnps) Sipbanto.8to3cbades (stek'a-dez) Hieres.

Stropliades (strof'a-dez) Strivali.

Syros (si'ros) Syra.Tenedos (Cen'e-dos) Teneilos,Tenos (te'uos) Tino,Tb;iMs (tha'sos) TbaijO.Thera (tbe'rab) San torin,Tliule (thu'le) Shetland Isles,Vectis (vek'tis) Isle oi'Wifditi

Zacyntlius (za-siu'thus) Zai; to,

Borysthenes (bo-ris'tlie-nez)Diiie})er.

Hyp'jiiiis ^Lip'a-uis) Bog.Ittia (ra) Vol.sra.

Kubo (ru'bo) Niemeii.

EIVERS.SARMATIA.

Albis (al'bis) Elbe.Aniisia (a-mizb'yab) Ema.Ister (is'tr)

- ...Danube.Mo3iius (me'iius) - . -Xi;iyiie.

Taiiais (tan'a-is) DOH.Taruntns (ta-ruii'tus) Dwina.Tyras (tl'ras) Dniester.

Ubenus (r5'nns) Khine.Viadrns (vl'a-drns) Oder.Visur^is (vi-pur'jis) Weser."Vistula (vis'tu-lab) Vistula.

GATJL.

644 ASCIEXT GEOGRAPHICAL

ILLYETCUM, DACIA. fee.

MODKllN. AUCJEXT.r .unilitus <<la-T)tl1>e-tu) Danube.1^: MI-US (dri'vns) .....Drave.IJphriis (lie-bruu* .....llariiza,L.uus (e'uusy inn

ITALY.

P*. reins (py-re'tna) Prnth.&:,vus tsfi'vns) .....Save.Tiitiscus (ti-bla kas) Ibeis.

&'Mnn l.id'dn -ah). ......... Ariiia.

*.ni<Ma'ne.-o .....Teveroiiu.Arnu* tariuis) ......... Arno.Acltesis i;iU) e-nis) ....... Aiimo.Aciidus (aw'fc-iius) ..........Otiuto.E-idanns <-rid'ii-iiU8) I'o.

lli.doacus (iiiu-du'a-kua)......i5i-euta.

A' lanrus (me-tnWrns) Mftro.j"'-!;:ius (inin se-ua) jMiiicio.

I'jtdns (pailusl I'o.

i; silicon tnrbe-kou) Fiuineoino.liiMjr (ti'ber) Tiber.lieinus (ti-si nns> Ticino.Vi>ilaruua (vul-tur'mw) ...Voluu-iio.

GREECE.Achelous (ak-e-lyns), Aspro Potaino./ ilicus (.il-fe'us) Aiti-o,

1- r*us (as-tre'tis) .........Tistriza.A iius (aks'c-iis) 'Vardar.1 -rotas, (u-ro'tas) liaaiJL

ASIA,

ns (e-v^'nne) FirarL1' -.'iacnion (lia-le-ak'mon) ..Jenicoro.1 oncus (pe-ne'us) Peueo.tsteymon (atri'uiou) Stiiiuon.

Araxes (a-ra'ks'ez) Aras.(uicus (ka-i'kus) Germaisti.C \jT;nl:iHS(kiil-e-kad'nu8)Kalik(l<)i)i.

C'.ystrus) ka-i*'trus) ...iiiiidersoiire.

(' rus (Hi'riis) Kur.IS-AJX (da'iks), or Yaik (ya'ik). . . Ural.

E'.yniaiuk'r(ft-e-raan'de)-)..lTirTDend.tulseus(u-le'ua).orl,liu(u'ln OKftrasu.

Lapliriitcs (u-fra'tîz) ...JEnphntes.<;raiiicus (gru-iii'kiu) Ousvola.

Halys (ha'lis) Kizil-ennak.llermus (bur'mua)... Sarabat.

IT laspes (Til-das'pCz) Behat.Ji^ irtes (jaks-ar'tez) Sir.

J o -(lun (jordii) Jordan.l.jcu* (li'kas) Toiisaiit.

Mii'amler (tue-an'dr) ]&Ieiii(ier.

<)iOnt<-s (o-rou'tez) Oinnu-s.(). * loks'us) Jihoii.Tiiosls (fa sis) Kione.r^riinius (pii-'a-nius) Gciln>iiii.

Si- 'jirurins (san-pa-re-Ds) S.-ikuria,

Thermodou (ther-mA'dn) ...Tennek.Tigris (U'gris) Tijiiis.

AFRICA.Erurradas (baj^ra-das).....ITpjcrdah. j

Ni.'e (nil) .......... ....... ..... Kile.I) ii-adus (riara-uiia) .........BenegaL SUchir (8ti'cbir)..... ......Gambia,>'.jcr (ni'jr) .................. Kijer. j

CITIES ANDGREAT ERITADT.

l<(n (a'lrwe)Rolts.orCaVfda3. . .Bath.C'brabitric-iini (kam-borê-kuin).

O;im-

Cantbrffriii(kaii-ta-brij'e-!ib), fbridjio("nstraAlat:i(kas'traala't:i) EdinburghEborai-uni (e-bor'a-kum, or

eo-o-ra'kuiii) Tork.

Astnrtoti (as-tii'ro-'ka'h) ..... A s

Barrii!.-) di,ir'c-.io) ....... Barcelona.

C't 'i '*(?&) Anvustii ..... Siii-iiuos.s.i.

C I

fiifurr|'(kal-a-gur'ris) .Caliilion-.i.

C/ide (kaPle) ............... Om.ito.

Ca!p* (kal'pe) ............. Gil mil tar.

arlhafo(kartha'jio)?iov:iCartliajrenaConiplntiini (koin-plu'tua;). ..Alcala.Coninibrira (ko-iiim'bre-ka) Coimbva.i'ordulia (koi-'du-bab) ......Cordova.ttdeti (ga'dez) ........ ........Cadiz.

Ditroycrnnm f-ve^nnm), CantcrbTiry.I.otidiunni <lon-d)'nnni) London.I.ondininm (lon-dic'-nrc).. .London.I.ugnrallam (In-fni-vaJ'luni), Cm-lis-le.

Oxonla (oks-d'ne-ab; '..Oxford.

TlieodoriiJiuni(theod-o-ru'pimj)'\Vell

lis (liis'rm-lis) Seville.

Il-rda (1-ler'tlfth) Lerida.It-.'Dcii (i-tal'e kah) Sai)ti)>onte.Bl: uca (mal'a-kalj) ii:ila;raS! unda (mun'dnli) iioi

N'riitiiiitin (1111-111:111 te-ah) SoO.îjipo (o-le-nip'i'o) Li.sl

P<>:iij)elo (poni'jie-lo) Panip^BtgnntUH (sn-irnti't(iui)..llorviScirovia (se-<;6' ve-ali) f---

Tarraco (tnr'ra-V.o) Tloietuiii (lolo'tuiu)

ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 545

ANCTEKT.Sextiao (a'kv

GATTL.MODERN. ANCIENT.

8eks'te-e)..Aix.

KODEUN.

Argentoratum (ar-jen-to-ra'tum),Strasburg.

AYarifnm (av-a-rl'kum) .....Bourges.Arc n ii> (a-ve'ne-o) ..........Avignon.Arcnticum (av-en-ti'kum), Aveucbes.Angus'ta Tevero'rum ........ Treves.Eiliniet* (bi-brak'te) ......... Autun.Burdia!a (bur-dig'a-la).. .Bordeaux.Colo'iiia Agrippi'iia.........Cologne.

Forum Julii (fo'nvm ju^e-I). .Frejns.tieueva (je-ne'vab) Geneva.Luuonum (ll-mC'imm) Poictiers.

Lugdunum (lug-du'num) Lyons.Lntetia (lu-te'te-ah) Paris.

Mogu7itiacum(ino-guu-tI'a-kum)MetiiNarbo (iiar/bo) Narbonne.Xi'iaaiistis (ne-maw'sus) Nismes.Rotomagus (ro-tom'a-gus) Ilouen.Tolosa (to-lo'saL) Toulouse.

Arf urcntum (ag-re-jen'tum) Girgenti...Ifoa Longa (al'bali lon'gah), Albano.Ancna (an-ko'uah) Aucona.An)iuii t (an'te-uin) Anzio.

Appii (ap'pe-1) Fo'rum. .Fossa Nuova.Aquilcia (ak-we-le'yeb) Aquileia.Aquii;um (a-kwi'nnm) Aquino.A rim in um (a-rim'e-num) Rimini.

Arpinum (ar-pi'iium) Arjiino.Augus'ta Taurino'rum Turin.Baia) (ba'>e) Baia.B'-neventnm (-e-ven'tum),Beuevento.Buronia (bo-no'ne-ab) Bologna.limniliisiu.il (-(h"i'ze-uni)...Brin(li.sia.Caieta <ka-e-e'tab) Cajeta.Callipolis (kal-lip'o-lis) Gallipoli.Canusium (ka-nu'se-uiu) Cauosa.Capua (!rap'u-ah) Capua.Caralis (kar'a-lis) Cagliari.Catana (kat'a-nab) Catania.Centum t'clla) (sel'lo), CivitaVeccbia.Clusium (klu'se-uui) Cbiusi.Coninni {ko'mum) Como.Cosentia (ko-sen'te-ah) Coseiiija.

Crotona (kro-to'nab) Crotoua.Drepanum (drep'a-nnni) Trapaui.Faventia (fa-ven'te-ah) Faenza.Florentia (flo-ren'te-ah). . . .Florence.Gcnua (jen'n-ab) Genoa.Hadria (ha'dre-ah) Adria,Hydrnntum (hl-drun'tum) ..Otranto.Iiiteranina (ia-ter-am'uah) . . . .Terni.Loontiui (le-on-tl'ni) Lentini.

LUj bajuui (lil^-be'um) Marsala.

ITALY.Mediolannm (me-de-o-la':r..'iri), Milan.M ut ina (mu'te-nah) Modena.Mantua (maji'tu-ah) Mantua.Keapolis (ne-ap'o-lis) Naples.9Iessana (mefs-sa'nah) Messina.Ostia (os'te-ah) Ostia.Paestum (pes'tura) Pesti.Panormus (pa-noi

jmu8) ....Paleiino.Parma (par'mab) Parma,P.irthcnopc (par-then'o-po) . .Naples.Pata>ium (pa-ta've-um) Padua.Pcrusia (pe-ru'se-ah) Perugia.Pisas (pl'se) Pisa.Placeiitia (pla-sen'te-ah) . . . Placenza.Preneste (p're-nes'te) Palestrina.Puteoli (pu-te'o-li) Pozznolo.H&\ enna (ra-ven'nah) Eavenna.lilicgiuni <re'je-um) Regjrio.Salerniim (sa-lei-'num) Salerno.Scyllareiim (sil-la-se'um) ..Squillacei.Sena (se'nah) Siena.Spolctium (spo-16'te-um) Spoleto.Taronlum (ta-ren'tum) Tarento.Tergeste (ter-jea'te) Trieste,Tibiir (tl'br) Tivoli.Ticinuii: (ti-sl'num) Pavia.Tric'cntum (tri-den'tum) Trent.T use u him (tus'ku-lum) FrascatLYenafriim (ve-na'frum) Venafro.Vcnusia (ve-nu'se-ah) Veuosa.Vercclla> (ver-sel'le) Vercellt.Terona (ve-r6'nah) Verona.Viccntia (vi-sen'te-ah) Vicenza.V oisiiiium (vol-siu'e-um) . . . .Bolseua.

Amplilpplig (am-fip'o-Hs) Emboli.Apollonia 'ap-ol-lo'ue-ah) Polina.Bcnea (be-re'ah) Vena.Diun; (dl'um) Standia.

Dyrracliium (dir-rak'e-um), Durazzo.

MACEDONIA.Kdcssa (e-fles'sEn) Edesaa.Pelln (peMab) Jenitza.Potidaja (pot-e-de'ah) ....Cassandra.

Stagira (sta-jl-rah) StavroaTIiestsaIoiiica(tbes-a-lo-nI'ka)Salonica

Actlnm (ak'te-nm) A gio.

AnMcyra (an-tis'e-rah), Aspro-Spitia.Areos (ar'gos) A rgo.Athens (ath'enz) Athens.

GREECE.Ceiichra (sen'kre-ah) KenkrLClialchis (kal-'sis) ........Ifegropont.Corono (ko-r6'ne)...v. Coron.Corinth (koHnth) ....Coriutbt'ylleiie (sil-lfrne)... ......Chiarecum

846 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

JUICIEST.

Delphi (del'fl) Castri.

Eleusis (e-lu'sis) Lepsina.Epidaurus (ep-e-daw'rns) . . .Pidaura.Laceda3mon(las-e-de'mon)Paleo-choriLarissa (la-ris'sah) Lariasa.Leuctra (luk'trah) Livadosta.

. Mot hone (me-tbo'ne) Modon.Megara (meg'a-rah) Megaro.\Naupuctus (iiaw-pak'tus) ...Lepanto.

GREECE.MODERN. ANCIEXT. MODF.HX.

Mcopolis (ni-kop'o-lis) Prevesa.Messeiie(Tues-se'ne)...Macra-niathia.Nauplia (naw'ple-ah) Napoli.Patrae (pa'tre) Pan as.

Pharsalia (i'ar-sa'le-ah) Farsa.Pylos (pi'los) Navai-ino.

Sicyon (sis'e-on) Basiiico.

Sparta (spar'tah) Paleo-chori.Thebes (tiiebs) Thiva,

Abydas (a-bi'dos) Na<rara.

Adramyttium (-mife-um)..Adi-aiiiiti.Aiiiasiu (a-ma'se-ah) Amasia.Aniisus (a-rai'sns) Samsoun.Ancyra (an-si'rah) Angora.Aatioch (an't-ok) Akshebr.Apamea(-rue'ab) Aphiom-Earahisaar.Attalia (atra-li'ah) Satalia.

Berisa (be-ri'sah) Tocat.Casarea (sez-a-re'ah) Kaisarich.Cerasus (ser'a-sus) Keresonn.Chalcedon (kal-se'dn) Kadi-Keni.Chrysopolis (kri-sop'o-lis) ...Scutari.Clazomenae (kla-zom'e-ne) ...Vourla.Colossa? (ko-los'se) Chonos.Constant ia (-stan'te-ab). . .Constanza.

Ephesus (efe-sus) Ajasolnc.Eupatoria(u-pa-t6're-ah),Tcheniikeh.

ASIA MINOR.]!al)oarnassns(-kar-nas'sns),I?o(lrnra.leonium (i-ko'ue-uni) Kouieh.Lsiodicea (la-od-e-se'ah). .Eski-Lissar.Jlaznca (maz'a-kali) Kaisarieh.Miletus (me-le'tus) Palatia.

Mcomcdin(nik-o-ine-di'ah)Is-KJcniid.Paphos (pa'fos) Baffa.Patara (pat'a-rah) Patera.Perea (per-gah) Kara-hissar.1'ersraiuos (per'ga-mos) Periranio.

Philadelphia (-del'fe-ah),Alah-Sbehr.Salaniis (sal'a-ruis) Constanza.Sardis (sar'dis) Sart.8clencia (se-lii'se-ab) Selefke.Tarsus (tar'sus) Tarso.Telmissus (tel-mis'sns) llacri.

Thyatira (tbi-a-tl'rab) Akbissar.Tra pezus (tra-pe'zus) Trebizoiid.

Antloch (an'te-ok) Antioch.ApanieU (ap-a-me'lab) Fauieh.Arbela (ar-be'lab) Erbil.

Babylon (bab'e-lon) near Hellah.Benea (be-re'ah) Aleppo.Bery_tus (ber'e-tus) Beyrout.Ctesiphon (tes'e-fon) Mbdain.(Ecbatana (ek-bat'a-iiah). ..Hamadan.Edessa (e-des'sah) Ourfa.Emesa (e-me'sah) Herns.

Heliopolis (he-le-cp'o-lis) Balbec.

SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA, &c.

Kpiphania (ep-e-fa-m'nh) Famieh.Rierapolis (bi-e-rap'o-lis), Bambouch.Laodicea (la-od-e-se'ab) Latakia.Msibis (nis'e-bis) Kisidiu.Tadmor (tad'raor) Palmyra.Samosata (sa-mos'a-tab) Samfsat.Sarepta (sa-rep'tab) Sarfeiid.Seleucia (se-lu'se-ab) Bagdad.Sidon (si'dn) Saida.Tripolis (trip'o-lis) Tiiimli.

Tyre(Ur) Sur.

Arimathea (ar-e-ma-the'ah) . . .Ramla.Azotns (a-zo'tus) Ezdond.Bethlehem (betb'le-heni),Betblebem.Bethsan (beth'san) Baisan.Emciaus (em'ma-us) Amoas.Gaza (ga'zah) , ... Gaza.llebron (be'bron) El Khail.Jericho (jer'e-ko) Jericho.

PALESTINE.Jerusalem (je-roo'sa-lem), Jernsnlem.Jczreel (jez're-el) Ezdraelon.Nazareth (naz'a-retb) Nazareth.Ptolemais (tol-e-ma'is) A ere.Samaria (sa-ma're-ab) Sebaste.

Scythopolis (si-tbop'o-lis) "Baisan.

SepJioris (sef'o-ris) SejibonrLSyhar (si'kar) N able us.

Abydos (a-bl'dos) Madfmie.Arsinoe (ar-sin'o-e) Suez.C'aBsarea (sez-a-re'ah) Shershell.

Canopus (ka-no'pus) Aboukir.Cirta (sir'tah) Constautina.Darnis (dar'nis) Derne.Beliopolis (he-le-op'o-lia) . ..Matarea,

AFRICA.Lycopolns (li-kop'o-lns) Suit.(Ka (e'ah) Tripoli.PtolcmaU (tol-e-ma'is) Tolonigta.Syene (si-e'ne) Syene.Tingis (tin'jis) Tangier.Utica (u'te^kah) Boo-Sh alter.

Zarna (za'mah)

HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 547

BOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUB-LIC MEETINGS.

Every American believes that it is an inherent right in citi-

zens to meet, organize, and then discuss any subject that theymay deem fit to direct their attention to. To conduct such

meetings so as to avoid confusion, and consequent disturb-

ance, there is an unwritten law which every sensible man is

willing to obey, and expects every other man to bow to.

These rules are not enforced by any statute, but are the wise

precedents worked out from time to time by our ancestorseither in the old world or in the new. The British Parliamentand the American Congress follow the same rules, with such

slight deviations as the different forms of government demand.It matters not whether the persons meet to form a church orelect a president, the first requirement for success is that all

should be done decently and in order. Any member can call

a meeting to order by nominating a temporary chairman, who,if elected by an unquestioned majority, thanks the assembly,and asks what is their further order. Some one rises, andnominates a permanent chairman. Upon his election, the tem-

porary chairman welcomes his successor to his seat. Thechairman then addresses the meeting, thanking them in a

speech, brief and to the purpose. Ho man should accept this

position unless he is at least tolerably versed in the duties ofhis office. He should be sure in his decisions on points of

order, and firmly maintain his findings as suavely as possible,but maintain them at all hazards. The meeting can noweither vote for a secretary or direct the chair to select a properperson. The officers, having now the management of the

meeting, proceed to business in the following order: The ob-

ject of the meeting is stated; resolutions are to be handed in;votes taken on all motions duly seconded, and result stated;members debating questions to be kept in order; to receive

communications, and have them read aloud; unless the meet-

ing does so, it is for the chair to name committees; and gener-ally to act ae the personification of the good sense of the as-

sembly.The secretary records all transactions at chairman's desire;

reads all papers; calls roll of members; reads record of pre-vious meetings; calls the "yeaa" and "nays;" notifies com-mittees, and gives them needed papers; authenticates, at bid.

ding of chair, all official papers; attends to correspondence,and makes reports.A meeting is initiated by two or more people addressing a

648 HOW TO OEGANIZB PUBLIC MEETINGS.

circular, or by advertisement, stating object and asking attend-

ance of all interested, at certain place and date.

At the hour appointed the meeting is organized in the man.ner already described. "When a motion is made and seconded,debate is then in order. Usually the one presenting the reso-

lution speaks, explaining its object. The chairman will then

give the floor to the first person who rises and catches his eye.In the first two or three speeches the speakers may be alloweda little latitude ; but it is well, as soon as possible, to keepthem in the traces, and confute the debate pretty close to thematter in hand. Always have a written resolution before the

meeting, so that everything may proceed ship-shape. Thechairman should scan the whole house, so that he may giveevery one a cliance to attract his eye, whether the persons arenear the platform or at a distance. In this, as in every otheraction of life, the true rule is to do as you would like to bedone by. But it is not only the chairman who has duties.

The audience has much to do with keeping order. After youhave appointed a presiding officer, do not attempt to do his

duty for him, by shouting "order," "order," and thus mak-ing confusion worse confounded. "Where would a regimentbe if every private was to give the word of command ? Whena person has the floor and proceeds to speak, it is to be remem-bered that no one has a right to interrupt him, but byappealing to the chair, and asking that the speaker be called

to order. On the other hand, no speaker is justified in makingpersonal allusion to or questioning the motives of any other

person in the meeting. Should any person so offend, thechairman owes it to the dignity of the assemblage to instantlycall the offender to order, and insist that he be obeyed.A caucus is an assemblage of members of any political

party to adopt a course of action, or nominate a person for acertain office. The proceedings, with slight variations, as inthe meeting already described.

Political conventions are composed of persons elected bytheir party to nominate suitable persons to represent suchparty.Almost every class of persons, religious, scientific, etc., hold

conventions, and the same rules apply to them all, with minorchanges, that speak for themselves.

Resolutions may be presented either spoken or written thelatter way is preferable. Simple motions are usually spoken,as " Mr. Chairman, I move that we take a recess for half an.

hour," or any similar motion. A resolution duly offered,seconded and spoken to, can only be withdrawn by leave ofthe meeting. If during the debate a motion to adjourn is

carried, the resolution goes into the unfinished business de-

HOW TO OKGAIOZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 549

partment, and can only be further acted upon when it comesup in due course at a following meeting.

Amendments may be proposed to add to the resolution, to

explain or to alter. Amendments cannot be introduced tosuit a whim ; they must have a plain bearing on the matter ofthe resolution. The limit is reached at the second amend-ment or third proposition. An amendment can be offered tostrike out some terms and insert others. No proposition oncerejected can be offered again in different words.

Division may mean to divide on a vote, or to divide a ques-tion into two or more parts. A vote on a question beinggiven, the chairman says: "The ayes have it," or "thonoes have it.

"Any person can then call for a count. The

meeting itself decides what number can demand the yeas andnays. A bare majoritypf both Houses of Congress make aquorum for business. When appeal is taken from ruling of

chairman, if it is seconded, it may be debated. The chair-man and any member may speak once on the subject. Asecond appeal cannot be made until the first 13 settled. Thechairman may call any one to preside, and go upon the floor

to speak ; but this is only done on important matters. Noperson has a right to speak twice on the same subject.

Privileged questions are the motion to adjourn, the notion tolie on the table, and the motion for the previous question, andthe motion to postpone.Motions to reconsider are usually regulated by the sense of

the meeting.In legislative bodies the house is sometimes formed into tha

Committee of ttie Whole, when much latitude is given to debate,

formality is less observed, and bills are got into shape.

During a discussion any person may raise the point, "noquorum present," and a call of the house follows. No mem-ber can come in, or leave, until the roll is called and the ques-tion decided.

" Xo more business before the meeting," says the chairman,and the motion to simply adjourn, or to adjourn sine die, mustl)e at once decided, without discussion. The announcementmust be formally made by tho chairman, and that closes the

meeting.

550 BOW TO OBQAIflZB PUBLIC MEETINGS.

A FARMER'S CLUB.

In a Fanner's Club, which has for its object social inter-

coure and the acquisition of knowledge, there need be few

arbitrary rules of order enforced, but, instead, the discussions

maybe more or less conversational. But, as all business is

facilitated by good regulations, the officers of the club oughtto be armed with by-laws, and empowered to enforce their

provisions whenever necessary.

CONSTITUTION.

ART. 1. This association shall be known as the CastanaFarmer's Club. Its object shall be to promote a knowledgeof practical Farming and Gardening among its members andthe community, in connection with social enjoyments by the

members and their families.

ART. 2. The members of the club are those who frame this

constitution and conform to its requirements, and others whomay be invited to join by the executive committee, all ofwhom shall pay $00-annually in September (or monthly) into

the treasury.

ART. 8. The officers of the Club shall be a President, a

Secretary, who shall be the Treasurer, and three members,who, with the President and Secretary, shall constitute theExecutive Committee. The Secretary shall keep records of

transactions, and be custodian of the funds and other propertyof the Club, being accountable at all times to the Executive

Committee, giving bonds, if required, and shall prepare and

present a full report to the Club at the annual meeting. TheExecutive Committee, three members of which shall be a

quorum, shall have general charge of the interests of the Cluband the carrying out of its objects. It shall fill vacancies

among its officers, make rules, invite new members to join,

regulate expenditures, manage exhibitions or fairs, publishoffers of prizes and the awards, be responsible for the welfareof the Club, and report at the annual meeting through its

Clerk.

ART. 4. The meeting of the Club shall take place on thefirst Tuesday of each month ;

the meeting in January beingknown as the "Annual Meeting."

ART. 5. This Constitution may be amended by a vote oftwo-thirds of the members present at any regular meeting,notice having been given at the preceding regular meeting.

HOTV TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 55J

INSURANCE CLUB.

It is a wise practice In some social organizations, among the

industrial classes, to agree upon a mutual guaranty of help in

.cases of sickness and decease. A portion of the Society dues

iis set apart as a Benefit Fund, for members who are in need

'of assistance and support. One form of benefit is presented

by a guaranty of the expenses of a deceased member's funeral,

and the form of an insurance article to that effect, in the ByLaws, may be as follows :

SEC. 1. On the decease of any member of this Society in

good standing, each member shall pay one dollar and ten centsto the Treasurer, who shall pay one dollar of the same to thewidow of the deceased member, or the nearest relative, andany member failing to pay when notified, the same shall be

charged as dues ; and no member who shall be in arrears forthree months will be entitled to receive the above.

SEC. 2. All officers and members of the Society shall attendthe funeral of deceased members, and for non-attendance theofficers shall be fined $1.00, and the members shall be fined25 cts. Officers shall wear at all funerals a white rosette, andmembers a white ribbon, on the left lappel of their coats. Thefuneral arrangements shall be under the charge of a marshal,appointed by the President for that purpose.

SEC. 3. There shall be elected a chaplain, whose duty shall

be to attend the funerals of the deceased members, and he mayadopt such services as he shall think proper.

SEC. 4. No member will lose his right in the above sec

tions, except at his own request, on his taking his cards ; buthe must keep at all times his residence registered in the booksof the Society, and for neglect of so doing, or failure to payhis dollar and ten cents, after sixty days' notice, his name shall

be dropped from the roll, and he shall cease to be a member ofthe Insurance. The ten cents shall be held to pay expenses,and the Treasurer shall, on the death of a member, report all

niuuey collected, with the expense thereof.

553 HOW TO ORGAXLZE PUBLIC MEETINGS.

BY-LAWS FOR A SOCIAL CLUB.

ARTICLE L

This Association shall be known as the Ottawa Social Union.

ARTICLE n. OFFICERS.

SEC. 1. The Officers of the Union shall consist of a President,Vice-President, Recording Secretary, Treasurer and Marshal,trho shall be elected at the first meeting in the month of

October, and shall hold office one year.

SEC. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings, and inhis absence the Vice-President shall perform his duties.

SEC. 3. The Secretary shall keep a true record of the pro-

ceedings of the Union.

SEC. 4. The Treasurer shall keep all property and moneys,and hold the same to the order of the Union, and keep a bookwith a correct account of all receipts and disbursements.

SEC. 5. The Marshal shall obey all official orders of the Pres-ident.

ARTICLE HI. MEMBERSHIP.

Propositions for membership must be made in writing, andpresented at least one meeting prior to the time of election,and a majority of all the votes, on the payment of one dollar

by the applicant, shall be necessary to admit to membership.

ARTICLE IV. COMMITTEES.

SEC. 1. The President shall, with the consent of the Union,appoint a committee of five, to be known as the ExecutiveCommittee, Avho shall hold office one year.

SEC. 2. The Executive Committee shall have charge of all

Excursions, Balls, Parties, and all amusements.

SEC. 3. The officers of the Union shall be members of theExecutive Committee.

ARTICLE Y. ASSESSMENTS.

SEC. 1. No Assessment shall at any one tune exceed onedollar.

SEC. 2. The name of any member failing to pay his assess-

ment within thirty days after having been notified by the

Treasurer, shall be dropped from the roll, and he shall ceaseto be a member.

SEC. 3. The By-Laws shall not be altered fft amended un-less notice shall have been given of the same at least twomeetings previous, and then only by a two-third vota.

&CGAI. WEIGHT OF A EUSHEI.

mrmHl*l st * & MSS? -ass -SJe q ojQ on * ocoo -ic x t- . .qo

553

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:_K-3g : : :**

554 THE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS.

THE HIGHEST MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD.Names of Mountains. Country. Feet. Miles.

Mount Everest (Himalayas) Thibet 29,002 5|Sorata, the highest mountain in America .. Bolivia 25,3sO 5Illimani Bolivia , 21,780 4kChimoorazo Ecuador 21.444 4JHindoo-Koosh A f^hauistan 20,000 3|Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world Ecuador 19.403 3JAntisaua Ecuador 19,150 3jSt. Elias, highest niouutaiu in N. America . Canada 18.000 3J

Popocotepetl, volcano Mexico 17.735 3

Jit. Roa, highest mountain in Oceanica Hawaii 16.000 3

Mt. Brown, highest peak Rocky Mountains, Canada 15.9CO 3

Mont Blanc, hijrhest mount.in Europe, Alps, Savoy 15.76C 3

Mont Hosa, next highest peak of Alps Savoy 15,3t-0 3Limit of perpetual snow at the Equator 15.207 2]Pinchinca, ^- Ecuador 15,200 2j

Mount Whitney California 15.000 2j

Mount Fairweather Alaska 14.706 25

Mount Shasta California 14.450 2<

Pike's Teak Colorado 14.320 2j

Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.,volcano, Persia 14.000 2}Mount Opliir Sumatra 13.800 2|Fremont's Peak, Rocky Mountains Wyoming 13.570 2fLou-j's Peak, Rocky Mountains Colorado 13.400 2

Mount Runier Wash. Territory , 13.000 2Mount Ararat Armenia 12,700 ZPeak of Teneriffe Canary Islands .. 12.^36 2Miltsin. highest of Atlas Mountains Morocco 12.000 2

Mount Hood Oreprou 11.570 2.

Mount Lebanon Syria 11.000 2llount Perdu, highest of the Pyrenees France 10.950 2Mount St. Helen's Orejron 10.150 1

Mount 2Etna, volcano Sicily 10.050 1

Moiite Corno. highest of the Appenines. ... Naples 9.523 1

Sneehattan, highest Devrefield mountains . Norway 8,115 1"

Mount Sinai Arabia 8.COO 1

Piudus, highest mountain in Greece 7,C77 1

Black Mountain, highest mountain in North Carolina .. 6.47(5 1_Mount Washington, highest "White Mount's, New Hampshire . 6.234. ...1 :

Mount Marcy, highest mountain in New York 5.467 1

Mount Hecla, volcano Iceland 5,000 1

Ben Nevis, highest mount, in Great Britain, Scotland 4.379

Mount Mansfield, highest ofGreen Mount' s, Vermont 4.2SOPeaks of Otter Vii-jrinia^ 4,260Mount Vesuvi us Naples 3,932Bound Top, highest of Catskill Mountains . New York....... 3,604

KTJTOEE OF PLANTS AND QUANTITY OF SEED TO USE.

Asparagus root*. 1000 plants to bed4 by 835 feet.

Beans. 1 qt. plants 150 feet of row.eete. 1 ounce plants 150 ft. of row.

Cabbage. 1 ounce gives 2.500 plants.Celery. 1 ounce gives 7,000 plants.Cucumber. 1 ounce for 150 hills.

Lettuce. 1 ounce gives 7,000 plants.

iffIon. 1 ounce for 120 hills.

Onion. Four pounds to the acre.Radish. 1 ounce to 100 ft. of ground.Spinach. 1 ounce to 250 ft. of row.Squash. 1 ounce to 75 hills.

Tomato. 1 ounce gives 2.500 plonti.Turnip. 1J pounds to the acre.

OCEANS, SEAS, BATS, LAEES, AND RIVERS. 55*

THE OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, AND LAKES OF THE WORLD.OCEANS. Sq. Miles.

Pacific, about 80.000.000

Atlantic,"

40,000.000

Indian," 20.000.000

Southern," 10.000.000

Arctic,"

5,000.000NOTE. The seas, bays, gull's, &c.,

connected with each ocean, are in-

cluded in the foregoing estimate. It

may be proper to remark, however,that the exact superficial extent ofthe several oceans is not knownwith certainty, nor the exact propor-tion of laud and water.

LengthSEAS. in Miles.

Mediterranean, about 2.000

Caribbean, about 1.800

China,Eed,Japan,Black,Caspian,Baltic,Okhotsk,White,Aral,

.1,700

.1.400

.1,000932640COO600450250

Length,BATS. Miles.

Hudson's, about ............... 1,209Baffin's, COO

Chesapeake," ............... 250

LAKES. Length. Width.Miles. Miles.

Superior 380 120Baikal 360 35

Michigan 330 COGreat Slave 300 45Huron 250 90

Winnipeg 240 40Erie 270 50A thabasca 200 20Ontario 180 40

Maracaybo 150 COGreatB'ear 150 40

Ladoga 125 75

Champlain 123 12

Nicaragua 120 40Lake of theWoods.. 70 25Geneva 50 10Constance 45 10

Cayuga 36 4

George 36 3

THE LONGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD.Rivers. Locality. Rise. Discharge. Miles.

Missouri N. America.. Rocky Mountains Gulf of Mexico . 4.194

Mississippi... N.America.. Lake I Ui.ska Gulf of Mexico . 3.200Amazon Brazil Andes At Inn tic Ocean. 3.800

Hoang-Ho China Koulkoun Mountains .. Yellow Sea 3.000

Alurray Australia... Australian Alps Encounter Bay. 3,000Obi Siberia Altaian Mountains Arctic Ocean. .. 2.800Nile Egypt.NubiaBlue Nile, Abyssinia... Mediterranean . 2.750

Yaug-tse-Kia . China Thibet China Sea 2,500Lena Siberia Heights of Irkutsk Arctic Ocean... 2,500

Niger Soudan Base of Mt Loma Gulf of Guinea . 2300St. Lawrence. Canada River St. Louis Glf.St.Lawrence 1 960

Volga Russia Lake in Volhonsky Caspian Sea 1,900

1,700

1,701.C30

2.5001.500

Maykiang Shun Thibet Chinese Gulf..Indus Hindostan .. Little Thibet Arabian Sea...Danube Germany . . . Black Forest Black SeaMackenzie ... N.America.. River Athabasca Arctic Ocean..Brahmapootra Thibet Himalaya Bay of Bengal .

Columbia N. America.. Rocky Mountains Pacific Ocean .. 1.090

Colorado N.America.. San laba Gulf of Califor'a 1,000

Susquehanna. N.America.. Lake Otsego Chesapeake Bay 400James N.America.. Allegheny Mountains. . Chesapeake Bay 500Potomac N.America.. Gt.Black'Bone Mouiit'n Chesapeake Bay 400Hudson N.America.. Adirondacks, Mt.Marcy Bay of N.York . 325

556 TABLE OF tVAGES BY THE DAY.

fIBM

TABLE OF WAGES BY THE WEEK.

ao "5 n

2 S

a

sisss

OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

THEOLOGICAL SEMES'AP.IES IN THE TOTTED STATES.

DEXOMIXATIOS.

SUCTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 559

Sculpin.

Gurnard orGurnet. *?&$toral; d^ ventral; *,

anal;/1

, candal.

Flying-fish. Miller*s-tliumb.

Kay. Dugong.Budd.

Halibut.Prawn. Stickleback.

Sword fish.Herring.

Roach.

Hake, Sucking-fish.Whitebait.

Shrimp. Lobster. Torpedo.

Cab.Globe-fish. Greenland Whale.

Whiting. Dace. Tench.

Gudgeon. Carp. Tunny.

Narwhal. Dolphin, Sole.

Manatee*

Porpoise.

Shark.

Smett. Perch. Torst,

FISHES. 561

Skate. Father-lasher. Steramatopus.

Tboruback. Tauiog. Turbot.

Pike. Salmon. Grayling.

Homocercal 1 aiJ .Heterocercal Tail.

Sturgeon. Minnow.

Brmflsi. Sawtiab,

:B o nsr -3T .

Hop.

Mulberry.

Indian-Corn.

Fir-Tree.

Palm.

Plantain.

Olive.

Date-Tree.

Zoophyte. Melon. Dehiscent.

BOTANY.

Maple. Oak.

Poppy. Flax Gorgonia.

Papyrus. Hyacinth. Holly.

. *, a. Sepals. Calyx.

BOTXNY-,

Banana. Cactus.

Elm. Nightshade. Mignonette.

Gentian. Orange. Fox-Glove.

Lily of the Valley. Coffee-Plant. Bread-Fruit.

BOTANY.

Cedar. Tea-Plant. Mistletoe.

Umbel. Peduncle. Sugar-Cane.

Rice. Banyan Tree. Durian.

Convolvulus. Leaf. aa, blade; b. petiole, foot- Endoecaa.stalk, or leafstalk; , stipules.

BOTANY.

Castor-Oil Plant. Petals. Millepore.

Tulip.

Polyp.

Millet,

& Style.

Mushroom.

Corolla. Lotus.

BOTANY. 667

Yam. Monadelpb. Terebinth.

,,, Septa. Lily. Pomegranate , Strawberry.

Uonopetaloua. Shamrock. Glume. Suaseat,

568 BOTANY.

/-,

Monosepalous. Maize. Myrrh. Narcisous.

Fern. Orchis.

Palmetto. Water Lily. a. Stipule. Nutmeg.

Tew. American Aloe. Lime.

669

BIRDS

Swift.

Spoonbill.

Heron.

Guillemot.

Diver.

^Vsaver Bird.

Gosnawk.

flamingo.

Lyre-bird. Horn-bilL Falcon,

670 B1BDS.

Swallow-tailed Hawk King-fisher, Dodo.

Bat. Martin. Guinea-ben.

Godwit. Gaunet. Guacharo.

Gadwall. TeaL Toucan.

BIBBS.

Whip-poor-will. Humming Bird. Sand Piper.

Secretary Bird. Paroquet.

873 BIRDS.

Wheat-ear Lapwing. Albatross.

Pouter Pigeon. Wryneck. Mocking Bird.

Widgeon. Cuckoo. Merganser.

Petrel. Swallow. Wagtail.

Whin Chat. Common Pelican. uuil.

0XBB3. 573

Swan. Grosbeak. Black Bird.

574B2BENS..

Osprey. Merlin.

Bittern.Cormorant.

Harpy Eaglfl. Iferops. Parrot.

<3roat Bustard. Goat tjucter.

575

Umber. Egret. Ptarmigan.

Book. Wild Turkej. Mavis.

ffigbuogd*

Caaauwary

Cougar. Opossum. Squirrel

QUADRUPEDS.

Genet. Donkey. Hippopotamus. Peba.

Edentata. Panther. Ottef.

Indian Badger. Beaver. Stoat.

Sable. Wolf. Armadillo.

Gopher. Bactnan Camel. Goat. Shrew.

Bear. Pole-Cat. Lemming. Lion.

Tiger. Ichneumon. Weasel.

Q0ADXUFIDS, 579

Gorilla. Spring-Bolt. Kangaroo.

Roebuck. Llama.

Muslc-Ox. Ocelot. Eland.

Fs.ua. Mobr. Chamois.

680 QOADWUHEU*

Puma. Chameleon. Moose.

QUADRUPEDS. cut

Ape. American Bisoa. Tatouay,

C83 QUADRUPEDS.

Spaniel (King Charles. Ibex. Mole. Rocky Mountain Sheep

Hamster. Elephant. Erminet

Roste'laria, PterichtbTs. Triaucleus FiabriaMM.

Dinotherium. Productus IIorriUu. Scliiiodua.

5S4

Phacops-Candatus. Trigonia Costata, Purpura.

Melania (black snail.) Nummulites. Terebratula Carinata,

Pec ten. CoraL

Scallop-shell, Terebratula Fimbria.

GEOLOGY. 585

Bivalve. Holoptychius.

Glyptodon. Favose. Mastodon.

Halysite% Megatherium. Tapis,

Ichthvosauru*.

1GSCHAITICS, MAOmCTERY, HTSTEUMEFrS, ETCL

Hydraulic Press. Thermometer. Eudiometer. Screw-Jack.

Pantograph. Mitre-wheels. Rain-guage. Blast-furnace.

Spiral, wherf. Overshot-wheel. Goaiacur. Ratchet.wht^

MECHANICS, MACHINERY, INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 587

Winch. Calipers. Turbine Wheel. Pulley.

Undershot-wheel. Wedge. Tachometer. Stuffing Box. Dreast-wheeL

Tap. Magic Lantern. Bevel-wheel*.

688 MECHANICS, MACHINERY, INSTRUMENTS, ETC.

Giinbal. Press. Adze. Cam.

Castor. Modes of welding, a. butt-weld, or Siphons. Pinion.

Dumping weld; i, scarf-weld.

Air Pump. Spin-wheel. Dove-tail. Retort.

Fulcrum. Axe. Block. Clamp. Crank.

Escapement. Compass. Lock.

Bellows. Plane. Anvil.

Bolt. Balloon. Protractor. Knob. Fusee.

589

Martello-Tower. Corbel. Oriel Window. Campanile.

Entrance. Caryated. Obelisk. Mullion.

Flying-Buttress. Tuscan Order. Pilaster. Atlantes.

Bungalow. Mosaic. Cloister.

61K) ARCHITECTtTRB.

Cathedral. Gothic Window. Chaptrel.

Cupola.*-, Slag-Pout.

, , onraterr, G, a. wail pUus: H, rid^e-pies*.

ARCHITECTURE. 591

ss, Spandrels.Cable. Modillion.

Viaduct. Mansard Roof. Pediment Aqueduct.

Joist. Quartre-Foil.Foils.

Buttress. Moriise. Conical Roof. Sphinx.

Capitol. HipRooC. Shed Roof. Arch. Abacus.

Curb Roof. Gable Root Ogee Roof, M. Roof.

MATHEMATICS, GEOMETBY, ETCL

Deltohedron. Lenses, a, double-convex; I, piano.convex;^, double-concave; ^/.plano-

concave; e, Meniscus; /", Concave-convex.

C, A, B Sector.

*, Applicate Ordinate. a, c, i Segment of a circle.a, b chord of a circle.c. Arc of a circle.A

aj. Cuordsof a circle.

.rf, sine of antjl, to.,

angle a, d, b.

Deltoid.

, Arc of acircle.fSecant of the arc

Polygons, Scalene Triangle.

MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, ETC. 698

Tetragons. , Re-entering Angle. Frustum.

Triangle.

Cycloid. Convex.

Tetrahedron.

Arc.

Pentagon. Rectangle. Trapezium.

- <*,,/, angle of incidence; a, c, Tangent. cf^t Tangents,rants of e>J, angle of reflection. c, e, Subtangent.a circle.

ARhomb, Trapexoid. Quadrilateral. Square,

6tt MATHEMATICS, CEOMET1Y, tTC.

Parallelepiped. Dodecahedrons. Conoid. Cone. Cube.

oParallelogram. Octohedroa. Octagon. Equilateral

Riomboid. Dugooal,

695

Astrolab*. Armillary Sphere. Zones.

Pisces. Mural Circle. Gemini.

Libra. The Glob*.

596

Zodiac. Ursa-Major.

Leo.Aries.

Capricorn. Virgo. Taurus.

Node.Comet,

597

ETO.

Cock Roaches. Moth. Tarantula.

Honey-Comb. Chrysalis.Silkworm.

Wasp. Mollusks. Stag-Beetle.

Locust.

Cricket. Caterpillar.

:R IEI IP

Rattlesnake, Snake. Gecho.

Asp. Cobra-de-Capello. Alligator,

Crocodile. Newt. Adden

Viper. TortoiM,

599

ETO.

Sloop. Shrouds. Galley.

Schooner. Futtock. *, , deadeyea: I, t, fut-

lock-plates; c, futtock-shrouds.

Cutter.

Buoy. Log. Capstan.

Brig. Ship,

SHIPS, ETC*

Xebec. Diving-Bell.

Davits.*, Keelson,

Propellers.

a, a, a. Transoms.Frigate

Binnacle.

Haaunock. Boat, Pmopctler. Ancbos

601

Gabion. Fortress. A, Cavalier

Limber. Minnie-Ball. Grenade.

Cannon.

<aTomahawk.

Epaulet.

Chevaux-de-frise.

Medusa. Univalve Shell. Meniscus. Snow-Crystals.

Whip. Volcano. Star-Fish. Refraction.

Vampire-Bat. Distaff. Toggle. Stethoscope. Stalactites.

ICtSCELLANEOtTS. 608

Perspective. Nautilus. Poleaxes. Crosier. Minotaur

I

Harp. Trunk. Hour-Glass. Crown. Tambourine.

Prisms. Decanter. Walrus. Lamp.

Pecket-Book. Stove. Mask. Umbrella, Cestus.

Horse Shoe. Mortar. Safe. Trident. Cage. Cross. Target.

Wagon.

So'a.

Pallet. Suspenders. Cart.

MuS. Revolver. Horse-Car.

Snow-Shoe. Spectacles.Gamut " Key.

CONTENTS.

MMWords used in the Metric System, ........ ....... .,.,..,4 a

Preface, $Key to Pronunciation, .................... ^. 4Abbreviations used in writing and printing, ............ 5Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, .... 1An Alphabetical List of Phrases, Words, and Quotations,

from Ancient and Modern Languages, with their sig-nification. 311

A Complete List of Scripture Proper Names with all the

Proper Names found in the Apocrypha, .... 320Alphabetical List of American Geographical Names, with

their Derivation and Signification, .... 344Popular Names of American States and Cities, _ 348Specimens of the English Language, exhibiting the pro-

gress of the Language, 351How to pronounce difficult Words, .................... 353How to Speak with Elegance and Ease, . ......... 383Slang and Vulgar Phrases, ... 407The Discovery and Discoverers of America, ............ 431The Aborigines of North America, giving their Names, Lo-

cation and Number, 431Early Settlers and Settlements of the United States, 432Troops of the American Revolution, 433Battles and Losses of the Revolution, .. 433The Declaration of Independence, ............... 433The Signers of the Declaration of Independence, . 435Presidents of the Continental Congress, 435Adoption of the Constitution 435The Constitution of the United States, 436The History of the United States Flag, 444Area and Population of the United States, at each Census

from 179010 1880 . 446Popular and Electoral vote for President, 1880, ........ 448Population of the United States by Races in iS7Oandi88o, 449Analysis of the Public Debt of the United States, from

July ist, 1860 to July ist, 1878 450Public Debt of the United States from 1791 to 1880, 452Amount of Paper Money in the United States, 453United States Public Lands, and where situated, 453Public Land System of the United States, 454Free Homesteads on the Public Lands, 455

CO NT I NT S.

The Canals of the United States, . 456Theological Seminaries of the United States, ... 458Occupations of the People of the United States, _....._, 458The Army of the United States, with rates of pay, 459The Navy of the United States, with rates of pay, . 461Navy Yards of the United States, 461The Military strength of the United States during the Re-

bellion, 463Statistics of the Churches in the United States, and also

giving the General Councils, and where held, . 464Prices of Commodities for Fifty-Three Years, ........ 465Rate of Mortality in American Cities 46*History o. American Petroleum, 466Population of the Towns and Cities of the United States

having a Population of lO.oco and upwards, accord-

ing to the Officia. Census of 1880, .. ... 467Salarie? o the Principal Civil Officers of the United States, 469Estimated Population of the World, .... .... 469Interest Laws in the United S.ates, .... 470State Laws with Reference to Limitation of Action, . 471Insolvent, Assignment and Homestead Laws, of the dif-

ferent States of the Union, __.............. 472Summer Heat in Various Countries ........... ... 477The American Wars, 477Complete List of Railroads of the World, 478Coal Productions of the World 479Rate of Mortality and Expectation of Life at all ages, 480Debts, Revenues, Expenditures and Commerce of the Va-

rious Nations of the World, 481The Dominion of Canada, its Government, Debt, Com-

merce, etc, 482Tne Armies of the World, their Numbers and Cost, .. 483National Debts, Expenditures and Commerce, per Capita.of

Nations, 484Universities and Colleges in the United States, ........ 484The Navies of the World, 485Merchant Shipping of the World in 1876, 485Value of Foreign Gold and Silver Coins in U. S. money, 486Interest Tables at 4, 5,6, 7, Sand 10 per cent., 487Weights and Measures of the U. S. and other Countries, 490How Interest Increases, 491Chronological History of the United States 492Mythological and Classical Names 501Heads of the Principal Nations of the World, 509Tbc Metric System of Weights and Measures, ........ 5x0

COKTKMTt.MM!

Vocabulary of Business . rl

Nautical Vocabulary . . 518Geographical Vocabulary 29Geometrical Definitions .. 530Dictionary of Musical Terms .. . 531Christian Names of Men and Women . ...... 537Ancient Geographical Names 541Ancient Names of Islands and Rivers ... 543Ancient Names of Cities and Towns 544How to Organize and Conduct Public Meetings . 547Legal Weight of a Bushel - 553

Highest Mountains of the World .... 554Number of Plants and Quantity of Seed to Use ... 554The Oceans, Seas, Baysand Lakes of the World 555The Longest Rivers of the World 555Table of Wages by the Day ., 556Table of Wages by the Week 557Theological Seminaries in the U. S ..... ......... 558Cicupation of the people of the U. S......~-... ......... (&

The new American dictionary of the English language

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