The Mediterranean Mirror. An Introduction

Offprint

rGZM ndash taGunGen Band 20

Andrea Babbi middot Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart Beatriz Mariacuten-Aguilera middot Simone Muumlhl (eds)

the Mediterranean MirrOr Cultural COntaCts in the Mediterranean sea between 1200 and 750 b C

International Post-doc and Young Researcher Conference Heidelberg 6th-8th October 2012

roumlmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum

Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fuumlr Archaumlologie

Verlag des Roumlmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2015

Redaktion Andrea Babbi Claudia Nickel Marie Roumlder (RGZM)Satz Dieter Imhaumluser Hofheim a TUmschlaggestaltung Reinhard Koumlster Andrea Babbi (RGZM)

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in CDQDTSRBGDM-SHNMKAHAKHNFQOumlDDSHKKHDQSDAHAKHNFQOumlRBGD Daten sind im Internet uumlber httpdnbd-nbde abrufbar

ISBN 978-3-88467-239-6ISSN 1862-4812

The Conference would not have been possible without the generous support of the undermentioned sponsors

The Publication of the Proceedings has been generously supported by

INSTITUT FUumlR UR- UND FRUumlHGESCHICHTE UND VORDERASIATISCHE ARCHAumlOLOGIE


copy 2015 Verlag des Roumlmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums

Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschuumltzt Die dadurch be-gruumlndeten Rechte insbesondere die der Uumlbersetzung des Nachdrucks der Entnahme von Abbildungen der Funk- und Fernsehsendung der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem (Fo-tokopie Microkopie) oder aumlhnlichem Wege und der Speiche-rung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen Ton- und Bildtraumlgern blei-ben auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung vorbehalten Die Verguumltungsanspruumlche des sect54 Abs2 UrhG werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen

Herstellung betz-druck GmbH DarmstadtPrinted in Germany

III

CoNteNtS

Andrea Babbi middot Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart middot Beatriz Mariacuten-Aguilera middot Simone MuumlhlThe Mediterranean Mirror An Introduction 1

Part I ndash theoretical Framework

Diamantis PanagiotopoulosAdjusting the Compass The Quest for Mediterranean Paradigms 23

Part II ndash egypt and North Africa

Karl Jansen-WinkelnEgypt and North Africa Cultural Contacts (1200-750 BC) 35

Claus Jurman2HKUDQNESGD3QDRTQXNEDQHRGDEmNMRHCDQHMFSGDQHFHMMC$BNMNLHB2HFMHOumlBMBD of Silver in Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period 51

Part III ndash Cyprus and Near east

Susan SherrattCyprus and the Near East Cultural Contacts (1200-750 BC) 71

Ayelet Gilboa middot Paula Waiman-Barak middot Ilan SharonDor the Carmel Coast and Early Iron Age Mediterranean Exchanges 85

Francisco Jesus Nuacutentildeez CalvoPhoenician Early Iron Age Ceramic Interaction Dynamics 111

Artemis GeorgiouCyprus during the raquoCrisis Yearslaquo Revisited 129

Part IV ndash Aegean Region

Eleni Konstantinidi-SyvridiMycenaean Recurrences and the Circulation of Arts Crafts and Ideas in the Aegean from 1200 to 750 BC 149

Ann Brysbaert middot Melissa VettersMirroring the Mediterranean Artisanal Networking in 12th century BC Tiryns 161

IV

Philipp W StockhammerLevantine and Cypriot Pottery in Mycenaean Greece as Mirrors of Intercultural Contacts 177

Vangelis SamarasPiracy in the Aegean during the Postpalatial Period and the Early Iron Age 189

Part V ndash Italian Peninsula and Sardinia

Marco BettelliCenturies of Darkness The Aegean and the Central Mediterranean after the Collapse of the Mycenaean Palaces 207

Andrea SchiappelliAlong the Routes of Pithoi in the Late Bronze Age 231

Glenn E Markoe daggerCurrent Assessment of the Phoenicians in the Tyrrhenian Basin Levantine Trade with Sicily Sardinia and Western Coastal Italy 245

Part VI ndash Iberian Peninsula and Balearics

Ana Margarida ArrudaIntercultural Contacts in the Far West at the Beginning of the 1st Millennium BC through the Looking-Glass 263

Jaime Vives-Ferraacutendiz SaacutenchezMediterranean Networks and Material Connections a View from Eastern Iberia and the Balearic Islands (12th-8th centuries BC) 279

Esther Rodriacuteguez GonzaacutelezSouthwestern Iberian Peninsula Archaeology Latest Developments in Final Bronze Age-Early Iron Age 293

Francisco B GomesThe West Writes Back Cultural Contact and Identity Constructs in Southern Portuguese Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age 305

List of Contributors 319

The Mediterranean Mirror 1

AndreA BABBi middot Friederike BuBenheimer-erhArt BeAtriz mAriacuten-AguilerA middot Simone muumlhl

The MediTerranean Mirror an inTroducTion

raquoOurs are times of transition in as far as the old structures are falling apart or have been dismantled while no alternative structures with an equal institutional hold are about to be put in their place It is as if the moulds into which human relationships were poured to ac-quire shape have now themselves been thrown into a melting potlaquo

Bauman 2001 212

3GDDCHSDQQMDM2DKHDRHMSGDBDMSDQNEMQDSGSENQLRRODBHOumlBBTKSTQKKMCRBODHMROBDMCtime its waters divide and connect the various peoples dwelling on its shores and in the nearby hinterlands in this way the mediterranean Sea is the heart of its own reality the mediterranean world1 this world like all others was subject to change over time ndash both slow unnoticeable change and rapid change with dra-matic consequences for its populations the latter has been true of late A series of relentless events have upset existing political orders and social arrangements in a number of north African and near eastern coun-tries since the winter of 2011 these events can be seen as a result of the opportunities offered by a free and quick sharing of ideas and values fostered by new technological advances such as the digitalization of real-ity and increasingly sophisticated and powerful search algorithms the concepts of mobility connectivity and decentring aptly describe this era and bridge the present and the past because they are at the core of recent historical analyses of the mediterranean world in antiquity2 From 1200 to 750 BC the mediterranean world saw a period of change which resulted in the breakdown of Bronze Age civilizations and the rise of iron Age cultures in many locations3 the chain of processes was also promoted by the intensive cultural and commercial interactions between the peoples all over the mediterranean from the levant in the east to the north African and iberian coasts in the West like a mirror the mediterranean world of today seems SNQDtimesDBSBNMCHSHNMRBNLOQAKDSNSGNRDNESGD$QKX(QNM FD13 MCSGHRHRDWBSKXVGSVQQMSRETQSGDQexploration into this most fascinating period of antiquity

culTural conTacT in The MediTerranean Sea (1200-750 Bc)

the mediterranean world is built upon different regions all of which were eventually ndash albeit to different degrees ndash involved in the same historical processes taking place at around the turn of the 2nd millennium BC in north Africa it is egypt about which we are best informed and consequently with regard to which we can best understand how the formerly well-established networks and systems of the Bronze Age fell apart egypt although mostly spared from the destruction of palaces which severely shattered the Aegean and the eastern mediterranean was nevertheless subjected to transformations and profound political and cultural changes during the centuries between 1200 and 750 BC the period is characterized by the disinte-gration of the new kingdom a consequence of inner political and religious developments towards the end of the ramesside period and the gradual loss of central power in what is commonly referred to as the third intermediate Period from around 1080 BC onwards then the country was divided between the two courts of tanis in the north and thebes in the south and later ruled by a number of libyan kings sometimes up

2 A Babbi et al middot The Mediterranean Mirror An Introduction

to 20 sovereigns at the same time the decentralisation and political fragmentation of egypt was not so much understood as a period of disorder and chaos as it was in the intermediate Periods before but rather as something adequate if not favorable this appears to be linked with external factors While new light has been shed on the inner political cultural and religious situation in egypt during the third intermediate Period in recent years4 such external factors remain still largely obscure As a matter of fact egypt shared many important developments with the other upcoming civilizations of the early iron Age this can be seen in new settlement patterns forms of urbanism and demographic mobility in the emergence and diffusion of iron technology or in new forms of literacy to name but some of the most striking phenomena it is time therefore to closer look at aspects of decentralization mobility and connectivity linking egypt libya and north Africa with the rest of the mediterranean world5

in Cyprus and the near east the beginning of the iron Age is marked by socio-political and economic changes the former palatial economies become replaced by larger territorial entities which are embedded into an open wide ranging commercial network that extends cultural contacts over the whole mediterra-nean world the seafaring commerce of the Phoenicians served as a motor for spreading artefacts and ideas and went far beyond a sole distribution of trading goods While earlier works on the Phoenicians in the near east focused on art historical aspects in recent years scholars have taken a closer look at urban sites and their contexts this is true for kition on Cyprus or tel dor in israel in both regions the levantine Coast and Cyprus the changing settlement patterns and the distribution of certain ceramic repertoires show an adap-tion of commerce and economic relationships rather than a change of political and ethnic compounds in MXBRDKNBKRXRSDLRRDQUHMFSGDCHQDBSGHMSDQKMCNESGDDBNMNLHBGTABHSHDRKNMFSGDBNRSRQDQDtimesDBSDCin the archaeological material of the mainlandin the Aegean area the collapse of the palatial system caused profound changes in the social organization6 Consequently the contact networks between this region and its neighbors changed as much in frequency and direction7 however the earlier understanding of the centuries of transition from the late Bronze to the $QKX(QNM FDRCQJODQHNCNEQDFQDRRHNMHRCDOumlMHSDKXNUDQBNLD138 the continuity of life in some major settlements on Crete and Cyprus as well as the evidence for a quickly recovering society run by raquowarriorlaquo DKHSDRVGNRGQDSGDRLDRXRSDLNEQDOQDRDMSHMFMCCHROKXHMFSGDHQVDKSGMCONVDQRDDLSNBNMOumlQLthe establishment of a new framework9 recent discoveries in the ionic and Adriatic regions testify to the vitality of the greek mainland communities even after the fall of the palaces10 Similarly the evidence from rhodes11 euboea 12 and Crete 13 reveal that the newly established interactions extended far eastwards As a LSSDQNEEBSSGDHRKMCRNESGDNCDBMDRD$TANDMCQDSDDMSDQDCHMSNOQNOumlSAKDLTKSHCHQDBSHNMKdialogue which laid the foundations for the Phoenician presence at many places outside of Phoenicia early in the 1stƁLHKKDMMHTL1314

in italy the changes in the Aegean and large parts of the east mediterranean resulted in the reduction of Aegean presence along the ionian coast of the peninsula and on the shores of Sicily and Sardinia15 the evi-dence collected so far points to increased Cypriot and levantine activity in the spread of foreign objects and models16 At the same time local artisans accepted new objects and models with two different attitudes emulating the prestigious Aegean painted pottery17 and re-elaborating various techniques and forms by adapting them to the technological and cultural needs of local artisans and customers18 the beginning of the 1stƁLHKKDMMHTLBNQQDRONMCRSNGHFGKXCXMLHBKNBKBNLLTMHSHDR132QCHMHDRODBHKKXBQQHDCNTSlively and complex role of mediation being one of the most favorable meeting places between the Western and the eastern mediterranean regions recently attention has been paid to Sardiniarsquos part in the newly established networks and their control over the sea routes19 this direct and active involvement of the most prominent local individuals and families faded around the mid-8thƁBDMSTQXVGDMSGDQNKDNEGNDMHBHMRMC$TANDMRADBLDLNQDRHFMHOumlBMS13


the iberian Peninsula has always been a crossroads between the Atlantic and the mediterranean especially from 1250 BC onwards First northwest iberia and later the southwest were characterized by the Atlantic Bronze Age Apart from metal exchange however the archaeological evidence is scarce until the transition to the iron Age which may be caused by the mobility of the people20 the same approximate date 1250 BC marks the beginning of contact between oriental traders and craftsmen and western local communities21 in fact mycenaean pottery has been found at montoro (Coacuterdoba) wheel-made pottery has been discovered SCHEEDQDMSRHSDRNESGD(ADQHM2NTSGDRSMCSGDOumlQRSHQNMNAIDBSRSTQMDCTOHMNQSTFTDRDENQSRRTBGRouteiro de Beijoacutes and monte do Frade22 With the arrival of Phoenicians in the 9thƁBDMSTQXODQLMDMSsettlements and relations with iberian communities were established23 Concerning the archaeological re-cord foreign and local materials and practices have been documented side-by-side in both colonial and in-digenous settlements243GTRSGDOumlMCRADQBQTBHKVHSMDRRSNSGDCHUDQRDOQNBDRRDRVGHBGDUNKUDCADSVDDMforeigners and native populations and demonstrate that locals indeed played an active role in the colonial development25 every region in the mediterranean has thus always been connected Cultural contacts in the mediterranean region during the late Bronze and early iron Ages have long been studied but a number of major develop-ments have taken place over the past decade A wide distribution of certain artefact groups pottery types or architectural features all over the mediterranean region has been noted and historical information on human activity i e trading moving and settling has been collected in this period the rich archaeologi-cal and textual evidence at hand has led scholars to offer sometimes divergent explanations referring to LDSGNCNKNFHBKMCSGDNQDSHBKEQLDVNQJRVGHBGGUDDUNKUDCNUDQSGDORSEDVCDBCDR13TQHMFSGDOumlQRShalf of the 20thƁBDMSTQXENQHMRSMBDSGDHCDNEBTKSTQKCHEETRHNMVRSGDBNQMDQRSNMDNEBTKSTQDGHRSNQHBKSGDNQHDR133GDLNCDKVRARDCTONMSDLONQKMCROSHKEDSTQDRNERODBHOumlBBTKSTQKOGDMNLDMCTDSNmeans by which the origin and intensity of transmissions were detected26 however this model was biased as it focused on the colonial narrative at the expense of indigenous populations the acculturation model of the second half of the 20thƁBDMSTQXDRSAKHRGDCTMHENQLCDOumlMHSHNMRHMSGHRQDRODBSVGHBGSNNJHMSNBNMRHC-eration an essentialist notion of culture and measured cultural change using foreign objects and techniques which appeared in local contexts Scholars were mainly preoccupied with concepts such as raquoadoptionlaquo and did not explore the informative potential of the indigenous responses displayed in raquoimitationlaquo and most of all raquoadaptationlaquo processes stemming from the autonomous transformative capacities of the interested par-ties27 local agency was not considered because less complex societies were deemed subordinate to others MCSGDHCDNEROQDCNEBTKSTQKHMtimesTDMBDREQNLBDMSDQSNVGSVRBNMRHCDQDCSNADSGDODQHOGDQXprevailed28 it was only at the beginning of this century that the idea of objects and techniques being transferred vice versa ndash from the periphery to the center ndash became apparent it was also in this period where there emerged a wide range in the approach towards foreign objects techniques and practices spanning from a rather passive adoption to a more active and intentional appropriation29 Besides the hierarchical and static tri-partite structure (core semi-periphery periphery) itself 30 has been deeply reconsidered in the light of the raquonetwork theorylaquo31 Consequently a multi-perspective point of view on the past is preferred today32 in-teractions are now merely seen as interplay between individuals groups and social systems Similarly the appropriation of objects techniques or practices becomes understood as an expression of transformative capacities rising from local needs which often leads to a change in appearance function and or mean-ing of the originals33 in fact conceptual tools such as raquointentional hybriditylaquo and more recently raquocultural entanglementlaquo have helped in the analysis of the different ways in which objects and ideas are creatively OOQNOQHSDCMCBDRDKDRRKXQDRHFMHOumlDCAXKNBKONOTKSHNMRHMBNKNMHKNQBTKSTQKBNMSBSRHSTSHNMR132TBGMTMCDQRSMCHMFKDCRSNSGDBNMRSQTBSHNMNERNBKKDCONKXGDCQHBHCDMSHSHDROOQDMSKXtimesTBSTSHMFADSVDDM


colonistsrsquo and localsrsquo social and material realities the raquoin-betweennesslaquo quality of such identities risks being SNNUFTDHEMNSBBTQSDKXHMUDRSHFSDCMCBNMMDBSDCVHSGRODBHOumlBBNMSDWSRNEOQBSHBD1334 3GDRDMDV KHMDRNE QDRDQBGVGNRDDEENQSR QDKRN QDtimesDBSDCAXMDNKNFHRLRMCMDVBNMBDOSR RTBGRraquoglocalizationlaquo raquosphere of interactionlaquo raquocontact zonelaquo and raquonetworks with weak tieslaquo35 aim at empha-sizing not only the common grounds shared in different regions of the mediterranean world but also the importance of the local contexts and responses that reveal the exertion of a lively transcultural inclination by different social actors (e g lesser rulers craftsmen) in various mediterranean communities36

the period between 1200 and 750 BC which led to new patterns of peoplersquos interaction indeed urges a plu-rality of scholarship both geographically and theoretically to adequately address the complex phenomenon of cultural contact in the mediterranean Sea there is plenty to share and to discuss about as the mediter-ranean mirror Conference and Publication demonstrate

The MediTerranean Mirror conference

Since the late 1980s many meetings have taken place to share ideas about east-west interactions in the late Bronze Age to early iron Age in the mediterranean world37 every year results of new excavations re-DUKTSHNMRNENKCOumlMCRHMSGDKHFGSNEQDBDMSCHRBNUDQHDRMCMDVSGDNQDSHBKODQRODBSHUDRETQMHRGTRVHSGCHEEDQDMSUHDVONHMSRMCHCDR13NVDUDQSGDKBJNERODBHOumlBDCHSDQQMDMRSTCHDRCHRBHOKHMDmRSTCDMSRNEmediterranean history stem from a number of disciplines like archaeology philology or ancient history and QDBNMBDMSQSHMFNMRODBHOumlBFDNFQOGHBKKXNQBGQNMNKNFHBKKXCDOumlMDCOQSRNESGDMBHDMSDCHSDQQMDMworld ndash runs the risk of making sectarianism become a reality in mediterranean studies As a consequence interested scholars do not normally interact much with one another at least not as much as is desirable for progress the idea of the mediterranean mirror Conference was therefore not only to continue the ongoing dialogue but also to cover as wide as possible a range of geographical regions spanning from the eastern to the western end of the mediterranean world Another intention of this conference was to bring together senior scientists as well as post-doctoral and young researchers from various disciplines who are all working on aspects of cultural contact and interac-tion in some part of the ancient mediterranean world and to open up a discussion between them As a result more than 20 scholars from ten countries ndash Austria Belgium Cyprus germany greece israel italy Portugal Spain and the united kingdom ndash gathered at the university of heidelberg and the internationales Wissenschaftsforum heidelberg for a three-day-conference in october 2012 which was also broadcasted via online streaming so as to enable the digital audience to participate in and contribute to the sessions 3GDOQNFQLBNMRHRSDCNEMHMSQNCTBSNQXSGDNQDSHBKRDRRHNMMCOumlUDRTARDPTDMSRDRRHNMRCDCHBSDCSNSGDgeographical regions of egypt and north Africa Cyprus and the near east the Aegean italy and the iberian Peninsula each session was opened by a senior scientist who delivered a keynote lecture followed by the OODQRNERODBHKHRSRHMSGDOumlDKCMCCHRBTRRHNMADENQDFDMDQKCDASDRHFMKDCSGDBKNRDNESGDOQNFQL13

The MediTerranean Mirror puBlicaTion

this book contains the contributions to the mediterranean mirror Conference the volume offers the reader access to the latest evidence from archaeological excavations and interpretative perspectives on the com-plex series of cultural contacts in the mediterranean Sea between 1200 and 750 BC it does not assume however to present an exhaustive coverage of research on any such cultural encounters the aim has rather


been to provide the reader with a comprehensive selection of cases that offer both the most recent archaeo-logical historical or philological data and the most relevant interpretative debates on the subject in order SNRGNVSGDBTQQDMSRSSDNESGDQSHMSGDOumlDKC13

part i ndash Theoretical framework

3GDOumlQRS OQS NE SGD ANNJ HR CDCHBSDC SN SGD SGDNQDSHBK EQLDVNQJ ENQ BTKSTQK BNMSBS RSTCHDR HM SGDmediterranean Sea it consists of one chapter by diamantis Panagiotopoulos in which the author provides an overview of the mediterranean world as an idea and as an analytical tool the author sets out with the question of why the mediterranean receives such an enormous attention in politics and social sciences he highlights the complex phenomena related to the globalization on the one hand and the lively network structure interconnecting the mediterranean regions on the other both are complementary which enables the latter to provide us with ideal examples albeit on a smaller scale for the study of the former Panagio-topoulos argues that if perceived as a network the mediterranean can indeed be a useful category for the study of cultural history the author then provides a summary of the history of theoretical research in the OumlDKCVGHBGGRADDMCNLHMSDCENQSGDLNRSOQSAXGHRSNQHMRATSRGNTKCADBTKSHUSDCLNQDHMSDMRHUDKXAXQBGDNKNFHRSR13QNLSGDGTFDLNTMSNEKHSDQSTQDGDCHRBTRRDRSGDLNRSHMtimesTDMSHKANNJRNEDQMMCBraudel38 Peregrine horden and nicholas Purcell39 as well as the seminal contribution of ian morris40 and underlines the need for a right balance between a diachronic and synchronic perspective as well as be-tween a macro- and microregional approach to the mediterranean and its dynamics Panagiotopoulos adds that the region under discussion should be considered not as a static network but as an ebullient ensemble of networks made up of a variety of local entities such as micro-regions and local communities connected by a net of short-distance exchange and powered by the magmatic activity of the private enterprise HMKKXMFHNSNONTKNRBGKKDMFDRSGDSQCHSHNMKMNSHNMNEBTKSTQDRVDKKCDOumlMDCDMSHSXMCRTFFDRSRto look at the many forms of culture in one and the same geographical region instead Such an approach currently being developed by a group of scholars under the auspices of the university of heidelberg is based upon the concept of transculturality giving way to a dynamic understanding of cultures and their plurality of forms and aims at highlighting a wide range of historical forms of mobility and connectedness in ancient and modern times After all Panagiotopoulos comes up with the provocative question of whether theory is actually needed in studies of the ancient mediterranean or not his answer is pendant and ponders over the importance of both theoretical and empirical studies

part ii ndash egypt and north africa

the survey of geographical regions begins with egypt and north Africa it is opened with karl Jansen-Win-kelnrsquos presentation and evaluation of the historical and archaeological sources available for the region dur-ing the period between 1200 and 750 BC due to the evidence at hand light falls mainly on egypt whereas the other territories along the north African coast largely remain in the dark Jansen-Winkeln characterizes OumlQRSSGDONKHSHBKMCBTKSTQKRHSTSHNMHM$FXOSSQNTMCVGDM$FXOSESDQBDMSTQHDRVRRSHKKstrong centrally organized state with a king on top of the hierarchy the egyptians exercised control over neighboring lands like nubia and libya defended themselves successfully against the Sea Peoples and maintained close relations with the hittites as well as the Syrian and Palestinian cities of Western Asia dur-ing the late Bronze Age egypt was one of the great empires in the eastern mediterranean displaying its


wealth and power in monumental art and architecture the political and cultural situation at around 750 BC described next however was totally different egypt was then divided between an upper and lower part of the country with a number of libyan princes all of them military commanders established as local rulers Foreign territories were long since lost centralized structures of civil organization and administration had crumbled away and the local rulersrsquo attention was fully absorbed by inner political affairs no monumental art and architecture were produced in this period and themes and motifs running through the rather mod-est tomb and temple decoration of the time were religious in character What occurrence brought about such radical change Jansen-Winkeln assumes that libyan dominion in egypt already began after the 20th dynasty (around 1100 BC) much earlier than commonly thought and that it came about not as a result of continuous processes of interaction with libyans but quite suddenly in the wake of events no less dramatic than those affecting the Aegean and the eastern mediterranean he challenges the traditional view of egypt being spared from the turmoil that many other mediterranean regions had plunged into Jansen-Winkeln also explains how the political situation affected the material production and as a consequence our understanding of history Based upon the extant sources scant and limited as they are he than describes egyptrsquos foreign relations with nubia the Aegean region Cyprus and 6DRSDQM RHMCOumlMKKX+HAXHMSGD$QKX(QNM FD13QNLGHRBBNTMSNEBNMSDLONQQX$FXOSONKHSHBKKXcontrolled by libyan princes but in terms of culture and language of unbroken egyptian imprint emerges an excellent example for the concept of transculturality north Africa west of egypt may have shared a similar destiny in the absence of equally attractive resources and economic strength perhaps on a smaller scale but any reconstruction of political or cultural history of the area can be based upon conjectures only KTR)TQLMiROODQHRCDCHBSDCSNRHKUDQHSRNQHFHMMCDBNMNLHBRHFMHOumlBMBDHM$FXOSCTQHMFSGD3GHQCintermediate Period the sheer abundance of gold attributed to egypt with reference to the new kingdom ceased by the end of the 20th dynasty most probably following the loss of territories in nubia and Western Asia and the ceasing of mining activity in the eastern desert From the subsequent third intermediate Pe-riod silver artefacts were preserved in unprecedented quantities and growing importance was attributed to silver which was frequently used in burial equipment as well as for economic transactions at home and abroad this has led some scholars even to assume that silver served as a backbone for an actual monetary system a forerunner of the greek coinage system introduced during the 6thƁBDMSTQX133GHRUHDVGNVDUDQis questioned by the author since there are no silver sources known from egypt itself or from neighboring countries therefore Jurman poses the question of whether there really was a higher amount of silver in circulation during the third intermediate Period as compared to the new kingdom presenting and com-paring the relevant archaeological and textual evidence of both periods he concludes that although there may have been an actual increase in silver he nevertheless urges caution when determining quantities he then discusses potential sources for silver directing attention to places outside of egypt from greece and Western Anatolia to etruria Sardinia and the iberian Peninsula An origin of the raw material from abroad however does not necessarily mean contemporary import since precious metals have always been reused unfortunately too few analyses have been made of silver artefacts of the 1stƁLHKKDMMHTLRNEQSNCQVany conclusions more archaeometrical data even if not without problems for settling the matter of the provenance of silver are highly desirable Finally Jurman tracks down possible changes in the use of silver over the time span in question showing that in the new kingdom silver had already been used as a unit of account and as a store of value and from the very beginning of the 1stƁLHKKDMMHTLVRKRNTRDCRLDCHTLNEDWBGMFDOTQONRDRGNVDUDQSGSVDQDKSDQETKOumlKKDCAXLNMDX13 1313$13


part iii ndash cyprus and the near east

the third session stresses and examines the relationship between the levant and Cyprus from various an-FKDR132TRM2GDQQSSRGNVRSGDGHRSNQXMCDUNKTSHNMNESGDRBHDMSHOumlBOOQNBGSNSGDHMUDRSHFSHNMNESGDraquoSea Peopleslaquo and the eastern mediterranean in the context of european history which at that time saw the movement of large groups of people and a crisis regime the overall use of classical and later sources from excavations led to a melted picture relying on written evidence which seemed more trustworthy than the comparably vague archaeological record Also the results of excavations and archaeological sites them-selves were connected to the topography of the modern-day historical reconstruction of the past which is deeply rooted in the Biblical understanding of the texts thus Cyprus seemed to be the object of migration and movement while indigenous populations and local cultural developments were neglected Although modern day archaeology has liberated itself from the dependence on preferences of classical and post-classical text constructions certain cultural terms prevail For example cultural contact and multi-directional exchange were underrepresented in the processual approach recently the focus of research has shifted back to this issue and theoretical concepts of material practices in cultural context have found their way into eastern mediterranean archaeology during certain periods the presence and absence of certain pottery types associated with an increase or decrease presence or absence of cultural contacts are the dominant perspectives on the material culture of the eastern mediterranean Sherratt points out that dealing with aspects of trade and its coverage over a larger region as observed for Phoenician trade pottery was not an exclusive subject to trade but one amongst many goods Changes in the pottery assemblages therefore would show only changes in traded commodities of what was traded and the routes along which they were traded no information would ADFHUDMANTSSGDHMSDMRHSXNESQCDHMFDMDQKNQHSRROSHKBNUDQFDAXRHMFKDBSDFNQXOumlMCR13-DUDQSGD-less the striking connection and interplay of objects as well as their distribution make it possible to ask questions as Ayelet gilboa Paula Waiman-Barak and ilan Sharon demonstrate in their contribution on the interregional contacts attested at tel dor An increasing number of imported objects such as Cypriot stir-QTOIQRNQtimesRJRMC$FXOSHMUDRRDKRLNMF+DUMSHMDUDRRDKRVDQDCHRBNUDQDCSSGHRRHSDNMSGDQLDKCoast the pottery assemblage of the late Bronze Age and subsequent early iron Age stratigraphic levels shows a raquobrokenlaquo continuation within the local assemblage lacking about 50 years (in Area g) the pres-ence of egyptian pottery is seen as an indicator for commercial connections as also represented by faunal QDLHMRNEHLONQSDCOumlRGATSMNSENQCLHMHRSQSHUDSHDRRHRSGDBRDSNSGDQRHSDRHMSGD2NTSGDQM+DUMSwith local production centers of egyptian pottery raquoCanaanitelaquo vessels found in egypt provide evidence for the bi-directional character of the trade next to a few other Canaanite sites dor most certainly played a role as a commercial hub that supplied the coastal hinterland the commercial connection to Cyprus was strongly linked to the trade of metal and metal products but the materials recovered at dor also in-clude other commodities as well as a high number of raquoCypro-geometriclaquo vessels in later levels there is a notable increase in the amount of open vessel shapes which were not suitable for the transportation of goods but were objects of trade themselves the authors consider them to have been goods that were RODBHOumlBKKXRDKDBSDCADBTRDSGDXLDSSGDQDPTHQDLDMSRNEKNBKNQQDFHNMKBNMRTLHMFGAHSRMCENNCproduction in return raquoPhoenicianlaquo bichrome and other pottery found in Cyprus were produced at sites on the Canaanite Coast including dor nevertheless the obvious gap in the late Bronze Age and early (QNM FDRDPTDMBDLJDRHSCHEOumlBTKSSNCDBHCDVGDSGDQSQCDVRBNMSHMTNTRNQITRSQDQQMFDCESDQHSGCBNKKORDCENQMTMRODBHOumlDCLNTMSNESHLD13(MMXBRDSGDRGHESHMSQCHMFGAHSRKDCRSGDTSGNQRto suggest a profound alteration As shown by the evidence of the stratigraphic material from tel dor the trade connections of the Carmel Coast represent many aspects of inter-regional trade in various directions


on the one hand commodities seem to have served some general regional needs but on the other the processes are highly selective3GDLNCKHSHDRNERTBGRDKDBSHNMMCSGDPTDRSHNMNEGNVDWSDQMKHMtimesTDMBDRVDQDCNOSDCMCHMSDFQSDCinto local material cultures in the eastern mediterranean are analyzed in Francisco J nuacutentildeez Calvorsquos contribu-SHNM133GDONKHSHBKKMCRBODSSGDDMCNESGD+SDQNMYD FDVRUDQXUHUHCMCBNLOKDW133GDHMtimesTDMBDNEthe egyptian and hittite empires was decreasing which gave room to new populations Philistine founda-tions and cultural groups A few sites were destructed at that time but the majority of settlements seem to have been settled without interruption nevertheless a picture of insecurity at that time prevails the late QNMYD FDBDQLHBRVDQDARDCNMSGDONSSDQXSQCHSHNMRNEOQDBDCHMFODQHNCRATSKRNRGNVDCHMtimesTDMBDRfrom neighboring regions such as egypt the Aegean or Cyprus during the beginning of the early iron Age different principles of decoration occur but they are regarded to have belonged to a long process of assimilation of foreign elements and people At the same time wares associated with the Phoenician iron Age appear in central levant Anyhow as Calvo states the situation was different from region to region in order to show the role that foreign elements played for Phoenician commercial activities and their effort SNOQNOumlSEQNLSGDBGMFDCRHSTSHNMHMSGDQDFHNMESDQSGD+SDQNMYD FDGDCHRBTRRDRRSQHMDQRONTSDCjugs as a key example the contribution of Artemis georgiou focuses on Cyprus during the raquocrisis yearslaquo during the late Bronze Age Cyprus was divided into different territories and local administration centers therefore a crisis impact occurring at the end of the Bronze Age did not have the same effect all over the island Several sites show different reactions to the economic impact of the changes in the eastern mediterranean Some were de-stroyed and abandoned others changed their function nevertheless places such as kition and Palaepaphos were seen as centers that were seemingly unaffected and were able to establish themselves as iron Age regional centers georgiou argues that apparently no foreign elements are visible in the Cypriot material culture even though the evidence from the levantine Costs gives reason to expect so instead imported goods such as helladic minoan and Canaanite vessels appear the introduction of Aegean-style ceramics already began in the late Bronze Age and is considered to have been a local attempt to add foreign pro-duction methods (wheel-made pottery) to the local traditions While the intrusion of foreign people to the island during the late Bronze to iron Age transition cannot be attested the changing settlement patterns of Cyprus during that time are seen as a reaction to stabilize and protect their commercial activities in the eastern mediterranean at that time All in all Cyprus shows regional trends which were part of a process of societal and economic continuation and transformation S m

part iV ndash The aegean region

in this part the contributions on the Aegean region are collected eleni konstantinidi-Syvridi takes into con-sideration the phenomena of continuity and change between the Bronze and iron Ages by commenting on the activity and products of specialized craftsmen on the one hand the author rightly emphasizes the importance of investigating the different pace which characterizes the variety of Aegean and east medi-SDQQMDMLHBQNQDFHNMRATSNMSGDNSGDQGMCRGDBKKRSSDMSHNMSNRNLDOumlKRQNTFDBNMMDBSHMFSGNRDregions such as an almost generalized decline in the quantity and quality of jewelry and a concomitant continuity of both earlier aesthetic and formal traditions as well as the appearance of new repertoires set up by intermingling a variety of ideas and techniques the specialized craftsmen kept working for the new elite whose image has been handed down by rich raquowarriorlaquo graves such as those from euboea Skyros and Crete Alternatively they took part in groups of freelance work Such specialists acted as a mean of


knowhow transfer in fact they can be considered as transient or as a part of the whole community migrat-ing towards regions considered as peripheral in the mycenaean period but strategically located on relevant commercial routes between the levant and the West and prosperous despite the breakdown of the pala-tial system A third possibility is represented by those already active in communities with an access to the dynamic nets of trade and thus without the need to move From the activity of the latter the local styles originated By reusing heirlooms presumably from robbed mycenaean tombs and adopting earlier Aegean patterns or styles the artisans guaranteed the new elite powerful visual tools which let them justify their own preeminence by displaying themselves as the heirs of the glorious rulers of the past41 Brysbaertrsquos and Vetterrsquos contribution clearly highlights the importance of contextualized studies and of a site-to-site perspective their survey of metallurgical activities at tiryns based on a bottom-up approach and on a theoretical framework founded on concepts like raquomultiple chaicircnes opeacuteratoireslaquo and raquocross-craft interactionlaquo let one investigate the human-object interactions as well as the individual practices and the social networks springing by and concurrently modelling such interactions By commenting mainly on two HMSDQDRSHMFBRDRSTCHDRKNBSDCHMSGD+NVDQHSCDKCSDCABJQDRODBSHUDKXSNSGDOumlMKRSFDNESGDOKSHKperiod and to the transition to the post-palatial ones the authors reveal interesting details hinting at the phenomenon of cross crafting and at the existence of local multifaceted technological networks intermin-gling with the wider jigsaw puzzle of different mediterranean repertoires (ape-shaped rhyta in faience with inlaid eyes and gilded surface) Furthermore their essay provides clear information on intra-site abandon-ment modes and intense recycling activities as well as on intense and lively dynamics which could respec-tively explain and contradict the idea of a grave downturn in the metalworking and a global crisis of the sup-ply routes networks (pyrotechnological installation bronze scraps and lead spills) Additionally the evidence from the post-palatial tiryns points to the existence of both epigraphic (Cypro-minoan inscription on a clay-ball) and ritual (locally produced raquoeasternlaquo wall brackets and a near eastern-type cuirass scale) bridges connecting the greek mainland to the east mediterranean (Cyprus and the levant) Finally the post-palatial QBGHSDBSTQKDUHCDMBDBNMOumlQLRSGDHLONQSMBDNESGDQDOOQNOQHSHNMNEORSOQBSHBDRMCLDLNQHDReven if with a dynamic adaptation of the earlier installations and spaces that mirrors new needs Among these needs it is worth underlining the shearing of open areas a foreign knowledge more embedded in a domestic economy and social and production practices which aim at the acquisition of prestige for the individual craftsmen and in turn set up a raquonew social connotationlaquo of the objects and places themselves42 Stockhammer opens his paper by underlining that both the meaning and the function of the objects are not RSSHBATSBNMSHMTNTRKXOQNBDRRDCMCLNCHOumlDCSGQNTFGSGDRNBHKOQBSHBDRHMVGHBGSGDXQDHMUNKUDC13 RBNMRDPTDMBDENQCDSDBSHMFGNVMNAIDBSVRODQBDHUDCHSHRMNSNMKXSGDOGXRHBKNQHFHMNESGDOumlMCHMFRSGSRGNTKCADSJDMHMSNBNMRHCDQSHNMATSKRNSGDHQRODBHOumlBBNMSDWSTKHYSHNM13DRHCDRNMDRGNTKCKVXRSJDHMLHMCSGSKHJDODNOKDNAIDBSRGUDAHNFQOGHDRRVDKKRSDLLHMFAXRSQSHOumlBSHNMNEBNMBTQQDMSMCNQsubsequent meanings and functions With this in mind the notion of raquoforeign objectlaquo loses its traditional and plain meaning and acquires a multifaceted and stimulating explanatory potential for investigating the past in the text our attention is called to some examples of Cypriot and levantine wares Among them the author distinguishes between the coarse ware sherds and easily recognizable wares if the evidence of SGDOumlQRSFQNTOEQNLSGDampQDDJLHMKMCRDSSKDLDMSRHRBDQSHMKXTMCDQDRSHLSDCCTDSNSGDHQRHLHKQHSXSNlocal fabrics and productions the scarcity of sherds of the second group can be considered as raquoa mirror of the past situationlaquo the case of Canaanite amphorae uncovered both at myceanae and tiryns and largely documented in the western Cypriot settlements are particularly interesting these sherds and some features NESGDHQBNMSDWSRVGHBGQDCSDCSNSGDKSDMCOumlMKthƁBDMSTQXGHMSSBNMMDBSHNMVHSGRNLDLDSKVNQJHMFBSHUHSHDRMCTRDNESGDUDRRDKOumlQRSRSQMRONQSBNMSHMDQMCSGDMKHJDKXRRSNQFDUDR-sel for raw metals (such as lead) the perspective described by Stockhammer can be further developed by


mentioning a similar use of amphorae of Canaanite variety as hoards of copper ingots bronze tools and fragmented objects documented in later contexts of the Santrsquoimbenia nuraghic village ndash an important trad-ing post of both the sea- and inland-routes networks from the middle Bronze Age until the archaic period which was frequented by easterners43 Finally Vangelis Samaras investigates the complex phenomenon of piracy otherwise detected by indirect clues such as desertion of coastal settlements construction of defensive structures and the ruin of build-HMFRMCNQVGNKDUHKKFDR133GDCHEOumlBTKSCHRSHMBSHNMADSVDDMVQMCOHQBXLCDRHLHKQAXSGDOQBSHBDof violence is clearly based on the political nature of the former and the economic grounds of the latter Similarly the question concerning the ambiguous moral value and consideration of piracy as a commer-cial activity is also taken into consideration even if Samaras consistent with his methodological premise cuts out from his analysis the written sources it seems worth suggesting here the lecture of the Alfonso melersquos illuminating works on the similarities and differences between homer and hesiod epos as far as SGDODQBDOSHNMNEBNMBDOSRRVNQJMCOQNOumlSHRBNMBDQMDCMCVHSGQDEDQDMBDSNSGDLAHFTHSXNEthe word raquopiracylaquo whose meaning shifts according to the point of view of the individuals involved in such activity either actively or passively443GDETMCLDMSKONHMSHM2LQRiQDtimesDBSHNMHRSGSSGDBNDWHRSDMBDof an economic prosperity with the insecurity of overseas contacts due to the absence of powerful social political and economic structures ndash such as the palatial and polis systems ndash is the precondition for a lively piracy phenomenon the most important analytical tools taken into consideration by Samaras are the hints SMHMSDMRDLQHSHLDDWBGMFDBSHUHSXMCSGDMDDCENQENQSHOumlBSHNMRSHRKMCMCBNRSKRHSDRRwell as the existence of raquoship iconographylaquo and a degree of raquomilitary spiritlaquo As a result of this analysis the conditions of prosperity characterizing both late helladic iiiC since its middle phase and the geometric pe-QHNCmRVDKKRRNLDRODBHOumlBEDSTQDRKNBSHNMENQSHOumlBSHNMRUKTAKDHSDLRRGNQSKHEDDSB13NEEDVRHSDRsuch as the village of koukounaries (Paros) and the islet of modi (near Poros) for the earlier period and the Vathi limenari (donousa) for the geometric horizon as well as the pictorial and geometric representations NERDASSKDRmBNTKCNEEDQTROumlSSHMFBNMOumlQLSHNMNESGDDWHRSDMBDNESGDOHQBXOGDMNLDMNMCTQHMFSGNRDperiods A B

part V ndash italian peninsula and Sardinia

the italian Peninsula and the island of Sardinia are taken into consideration in this section marco Bettelli offers a thorough overview on the evidence hinting at a lively web of networks connecting the Central mediterranean to the Aegean on the one hand and to the western mediterranean region on the other Betelli who adopts a long-term perspective starts by analyzing the evidence dated to the protopalatial period when the framework of networks connecting the Aegean region to the Western mediterranean be-comes sharper Bettelli calls attention to the latest discoveries respectively of Siculo-Aeolian hand burnished ware dug out at Beirut and of nuragic provenance at Pyla-kokkinokremos on Cyprus45 Such evidence could even help in reconsidering and improving the local chrono-typological series such as in the case of the above-mentioned nuraghic evidence from Cyprus46 during the subsequent period (Final Bronze Age BBNQCHMFSN(SKHMBGQNMNKNFXSGDHMCHROTSAKDtimesNTQHRGHMFNELMXRDSSKDLDMSRHMSGDBDMSQKDCHSDQ-ranean region accounts for the need of reassessing the idea of widespread recession resulting from the collapse of palatial civilization Bettelli highlights the relevance of the Cypriot elements beside the Aegean and he carefully describes for both of them their chronological evolution and the geographic distribution -NKDRRHLONQSMSHRSGDMKXRHRNEANSGSGDHLONQSRMCSGDKNBKOQNCTBSHNMRNEOumlMDONSSDQXSGSONHMSRout a lively transfer of technology made possible by forms of durable relation between artisans settled in


RSQSHOumlDCBNLLTMHSHDRMCAXSGDDWHRSDMBDNECXMLHBLQJDSR133GDOQDRDMBDNEDWNSHBLSDQHKRANSGHMVeneto (Frattesina di Fratta Polesine) and in Southern Apulia (rocavecchia) bears witness to the existing interest in unusual materials spread along the Adriatic sea routes Finally the contribution takes into account the relevant role exerted by the island of Sardinia in the intricate framework of mediterranean links at the very end of the Bronze Age Such growth is not only related to the outcrops of raw material on the island but with the role of node contact zone among networks connecting communities and individuals of the eastern and western mediterranean regions the magmatic transformation of the Adriatic communities on the one hand and the relevance of the mineral deposits of the peninsular and Atlantic Andalusia on the other led the Cypriots followed by the easterners and the euboeans to prefer Sardinia47 Continuity and cohesion of human groups on the isle since a long time involved in the sea routes connecting their villages to the Balearic isles and the coasts of the iberian Peninsula ensured the balanced framework of interlocu-tors requested for setting up exchanges with the mediterranean far west Andrea Schiappelli through the typological and technological analysis of the pithoi in the southern italian Peninsula and by considering their evolution during the late Bronze Age offers an interesting glimpse at SGDRNBHNGHRSNQHBKQDtimesDBSHNMRNESGHROGDMNLDMNM133GDQDBDMSCHRBNUDQXNEOHSGNHEQFLDMSRHMHMKMCRHSDRalong the river raganello in Calabria some of them on the mountains strengthen the evidence for a wide spread of this pottery class and of similar household strategies At the same time the wide range of the exchange and production nets of this evidence whose main knots were the many centers of production ndash CDSDBSDCAXVXNERBHDMSHOumlBMKXRHRmHRBNMOumlQLDC132BGHODKKHQHFGSKXONMCDQNUDQSGDHMSQHFTHMFONRRHAHKHSXthat during the recent Bronze Age italian craftsmen too after a training period in the Aegean had set up their own workshops in southern italy where mycenaean artisans were active the comment on the Final QNMYD FDDUHCDMBDBNMOumlQLRSGSVDMDDCSNOOQNBGSGHRODQHNCCHEEDQDMSKX13(MEBSSGDRDKSDQBNMSDWSRlet us sketch a very dynamic framework which strongly contradicts the earlier idea of a grave crisis within the local village communities the actual situation was probably far more complex as the evidence of a strong HMtimesTDMBDNESGDXOQHNSMCQDSMQDODQSNHQDRNMSGDKNBKOQNCTBSRRGNVR1348 Besides it is not by chance SGSSGDHMSDMRHSXMCPTKHSXNESGDOHSGNHOQNCTBSHNMHMBQDRDCRHFMHOumlBMSKXCTQHMFSGHRODQHNC13HMKKXSGDrising number of Final Bronze Age storerooms which hints at centralization and redistribution of food re-sources strategies bears witness to the existence of a complex and hierarchical social structures within the local communities markoersquos contribution shifts our attention onto levantine trade activity and interaction with the central mediterranean communities since the late 9thƁBDMSTQX133GDDUHCDMBDEQNLQSGFDBNMOumlQLRENTMC-tion date roughly consistent with the chronology handed down by the written sources What is more the HQNMVNQJHMFEBHKHSHDRQDBDMSKXTMBNUDQDCSGDQDDUDMHEEQNLRKHFGSKXKSDQCSDBNMOumlQLSGDHCDSGSSGDmain ground of the Phoenician raquonon-invasivelaquo projection towards the tyrrhenian basin was the supply of valued raw materials Sicily and Sardinia played a pivotal role in the mediterranean sea route networks both between east and West and with the tyrrhenian microregion As for the evidence from Sicily the centers of motya and Panormus yield clear hints about the preferential connections with the eastern and western mediterranean respectively With reference to Sardinia the imported levantine bronze statuettes shed light on the multifaceted interfacing strategy of the easterners49 while the household and funerary easterner evidence respectively from Santrsquoimbenia and San giorgio di Portoscuso as well as the three major examples of landscape urbanization (nora Sulky and tharros) 50QDDWOKHMDCAXQJNDRQDtimesDBSHNMNESGDHLNEDMRTQHMFBBDRRSNSGDLHMDQKNFHBKKXQHBGHMKMC13$UDMHMSGDOumlDKCNETQAMHYSHNMSGDCXMLHBHMSDQBSHNMbetween locals and easterners led to interesting outcomes such as the transition from the native nuraghe to the so-called open-village Finally markoe draws attention to the Phoenician interest towards the raquoCol-line metalliferelaquo area rich in silver-bearing lead ores too and describes the negotiation strategies with the


etruscan chieftains which led to the foundation of communities of eastern metoikoi and to the transfer of knowledge thanks to active local Phoenician workshops51 A B

part Vi ndash iberian peninsula and Balearics

the iberian Peninsula is commonly referred to as the Far West of the mediterranean and or europe While international scholars have been studying other mediterranean regions such as egypt the near east greece and italy since the 18thƁBDMSTQX (ADQHGRQDLHMDCKLNRS HRNKSDCEQNLLHMRSQDLBCDLH13 (MEBSlrsquoEacutecole des Hautes-Eacutetudes Hispaniques ndash the French archaeological institute in madrid ndash was only established in 1909 and the Deutsches Archaumlologisches Institut was founded in 1943 long after their presence in egypt or italy the archaeology of the iberian Peninsula was intriguing for some individual scholars especially in-terested in the Palaeolithic period but it was only at the beginning of the 20thƁBDMSTQXVGDM(ADQHDMSDQDCinto archaeological discussions at the european level52 But iberia is still the region of the mediterranean least known to the international public most of the departments of ancient history and archaeology in eu-QNODMCSGD42RODBHKHYDHM(SKHMampQDDJ$FXOSHMNQQHDMSKRSTCHDRATSMNMDQDRODBHOumlBKKXCDUNSDCto the analysis of the iberian past As a result the archaeology of the iberian Peninsula has been a Spanish and Portuguese raquodomesticlaquo matter for centuries language has also been part of the equation most of the publications concerning the archaeology of iberia are in Spanish and Portuguese data and knowledge ac-BDRRGUDBNMRDPTDMSKXADDMCHEOumlBTKSENQ$MFKHRGRODJDQR13NVDUDQSGDRHSTSHNMGRADDMBGMFHMFRHMBDthe 1990s with several books bringing the latest iberian developments in archaeology to the international public53 Phoenician studies have especially brought iberian archaeology to the forefront since the publica-tion in 1993 of the english edition of mariacutea eugenia Aubetrsquos raquothe Phoenicians and the Westlaquo Since then several books have been published in english concerning cultural contacts and colonial encounters in ibe-ria54 in Spain and Portugal these cultural and colonial encounters have been interpreted following diverse theoretical approaches such as the acculturation paradigm55 materialist schemes56 postcolonial perspec-tives57 world-system and processual views58 neoevolutionism 59 and culture-historical narratives60 this last one is nonetheless the historiographical trend most used in the iberian Peninsula61 As noted above this volume incorporates the archaeology of the iberian Peninsula between the 13th and the 8thƁBDMSTQHDRNEEDQHMFSGDHMSDQMSHNMKOTAKHBFDMDQKNUDQUHDVNESGDQDFHNMCTQHMFSGSODQHNCof time and a set of three archaeological case studies exploring connectivity mobility and cultural contact in iberia in relation with other mediterranean regions Ana margarida Arruda comments on the complex web of cultural interactions and exchanges between the mediterranean and the Atlantic region in the late 2nd and early 1stƁLHKKDMMHTL132GDQHFGSKXDLOGRHYDRSGDQNKDSGSSGD(ADQHMDMHMRTKOKXDCHMGHRSNQXas a geographical crossroads where the mediterranean meets the Atlantic and addresses east and west ex-changes between the 15th and 7thƁBDMSTQHDR132GDKRNDWOKNQDRGNDMHBHMBNKNMHYSHNMHM(ADQHEQNLSGD9thƁBDMSTQXNMVQCRMCSGDBTKSTQKMCONVDQQDKSHNMRDLADCCDCHMRTBGBNMSBSVGHBGEEDBSDCHMCHF-enous populations Jaime Vives-Ferraacutendiz Saacutenchez explores contact situations by adopting a long-term scale of analysis and studying the role of objects in local contexts he stresses the difference between exchanges and cultural contacts from the 12thƁBDMSTQXMCSGDNMDRSGSSNNJOKBDRHMBDSGDQQHUKNEGNDMH-cians in the 9thƁBDMSTQXHM$RSDQM(ADQHMCSGDKDQHBR13(MOQSHBTKQGDOQDRRDRSGDBRDENQGXAQHCOQBSHBDRQFTHMFSGSGNDMHBHMBNMSBSHMSGHRQDFHNMVRMNSCDOumlMDCAXAHMQXNOONRHSHNMRADSVDDMthe two communities but by close co-existence both in oriental and local settlements esther rodriacuteguez gonzaacutelez offers an updated overview of the history of archaeology in Southwestern iberia and explains current historiographical debates from the late Bronze Age to the beginning of the iron Age in that area


2GDRODBHOumlBKKXCHRBTRRDRSGDONOTKQBNMBDOSNEOQDBNKNMHYSHNMMCCDOKNXRMDVCSEQNLSGDKSDRSarchaeological research in huelva and Seville ndash particularly at el Carambolo ndash to challenge the traditional idea of raquotartessoslaquo Finally Francisco B gomes provides a wealth of new data for the mediterranean and Atlantic contacts in Southern Portugal between the 12th and 7thƁBDMSTQHDR13DSBJKDR SGDBNLOKDWMCcontentious issue of the Phoenician presence in that territory as well as the transformation of indigenous settlements and activities especially those related to religious practices he also critically discusses the tra-ditional explanation of the raquoorientalizing periodlaquo and offers new light in the interpretation of the colonial situation B m-A

acknowledgements

the mediterrranean mirror Conference was made possible only through the generous support and sponsor-ship received from various institutions We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the institut fuumlr ur- und Fruumlhgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archaumlologie of the university of heidelberg (germany) and the Alexander von humboldt Foundation (germany) as well as to data tV s r l (italy) and maney Publishing ltd (united kingdom) We also thank the university of heidelberg and the internationales Wissenschafts-forum heidelberg the latter represented by ellen Peerenboom for hosting the event For their advice help and encouragement throughout the conference we would like to thank Joseph maran and diamantis Pana-giotopoulos as well as Adele Bill maria kostoulas marisa ruiz-gaacutelvez and daniela Wacker We would like to express our gratitude to holger Altenbach Christian Seitz raphael kahlenberg who were responsible for the live-recording conference homepage and the well-being of our guests the interdisciplinary Centre ENQ2BHDMSHOumlBNLOTSHMFNESGD4MHUDQRHSXNEDHCDKADQFFDMDQNTRKXOQNUHCDCTRVHSGSGDSDBGMHBKDPTHO-ment A number of people and institutions helped with the publication of the contributions our sincere thanks go to the anonymous international reviewers of the manuscripts for their suggestions to the insti-tute for Aegean Prehistory at Philadelphia (uSA) and to the Samuel h kress Foundation at new York and the Archaeological institute of America at Boston (uSA) for considerable grants towards print costs to the institute for Ancient near eastern Archaeology at the ludwig-maximilians-university munich namely the director of the institute Prof Adelheid otto to the institute for Prehistory and early history and near eastern Archaeology at the university of heidelberg in particular the director of the institute Prof Joseph maran MCSNS35R13Q13K13ENQGUHMFRTONQSDCSGDOTAKHBSHNMSNNMCOumlMKKXSNQJTR$FF1DHMGQCfrac14RSDQand the rgzm mainz (germany) for accepting the contributions as a volume of this series and to Claudia -HBJDKMCQHD1frac14CDQENQDCHSHMFSGDANNJ132CKXampKDMM$13QJNDVGNRDDWODQSHRDHMSGDOumlDKCMCDMSGTRHRLENQSGDBNMEDQDMBDRNLTBGRSHLTKSDCus was no longer with us to participate in it or to see the proceedings the contribution which he had already prepared for before he passed away can be reproduced here thanks to the generosity of his family it is to his memory that this book is dedicated


notes

1) Braudel 1949

2) horden Purcell 2000 ndash van dommelen knapp 2010

3) morris 2003

4) leahy 1990 ndash Jansen-Winkeln 1985 2002 2007-2009 2012 ndash kitchen 1986 ndash morkot 2000 ndash Aston 2009 ndash Broek-man demareacutee kaper 2009

5) See also Vittmann 2003 and for the orientalizing Period Bubenheimer-erhart 2012 forthcoming

6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998

8) Stampolidis karageorghis 2003 ndash mazarakis Ainian 2011

9) Sherratt 1998 ndash Crielaard 1998

10) Borgna Cassola guida 2009

11) drsquoAgostino 2006 ndash drsquoAcunto 2008-2009 ndash Babbi 2012

12) lemos 2002

2Ifrac14FQDM13m6KKBD13

14) Prent 2005 ndash lemos 2008 in print ndash Stampolidis kotsonas 2006

15) Babbi 2008 ndash Bietti Sestieri 2009

16) gastaldi 1998 ndash Pacciarelli 1999 ndash lo Schiavo 2003 2006a ndash Botto 2008 ndash Bernardini 2008 ndash Albanese Procelli 2008 ndash usai lo Schiavo 2009 ndash Bernardini Botto 2011

17) Bettelli 2002 ndash Jones et al 2002 ndash Jones levi Bettelli 2005 ndash Vagnetti et al 2006 ndash Bettelli et al 2010

18) lo Schiavo 2006b 2008 ndash matthaumlus 2008

19) rendeli 2007 ndash Botto 2008 ndash rendeli de rosa 2010 ndash Botto 2011b ndash milletti 2012 ndash Babbi Peltz 2013 ndash lo Schiavo 2013

20) ruiz-gaacutelvez 1998

21) ruiz-gaacutelvez 1993 2005 2009 ndash mederos 1999 ndash loacutepez Par-do 2000 ndash torres 2008 ndash Arruda 2008 ndash loacutepez Castro 2008 ndash Vilaccedila 2008

22) Senna martiacutenez 2000 ndash Vilaccedila 2006 2008

23) Arruda 2000 ndash Aubet 2001 ndash gonzaacutelez de Canales Serra-no llompart 2004

24) loacutepez Castro 2003 ndash delgado Ferrer 2007 ndash Vives-Ferrandiacutez 2008 ndash delgado 2010

25) van dommelen 1997 ndash Vives-Ferrandiacutez 2008 ndash delgado her-vaacutes 2013

26) Panagiotopoulos 2011

2Ifrac14FQDM13

28) Stampolidis karageorghis 2003

29) hodos 2006 ndash van dommelen knapp 2010 ndash dietler 2010 ndash lydon rizvi 2010 ndash van dommelen 2011 ndash van domme-len rowlands 2012

30) See now Wallerstein 2004

31) Barabaacutesi 2003 ndash malkin 2011

32) maran 2012a 2012b

33) dobres robb 2000 ndash given 2004 ndash hodos 2006 ndash van dom-melen 2006 ndash dietler loacutepez-ruiz 2009 ndash dietler 2010 ndash Pa-nagiotopoulos 2011 2012 2013 ndash hodder 2012

34) Young 1995 ndash Jimeacutenez diacuteez 2001 ndash Antonaccio 2003 ndash Feld-man 2006 ndash van dommelen 2011 ndash Stockhammer 2012 ndash maran 2012b ndash knapp 2012 ndash van dommelen rowland 2012

35) See Crielaard 1998 malkin 2011 Panagiotopoulos 2011 ma-ran 2012a

MFHNSNONTKNR13 RENQSGDCDOumlMHSHNMNESQMRBTKSTQK-itylaquo see also Welsch 1994

HRBGDQMRDM13mNOBJD3NJTLQT13mQXNM1frac14K-lig 2000 ndash Stampolidis karageorghis 2003 ndash riva Vella 2006 ndash Celestino Peacuterez Jimeacutenez Aacutevila 2005 ndash Celestino Peacuterez rafa-el Armada 2008 ndash duistermaat regulski 2011

38) Braudel 1949

39) horden Purcell 2000

40) morris 2003

41) it is worth considering that a similar need and strategy has been detected in the practice of reusing some late minoan settlements since the Cretan Protogeoemetric era See Wallace 2010 haggis mook 2011 for the contemporary cultic assem-blages in earlier minoan ruins see Prent 2003 2005 508-554 For both these themes see also Babbi in print

42) As for the theoretical framework concerning the entangle-ment human-things places see also hodder 2012

43) See the paper of Bettellli in this volume As for the two ampho-rae in room 23 buried in the second half of the 8th cent BC see also giardino 2007 17-18 With reference to a third hoard sealed around the middle of the century recently uncovered in room 24 containing a vessel ndash a dolium ndash which shows local pedigree see depalmas Fundoni luongo 2011

44) mele 1979 2008

45) Clay of the vessel and lead for mending it both from the Sulcis region For the Sardinian provenance of a part of the copper from the Cape gelidonia wreck see the papers of Brysbaert and Vetter in this volume With reference to the existence of silver presumably originating from Sardinia in a hoard from tel dor see the papers of Jurman gilboa Waiman-Barak and Sharon and markoe in this volume

2DD+N2BGHUN13OumlFRVHSGAQNMYDONS-SDQXMCOumlFTQSHUDOQKKDKREQNL2QCHMH+N2BGHUNLOTROumlF1313

47) As for the weight of the Cypriot features in the harbor site of tiryns at least since late helladic iiiB Final see the papers of Brysbaert and Vetters and Stockhammer in this volume

48) As for the almost concurrent rising of the number of Cypriot elements at tiryns see Brysbaert Vetter and Stockhammer this volume

49) For the levantine specimens and for the statuettes with a raquonear-easternlaquo aura see P Bernardini in Bernardini Botto 2011 18-61

50) For the latest hypothesis on the earliest settlement at nora see Botto 2011a 2011b 37-38


51) Both for the general historical framework and for vases re-producing a local shape but made of Spanish silver buried in a raquowarriorlaquo tomb from tarquinia dated to the advanced 8th century BC see drago troccoli 2009 Botto 2012 Babbi in Babbi Peltz 2013 63-86

52) gran-Aymerich gran-Aymerich 1991 ndash maier 1991 ndash rebok 2010

53) Balmuth gilman Prados torreira 1997 ndash diacuteaz-Andreu keay 1997 ndash moore Armada Pita 2011 ndash Cruz Berrocal garciacutea Sanjuaacuten gilman 2013

54) Bierling gitin 2002 ndash neville 2007 ndash dietler loacutepez-ruiz 2009

55) Prados martiacutenez 2007 ndash Berrocal-rangel Silva Prados mar-tiacutenez 2012 ndash Wagner 2013

56) loacutepez Castro 2000 ndash Wagner 2011

57) delgado Ferrer 2007 ndash Vives-Ferraacutendiz Saacutenchez 2008

58) Aubet 2001 ndash ruiz-gaacutelvez Priego 2008

59) escacena Carrasco 2005

60) Arruda 1999 ndash Jimeacutenez Aacutevila 2002 ndash torres ortiz 2002

61) Celestino Peacuterez rafel Armada 2008 ndash Celestino Peacuterez Jimeacuten-ez Aacutevila 2005 ndash ruiz mata Celestino Peacuterez 2001

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Borgna Cassola guida 2009 e Borgna P Cassola guida dallrsquoegeo allrsquoAdriatico organizzazioni sociali modi di scambio e interazione in etagrave postpalaziale (Xii-Xi sec a C) Atti del semi-nario internazionale udine 1-2 dicembre 2006 (roma 2009)

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Cruz Berrocal garciacutea Sanjuaacuten gilman 2013 m Cruz Berrocal +13ƁampQBacute2MITumlM 13ampHKLMDCR3GDQDGHRSNQXNE(ADQHD-ASHMF$QKX2NBHK2SQSHOumlBSHNMMCSGD2SSDWNM-DV8NQJ2013)

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2013 A delgado hervaacutes households merchants and Feast-ing Socioeconomic dynamics and Commonersrsquo Agency in the emergence of the tartessian World (eleventh to eighth Centuries B C) in Cruz Berrocal garciacutea Sanjuaacuten gilman 2013 311-366

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2010 m dietler Archaeologies of Colonialism Consumption entanglement and Violence in Ancient mediterranean France (Berkeley los Angeles 2010)

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2012 k Jansen-Winkeln libyer und Aumlgypter in der libyerzeit in Parcourir lrsquoeacuteterniteacute hommages agrave Jean Yoyotte Bibliothegraveque de lrsquoEacutecole des hautes Eacutetudes Sciences religieuses 156 = histoire et Prosopographie 8 i 609-624 (turnhout 2012)

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2006b F lo Schiavo i recipienti metallici della Sardegna nur-agica in Studi di Protostoria in onore di renato Peroni (Firenze 2006) 269-287

2008 F lo Schiavo la metallurgia sarda relazioni fra Cipro ita-lia e la Penisola iberica un modello interpretativo in Celestino Peacuterez rafel Armada 2008 417-436

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lo Schiavo Campus 2013 F lo Schiavo F Campus metals and beyond Cyprus and Sardinia in the Bronze Age mediterranean network in un milleacutenaire drsquohistoire et drsquoarcheacuteologie chypriotes (1600-600 av J-C) Actes du Colloque international milano 18-19 octobre 2012 Pasiphae rivista di Filologia e Antiochitagrave egee 7 (Pisa roma 2013) 147-158

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ISBN 978-3-88467-239-6ISSN 1862-4812

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III

CoNteNtS















IV

















Bauman 2001 212














































acknowledgements



notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306
















































































































































III

CoNteNtS















IV

















Bauman 2001 212














































acknowledgements



notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306
















































































































































IV

















Bauman 2001 212














































acknowledgements



notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306




















































































































































Bauman 2001 212














































acknowledgements



notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306


























































































































































































acknowledgements



notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306

















































































































































notes

1) Braudel 1949


3) morris 2003



6) dickinson 2006

7) Crielaard 1998





12) lemos 2002















2Ifrac14FQDM13





32) maran 2012a 2012b






38) Braudel 1949


40) morris 2003




44) mele 1979 2008



















Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306




























































































































































Bibliography










may 2009 (erakleio 2012) 287-306
















































































































































The Mediterranean Mirror. An Introduction

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