The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen

Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983

NederlandseOudheden 17

RAM

209Cold case in het stuifzand

The Late Roman Cem

eteries of Nijm

egenN

O 17

In the second decade of the 4th century AD two cemeteries were started to the west and the east of the Late

overlooking the river Waal.

When the infrastructural works of water, sewerage and electricity began in the second half of the 19th century,

bombardment of Nijmegen, excavations were carried out from 1947 until 1963 during its rebuilding, and again in the years 1975-1976.This cemetery turned out to be the largest of the 4th century in the Netherlands.

works in 1975, followed by large-scale excavations in the years 1980-1983.

and both series of excavations. The cemetery in the east ceased to be used by the end of the 4th century, whereas the cemetery in the town centre lasted until c.AD 500.

The Cultural Heritage Agency provides knowledge and advice to give the future a past.

Text

D.C. Steures

Nederlandse Oudheden 17

The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen

Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983

Text

D.C. Steures

Based on documentations by

H. Brunsting†, S.L. Wynia†, P.A.M. Zoetbrood

With contributions by

C.C. Bakels, H. Brunsting†, H. van Enckevort

R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, P.A.M. Zoetbrood

With coin identifications by R.W. Reijnen, H. Enno van Gelder†

and by J. Raap under supervision of J.S. Boersma

With bead identifications by W. van der Sluijs

To El

Zo is’t naar genoegen... HB

Thus it’s to my liking... HB

H. Brunsting, under the ink drawing of B 26.1

Monendus mihi magis es Lector, mecum ut mireris, post tot secula, in oppido pluribus mutationibus obnoxio, quo

tot aedium parietumque fundamenta jacta, tot putei, cellae, cis ternae, cloacae effossae, quicquam adhuc terrae

gremio vetus tum contineri, quod non olim sit reclusum.

More you must be exhorted by me to wonder with me, Rea der, that after so many centuries, in a city

subject to a good many chan ges, in which so many foundations of houses and walls have been laid,

so many wells, cellars, cis terns and sewers have been dug, something ancient is still held in the

womb of the earth that has not come to light earlier.

Johannes Smetius,

Oppidum Batavorum, seu Noviomagum,

Amsterdam 1644, 31

Important notice

In the present study, the dates IVab and IVAB indicate different periods. See Abbreviations, section

Subdivision of centuries.

Colofon

Nederlandse Oudheden 17

The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen

Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983

Author: D.C. Steures

Cover design: M. Kriek

Photos cover: Ronny Meijers

Drawings: H. van Teeseling, M. Kriek, W. Euverman (excavations Brunsting)

J.C.A. Hulst, A.M. Nijs, M. Kriek, W. Euverman (excavations Bloemers)

© Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen - Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Amersfoort

ISBN/EAN: 978-90-5799-205-6

V—

In 1990, professor H. Brunsting, by then an octo-genarian, asked me to help him publish his exca-vation results. We pu blished several articles (Brunsting/Steures 1995, 1997 and two others). Then one great subject remained: the late Roman cemetery of the inner city of Nijmegen, called ce-metery B in the present study, large parts of which he had excavated from 1947 until 1963. In that time, the centre of Nijmegen was being rebuilt after the bombardment of 22 Februa ry 1944 by allied airplanes. We leafed together through every notebook, excerci se-book, port folio and envelo-pes full of loose slips of paper. The core of that immense documentation was a series of eleven brown excercise-books of the State Service for Archaeological Research (ROB), in which Brun-sting had described all graves with finds and had added small photographs of every object; and three portfolios with photocopies of ink drawings of the pottery and all other artefacts, made by Mr H. van Teeseling. Brunsting explained everything that was not immediately clear to me. I began writing the find catalogue. As I was doing so, Mr Simon Wynia, who had been Brunsting’s assistant at the Free Univer sity (VU) of Amster dam, was of great help by supplying his hand-written docu-mentation of all graves in ten portfolios, the origi-nal notebooks of the field technicians who had had the daily supervision of the excavations, the original object drawings, and many other docu-ments. In February 1997, a few months before he suddenly died at the age of 95, I took Brunsting to Nijmegen, where I was to give a lectu re at the Symposium of Roman Pottery at the Uni versity of Nijmegen. We took the opportunity of walking through the centre, where he pointed out all sites where he had been excavating. The central an-nouncement of my lecture was: work on the ce-metery of the inner city of Nijmegen has been re-sumed. That same day, Mr H. van Enckevort, then specialist at the ROB for the Roman period, told me that Mr P.A.M. Zoetbrood had discon tinued work on the other late Roman ceme tery of Nijmegen, called cemetery OO in the present stu-dy. The ROB already had reserved money for so-

meone to take over. I was the lucky one. The mo-ney was enough for hundred working-days, and so I became an ROB employee for one day per week during two years. After that period, the Bu-reau for Archaeology of the municipality of Nijmegen, where Mr Van Enckevort was now a municipal archaeologist, supplied money for ano-ther year of happy Thursdays. After that year, I was aged enough to be entitled to one free after-noon per week, and the maker of the time-table at the school where I am a teacher of Latin and Greek was so friendly as to supply a free morning on the same day. A few years later, I was entitled to a complete day off. Work has been steadily going on since then for many years on Thursdays and in long school holidays: renum bering graves, writing the typology, making many lists, trans-lating into English, keeping up with the literatu re, pasting together the illustrations, asking specia-lists to write chapters, writing lectures and arti-cles, and interpre ting. Many people have helped me. I mention them in alphabetical order, without titles apart from pro-fessor, and with the institute where they worked or place where they lived when I was in contact with them: prof. C.C. Bakels (Universiteit Leiden); prof. J. Bazelmans (ROB/RCE, Amersfoort); prof. R.S.P. Beekes (Universiteit Lei den); Paul Beliën (Geldmu-seum, Utrecht); Paul Bijvoet (Lei den); Hans Blom (Lisse); Ronald Bockius (RGZM, Mainz); Georg ette van Boekel (Vught); prof. H.W. Böhme (Philipps-Univer sität, Marburg); Ina Boike (Konstantin-Aus-stellung, Trier); J. Bonhof (Nunspeet); Floris Bosch (Leiden); Madeleine Bosch† (Leiden); Marijke Brouwer (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen); Tom Buijtendorp (Laren); Hillary Cool (Nottingham); Ton Derks (VU, Amsterdam); Joop Derksen (Via-nen); Menno Dijkstra (UvA, Amsterdam); Marlous van Domburg (Ede); Carol van Driel-Murray (UvA, Amsterdam); prof. Michael Erdrich (Radboud Uni-versiteit, Nijmegen); prof. W.A. van Es (Opende); Paul Franzen (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Antoinette Gerhartl-Witteveen (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijme gen); Ralf Grüßinger (Konstantin-Ausstellung, Trier); Stijn Heeren (Hazenberg

Foreword

VI—

Archeolo gie, Lei den); Paul van der Heijden (Wester heem, Nijmegen); Wilfried Hessing (ROB Amersfoort); Jens Hock (Xanten); Constanze Höp-ken (Universität, Köln); Wim van Hors sen (Wester-heem, Voorburg); Gerard IJzereef (Amersfoort); prof. Ina Isings (Soest); Monique Jacobs (Ovimex, Deventer); Fleur Kemmers (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Philip Kiernan (Universität Heidel-berg); Ria Koning (Boxmeer); Anthony Kropff (Den Haag); Lizet Kruyff (Westerheem, Bruchem); Frits Laarman (ROB Amersfoort); prof. E.N. Lane† (Mis-souri University); Roel Lauwerier (ROB/RCE, Amerdsfoort); Catharina de Leur (ROB, Amers-foort); Ester van der Linden (Hazenberg Archeolo-gie, Leiden); prof. George Maat (Universiteit Lei-den); V. Meddens (Nieuw Scheemda); Ronny Meijers (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijme gen); Kai Mückenberger (NIHK, Wilhelmshafen); Ryan Nie-meijer (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Rudi van der Paardt (Univer sity Leiden); Charlotte Peen (Westerheem, Wageningen); Rutger Perizonius (Den Haag); prof. Renate Pirling (Burg Linn, Kre-feld); Rien Polak (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Jelle Prins (Amsterdam); Richard Reece (University London); Tim de Ridder (Westerheem, Vlaardingen); Sebastian Ristow (Univer sität Bonn); Charlotte Roberts (University Durham); Jan Romkes van der Wal (Bolsward); Ton van Rooijen (archeologie provincie Utrecht); Peter Schut (ROB/RCE, Amersfoort); Wil van der Sluijs (Lochem); Liesbeth Smits (UvA, Amsterdam); Ellen Swift (University London); Jan Thijssen (Bureau Archeo-logie Nijme gen); Theo Toebosch (NRC Handels-blad, Amsterdam); Lauran Toorians (Loon op Zand); Anouk Veldman (ADC Archeoprojecten, Amersfoort); prof. H.S. Versnel (Universiteit Lei-den); Jos van der Vin (Koninklijk Penningkabinet, Leiden); Marieke van Vlierden (Museum Catha-rijneconvent, Utrecht); Gillian Vogel sang-Eastwood (Textile Research Centre, Leiden); Katja Zee (Bureau Archeologie Nijmegen); Paul Zoet-brood (ROB, Amers foort); J.C. Zwaan (Nederlands Edelsteen Laboratorium, Lei den); Anjolein Zwart (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen); R. de Zwarte (Tricht).I cherish the memory of professor Henk Brunsting

and his wife Marina Brunsting-Dorsman and of Simon Wynia. Special thanks are due to Annelies Koster and Louis Swinkels (curators) and Marieke Helsen (registrar) of the archaeological collections at the Nijmegen Museum Het Valkhof, who were al-ways helpful and stimultating; to Rob Reijnen, who revised and updated the coin identifications; to Harry van Enckevort, municipal archaeologist of Nijmegen, who provided maps and found many new graves in cemetery OO by close study of the excavation records; to Carol van Driel-Mur-ray, who corrected my English; to Trinette Con-standse-Westermann, who advised me on the human bones. Any error in this book is of course my own fault. I dedicate this book to my wife El de Meijer, who lovingly endured everything. Leiden, March 2011 Dé Steures

VII—

Foreword V

Contents VII

Abbreviations XIII

1 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-Inner City

(Cemetery B) H. Brunsting 1

Earlier finds in the cemetery 4

2 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-East (Ceme-

tery OO) P.A.M. Zoetbrood 5

Modern topography 5

Subsoil and relief 5

Profile of the subsoil 5

Situation in the Roman period 5

Period Ia: 12 BC - AD 25 6

Period Ib-c: AD 25-70 6

Period Id-IIa: AD 70 - early second century 6

Period IV: Late Roman 6

Period V: post-Roman 7

Research history 7

Ways of excavating 7

3 Explanatory notes to the find catalogue 9

Graves 9

Measurements 9

Figures 9

Scales 9

Beads 10

Renumbering the graves 10

First and second-century coins and fibulae:

intrusi ons? 10

Assessing the dates of the graves in real years 11

Dating hitherto undated types of

dress accessories 14

Assessing the original depths of the graves 14

4 Catalogue of the stray finds 16

Cemetery B 17

A 17th-19th- century finds 17

B 19th-20th- century finds 18

C 19th-20th century, find-spots inaccurate 27

D Possibly earlier Roman finds 30

E Stray finds in the excavation trenches 32

Cemetery OO 33

Remainder: other late Roman stray finds

from graves 42

5 Find catalogue of the excavations of Cemetery B 45

Area D: graves B 1-176 45

Area LN: graves B 177-560 72

Area G: graves B 561-673 121

Area M: graves B 674-833 133

Kelfkensbos/St Josephhof: grave B 834 156

6 Find catalogue of the excavations of

Cemetery OO with H. van Enckevort 157

7 The living population 238

Introduction 238

The condition of the human bones 238

The sad history of the investigations 238

Analyses by Dr I.A. Lengyel 239

Determinations by Mr Tj. Pot 241

Determinations by Mr J. Bonhof for

Dr G.F. IJzereef 241

Determinations by Marlous van Domburg and

Anouk Veldman 241

Archaeological indicators 242

Many judgements on age standardized by using

median years 242

An approach to life expectancy at birth for

cemetery OO 242

Combining the data 252

Contents

VIII—

An approach to a survival curve for

cemetery OO 252

Comparison to similar populations 254

8 Food as gravegifts R.C.G.M. Lauwerier 255

Introduction 255

Dishes and bones 255

Cemetery OO 258

Cemetery B 259

The relation between the settlement and

the cemetery 261

9 Plant remains from grave B 298 C.C. Bakels 266

10 Roman textiles from cemetery OO

G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood 267

11 Typology of the pottery and glass vessels 268

Introduction 268

Gellep typology 268

Problems in the Gellep typology 268

Problem 1: type numbers 268

Problem 2: the Trier beakers 268

Problem 3: terra nigra 269

Problem 4: association with glazed ware

in Gellep 270

Gellep types not in Nijmegen 271

Nijmegen types not in Gellep 271

Numbered drawings on type plates 271

Pottery wares 271

Roman pottery 273

B1 Terra sigillata 273

B2 Imitations of terra sigillata 280

B3 Reddish sherd, red or white slip 280

C4 Reddish brown sherd, greyish black coating 281

The Trier beakers 282

The Latin word for beaker 282

Typology 282

Sizes and volumes 282

Drinking habits 283

Mottoes and one graffito 284

Chronology 284

D1 Ochre-coloured sherd, reddish

brown slip 294

D3 Light reddish brown sherd,

ochre-coloured slip 294

E1 Brown-marbled pottery 295

F1 Smooth pottery with yellowish white sherd 297

F2 Smooth pottery, reddish ochre-coloured

sherd 299

F3 Smooth pottery, dark grey sherd 300

F4 Smooth pottery, brownish grey sherd 301

F7 Terra nigra 301

G Coarse pottery 303

Handmade pottery 312

Roman glass 312

Frankish pottery 324

Uncertain pottery 325

12 Typology of dress accessories and

small objects 327

Attributes and origin 327

Gender attributes 327

Male attributes 327

Hinge fibula with long hinge arms 327

Crossbow fibulae 327

Bow knob fibulae 329

Tweezers 329

Iron axes 330

Unique pieces from male burials 331

Wooden barrel-shaped bucket 331

Iron hook 331

Female attributes 331

Short bone pins 331

IX—

Bronze pins 331

Silver pins 332

Long pins 332

Wire earrings 333

Metal-wire necklaces 333

Pendants 334

Beads 337

Pectoral 343

Fibulae 343

A Germanic and other fibulae 343

Armbrust fibulae 343

Support-arm fibula 344

Tutulus fibulae 344

East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet fibulae 345

Composite dish fibulae with Preßblech 346

Gold open-work disk fibula 346

Frankish bow fibula 346

B Earlier Roman fibulae, deliberately put in 347

Aucissa fibulae 347

Wire fibula 347

Knee fibula 347

C Earlier Roman fibulae in grave filling or stray 347

Eye fibulae 347

Rosette fibula 347

Hinge fibula with lateral knobs 348

Trumpet fibula Almgren 101 348

Other fibulae 348

Bracelets 348

A Sapropelite bracelets 348

B Glass bracelets 349

C Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire 349

Small bells with clapper 349

D Undecorated bracelets with

expanding fastening 349

E Bronze bracelets 350

Strip bracelets 350

Solid penannular bracelets 350

Snakeshead bracelets 350

F Hollow bronze sheet bracelets 351

G Bone bracelets 351

Finger-rings 351

A Gold finger-rings 351

B Silver finger-ring 352

C Bronze finger-rings 352

D Iron finger-ring 352

E Opaque glass finger-rings 353

Rings of unknown function 353

Sapropelite make-up box 353

Bone combs 353

Mirrors 353

Cosmetic palettes 354

Wooden chests 354

Iron shears 357

Ear-pick 357

Bronze sewing-needles 358

Glass game counters 358

Unique pieces from female burials 358

Bronze spatula 358

Iron stilus 358

Tambourine sticks 358

Boar’s tusk 360

Miniature pair of bronze scales 361

North Sea shells 364

Sweet chestnuts 365

Conclusion of the last four sections 366

Priestess’ sceptre 367

Silver agrafe with four hooks and christogram 367

Small textile bag with handle 369

Miniature pantomime mask 369

Distaff? 370

Attributes for both genders 370

Coins 370

Metal belt sets in different variants 370

First-century soldier’s buckle 371

X—

Buckle Sommer 1Aa and c 371

Buckle Sommer 1Cb 372

Buckle Sommer 2B 372

Belt set Sommer series 2, variant 1, shape c 372

Belt stiffeners 373

Strap ends of different shapes 373

Two rings against each other (belt fastening?) 374

Iron buckles 374

Small rectangular bronze buckles 334

Remaining buckles 374

Belt pendant 375

Iron knives 375

Shoes 375

Decorative nails and rivets 376

Unique pieces 376

Bronze heart-shaped pendant 376

Bronze basin 377

Stone spindle whorl 377

Cameo 377

Lamps 377

Lead lamp 377

Bronze statuette 377

Organic 377

Wooden plank 377

Textile remains 377

Animal bones, not on plates 378

Cow’s molar 379

Deteriorated organic remains 379

Shapeless metal 379

Shapeless lead 379

Shapeless bronze 379

Shapeless iron 380

13 Typology of the graves 381

Niches 381

Iron nails 382

Remaining iron parts of coffins 383

Coffins P.A.M. Zoetbrood 383

Coffin type 1 385

Coffin type 2 385

Coffin type 3 386

Coffin type 4 386

Coffin type 5 386

Stone 387

Brick 387

Stone sarcophagi 388

14 Interpretation 390

Time 390

Before: was there a ‘gap of

Nijmegen’ AD 270-313? 390

Coins 391

Pottery 392

Literary evidence 393

Constantius Chlorus’ campaign AD 293 393

Constantine’s first Frankish

campaign AD 306 394

Conclusion 395

The beginning: AD 313 395

Two pottery periods 397

Pottery period 1: AD 313-355/367 398

Pottery period 2: AD 355/367-500 399

After: continuity between Roman and

Carolingian Nijmegen? 402

Space 402

The fortress 402

The roads 403

Growth of the cemeteries 404

Cemetery OO 404

Cemetery B 404

Family plots 404

Population size 405

XI—

The number of burials 405

Cemetery OO 405

Cemetery B 405

Calculations, results and comparisons 406

Estimates without calculations 407

Graves and their contents 407

Graves, niches and coffins 407

Grave goods 408

Excursus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?! 408

Status 410

Number of dishes 410

Number of drinks 411

Number of glass vessels 412

Expensive ways of burying 413

Sarcophagi 413

Outer coffins 413

Expensive objects 413

For women 413

Tutulus fibulae 413

Wooden chests 413

For men 413

Crossbow fibulae 413

Unique pieces 414

Overall status analysis: calculations and results 414

Status and space 418

Orientations 419

The traditional view 419

The facts 419

Relative chronology: cuts between graves 419

When did the custom of W-E graves start? 420

Possible causes 420

Do status, sex or age explain orientations? 425

W-E graves: a Christian orientation? 427

Van Es’ counter-arguments 427

More counter-arguments 428

Nijmegen and Van Es’ counter-arguments 428

Three argumenta e silentio against

Christianity 429

Excursus 2: Christianity near late Roman

Nijmegen? 430

Excursus 3: Recent remarks on Christianity

in the NW 431

The Nijmegen opposition is unique 432

A new look at the orientations 432

Who were they? 433

Local people 433

Newcomers 434

What was it like to live in late

Roman Nijmegen? 434

Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers 436

Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins 445

Coin list 3: per coin after its latest minting date 453

Appendix 1a: Concordance from catalogue

grave number to excavation grave number 460

Appendix 1b: Concordance from excavation

grave number to catalogue grave number 475

Appendix 2a: Concordance from catalogue

numbers to numbers on the objects 492

Appendix 2b: Concordance from numbers

on the objects to catalogue numbers 519

Appendix 3: Index to vessel types &

short typochronology 546

Appendix 4: Overview of dated graves 550

XII—

References 555

Type numbers 555

Dutch bibliographic abbreviations 555

Bibliographical references 556

XIII—

CemeteriesIn this study, the cemetery of the Inner City of Nijmegen is indicated with B (after Dutch binnen-stad = inner city), and the ceme tery of Nijmegen-East with OO (after Dutch oost = east; moreover, these letters OO for part of this cemetery were already used by the Nijme gen collection neur Ge-rard Kam in the beginning of the twen tieth cen-tury, when stray finds turned up in great num-bers). Stray finds are indicated with stray preceded by B or OO and followed by a number: B stray 1 is the first of the list of stray finds from the inner city.

Subdivision of centuriesCenturies (AD unless otherwise stated) are indi-cated with Roman numerals. Quarter-centu ries are indicated with lower case letters a, b, c, d. So IVa means ‘first quarter of the fourth century, i.e. AD 301-325’, IVb means ‘second quarter of the fourth century, i.e. AD 326-350’, IVcd means ‘se-cond half of the fourth century, i.e. AD 351-400’. In this study, Renate Pirling’s typology of the ce-metery of Krefeld is followed. She often dates ‘middle IV’ and frequent ly dates by one-third centu ries, Drittel. For that reason, capital letters after Roman numerals are used in a way diffe rent from the usual one: they indicate one-thirds of centu-ries. So IVA means ‘first third of the fourth cen-tury, i.e. AD 301-333’; IVAB means ‘first two-thirds of the fourth century, i.e. AD 301-367’. When Pirling dates something to the middle of the fourth century, then it is translated here to IVB, i.e. AD 334-367.

MeasurementsMeasu rements above NAP (see below, All abbre-viations) are given in meters. All other measure-ments are given in cm, the abbre viation cm being omitted.

InstitutionsRMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, LeidenROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig

Bodemonder zoek, Amersfoort

Other abbreviationsΒ cemetery of the inner city (for Dutch

binnenstad)c. circad diameterD area Dominican Broerkerk in cemetery

BE eastG area Grutberg in cemetery Bh heightintr. intrusionIVa first quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD

301-325IVA first third of fourth century, i.e. AD 301-

333IVb second quarter of fourth century, i.e.

AD 326-350IVB second third of fourth century, i.e. AD

334-367IVc third quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD

351-375IVC third third of fourth century, i.e. AD

368-400IVd fourth quarter of fourth century, i.e.

AD 376-400l lengthLN area Lange Nieuwstraat in cemetery BM area Mariënburg in cemetery Bmax maximumN north or number no numbern noteNAP Normal Amsterdam Level (Dutch: Nor-

maal Amsterdams Peil): the Dutch OD (ordnance datum)

n.d. (of publications:) not datedn.p. (of publications:) no place mentionedOO cemetery Nijmegen-East (Kam’s name;

and for Dutch oost)RMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National

Museum of Antiqui ties), LeidenROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig

Bodemonder zoek (State Service of Archae ology)

S southtaq terminus ante quem

Abbreviations

XIV—

th thicknesstpq terminus post quemTrD Trenches in area D of cemetery BTrG Trenches in area G of cemetery BTrLN Trenches in area LN of cemetery BTrM Trenches in area M of cemetery Bw widthW west

Type numbers and bibliographical abbreviationsFor type numbers and bibliographical abbreviati-ons, see the beginning of References.

1—

Apart from the Valkhof with immediate surroun-dings and the bank of the river Waal, the medie val city of Nijmegen does not occupy the site of a Ro-man town. However, the Roman finds in the inner city are among the earliest made in Nijmegen. The protestant clergyman Johannis Smith, appoin ted in Nijmegen in 1618, informs us in his book (Smetius 1644) of more than one find of pottery made near his house on the Broerstraat. At the same time, these are the first find re ports from the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen, to which we dedicate this study.

Earlier generations apparently took for granted that Novioma gus and Nijmegen were identical, even if remains of settlement with the belonging rubbish were missing in most of the medie val city. The last time this identification was made, was in 1906 by H.D.J. van Schevicha ven (1827-1918), who was the municipal archivist of Nijmegen from 1897 until his death. He knew the structure of Ro-man fortresses and saw their main lines (cardo and decumanus) perpetuated in the crossing streets of the Nijmegen city plan. According to him, even two of the by then demolished thir teenth-century city gates had been Roman buildings. Van Sche-vichaven also failed to appre ciate the nature of the Roman finds he knew. This was the result of the still lasting col lectionneurs’ mentality of both collectors and museum keepers. They did not work with closed finds and therefore were not able to date most of the objects. It did not occur to them that nearly all inner city finds, as a rule intact pottery, came from graves, and that settle-ment traces were missing. Only his successor, the former mathematics tea-cher at the grammar school in Rolduc M.P.M. Da-niëls (1877-1952; municipal archivist 1919-1942) tried to interpret and date the finds. Diligently col-lecting from 1911 onwards (Daniëls 1955, 129), he made contacts with the archaeologists J.H. Hol-werda and W. Goos sens. The latter was a school colleague of his, who in his leasure time assi sted Holwer da. With the help of the fre quent ly appea-ring archaeological literature he made himself famili ar with the provincial Roman archaeology.

Already in his 1921 article on the Valkhof, he pre-sented the solution of the settlement history of Nijmegen and surroundings (Daniëls 1921). De Waele does not yet know of a fourth-century Nijmegen in 1931, and a little in 1936 (De Waele 1931; 1936). Although there were many stray finds, lack of systematic excavations prevented the Late Roman ceme tery of the inner city from being re-cognized. In 1937, however, Daniëls produced a better ‘fourth period’ of Roman Nijmegen and recogni-zed the finds from the E half of the inner city as a large Late Roman cemetery (Daniëls 1937; Daniëls 1955, 43 and 226). He produced a distribution map of Holwerda’s finds. The W half of the inner city appeared to be the site of a cremation cemetery of the second and third centuries AD. His ideas were proven right when digging for a new wing of the town hall was started in 1940, just before the outbreak of war. A systematic ex-cavation along the Lange Nieuwstraat proved im-possible, but Daniëls managed to coax a mass of various finds, mostly intact pottery, from the workmen and their bosses for his belo ved Munici-pal Museum, then in the Mariënburg chapel (Da-niëls 1955, 232-236; finds B stray 77-127). Daniëls had proven his long-standing idea that large part of the medieval inner city had not been inhabited in Roman times, but had been a cemetery. Sporadic skeletal finds suggested inhumations, but no inhuma tion of the kind to be expected in a fourth-century Roman cemetery had been stu-died in situ yet; grave goods were the only things to go by. Daniëls, being a science man, dared not speak of an inhuma tion cemetery yet. After the 1944 devastations of Nijmegen, there was an opportu nity to begin systematic excavati-ons between and under the ruined buildings. The excavations always followed the old cadastral maps: foundations and cellars of ruined and demolis hed buildings mainly dictated were excavations could be done; so did the thirteenth-century town-moat. Rebuilding after 1945 altered the street plan in this central area almost complete ly (cf. Figs. 1 and 3). The Korte Nieuwstraat and the Oude Stadsgracht have com pletely gone; the already

1 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-Inner City (Cemetery B)

H. Brunsting†

2—

existing names Grutberg, Pauwel straat and partly Oude Koningsstraat have been given to streets of a completely diffe rent layout. The Mariënburg square got completely new limits on the N side. The first acquaintance did not yet lead to recogni-tion: a trial trench to the S of the Burchtstraat and N of the St Louis schools brought W-E inhumati-ons (i.e. with the heads pointing W) without grave goods to light in October of 1947 (see Appendix 1b for years, trenches and street names). They had about the same orientation as that of the Broer-kerk on the other side of the Lange Nieuws traat. A small Christian cemete ry? Daniëls could not find any indicati on of a Christian building there in the archives. It was clear from the profi les, though, that the thirteenth-century and later brick buil-dings did not heed the graves. A settlement stra-tum with thirteenth-century and later finds was lying undisturbed over a brown humus layer; nei-ther in this humus, nor in the filling of the graves there was any dating find. Sherds and other arte-

facts showed the terrain to be regularly inhabited from the thirteenth century onwards. A few Pings-dorf and globular ware sherds pointed to an ear-lier period. Badorf potte ry is all but absent. First-centu ry AD Roman activity on the spot was clear from sherds, coins, postholes, outlets and pits. A first-century AD sunken road with cart-ruts, glo-bally running from the Marië nburg chapel to the Grote straat, was also found in these excavations. It is cut by fourth-century graves. The search first went on in another area, the Ker-kegasje, W of the town hall, in 1949. Here also in-humation graves, some thirty, but very differently oriented, and this time with fourth-century grave goods. Earlier stray finds on the spot had already caused the archaeologists to expect them there. Slowly the conviction grew that the graves found in 1947 belonged to the same cemetery. Stray finds from elsewhere in the E inner city made it grow to unsuspected proportions. In the autumn of 1950 excavations went on both

Figure 1.1. Excavation between the walls of the Broerkerk, 1950.

3—

near the Kerke gasje and the St Louis schools. Trial trenches were made, one E of the Broerkerk, which was then still standing, and one on the spot of the vanished small street Halve Trom, W of the Broerstraat. The latter trench indeed brought an inhumation to light (grave B 1). This proved that the cemetery had reached this far W. The ground was disturbed to a great depth here. In 1951 and 1952, the ground on which the medie-val Broerkerk and its cloister had stood (demolis-hed in the meantime because of instability after the 1944 bombardment) was excavated. Also in 1952, when part of the Mariënburg square was lowered to the same level as that of the streets that came out on it (Lange Ko nings straat, Hout-markt, Oude Stadsgracht), excavations were held there; they went on in 1953. In the same area, in the since then vanished street Grutberg, excavati-ons took place in 1955. In 1956, excavations fol-lowed on both sides of the town hall: to the W, a small addition near the former Broerkerk, to the E on a by then empty terrain on the (Lange) Nieuw-straat. In 1957, excavations took place on the E side of the Lange Nieuwstraat, on the Grutberg and on the Pauwelstraat, parallel to it. In 1960 and 1961 a third terrain on the E side of the Lange Nieuwstraat was excavated. In 1963, when again part of the Mariënburg square was lowered, a res-cue excavation took place on its S side. When the police headquarters was built there in 1966 and the social services building in 1967, some archaeo-logical supervision took place, without much re-sult for the Late Roman cemetery. As for the numbering of the graves (and other finds): reorga nisation appeared necessary and not all grave numbers given during excavation could be maintained. In order to maintain as many as possible, the terrain was divided in four parts, named D, G, LN and M:

D Dominican church and cloister (Broer-kerk) and surroun dings, which include the Kerkegasje and the vanished Kaas-korversgas, between the Lange Nieuw-straat, the vanished Korte Nieuw-straat, Broerstraat and Korte

Burchtstraat with some additions to W and N: Figs. 8-10.

LN Lange Nieuwstraat E side and the ter-rain further E: Figs. 11-15.

G Grutberg and surroundings: the area S and SE of area D. The original numbe-ring here was chaotic for three rea-sons: the first graves excavated under the name Mari ënburg were later redi-vided over areas G and M; in 1955, continuous numbers were given in two excavations that took place in the same time; as a result, graves went ‘missing’ and artificial numbers were given in order to give them a place: Figs. 16-17.

M See under G for Mariënburg and sur-roundings: Fig. 18.

When a second campaign took place in an area and the daily supervisor began again numbering the graves from number 1, this was redressed by adding 100 or 200 to the grave numbers. This was done in the case of the campaigns 1960-1 in the Lange Nieuwstraat and 1963 on the Mariën-burg. Had, however, a grave already attracted attention of another archae olo gist, both num-bers may have appeared in the literature. Thus, LN 46 in an early publication = LN 246 in a later one. (Its definitive number in this study is B 465.) Not every original find number represented a grave: also pits and stray finds received a num-ber; not every oblong pit could be identified as a grave with certainty; some clusters got one num-ber. This caused the first group of original exca-vation numbers, D 1-32, to consist of 37 graves. Up to 1963, 587 certain and 30 uncertain graves were found. 177 of these contained grave goods: 61 in area D, 10 in G, 47 in LN, and 58 in M.

Complete renumbering took place when this study was being prepared; see the section ‘Renum bering the graves’ in the Chapter 3, Expla-natory Notes to the Find Catalogue.

4—

Earlier finds in the cemeteryWhen cellars were dug under the town hall, ‘plu-rima et varia an tiquitatis monumenta’ were found, as Smetius heard around 1640 from old people (Smetius 1644, 29-30; 1999, 66). It is not clear whether this took place when the town hall was built in 1554-1555, or in the second half of the 16th century, under the already standing building. Smetius’ words (‘cum cellae foderentur sub curia urbica’) suggest the latter possibility. This happened frequently in Nijmegen. Although this part of the city was densely inhabited from the 13th century onwards and even the town-moat was dug through the cemetery, this is the earliest find report concerning the cemetery that has come to us. Apparently, Smetius was the first to take an interest in this kind of trivial finds. Before that time, only Latin inscrip tions in stone had been preserved - and even these spo-radically. Around 1625, and later, new finds had come to light in the cloister of the Broerkerk, i.e. next to the house where Smetius himself had been living since 1618: red and white ‘vases’ of different shapes. In 1641, when Petrus Herzog had a cistern dug on the other side of the cloister, three beakers came to light; two came into Smetius’ possession. Undoubtedly, we must think of beakers of Symond’s group 61, the most numerous category of those found in the ceme-tery. Apparently, they wore no mottoes: Smetius would undoubtedly have mentioned them. The year before, the baker Rudolf Jansen had found two beakers when he dug a cellar under his house on the corner of the Lange Burchtstraat and the Lange Nieuws traat, on the Burchtstraat side. One was red and oblong (terra sigillata?), the other short and black. Many Roman coins had been found, especially on the Mariënburg. Smetius perhaps knew a stone sarcophagus (‘la-brum balneare’ = bath tub) from the surroun-dings of the Barbarossastraat with a coin of Constanti us II (Smetius 1644, 34; 1999, 71). One and a half century later, Johan in de Betouw knew a ‘black jug’ with motto DA BIBERE, in the possession of viscount Jacob van Randwijk, from

this quarter of the city. He himself pos sessed a ‘jug’ with motto VIVAS. Both will have been bea-kers, this time with drinking mottoes - although jugs with such mottoes do occur. The chronicle manuscript of Van Druynen mentions, for the year 1823, a coin of Magnentius (350-353), found on the Kannenmarkt ‘when a cistern was dug next to the house of G. Heuvel’ (Kannenmarkt 7, according to Daniëls 1955, 269) - outside the known area of the cemetery. Under September 1826 he mentions ‘some antiquities’, found when a wall was built near the Jewish cemetery, i.e. on the Mariënburg. None of the finds mentioned so far can be iden-tified now. Things got better, when in 1850 a municipal collection was formed through a lega-cy of Mr Guyot. Already in 1852, when again a cellar was being dug, this time on the Korte Nieuws traat near the Kerkegasje, new finds came to light on a depth of ‘2½ Dutch ell’, i.e. 2.5 meters. The owner of the house, J.A.J. van den Ulft, donated them to the new museum. Apparent ly, we have a closed grave find here, in which also a skeleton was found. Since then, new finds reached the Municipal Collec tion from time to time. The Municipal Museum Committee saw to it from then on, that find spots were writ-ten down: for in stance when the water works were installed in 1879, and the municipal se-werage in 1908. This way, the objects became archaeological material instead of mere curiosi-ties.

Here Brunsting’s notes break off. For a further descrip-tion of the terrain, see the last section of Chapter 3, As-sessing the original depths of the graves.

The finds mentioned and all later finds that came to light during later non-systematic excavations are cata-logued in topographi cal order in Chapter 4. The letter under which they are mentioned figures on the map of Fig. 3. All objects are now part of the collections of Mu-seum Het Valkhof in Nijmegen. Their inven tory numbers are given in Appendices 2a and 2b in the present study.

5—

Modern topographyThe cemetery of Nijmegen-East is also called cemetery Hugo de Grootstraat, OO, or Margriet. These different names derive from terrains and periods in which research has taken place, to be treated below, in the section Research history and in Chapter 4 on stray finds. The cemetery lies immediately E of the old inner city of Nijmegen. Its modern limits are the Barbarossastraat on the N, the Jan van Goyenstraat and the Ten Hoetstraat on the S, the Pater Brugmanstraat on the E, and the Dr. Claes Noor duijnstraat on the W. The area is crossed by the Hugo de Grootstraat and Ten Hoetdwarsstraat, both running N-S: see Figs. 2 and 19. Until the dismantling of the fortifications of Nijmegen, completed in 1882, the area had not been built over apart from the fortifications themselves. From the end of the 19th centu ry onwards, the first streets were laid out, and around 1925 the area was largely built over in its present-day form. The Wilhelmina Hospital, nowadays Nursing-home Margriet, was built in that period.

Subsoil and reliefThe cemetery is lying near the steep N edge of the Nijmegen-Kleve ice-pushed ridge, which rises over the neighbouring Rhine and Waal valley. The subsoil in which the graves have been dug consists of preglacial and then ice-pushed sediments of coarse sand and fine pebbles, between which layers of fine sands and larger pebbles reach the surface. The terrain rises from 36.50 meters above NAP (Normaal Amsterdams Peil: Normal Amster dam Level, the Dutch ordnance datum) in the W to 39.50 m in the E. The relief was more accidented in Roman times and has been covered with ground left over from the dismantling of the fortifications. This difference is c.70 cm in the Hugo de Grootstraat; on the S side of Nursing-home Margriet it is c.100 cm, on its N c.200 cm, and in the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat it falls again to c.40 cm. This covering of the Roman surface

meant protection of the archaeological features and possibly also from the fury of treasure-hunters around 1903, which did hit the terrain E of the Hugo de Grootstraat.

Profile of the subsoilA N-S profile as seen during the exca vations 1979-1983 near Nursing-home Margriet, along the E section of excavation tren ches 209-204-203-202-201A and the W section of trenches 197-194-192-189-184-184A, not reproduced in this study, showed the follo wing structure of the subsoil. The surfa ce is at c.39.00 meters above NAP in the N and 38.00 in the S. The top 70-200 cm consists of ground brought up in recent times after the dismantling of the fortifications and before the houses and the hospital were built. The old surface is a hard black layer, c.5-10 cm thick, at 38.20 meters above NAP in the N, and at 36.10 in the S. The top of the virgin soil is at 37.20 in the N, and 35.80 in the S. The group of layers in between, some 100 cm thick in the N and some 30 cm in the S, shows a clear division in two in its N part, and a faint one in the S, from trench 197 southwards. The lower half of this group of layers consists of dirty black soil in which pits were dug, filled with Flavian and second-century materi al. This dirty black soil covers the still darker Claudian-Neroni an top filling of an Augustan-Tiberian dry moat. Pre-Flavian features have a generally clean yellowish brown filling, which con trasts sharply to the dirty black Flavian layer on top of it. In its turn, the Flavian layer contrasts to the dirty brown layer on top of it, from which the fourth-century graves were dug.

Situation in the Roman period (Fig. 20)Large-scale excavations which have taken place in Nijmegen since 1947 make it possible to sketch a rough image of the situation of the cemetery in the Roman period. Although fourth-century topography takes pride of place, a sketch of the preceding periods is necessary. Not only were features from those preceding periods found during the excavations of the cemetery, some of them have taken part in forming the

2 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-East (Cemetery OO)

P.A.M. Zoetbrood

6—

fourth-century landscape: see Fig. 20.

Period Ia: 12 BC or earlier- AD 25Most typical of the features from this period are the V-shaped dry ditch with double ditch on both sides of a rampart behind it, part of the small auxiliary fortress of the Trajanusplein. Parts of this fortress came unexpectedly to light during the excavations near Nursing-home Margriet: its E limit appeared to reach farther E than reconstructed in Noviomagus (1979, 24, fig. 16.5; corrected in Lauwerier 1988, 44-5, fig.6). Its original recon struction, however, does correspond to irregula rities in the double ditch found during the 1979-1983 excava tions. There may have been a second phase in the layout of the auxiliary fortress. The ditches are shown in Fig. 20 as bending parallel dark bands. During excavations on the Trajanusplein and in the Hugo de Grootstraat the side ditches were found of an E-W road, which runs both through the actually excavated W gate and the ori ginally reconstructed E gate of the fortification (Fig. 20). During the excava tions of the cemetery near Nursing-home Margriet, a ditch was found which was interpreted as the S side ditch of this road, and as such it appeared in summaries of the periods (Willems 1986, fig. 66; Lauwerier 1988, fig. 6, 7). Some pits in the excavation area belong to this same period.

Period Ib-c: AD 25-70Finds from the top filling of the aforesaid V-shaped ditch certainly belong to this period, and possibly some features that cannot satisfactorily be dated. Some graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat were possibly already dug in the preceding period, but others certainly date to this one. They belong to the first-century cemetery of Museum Kamstraat. A V-shaped ditch, certainly pre-Flavian and possibly dating to this or the preceding period, was found in the terrain S of Nursing-home Margriet (Fig. 20). Its layout and shape correspond well with the fossa punica interpreted by Bogaers as the possible

limit of Oppidum Batavorum (Noviomagus 1979, 32-3, Fig. 23.5). In later maps it is indeed taken as the limit of the early Roman sett lement around the Valkhof, but the gate actually found is not indicated on them (Willems 1986, fig. 66; Lauwerier 1988, fig. 7). Apart from handmade sherds of late Iron Age or early Roman date, the clean filling contained no artefacts. As Flavian rubbish pits cut the ditch, its pre-Flavian date is certain. Its layout, parallel to the ditch of the auxiliary fortress, shows there is a connection, but its relative chronology could not be esta-blished. The other finds from this period come from a few rubbish pits and from the top filling of the ditch of the auxiliary for tress. They may be ascribed to occupation found farther W around Trajanusplein and Valkhof (Noviomagus 1979, Fig. 23.3; Willems 1986, Fig. 66, site 403; Lauwerier 1988, Fig. 7A).

Period Id-IIa: AD 70 - early second centuryAs opposed to the preceding period, Flavian times are well represented on the terrain of the Late Roman cemetery. The N half of the excavation area contained Flavian wells or cis-terns and rubbish pits in which many iron slags were found. Both wells and rubbish pits are indications of industrial activity in the SW part of the canabae legionis (Noviomagus 1979, afb. 32.2; Willems 1986, fig.77, site 407; Lauwerier 1988, fig. 10.C.). The find of a rectangular cellar built of limestone and tufa, c.7.50x4.50 and 1.80 meter deep represents the only remains of buildings. Parallel NW-SE ditches found on the terrain of the Late Roman cemetery and in the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat possibly indica te a road.

Period IV: Late RomanFourth-century features are limited to inhumations and related structures. The first-century road seems to have influenced the topography of the cemetery. The graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat are all lying S of this road (Fig. 20). The same seems to be the case with the ditch found in the excavations around Nursing-

7—

home Margriet, interpreted as the S road ditch, but one grave was found immediately N of this ditch. This may mean no more than that a former ditch no longer functioned: several parallel ditches of probably different dates were found in the Hugo de Grootstraat. No limiting features were found on the W and S sides of the cemetery. Cemetery OO is one of three large elements of Late Roman topography of Nijmegen. The other two are cemetery B in the inner city and the Valkhof fortress (Figs. 1 and 22).

Period V: post-RomanApart from 20th-century disturbances, the only post-Roman feature is a town moat, part of the post-medieval fortificati ons of Nijmegen. The dismantling of the fortifications led to heightening the surface level c.1-2 meter above that of the Late Roman period.

Research historyThe earliest reports of finds in the Late Roman cemetery of Nijmegen-East are from the beginning of the 20th century, and are the direct result of road and house building in this area. Especially in the area between Hugo de Grootstraat and Eleono rastraat (now Museum Kamstraat), many finds came to light due to ‘the digging fury of street urchins’ (Weve 1903, 196; Daniëls 1955, 326) and to explorations ordered by the Nijmegen collectionneur G.M. Kam (Noviomagus 1979, 34, 65; Stuart 1977, 6-8). Kam invented the code OO for this cemetery, a code that is also used in the present study; he called the lower, first-century cemetery on the same plot, cemetery O. There was one regular excavation then, by Leydekkers in grave group CC (Fig. 2; part of cemetery CC-O-E-S, the subject of Stuart 1977), the finds of which were published in Vermeulen 1932 (Stuart 1977, 6, n. 19). Part of the finds ended up in Museum Kam, part in the Leiden National Museum of Antiquities, but many finds went lost (Stuart 1977, 6-8). The first archaeological excavations took place in 1975, in the Hugo de Grootstraat, which was then being renovated. Nineteen Late Roman graves

and several early Roman ones were found under the road: see Appendix 1b. This excavation led to the name someti mes used: the cemetery of the Hugo de Groot straat. Renovation of the former Wilhelmina Hospital, nowadays Nursing-home Margriet, on the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat, gave the opportunity for large-scale excavations. Between 1979 and 1983, large part of the terrain between Barbarossa-straat, Dr. Claes Noorduynstraat, Ten Hoetstraat and the Hugo de Groot straat was excavated (JROB 1979, 49; 1980, 34-5; 1981, 30-1; 1982, 33-4; 1983, 32-3). The first fourth-century graves were found in 1980. That year and the two years after, the terrain was excavated from S to N, up to the Barbarossastraat. After the demolition of the mortuaries of the Nursing-home in 1982, the W extension to the Dr. Claes Noor duijnstraat could be added to the N-S section (trenches 214-217). The work was rounded off with the excavation of a strip next to the E facade of the building (trench 219). 325 graves were recognized and excavated completely, or, on the excavati on limits, partly. The total number of recognized graves, inclusive of those in the Hugo de Grootstraat, then was 344. In 2004, mr H. van Enckevort, municipal archaeologist of Nijmegen, studied the records of the Margriet excavations. His analysis yielded 145 unrecognized graves, bringing the total of the excavated graves in cemetery OO to 489. Work was done under scientific supervision of J.H.F. Bloemers up to 1982, and of W.J.H. Willems in 1983. Daily technical supervision was with A. Buisman in the years 1980-1981, and with K. Greving in the other years. The excavations were made possible by the kind cooperati on of the Board of Nursing-home Margriet and workmen of Unemployment Relief Works of Nijmegen and surroundings.

Ways of excavatingThe methods of excavating and registration in a project of sever al years are generally not uniform. Time and workpower availa ble, external

8—

circumstances such as the weather, and the search for answers to new questions leave their marks. These changes are clearly visible in the detailed plans of the graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat, the original grave numbers 1-189, and 191-327 (see Appendix 1b for these grave numbers), and in the plans of the graves recognized later during analy-sis of the excavation records. The original grave numbers 190 and 222 were removed from the records: 190 was a niche belon ging to the grave with original number 238 (now OO 168); original numbers 222 and 245 were given to two halves of the same grave in different excavation trenches (now OO 82). The topsoil was always removed mechanically: from 70 cm in the Hugo de Grootstraat up to 200 cm near the Nursing-home. The few trials to make the first level on the top of the original surface did not give results that could be interpreted. For that reason, the first excavation level was made at the top of the virgin soil. Most of the graves were then immediately visible as dark brown to black discolorations in a yellow matrix. Alas, the mechanical diggers in many cases irretrieva bly removed the tops of ceramic grave goods. After drawing the first level to scale 1:50, the graves and their immediate surroundings were then deepened with a spade that was used as a plane, down to the level where details of the grave became clearly visible. In many cases, this was the first clear outline of the wooden coffin, in some cases skele tal remains and grave goods. After drawing this second level the grave was deepened fur ther, mostly with a spade, but near grave goods and skeletal remains with a trowel or finer tools. The last 5-10 cm of the filling were removed with a trowel in those cases that skele tal remains and/or grave goods had been found. Especially in 1982 and 1983, the trowel was used much more frequently than before. The loose sandy filling of the graves, themselves lying in a matrix of coarse sand, made the use of the qua drant method impossible. Moreover, during several trials the vertical discolorations of walls of the coffins appeared to be so vague, that it was preferred to try to recognize them in the

horizontal plane instead of making vertical sections. In the Hugo de Grootstraat, time pressure caused the graves to be excavated in a hurry, and the data were drawn on the 1:50 scale. Details of coffins and skeletal material are generally missing there, and the quality of documentation must be called poor. As against the usual rescue excavations under time pressure in Nijmegen, the excavations around Nursing-home Margriet could be done with relative ease. The result is a better documentation of the graves. It must, however, be remarked that attention was too much focussed on skeletal material in the first 189 graves excava ted. Detail drawings to the scale 1:20 were deemed sufficient. As from the grave with original number 191, attention was much more paid to aspects of the inhumations, especially coffin construction. It was then tried to improve documentation by drawing to a scale 1:10, and the position of every single nail of the coffin was not only noted down in the horizontal plane, as it had been done before, but also in the vertical section. And in cases where the drawing did not make things clear immediately, the direction of the nail (head/point) was also noted down. These data formed the basis for longitudinal and transverse sections of the coffins. In order to support and if needed correct this three-dimensio nal registration, inked drawings with reconstructed sections were made on the basis of the field drawings in one or two days, or so it was tried. Corrections and additions repeatedly appeared to be possible during discussions between scientific and technical staff. The result of this intensive method appears from the drawings of many graves. Mr K. Greving but above all technical draughtsman Mr A.M. Nijs have done their utmost. The paragraph on coffins in Chapter 13 is based on their work.

9—

GravesApart from a few cremation graves, enumerated at the end of this section, all graves are inhuma-tions. Coffin traces were usually clearly visible during excavation and often nails were found, though they were not counted in most cases (see the section on nails in Chapter 13). The decea sed were always lying supine, sometimes with arms folded. The orienta tions of the graves and, where there was a difference, of the coffi ns are given in degrees and give the direction in which the head was pointing: N is 0°, E is 90°, S is 180°, and W is 270°. Howe ver, the sandy soil of Nijmegen being a very acid matrix, skeleton and coffin have disappeared without a trace in many cases: there, two possible directions of the grave are given. These instances were excluded from analysis of the orientation of the graves. The five or six cremation graves are B 5, B 106, B 140, B 182?, OO 131, and OO 308.

MeasurementsAltitude measurements of grave bottoms and niches are given in meters above NAP. Some-times the altitude measurements could only be taken relatively, in relation to street or excava-tion level; where possible, these have been cal-culated in NAP-altitudes afterwards. All other measurements are given in cm, the ab-breviation cm being omitted; h = height, l = length, d = diameter, w = width. Where no mea-surements are given, these were absent from the documentations on which this catalogue is based and the objects themselves could not be found in the museum depot. When a grave had been cut through by another grave or a later dis-turbance, its measurements are given with the sign >, e.g. grave >65x60, coffin trace >50x>45. Arte-facts in the graves are numbered in typological order 1, 2, 3.. Dates are AD unless otherwise sta-ted.

FiguresAs good as all artefacts found during the 1947-1963 excavati ons in cemetery B led by H. Brun-sting were drawn by mr H. van Teeseling in the

years 1960-1970. He also drew a selection of the stray finds from both cemeteries B and OO. Ho-wever, very many artefacts found during the 1976-1983 excavations led by J.H.F. Bloemers were not drawn: of his and W.J.H. Willems’ exca-vations of cemetery B, hardly anything was drawn; fre quent pottery types from cemete ry OO were not drawn. I have inspected and mea-sured all finds by Bloemers and Willems, and de-cided to try to show everything, in order to do justice to the way such a catalogue is used: whoever is looking for parallels for his own ma-terial, browses through the drawings and only starts reading where he sees a similar complex. However, though I drew many pottery and glass vessels, there was time nor money to make all new drawings required. This last batch of object drawings were made by Mikko Kriek and Wim Euverman only when the present study was un-dergoing its final redaction. It could not be prevented that older and newer drawings, of different hands and styles, figure side by side. Drawings in dotted lines indicate that the object does figure in the documentati ons but could not be drawn, usually, in the case of glass vessels, because it had gone com pletely lost. Plans of graves were made for Brunsting’s exca-vations in order to give an illustrative selection of graves with grave goods. Plans and sections of selected graves in Bloemers’ excavations in ce-metery OO were made for quite a different rea-son in the 1980’s: in order to study the construc-tion of the coffins by documenting the positions of the nails. In a few cases, they do not even show the grave goods found (OO 83, OO 134, OO 212). There is of course no unity of style between these two groups of drawings of graves.

ScalesScales of the maps differ and are indicated by scale bars in meters. The scale for graves and sarcophagi is 1:40. Perspec ti ve drawings of brick and sketches made in dotted lines are not to scale. Pottery and glass vessels and chests are shown to the scale 1:4. All other objects are shown 1:2.

3 Explanatory notes to the find catalogue

10—

BeadsIn 2006, when the manuscript of the present study was in its final stages, Mrs Wil van Bom-mel-van der Sluijs asked permis sion to use the descriptions of beads in find catalogue and ty-pology for her Nijmegen University MA thesis on Roman and Germanic beads in the Netherlands (Sluijs 2007). She studied them all. The reader can now profit by her unpublished study via the present find catalogue and typology. Her study shows that Late Roman Nijme gen is on the bor-der of two beads areas: the Roman and the Ger-manic ones. For the Roman one, the typo logy of Riha (1990, referred to as Riha) is followed, for the Germanic, Tempel mann-Maczyns ka (1985, referred to as TM), Siegmann (2001-3, referred to with her type prefix PE) and Koch (1977, 1987, 1997, referred to as Koch). Whenever a bead is not exactly like the type cited, the type number gets the extensi on Var. Their material is glass, unless stated otherwi se. The height of a bead is the length of its threadhole.

Renumbering the gravesThe original numbering of the graves reflected the order in which they were found, and showed large lacunas. That way, the graves had no conti-nuous num bers on the map, and as a conse-quen ce the map was not easy to be read. All gra-ves have there fore been renumbered. A concor dance of original and new grave num bers is found in Appendices 1a and 1b; Appendices 2a and 2b do the same for object numbers. In this study, the maps of both cemeteries are organised like pages of text: the graves are num-bered in rows from west to east (= left to right) and, like the lines of a text, these rows must be read from the top of the map down. This was done with the help of a grid, not shown on the maps. The higher the grave number, the lower down on the map it is. In two cases, howe ver, the map became clearer by numbering accor ding to excava tion are as, i.e. contiguous excavation trenches. This is the case on the maps of area M (Fig. 18, graves B 674-828) and of the entire ce-metery OO, where first the main area in the west

was numbered, and then the trench in the Hugo de Grootstraat in the east.

First and second-century coins and fibulae: in-trusions?It has been suggested to me that the 33 first and second-century coins were not intentionally put in the fourth-century graves, but that they are intrusions: Nijmegen had been Roman for more than three centuries when the Late Roman ce-meteries came into being, and the ground was littered with coins, so it was said. So, the reaso-ning went, they got into the graves unintenti-onally when the filling was thrown in. Admittedly, the coin loss in the first century on the Kops Plateau, part of the Nijmegen ice-pu-shed ridge to the east of the Valkhof, was large enough to fill a bulky study by dr J.P. van der Vin (2002). But there is no question of unintention al intruding of early coins in later traces there. I have three reasons for not following the sug-gestion. First ly, in the following sixteen cases, there can be no doubt that a first or second-century coin was put in the grave intention al ly: B 14.5 was in the mouth; B 59.9 was on the middle of the body; B 67.5 was in the coffin near the foot-end; B 86.6 was near the left elbow, as though it had been held in the right hand; B 140.6 was part of a carefully laid out row of objects; B 227.1 was on the pelvis; B 298.1-6 belong to a purse with 48 other coins the lady needed on her journey to the underworld; B 460.1 was near the right foot; B 486.2 was only 5 cm above the bottom of the coffin; B 522.1 was between the feet; B 465.10 was in the mouth. Secondly, we publish a long series of excavations, conducted be tween 1947 and 1983. There is only one early coin mentioned in the find reports as a stray find from excavations, B stray 316. There should have been dozens if unintentional intru-sion took place so often, even if we take into ac-count that there were no metal detectors when Brunsting’s excavations took place. Thirdly, Gorecki (1975, 229-230), who studied coins in inhumations in a large area, sees coins

11—

in the filling time and again and interprets them as farewell coins thrown in during the filling of the grave. That picture is too beautiful not to be believed. Especially old coins are very suitable to be thrown in, as they are part of a rite de passage into a timeless state and not of a payment (cf. Hiddink 2003, 199). Aarts (2002) made it even the title of his the sis: Coins or money? A similar presence of many earlier Roman fibu-lae is for the same reasons considered here not to be an unintentional intrusion, but an intentio-nal farewell gift thrown in during the filling of the grave, expressing the bond between the li-ving and the dead.

Assessing the dates of the graves in real yearsThe codes used in the chap ter on typo logy for quarter and one-thirds of centuries are transla-ted into real years here. In the case of quarter centu ries: IVa = AD 301-325; IVb = 326-350; IVc = 351-375; IVd = 376-400; in the case of one-thirds of centuries, allowing for the Drittel with which German archaeologists frequently reckon, and in the deviating code used in this study: IVA = AD 301-333; IVB = 334-367; IVC = 368-400. Assessing the dates of the graves in real years has been done in several rounds. First round: artefact dates, usually consisting of both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. If a grave con tained one artefact (as long as this is not a coin: see be low), the artefact date of the grave is equal to the period in which the type present is dated in the chapter on typology, i.e. by study of the litera ture. If a grave con-tained at least two artefacts, its artefact date is the overlap of the periods of use of those types. If no overlap can be found, there are two pos-sibilities. Firstly, an old artefact, for instance a first-century coin, was also put into the grave. The artefact date of the grave then is equal to the overlap of the later artefacts indicated abo-ve. Secondly, if there is no overlap to be found for fourth- or fifth-century arte facts in the grave, then the date of a type is not cor rect yet and must be adju sted. Disap pointingly many graves get the broad artefact dates of AD 301-350 or AD

301-367. One kind of artefacts plays a special role here: the many decorated dark coloured beakers and other shapes from Trier belonging to Künzl’s de-coration group V, dated by her to 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 69). They have been dated here by the production time to AD 300-355, although they may have been deposited several years af-ter AD 355. Second round: coin dates. Since the basic study of Carson, Hill and Kent (1960), the study of fourth-century coins no longer works with emperors’ reigns, but in periods. New dynas ties and coin reforms cause eight periods of circula tion, after each of which the old coins are abolished or any-way disappear from circulation, and new ones appear. These eight periods are given in Table 1.

Do the fourth-century coins of the Nijmegen ce-meteries obey the laws of this periodisation? Partially. There are as few as thirteen graves with more than one fourth-century coin. In six cases, the coin groups do obey the periodisation, in se-ven they do not: see Table 2.1, where they are presented in the order of the coin periods. In six cases, only one period is represented: cases 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 12. Also in six cases, coins of the preceding period are present with those of the subsequent one: cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11. Appa-rently, coins could stay on for one other peri od. Number 13 is, as it should be, the odd one out, where coins of three periods and more than for-

Table 1: Coin periods in the fourth century

Period 1 298-307

Period 2 307-318

Period 3 318-330

Period 4 330-341

Period 5 341-348

Period 6 348-364

Period 7 364-378

Period 8 378-402

12—

ty years apart occur together. There may have been a sentimental reason for keeping two old coins, such as year of birth of the deceased. This coin group, which otherwise does behave like cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, and 11, is not taken into ac-count in the following. This state of affairs has led to a casuistic appro-ach to the dating of graves by coins in this study, with four possibili ties. Firstly, where only one period is represented by more than one coin in the above cases 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 12, the evidence is not stret ched and the grave is dated between the earliest minting date of its latest coin and the end of the coin period concer ned.

Secondly, where two subsequent periods are repre sen ted, in the above cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11, something similar has been done: from the earliest minting date of its latest coin to the end of the second period represented (otherwise, we would stretch the evidence that shows that sur-vival of coins during one period into the next is possible, and we would make those of the first period represented survive during two periods). Thirdly, in all cases not in Table 2.1, we deal with one fourth-century coin per grave. As we now know that coins in Nijmegen could stay on for anot her period, coin dates for graves with one coin of periods 1-7 run from the earliest minting date of the coin until the end of the subse quent coin period. This approach, however, does not work for late third-century coins, as appears from the case of grave OO 271: a coin of Probus (276-282) in that grave, which is dated by the other artefacts to AD 325-350. Perhaps, the coin was used not as money in the usual sense, but as an old coin, appropriate for the transiti on into anot her realm. Probus’ name (‘the good man’) may have influ enced the choice of this coin. Fourthly and finally, graves with one coin from period 8 get a coin date from the earliest min-ting date of the coin up to the end, AD 402. The resulting coin dates of the graves with fourth-century coins are given in Table 2.2. In one case where many coins were found, grave B 298, the coins give a more or less precise termi-nus ad quem: nine of its coins are dated AD 313-317, and one only 319. This makes the termi nus ad quem for this grave AD 319 or 320, allowing for one year in which the coin reached Nijme gen. And the lady in B 298, identified as a Sabazios worshipper from Cologne, was not the only pro-minent Nijmegen lady to pass away in those years. The sarcophagus of the Grut berg, B 620, containing a rich young lady of eight years old at the most, and famous for her tambourine sticks, is dated to AD 317-318 by this approach.

Third round: stratigraphical dates. Graves without ar-tefacts, cutting, or cut by, other graves that were dated in the first and second rounds, get a derived

Table 2.1: Fourth-century coin groups (in period order) in thirteen graves

Case Grave N Period

1 B 180 1 1

1 2

2 B 298 3 1

39 2

3 B 620 6 2

4 B 64 9 4

5 OO 288 2 4

1 4-5

6 OO 338 29 4

7 OO 371 2 4

8 OO 199 3 4

2 5

9 OO 277 1 4

1 5

10 OO 242 2 6

11 B 778 2 6

3 7

12 B 787 4 7

13 OO 29 2 4

5 7

1 8

13—

Table 2.2: Coin dates of all graves (in cata-logue order) with fourth-century coins. The presence of earlier coins, which does not date the graves, is ignored

Grave N coins Period Coin date

B 22 1 1 AD 298-318

B 61 1 ? ?

B 64 9 4 337-341

B 98 1 2 310-330

B 122 1 3 323-341

B 162 1 6 348-378

B 164 1 6 348-378

B 180 1 1 see below

1 2 303-318

B 218 1 2 307-330

B 226 1 3 320-341

B 257 1 4 330-348

B 298 3 1 see below

39 2 319-320 (see

text)

B 364 1 8 383-402

B 402 1 4-8 330-402

B 581 2 ? ?

B 620 6 2 317-318

B 633 1 4 335-348

B 651 1 8 388-402

B 660 1 4-6 337-360

B 663 1 5 347-364

B 778 2 6 see below

3 7 367-378

B 781 1 8 378-402

B 787 4 7 367-378

OO 29 2 4 see below

Grave N coins Period Coin date

5 7 see below

1 8 383-402

OO 88 1 2-3 317-330

OO 149 1 1 301-318

OO 176 1 1 299-318

OO 199 3 4 see below

2 5 347-348

OO 234 1 1 302-318

OO 242 2 6 352-364

OO 250 1 2-3 317-330

OO 277 1 4 see below

1 5 347-348

OO 283 1 4 330-348

OO 288 2 4 see below

1 4-5 330-348

OO 320 1 2 317-330

OO 338 29 4 337-341

OO 339 1 4 332-348

OO 362 1 4 332-348

OO 371 2 4 337-341

OO 382 1 2-3 318-330

OO 480 1 6 350-378

14—

stratigraphical date consis ting of either a ter minus ante quem or a terminus post quem. An ear lier grave cut by another one that has an artefact date of AD 323-350 may have existed (long) before AD 323 and it cannot be later than AD 350, so it gets a strati grap hical date of AD ?-350 here. A later grave cutting one with an artefact date of AD 323-350 only has its terminus post quem within this pe-riod, which may be as early as AD 323; as it has no terminus ante quem, its strati graphi cal date is gi-ven here as AD 323-?. Stratigraphi cal dates in real years are given in the catalogue only when they provide new information on the date of the grave, not already known from the artefact date. Most strati graphical dates are unspectacular. The fol-lowing ones are frequent: AD 301-?, ?-350 and ?-367, being the beginning of the century, the end of the second quarter and the second one-third, res pectively.

Dating hitherto undated types of dress acces-soriesFinally, dates of hitherto undated types of dress accessories were derived from the dates of the graves they were found in: drawing up a list of dates of the graves and taking the over lap as the date of the type. In graves where they were the only artefact found, this led in turn to dating the grave.

Assessing the original depths of the gravesIn order to assess the original depth of the graves, we must reconstruct the Roman field level in rela-tion to that of the present-day street. Like the ce-metery Nijmegen-East (OO), the cemetery of the Inner City is situated on terrain gently sloping down from the edge of the Nijmegen ice-pushed ridge. The north side of the Valkhof, where the Roman camp was whose inhabitants and depen-dents used the cemetery, is part of the steep slope of this ridge. It overlooks a bend in the river Waal. Today, the terrain slopes up from west to east (where the Valkhof is), and down from north to south: from 29.80 m +NAP near the street side of the city hall in the north of area D, to 27.07 in the south of area LN, and upwards again to 30.50 m

around the Marië nburg chapel in southeast area M, and west wards from that chapel down again to 28.30 m, whereas southwards it stays in the 29 metres. Below, the street level above any grave is either taken to be in proportion with the nearest two values recorded, or the same as the value ta-ken immediate ly at its edge. For cemete ry B, the data for the Roman field level are few and far be tween. In the south of area LN, graves B 459 and B 462 were in profile seen to have been dug from a Roman field level at 26.30 m +NAP, i.e. c.0.77 m under the present-day street level. In area LN, a Roman surface was noted in section drawing C-D (Fig. 14) at heights between 28.10 and 28.30 +NAP, i.e. c.0.80 m under present-day street level in its west end, where the two gra-ves B 308 and B 313 are. In the same area LN, the section drawing A-B without graves (Fig. 14) shows a Roman field level at 28.31 +NAP, c.1.00 m under present-day street level. Still in area LN, more to the east, the Roman field level in section O-P (Fig. 14) is at c.29.50 +NAP, i.e. c.1.80 m under present-day street level; this section, however, shows no graves. These few data seem to lead to a Roman field le-vel at 0.77-0.80 m under present-day street level in sections that actual ly have graves. For the sake of ease this is rounded off at 0.80 m; or, as all measurements (other than NAP heights) in this study are given in centimeters, at 80 cm under street level. So the grave depths below are calcu-lated by subtracting the bottom level of the grave from its Roman NAP surface, taken to be 80 cm un-der the present-day street level. This is of course a rough-and-ready way of asses-sing, and it may lead to absurd results. The recon-structed level of the surfa ce may end up lower than the recorded level at the bottom of the gra-ve. The depth is indica ted with a questi on mark there. In the case of Bloemers’ excavations, exe-cuted in several planes, the recorded highest pla-ne in which the grave was observed gives its value to NAP surface when it is higher than the recon-structed surface. In short: whichever of the two NAP top levels was highest was selected. Many NAP heights, be it street level, Roman

15—

ground level, top or bottom level of a grave, were not recorded during excavati on. Where the bot-tom level of the grave was not recorded, no at-tempt at esta blis hing its depth has been made. Anyway, depth appeared not to be correlated with any meaningful factor.

16—

The Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen are bur-ied under the modern town: cemetery Β (Nijmegen-Inner City) under the medie val centre, cemetery OO (Nijmegen-East) under a late nine-teenth/early twentieth-century quarter one kil-ometer E of the centre. Their locations resulted in numerous stray finds. As these stray finds were made before the excavations, their catalogue comes first. There are no earlier find reports than the 1640s, even though the late medie val town-moat was dug through the cemetery B of Nijme gen-Inner City. The position of this old town-moat was still indicated by the now vanished street name Oude Stads gracht when the excavations published in this study started: see Figs. 3 and 16. Part of the ad-joining medieval town wall with an inner buttress is visible on Fig. 16 near graves B 617, B 619, B 621 and B 629. A possible collection of finds, made when this medieval town-moat was dug, was a large number of ‘Roman urns’, all wit hout bot-tom, built into the appa rently medieval wall of the attic of the house at Lange Burcht straat 14 (fourth buil ding E of the Lange Nieuw straat, demolis hed 1912: see after B stray 132). Interest for Roman finds in Nijmegen started in the 1640s, due to the work of the protestant cler-gyman Johannes Smetius (Smetius 1644). He and later students of Roman Nijmegen up to the nine-teenth century are cited below in section A of this chap ter. Stray finds are important for four reasons. 1 They indica te the extent and limits of the cemeteries. 2 They can be used in the study of the frequency of types. 3 They compri se rare types not (yet) found in regular excava tions. 4 They contribu te to our knowledge of the history of archaeology in Nijmegen. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, when stray finds began to turn up en masse, the Nijmegen Roman cemeteries on the Hunerberg and further east have been indicated with capi tal letters, given by the Nijme gen collector of antiqui-ties Gerard Marius Kam (1836-1922): CC, E, OH, KKH, O, OO, R, RK and S (Fig. 2; Daniëls 1955, 309; Stuart 1963, 1; Stuart 1977, 3-5). O is part of the

first-century cemetery CC-E-O-S, OO the Late Ro-man ceme tery iden tified under the same buil ding block as O, between the Hugo de Grootstraat in the W, the Jan van Goyenstraat in the S, the Pater Brug manstraat in the E, and the Barba rossa straat in the N (Fig. 19). In this study, we perpetuate this tradition by indi-cating the entire cemetery Nijmegen-East with OO (being also the first letters of Dutch oost = east), and the cemetery of Nijmegen-Inner City with B (Dutch binnenstad = inner city). The stray finds are called B stray and OO stray. As for cemetery B of the inner city, five groups of stray finds are distinguished here, numbered A-E. A Seventeenth to early nineteenth-century finds; finds not surviving or not to be identified: num-bers B stray I-XII. B Nineteenth and twentieth century, surviving stray finds per site: numbers B stray 1-227. C Nineteenth and twentieth century, surviving stray finds where the find-spot is not known with precision: numbers B stray 228-271. D Possibly earlier Roman finds from the area of the Late Roman cemete ry: numbers B stray 272-295. E Stray finds of Roman and Frankish times from the exca va tion trenches: numbers B stray 296-317.

Stray finds from cemetery Nijmegen-East have been reported between 1903, when there was a digging fury in the terrain OO (see below) and 1963, when there were building activities in the Hugo de Grootstraat. They are numbered OO stray 1-313. Late Roman stray finds of complete pottery ves-sels from other sites in Nijmegen, apparently from Late Roman graves, are numbered Remainder stray 1-21, abbreviated Rem. whenever the layout of the page requires it. As oppo sed to the finds of the excavations, it has not been the intention to draw every artefact of this part of the find catalogue, but all existing drawings have been reproduced.

4 Catalogue of the stray finds

17—

CEMETERY B

A Seventeenth to early nineteenth-century finds; finds not pre served or not to be identified

Smetius, Oppidum Batavorum, Amsterdam 1644, 29-30 = (Dutch translation) Nijmegen 1999, 66

In ambulacro sacrae Praedicatorum, quam vo-cant, aedi con tiguo, & vicinâ, quam habito domo, varia rum formarum vasa rubicantia simul & alba, ante annos vigin ti, & non ita multos hîc refossa. Nu perrime, anno MDCXLI, in adversa ejusdem ambulacri parte Petrus Hertzog, cum cister nam suis in aedi bus pararet, pocula tria, quorum duo apud me sunt, eruit. Accepi à seni-bus, cum cellae foderentur sub curiâ urbica, plurima & varia antiquitatis monu menta eruta fuis se. Sic nuper anno 1640, Octobre men se, ex adverso curiae trans plateam novam, in aedibus angulari bus Ro dolphus Iohannides pis tor, cum Magistratus permissu cellulam for na ci struen dae foderet, quâ platea ad castrum ducit, pocula an-tiqua duo, alterum oblongum rubrum, alterum brevius & nigricans invenit. Nummi etiam diver-sis locis hîc inveni untur. Aliquos nuper in suo ad Mariae montem horto sibi repertos Nicolaus ab Hervelt typograp hus, & alium in vicino horto Io-hannes Broeckhusius arma mentarii scriba mihi de dit.

Translation of this text with inserted bold Ro-man numerals in order to enu me rate the finds:

I Twenty years years ago and more recently, red-dish and white bea kers of various shapes were dug up in the clois ter of the Domini can church [Broer kerk; see Fig. 8], in the adjacent buil ding and the one next to it, the house I live in. II Very recently, in the year 1641, Peter Hert zog dug up three bea kers (two now in my posses sion), when he was making a cistern in his house in the oppo site part of the same cloister. III I heard from old men that very many and various an-

cient objects were found when cellars were be-ing dug under the town hall. IV In a si milar way, the baker Rudolf Jansen found two ancient beakers, one long and red, the other shor ter and blackish; this happe ned in Octo ber 1640, in the house on the corner of the Nieuwstraat, oppo-site the town hall, where the street leads to the castle [Burchtstraat], when he was digging a cel-lar in order to build an oven with per mission of the authori ties. V Coins are also found here in various places. Recently, the printer Nicolaas van Hervelt gave me sever al, found in his garden on the Mariënburg; and another one from an adja-cent garden was given to me by Johan van Broeckhuijsen, se cre tary of the Arsenal.

In de Betouw (1785, 1797 and 1805/1806) repeats these find reports. The following ones are of later date.

VI Found near the castle: a small black ‘jug [kruikje]’ with the motto DA BIBE RE, in posses-sion of viscount Jacob van Randwijck. (Canne-gie ter 1758, 243; In de Betouw 1805/1806, 15-6). VII Canne gie ter (1758, 243) also re ports a ‘chal-ice’ in the pos session of Everard Heker with MITEME, interpreted by In de Betouw as MITE MERVM. VIII Small ‘jug [kruikje]’ with motto VI-VAS, in posses sion of In de Betouw (In de Be-touw 1805/1806, 16). IX The motto MISCE MI giv-en by By vanck with Nijmegen as provenance will also have been found in the ceme tery of the in-ner city: if the motto was complete, the ves sel probably also was (Byvanck 1931-1947, II, 147, no. 223 = CIL XIII 10018; the other seven mott oes the re are already listed here). X The Nijme gen chro ni cle manu script of Van Druijnen (n.d., 27) notes for the year 1823: a coin of Magnen tius (350-353) found with XI a blackish terra cott a lamp, found on the Kannen markt (number of the house 7, ac cor ding to Daniëls (1955, 269)). XII The same chroni cle, for the year 1826 (Van Druijnen n.d., 41), re ports the find of ‘some anti-qui ties’ when a wall was built near the Jewish cemete ry on the Mariënburg. Daniëls (1955, 244) specifies them after Van Schevichaven n.d.: XIIa

18—

a red dish jug, XIIb a reddish plate, XIIc a small blackish bowl and XIId a small glass drinking bowl.

B Nineteenth and twen tieth century, preser ved stray finds per site

These stray finds are enume rated here with numbers (B stray) 1-227 per site and where pos-sible with the year of the find. The sites are indi-cated a-z and aa-gg on the map (fig. 3). The old find re ports I-XII of part A are, where possible, repeated here pro memoria.

Events that led to digging on a large scale in the area of the cemetery, before the systematic ar-chaeological excavations: 1879 construc tion of water works; 1907/1908 con structi on of general sewera ge; 1933 con struction of a storehouse for the depart ment store of Van den Borg to the S of the Broerkerk; 1940 enlarge ment of the town hall; and 22 Febru ary 1944 bom bardment by al-lied airpla nes, which, on their way back from a plan ned bombardment on Gotha cancelled be-cause of mist there, mistook nijmegen for a Ger-man city.

The construction of water works led in 1879 to finds in Korte and Lange Burcht straat, Lange Nieuwstraat and Grutberg. The construc tion of general sewera ge in 1907/1908, to finds in Lange Burcht straat, Lange and Kor te Nieuwstraat, Hout markt, Pauwelstraat and Zieker straat. The construction of the depot of Van den Borg in 1933, to finds in the Broer straat and the (now vanis hed) alley Kaaskorversgas, which ran along the S side of the Broerkerk (plan in Daniëls 1955, 231, fig. 90). The enlar gement of the town hall in 1940 (indicated con se quently as ‘new construc ti-on’) brought to light the largest group of finds so far, in the Korte and Lange Nieuwstraat. The devast ation of the bombardment of 1944 was the immediate cause of the exca vations that be-gan in 1947, but did not result in many finds dur-ing and imme diately after World War II, apart

from, proba bly, finds by ‘petty dealers who sold them to secretive art dea lers’ (Daniëls 1955, 225, 241-2).

a Broerstraat

Broerstaat 19-21, N of the Broerkerk, June 5th, 1928 (Daniëls 1955, 236-239, fig. 97)

1 East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet fibula (‘Blechfibu la’), l 8.2; fragment of a second one (Van Buchem 1941, nos 1415, 1416, Pl. XIX 7).

Broerstraat, footpath NW corner of Broerkerk, 1948

2 Coarse jug, h 21, d 16; handle missing on draw-ing, not on RMO photos K 857 and K 1035. Gose 516.

Broerstraat, autumn 1951

3 Coarse money box Gellep 666, h 9.5, d 12. The sunk-in top is in large part bro ken away, but in one place the end of the coin slot is preserved.

Reportedly but erroneously corner Broerstraat /Burcht-straat, apparently 1957

3a Bow with foot of a bow knob fi bula, l. 7.9, with five dou ble dot-and-circles on each side of the bow (Van Buchem 1966, 103 Fig. 44c, 104 note 83 no. c. Van Bu chem, BA Besch 50 (1975) 254-5, fig. 18 on 263). There is a mix-up around this beautiful fibula. The inventory number 11.1957.1 is legible on the photograph but does not correspond to a number in the inventory book, where 11.1957.1 = B stray 239, found on the cor ner Broerstraat/Burcht straat, apparently 1957. The description of the fibula fits 11.1957.7; it was re portedly found in the river Waal, and its beautiful ri ver patina supports this find report. It has been decided to keep this fibula in the find catalogue becau se it fits into the typology of the Nijmegen cemeter-ies and the erroneous find re port has been pub-lished twi ce.

19—

Broerstraat 1952

4 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, h 11.5, M•I•S•C•E•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 5 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, h 11.4, V•I•T•V•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 6 Coarse jar, h 13.8. Gellep 100/101. 6a Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.9. Gellep 106. 7 Terra sigil lata plate, d 18.4, h 5.1, with stamp CEL SINVSF. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37).

Cloister N of Broerkerk, 1620-1640

I Variarum formarum vasa rubicantia simul & alba.

Cloister N of Broerkerk, 1641

II Pocula tria

b Kaaskorversgas

Kaaskorversgas 1897 (Daniëls 1955, 229)

8 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug, h 26.5, d 21. Gel lep 71.

Kaaskorversgas, S side of the E end, constructi on of a store house for depart ment store Van den Borg, Novem-ber 1933 (Daniëls 1955, 230)

9 Coarse cooking-pot, h 14.5, d 15.5. Gellep 105. 10 Co arse cook ing-pot, lacking rim. Gellep 105. 11 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 20. Sy monds 61 smooth. 12 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 13 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 16. Symonds 61 smooth. 14 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 15 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 16 Coarse small bottle, h 14, d 9.5. Gellep 97. 17 Neck of a jug, pre served h 7. 18 Coarse bowl with rim thicke ned on the insi de, h 9, d 20.5. Gellep 122. 19 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 9.5, d 18.5. Gel lep 122. 20 Coar se bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 5.5, d 12.5. Gellep 122. 21 Coarse cook ing-pot with handle, h 13.5. Gellep 106. 22 Large red-slipped plate, d 29.5. Gellep 68. 23 Co arse dish, d 16.5, h 4.5.

Gellep 128. 24 Smooth mor tari um, h 9.5, d 33.5. Brun sting 36b. 25 Terra sigilla ta jug lac king mouth, h 21, d 16.5. Chenet 348. 26 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 7, d 13. Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c). 27 Bronze crossbow fibula, l 9. Keller 3, Van Buchem V. 28 Bronze coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. (Daniëls also menti ons finds now lost or not to be traced: a brown-marbled double-handled jug, two fol ded bea kers, two small glo bular jars).

Probably Kaaskorversgas 1933, con struction Van den Borg

29 Open bronze bracelet, round in section, with poin ted ends, d 6.2-6.5.

Broerstraat, construction Van den Borg, 20 May 1947 (Daniëls 1955, 241)

30 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, h 11, M•I•S•C•E• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 31 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, h 10.3, V•I•V•A•S• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m.

Broerstraat, reconstruction Van den Borg department sto re, 1948

32 Fine da rk coloured bea ker, h 12.2, D•A•M•I• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 33 Coarse dish, d 15, h 4. Gel lep 128. 34 Glass balsa ma rium, h 10.7. Isings 28a. 35 Glass bottle, h 11. Gellep 197? 36 Glass bottle, h 9. New type. 37 Terra nigra jar, h 10.1. Holwerda 1941, type 26a. 38 Fine dark coloured motto- beaker, h 19, V•I•V•A•S•. Künzl 1.6.1. 39 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, h 11.3, M•I•S•C•E•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 40 Fine dark colou red beaker lacking rim, pre served h 12.9. Symonds 61 smooth. 41 Coarse cooking-pot, h 12. Gellep 109. 42 Fine dark colou red bea ker, h 20.1. Symonds 61 smooth. 43 Dou ble-hand led jug, h 26.2. Gellep 766. 44 Small terra sigil la ta bowl with low foot-ring, vertical wall, horizontal rim, d 14.2, h 5.3. Nijmegen 19a. 45 Square glass bottle with wide hand le, sharply bent, h 17.2. Isings 50b.

20—

c Broerstraat

Broerstraat, former shop V.d. Baal (next to Van den Borg), 1947

46 Coarse cooking-pot, h 16. Gellep 105.

d Broerstraat, corner Korte Nieuwstraat

Department store Van den Borg, 16 September 1948

47 Coarse cooking-pot, h 11. Gellep 103.

e Korte Burchtstraat

Korte Burchtstraat, second house E of the Kerkegas, 1852 (Daniëls 1955, 227-8)

‘In the month of July 1852, when a cellar in the house of Mr Van [den] Ulft on the Korte Burg-straat was being enlarged, 2.5 meters below ground were found:’ etc. (Verslag 1852). As a skull was also found here, this is the earliest re-port of a comple te inhumation grave. In 1852, the address of this house was Burchtstraat A10; be-fore the 1944 bombard ment, Korte Burcht straat 14.

48 Coarse cooking-pot with handle with shallow lid-sea ting and profiled lip, hand le missing, h 10.8, d 10.2. Gellep 106. 49 Jug of imita tion of terra sigillata, h 10.5. Gellep 42. 50 Undeco ra ted terra sigillata bowl, h 6.8, d 14.6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320).

Korte Burchtstraat, near town hall, construction of wa-terworks 1879 (Verslag 1879; Daniëls 1955, 251-2)

51 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 25. Gellep 72. 52 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle, h 11.5, d 10.5. Gellep 106. 53 Terra sigil lata bowl, h 7.7, d 15.5. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). 54 Bronze first-century Bügelfi bula (Van Buchem 1941, 77 no. 184, Pl. V 11).

Burchtstraat, construction of waterworks, March 1879 (Verslag 1879; Daniëls 1955, 250)

55 Lamp with two spouts and one handle of white pottery with brownish black coating, h 5, w 7.

Burchtstraat, ‘waterworks’ (Verslag 1885; Daniëls 1955, 250)

56 Small coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 9.6, d 7.5. Gellep 108.

f-i Korte Burchtstraat

f Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewe rage, 1950 (‘Find V’)

57 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 24. Gellep 115. 58 Fi ne dark coloured beaker, h 21. Symonds 61 incised. 59 Fine da rk col oured beaker, h 15, possibly with traces of white painted bands. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 60 Coarse dish, h 4.5, d 16.5. Gellep 128.

g Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewe rage, 1950 (‘Find IV’)

61 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5, d 10.5. Gellep 29. 62 Terra sigillata pla te, h 6.5, d 24.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A).

h Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewe rage, 1950 (‘Find III’)

63 Fine dark coloured bowl, h 9, d 11.7 with white pain ted decoration •M•I•S•C•E• (branch). Künzl 7.4. 64 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 4.5, d 9. Gellep 29. 65 Terra sigillata plate, h 6, d 22. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A).

i Korte Burchtstraat, before the entrance of the town hall, sewe rage, 1950 (‘Find I’)

66 Terra sigillata morta rium with two bat-like

21—

ears above the spout, d 19.5, h 9.5. Gellep 249. 67 Coarse dish, d 19, h 4. Gellep 128.

Korte Burchtstraat, July 1951

68 Coarse cooking-pot, h 11.5, d 11. Gellep 105.

j Construction of town hall, June-July 1951, 1953

69 Coarse small cooking-pot, h 11.5. Gellep 105. 70 Terra si gillata jug with conical mouthpiece, h 26.5. Gellep 20. 71 Brown-marbled double-han-dled jug, h 32.7. Gellep 71. 72 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 25.8. Gellep 72. 73 Coarse jug, h 23.2. Gose 516/517. 74 Coarse cook ing-pot, h 12.4. Gellep 106. 75 Coarse dish, d 20.4, h 5.5. Gellep 128. 76 Fine dark colou red beaker, h 21.4. Symonds 61 groo ved.

Town hall, digging of cel lars under town hall (of 1544), several decades befo re Smetius 1644, 30

III Plurima & varia anti quitatis monumenta.

k Lange Nieuwstraat W side, enlargement town hall 1940 (Daniëls 1955, 233-6)

77 Coarse jar with marked neck, h 15. ± Gellep 102. 78 Fine dark col oured beaker, h 24. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 79 Fine reddish coloured beaker with white painted decorati on •:•:•, h 12. Künzl 1.4.1d. 80 Fine da rk colou red bea ker, h 9.5. Symonds 61 smooth. 81 Fragment of a fine dark coloured beaker, d 11. Symonds 61 smooth. 82 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.5. Symonds 61 incised. 83 Fine dark coloured beaker with ob-lique narrow dents on the body, h 12.5. Symonds 62. 84 Fine dark coloured folded beaker, h 12.5. Sy monds 62. 85 Fine da rk co loured motto-beak-er, h 11.2, E•M•E•M•E (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 86 Fine dark colou red jar with nearly vertical lip, h 10.5. Gellep 57. 87 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14. Symonds 61 smooth. 88 Fine dark coloured jar with near ly vertical lip, h 9. Gellep 57. 89 Fine da rk co loured bea ker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth.

90 Brown-m arbled double-handled jug with whi te dots on the shoul der, h 26.5. Gellep 72. 91 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 26.5. Gellep 72. 92 Smoo th double-hand led jug with mar ked shoul der, h 16. Gellep 85a. 93 Smooth do ub le-hand led jug, h 18.5. Gellep 84a. 94 Smooth globular double-handled jug, h 35. Gellep 438. 95 Small terra nigra bowl on low foot, d 11.5, h 5.7. Nijmegen 123. 96 Ter ra nigra bowl, h 7.7, d 14. Alzei 26. 97 Coarse lid, d 8.5, h 3. Gose 564. 98 Coar se bowl with rim thi ckened on the inside and con stric ted foot, h 7.7, d 18. Gel lep 120. 99 Coarse cook ing-pot, h 12.5. Gellep 105. 100 Coarse cookin g-pot with hand le, h 11.5, d 11.5, Gel lep 106; with 101 coarse lid, d 11.2, h 3, Gose 564. 102 Coarse cookin g-pot with hand le, h 12.5, d 12. Gellep 109. 103 Coarse cook ing-pot, h 13, d 13.5. Gellep 105. 104 Coar se cook in g-pot with handle, h 10.5, d 9.5. Gel lep 106. 105 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.5, d 19. Gellep 106. 106 Coarse dish, d 20, h 4.5. Gellep 128. 107 Coarse dish, d 13.5, h 3.3. Gellep 128. 108 Coarse dish, d 22, h 6. Gellep 128. 109 Coarse dish, d 21.5, h 6. Gellep 128. 110 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4.5. Gellep 128. 111 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 16.5, h 4.5. Gellep 126. 112 Coar se dish, d 12.5, h 2.5. Gel lep 128. 113 Coarse dish, d 19.5, h 4.7. Gellep 128. 114 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 5. Gellep 128. 115 Coarse di sh with in-turned lip, d 17.5, h 3.5. Gellep 126. 116 Coar se dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 117 Coar se dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 118 Terra sigillata beaker, h 11. Gellep 14. 119 Ter ra sigillata bowl, h 6, d 14. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). 120 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5.7, d 13.5. Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a). 121 Ter ra si gillata plate, d 20.7, h 5.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 122 Small terra si gilla ta bowl, h 5.2, d 10. Gellep 24. 123 Terra sigil lata plate, d 18.2, h 4.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 124 Terra sigillata plate, d 26, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 125 Small glass bar rel-jug with one hand le, h 8.5. Gellep 333. 126 Glass neck with handle, pre served h 11. Isings 122. 127 Small globular glass bott le, pre served h 12, d 7.5. Gellep 198.

22—

‘Ir. Kam, ‘new construction of town hall’, probably also 1940.

128 Fine dark coloured mott o-bottle with yellow and white barbotine (and white paint for the motto) between three wide grooves: PARCE above white tendrils, divi ded by groups of three yel low dots (more or less like Künzl element 184); h 19, d 13.2. Künzl 14.1.1. See Steures (2002a, 178 fig. 5).

l Lange Nieuwstraat, cor ner Lange Burchtstraat, sewerage 1950 (‘Find II’)

129 Terra sigillata jug with white painted decora-tion, h 22.3. Chenet 343a. 130 Terra sigillata plate, d 26. Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A).

m House on corner Lange Nieuwstraat - Lange Burcht straat, rebuil ding 1920 (Daniëls 1955, 228)

131 Terra nigra ‘urn’, no data.

Idem, October 1640 (Smetius 1644, 30)

IV Pocula antiqua duo, alte rum oblongum ru-brum, alterum brevi us & nigricans.

n Lange Burchtstraat 16 and 14, S side, undated and 1912, res pectively. Number of the house 16: found during re buil ding of the house of Mr Spruyt van Rietschoten (fifth building E of Lange Nieuwstraat). The find came in the pos session of building con tractor G.B. Smits, then living Java-straat 80, Nijme gen. (Daniëls 1955, 251)

132 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 29.7. Gellep 71.

W. de Vries, Genealogie van het Nijmeegsch-Em me-riksch geslacht Smits, p.XV, note 2: house Lange Burcht straat 14 (fourth buil ding E of the Lange Nieuwstraat, demolis hed 1912; unconfirmed oral tradition that a trea sure was hidden there; pecu-liar was a large number of ‘Roman urns’, all wit-hout bottom, built into the [appa rently medi-eval] wall of the attic. Under the floor of the cellar, a human skeleton was found.

Lange Burchtstraat 30, year of the find unknown (Daniëls 1955, 252)

133 Coin: sestertius, Vespasian, 71, Lyon, RIC2 1137. 134 Coin: follis, Con stantius II, 337-340, Trier, RIC 82.

o Lange Nieuwstraat, E side, near the Burcht-straat, later, in 1870, number of the house 5. Found during rebuilding of the house of Mr J.C.J. Riveaux (Daniëls 1955, 228).

135 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 19. Symonds 61 smooth.

Lange Nieuwstraat 1879, wa terworks

136 Coarse jug lacking hand le and mouth, pre-served h 24, d 16. Not to be assigned to a type.

B stray 128

23—

Lange Nieuwstraat 1908, se werage (Daniëls 1955, 228); there was more found than has been preserved and des-cribed below.

137 Fine dark coloured mott o-bottle, h 15, paint-ed in zones: R E P above Künzl element 187. Kün-zl 14.4.1. 138 Coin: Domitian, denarius?, Rome?, 88-89, RIC2 683var, for Julia, plated?; or 19th-cen-tury Becker copy?

139 Stone bead, no data, not found in museum depot.

Lange Nieuwstraat E side, opposite town hall, rebuil-ding 1913. Fragments of B stray 140 bought from the Nijmegen art dealer Giovannini senior (Found 1913, acquired 1922. Verslag 1922, 10, no 34c; Daniëls later changed its inventory number to BB.II I.257). More was found, among which a beaker on pro filed foot (‘Zapfen fuss’: Daniëls 1955, 228): that may be B stray 141. 140 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 15.8, d 9.5. Sy-monds 61 incised and grooved; in complete and restored; graffi to genui ne and complete. In the bottom a firing crack, on the neck the graffi to OLATENEBIBE (= ollam tene bibe, ‘take the beaker (and) drink’). The graffito turns a kiln waster into an arti cle of fun: whoever fol lowed the advice written on the beaker would spill wine on his dress, and that was fun ny. Particular ly funny to receive this beaker in one’s grave (Steures 2002a, 175, fig. 1). 141 Terra sigillata motto-be aker: ESCIP above tendrils, h 16, d 8.4. Gellep 246.

p Lange Nieuwstraat 7-11, Lange Burchtstraat 8, during construction of Olympiathe ater (Daniëls 1955, 228 and 252).

142 Coarse dish, unidenti fied, mea surements and type unknown. 143 A jug, uniden tified, measurements and type unknown.

Lange Nieuwstraat, near Houtmarkt, sewerage 1909

144 Cameo: female head with diadem. Unidenti-fied. Not publis hed in Maaskant-Klei brink 1986: apparently alre ady missing or uniden tifia ble then.

q Lange Nieuwstraat E side, opposite Korte Nieuwstraat, during expansion of nunnery schools in 1931. House with number 29 was de-molished then to make room for gateway and playg round (Daniëls 1955, 228).

145 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, handle restored in plaster, h 25.5, d 19. Gellep 72.

r Grutberg and environs. At the spot of the but-cher’s shop, devastated in 1944, of Mr Brinke in the Broerstraat, the second one from the corner with the Pauwel straat, with its back door in the Pauwel straat. Found some cen timeters under a con crete floor in the first days of June 1945 (Daniëls 1955, 239-40, fig. 98, 1-2, fig. 99, 242).

146 Frankish carinated jar with four zones of rouletted deco rati on on shoulder, h 10.6, d 14. The roulette: St Andrew’s cross, row of three double squa res, two standing rectangles, St An-drew’s cross, standing rec tangle, St Andrew’s cross, row of three double squa res. Photo and dra wing: Daniëls 1955, 240, 98,1 and 99, right. Siegmund KWT 3.11-12, phase 6, AD 570-585.

B stray 146

24—

147 Frag ment with complete profile of a Frank-ish softly cari na ted jar with three horizontal grooves on shoulder, h 10.2, d 13. Photo and incom plete dra wing: Daniëls 1955, 240, 98,2 and 99, left. Siegmund KWT 4.11, phase 8, AD 610-640.

Pauwelstraat 32, N side, 5 August 1932, 1-2 m from B stray 146-147 (Daniëls 1955, 229)148 Brown Frankish carinated jar, h 16, d 16.8. Sieg mund KWT 2.43, phase 8, AD 610-640.

s Grutberg, waterworks 1879 (Daniëls 1955, 229)

149 Black Frankish vessel with globular body, neck and pro filed lip, h 11.5, d 12. Wölbwandtopf, not in Sieg mund 1998. Nijmegen 233. 150 Wheelmade grey Fran kish sharply carinated jar with six horizontal rou letted rows of small im-pressed squares on the shoulder, h 8.8, d 11.7. Siegmund KWT 3.21, phase 8, AD 610-640.

Grutberg, waterworks 1896 (Daniëls 1955, 229)

151 Red Frankish vessel, h 10.8, d 12. Wölbwand-topf, Siegmund WWT 2.1, phase 8, AD 610-640. 152 Red Fran kish vessel, h 8, d 9.2. Wölbwandtopf (globular jar), not in Siegmund 1998. Nijme gen 232.

t Grutberg, N side, in a former back-yard, 1948

153 Frankish carinated jar with horizontal grooves, h 13.2, d 15. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, fig. 98,4. Sieg mund KWT 2.31, phase 5, AD 555-570.

u Korte Nieuwstraat, S side, 1948

154 Yellowish brown Frankish carinated jar with rouletted decoration, h 13.6, d 17.6. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, fig. 98,3. Siegmund KWT 3.11-12, phase 6, AD 570-585. 155 Shoul der-rim-frag-ment of a Frankish cari nated j ar with horizontal grooves, preserved h 5.4, d 14.2. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, fig. 98,5. Siegmund KWT 2.31, phase 5, AD 555-570.

v Houtmarkt 1866. ‘Found 18 July 1866 during repair of sewage pipe, at a depth of a few deci-metres (...) in an E-W direction. The high lid completely lost.’ (Daniëls 1955, 247). The sar-cophagus con tai ned B stray 157. Coins B stray 158-160 were lying near to it toge ther with an illegible fourth one.

156 Rectangular sandstone sarcophagus now without lid, l 170, w 59, h 46. 157 Bea ker of ‘Ub-bergen’ pink pott ery, lightly tempered, base and base rim cut off and finished. Careless roulett ing of square impressions, not always horizontally and also vertically; h 15.2, d 12. Black-and-white photo: Encke vort et. al. 2000a, 108, left. Colour photo: Enckevort et al. 2000b, 25, bottom mid-dle. 158 Coin: Valentinian I, aes III, 364-367, Lyon, RIC 10(a). 159 Coin: Valens, aes III, 364-367, Trier, RIC 7(b). 160 Coin: Arcadius, aes IV, 388-392, Lyon, RIC 44(d).

Houtmarkt, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 247)

161 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 14, d 8.5. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 162 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12, d 12.5. Gellep 106. 163 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle, h 11, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 164 Glass jug with wide and low coni cal body, handle, glass coil around neck, wide mouth, h 16, d 12.5. Isings 88c. 165 Glass jug with wide and low conical body, large part of neck and mouth mis sing, pre ser ved h 15, d 13.5. Isings 122. 166 Some fragments of glass bottles, amongst which a neck like Kisa 1899, Pl XXXX 241.

w Houtmarkt, found outsi de the NE corner of Astoria hotel, au tumn 1951. Now corner Nieuws traat/Mariënburg.

167 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 24. Gellep 72.

x [Lange] Koningstraat, 1891. ‘Found in a house in the Koningsstraat’ (Daniëls 1955, 247).

168 Fine dark coloured mott o-bottle M•I•S•C•E•

25—

above running S-hooks (Künzl ele ment 188), h 21, d 15.5. Künzl 14.5. 169 Terra sigil lata bowl, heavily worn, with rouletted decoration, h 7.5, d 16.5. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320).

Lange Koningstraat, near Houtmarkt, 1900

170 Brown-marbled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h unknown. Gellep 70.

Lange Koningstraat, new con struction on the S side in order to widen the street near the Mariënburg opposite the new houses 5-7, July 1935 (Daniëls 1955, 248).

171 Fine dark coloured mott o-beaker V:T:E:R:E:, h 19.5. Künzl 1.6.1. 172 Coar se cooking-pot with handle, h 11.5, d 10.7. Gellep 109. Was standing upon: 173 Coar se dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128.

Lange Koningstraat, 28 Octo ber 1935 (Daniëls 1955, 248)

174 Foot of a fine dark co loured beaker, no type. 175 (Proba bly later) sherds.

y Houtmarkt, corner Oude Stadsgracht, found du ring con struction of a savings-bank 1926 (Daniëls 1955, 242).

176 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 12.3, d 10. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 177 Fine dark coloured beak-er, h 15.2, d 11. Symonds 61 incised. 178 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15, d 9.5. Sy monds 61 smooth. 179 Fine dark colou red beaker with white pain ted decoration (run ning scroll, Künzl element 188), h 11, d 8. Künzl 1.4.1d. 180 Fine dark coloured folded beaker, neck missing, pre-served h 10.5, d 9. Symonds 62. 181 Crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4D (Van Bu chem V, Keller 4C), l 7.7. Van Bu chem 1941, 1375, Pl. XVIII 12; Van Buchem 1966, 85, fig. 34e.

z Oude Stadsgracht, found during rebuilding of a house, 1876 (Daniëls 1955, 242).

182 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 24.5, d 18. Gellep 72.

Oude Stadsgracht, S si de, no. 59 next to house on the corner with the Hout markt, when digging a cel lar, March 1931183 Fine dark coloured mott o-beaker V:Λ:M:V:S: above running scroll (Künzl ele ment 188), h 21, d 12. Künzl 1.6.1. 184 Coa rse cooking-pot with han-dle, h 11, d 12.5. Gellep 106. 185 Coarse di sh, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 186 Terra sigillata plate, d 24, h 6.3. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 187 Ter ra si gillata plate, d 29, h 7.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 188 Coarse frag ments.

aa Mariënburg, N side, ‘Found behind Mari -ënburg’, 1882

189 Coin: Constans, follis, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 16.

Mariënburg, sewerage 1908, opposite demolished school, house number no. 4, land re gistry C 853. Much more was found then, especially fine glass vessels (Daniëls 1955, 244).

190 Smooth jug with collar, h 25, d 13.5. Gellep 98. 191 Ter ra sigillata bowl, h 6.2, d 15, with rou-letting: mo lett e (roller-stamp) Chenet 138 with egg mouldings (Hübener’s group 1). Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 192 Small glass bowl on foot, with hori zon tal lip, h 6, d 9. ± Gellep 538. 193 Small glass bott le, h 10, d 6. Gellep 198. 194 Two rings of opa que black glass, d 4; one deco rated with three times an O.

Mariënburg, found near a bank building, 1909 (Verslag 1909, 10, no. 54a; Daniëls 1955, 244).

195 Probably missing, or bronze hinge fibula (Van Buchem 1941, 98, no. 650, note 61, pl. X 34; see Daniëls 1955, 244 n. 3, who contra dicts Van Bu chem on identity and find spot). 196a Two fit-ting fragments of a bracelet or handle made of twisted bronze wire en ding in loops. 196b Bronze wire sewing needle with flattened eyelet, twisted and distorted. 197 Coin: Adu a tu ci, quad-rans?, 20 BC-AD 10, Lower Rhine, Scheers 217, mis sing. 198 Half a bead of opaque glass. 199 Small ring of opaque glass.

26—

Mariënburg, same location, finds in Collection Kam (Daniëls 1955, 244).

200 Coin: Vespasian, as, 72-73, Lyon, RIC2 1199. 201 Coin: Victorinus, antoninianus, 269, Trier, RIC 59.

bb Mariënburg, from cellar 1 of temporary shops (un der both shops on the W side, num-bers of the houses then 96 and 97, SW of the Mari ënburg chapel, then known as the ar chive building, 28 May 1946 (B stray 202) and 29 May 1946 (B stray 203-206, probably one gra ve: Daniëls 1955, 226 and 242-3).

202 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12. Found at the top on 28 May. Gellep 109. 203 Dark grey coarse jar, h 13.5, d 10.2. Gellep 104. 204 Fine dark coloured bea ker with six white bands paint-ed on, h 14.2, d 11. Künzl 1.6.2. 205 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 23, h 5.5. Gellep 126. 206 Coarse folded beaker, h 21, with six dents, alternatin gly round and oblong. Gellep 111.

From the same cellar, cert ainly a closed association, 1 June 1946

207 Coarse dish with in-tur ned lip, d 17. Gellep 126. 208 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 22.5, d 16. Gellep 115. 209 Small barrel-shaped bea ker of rather hard blac kish grey terra nigra-like potte ry, h 8.5. Gellep 96. Photograph in Isings 1970, 144, fig. 7 left. 210 Small glass bottle with four pin-ches around the bottom, h 8, d 5. Nijmegen 192.

cc Mariënburg, from cellar 2 of temporary shops (un der the fourth shop from the W, house num-ber 99), SW of the Ma riënburg cha pel, then known as the archive buil ding; cert ainly a closed association, 4 June 1946 (Daniëls 1955, 242-3).

211 Coarse bottle, h 13.5. Gellep 97. 212 Coarse cook in g-pot with handle, h 11.5. Gellep 109. 213 Small beaker of imita tion of terra sigil la ta, with traces of three painted horizon tal bands, h 10. Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333). 214 Footed bowl of ter-

ra nigra, h 7.5, d 9.2. Gellep 274.

Mariënburg, stray find re portedly from the same cel lar but on a different spot and retrieved later

215 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the in-side, h 6, d 13.5. Gellep 122.

dd Mariënburg, found in the chapel as cellars for central heating were dug 1910 (Daniëls 1955, 244).

216 Coarse bottle, h 15, dark to light greyish yel-low. ± Gellep 97; Frankish, accor ding to Loesch-cke (pers.comm. to H. Brunsting)

ee Mariënburg, constructi on of the Chamber of Commer ce 1932 (Daniëls 1955, 247).

217 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 23.5. Gellep 115. 218 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, handle missing, h 13. Gellep 109. 219 Coarse di sh, d 17.5. Gellep 128. 220 Fragment of a coarse dish with in-turned lip, h 7. Gellep 126.

Mariënburg, S side of the former Jewish cemetery near the premises 80 and 81, De cember 1943 (Daniëls 1955, 243).

221 Terra nigra jar, h 11. Gellep 52. 222 Terra sigil-lata jug with decoration in dark paint: row of shaped crosses between hori zontal bands, h 14. Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348). 223 Terra si gil lata bowl with rouletted decoration of St. Andrew’s cross and quincunx (molett e = roller-stamp Chenet 341; Hübener’s group 5), d 13.5-14. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 224 Terra sigil la ta plate, d 24. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A).

Mariënburg, construction of a wall of the Jewish cemete ry, September 1826XII Some anti quities.

ff Mariënburg 1929, expan sion of a bank build-ing on the SE border of the Mariënburg, opposi-te the boundary wall with bar ‘The Karse boom’,

27—

just outsi de the foot path, during the con-struction of the sewe rage pipeline: a tile grave (‘Zie gelgrab’) wit hout grave goods, direction NNE-SSW. Some sherds nearby, amongst which a Haltern 97 (Daniëls 1955, 245-7, figs. 101-3).

gg Hertogstraat, W si de, opposite Hertogs-plein (Derde Wal straat), se werage 1953. Bought from antique dealers by Museum Kam.

225 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12.7, d 11. Gellep 109. 226 Coarse bottle, h 11.5, d 9. Gellep 97. 227 Coarse red footed bowl, h 6, d 9.8. Nijmegen 148.

Kannenmarkt 7, 1823 (outside map, left; Daniëls 1955, 268-9).

X Bronze coin Magnentius (350-353). XI Blackish ter racotta lamp.

C Nineteenth and twen tieth century, preser ved stray finds where the find-spot is not known with preci sion

Acquisitions from art dea lers belong to this catego ry, as the reported prove nance is not al-ways relia ble.

‘Broerstraat’ Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Lei-den. Bought in September 1946 from the art dealer Essers in Nijme gen. As there were works before the department store of Van den Borg then, the report probably is reliable.

228 Fine dark grey coloured beaker, h 19.8, d 11. Sy monds 61 grooved. 229 Fine dark grey col-oured beaker, h 18.8, d 11.3. Symonds 61 groo-ved. 230 Fine dark grey coloured beaker, h 18.4 d 11.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 231 Small light green glass bea ker on foot, decorated with glass coil, h 5.5, d 9.3. Nijmegen 215.

‘Broerstraat’ 1947. Rijksmu seum van Oudheden, Leiden. Acquired 29 April 1947 from art dealer

Essers in Nijmegen, reportedly found the day be-fore with some bone re mains and a lamp (Daniëls 1955, 241, notes on 19 - and 20? - May 1947).

232 Terra sigillata jug with painted white bands, h 16.7, d 13.4. Chenet 345b. 233 Terra sigillata jug with painted white bands, h 15.8, d 8. Chenet 343c. 234 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, L•V•D•E•, h 11.8, d 8. Künzl 1.4.1m.

‘Broerstraat’ 1951. Rijksmu seum van Oudheden, Leiden. Acquired August 1951 from art dealer Es-sers in Nijme gen.

235 Fine dark coloured mott o-beaker, M•I•S•C•E•, h unknown. Künzl 1.4.1m. 236 ‘Coarse crucible’, no data. Gellep 496?

‘Broerstraat’, autumn 1951

237 Terra sigillata bowl, d 20, h 9. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c).

‘Broerstraat’, June 1952. This group of stray finds came to my knowledge when all numbers had been assig ned. See B stray 287-295.

‘Broerstraat’ See Annual Report of Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 1962, 169. Colour photograph: Bloemers et al. 1981, 4. This conspicuous jewel is discussed by Vierck (1974, 357, 316 fig. 17.4).

238 Gold open-work disk fi bula with central al-mandine and around it four brownish red and two green stones, whose sett ings are separated by open-work tendrils and volutes. On the back there are two small eyes, possibly the remains of a constructi on for the pin. Largest d 3.5.

‘Burchtstraat/Broerstraat’, apparently 1957 and 1958

239 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 14.2. Symonds 61 inc ised. Graffito LVCI on the neck. (Its inven-tory number 11.1957.1 corresponds to the de-

28—

scription of this beaker in the inventory book. Mys teriously, bow knob fibula B stray 3a also wears invento ry number 11.1957.1, with no cor-responding description in the inventory book: its num ber must be 11.1957.7). 240 Fine dark col-oured motto-bea ker, APETE between barbo tine lines, h 10.4, d 7. Künzl 1.4.1m. 241 Lamp of white pottery with brow nish yellow paint/wash, spout with volutes; on the discus two dolphins be-tween which an anchor; l 9.6, w 5.6. Loeschcke IV, Volutenlampe mit gerundeter Schnauze. 242 Fine dark co loured beaker, h 14.7. Sy monds 61 smooth.

‘Doddendaal’ Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Lei-den. Found du ring the construction of a nunnery, c.1939. Former pos session of Mr Grandjean, who bought them from the finder. ‘There were also fragments of two similar pieces’ (this all sounds improbable: only grave OO 184 has two speci-mens of Gellep 72; more spe ci mens in one grave is unhe ard of.)

243 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 23.5, d 17.3. Gellep 72. 244 Brown-mar bled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoul der, h 24, d 19. Gellep 72.

Doddendaal, waterworks 1882 (Verslag 1882 Pl. II 2; Da niëls 1955, 260v).

245 Colourless glass footed beaker with five horizontal groo ves of a new shape, h 8.2, found in: 246 a handma de pottery beaker, h 9.3, d 9.8.

Bathhouse between Doddendaal and Kronenbur ger park, 1882

247 Coarse dish, d 20.8, h 3.4. Gellep 128.

‘Platenmakerstraat-Snijder straat’, apparently 1948.

248 Small globular glass jar with horizontal lip profiled on the outside, h 5.2, d 6.2. Isings 68.

249 Small glass bottle with glass coil, h 9.8, d 7.7. Gellep 198.

‘Platenmakergas’, apparently 1947 and 1948.

250 Small glass bottle, h 12.4, d 8. Gellep 202. 251 Small glass bottle with cy lindri cal body, h 11, d 6.4. Isings 102a. 252 Glass small bottle with deep kick, h 10, d 4.2. Gellep 698.

Korte Nieuwstraat, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 229).

253 Smooth jug, handle mis sing, h 23.5, d 13. Gellep 77. 254 Bronze sewing need le, l 6.5. 255 Stone spind le-whorl.

Korte Nieuwstraat, 11 July 1932, found during construc tion of warehouse Van Campen Bros., Korte Nieuwstraat 23 and Grutberg 12 (Daniëls 1955, 229).

256 ‘Ubbergen’ coarse bottle with tulip-shaped mouth, decora ted with horizontal groups of grooves between which rouletting in one or two

B stray 256

29—

rows of square impressi ons, h 20.6, d 12.8. Black-and-white photo: Enckevort et al. 2000a, 108, right; colour photo: Enckevort 2000b, 25, bottom left.

Lange Nieuwstraat, stray find during excava-tions 1960

257 Terra sigillata plate, d 20, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A).

‘Burchtstraat/Nieuwstraat’, apparently 1953.

258 This number has been dropped: it referred to the same bea ker as B stray 76.

‘Burchtstraat near town hall’, 1951. Acquired by Museum Kam from art dealer Essers in Nijme gen. 259 Lead open lamp, no data.

Lange Burchtstraat, appa rently house number 1, 1950

260 Small hand-made globular biconical jar, d 13, h 7.

Lange Burchtstraat, no. 16A, acquired 1938, found many years before (Daniëls 1955, 252).

261 Bronze turning key, l 6.5.

Environs of Castle (Burcht: the castle on the Valkhof, demo lished 1796), before 1758 (date of appearance of Cannegieter’s study)

VI Fine dark coloured motto-beaker or bottle [‘zwart kruik je’], DA BIBERE; in view of the length of the text, probably a Künzl 1.6.2 (medium sized beaker) or Künzl 14 (bott le); the dimi nutive suffix -je precludes a large beaker Künzl 1.6.1.

Grutberg, 1955. ‘Sketch of the exact site present’ (not found)

262 Brown-marbled (and spott ed) double-han-

dled jug, h 30.5, d 22. Gellep 72. This item has erroneously been counted twice in this study: it is also known as grave B 612.

Pauwelstraat, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 229).

263 Terra sigillata beaker, h 10.5, d 8. Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333). 264 Fine dark coloured beaker, neck mis sing for the greater part, preserved h 13, d 9.5. Sy monds 61 inc ised. 265 Terra sigillata bowl, h 7, d 15. Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325).

Mariënburgplein, near the wall of the Arsenal, 1953

266 Coarse jug, h 12. Small variant of Gellep 115. 267 Footed bowl of terra nigra, h 7.5, d 10. Gellep 274. 268 Terra sigil la ta plate with stamp LOSSA FEC, d 19. Os wald: late-Antonine, from Trier. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37).

Mariënburgplein, under the foundations of the Arsenal, SE side, 1961

269 Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine decora-tion, h 17.5. Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a).

Mariënburg, W of the cha pel, opposite the Arse-nal, Janua ry 1965

270 Smooth jug with collar and horizontal paint-ed bands, h 22.2, d 15.4. ± Gellep 263.

Mariënburg, gardens, 1644.

V Coins.

‘Ziekerstraat’ (lower margin of map) 1907 (Daniëls 1955, 255).

271 Terra sigillata jug, h 14.6, d 7.9. Chenet 343c.

30—

D Possibly earlier Roman finds from the area of the Late Roman cemete ry

Smetius, Oppidum Batavorum, Amsterdam 1644, 29 = (Dutch trans lation, Nijmegen 1999, 65-66). The passage is dis cussed in Daniëls (1955, 249-50).

In secunda Regione ad Meridiem, cum aquaeduc tum foderent, ex lacu, qui in colle arci ad verso per petuo stagnat in subjectam plateam, aliqua, & nuper admodum in vicinia, major rude-rum & tophi vis effossa & retecta. In horto ae-dium quas e regione ejusdem lacus, Wilhel mus Ruhr, Equi tum sub D. Somelsdyckio ductore habitat, vidi testa rum, laterum, incrustatio-numque antiquarum mis cellas cum altius cule fodissent ejectas, & nummum Octavi ani Augus ti vicino in horto in ventum.

Translation:

In the second region on the southside [Kelfk ens-bos, to the W of the Valkhof], when they were digging an aqua duct from the pool on the hill opposite the castle that allways floods the lower street, a mass of ruins and tufa was dug up and brought to light; the same happened nearby a short time ago. In the garden of the house that Willem Ruhr lives in, of the horsemen under command of Mr Van Sommelsdijck, I saw a mix-ture of sherds, ti les and an cient stucco being thrown out when they were digging rat her deep, and a coin of Octavianus Augustus found in a nearby gar den.

Lange Burchtstraat, 1879, apparently during construc tion of waterworks (Daniëls 1955, 251).

272 Smooth jug, h 22.5, d 12. Gellep 77. 273 Smooth jug, h 22.5, d 14. Gellep 423. 274 Smooth jug, h 18.5, d 13. Gellep 422.

Lange Burchtstraat, opposite Van Stockum-straatje, sewera ge 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 251).

275 Fragment of a pointed amphora Haltern 70, preser ved h 80, neck and handles missing.

Lange Burchtstraat, 1910 (Daniëls 1955, 251).

276 Smooth jug, h 19.5, d 12. Gellep 423. 277 Smooth jug, h 19.5, d 12. Gellep 423.

Lange Nieuwstraat, from a first-century gutter, exca vations 1957.

278 Stone cosmetic palette, rectangular, with a flat and a fa cetted side, l 3, w 2.

‘Ziekerstraat’ (under lower margin of the map) 1907 (Daniëls 1955, 255).

279 First-century lamp with handle; on the dis-cus: bull attac ked by bear. Loeschcke type 1.

Pauwelstaat 1949/1950, re mains of an empty tile grave (‘Zie gel grab’: Daniëls 1955, 247).

(Verlengde) St Jorisstraat, sewerage of the house with number 34, on 27 June 1907 (Verslag 1907). Large tufa sarcophagus with lid, E-W. Re-constructed mea surements outside 232 x 80-90 x 63, inside 200 x 50-55 x 40 cm. Contained ‘fine’ human bones and grave goods. There is a prob-lem with the date. Dop pelfeld (1967, 267, no. D 64, pl. 100) dates a small bottle with gold thread to III-IV, and a knife to IIcd (1967, 318, no. F 40). Har den (1987/1988, 125-6) dates the grave to IIIcd; Von Boe se lager (1989, 32-3), who discusses the entire con tent, dates it to IIIa. Nota bene: Other tufa sarcophagi of clearly sec-ond-century date, published in Leemans 1842, and another one found outside the former St. Joris gate, published by Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895 under inven tory number BA V 3, clearly do not belong to the Late Roman cemetery and are not treated here.

280 Tufa sarcophagus. 281 Flat-bodied glass bottle on foot with cylindrical neck and funnel-shaped mouth sur rounded by glass coil; deco-

31—

rations on the body of blue, white and gilt glass thread, h 20.5. Isings/Van Lith (1992, 18-20, with colour photograph) date this bottle from Co-logne to IIB-IIIcd. 282 Small square white glass bottle with short neck and two handles. 283 Thin glass cosmetic bowl or mirror, d 7. 284 Iron clasp-knife with amber handle (lying dog licks his hind leg). Traces of textile. 285 Beside the sarcophagus, head end: bron ze candle-stick. 286 Beside it a glass jug or bottle, disinte grated.

‘Broerstraat’, juni 1952. Rijksmuseum van Oud-heden, Leiden. Acquired June 1952 from art dealer Essers in Nijmegen, with reported provenance ‘Broerstraat, next to former Roman Catho lic church and near department store Van den Borg’. This group of objects did not figure in documentations on which the find catalogue is based and turned up after all find numbers had been assigned. A tenth piece (RMO e 1952/6.10) was of unknown provenance: a third-century Drag. 36 with worn barboti ne. The fifth piece of this group, a first-century Hof eim 55, makes the entire group suspect. 287 Fine dark coloured bea ker, h 20.2, d 11.8.

Graffi to HDM or HDMV on neck. Sy monds 61 grooved. 288 Fine dark colou red mott o- beaker, M•I•S•C•E• three dots in a vertical row•, h 10.3, d 7.8. Künzl 1.4.1m. 289 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 11.1, d 8.4. Symonds 61 smooth. 290 Fine dark colou red motto bowl, F•E•L•I•X• dots in the shape of an Y•, h 7.1, d 8. Künzl 7.5. 291 Smooth yellowish white jug with double-barreled han-dle, lentoid mouth with in-turned lip; upper part has a thin trans parent grey slip.H 12.5, d 9.7. Hofeim 55 = Gose 373. This first-century shape is described and de picted here for the sake of completeness, but it is not discussed in the ty-pology. 292 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on in side and wide based , h 7.2, d 15. Gellep 121. 293 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 8.9, d 15.7. Gellep 120. 294 Co arse di sh, carelessly made and warped, h 4-5, d 15-16.3. Gellep 126. 295 Small terra sigil-lata bowl, d 12.1, h 5.1. Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c). Finishing with a stick on the underside of the rim has left a wavy groove. Thin spots of slip show the fin gertips of a right hand that held it when it was dipped in.

B stray 281-286

32—

E Stray finds of Roman and Frankish origin in excava tion tren ches of Inner City Cemetery

296 (Broerkerk 1951): Late Roman bronze pin from a me die val or recent grave. 297 (Kerkegasje 1949): coin: Gra tian, aes III, 367-375, Lyon, RIC 20(c). 298 (Broer kerk 1952): coin: Grati a n, aes III, 367-375, Lyon, RIC 20(c). 299 (Broer straat 1952): coin: aes III, 330-402. 300 Just E of the head end of grave B 299 a stray find, not consi de red by the exca vator to be from a grave: Brown-m arb led do uble-handled jug, h 29, d 22.4. Gellep 71. 301 A frag ment of a handmade Harpstedt pot, found some meters to the NE of grave B 250. Body-shoulder-rim fragment, 10.5x10.5x0.4, d rim 10. Globular body, horizontal rim. Hori zontal row of eight round inprints, d 0.5, on shoul der; seven such in prints on rim. 302 A terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Che net 304A), d 30, thrown up by a bulldozer between gra ves B 749 and B 750. 303 (Marië nburg 1963) A spiral fibula with case (not drawn). 304 (Mariënburg 1963) A very large Clau-dian eye fibu la. 305 (Mari ënburg 1963) Fragment of a coarse dish (not drawn). 306 (Mariënburg 1952?) Flat piece of sandstone 9x5x1.8 with square deepenings on both sides, used as a grind stone. Finds B stray 307-315 are fragments of Frankish cari nated jars. It should be noted that all Frank-ish finds, which con centrate on the Grutberg, are stray finds. As almost entire stray Fran kish ves-sels were found there earlier (B stray 146-157), there may have been Frankish graves in that area, but these were not found during careful excava ti ons, which did result in the finds B stray 307-315. 307 At 1.25 m to the SSW of grave B 601, ‘in a large dark discolo ra tion of the fillings of ear lier and la ter gra ves’ (not hing of the sort indicated on the over all drawing of area G, Fig. 16): a Frankish cari na ted jar, h 17.2, d 21.8, dama ged and incom plete. On its shoul der four horizontal zones of rouletted decorati on: two impres sed

small squares one above the other. Two horizon-tal grooves at trans ition shoul der-neck. Sieg-mund KWT 2.22, phase 8, AD 610-640. 308 This number has been dropped. It refer red to the same carinated jar as B stray 311. 309 (Broer-straat 1952) Body sherd of a Frankish cari na ted jar with rouletted deco ration: dashes, dots, St An drew’s crosses. Siegmund KWT 3.11-12, phase 6, AD 570-585. 310-315 Appa rent ly in the same excavati on trench as graves B 578 - B 586, sever al frag-ments of Fran kish carinated jars came to light, unfortu nately as ill-docu mented stray finds. Of these, two bases and a small rim fragment can-not be as signed to a type. Others do have clear parallels with good chronolo gies in the typology of Sieg mund (1998, 204-5, fig. 81), who calls them Knick wandtöpfe (KWT). 310 Convex base of a Fran kish pot, d base 4.4, pre served h 2.4. 311 To the W of B 583, in an unclear con text, a rim-wall fragment of a Frankish cari nated jar with four hori zontal grooves on the shoulder, verti cal imprints on the carination, and groups of three and four vertical lines on the lower bo dy, pre-served h 12, d un known. Siegmund KWT 1.11, phase 3, AD 485-530. 312 Rim-shoulder-wall fragment of a Frankish carina ted jar with high concave rim, with nine incised horizontal li nes, preserved h 7, d 13. Sieg mund KWT 1.22, phase 4, AD 530-555. 313 Base frag ment of a carinated Frankish jar, d base 4.4, preserved h 4.4. 314 Wall sherd with carination of a Frankish carinated jar with on the shoulder two rows of obli que im-pressions of an oval stamp (2x5 preserved), con-taining three vertical rows of four square im-pressions, preser ved h 8, d unknown. Sieg mund KWT 2.21, phase 4, AD 530-555. 315 Wall frag-ment, 8x6 cm, of a Frankish carinated jar with two flat cordons and carination, decorated with four rows of rouletted decoration between the cor dons and two between the lowest cordon and the cari nation. Roulette: square of 2x2 square impressions, two groups of three horizon tal dashes above each other, two short rectangular impressi ons one above the other,

33—

square of 2x2 square impres sions, one group of three horizon tal dashes above each other, square of 2x2 square impressi ons. Sieg mund KWT 4.3, phase 9, AD 640-670. 316 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230, countermark VAR, found in trench 131 as num ber 131/28. 317 In a postho le or rubbish pit to the S of B 677, and to the W of B 680, at NAP 30.30, a comple te bronze wire fibula (‘sol dier’s fibu la’), l 5.2.

In May 2008, the daughter of a former general practitio ner in Nijmegen brought four pieces, most likely originating from the Inner City Cem-etery, from the possessions of her deceased fa-ther to Museum Het Valkhof: numbers B stray 318-321. Measure ments unknown. B stray 318-319 will remain in the possessi on of her son, whereas B stray 320-321 have been acqui red by the museum. 318 A jug of imitation terra sigillata Gellep 43, lip damaged but otherwise complete. On the maximum diameter, between horizontal wavy lines, M•I•T•T•E•M•E•R•V•M; be low, a run-ning scroll (Künzl el ement 188). 319 Brown-mar-bled double-hand led jug Gel lep 72 with white decoration on the shoulder. 320 A glass beaker Gellep 194, incomple te but with complete profi-le, h c.40. 321 A glass bea ker Gellep 521, all but com plete h 18.8.

Finally, it should be menti oned here what Mr J.R.A.M. Thijssen told me: a works-clerk of the re building of the town hall in the 1970s possess-es a group of stray finds. This group, appa rent ly kept in Beuningen, could not be retrieved.

CEMETERY OO

Daniëls (1955, 325-330) dis cusses the value of the sig natures with which stray finds from the cemeteries on the Hunerberg (as opposed to that of the inner city) are indicated. The follow-ing translated quotations are important for the under stan ding of the Late Roman ceme tery Nijmegen-East (OO), as known then: the block

be tween the Hugo de Groot straat in the W, the Jan van Goyenstraat in the S, the Pater Brug-mans traat in the E, and the Barbarossastraat in the N. (What is now the S half of the Hugo de Groot straat, had the name Van Rosen daelstraat up to c.1957 (Daniëls 1955, 309, fig. 137).) In the same are a, at a lower level, there is a first-centu-ry cemete ry, in dicated with O since Mr Kam dubbed it that way. Daniëls writes:

“PLOT O

The report by Weve [Bull. Oudk. Bond 1st series IV (1903) 196-8] was apparently written as a re-action to the shoc king plunder of that year ‘of a plot of waste land E of the Hugo de Grootstraat’, i.e. the plot indicated by Kam with O (and OO). (..)

Although I was not spe cially interested in such matters then, I remember that digging fury well. I have the im pres sion that it was very much furthe red by more or less large-sca le unemploy-ment; and that, due to particular circumstances of the ow nership of the plot, the police only inter vened when the surroun ding roads were being undermi ned. Mr Kam did save part of the finds, but much disap pea red to elsewhe re then. Little of what was or got broken re mained. So the Kam col lection compri sed few fragments for a long time. (..)

Finds during construc tion of a livery-stable and house in the Hugo de Grootstraat (so that of Mr Wolf, nos 26-28 in the upper part of the street, E side). Among other things, two strata, difference in depth 2 m. In the upper stratum so far 10-12 half-decayed skeletons, next to one another in a regu lar way, heads to the E. Traces of wooden coffi ns - Con stantian coin. (..)

Naturally, some finds had been made in this area befo re. This cert ainly concerns the ac quisition of the Rijks museum van Oudheden [RMO] in Lei-den (An nual Report RMO 1896-7, 13-4), from the

34—

then well-known Nijmegen antique dealer Grandjean and found ‘on the Huner berg, now Ten Hoet straat, on a spot where also many corpses were found’. This latest remark probably ex plains the very late finds that were always made, beside the very early ones, on the same plot. (..) In a similar way, the ‘very beauti ful Ro-man and Frankish antiquities’ found on the Berg en Dalseweg and then in possesion of the afore-said Grand jean probably come from plot O and its environs (Annual Report RMO 1900-1, 215). This find seems not to have been acqui red by Leiden at that time. Mr Kam’s well-known laboratory attendant and hand y-man, Mr Jans sen, always assured me that a ceme tery on top of another one was found.”

Stuart (1977, 6) treats the problem of first-centu-ry finds from cemetery O that got erroneously the signatu re OO (of the fourth-century cem-etery on the same plot) in the museum inven tory card index and sums them up in his list (Stuart 1977, 79-89, signature 1 (OO)). Two of these pieces had found a place in the catalogue below of the stray finds from ce metery OO and have been dropped: OO stray 216 (= inventory number VII.b.38) and OO stray 238 (= invento ry number VII.m.6). A pre historic find that had crept in, OO stray 15 (= inventory number AA.145), has also been dropped.

I may add that no certain stray finds are known from cemetery OO from the last decades of the ni neteenth century, when the residential quarter was being built upon it. This may be due to a pro-tecting layer of earth added when the Nijmegen medieval forti fications were demolished.

Nevertheless, it has come to my notice that a group of stray finds, come to light during the construction of the Wilhelmina Hospital (now Nursing-home Margriet) is in the possession of the widow of a Nijmegen antique dea ler. She is unwilling to show them to anyone outside her family (pers. comm. R. Hoek, who did not reveal her name).

‘Barbarossastraat’

1 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug, h 30.8. Gellep 72. See also numbers OO stray 300-12, come to my notion after all other numbers had been assigned.

‘Batavierenweg’, September 1902

2 Terra sigillata small bowl, h 4.8, d 12.8. Gellep 27 (= Chenet 314b). 3 Terra sigil lata bowl with roulett ed decorati on of Hübener’s group 5/6, h 8.9, d 19.1. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320).

‘Reinaldstraat’ (the R on Kam’s map shows this to be Barbaros sa straat, S si de); OO stray 15: cor-ner Reinald straat-Batavie renweg, 28 March 1936 (Daniëls 1955, 97; figs. 42-43 on p. 71-73).

4 Terra sigillata bowl, h 10.1, d 19.9. Gellep 35. 5 Terra sigilla ta plate, d 20, h 5.6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 6 Terra sigillata plate, d 24.7-25.2, h 7. Gellep 38 (= Che net 304A). 7 Fine dark co loured beaker, h 15, d 9.6. Symonds 61 inci sed. 8 Coa rse cook ing-pot with handle, h 12, d 13.6. Gellep 106. 9 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 7.5, d 14.2. Gel lep 122. 10 Coarse dish, d 18.6, h 5. Gellep 128. 11 Coarse dish, h 4.8, d 18.4. Gellep 128. 12 Co arse dish, d 15.8, h 3.7. Gellep 128. 13 Globular glass jar with horizontal lip folded out ward, down ward and inward, h 15.2. Isings 67a. 14 Almost hemispherical glass bowl with slightly everted lip, d 18.6, h 7. Deco-ration engra ved on the outside, from top to bot-tom: two pairs of ho rizontal grooves on the lip; two zo nes of vertical oval dashes; zone with loz-enges, each subdivided in 3x3 com part ments and divided from one another by two horizon tal dashes top and bottom; a zone of vertical oval das hes; and in the centre a chequer pattern of groups of three horizontal and three vertical dashes. Gellep 222. 15 Number dropped. 16 Tegu la with stamp LXG, stamp like Brun sting/Steu res (1995, 1997) no. 62, but with an sae.

35—

‘Ten Hoetstraat’

17 Small terra sigillata beaker on foot, with flat shoulder, neck and everted lip, painted with three whi te horizontal bands, h 7.6, d 6.8. Chenet 334c. 18 Brown-marbled jug with coni cal mouth piece, h 18, d 12. Gellep 261 or 742. 19 Small terra sigil lata beaker on foot, h 11.4, d 6.8. Nijmegen 4, like Chenet 338, without decoration. 20 Terra sigil lata small bowl, measu re ments un-known. Gellep 30. 21 Fine dark coloured beaker with painted decoration: vague traces of a motto in the upper frieze and vague tendril in the lower frieze, h 16.1, d 10. Künzl 1.6.2.

‘Ten Hoetdwarsstraat’

22 Terra sigillata plate, d 17.4, h 4.5. Gellep 38. 23 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.9, d 9.4. Sy-monds 61 smooth. 24 Coarse jug, h 22, d 16.7. Gellep 115. 25 Coar se bowl with rim thickened on the inside and wide base, h 6.8, d 14.6. Gellep 121. 26 Coarse bowl with rim thicke ned on the inside and with constricted foot, h 9.5, d 17.8. Gellep 120. 27 Terra sigilla ta bowl with stamp OF CRES, h 3.9, d 16.6. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37).

‘Hugo de Grootstraat’

28 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, VIVAS, h 11.6, d 8.5. Künzl 1.4.1m. 29 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 13.5, d 8.8. Symonds 61 grooved. 30 Fine dark colou red beaker, h 13.2, d 8.1. Symonds 61 grooved. 31 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 11.1, d 8.4. Symonds 61 smooth. 32 Bowl, not found in depot. 33 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 20.8, d 12.9. Gel lep 115. 34 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 21, d 14. Gellep 115. 35 Smooth jug with slightly con stricted foot, four reddish brown painted horizontal bands and pinched spout, h 21.2, d 14.6. Gel lep 80. 36 Coarse jug with wide base, narrow neck and pinched spout, h 12.5, d 10.2. Gellep 673. 37 Not found in depot. 38 Open 8-shaped lamp of a grey ware, measurements unknown. 39 Terra sigil la ta plate, d 25, h 5.6.

Gellep 41. 40 Terra sigillata plate with stamp MODEST F, d 16.9, h 3.3. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 41 Terra sigilla ta plate with stamp BASSI, d 16.1, h 3.4. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 42 Terra sigilla ta, not found in museum depot. 43 Frag men ta ry terra sigillata beaker with barbotine under the coating and remains of motto -] O P [ -, pre-served h 14.5. Gel lep 16. 44 Terra sigilla ta plate, d 24.4. h 5.7. Gellep 40. 45 ‘Top part of a small bottle with hand le’, glass, not found in depot. 46 Bronze statuette of Hercules mingens: see Zadoks/Peters/Witteveen 1973, 10, no. 10. 47 Two bronze pin s, one with a ba luster-shaped head, l 13.5, one with a pomegranate-sha ped head, l 10. 48 Silver-plated bronze lid mir ror, d mirror 7.4, d lid 7.5. 49 Bronze hook with eyelet. Not found in depot. 50 Small metal horseshoe. Not found in depot. 51 Bronze sewing-needle with flat long eye let, l 7.4. 52 Bronze ear-pick, pointed at the other end, l 12.4. 53 Bronze ear-pick, pointed at the other end, l 11.4. 54 Weight of a steelyard. Not found in mu seum depot.

‘Pasture Hugo de Groot straat’, 1903; OO stray 59a was found on the same plot, then still a pas-ture, in March 1940.

55 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5.5, d 11.4. Gellep 29. 56 Terra sigil lata pla te, d 16.8, d 3.6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 57 Terra sigil lata plate with roulett ed decora tion on profiled lip, d 26, h 7.8. Chenet 313i. 58 Coa rse bowl with rim thic ke ned on the inside, d 12.8, h 5.4. Gellep 122. 59 Coarse di sh, d 19.4, h 5. Gellep 513. 59a (transferred later from OO stray 239) Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22.3, h 5.8. Gellep 126.

Livery-stable Wolf, Hugo de Grootstraat E side, no. 26-28, December 1919

60 Slender conical glass beaker, incised with a group of hori zontal lines at the top and some horizontal li nes below, h 14.2, d 8. Gel lep 185.

36—

‘E side Hugo de Groot straat’, 4 April 1928

61 This piece of pottery, a pot, according to its inven tory number, was not found in the muse-um depot.

Hugo de Grootstraat W side, construction of school Klok ken berg, 1951 OO stray 62 at Hugo de Groot straat 12, OO stray 63 at HdGstr 16, OO stray 64 at HdGstr 20, OO stray 65 at HdGstr 32(?), OO stray 66 at HdGstr 36.

62 Fine dark coloured bottle with white painted decorati on (tendril, two dots, branch, two dots, etc.), lacking lip; preser ved h 16.4, d 12.6. Künzl 14.2.2. 63 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 19, d 14.2. Gellep 72. 64 Terra sigil lata plate, d 25, h 5.6. Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 65 Fine dark colou red beaker, h 15.4, d 9.6. Sy monds 61 grooved. 66 Fine dark colou red beaker, h 21.8, d 11.2. Sy-monds 61 incised.

Hugo de Grootstraat, rebuil ding of Klokken-berg school, 1963OO stray 67 at HdGstr 43, OO stray 68-69 (Wynia 1963)

67 Part of a silver tutulus fibula: bottom plate with spring and pin, and a cen tral hole for the pin that fastened the now missing upper part; more than half of the wall, conspicu ously not-ched at the top; d 4.1, pre served h 2.3 (from tip of pin to not ching). Böhme type Nijme gen. 68 Fine dark co loured be aker on narrow foot, h 14.4, d 9.2. Symonds 61 grooved. 69 Coa rse di sh with in- turned lip, d 17.6, h 4.4. Gellep 126.

‘Wilhelmina Hospital’ (the later Pavilion Mar-griet, now Nursing-home Margriet; see also the last paragraph before OO stray 1)

70 According to its invento ry number, a pot. Not found in museum depot. 71 Accor ding to its in-ventory num ber, a beaker. Not found in museum depot. 72 Terra si gillata beaker, mea sure ments unknown. Gellep 16.

‘OO’ or ‘OO?’, no further data. The different wares are pre sented in the order of the typology and are in dicated by headings. Within these wares, types are also enumerated in the order of the typology. If there are more specimens of one type, they are given in the order of their inven-tory numbers. These inventory numbers may be looked up in Appendices 2a and 2b. Only here, ab-bre viations for the wares indi ca ted in the headings are used, in order not to be all too repetitive.

OO: terra sigillata (ts)73 Small ts beaker, h 9.8. Gellep 14. 74 Small ts bea ker, h 10.2. Gellep 14. 75 Ts beaker with bar-botine decoration of tendrils and dots under the coating. Gel lep 16. 76 Small ts bowl, d 10, h 4.4. Drag. 33. 77 Small ts bowl, d 9.6, h 4.4. Drag. 33. 78 Ts bowl, h 7.5, d 14.2. Gellep 25. 79 Ts bowl, h 5.5, d 12.3. Gel lep 26. 80 Ts bowl, h 5.1, d 11. Gellep 30. 81 Ts bowl, d 13, h 5.6. Gellep 34 (= Che net 320). 82 Ts bowl with rou letted decora-tion of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 14.2, h 6. Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320). 83 Ts bowl with rou letted decora ti on, h 9.1, d 18.4. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 84 Ts bowl with three hori zontal grooves, between which inci sed decorati on, h 6.7, d 15.2. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 85 Ts bowl with rou lett ed decorati on, h 6.5, d 14.7. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 86 Ts bowl with ro uletted decorati on, d 14.2, h 6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 87 Ts bowl with rou lett ed decora tion of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 13.4, h 6.4. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 88 Ts bowl with roulet-ted decora tion of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 13.8, h 6. Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320). 89 Ts bowl with rou lett ed decora tion of small rec-tangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 17.6, h 7.8. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 90 Ts bowl with barbo tine deco ration of ten drils and dots under the coat-ing, d 20.6, h 10.8. Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325). 91 Ts mortarium with monster head with large ears (bat?) around the spout, d 19.6, h 9.8. Gellep 249. 92 Ts plate with stamp MARTIAL(is) FE(cit), d 16.6, h 4.4. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 93 Ts plate, d 28.9, h 7.3. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 94 Ts plate, d 31.4, h 8.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A).

37—

95 Ts plate, d 16.2, h 4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 96 Ts plate, d 17.6, h 4.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 97 Ts plate, d 18, h 5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 98 Ts plate, d 24, h 6.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 99 Ts pla te, d 23.8, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 100 Ts plate, d 28.8, h 7.1. Gellep 38 (= Che net 304A). 101 Ts plate, d 20, h 4.8. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A). 102 Ts plate, d 30.6, h 7.2. Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 103 Ts plate, d 19.7, h 4.9. Gellep 41. 104 Ts plate, d 26.6, h 6.3. Niederbieber 5b = Gellep 563.

OO: imitation of ts105 Jug of brownish imitati on of ts, h 10.8. Gellep 42. 106 Jug of imitation of ts, h 18.9. Gellep 43. 107 Jug of imi tation of ts, h 22.3, with two grooves on the neck, a groove between neck and glo bular body, under which a tendril in white paint (com para ble with Künzl’s ele ments 186-187) between hori zontal lines (one above, two below). Gel lep 43. 108 Jug of imi tation of ts, h 20.7, with a deco ra tion of painted white ten dril on the body (cf. Künzl’s element 186). Gellep 43. 109 Jug of imitation of ts, h 17.6, with traces of white painted decoration on the body. Gellep 43. 110 Jug of imi tation of ts, h 21, with white paint-ed decorati on on the body: tendril and dots (no comparable ele ment in Künzl 1997). 111 Jug of imi tation of ts, h 23.9, with white painted decora tion on the body: tendril and dots (no comparable ele ment in Künzl 1997).

OO: terra nigra (tn)112 Grey tn beaker, h 10.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 113 Grey tn beaker, h 9.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 114 Grey tn beaker, h 16.6. Symonds 61 smooth. 115 Grey tn beaker, h 14.7. Symonds 61 with in-cised groo ve. 116 Folded beaker of grey tn, h 17. Symonds 62. 117 Fold ed small beaker of grey tn, h 9.4. Symonds 62. 118 Low shouldered grey tn beaker, h 9.8, d 7.4. Sy monds 65.

OO: fine dark coloured ware (fdc); S = Sy-monds; K = Künzl119 Fdc folded beaker, h 12.3, d 11. S14. 120 Fdc jug with white paint ed decorati on, h 15.6, d 8.4.

Gellep 257 (a simpli fied version of K12.1.3 (with-out lip profi le; with white painted deco ration from just below the max diameter up to the moul ding on the neck: run ning scroll (K el ement 188), dots and simple ten drils. 121 Fdc folded bea ker, h 16.7. S35. 122 Fdc jar with nearly ver ti-cal lip, d 11, h 8.8. Gel lep 57. 123 Fdc beaker, h 19.7. S61 smooth. 124 Fdc beaker, h 18.6. S61 smooth. 125 Fdc beaker, h 13.7. S61 smooth. 126 Fdc beaker, h 12.7. S61 smooth. 127 Fdc beaker, h 13.3. S61 smooth. 128 Fdc beaker, h 15.5. S61 smooth. 129 Fdc beaker, h 16. S61 smooth. 130 Fdc bea ker, h 13.8. S61 smooth. 131 Fdc beaker, h 15. S61 smooth. 132 Fdc bea ker, h 14. S61 smooth. 133 Fdc bea ker, h 14.6. S61 smooth. 134 Fdc beaker, h 13.9. S61 smooth. 135 Fdc beaker, h 13.9. S61 smooth. 136 Fdc beaker, h 19. S61 in-cised. 137 Fdc bea ker, h 18.9. S61 incised. 138 Ter-ra nigra beaker, h 15.9. S61 inc ised (Holwerda 1941, type 66c, no. 622). 139 Terra nigra beaker, h 17. S 61 incised (Holwerda 1941, type 66c, no. 621).

NB According to the invento ry index card of IX.l.5 = OO stray 139, this piece was found in April 1904 together with OO stray 181, 176, IX l 86 (not found in depot), and Remainder stray 5-8 plus IX l 109 (neither found in card index nor in depot). These are, respectively, a Künzl 1.6.1, a Künzl 1.4.1m, an uniden tified piece, a Sy monds 61 smooth (with faked graffi to PO TENS), and three beakers Symonds 61 incised plus an uniden ti fied piece. This would mean that a small and a large fine dark colou red motto-beaker and five fine dark coloured beakers plus two unidentified pieces were found in one grave. However, the largest number of fine dark coloured bea kers in one grave found du ring regular excavations is four, in grave OO 70. So we may consi der this find re port as false as the graffi to POTENS in this group. As no site is indicated of four of these beakers, these have been relegated to the cate-gory Remainder stray, with numbers 5-8.

140 Fdc beaker, h 19.7. S61 incised. 141 Fdc beak-er, h 12.5. S61 incised. 142 Fdc beaker, h 25.1. S61

38—

incised. 143 Fdc bea ker, h 19.9. S61 incised. 144 Fdc beaker, h 18.4. S61 incised. 145 Fdc beaker, h 17.2. S61 incised. 146 Fdc beaker, h 16. S61 in-cised. 147 Fdc beaker, h 16.7. S 61 incised. 148 Fdc beaker, h 17.2. S 61 incised. 149 Fdc beaker, h 14.9. S 61 incised. 150 Fdc beaker, h 15.8. S 61 incised. 151 Fdc beaker, h 15.3. S 61 inc ised. 152 Fdc beak-er, h 14.8. S 61 incised. 153 Fdc beaker, h 15.6. S 61 incised. 154 Fdc beaker, h 13.1. S 61 incised. 155 Fdc beaker, h 13.4. S 61 incised. 156 Fdc beaker, h 15.7. S 61 inc ised. 157 Fdc beaker, h 20.6. S 61 in-cised. 158 Fdc beaker, h 18.9. S 61 grooved. 159 Fdc beaker, h 16.1. S 61 grooved. 160 Fdc beaker, h 16.8. S 61 groo ved. 161 Fdc beaker, h 15.1. S 61 grooved. 162 Fdc beaker, h 15.5. S 61 grooved. 163 In complete fdc beaker, neck missing for a large part, preserved h 12.6. S61 groo ved. 164 Fdc beaker, h 16.1. S 61 groo ved. 165 Fdc be aker, h 14.7. S 61 groo ved. 166 Fdc beaker, h 15.4, d 9.2. S 61 smooth. 167 Fdc be aker, h 15.9. S 61 with in-cised groo ve. 168 Fdc be aker, h 15.6. S 61 incised and grooved. 169 Fdc bea ker, h 14.4, d 8.8. S61 incised and grooved. 170 Fdc folded beaker, h 17.6. S62. 171 Fdc folded beaker, h 17.2. S62. 172 Fdc folded beaker, h 11.2. S62. 173 Fdc beaker with white pai nted decora ti on: running scroll (K element 188), h 12. K1.4.1d. 174 Fdc beaker with white pai nted decora tion: running scroll (K ele-ment 188), h 11.4, d 8.4. K1.4.1d. 175 Fdc beaker with white pai nted decoration: running scroll (K element 188), h 9.7. K1.4.1d. 176 Fdc motto-beaker, h 9.1, with white pai nted dec orati on: D•A•M•I•:. K1.4.1m. See NB after OO stray 139. 177 Fdc folded bea ker, h 14.1, with white painted decorati on and alternatingly round and oblong dents. K1.4.2. 178 Fdc motto-beaker, h 23.7, with white painted decoration: M•I•S•C•E be tween wavy lines, and under neath running and con-nected scroll (about K element 188). K1.6.1. 179 Fdc motto-beaker, h 20.3, with white painted deco ration: F•E•L•I•X•S•I•S, under which a band of branches alterna ting with spiraling dots; on the body two incised hori zontal lines. K1.6.1. 180 Fdc motto-bea ker, h 18.9, with white paint ed decorati on: E:M:E:M:E between a dott ed line above and a wavy line underneath. K1.6.1. 181

Fdc motto-bea ker, h 18.9, LVDITE painted in white be tween two barbotine dotted lines in an incised band, the bottom one being orange. Un-der it, a barbotine deco ration: flo wers from a cir-cle with whi te barbotine leaves and stems, un-der which again a white barboti ne dotted line. K1.6.1. See NB after OO stray 139. 182 Fdc bottle, h 11.4, with traces of white paint. K14.3.1. 183 Fdc mott o-bott le, h 15.8, with whi te p ain ted decora-tion: M•I•S•C•E between wavy li nes; underne ath a zone with running scroll (K element 188) and again a wavy line. K14.5. 184 Fdc small bowl, h 9, with white painted deco rati on: running scroll (K ele ment 188). K7.5. 185 Fdc small bowl, h 6.9. K7.5.

OO: reddish brown painted pottery186 Painted coa rse jug with pinched spout, h 24.4, d 13. Gellep 65.

OO: brown-marbled pottery (bm)187 Bm mug (thick-walled beaker with handle), h 13, d 8.6. Nijmegen 75. 188 Bm mini a ture globu-lar amphora with white dots on the shoulder, h 12.6, d 9.4. Nijmegen 83, minia ture of Gellep 443. 189 Bm dou ble-handled jug, h 18.8. Gellep 71. 190 Bm double-handled jug, h 16.7. Gellep 71. 191 Bm double-hand led jug with whi te dots on the shoulder, h 26.8. Gellep 72. 192 Bm double-handled jug with white pain ted decorati on of running scroll (about Künzl ele ment 188) on the shoul der, h 25.8. Gellep 72. 193 Bm double-han-dled jug with white pain ted deco rati on of stand-ing arcs and dots on the shoul der, h 17.6, d 13.4. Gellep 72. Was errone ously crowned in the mu-seum by a stoppper, no. 194. This stopper is however not men ti oned on the inven tory in dex card: it was found on jug Remainder stray 16, a Gellep 71. 194 Bm stopper with conical lower part and a decorative part of three disks of diminis hing size, crowned by a he misp here on a moulding; to tal h 8.8, h decorative part 6.2, d 6.4. Central cylin drical cavity, d 0.4, depth 7.6. Nij megen 82. 195 Bm dou ble-handled jug with white pain ted deco ration of stan ding arcs and dots on the shoul der, h 17.5. Gellep 72. 196 Bm

39—

double-handled jug, h 25. Gellep 72. 197 Bm double-handled jug, h 25.9. Gellep 72.

OO: smooth pottery (sp)198 Sp white high-shouldered jar with everted neck and small horizontal lip, h 17.8. ± Gellep 411. 199 Sp white jug with moulding on neck, five horizontal brown bands on the body and a stron gly constricted foot, h 18.4. Gellep 79. 200 Sp hard fired reddish slender jug with collar and everted profiled lip, h 24.2, d 11.4. Gellep 83a. 201 Globu lar sp do uble-hand led jug with wide verti cal lip, of thin-walled red potte ry, h 19.9, d 15.6. Nijmegen 106. 202 Sp d ouble-handled jug with smooth rim, h 29.5. Gellep 84a. 203 Sp double-handled jug with smooth rim, h 24.2. Gellep 84a. 204 Sp double-handled jug with smooth rim, h 17.6. Gellep 84a. 205 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cy lindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 25.2. Gellep 85a. 206 Sp white double-hand led jug with nar row cylindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 18.5. Gel lep 85a. 207 Sp white dou ble-hand led jug with nar row cylindri-cal foot, carina ted shoul der and triangular rim, h 12.1. Gellep 85a. 208 Sp white dou ble-hand led jug with nar row cylindrical foot, cari nated lower wall, carinated shoulder and tri angu lar rim, h 20.7. ± Gel lep 85a. 209 Sp white dou ble-handled jug with nar row cylindri cal foot, carina ted shoul-der and triangular rim, h 17.8. Gellep 85a. 210 Sp large red double-handled jug, h 32. Gellep 91. 211 In com ple te shape: amphora stopper of thick sp potte ry, lacking rim, preser ved h 7, d 5. Gellep 441 (= Stuart 151).

OO: coarse pottery212 Coarse jar, h 14.6. Gellep 102. 213 Coarse fol-ded jar, h 14.5, d 14.2. Gellep 103. 214 Coarse fol-ded jar, h 12.5. Gellep 103. 215 Coarse jar, h 10.2, d 8.8. Gellep 104. 216 Number dropped. 217 Coarse cook ing-pot with lid-seating, h 20.8, d 20.6. Gellep 105. 218 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.3, d 13. Gellep 106. 219 Coarse cook-ing-pot with handle, h 9.8. Gellep 106. 220 Frag-ment of a coar se smal l cook ing-pot, pre served h

7.2, d 11.8. Gellep 106. 221 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle, h 10.4, d 12.2. Gellep 106. 222 Coarse coo king-pot with handle, h 11.6, d 13. Gellep 106. 223 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle, h 10.4, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 224 Coarse cook ing-pot with handle and un dercut lip, h 12, d 12; han-dle bro ken off. ± Gellep 109. 225 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.2. Gellep 109. 226 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle, h 12.6, d 12.4. Gellep 109. 227 Coarse cook ing-pot with handle, h 12, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 228 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.9. Gellep 109. 229 Coarse small flat lid with low knob, d 8.6, h 1. Nijmegen 132. 230 Coarse bottle with globular body and long cy lin-dri cal neck, h 18, d 11.6. ‘Fran kish’; Nijmegen 234. See remark before OO stray 291. 231 Coarse bot-tle with bico ni cal body and long cylin dri cal neck, h 18, d 11.7. ‘Fran kish’; Nijmegen 234. See remark before OO stray 291.232 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the in-side and constri cted foot, h 7.3. Gellep 120. 233 Coarse bowl with rim thicke ned on the inside and constri cted foot, d 15.4, h 8. Gellep 120. 234 Coarse bowl with rim thicke ned on the inside and con stri cted foot, h 5.7. Gellep 120. 235 Co-arse bowl with rim thi ckened on the inside and con stricted foot, d 14.6, h 7.8. Gellep 120. 236 Coarse bowl with rim thi cke ned on the inside, d 13.3, h 6. Gellep 122. 237 Coarse bowl with thick wall and everted lip, d 15.6, h 7.4. Nieder bieber 103. 238 Number dropped. 239 Number drop-ped: the dish originally denoted OO stray 239 later appea red to belong to the group OO stray 55-59 and has been given number OO stray 59a. 240 Coarse dish with in-tur ned lip, d 22.3, h 5.8. Gel lep 126. 241 Coarse di sh with in-turn ed lip , d 26.6, h 5.9. Gellep 126. 242 Coar se dish with in-turn ed lip , d 18.8, h 4.4. Gellep 126. 243 Coarse di sh with in-tur n ed lip , d 17.8, h 4.6. Gel lep 126. 244 Coarse dish with in-turn ed lip , d 16.5, h 4.4. Gellep 126. 245 Coar se di sh with in-turn ed lip , d 16.8, h 4.3. Gellep 126. 246 Coarse dish with in-tu rn ed lip , d 18.3, h 4. Gel lep 126. 247 Coarse dish with in-turn ed lip , d 22.5, h 5.4. Gellep 126. 248 Co arse dish, d 25.4, h 6. Gel lep 128. 249 Coarse di sh, d 23.4, h 6. Gellep 128. 250 Coarse

40—

dish, d 19.2, 4.9. Gellep 128. 251 Coarse dish, d 13.6, h 3.8. Gellep 128. 252 Coarse dish, d 13.8, h 4.2. Gellep 128. 253 Coarse dish, d 12.4, h 3.6. Gellep 128. 254 Coarse dish, d 13.6, h 3.8. Gellep 128. 255 Coarse money box, depressed upper surface lac king, h 7.1, d 9.5. Gellep 666. 256 Coarse money-box, depressed upper surface lac king, h 8.2. Gellep 666. 257 Thick-walled morta rium with hor izontal lip, d 27.8, h 8. Brunsting 36b. 258 Thick-walled morta rium with hori zontal lip, d 24, h 8.6. Brunsting 36b. 259 Coarse bowl/lid with convex wall, d 21, h 6.8. ± Gellep 483.

OO: glass260 Glass hemispherical bea ker of wide shape, d 8.1, h 5.5. Gellep 178. 261 Glass he mispherical beaker with slightly everted rim, h 5.3, d 8. Gellep 180. 262 Hemisp herical glass beaker with five pinches, h 6, d 8.1. Gellep 189. 263 Hemisp-heri cal glass beaker with six pin ches, d 8.1, h 5.5. Gel lep 189. 264 Hemispheri cal glass bea ker with five pin ches, h 6, d 8.7. Gellep 189. 265 Hemisphe ri cal glass beaker with five pinches, h 5.7, d 8.2. Gellep 189. 266 Hemispheri cal glass beaker with five pin ches, h 5.8, d 7.5. Gellep 189. 267 Globu lar glass bottle without foot-ring, in-cised horizon tal lines and splaying neck, h 21.3. ± Gellep 197. 268 Splaying neck of a globular glass bottle, preser ved h 8.5. Gellep 197/298. 269 Globular glass bottle with foot-ring, incised horizon tal lines and splaying neck, h 17.5, d 11.4. Gellep 298. 270 Glass bott le with globu lar body, cy lindrical neck and round lip, h 15.2. Gel lep 198. 271 Glass bottle with globular body, cylin drical neck and round lip, h 13. Gellep 198. 272 Glass bottle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 9.3. Gellep 198. 273 Glass bottle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 7.4. Gellep 198. 274 Glass bottle with globular body with a glass coil around it, cylin drical neck and round lip, h 10.4. Gellep 198. 275 Glass bot-tle with globular body, cylin drical neck and round lip, h 12.8. Gellep 198. 276 Glass bottle with globular body and cylindrical neck; lip bro-ken off, pre served h 8.3. Gellep 198. 277 Glass

bottle with globu lar body, cylin drical neck and round lip, h 10.3. Gellep 198. 278 Glass bottle with flat base, he mispherical body and cylin dri-cal neck, h 9.7. Gellep 202. 279 Small glass bott le with bag-shaped body and wide neck, h 8.5. Gellep 203? 280 Small glass bottle with bag-shaped body and wide neck, h 6.3. Gellep 203? 281 Glass bottle with bag-shaped body and everted lip, h 6. New shape. 282 Glass cylindrical bottle with folded rim, h 7. Isings 102a. 283 Small glass bottle with bag-shaped body with everted lip and in dented base, h 6.7. New sha pe. 284 Le-kythos of all but colour less glass, transpa rent with few bubbles, nar row neck, lip broken off, preserved h 16. New shape. 285 Mould-blown flask: dou ble human female head of colourless glass with earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed, from the same mould as OO stray 322; neck and foot of the bottle mis-sing, preser ved h 15.6, d 12. Isings 78a. This bott-le, marked with site O, i.e. the earlier cemetery on the same plot, has been listed here because it occurs in III-IV: Loeschcke et al. (1911, XVI), Morin-Jean 1913, 153). 286 Small glass bottle with hand le, h 6.5, d 3.8. ± Gellep 708. 287 Glass jug with spout on max diame ter and handle at 90o to it, h 11.8, d 8.9. Gellep 713. 288 Glass small barrel-jug with one hand le, h 8.9. Gel lep 333. 289 Glass ary bal los (bottle for perfu med oil) of thick colour less glass with foot-ring and two dolphin hand les; it consists of four separa tely blown parts, which were then put toge ther, h 9. Isings 61. 290 Glass inden ted bowl, h 5, d 11.7. Gellep 221.

OO: Frankish potteryNB Coarse bottles OO stray 230 and 231 may or may not be Frankish; I know of no parallel either in Roman or in Frankish pottery. The descrip-tions have been li sted with Roman coarse pot-tery; the picture of their type Nijmegen 219 is grouped with uncertain pottery. 291 Small beak-er of soft grey pottery on low foot, with two ver-tical handles and stam ped decoration: ver tical ovals in which four square dots. H 6.8, d wit hout hand les 7.4, with hand les 10.6. Nijmegen 223.

41—

The beaker contains five small bronze objects: 1. turnkey with ring-eye, hollow shaft and flat bit, l 4.3; 2. ring, oval in section, d 3.3; 3. small handle of a drawer of bent bronze sheet with round endings in which nail-holes, l 4.6; 4. small shield of bronze sheet, d 2; 5. frag ment of a round bron ze sheet lid, d 3.3 (fits around the ring).

‘Hunerberg’292 Fine dark coloured mott o-beaker, I•M•P•L•E, h 10.4. Künzl 1.4.1m. 293 Small coarse jar, measure ments unknown. Repor tedly found with 294, 295 and 296. Gellep 100/101. 294abc Three nec kla ces of bronze thread links and glass beads on some of the links. Reported ly found with 293, 295 and 296. 1 Überfang bead, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 387b; 9 cylinder-shaped beads, dark yellow, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2876, 12; 14 lens/heart/barrel-shaped beads, (dark) blue, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2971c; 34 cylin der-shaped green beads, d 0.4, h 0.5, Riha 2844a. 295 Roundish bronze bracelet of D-shaped section; it is open but its ends are

0.1 cm apart; d 5.8-6.6, w 0.5, weight 13 gr. Re-portedly found with 293, 294 and 296. 296 Oval bronze bracelet of D-shaped section with hat-ching on the outside, with hook (now lost) and eyelet, recomposed from four frag ments; d 5.4-6.5, w 0.3. 297 Fragment of an East Germa nic-Sarmatian sheet fibula (‘Blechfi bu la’): semi-circu lar flat head and bow, pre served l. 4.6. According to a note by Brun sting found 1883 during level ling work be tween city wall and ‘Ooi-zicht’. Van Buchem 1941, 122, no. 1414, plate XIX 6; called Frankish there. 298 Head and bow of a bow knob fibula, preserved l 6.5. Van Bu chem 1975, 253-4, no. 1, 262 fig. 15. 299 Fran kish bow fibula, l 6.9. Van Bu chem 1941, 122 no. 1413, plate XIX 5.

Added later: corner Barba rossastraat- Dr Claes Noor duyn straat, 1956300 Coarse dish, d 19.6, h 5.1. Gellep 128. 301 Co-arse dish, d 19.4, h 5. Gellep 128. 302 Coarse dish, d 19.7, h 5. Gellep 128. 303 Brown-marbled dou-

OO stray 293-296

42—

ble-handled jug, h 29.7. Gellep 72. 304 Fine dark coloured jar with nearly vertical lip and con-stricted foot, h 12.1. Gel lep 57? 305 Fine dark colou red beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 grooved. 306 Fine dark co loured beaker, h 15.6. Sy monds 61 incised. 307 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.6. Symonds 61 incised. 308 Fine dark coloured bea-ker, h h 16.2. Symonds 61 grooved. 309 Fine dark co loured bea ker, h 20.6. Sy monds 61 grooved. 310 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 10, d 11.9. Gellep 106. 311 Coarse bowl with rim thicke ned on the inside and con stricted foot, h 17.4, d 16.1. Gellep 120. 312 Smooth double-handled jug, h 20.6. Gellep 637.

Excavations Pavilion Mar griet313 Adjustable finger-ring of gold-wire that is thicker in the middle than at the ends, d outside 1.65, d inside 1.5. Find from the spoilheap of trench 203, so near the graves OO 23, OO 24, OO 25, OO 37 and OO 38.

Added later: ‘Hunerberg’314 Green glass drinking-horn Gellep 224 (= Isings 113), l 33.

Stray finds during the exca vationsThese stray finds are cert ainly from unrecog-nized and therefo re undocumented gra ves. 315 From the section of the excavation trench N of gra ves OO 255 and OO 256: Coar se bowl Gellep 122 with rim thic kened on the inside, h 7.0, d 13.8. Much fine tem pering (from Urmitz). 316 From the surroundings of graves OO 337 and OO 338: Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, incom plete, narrow foot, preser ved h 13.8, d 10.2. 317 From excavation trench 202: Coar se cooking-pot Gellep 109, heavi ly dam-aged, lacking its handle since antiqui ty. 318 From trench 209 when it was being dug: A terra sigil-lata plate Gellep 40, measure ments unknown. 319 From trench 71 when it was being dug: A fine dark colou red beaker Symonds 61 grooved, pre-served h 14. 320 From trench 214, near grave OO 156: Coarse cooking-jar with verti cal handle and slightly conca ve neck. Gellep 110.

ADDED LATER

Reportedly ‘cemetery S’ on the terrain of the former Museum G.M. Kam, with remark on the system card ‘not pos sible’

321 Hemispherical glass bea ker with rounded hollow lip, h 5.5, d 9.1, with 5-6 coils of a glass thread around the top and nine pinches near the bottom. Gellep 238.

‘Cemetery O’

322 Mould-blown flask: many fragments includ-ing foot of a dou ble human female head of col-ourless glass with earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed, from the same mould as OO stray 285. Measure ments un-known. This bottle, marked with site O, i.e. the earlier cemetery on the same plot, has been list-ed here because it occurs in III-IV: Loeschcke et al. (1911, XVI), Morin-Jean 1913, 153). 323 Low and wide cylindrical beaker of colourless glass with-out foot, base bulging slightly up; two horizontal grooves, h 6.9. Nijmegen 175. 324 Fine dark col-oured cylindrical bowl Künzl 7.5, h 11.6, d 13.5, decorated in white paint: three dotted swastikas (Künzl element 170) between vertical rows of three dots (Künzl element 75) and branches (Künzl element 167).

REMAINDER: other Late Roman stray finds from graves in Nijme gen1 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22, h 5.8. Gellep 126. Accor ding to invento ry index card found in ceme te ry E, i.e. the block be tween Bar-barossastraat, Mu seum Kam straat, Jan van Goy-en straat and Hugo de Groot straat. 2 Coarse di sh with in turned lip, d 16.2, h 4.2. Gellep 126. Ac-cording to inventory index card found in cemete ry Kleine Kopse Hof (KKH), i.e. the area be tween Ubbergseveld weg, Ubberg se Holle weg and Kruis weg). 3 Coarse dish with in- turned lip, d 22.4, h 5.6. Gellep 126. Also from KKH. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker incised decoration and ob-long verti cal folds, h 16.6, d 10. Symonds 35. Ac-

43—

cording to inven tory index card found in cemete ry RK, i.e. the area between Daalseweg, Beetho ven straat and Grieg straat, E of the epon-ymous Roman Catholic cemetery. 5 Fine dark coloured beaker with false graffito POTENS on the neck, h 14.5. Symonds 61 smooth. This beak-er, like nos 6, 7 and 8, probably but not certainly comes from OO: see remark after OO stray 139. 6 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14.8. Symonds 61 incised. Idem. 7 Fine da rk coloured beaker, h 14.1. Symonds 61 incised. Idem. 8 Fine da rk col-oured beaker, lacking part of neck, pre ser ved h 12. Symonds 61 inc ised. Idem. 9 Fine da rk co-loured beaker, h 15.8, d 9.4. Symonds 61 incised. On the inven tory index card is written: ‘513.9 grave with glass beaker, bronze brace let, ring and pin U.Berg: (Ubbergen?) or H.Berg ?’ H.Berg must be Huner berg. Apparently there was a stic-ker with ‘U/H.Berg’ on the beaker when Maria den Boe sterd wrote the index card. The other finds and the site could not be identi fied. 10 Brown-marb led dou ble-handled jug, h 31.4, d 22. Gellep 72. On it: 11 Brown-marbled solid stopper with cylindri cal lower part and conical decora tive part with four carinations, type Nijmegen 81; total h. 10.8, h deco rative part 7, d 8.2. The height of the deco ra tive part is 22% of that of the jug. No find-spot indi cated for 10 and 11. 12 Smooth double-handled jug, h 21, d 21. Nijmegen 112: model of Gellep 71, but the potter has not added the usual lip above the collar. No find-spot indicated. 13 Fine dark col oured mot-to-beaker, Λ•V•E•T•E•:, h 20.3. Künzl 1.6.1. Accor-ding to inven tory index card found in cemete ry ‘Hees near Nij me gen’. This provenance may be considered false: it re fers to the cemetery of the town Ulpia Noviomagus, dated AD 70-240 (Brun sting 1937, 3). 14 Piece of pottery with mot-to BIBE: Eve lein 1930, 29. This probably is a bea-ker of Künzl 1.4.1m with motto B•I•B•E (branch, word divider 64) between two ho rizon tals, h 10.3. 15 A card with description and dra wing in the inven tory card index describes another stray pie ce with the same motto B•I•B•E, but it menti-ons a number already given to another piece; the bottle cannot be found in the mu seum de-

pot. Fine dark colou red bottle with four dents, two incised zones and deco ra tion and motto in white paint in two zones. In the top zone BIBE, the letters separa ted by dents, in each of which a central large dot and an arc of small dots; in the lower zone verticals lines between the dents and two large dots on both sides of the vertical; h 20.3. Künzl 16.0. 16 Brown-marbled double-han-dled jug, h 20. Gellep 71. On it was stopper OO stray 194 of type Nijme gen 82; this stopper was later erroneously placed on jug OO stray 193. These num bers could not be redres sed after all numbers had been given.

One isolated sarcophagus was found intact some 2 km S of Ulpia Noviomagus and some 1250 m S of its cemetery (Brunsting 1937):‘the grave of a magistrate of Ulpia Noviomagus near his subur ban villa?’ (Van Buchem 1951, 8):

Oude Graafseweg near Wolf uilseweg, 20 Oc-tober 1950: find of an intact inhumation with grave goods in a tufa sarcophagus, during dig-ging for an electricity cable; transported to Rijks-museum G.M. Kam, where the contents were excavated (Van Buchem 1951; Daniëls/Brunsting 1955, 57-8).

17 Tufa sarcophagusDimensions: l 275-280, w 76-80, h 50-62; frag-ments of a lid; place for the head so mewhat higher than the rest of the bottomOrientation: 270°Bone material: Complete skull, parts of the verte-bral column, pelvis, arms, femora, right tibia; sex unknown, age not higher than 40Position of grave-goods/dress accessories18, 19 and 20 near the feet, 21 ‘next to the sarcopha gus’. Remark: The sarcophagus being markedly earlier than the ceme teries treated in this study, the types of finds 18, 19 and 21 descri bed below are mentioned but not discussed in the present typolo gy; inste ad, they are treated here. Inventory18 Fine dark coloured bea ker, measurements not

44—

avai lable, with painted motto and white barbo-tine deco ra tion: zone dividers 1 (wavy line) at the top and 11 (dotted line) at the bottom, motto BIBITE (without spa cing dots), under which al-ternating decoration ele ments 86 (large dot with dotted line ending in a hook hanging from it) and 95 (trilobated leaf hanging from wavy line). Künzl 1.3.1, belonging to her group IIIc (AD 270-280), as appears from decoration ele ment 95. 19 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 20.7. Rather Niederbieber 98 (190-260) or Gose 512 (II Icd) than Gellep 115, which is dated IVa-Vb. 20 Tiny fragments of a small glass bowl or beak-er, type un known. 21 Painted bowl with con stricted foot, h 6.5, d 12. Gose 224 (IId-IIIab) = Nie derbie ber 38 (190-260) = Gellep 402 (IId-IIId). Date: AD 270-280.

45—

The Late Roman cemetery of Nijmegen Inner City, indica ted here with the letter B (for Dutch Binnenstad = in ner city), is too large for one map to have legible gra ve numbers. Therefore, Brun-sting’s division into four areas and one isolated grave has been followed: (apart from one isolated grave on the St Jozephhof, erroneously called Kel-fkensbos in the documentati on) the northwest area D, northeast area LN, the central area G, the southeast area M. These lett ers are abbreviations of one name of a building and three street names, and are explai ned in short introduc ti ons to each area in the catalogu e. All grave num bers, however, are prece ded by the capital B:

Area D: B 1 - B 176 176 gravesArea LN: B 177 - B 560 384 gravesArea G: B 561 - B 673 113 gravesArea M: B 674 - B 833 160 gravesKelfkensbos: B 834 1 grave

Although the utmost care has been given to iden-tifying every burial by a numbered grave, incer-tainties could not be comple tely eliminated in thirteen cases, to be found under numbers B 33, B 211, B 243, B 251, B 279, B 299, B 323, B 428, B 572, B 582, B 583, B 639, and B 750.

Area D: graves B 1 - B 176 (Figs. 8-10)

Brunsting called this area D after the Dominican church with cloister, known as Broer kerk, demolis-hed 1950-51, apparently because of instabi lity af-ter the 1944 bombard ment. The ROB has later numbered his excavation trenches D 1-14.

The old excavations in this area are given in the table below. Prelimina ry reports, generally very short indica tions of place and number of graves, appeared in Dutch in the following publi cations.

Place Year N TrD Preliminary reports

Legend: N = number of graves; TrD = trenches in area D of cemetery B

Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Kerkegasje 1949 36 1-4 VRGK 1949, 94-5; NKNOB 1950,9,9 Kerkegasje 1950 4 4,10 VRGK 1950, 104; JROB 1950, 31; BROB 1950, 3, 28-9Halve Trom 1950 1 12 VRGK 1950, 104, BROB 1950, 28-9Town hall 1951 3 13 -Broerkerk 1951 74 7 VRGK 1951, 116Broerkerk 1952 32 5,11 VRGK 1952, 129; BROB 3, 1952, 9-12Broerkerk 1953 6 11 ?Kerkegasje 1956 7 8 VRGK 1956, 160

Under the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers:Kerkegasje 1978 4 135

Total in area D 167 (9 multiple graves split below)

B 1Grave: >150x75; 250°; NAP bottom 27.42; depth >52Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: tibiae, femo ra, decayedThe grave is an isolated find ROB trench 12 in the Halve Trom/Scheidemakers gas, made during works: see Fig. 6 for the position of trench 12. The drawing of this trench is in the top left corner of Fig. 8, at a diff erent scale from the rest. Grave cut in half by a later wall. A trench with the same orien tation to its S, though looking like a Late Ro-man grave, is recorded as an earlier Roman pit.

B 2Grave: >50 x >50; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.85, bottom 28.00; depth 85Remark: A discoloration con taining tufa frag-ments. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10.

5 Find catalogue of the excavations in ceme tery B

46—

B 3Grave: 150x70; 103°/283°Remark: Only the shape re minded the excavator of a Roman grave.

B 4Grave: >40x70; 103°/283°Remark: Discoloration, dis appearing in a deeper c.16th-centu ry rubbish pit. Probably a grave.

B 5Grave: cremation gra ve 92x76; 103°/283°; NAP surfa ce 28.75, bottom 27.25; depth 150Coffin: probably a chest of 56x48; nails; 103°/283°Skeletal material: Cremation remains; charcoal.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 2 and 3 touching one another in NE corner of the chest: 3 in corner, 1 to its W, 2 to the S be-tween them. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11. F•E•L•I•X•. 2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.5. V•I•V•A•S•. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 6Grave: >100x70 (in the E)/ 56 (in the W); 82°; NAP sur face 28.75, bottom 27.60; depth 115Coffin: Nail next to 2.

Skeletal material: bones with black discolorations along S side; skull remains in SE corner under 2.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 halfway along the long N side, 2 leaning over to SE in SE corner.Intrusion: a sherdInventory1 An irregular piece of tu fa, 20x12 cm.2 Coarse jug Gellep 115, h 19. Date: AD 301-425.

B 7Grave: 164x88; 103°Coffin: -; 103°; nails near the skullSkeletal material: Skull, blac kened. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 standing to the right (N) of the skull.Intrusion: the base and some sherds of a smooth jug, not indicated on grave plan; not drawn. Remark: A small empty niche halfway along the N si de, i.e. to the right of the upper leg. Inventory1 Footed glass beaker with incised horizontal lines Gellep 195, h 19.6. Date: AD 301-367.

B 8Grave: 200x85; 126°; NAP surface 28.65, bottom 27.50; depth 1.15Skeletal material: skull in SE, directed to the N.Intrusion: terra sigillata sherdsRemark: The documentation mentions a tufa wall with field stones around, width 48-51 cm; this is not shown on the map. It rested upon the Ro-man surface, and was therefore deemed post-Roman.

B 9Grave: >100x50; 25°/205°Intrusion: sherds of a brown-marbled double-handled jug (fur ther frag ments of the same piece in B 10). Remark: Earlier than B 10, which largely cuts it. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10.

The very first excavation finds turn up in grave B 5.

47—

B 10Grave: 250x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.80, bottom 27.10; depth 170Coffin: 175x50; 90°; nails on both sides of skull. Skeletal material: skull re mains Intrusion: sherds of a brown-marbled double-handled jug (fur ther frag ments of the same piece in B 9). Remark: Later than B 9, which it largely cuts. Cut through by a narrow trench with post-holes.

B 11Grave: not foundPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknown. Remark: 1 found outside N cloister wall, without con text.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with lid-seating Gellep 105, h 14.8, d 16. Date: AD 276-367.

B 12Grave: 225x80; 298°; NAP surface 28.25, bottom 26.80; depth 145Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, proximal part of right tibia. Length of ske leton c.145 cm. Remark: Partly disturbed in recent times. Nails.

B 13Grave: >170x90; 293°; NAP surface 28.25, bottom 26.57; depth 168Coffin: Nails >155x45; 302°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, lower arms folded over the body (distance be tween top of skull and foot-end of coffin 165 cm).Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche to the left of the feet in NE corner (its top at 27.05 +NAP); 2 on one of the wrists, pos-sibly the left one; 3 in the coffin, at the middle of the foot-end. Remark: Head-end of the gra ve disturbed in re-cent ti mes. Inventory1 Brown -marbled double-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 26.

2 Bracele t of twiste d bron ze-wi re of square sec-tion, 1¼ coil, d 6.8. 3 32 glass bea ds, blue and very light green, 16 disk/ring/bar rel-shaped be ads, hardly transpar-ent, light green, white efflores cence, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968g; 16 irregular beads, irisation, slightly transpa rent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931d. Date: AD 301-350.

B 14Grave: 205x70; 259°; NAP surface 28.25, bottom 26.88; depth 137Coffin: 195x45; 259°Skeletal material: Skull, decay ed tibiae; length (with out heel?) 170 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 2 to the right of the lower legs, 2 apparently standing on 1; 3 on the waist; 4 under the waist, pointing downwards; 5 within the jaw, standing upright. Inventory1 Terra sigilla ta plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37), d 18.5. 2 Glass bowl with nine dents Gellep 221, d 17.5. 3 Silver D-sha pe d buckle with re ctangular plate, l 3. Sommer 1Cb1.4 Bronze D-shaped buckle with rectangular plate, l 4.5. Sommer 1Cb1.5 Coin: Antoni nus Pius, dena rius, AD 142-161, Rome, plated? Hybrid: RIC 343ff (Diva Faustina); RIC 64 (Antoninus Pius). Date: AD 350-360.

B 15Grave: >160x115; 12°; NAP surface 28.75, bottom 27.10; depth 165Coffin: >150x45; nails; 12°Skeletal material: femora (50 cm), tibiae (45 cm)Remark: top half disturbed

B 16Grave: 195x115; 103°; NAP surface 28.25, bottom 26.92; depth 133Coffin: nails; no further tracesSkeletal material: tooth capsu lae; decayed tibia fragments under 1

48—

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 on the lower legs (which are preserved in a de-cayed state underneath it), 2 near the vanished right foot, 3 to the E of 2, 4 standing on the mid-dle of 1: all apparently standing on foot-end of coffin.Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 28.5. 2 Beaker of reddish ochre-coloured sherd Gellep 87, h 13, decorated with oblique inci sed lines. 3 Coarse bottle ± Gellep 97, h 12. 4 Small ‘Fran kish’ glass bowl with pinches and glass wire around the neck Gellep 238, d 9.8, h 5.8. Date: AD 351-400.

B 17Grave: >225x100; 32°/212°; NAP surface 28.57, bottom 27.50; depth 107Intrusion: sherd in old sur face above the grave. Remark: Completely distur bed; visible in profile C-D in Fig. 10.

B 18Grave: >70x84; 49°/229°; NAP surface 28.57, bot-tom 27.35; depth 122Intrusion: sherd of a coarse jug Remark: Largely disturbed by a wall. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10.

The complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28The stratigraphy of this complex is partly uncer-tain and can be discussed in three small chap-ters: what is certain, inter pretation, and the re-sults.This much is certain: 1. B 27 is earlier than two gra-ves that cut through it, B 26 and B 28. 2. The skeleton of B 20 is under that of B 21. 3. Graves B 20 and B 21 are together in one trench and have the same orientati on. 4. Graves B 25 and B 26 are together in one trench and have the same orientati on. 5. B 26 cuts through an earlier dis-coloration to its E. 6. The different orientations of the coffin of B 25 and the niche con taining

grave goods to the N of the feet is strange if they belong to the same gra ve. 7. The bottom of gra-ve B 25 and the niche to its N is at the same lev-el. 8. No boundary was found between the coffin of B 25 and the niche to its N. 9. No boun daries have been found be tween the trench of B 20-B 21 with the neighbou ring trenches: B 19 on the SW, B 25-B 26 on the NE. Interpretation: 10. There may have been an earlier grave, of which the discolo ration E of B 26 and the niche to the N of B 25 would then have been parts. 11. The persons in B 20 and B 21 were bur-ied at the same fu neral, their coffins being put one on top of the other. 12. The tren ches of B 20-B 21 and of B 27, having the same orientation and being in a direct line, are near-contem-poraneous. 13. The possibly ear lier grave of re-mark 10 has the same orien ta tion as B 20-B 21 and B 27 and is near-contempora neous with these. 14. The persons in B 25 and B 26 were buried at the same fu neral; their grave was cut through the earlier grave but left its niche intact, through B 27 and through the NE corner of B 20-B 21. 13. It is improba ble that the earlier graves were visibly marked on the surfa ce when the trench of graves B 25-B 26 was dug. 14. B 19 is not a niche of the trench of B 20-B 21. The results: The stratigrap hy is, graphically rende-red: Later level: (B 25 + B 26) (B 28)Earliest level: (B 20+B 21) (earlier grave) (B 27)Uncertain level: (B 19)The excavator, H. Brunsting, hints at the exis-tence of this earlier grave twice: in his list of finds in the niche, and with thin analy tic pencil lines drawn on his tracing of the field drawing. He did not, howe ver, draw the conclusion and so did not give a number to the grave. The earlier grave is called B 176 here: its remains are the discoloration E of B 26 and the niche N of B 25. This high number has been given, as this analysis took place after several painsta king and time-consu ming re num be rings of Brun sting’s grave numbers, the highest number of the graves in Area D then being B 175.

49—

B 19Grave: 125x75; 23°/203°Skeletal material: burnt? hu man/animal bones against its N wallRemark: Separate grave?, annex to graves B 20 and B 21 and making part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28.

B 20-21 Double grave (skele tons one on top of the ot her), making part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. Grave 235x110.

B 20Grave: 235x110; 102°; NAP surface 28.93, bottom 27.45; depth 148Coffin: nails, no further traces; skeleton 102°Skeletal material: Skull with five molars, tibiae; length <160 cm. Remark: The lower of two skeletons, the skull some 20 cm to the W of that in B 21. Earlier than or contemporary with B 21. Intrusion: fragment of a floor tile, thickness 6.

B 21Grave: 235x110; 102°; NAP surface 28.93, bottom 27.45; depth 148Coffin: nails, no further traces; skeleton 102°Skeletal material: Skull, verte bral column, femora, tibiae, length >165.Remark: The top one of two skeletons, the skull some 20 cm to the E of that in B 20. Later than or contemporary with B 20.

B 22Grave: 275x125; 96°; NAP surface 28.90, bottom 27.55; depth 135Coffin: (clear traces visi ble) 190x40; 96°Skeletal material: skull, femo ra, tibiae. Measure-ments: foot-knee 50, femur 40, to tal 163 cm. Remark: To the W of grave B 22 runs the trace of a pali sade, a prolongation of the one that cuts grave B 10. It is at a right angle to a trace to the S of grave B 24. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 To the left of the left leg, just below the knee.

Inventory1 Coin: follis (without marks of wear) of Maxim-ian Hercu lius, 298-299, Trier, RIC 281b. Date: AD 298-318.

B 23Grave: 250x150; 106°; NAP surface 28.90, bottom 27.35; depth 155Skeletal material: skullRemark: dug through by a brick well; see section dra wing E-F in Fig. 10.

B stray 297, found between B 23 and B 24: Coin, found on old surface, NAP c.28.35: Gratian aes III (367-375; CK 321-3?). Terra nigra and coarse sherds.

B 24Grave: 120x110; -Coffin: 60x30; 106°skeletal material: Though no bone from this grave is recorded, Lengyel has this grave in his list of bone analyses. See Ch. 7, section Analyses by Dr I.A. Lengyel. Remark: A dark feature to its S may be the trench of a palisa de, at a right angle to that which cuts grave B 10 and is prolonged to the W of B 22.

B 176Grave: 200x125; 103°; NAP surface 28.93, bottom 27.50; depth 143Coffin: all traces destroyed when the trench for graves B 25-B 26 was dug. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-7 were as one group in a niche oriented dif-ferently to the coffi n (103° as oppo sed to 90°; of an earlier grave, des troyed when B 25 was dug) but with the same base level; it was to the right of the feet. 1 formed the SW of this group; then, clock wise: 3, 2 (in an obli que positi on), 7, 5 with 6 lying upside down upon it as a lid, and 4 lying on its si de. 5 contained the meal 5a-b. Remarks: The existence of this earlier grave is the out come of the above discus sion of the complex B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28: see the re. Pottery finds 1-5 are all kiln wasters or at least

50—

second choice quality; they were pos sibly espe-cially bought for the funeral. This is strange, as all pottery was imported and kiln was ters usually ended upon the reject heap near the kiln. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), war ped in the kiln, d c.25, h 6.5 cm. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), war ped in the kiln, d 16, h 8. 3 Terra sigil lata bowl Gel lep 29, warped in the kiln, d 12-13, h 6. 4 Reddish brown-marbled jug with pin ched spout Gellep 70, very badly marbled, with white painted motto R•E•P•L•E•M•E• between wavy line and running scroll, h 27.5. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thic ke ned on the inside Gellep 122, warped, with firing cracks, d 20.2, h 9.6. It contains:5a Pig: carpa lia or tarsa lia, phalan ges I, II and III. The unfused bones come clearly from the same limb. Age at slaughter 10-12 months at the most; 41 frgm, 4.6 gr. Mammal: unidentifia ble frag-ments, probably be longing to the pig’s leg: 50 frgm, 0.2 gr. 5b Chicken: proximal part of left femur, 1 frag-ment, 0.2 gr. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.2, h 4. 7 Glass cylindrical bottle with band -shaped han-dle Isings 51a (= Gellep 301), h 15. Date: AD 301-325.

B 25Grave: supposedly 256x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.93, bott om 27.50; depth 143Coffin: >128x40; 90°Skeletal material: femora, left humerusRemark: This grave is part of the complex of gra-ves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. In the above discussion of this com plex, it was concluded that B 25 and B 26, which are lying in the same grave, were buried at the same ti me, their later grave des troy ing the coffin and bones of the earlier grave B 176.Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 26Grave: supposedly 256x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.93, bott om presumably 27.50 like neighbour-ing B 25; depth 143Coffin: >100x? (trace with four nails to the right, nails pointing outward); 90°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 immediately to the E of the head.Remarks: This grave is part of the complex of gra-ves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. In the above discussion of this com plex, it was remarked that B 25 and B 26, which are lying in the same grave, were bu ried at the same time, the later grave des troying the coffin and bones of the ear lier grave B 176 and cutting B 27. Inventory1 The remains of a wooden chest, consisting of the bronze sheet mountings of the front side (decorative mountings, lock mounting), and iron reinforcements on the back corners. Dimen sions taken in situ: l 38, w 36, h 28. No traces of con-tents of the chest. The mountings were formerly reconstructed on a plaster model in the muse-um, on the basis of a full scale drawing made during the ex cavation. The recon struc tion in Buschhau sen 1971 (number A 24, p 57, A Tafel 25; re fers to Van Doorselaer 1964, 307 and 304), who did not know of this drawing, is incor rect; more-over, his drawing is a mirror image, as appe ars from the decora tion of the round mountings. In 2002, a new reconstruction of the chest was made with the use of synthetic resin (see photo).The following description gives the functional moun tings first, and then the decorative ones. Six bent lozenge-shaped iron moun tings rein-force the back corners of the chest. Eight corner mountings of bronze sheet are placed on the front in such a way, that square fields containing concentric cir cles and five decorative nails deco-rate the front. The top ones left and right are on the front of the lid. A tongue-shaped band with a decoration of concentric circles and knobs on its edges joins the front and the underside in the middle. The rectangular key hole plate, whose central hole is surroun ded by con centric circles,

51—

is on the middle of the top of the front. Above it, a corres ponding angled plate joins the front and the top of the lid; a ring on it facilita ted lifting the lid. There are three pentagonal and four round decorative moun tings on the front. The pen tagonal ones each have a rosett e with a frontal human head in its middle; the round ones have a winged Amor standing to the right facing a tree. On the front of the lid, there are two such round plates be tween the corner mountings and the plate with the ring. The two others are in cor responding places near the base. The reconstruction has four pentagonal moun tings (inste ad of the three actu ally found) and these are placed in two rows around the keyhole plate. Date: AD 301-367.

B 27Grave: 250x100; 105°; NAP surface 28.93, bottom 27.15; depth 178Coffin: 170x40; 105°Skeletal material: skull, verte bral column, pelvis, femora, tibiaePosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 was standing outside the coffin, to the right of the upper legs. Remark: This grave is ear lier than B 28 and B 25-B 26, whose trenches cut through it. See the above discussion of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28, of which it makes part. Intrusion: some sherds, in cluding a coarse base-wall fragment. Inventory1 Small glass barrel-bottle Gellep 333, h 12.2, handle lost during the excavation. Date: AD 301-400. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. Combined date: AD 301-367.

B 28Grave: 175x85; 55°; NAP sur face 28.93, bottom not re corded, presumably between 27.50 and 27.60; depth c.138Skeletal material: pelvis, femo ra, tibiae, orienta-tion 55°Intrusion: sherds

Remark: Later than B 27, through which it cuts; more or less aligned with B 18. B 29Grave: 70x20; 34°/214°Remark: This very small gra ve was covered with two in tact imbrices without stamps, one of which was removed (and the other pre sumably left in situ).Inventory1 Complete imbrex, measure ments unknown.

B 30Grave: 200x>100; 107°; NAP surface 28.95, bot-tom 27.15; depth 180Coffin: 110x30-36; 107°Skeletal material: tooth and jaw fragmentsRemark: Partly under distur bed earth; N side not found. Dis tance between jaw and foot-end 86 cm.

B 31Grave: 205x67; 104°/284°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom c.28.00; depth c.105Intrusion: sherdRemark: Only just visible in the plane.

B 32Grave: 120x50; 108°/288°; NAP surface 28.98, bottom 28.00; depth 98Coffin: 114x25; 108°/288°

B 33Grave: 210x100; 289°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom 27.60; depth 145Coffin: 150x45 (oak wood, nails); 270°Skeletal material: skull, femur (l. 40 cm), unspeci-fied parts (length skeleton given as 145 cm)Remark: Grave B 33 was exca vated by Brunsting in 1949 under excavation number D 27. If the digitised field dra wings made by the ROB are correct (and they can proven to be not corrrect in the cases of the positions of excavation trenches 131 and 142, where graves with finds excavated by Bloemers are at exactly the same spot as graves excavated earlier by Brun sting), then

52—

Bloemers ex cavated a grave wit hout grave goods on exactly the same spot in 1978 under ex ca vation number 141/21=XIX. It has been de-cided to count these two graves as one.

B 34Grave: >35x90; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.98, bottom 27.75; depth 123Remark: In large part dis turbed; E end preserved. A narrow feature between B 34 and B 35 has not been coun ted as a grave.

B 35Grave: 80x70; 81°/261°; NAP surface 29.05, bot-tom 27.85; depth 120Coffin: 60x20; 81°/261°Remark: A baby’s grave.

B 36-B 39 Four children’s inhumations in direct line with one another and in one grave. Grave: >233x70; 81°/261°; NAP surface 29.05, bot-tom 27.60; depth 145B 36Coffin: 54x30; 81°/261°B 37Dimensions: 36x20; 81°/261°B 38Dimensions: 78x25; 81°/261°B 39 ?x20; 81°/261°, bottom 27.70 Remark: B 39 was only seen in the profile of the exca vation trench.

B 40Grave: >130x>55; 284°; NAP surface 29.05, bot-tom 27.90; depth 115Skeletal material: skullRemark: Earlier than B 41, which cuts it. This is rem arkable, as B 40 is a W-E grave, and B 41 has grave goods. See section E-F in Fig. 10. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 41Grave: 225x80; 80°/260°; NAP surface 29.05, bot-tom 27.35; depth 170Coffin: >55x30, nails; 80°/260°Skeletal material: end of an unidentified long bone

in the WPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn a row along the middle of the long S side of the coffi n; from E to W: 2, 3, 1. Remark: Later than B 42, on top of which it lies, and than B 40, which it cuts. See section E-F in Fig. 10. Inventory1 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a) with barbo tine decoration under the slip (ten-drils, dots, hedera); above it, in white paint IMPLE OLA (wit hout dots). H 14.5. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 5.5. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15. Date: AD 301-367.

B 42 Grave: NAP surface 29.05, bottom under 27.35; depth >170Coffin: N-SSkeletal material: some bone tracesIntrusion: a Pingsdorf sherd in a pit E of B 41.Remark: This earlier grave was only noticed by the tra ces of bones under B 41. Its layout re-mained unclear when it was excavated. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 43Grave: 230x115; 90°/270°; NAP surface 29.03, bot-tom 27.23; depth 180Coffin: no other traces than tree iron nails; 90°/270°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 As appears from the posi tion of the nails, in the SW corner of the coffin. Intrusion: small sherdRemark: The beaker was emp ty, so it must have been covered by 2 a stone not noticed during excavation.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. Date: AD 301-367.

53—

B 44Grave: >110x105; 117°(/297°)Coffin: >88x58 and 42; 117°(/297°)Skeletal material: right hume rus(?)Intrusion: some sherds, iron, charcoalRemark: Heavily damaged by a rubbish pit. Not completely excavated, as it was under a wall. The grave forms part of the complex of graves B 44-B 47; from early to late: B 46, B 44, B 45, B 47. The long walls of the coffin seem to be dou-ble. The x on the drawing is not explained in any documentation.

B 45Grave: >52x58; 11°/191°Intrusion: much charcoalRemark: Later than B 46 and B 44, which it cuts, and earlier than B 47, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 46Grave: >50x>50; 2°/182°Remark: The oldest grave of the complex B 44-B 47.

B 47Grave: 235x110°; 84°; NAP surface 29.00, bottom 27.64; depth 136Coffin: >100x45, nails; 84°Skeletal material: skull, right femurPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 immediately E of the skull, 2 outside the foot-end of the coffin, in SW, 3 outside the coffin, at its SW corner. Intrusion: sherdsRemark: The latest of the complex B 44-B 47. E end exca vated in 1949, W end in 1950. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 19.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 8. 3 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside and wide base Gellep 121, h 10. Date: AD 301-367.

B 48Grave: >150x150; 85°; NAP surface 29.02, bottom 26.70; depth 132; 85°Skeletal material: right tibia in W endPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 to the right of the right tibia, 2 on top of 1Remark: Grave not completely excavated because of danger of collapseInventory1 Brown-marb led do uble-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 27, empty, because cove red by 2. 2 Flat piece of stone. Date: AD 301-350.

B 49Grave: 205x80; 270°Skeletal material: skull, arms, legs; left hand must have been on the pelvis, the right hand on the breast. Length c.175 cm. Remark: Grave B 49, in trench 13, lies abo ve and between graves B 50 and B 51 and is later than these. See Fig. 6 for the position of trench 13. See Fig. 9, out side the main map of Area D.

B 50Grave: 240x90; 91°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs, total length c.165 cm. Remark: In trench 13, under and to the SW of grave B 49: earlier than B 50. Both (vanished) hands were on the pelvis. See Fig. 6 for the posi-tion of trench 13. See Fig. 9, outside the main map of Area D.

B 51Grave: 200x75; 82°Skeletal material: left fe mur and patellaRemark: In trench 13, under and to the SW of B 49: ear lier than B 49. See Fig. 6 for the position of trench 13. See Fig. 9, outside the main map of Area D.

B 52Grave: 220x50; 115°/295°; NAP surface 27.57, bot-tom 26.14; depth 143Coffin: uncertain; 115°/295°

54—

Remark: E end possibly dis turbed

B 53Grave: >125x90; 262°; NAP surface 28.25, bottom 26.94; depth 131Skeletal material: skull, parts of both humeriRemark: E end disturbed.

B 54Grave: 250x75; 86°; NAP sur face 28.25, bottom 26.52; depth 173Coffin: 205x50, nails; 86°Skeletal material: skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-6 in a large niche on the S side, to the left of the waist; bottom of the niche level with that of the gra ve. 1 nearest to the coffi n, 3 to the S of 1, 4 to the W of 1 and 3, 5 to the E of 1 and 3, 2 to the SE of 5, 6 be tween 2 and 3, 4a between 4 and 3. Remark: Two possibilities to explain the presence of the bones 4a beside the dishes: the meat was eaten by someo ne who atten ded the funeral; or the piece(s) of meat slid off when the grave was fil led. As both dishes are deep, both possi bilities are equally impro ba ble. Unfortu nately, the bones 4a have not been examined and cannot now be found in the museum storeroom. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). Stamp MED DIC FI. Ligatu res of ME and FI; hori-zontal lines in the middle of both lett ers D. (The stamp also oc curs on GN m 553, a fragmen tary Drag. 18/31, from Ulpia Novio magus. B.R. Hartley wrote in a letter of 28-6-1971: ‘The bars of the E rarely appear. A Chémery-Faul quemont stamp (many the re). This stamp has been found in the Erdkas tell at the Saalburg, and is pro ba bly entire-ly Hadrianic. Forms 27, 33, 18/31 and 18/31R.’) 2 Fine dark col oured beaker Gellep 56 (cf. Gellep 269), h 14.5. 3 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 19. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 18. 4a Bones of a meal. 5 Coarse smal l cooking-pot with lid-s eating Gellep 105, h 12.

6 Buckle: ring of bronze, d 6, iron tongue, length 5 (unfor tunately removed du ring res toration).Date: AD 301-350.

B 55Grave: >50x70; 9°/189° Remark: S part of the grave destroyed by a ces-spit.

B 56Grave: c.110xc.120; 72°/252°Remark: Middle part could not be excavated, as it was under a recent wall.

B 57Grave: >75x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface c.29.20, bottom 27.51; depth c.169Coffin: >70x40; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknown. Remark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the posi tion of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top left for the graves themselves. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto- beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, F•E•L•I•X, h 11.3, d 8.5. 2 Coa rse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.3, d 13.1, cove red by 2a A fragment of an imbrex, 14x10 cm. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, still in fragments. H unknown, d 11. 4 Two brick fragments: im brex 10x7, tegula 12x3.5-10 (not drawn). Date: AD 301-355.

B 58Grave: >150xunknown; 114°/294°; NAP surface c.29.20, bottom 27.90; depth c.130Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the posi tion of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top left for the graves themselves. Grave 58 was largely disturbed.

55—

Inventory1 Fine dark col oured beaker Sy monds 61 grooved, h 16, d 9.6. 2 Countless splin ters of a small glass bottle or beaker with thick base and thin wall, decorated with glass thread. Type and measure ments un-known. Date: AD 301-367.

B 59Grave: 250x110; 116°; NAP surface c.29.20, bottom 26.62; depth 258Coffin: 200x60; 116°Skeletal material: skullRemark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the posi tion of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top left for the graves themselves. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesOutside the coffin: jug 4 to the left of the head, cook ing-pot 5 near the foot-end corner. All other finds in the coffin: coin 9 on the middle of the body, bottle 7 near the left lower leg, soles 11 and 12 near (on?) the feet, jug 3 near the left foot, mortarium 1 upsi de down in the corner of the coffin near the right foot, jug 6 near the right foot; together, to the right of the knees: small coin 10, mirror 13, pins 14 and anointing slab 15 and jug 2. In unknown position: iron knife 8. Intrusion: Iron tweezers whose two blades end in a lancet shape and are welded together there; both legs lack their ends. L >7, w 0.4-1. This ob-ject clearly is a present-day intru sion: it is a present-day shape; other twee zers in these gra-ves are of a single piece of bron ze; they belong in male burials, not in female ones, as this grave undoubtedly is, with its pin s, mir ror, and anoint-ing slab. It is however documented for the sake of completeness.

Inventory1 Terra sigil lata morta rium with two ears above the spout Gellep 249, h 9.4, dd 18.2. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 77, lip lar gely missing, h 19.9, d 13.9. 3 Smoo th double-hand led jug Gellep 84a, sur-

face worn on one side, h 28.5, d 17.7. 4 Sherds of a smoo th do uble-handled jug Gellep 91, h un known, d 24. 5 Frag ment of a coarse cook ing-pot Gellep 106, h 11.3, d 13. 6 Coarse jug with hori zontal lip Gose 516, h 19.6, d 15.8. 7 Countless fragments of a glass bottle Gellep 212: slightly tape ring neck, two vertical handles and decora tion of glass thre ad. Measu rements unknown. 8 Iron knife, l 15.7, w 2.4, l blade 9.6. Straight trans ition from pin to blade, both sides equally convex, pointed; iron jacket around top of han-dle; wood remains on pin and edge of blade. 9 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-6 BC, Rome, RIC 427/441, coun termarked CÆSAR.10 Small coin: Tetricus I, barbaric anto ni nia nus, 270/300.11 Sole of a shoe, now fal len apart (not drawn) The documenta tion mentions no material, nor how it was recognized as a shoe. Appa rently no shoenails.12 Sole of a shoe, now fal len apart (not drawn). Idem.13 Small glass mirror, no data. 14 ?Four bone pins, no data. 15 Cosmetic palette of por fido verde antico (metamorp hic labra do rite porfirite, provenance: Marathonisi in the S Pelo pon ne se; identifi cation H. Kars): a roughly rounded disk with smooth upper and lower sur faces (reu sed decoration mate rial for buildings), tapering, d 4.3-5.2, th 1.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 60Grave: 110x56; 90°/270°

B 61Grave: >135x55; 180°; NAP surface 27.57, bottom 26.95; depth 62Skeletal material: skull; dis tance skull-under the waist 110 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesAccording to one drawing (for the other one, see rem arks below): 1-3 on the waist: from right to

56—

left, i.e. from E to W, buckle (part of 1) with its (now mostly missing) tongue to the right, twee-zers 3, strap en d (part of 1), large belt stiffener (part of 1), axe 2, its edge to the left and its con-vex part to the top, visibly lying on another large belt stiffener (part of 1); underneath it two other large belt stiffeners. 4 in the jaw. Intrusion: sherd of grey coarse (jug?), splinter of brow nish pottery, splinter of terra sigillata, not ne cessarily fourth-century. Remarks: Grave disturbed just beyond the waist. Ypey (1969 and 1980) published the belt set (ex-tensively) and the grave (summarily). Böhme (1974, 285, Taf. 84, 11-22) summarily published the grave. Ypey’s comment in 1980 is: ‘It con-cerns the inhumation of a Germanic warrior of the first half of the fifth century, whose so-called simple belt set imi tates the large Kerbschnitt sets of the fourth century. Possible further grave goods of this S-N grave got lost when the grave was disturbed in medieval times. The war rior belonged to a larger Germanic population group that lived and served in the garri son of Novio-magus (Nij megen) in late antiquity.’ There are two versions of detailed grave draw-ings in ink, and it cannot be made out which one is correct, the more so as both seem to con tain errors: the omission of parts in the first version, and improbable positions of some parts in the second one. The first versi on, shown by Ypey (1969, 114, Abb. 17) does not show all parts of belt set 1, but only parts 1b, 1c, and 1d; the other ones may then have been found at a deeper le-vel. The second version shows, from right to left, i.e. from E to W: tweezers 3, strap end 1c pointing E, decorative fastening 1a, buckle 1b pointing W i.e. away from the decorative fasten ing, one of the long belt stiffeners 1d, and axe 2. The four belt stiffe ners 1d around the axe were origin ally (in the two documenta tions present) taken for parts of a casing for the axe. For coin 4, the Koninklijk Penningkabinet sent in the following unexpected identi fication in 1964: Antoninus Pius (137-161), denarius 154/5, portrait of M. Aure lius, cf RIC 463b. The exca vator H.

Brunsting decided that this could not be the right one, as he had notes on a decayed small bronze fourth-century coin, and he decided to remove the coin from the cemetery series. The presence of a second-century denarius is not im-probable in itself: cf the fifth-century grave B 465 with a second-century dena ri us in the mouth. Inventory1 Late Roman/early Frankish bronze belt set, type Ypey BB1 = Sommer series 2, vari ant 1, shape c. 1a Two end plates, l 11.4, w 2.0-2.2, both con-sisting of a rectangular strip with a bevelled edge and a ribbed tube of the same length slid onto the opposite long side. The reverse of one of these, recog nisa ble by the three belt rivets protru ding the re, had been used earlier as the front side, as appe ars from Kerbschnitt decora tion of eight-armed crosses, squa res with one diago-nal and dia monds within squares. The rivets protrude 0.2 and could hold one layer of le ather. 1b The buckle with fixed plate can hold a belt of 4 cm width. Wear marks on the underside of its buckle fra me show that it rested part ly on the left end plate. 1c Undecora ted lancet-shaped strap end with bevelled ed ge, l 5.4, w 3.4 cm, with two rivets and a slit for the belt end that has a width of 2.5 cm. 1d Four large belt stiffe ners, l 11.1, w 1.2-1.4, with edges chamfered except at the three rivet positi-ons; dou ble horizon tal groo ves above and under the ri vets; small horizon tal groo ves left and right of these rivets. The rivets still present protru de for 0.2 and are apparent ly meant for one layer of leather. 1e Two narrow undecora ted belt stiffeners of half length with edges cham fered except at the three rivets positions; l 5.7, w 0.8. On the back side of one of the se, an incom plete Kerbschnitt motif shows that it was clipped from a larger piece for reuse. The rivets still present protrude for 0.4 and are meant for two layers of leather. 1f One belt stiffener of quarter length l 2.7, w 0.7 cm, decorated in the same way as the large 1d

57—

ones. The rivets still present protrude for 0.4 and are meant for two layers of le ather.The reconstruction of the belt when it was worn is as follows. It consisted of a main belt, w 11 cm, and a subsidiary one of varying widths. The main belt had a decorative fastening con sis ting of the two end plat es 1a, the tubes lying next to one another. The actual fas tening was done with the subsi diary belt, which was fastened to inside of the main belt near the right-hand end plate with the help of the quarter and half-length belt stiff-eners 1e and 1f. The width of the subsi diary belt near its beginning, under 1f, was 2.7 cm; then, underne ath the half-length belt stiffeners 1e, 5.7 cm; then, the end part with holes for the buckle, 4 cm. The opening of the buc kle 1b correspond-ed with a hole in the main belt where the buckle was riveted in such a way, that the buckle frame partly rested on the left-hand end plate. The fixed plat e of the buckle held this end plate in its place. The subsidiary belt was drawn behind the decora tive fastening and emerged through the hole correspon ding with the buckle bow. The end of the subsidiary belt with tongue 1c hung vertically from the buckle tongue. The four large belt stiffeners 1d were on the back of the main belt, with intervals of 8 cm. The axe 4 and tweezers 3 were worn on the belt and fastened there with leather and/or textile: tweezers 3 above the right leg, axe 4 above the left, with its blade on the main belt and its edge outward, i.e. to the left. (The reconstruction drawing of the comparable belt from Rhe nen grave 842 in Bloemers et al. 1981, 117 is incor rect. The draughtsman did not read (correctly?) the text to Ypey 1969, 108-109, Abb. 13 and shows the subsi diary belt emerging be tween the two end plates, and so he has to put the buckle frame beside the left-hand end plate instead of partly on top of it, as the accom-panying photograph of the actual bronze parts shows.)2 Iron axe, curved, l 16.2 cm, width of back side 4.8, with many textile remains on it. 3 Bronze tweezers, l 4.5, bent from one strip of bron ze, with an eyelet at its top and bent-in

ends; one end broken off.4 Coin, small bronze of fourth-century type, al-most completely decayed when ex cavated and now missing. See, however, the rem arks above. Date: AD 440-450.

B 62Grave: 160x60; 118°; NAP surface >27.57, bottom 26.75; depth >82Coffin: unknown, though its traces were seen; nails; 118°Skeletal material: skull, left tibia; length without feet 130 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesTweezers 1 inside the coffi n, to the right of the head, its ends pointing up wards. Inventory1 Bronze tweezers, l 8 cm, bent from one strip of bron ze, one leg missing.

B 63-64Grave: 130x30; 130x30; 143°/323°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 in a recent feature; coins 2-9 in the loose fil ling of the graves. Remark: Seemingly two graves side by side; dis-turbed by a recent pit; filling loose. Inventory1 Coin: Constantine I and sons, follis, barbaric, 330-360. Hybrid: VRBS ROMA/GLORIA EXER-CITVS, 2 standards.2 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 333-335, Trier, RIC 554.3 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Arles, RIC 369. 4 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Trier, RIC 543.5 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Trier, RIC 537. 6 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 335-337, Trier, RIC 593.7 Coin: Constans, follis, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 11.8 Coin: Helena, follis, 337-340, Trier, RIC 55. 9 Coin: Theodora, follis, 337-341, Trier, RIC 91. Coin date: AD 337-341.

58—

B 65Grave: >125x90; 0°/180°; NAP surface >27.57, bottom 25.75; depth -Remark: S end disturbed; nail. B 66Grave: >55x50; 80°/260°; NAP surface >27.57, bottom 25.75; depth -Remark: Largely disturbed

B 67Grave: 210x75; 115°; NAP surface 27.22, bottom 25.50; depth 172Coffin: 200x40; 115°Skeletal material: Traces of skull capPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn niche to the right of the feet, in a row from W to E: 4, 3, 1; 2 to the S of 1. Coin 5 in the coffin, against the foot-end wall. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 68, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16, with whi te painted decora tion in two zones, motto V•I• V• A•S•, under which a zone of run ning scroll and dots (Künzl ele ment 189). 2 Foot of fine dark coloured beaker. No type. 3 Coa rse cook ing-pot with handle and lid-se ating Gellep 106, h 11. 4 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 20.5. 5 Coin: Anto ninus Pius, dupon dius, 152-153, RIC 909a. Date: AD 301-355.

B 68Grave: 200x70; 118° ; NAP surface 27.22, bottom 25.92; depth 130Skeletal material: skull, upper part of vertebral co-lumn, humeri, radii (cros sed), femora, right tibia. Remark: No coffin traces; skeleton lying against long N side of the grave. The grave is later than B 67, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 69Grave: 205x75; 110°; NAP surface 27.27, bottom 25.58; depth 169

Coffin: nails 105x55; 110°Remark: Though no bone re mains were found, the head must have been in the E: both trench and coffin are wider there. Empty niche at long S side, to the left of the feet.

B 70Grave: >100x80; 106°/286°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.53; depth 107Remark: Largely disturbed.

B 71Grave: 240x65; 282°; NAP surface 27.57, bottom 26.42; depth 115Skeletal material: skull, hume ri, femoraRemark: Length skull-knees c.135 cm.

B 72Grave: 175x60; 94°; NAP sur face 27.57, bottom 26.52; depth 105Remark: Though no bones were found, head in the E, as the trench is wider there.

B 73Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknown. Remark: Beaker 1 was found without context dur-ing the demoli tion of a cellar for central heating.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 9.8, d 7.4, with white painted decorati on (spirals, not in Künzl 1997, divided by dots, be tween horizonta l lines). Date: AD 301-355.

B 74Grave: 200x65; 103°; NAP surface 27.68, bottom 26.44; depth 124Coffin: -; 103°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, left femur.Intrusion: red sherds (terra sigillata?; body sherd of small coarse jar; rim frag ment of mortarium.Remark: Length skull-knee c.105 cm.

B 75Grave: >90x40; ? (on ly NW corner found) NAP

59—

bott om 26.70Remark: Largely disturbed by cellar wall.

B 76Grave: >150x80; 79°; NAP surface 27.68, bottom 26.65; depth 103Coffin: >125x45, nails; 79°Skeletal material: Humeri, left radius (folded on the breast), left femurRemark: Partly disturbed by cellar wall and medi-eval grave.

B 77Grave: >80x70; 71°/251°; NAP surface -, bottom 26.47; depth -Coffin: ?x35 (position of two nails); 71°/251°Remark: Largely disturbed by cellar wall.

B 78Grave: >60x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.68, bot-tom 26.45; depth 123Remark: Largely disturbed by medieval grave.

B 79Grave: >150x70; 0°/180°; NAP surface >26.85, bottom 26.68; depth >17Remark: Largely disturbed.

B 80Grave: >150x55; 83°/263°; NAP surface ?, bottom 22.75; depth ?Coffin: 80x30 cm, nails; 83°/263°Remark: The depth of this grave is enigmatic. If its bottom level is, as recor ded, 22.75 +NAP, and the street level above it is indeed only 90 higher, as recorded on the excavation drawing, then that street level would be 23.65 +NAP, i.e. some four metres below the nearest recorded value. The other possi bility would make the grave im-probably deep. Similar conside rations hold for all graves in exca vation trench 8, where no street level has been recor ded. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn a row along the E end of the long N wall of the coffi n, from E to W, 3, 2, 1. Inventory

1 Terra sigillata plate with profiled rim Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 16.5. 2 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.5. 3 Small coa rse yellowish pink beaker Nijmegen 140, h 8.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 81Grave: 220x85; 70°/250°; NAP surface <26.78, bottom 24.00; depth <278Coffin: 120x35; 85°/265°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBowl 1 outside the coffin, at the E end of the long S wall of the coffin. 2-4 in side the coffin: beaker 2 in SE corner, bottle 3 to the W of 4, fall-en over to the W; jar 4 in NW corner. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 16.5, with rouletted decora tion: co lumns of three im pressed small squa res (Hübener’s group 2). 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.5. 3 Fine da rk coloured bottle Künzl 14.2.2, h 13, with white painted decora tion: motto M•I•S•C•E• between dotted line (above) and ho ri zontal line. 4 Coa rse coo king-pot with handle and lid -se ating Gellep 106, h 10. Date: AD 330-355.

B 82Grave: >225x65; 167°/347°; NAP surface <26.78, bottom 24.25; depth <253Coffin: nails >100x40; 167°/347°Remark: N part of the grave could not be exca-vated.

B 83Grave: 220x85; 72°; NAP sur face <26.78, bottom 24.40; depth <238Coffin: nails 190x40; 72°Skeletal material: Skull

B 84Grave: 165x90; 102°/282°; NAP surface 29.00, bottom 28.29; depth 71

60—

B 85Grave: 165x90; 291°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.69; depth 129Coffin: 105x35; 300°Skeletal material: - (but head in W: coffin wider the re)Remark: In the Explanatory notes to the find cata-logue, it is argued that the Roman ground level was 80 cm under the pre sent-day street le vel. B 85 is the first grave to be listed of those found within the Broerkerk. No floor levels were recor-ded by the excavator for this demolis hed church, whereas he did take heights on the stumps of the pillars, vary ing from 27.90 m to 28.56 m +NAP. Brun sting (1952, 10) argues that the floor level was raised by 50 cm since the church was completed in the 14th century. The only height of a surface (taken in the E end of the N ais le), 28.28 m +NAP, is the refore taken as the pres ent-day street level for the entire church, and so the Roman field level is recon struc ted 80 cm plus 50 cm lower, at 26.98 +NAP. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn a small niche near the NE corner, dug from the short E side. 1 lying on its side in the N, mouth towards NE; 2 stan ding to its S. Remark: Disturbed by postho le (of a grave mark-er?) through short E side, be tween niche and coffin. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured bea ker Symonds 61 smooth, h 21. 2 Coa rse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 17. Date: AD 301-367.

B 86Grave: 205x75; 119°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.15; depth 183Coffin: nails 180x45; 119°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-5 in a in ni che to the right, i.e. N, of the waist. Clockwise from 1 in the W: 3 (con-taining 3a) standing on 1, then 5, 4, 2. Coin 6 was in the coffin near the place of the vanis hed left elbow (held in the right hand, the right arm be-

ing folded?). Remarks: A photograph by field technician Plug shows dish 1 after it was moved to the E from 4. The combination of dish 3 with chicken 3a on terra sigil lata plate 1 sug gests that it would thus be served to the diner, after which the dish would be pla ced before the plate and the chick-en moved from the dish to the plate. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 39, d 21. 2 Brown -m arb led do uble-hand led jug Gellep 71, h 20. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 17. 3a Bones of a possibly com plete chicken without feet and head, lying parallel to one another: (parts of) sca pula (l), coracoïd (l+r), humerus (l+r), ulna (l), radius, phalanx I anteri or (l+r), ti-biotarsus (l), 3 verte brae; 15 frgm, 3.0 gr; bird: unidentifiable frag men ts, probably belonging to the chicken, 128 frgm, 3.1 gr. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 18. 4a A chicken’s leg: (femur (l), 1 frgm, 0.0 gr; bird: unideni fi able frag ments, 9 frgm, 0.2 gr. 5 Coa rse jug Gellep 115, neck and handle broken off in anti qui ty. Preserved h 23.5. 6 Coin: Hadria n, sester tius, heavily worn, Rome, 117-125. Date: AD 301-350.

B 87Grave: 210x95; 111°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.65; depth 133Coffin: 160x40; 113°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 was lying on its side, mouth to the SE, out side the coffin, to the left of the head. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 25.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 88Grave: >105x65; 115°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.49; depth 149Coffin: >80x45; 115°

61—

Skeletal material: - Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn the W end of the coffi n, apparently the foot-end: 3 and 2 in contact, 3 near NW corner, 2 near SW, 1 to the E of 3 and 2. Remark: Earlier than B 89, which cuts it. Partly dis turbed by a recent grave. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 32, h 4. 2 Fine dark colou red bea ker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 15.5. 3 Coarse smal l cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11. Date: AD 301-350.

B 89Grave: >135x70; 96°/276°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.77; depth 121Coffin: nails >115x40; 88°/268°Remark: The grave is later than B 88, which it cuts. Partly disturbed by a recent grave. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 90Grave: >100x70; 258°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.70; depth 128Coffin: >75x40; 258°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPresumably in the foot-end, which is disturbed: the sherds repre sent well-known types in this cemetery. Remark: Foot-end disturbed.Inventory1 Lip fragment of a terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38. 2 Lip-shoulder fragment of a fine da rk coloured jar with short near-vertical lip (and constricted foot) Gellep 57. 3 Lip fragment of a coarse dish Gellep 126. Date: AD 301-350.

B 91Grave: 100x45; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.80; depth 118Coffin: nails 80x32; 129°/309°Remark: The grave is later than grave B 114, which it just cuts.

Stratigraphical date: AD 376-?

B 92Grave: 170x70; 98°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.89; depth 109Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-ae; length 167;Remark: The grave is later than B 93, which it cuts.

B 93Grave: 135x80; 125°/305°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.49; depth 149Coffin: nails 68x32; 125°/305°Remark: Earlier than B 92, which cuts it.

B 94Grave: 150x70; 99°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 24.95; depth 203Coffin: nails 105x30; 99°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesJust outside the foot-end of the coffin, under a field stone, two fitting imbrex fragments and two tegula fragments. 1 near NW corner, 2 near SW corner, 3 between 1 and 2.Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate with profiled rim Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 17. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seat-ing Gellep 106, h 8.5. 3 Small glass beaker, com pletely disintegrated. Type and measure ments unknown. Date: AD 301-367.

B 95Grave: >175x65; 98°Coffin: >140x35; 98°Skeletal material: Right femur, tibiaeRemark: Head end disturbed by family-vaults.

B 96Grave: >145x55; 113°/293°Remarks: B 96, B 118 and B 119 Graves? Contents very distur bed and loose. Proba bly found and robbed in re cent times (17th-18th cen tury) when

62—

a grave was dug. Plans, sizes and positions are reminiscent of Roman graves. If these were in-deed Roman gra ves, B 96 may be earlier than B 119, which seems to cut it.

B 97Grave: >120x75; 280°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.07; depth 91Coffin: nails >90x45; 280°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion: Coarse base frag mentRemark: Skull lying trans versely with its top to S; foot-end disturbed.

B 98Grave: 235x90; 94°; NAP sur face 27.43, bottom 26.15; depth 128Coffin: nails 185x45; 99°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, right radius (fold-ed over waist), femora, tibiae; length 168;Remark: The grave is later than B 99, which it cuts. The coin of AD 310 is asso ciated with a Gellep 108, not to be dated ear lier than IVB. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in coffin, left of skull; jar 2 half a meter higher than coffin, to the right of the coffin a the height of the upper leg; coin 3 in the coffin to the left of the waist.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 18. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 108, h 14. 3 Coin: Licini us I, follis, 310-313, London, RIC 121c/276. Date: AD 334-367. Coin date: AD 310-330. Com bined date: AD 330.

B 99Grave: >165x85; 278°; NAP surface 27.43, bottom 26.60; depth 83Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: The grave is earlier than B 98, which cuts it. Distur bed by medieval grave and/or rubbish

pit. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-330.

B 100Grave: 220x75; 88°; NAP sur face 27.43, bottom 26.50; depth 93Coffin: nails 165x40; 88°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, right radius, fold-ed over the waist, femora; length from top to knee c.120;Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 outside the coffin, near its SW corner. Inventory1 Bottle of coarse terra nigra-like pottery ± Gellep 97, h 15. Date: AD 351-400.

B 101Grave: 215x95; 86°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 26.41; depth >57Coffin: nails 165x45; 86°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae; length 158;

B 102Grave: 245x90; 84°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 26.06; depth 92Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, left radius, folded over the waist, femora, ti biae; length 170;

B 103Grave: 145x60; 105°; NAP surface ?, bottom 27.16; depth ?Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Skull

B 104Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: unidenti fied pieces of boneIntrusion: unidentified sherdsRemark: Enough indications for a grave; no fur-ther de tails found.

B 105Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknown

63—

Intrusion: brown-marbled sherds; dolium frag-mentRemark: Disturbed grave near B 83 and B 104, not drawn on the definitive plan, but with clear enough signs of being a grave.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 106 Grave: bottom 25.45Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Cremation; no regu lar trench or coffin found. Inventory1 Sherds of a fine da rk co loured small motto-jug Künzl 12.3.1, R•E•P•L•E•. Resto red, incomplete, neck and handle mis sing. Preserved h 7.6. Date: AD 301-355.

B 107Grave: >120x65; 133°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.75; depth 123Coffin: nails >100x40; 133°Skeletal material: FemoraRemark: Foot-end disturbed

B 108Grave: 330x90; 131°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 24.50; depth 248Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 lying with its mouth SE to the left of the skull. Remark: Graves B 108 and B 109 are seemingly in one trench but in oppo site di rections, the skulls being near one another. B 109 seems to have been dug through the earlier B 108. The foot-end of B 108 is disturbed by tower foundati ons. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Sy monds 61 grooved, h 20. Damaged (when B 109 was dug?).

Date: AD 301-367.

B 109Grave: 330x90; 311°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 24.50; depth 248Coffin: 212 or 225x40; 311°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: The grave seems to be later than B 108, which it cuts. See remarks there. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 110Grave: >50x90; 312°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.35; depth 163Coffin: nails >40x45; 312°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Largely destroyed by tower wall.

B 111Grave: >110x90; 140°/320°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.13; depth 185Coffin: nailsRemark: Two thirds of the grave destroyed by S wall of tower.

B 112Grave: 150x65; 108°/288°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.65; depth 133Coffin: nails 105x35; 108°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 outside the short NW side of the coffin, lying with its mouth SW. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 113Grave: 210x90; 29°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.55; depth 143Coffin: 180x40; 29°Skeletal material: Skull

B 114Grave: 205x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.62; depth 136

64—

Coffin: nails >160x45; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in NE corner of coffin, lying on its side, its mouth to S.Remark: The grave is earlier than grave B 91, which just cuts it; partly destroyed by a recent grave. Inventory1 Coarse folded beaker Gel lep 111, h 17. Date: AD 376-400.

B 115Grave: 155x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.44; depth 154Coffin: nails 120x35; 116°/296°Intrusion: Coarse base frag ment. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 116, which just cuts it.

B 116Grave: >155x80; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.22; depth 176Coffin: nails >120x30; 72°/252°Remark: SW part disturbed by church foundation. The grave is later than B 115, which it just cuts.

B 117Grave: 192x55; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.71; depth 127Coffin: nailsRemark: Deepest part of the grave was visible in an ot herwise disturbed area.

B 118Grave: 175x120; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.22; depth 176Remark: See remark under B 96.

B 119Grave: 150x65; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.20; depth 178Intrusion: Unidentified pie ce of iron.Remark: See remark under B 96; if these were Ro-man gra ves, B 119 may be later than B 96, which it seems to cut.

B 120Grave: 210x65; 17°/197°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.67; depth 131B 121Grave: 225x90; 100°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.44; depth 154Coffin: 192x45; 100°Skeletal material: FemoraIntrusion: Sherd of a coarse dish.

B 122Grave: 225x85; 117°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.28; depth 170Coffin: 160x45; 117°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesJug 1 standing in niche to the left = S of the up-per body, at NAP 25.67. 2 at transition niche-grave. Pin 3 next to the left side of the skull. Coin 4 near the vanished right hand and hip. Remark: A longitudinal dark trace may represent the col lapsed coffin lid. Inventory1 Brown-marb led do uble-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 27. 2 Fine da rk col oured beaker Sy monds 61 smooth, h 15. 3 Silver pin with axe-shaped head, l 7.7 cm. Though the shape of this pin is remi niscent of the axe type Siegmund FBA 4.1, dated 570-585 (Siegmund 1998, 204 Fig. 81), it is clear from the pottery and the coin in the grave that the pin must be dated to IVb, and that the head was not meant to look like an axe: the axe type did not exist yet. 4 Coin: Constantine I, fol lis 323-324, Londen, RIC 287. Date: AD 301-350. Coin date: 323-341. Combined date: 323-341.

B 123Grave: 200x50; 275°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.74; depth 124Coffin: nails 170x40; 275°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur. Intrusion: two sherds of a coarse bowl with rim

65—

thicke ned on inside, Gellep 120-2; fragment of a coarse dish; fragment of a brown-marbled jug.

B 124Grave: 250x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.04; depth 94Coffin: >100x40; 90°/270°Remark: Partly disturbed.

B 125Grave: 165x50; 9°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.89; depth 109Coffin: nails 145x35; 9°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 to the right of the head in NW corner of the coffin.Inventory1 Slender conical glass bea ker with four engraved hori zontal lines Gellep 185, h 11.5. Date: AD 334-400.

B 126Grave: 225x100; 74°/254°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.94; depth 105Coffin: nailsRemark: Earlier than grave B 127, which cuts it at a right angle.

B 127Grave: 210x45; 356°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.99; depth 99Coffin: nailsRemark: Later than grave B 126, which it cuts at a right angle.

B 128Grave: >75x50; 0°/180°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.09; depth 89Coffin: nails >55x40; 0°/180°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in SW corner of coffinRemark: N half disturbed by medieval grave. Inventory1 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6. Date: AD 301-450.

B 129Grave: 170x50; 281°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.99; depth 99Coffin: nails 160x?; 281°Intrusion: sherd of brown-marbled potteryRemark: Under a medieval grave. Though no bone re mains were found, the head was clearly in the W, where the grave was wider.

B 130Grave: 100x40; 73°/253°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.78; depth 120Coffin: nails 88x30; 73°/253°

B 131Grave: 180x90; 97°/277°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.28; depth 70Intrusion: Sherd of a smooth jug. Remark: Largely disturbed by a medieval grave. Later than B 132, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-?

B 132Grave: 260x80; 262°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.93; depth 105Coffin: nails trapezoid 200x60; 262°Skeletal material: Skull, left caput femoris. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesFibula 1 to the right of the top of the head. Buck-le 2 on the left caput femoris, the reby preserving it. Intrusion: Red smooth base fragment. Remark: Earlier than grave B 131, which cuts it. Inventory1 Bronze Aucissa fibula, lacking its pin, l 4.8 cm. 2 Bronze buckle with separa te bronze sheet plate Sommer 1Cb1, l 3.8 cm, w 3.5 cm. Date: AD 310-360.

B 133Grave: c.150x65; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.02; depth 96Coffin: nails 90x30; 89°/269°

B 134Grave: 180x75; 265°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom

66—

25.95; depth 103Coffin: nails 160x40; 265°Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, head of left femur, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 135, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400.

B 135Grave: 140x70; 114°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.66; depth 132Coffin: nails trapezoid 100x25; 104°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesJar 1 in NE corner of coffi n, above the vanished head to the right. Bowl 2 in SE corner of coffin, above the head to the left. Beaker 3 near the vanished right un derarm. Remark: Later than B 134, which it cuts. Inventory1 Jar of not entirely dark but smooth terra nigra Gel lep 52, h 13.2 Footed terra nigra bowl Gellep 274, h 8. 3 Glass hemisph erical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.4. Date: AD 376-400.

B 136Grave: >160x50; 81°/261°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.18; depth 80Coffin: nails >140x35; 81°/261°Intrusion: small sherd, pro bably from the fillingRemark: Earlier than grave B 137, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-425.

B 137Grave: 205x75; 99°/289°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.15; depth 83Coffin: nails, otherwise no tracePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn the E end of the gra ve, on the longitudinal axis, in con tact with one another: bowl 1 in the W, beaker 2 in the E. Intrusion: A fragment of a 16th or 17th century glass: either part of the beaker of a goblet on baluster foot, or a lid. According to the inventory book of the muni cipal museum, where it is in-scribed as BC I 152b, a stray find; according to a list of field technician Martens from grave B 137.

Remark: Later than grave B 136, which it cuts. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) with roulett ed decor ation (cross-hat ching; Hübener’s unnumbe red group) h 7. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.3, d 18.5. Date: AD 375-450.

B 138Grave: 190x90; 84°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 26.26; depth 72Coffin: nails; rectangular iron mounting, 13x2.5 cm, with two rivets. 172x35; 84°Skeletal material: Skull

B 139Grave: 150x80; 81°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 26.10; depth 88Coffin: 95x20; 81°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In coffin, against the short side in SW. Remark: From the position of 1 it was concluded that the short SW side must be the foot-end: there would be no room for the head of the de-ceased. Inventory1 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.5. 2 Two flat -bi conical light green glass beads (one disi ntegra ted in the museum). 3 Tiny bronze remains, amongst which possibly a small buckle tongue (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350.

B 140Grave: 110x65; 90°/180°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.23; depth 75Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Cremation remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesSeemingly carefully spread along the longitudi-nal axis of the grave, from W to E: 2, 5, 3, 6 in the W, 1 in the E. Remarks: The W group of finds are at the W end of the cre mation remains. 4 and 5 show that this

67—

is a sol dier’s burial: melon beads were also used as soldiers’ amu lets and around the necks of military horses (Theune in: Pirling-Siepen 2006, 568). The shears 2 fit in with a remark of Pirling-Siepen (2006, 417-8) that all but one Gellep ex-amples were found in cremati on graves that dif-fer from what is usual, e.g. because they were cremations in the midst of inhumations. It is diffi cult to date this grave. Shears and knives were used throug hout the period of use of the Nijme gen cemeteries. The melon bead 4, the hinge fibula 5 and Caligula’s dupondius are clearly from earlier centu ries; giving first-century coins is frequent in the Nijmegen Late Roman cemete ries. So the grave does be long to the cemetery (and it was not already there before the first graves were dug). If the two iron keys 7 have anything to do with wooden chests, they may be dated to IVAB. The cremation and the date of fibula 5 show that this is one of the earli-est graves of the cemetery. Inventory1 Tanged iron knife, l 11.5, with convex sides, l bla de 9, max. w 2.2. 2 Iron bow shears, l 16. 3 Iron buckle, 3x3, with rectangular plate. 4 Melon bead, 16 oblique ribs, worn, faience, slightly trans parent gree nish blue, d 2.1, h 1.8, Riha 1.1. 5 Bron ze fibula (with leat her remains?). Cross-bow fi bula Van Buchem I; Haalebos (1984-1985, 58-60), however, calls it a hinge fibula with long hinge arms and supposes it was worn by sol diers IId-III. 6 Coin: dupondi us, Caligula, 37-41, Rome, RIC2 34. 7 Two irons keys, each with an eyelet and a flat bit, l 5.7 and 7.7. Date: AD 301-325.

B 141Grave: 285x90; 266°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.02; depth 96Coffin: 185x45; 266°Skeletal material: Thin (skull?) bone in the W, a de-cayed long bone in the E.

Intrusion: Sherd of a coarse dish. Remark: The grave is later than B 142, which it cuts.

B 142Grave: 240x80; 266°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.67; depth 131Coffin: nails 200x40; 266°Skeletal material: Skull; sil houette of legs. Remarks: The grave is ear lier than B 141, which cuts it. Two earlier round pits E and W of the grave seem not to have been graves. The one in the E contained nails and some sherds, among others a fine dark colour shoulder fragment with incised deco ra tion; the one on the W some nails.

B 143Grave: c.150x80; 265°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.04; depth 94Coffin: c.120x40; 265°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 in SW corner of coffin, to the right of the head. Bottom of beaker 2 in the filling of the grave (an intrusi on?). Beaker 3 was the third in a row of ob jects to the S of the coffi n, at the level of the right shoul der to the waist. Fibula 4 was on the right shoulder. Buc kle 5 was the second in the row S of the coffin. Belt stiffener(?) 6 was on the waist, on the left side. Iron knife 7 was the first (in the W), and iron axe 8 the last (in the E) in the row S of the coffi n. Intrusion: Beaker 2, of which only the bottom was found in the filling, is probably an intrusion. Inventory1 Glass double-handled yel lo wish green barrel bottle Gellep 213, h 19.5. On the under side of the bottom the fac tory name FRON(tinus) be tween con centri c circles. Blown in bipartite mold, the seam of which is clearly visible. 2 Base fragment of a conical glass beaker Gellep 185, preser ved h 4. 3 Glass hemi spherical beaker Gellep 179?, Isings 96a, all but colourless, d 8. 4 Small Arm brust fibu la, l 4. 5 Bron ze buckle. Cf Pirling 1966, 122, Abb. 14.1.

68—

6 Small pieces of bronze: strip 7x1.2 with two riv-ets (belt stiffener?); tube, made of a bent sheet, l 4.2, d 1.4 (strap end?). 7 Iron knife, l 10.6, blade l 7, w 2.3 with convex si des; organic remains of the handle on the pin. 8 Curved iron axe, l 12.4, max. th 3.5. Cf. Sieg-mund (1998, 204, fig. 81) FBA 2.3 of his phase 1, AD 400-440. Date: AD 400-400.

B 144Grave: 205x100; 85°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.77; depth 121Coffin: nails 170x45; 85°Skeletal material: Skull, decay edPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 near right foot in coffin, i.e. in NW cor-ner. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 145Grave: >50x100; 97°/277°Coffin: nailsRemark: Largely disturbed.

B 146Grave: 160x85; 277°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.90; depth 108Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: The grave is later than B 147, which it cuts.

B 147 Grave: 200x100; 3°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.95; depth 103Coffin: nails 156x35; 3°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: The grave is earlier than B 146, which cuts it.

B 148 Grave: oval, 170x60; 50°/230°Remark: Under foundation, which seems to have distur bed its shape.

B 149 Grave: >85x100; 3°/183°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.67; depth 31Remark: W part disturbed by a medieval grave.

B 150 Grave: 185x85; 97°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.63; depth 135Coffin: nails 148x30; 97°Skeletal material: Capsula of a molar.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3, 3a, 4, 5 in a higher niche on N side, to the right of the waist: 3 with 3a in the W, 4 in the E; 1 (S) and 5 (N) between 3 and 4; 6 slipped from that ni che; 2 and 7 broken, under the SW corner of the coffin in a small pit. Remark: The small pit with 2 and 7 apparently represents an offering made before the coffin was lowered. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.5, with white painted motto S•I•T•I•O•. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 81, handle and neck miss-ing, with five red dish painted horizontal bands, preserved h 11. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.5, in which 3a. 3a An apparently complete chicken without head and lower legs, which must have been removed: scapula (l+r), cora coïd, humerus (l+r), ulna (r), femur (r), 6 ver tebrae, synsa crum, rib; 17 frgm, 2.9 gr; unidentified small fragments of bird bo-ne, presumably part of the chicken; 58 frgm, 1.2 gr.4 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside and con stricted foot Gellep 120, h 8.5. 5 Coarse small cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.5. 6 Colourless glass bowl with foot-ring and rim turned down wards and inwards Gellep 540-541, d 16.5. Completely flatt ened and first inter preted as a silver mirror by the excavator, and as a bronze mirror in the museum inventory book.

69—

7 Glass frag men ts, amongst which the base of a beaker Gellep 195, preserved h 2.4. Date: AD 301-350.

B 151 Grave: >170x90; 289°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.20; depth 178Coffin: nails; trapezoid 180x40; 289°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche on N side, to the left of the waist: 1, contai ning 1a, in the W, 2 in the middle, 3 in the E. Remark: Foot-end of trench slightly disturbed. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 25.5, in which 1a.1a A piece of beef, a rib: costa, three fragments, 6.8 gr; mammal: two pieces of ossi fied cartilage, probably part of the rib; 19 frag ments of rib and ossified cartilage, probably part of the rib, 6.0 gr. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 incised, h 16. 3 Coarse cook in g-pot with handle and lid-seat-ing Gellep 106, h 10.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 152Grave: >110x115; 153°/333°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.64; depth 134Coffin: nails >55x40; 170°/350°Remark: Largely disturbed by S wall of church.

B 153 Grave: >225x>150; 274°; NAP surface ?, bottom 26.53; depth ?Coffin: >175x50; 274°Skeletal material: Left hu merus and radius, femo-ra. Remark: W part disturbed by building trench of church.

B 154 Grave: >120x90; 294°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.64; depth 134Coffin: >95x40; 294°

Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 In NW corner of the coffi n, to the left of and apart from the head. 2 on the (right?) wrist.Remark: E end disturbed. Inventory1 A bronze wire ring on which one bronze wire link with a small glass bead: earring? 2 Open bronze bracelet with hatched ends, rep-resenting styli zed snakesheads of Swift’s type 31, d 5.9-6.2. Date: AD 301-367

B 155 Grave: >160x75; 60°/240°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.58; depth 140Coffin: nails >150x40; 60°/240°Remark: Part of the complex of graves B 155-159, three of which are cut by a butt ress of the church. B 155 cuts B 158 and is in its turn covered by B 156. Sche matical ly, the layers are:latest B 156, in the middle B 155 B 157 B 159, and earliest B 158.

B 156 Grave: 160x100; 247°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.58; depth 140Coffin: nails 85x40; 247°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Fragment of the same jar as in B 158 (smal l c ook ing-pot with lid-s ea ting); amphora fragment.Remark: See at B 155 for stratigraphy.

B 157 Grave: >60x45; un clear; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.65; depth 133Remark: For stratigraphy see B 155. Partly under church butt ress. Bottom descends to that of B 156.

B 158 Grave: 170x100; 283°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.51; depth 147Coffin: nails 95x35; 279°Skeletal material: Shadow of skull.

70—

Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion: Fragment of the same jar as in B 156 (smal l c ook ing-pot with lid-s ea ting). Remark: For stratigraphy, see remark at B 155.

B 159 Grave: 150x65; 70°/250°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 26.05; depth 93Coffin: nailsRemark: For stratigraphy, see B 155.

B 160 Grave: 215x85; 70°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 26.00; depth 98Coffin: (no nails) 180x40; 70°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: A coarse base fragment. Remark: The grave is later than B 161, which it just cuts.

B 161 Grave: 200x75; 75°/255°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.91; depth 107Coffin: nails 70x30; 75°/255°Remark: The grave is earlier than B 160, which just cuts it.

B 162Grave: 275x125; 255°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.03; depth 95Coffin: nails 170x45; 255°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: The grave is earlier than B 163, which cuts it. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 against the jaw, on the left side. Inventory1 Coin: aes II, Constans, 348-350, Trier, RIC 213. Bone re mains on one side, textile remains on the other. Coin date: AD 348-378.

B 163 Grave: 180x95; 98°; NAP sur face 26.98, bottom 25.96; depth 102Coffin: nails 165x40; 98°

Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, shadow of left tibia. Remark: The grave is later than B 162, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 348-?

B 164 Grave: 215x85; 260°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.66; depth 132Coffin: nails 180x40; 260°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 against the jaw, on the left side. Remark: The grave is later than B 165, which it cuts. Inventory1 Coin: aes III, Constans, 348-350, Trier, RIC 226/230. Coin date: AD 348-378.

B 165 Grave: 245x100; 92°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.36; depth 162Coffin: nails 190x45; 92°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in SW corner of coffin: 3 in the corner, 2 to its E, 1 touching 3 to its NE. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 164, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 groo-ved, h 21.5. 2 Coarse small c ooking-pot with li d-seating Gellep 105, h 12. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-348. Combined date: AD 301-348.

B 166 Grave: 220x70; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.56; depth 142Coffin: nails 176x45; 72°/252°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in NE corner of coffin. Inventory

71—

1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 21. Date: AD 301-367.

B 167 Grave: 220x85; 297°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.72; depth 126Coffin: nails 185x40; 297°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBuckle 1 to the right of the head; fibula 2 level with the lowest left rib.Intrusion: sherdsInventory1 Iron buckle with moveable plate Sommer 1Cb1, in which two rivet holes. Width of belt hole 2.8. 2 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 4C) lacking its bow knob, pre-served l 7.5. Oni on-shaped knobs. Both arms of the crossarm have a con cave ribbed top; chev-rons on the top face of the bow and on the mid-dle face of the foot (bow decoration Swift D2); two groups of filed V-shaped deco rati on on each side of the foot (foot deco ration Swift a10, D2)Date: AD 325-355.

B 168 Grave: >60x80; 81°/261°; NAP surface 26.98, bot-tom 25.63; depth 135Coffin: nails >45x40; 81°/261°Remark: E part disturbed by church wall. There is a he arth at 2 m SW of B 168, consisting of char-coal on a round patch of pebbles. It contained some sherds of handmade vessels; it may or may not be part of the Late Roman ceme tery.

B 169 Grave: oval, 235x160; 262°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.80; depth 118Coffin: nail 200x35; 262°Skeletal material: Skull, humeri (38 cm), pelvis (w 29, con taining falanges), femora (l 38), right tibia (l 41); total length without heel 160. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesOutside the coffin, right (S) of the knee, 1; out-side the coffin, left of under arms, 2.Remark: The fragmentary pott ery may be the re-

mains of a fune ral meal. Inventory1 Brown-marbled do uble-hand led jug Gellep 72 lacking its base. 2 Sherd of a coa rse dish; no further data. Date: AD 301-350.

B 170 Grave: >175x>75; 111°/291°; NAP surface ?, bottom ‘250 below surfa ce’, of which no height was re-cor ded; depth ?Coffin: nails 152x32; 111°/291°

B 171 Grave: 230x125; 69°Coffin: nails; 69°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 In NE corner of the coffi n, to the right of the head. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar with near vertical lip and con stric ted foot Gellep 57, h 10.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 172 Grave: 135x80; 108°/288°Coffin: nails 110x40; 99°/279°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In SW corner of the coffi n, 2 next to it, to the E; 3 to NE of 2, in the coffin along its N side. Inventory1 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178?, disin-tegrated. 2 Small glass double-handled bottle, arybal los mo del, h 9, d 7.6. Lip turned in wards. Body dec-orated with three rows of vertically en graved dashes. Isings 61 (Isings 1957, 80: ‘one of the lat-est finds from Nor thern pro vinces’). 3 Bronze strip bracelet: six fragments of bronze wire, d 3.5, decorated with Swift’s a2 decoration. Date: AD 301-350.

B 173 Grave: 200x100; 229°Coffin: nails 180x32; 229°

72—

Skeletal material: TeethRemark: The grave is later than B 174, which it cuts.

B 174 Grave: 220x95; 76°/256°Coffin: nails 176x40; 81°/261°Remark: The grave is earlier than B 173, which cuts it.

B 175 Grave: >60x95; 119°/299°Coffin: nails >40x35; 119°/299°Remark: E half disturbed.

B 176 Remark: This number was gi ven to the newly ana-lysed grave in the complex of gra ves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. It is des cribed between graves B 24 and B 25.

Area LN: graves B 177-B 560 (Figs. 11-15)Brunsting called this area LN after the Lange Nieuws traat, where most of the excavations took place. The old excavations in this area are the following.

Place Year N TrLN Preliminary re-ports

Legend: N = number of graves; TrLN = trenches in area LN of cemetery B

Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Burchtstr 1947 10 2d VRGK 1947, 72Burchtstr 1950 8 2c VRGK 1950, 104Emaushof 1956 8 3 ?L Nieuwstr 1957 141 5-20 NKNOB 1957, *97, *108, *130, *183, *227, *239-240; VRGK 1957, 149L Nieuwstr 1960-1 54 21-7 NKNOB 1960, *267 NKNOB 1961, *36, *56, *71

Under the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers:L Nieuwstr 1978 40 131L Nieuwstr 1978 26 133L Nieuwstr 1978 17 134L Nieuwstr 1978 67 142

Total in area LN 371 (13 graves split below)

B 177 Grave: >40x155; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.90, bottom 28.20; depth 70Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-6 in a niche on the long N side, at waist level. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-be aker Künzl 1.6.2, V•I•V•Δ•S•, h 15.5, d 9.7. 2 Fine da rk coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, D•A•M•I•, h 9.7, d 7.6. 3 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug Gellep 71, h 22.9, d 17.4. 4 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside and con stricted foot Gellep 120, h 6.7, d 14.7. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thic ke ned on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 7.4, d 16.7. 6 Small bowl, no data, so not drawn. Date: AD 301-350.

Lange Nieuwstraat, 13 June 1957. As Queen Juliana and professor Brunsting, back to back, discuss the excavations in small circles of the Dutch Anthropological Association, field technician H.F Wijnman is on all fours below them.

73—

B 178 Grave: 250x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 28.90, bot-tom 27.41; depth 149Skeletal material: tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 179, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 179 Grave: NAP surface 28.90, bottom 28.09; depth 81Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknown Remark: This indistinct fea ture is later than B 178, which it cuts. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.6, d 9.3. On its neck a graffi to of a standing tri dent, twice. Date: AD 301-367.

B 180 Grave: 220x90; 276°?; NAP surface 26.65, bottom 26.16; depth 49Coffin: no trace. Two irre gular bronze sheet bands, 1.8x9 and 1.3x6, mountings (not drawn). Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesMostly unknown. Coin 2 was ‘in the grave’, coin 3 ‘loose’. Bead 12 was at the W end, probably near the vanished head.Intrusion: a fragment of fayenceRemarks: Grave without coffi n traces and at a right angle over an old ditch, like the graves B 193 and B 194 to its S. The grave con tains a mix-ture of conventi onal male and female grave goods.Inventory1 Five wall fragments of a colourless glass beaker with thin serpentine decoration bands on thin wall, Nijmegen 186, d 0.1-0.2. The glass threads have been laid down in a shape of 8, fused with the neighbouring thre ads on the widest parts. 2 Coin: follis, Con stanti ne I, 316-317, London, RIC 93. 3 Coin: follis, Con stanti us I, 303-305, Trier, RIC 594a. 4 Bron ze butterfly-shaped belt stiffener with

two ri vets on the reverse and at the front four concentric circles on the round central part, l 3, w 2.1, th 0.1. Sommer series 1, vari ant 3. 5 Iron ring or buckle lac king its tongue, outer d 4.9, inner d 3.2, of round section, d 0.6. 6 Within ring 5 and corroded onto its place a small ring-shaped iron buc kle, d 2, with tongue and iron plat e folded double, l 4, w 1.5: its band-shaped end rounded. The buckle seems to have closed within ring 5. 7 Iron and bronze rings one inside the other, outer d 3.3, inner d 1.3, both round in section, d 0.8 and 0.5. On its outside, glued or corro ded onto its place, a yellow ish round piece of limesto ne, 1.3x0.5. 8 A round cosmetic palette? of white granular limestone, d 5, th 2. 9 A round cosmetic palette? of white granular limestone, d 4, th 1. 10 Tip of an iron knife? 3x1.5. 11 Fragment of a black glass bracelet, outer d 6, inner d 5, oval in section, w 0.8. Decoration of groups of two obliquely impressed grooves. 12 Half of flattish globular bead, transparent greyish green, two (originally four) opaque brownish red warts, d 3.0, h 2.1, TM 375aVar. Coin date: AD 316-318. B 181 Grave: >170x35; 105°/285°; NAP surface 28.90, bottom 27.22; depth 168Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in a niche on the S si de, in unknown position in relation to the body (left of the shoulders or right of the lower legs). Remarks: Earlier than B 183, which cuts it. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bea ker Gellep 14, h 11.3, d 7.2. 2 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 39, h 5.1, d 18.5. 3 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.1, d 13.4.4 Small hemispherical bronze basin, h 4.3-4.7, d 15.5. The rim is thickened and rounded on the inside. The basin has concentric grooves from spinning on the lathe inside and out. Only the

74—

inside of the vessel is tinned. Soldered on the outside, 1.5 below the rim, is a lozenge-shaped escutcheon with an eye on the top, on which a ring is hanging. Photo: Van Daalen et al. 2005, 31. Date: AD 301-367.

B 182 Grave: round pit, d c.88; unknown; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.56; depth 77IntrusionsTwo Early Roman sherds: wall fragment of a Bel-gian butt-bea ker, d 9, Gose 338 or 339; rim sherd of a smooth plate, pink sherd with white slip, h 5, d 21. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesApparently indiscriminately dumped into a pit. Remark: Material found loose but together, with marks of burning: crema tion grave? The se finds, not indicated as the contents of a grave on the plan drawings of trench 131, are stored in the same box as those of grave B 181 and are there-fore mentioned here. By eli mination, their only possi ble provenance seems to be feature 131/21, between gra ves B 217 and B 218, indica ted on the dra wing as a round pit with terra sigillata sherds and large bones. Its measure ments are given abo ve. Inventory1 Fragment of a terra sigil lata bowl Gellep 25 (= Che net 324c), d 12. 2 Frag ment of a fine dark col oured beaker Sy-monds 61 smooth, d lip 8, d >13. 3 Wall fragment of a fine da rk coloured beaker, d 9. 4 c.1 kilogram of smooth wall fragments of a jug, d >28, place where the handle was attached 4.5x2. 5 Base of a smooth jug in splinters, d 6. 6 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105/106, measure-ments un known. 7 Coarse dish, d 17, h 4.8, Gellep 128. 8 Bottom fragment of a coa rse dish. 9 Two small bones: chicken? Date: AD 301-367.

B 183 Grave: 150x60/70; 0°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.60; depth 73Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche to the left (E) of the upper body. The posi tion of the vanished body is derived from that of the sole of a shoe 4, in the S. 5-7 un-known: not in excava tion documentati on, but pre sent in finds box in the museum. Remark: Later than B 181, which it cuts. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto- beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, L•V•D•E•, h 10.4, d 7.2.2 Brown-marbled do uble-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 28.8, d 22.7. 3 Smoo th jug with conical mouthpiece, h 26.5, d 18. Nijmegen 96. 4 Large frag ment of a coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4, d 24. 5 Large frag ment of a coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 15.6 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, h 6.1, d 19.5. 7 Sole of a shoe with hob-nails: some heads of hob-nails preserved. Date: AD 301-350.

B 184 Grave: >90x85; 41°/221°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 28.10; depth >23Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn NW corner. Problematic: see remark. Dishes 2 and 3 seem to have been one on top of the oth-er, as the find label of 2 says: ‘lower pla te’.Remark: Find data are con tradictory. According to find proces sing forms, the only finds were ‘a a chicken on a plate; b a loose bone in niche’. The niche is not on the plan drawing; there are more finds present, but not a trace of a chicken. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, yellow with lots of volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen), h 11.7, d 13.7. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.0, d 14.0. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 15.6. Date: AD 301-350.

75—

B 185 Grave: 155x75; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 27.22; depth 111Coffin: 140x55; 104°/284°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesNot recorded.Inventory1 Small bronze bell with four groups of four concen tric cir cles around the clapper hole, rod-shaped tongue and suspension ring, d 2.9, h without ring and clapper 1.2, with: 3.3. 2 Bronze snakeshead brace let, d 5.8-6.4, section 0.7x0.2. One end is lancet-shaped over a length of 5 cm and deco rated: largest w there 1.1, small-est 0.5. From three transverse groo ves run three longitudinal ones; between the outer two and the rims oblique grooves (not in Swift 2000). 3 Textile remains: pieces of 0.4-0.6 cm, twill. 4 Iron chain of round links (three now visible), d 1, on a small heap of two now car bonized textile remains 5-6. 5 Textile remains, folded, 5x5 cm. 6 Two fragments of the same tablet woven band, l 13 and 3.2. It cannot be said with certain-ty what 4-6 repre sent: a small textile bag with band handle, hanging from an iron chain? Date: AD 301-367.

B 186 Grave: >120x110; 105°/285°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesNot recorded, 1 probably in niche. Remark: Niche on N side, either to the left of the upper body or to the right of the lower legs, NAP 27.80. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 5.1, d 17.0. Date: AD 276-367.

B 187 Grave: 150x58; 40°; NAP sur face 28.33, bottom 27.97; depth >36Coffin: 135x40; 40°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-ae

B 188 Grave: >180x105; 97°; NAP surface >28.33, bot-tom 27.95; depth >38Coffin: >155x50; 97°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 189, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 189 Grave: 270x115; 95°/275°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 27.38; depth 95Coffin: 200x70; 95°/275°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-6 in niche on the N side, NAP 27.80.Remark: Later than B 188, which it cuts. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38, h 5.4, d 24.0. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 inc ised, measure ments unknown. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, measurements unknown. 4 Coarse cook ing-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11, d 13.2, handle broken off. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thi ckened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.6, d 14.3. 6 Coarse bowl with rim thi ckened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.7, d 14. Date: AD 301-350

B 190 Grave: 200x70; 132°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.20; depth 113Coffin: 190x50; 132°Skeletal material: Skull

B 191 Grave: >225x85; 122°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.80; depth 53Coffin: 160x55; 122°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in niche to the right (N) of the upper body, NAP 28.10; 3 outside right foot-end of the coffin. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.4, d 21.0. Contai ned food remains: chicken, (parts of)

76—

scapula (r), coracoïd (l), hume rus (l+r), ulna (l), radius (l), femur (l+r), tibiotarsus (l+r), 3 verte-brae (13 frgm, 16.1 gr); bird, unidentifia ble frag-ments, probably be longing to the chicken (<50 frgm, 4.2 gr). 2 Smooth brown double-hand led jug Gellep 637, h 31.3 (sic), d 24.2. Same model as Gellep 71, but not brown-marbled. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.9. Date: AD 301-350.

B 192 Grave: >200x85; 110°; NAP surface >28.33, bot-tom 27.85; depth >48Coffin: >180x50; 110°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae

B 193 Grave: 215x80; 92°; NAP sur face 26.65, bottom 26.04; depth 61Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Like B 180 to its N and B 194 to its S, at a right angle over an old ditch.

B 194 Grave: >125x75; 96°/276°; NAP surface 26.65Remark: Like B 180 and B 193 to its N, at a right angle over an old ditch.

B 195 Grave: 190x105; 186°; NAP surface 26.65, bottom 25.89; depth 76Skeletal material: SkullRemark: In its length over the same old ditch as B 180, B 193 and B 194 to its N.

B 196 Grave: not visible, bottom 27.30Coffin: 115x75; 99°/279°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesAll in the coffin, along its long S side. Bracelet in the E, beads at the middle. 4-7 on top of 3. Inventory1 Fine dark colou red motto-be aker Künzl 1.4.1m, F•E•L•I•X , h 10.9, d 7.9. 2 Fine dark coloured small jar with near-verti cal

lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, h 8.9, d 9.3. 3 Coarse coo kin g-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken off, h 10.1, d 12.5. 4 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, h 4.9, d 20.0. 5 Gla ss beaker Gellep 180, h 6.8, d 8.9, base pushed up, everted fire-rounded rim. 6 Seven beads: 3 cylinder-shaped beads (broken off a longer tube), transpa rent green, d 0.5, h 0.9. one flat-bi conical of red d ish brown opaque glass, d 0.45, h 0.2, one flat-bi con ical of opa que yellow glass, d 0.6, h 0.3, one tubular of silver sheet, l 1, d 0.2-0.5, one flat-biconic al of am ber, d 1.1, h 0.5-0.6. 7 Bracelet of sapropelite a.k.a. cannel coal, outer d 5.5, inner d 4.7, w 0.7. On three sides, it looks like a cylinder; on the in side, it is bevelled in three strips, while a fourth strip retains the marks of hollowing. 8 Shapeless and corroded pieces of bronze sheet (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350.

B 197 Grave: 145x65; 111°; NAP surface 26.87, bottom 26.50; depth 37Coffin: 75x35; 111°Remark: Not a (stone) sar cophagus, as Van Boekel (1996, 24, caption of fig. 48) states: ROB photos KB 2239-31 and -35 show it to be just a discoloration of a coffin. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1, bottle 2, cooking-pot 3, bracelet 7 and neck lace 8 outside the short E side of the coffin (1 on top of 3); glass beakers 4-5 in the coffin, at the short W side. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.1, d 7.9, measured volume 200 cc, with white paint-ed decoration: running scroll with dots (Künzl element 189), no cad re lines. 2 Fine da rk colou red bottle Gellep 254, Künzl 14.5, h 14.9, d 10.6. Decora tion in white and yel-low paint as on Künzl’s TRI 163: wavy line, verti-cal groups of three white dots, the middle one

77—

with a smaller yellow one on it, alternating with simple tendrils and twigs; line. 3 Coa rse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.4, d 12.5. 4 Glass beaker Gellep 194, measu rements un-known. 5 Gla ss beaker Gellep 193?, mea surements un-known. 6 Terracotta miniature pan tomime mas k from Trier, h 8.8, w 5.4: female head with thick curls, hair-ribbon, two loop-shaped ribbons, onkos of two symmetrical bows. White slip, paint. Dis-cussed in Van Boekel (1987, 798-9, no. 274); see also the chapter on typology in the present stu-dy. 7 Four fragments of a two-strand cable brace let, d 4, probably silver and bronze. 8 Necklace of 82 beads, 55 of which in situ:2 barrel-shaped beads, transparent honey brown, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968aVar;3 almond-shaped beads, transparent honey brown, sheen, 2x w 0.5, d 0.3, h 1.0, 1x w 0.7, d 0.4, h 1.1, Riha 2808,11Var;8 biconical/barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, slightly transpa rent greyish whi te/green, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2931eVar;9 cylindircal/barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, opaque black, shining, d 0.5, h 0.4, Riha 1236Var;13 barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, transparent ultra marine, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2925b; 18 flat-biconical beads, slipshod, transparent ultra marine, d 0.2, h 0.2, Riha 2925a; 29 flat-biconical to disk-shaped amber beads, weathe red, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390. Date: AD 301-350.

B 198 Grave: 185x90; 293°; NAP surface 27.22, bottom 27.25; depth ?Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesDish 1 outside the coffin to the left of the knees, 5 around the neck; other ob jects not documen-ted. Remark: Earlier than grave B 199, which lies on top of it. Girl between 12 and 18 years old: fe-

male attribute; two mo lars; third one, visi ble un-der posthumous damage in the bone, not erupt-ed.Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 15.4. 2 Two bronze rivets, no da ta. 3 Sole of a shoe with hob-nails, now fallen apart into 30 corrosion lumps. 4 Bronze-sheet tube, 1x0.5x0.3: spring case of a fibula?5 Necklace of 79 minuscule glass beads: 1 (flat-)biconical bead, slightly transparent turqoi se-green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 1199; 12 flat-biconical or ring-shaped beads, transpar-ent dark ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931d;32 ring-shaped beads, irre gular, transparent honey brown, some with white effl orescence, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2876;34 ring-shaped beads, trans parent blue?, irisa-tion, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931a. Date: AD 301-367.

B 199 Grave: >125x75; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.67, bottom 27.25; depth 42Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in NE corner, in unknown relation to the van-ished body. Remark: Later than B 198, on top of which it lies. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 18.1, h 5.8. 2 Fine da rk coloured small jug Nijmegen 67, h 17.7, d 11, with whi te painted deco ration on the shoulder: dots separated by vertical dotted lines of four points each. Model, not in Künzl 1997, like that of Gellep 70. Date: AD 300-355.

B 200 Grave: 100x65; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.83, bot-tom 27.39; depth 44Coffin: 80x30; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in short E end of coffi n, in unknown relation to the body.

78—

Remark: Later than B 201, on top of which it lies. Inventory1 Coa rse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, conspicu ous S-profile and narrow base, h 12.6, d 13.3. Date: AD 301-367.

B 201 Grave: 145x60; 112°/292°; NAP surface 27.99, bot-tom 27.35; depth 64Coffin: 95x30; 112°/292°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 outside coffin, near its short E end, jug 2 outsi de coffin near its long N side. Remark: Earlier than B 200, under which it lies. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured mott o- be aker Künzl 1.4.1m, •E•B•I•B•E•, h 10.4, d 7.0, volume 120 cc. 2 Smooth brown jug with one handle Nijmegen 104, h 20.5, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 202 Grave: >55x80; 114°/294°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.13; depth 86

B 203 Grave: 160x70; 296°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 27.08; depth 122Coffin: 125x35; 296°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in coffin, possibly near the knees, 2 in unknown po sition, 3 in the W, pos sibly near the vanished head; be ads 4 lying within bracelet 3.Remark: The orientation is supported by the po-sition of 3.Inventory1 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle mis sing, h 10.0, d 12.0. 2 Coin: antoninianus, Gal lienus, 260-268, Rome, RIC 245 (F). 3 Two-strand cable bracele t of two intertwi ned bronze wires, d 4. 4 String of small flat-bico ni cal transparent glass small beads: 1 beam-shaped bead, two thirds preserved,

transpa rent greyish blue, d 0.3, h 0.7, Riha 1306;1 disk-shaped amber bead, d 1.5, h 0.7, TM 395b; 1 disk-shaped amber bead, d 1.2, h 0.8, TM 395a;1 flat-biconical amber bead, weathered, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390;1 flattened and oblique cy linder-shaped bead, opaque greyish blue, w 0.6, d 0.4, h 0.6, TM 147Var; 1 glass melon bead, c.10 oblique ribs, transparent light olive green, light irisation, d 1.6, h 0.8, TM 160Var;2 ring-shaped beads, trans parent light olive green, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968fVar; 7 disk/ring/barrel-shaped beads, hardly trans-parent, emerald green, white efflo res cence, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968g; 40 Überfang beads, globular, transparent whitish colour less, peeling, d 0.4, h 0.5, TM 387b. Date: AD 301-367. B 204 Grave: >175x100; 270°; NAP surface 27.99, bot-tom 26.80; depth 119Coffin: >130x50; 270°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesOrnament 1 near left shoul der, 2 at the right arm, 3 and 4 near the head, 5 near the left leg.Inventory1 Two intertwined golden earrings, d 1.4-2.3, of thin round gold wire, one end bent into an eye-let, the other into a hook. 2 Five jet trilobite beads used as a brace let: 2 trilobite beads, squarish rounded, planocon-vex, jet, high sheen, w 0.3, d 0.7, h 0.9, Riha 1345Var; 3 trilobite beads, squarish rounded, planocon-vex, jet, high sheen, w 0.4, d 1.1, h 1.1, Riha 1345Var. 3 Trilobite bead, oval, pla noconvex, jet, high sheen, 2 thre adholes, w 0.5, d 0.8, h 1.3, Riha 1345Var. 4 Scanty remains of a chain of S-shaped links of thin bronze wire, at least three of which have transparent glass beads:1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent emerald

79—

green, d 0.4, h 0.9, Riha 2844;1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.9, Riha 2846; 1 flattened and oblique cy linder-shaped bead, trans parent ultramarine, w 0.3, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 147Var. 5 Bronze wire fibula with hole in catchplate.Intrusion6 Rim fragment of an indigenous? bowl with hatched decoration. Date: AD 301-400.

B 205 Grave: 200x70; 289°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.34; depth 65Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-aeIntrusion: small piece of bronze slagRemark: In plane 2, this gra ve appears to be ear-lier than B 206, which cuts it. In plane 3, the two graves are next to one another and have both shifted to the S. These were not consi dered to be other earlier gra ves by the excavator. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 206 Grave: 160x80; 123°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.80 ; depth 119Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-3 in NW corner of the grave, in un-known rela tion to the body. Glass bea ker 4 is not on the plan drawing but it is marked as a find from this grave.Remark: In plane 2, this gra ve appears to be later than B 205, which it cuts. In plane 3, the graves are next to one another and have both shifted to the S. These were not considered to be other earlier graves by the exca vator. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Gellep 56, undeco-rated, lip wit hout slip, h 10.2, d 10.7. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.2, d 12.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.3, d 20.2. 4 Glass beaker Gellep 184, h 10.8, d 6. Date: AD 301-350.

B 207Grave: 290x150; 122°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.90; depth 109Coffin: 175x65; 122°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1, 2 and 5 to the right of head/shoulder outside the coffin, 3-4 in niche (NAP 26.94) to the right (N) of the upper body; chest 6 out side the foot-end of the coffin. Inventory1 Small terra sigilla ta bowl Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a), d 13.5, h 6.2. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 4.1, d 17.1 (smaller than usual). 3 Fine dark coloured motto- beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, •A•M•O•T•E•:, with graf to ABX, h 11.5, d 8.4. 4 Brown-m arbled do uble-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 24.8, d 18.9. 5 Coa rse dish Gellep 497, d 17.7, h 5. 6 Chest, 35x38, no other data than one kg of untrea ted iron. Date: AD 301-350.

B 208 Grave: 245x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.73; depth 126Coffin: 215x50; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in SE corner of the coffinInventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 groo-ved, h 14.4, d 9.4. Date: AD 301-367.

B 209 Grave: >150x120; 122°/302°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 27.27; depth 103Coffin: >135x75; 122°/302°Remark: Both short ends dis turbed

B 210 Grave: >200x115; 129°/309°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 27.35; depth 95Coffin: 175x60; 129°/309°

80—

B 211 Grave: >130x90; in plane 1: 113°/293°; in plane 2: 106°/286°, bottom 28.40Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemarks: Grave B 210 was located on two differ-ent pla ns, the two only partly overlapping, but they are still con sidered to be a single grave. In plane 1, there is a niche in the NE corner, in line with the short N end. In plane 2, it is as if only the niche is visible, but shifted 90 cm to the W: a measu ring error? The plan drawing shows no objects in the grave, but a find pro cessing form has ‘1 Pirling 62 C4’; no finds from this grave were found in the mu seum depot. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Presumably Symonds 61. Date: AD 301-367.

B 212 Grave: >115x70; 105°/285°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.36; depth 63Coffin: >85x50; 105°/285°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 were lying through the SE cor-ner of the coffin and probably ori ginally stood upon it. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, kiln waster (foot red, red flame on bo-dy), h 15.9, d 9.4. 2 Smooth brown one-handled jug Nijmegen 96, neck and handle missing, pre served h 17.3, d 20.2. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.8, d 21.0. Date: AD 301-350.

B 213 Grave: 150x65; 122°/302°; NAP surface 27.99, bot-tom 27.10; depth 89Coffin: 110x30; 102°/302°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in W end of the coffin.Inventory1 Fine dark col oured beaker Symonds 61 groo-

ved, h 15.9, d 10.1. Date: AD 301-367.

B 214 Grave: >135x70; 136°/316°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.80; depth 53Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Beaker 1 damaged in deepening the sur-face. Inventory1 Fine da rk colou red be aker Sy monds 61 groo-ved, neck largely missing, h 15.4, d 10.0. Date: AD 301-367.

B 215 Grave: >165x90; 105°/285°, bottom 28.40Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Later than B 216, on top of which it lies, and visible only in plane 1. Jug 2 damaged. Inventory1 Small terra sigil lata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.5, d 14.2. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 80, lar ge parts of neck and handle mis sing, painted brown (not marbled) with six white painted horizontal bands, pre-served h 17.5, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 216 Grave: 185x75; 108°/288°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 27.40; depth 93Coffin: 170x45; 108°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-6 in niche, 7 in coffin, positi on unknown. Remark: Earlier than B 215, which lies on top of it. Niche in N, 28.20, near NE corner. Beaker 2 dam-aged. Inventory1 Fine dark col oured motto-be aker Künzl 1.4.1m, A•V•E•T•, h 9.7, d 7.5. 2 Fine dark colou red beaker Symonds 61 grooved, neck missing, preserved h 10.4, d 9.0. 3 Plate with red slip Gellep 69, h 4.0, d 22.9.

81—

4 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 8.3, d 16.4. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.2, d 16.4. 6 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.0, d 13.1. 7 Splin ters of a small gla ss bottle: Base with solid foot-ring, d 4, thin-walled body, closed form, as appe ars from a shoulder frag ment. Date: AD 301-350.

B 217 Grave: 175x80; 128°/208°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 27.40; depth 93Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-2 in niche on N side.Inventory1 Small terra sigilla ta bea ker Gellep 14 with four whi te ban ds, still in frag ments, h unknown, d foot 3.2. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 4.8, d 18.2. Date: AD 301-367.

B 218 Grave: 190x75; 128°/308°; NAP surface 27.99, bot-tom 27.00; depth 99Coffin: 185x50; 128°/308°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 in niche on the N side, NAP 27.71 (6 stan ding on 7), 4 and 8 in cof-fin, W and E respecti vely, 1, 9, 10 and 11 positions unknown in relation to the body. Inventory1 Small terra sigilla ta bea ker Gellep 14, h 10.7, d 7.6, with white painted de corati on on the body: five waves running towards the right. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 groo-ved, h 15.6, d 9.2. 3 Smoo th small double-hand led jug Gellep 84a, h 13, d 8. 4 Smooth double-handled jug, h 18.8, d 13.8. Neck like Gellep 84b, body wider and more shouldered. 5 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.4, d 15.3. 6 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 17.1. 7 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 16.3. 8 Glass hemispheri cal beaker ± Gellep 180 with

base slightly pushed up, everted lip, h 6.4, d 9.2.9 Glass bottle with oval body Gellep 199, base pushed up, cylin drical neck, h 10.6, d 6.4. 10 Tran spare nt glass beads: 1 globular/biconical bead, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2934b; 1 ring-shaped bead, transpa rent ultramarine, irisa tion, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 1201; 1 ring-shaped bead, transpa rent honey brown, d 0.5, h 0.2, Riha 2979b; 2 barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, transparent ultra marine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925b;2 tyre-shaped/globular be ads, transparent hon-ey brown, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2976. 11 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 307-319, mint un-known, GENIO POP ROM or SOLI INVICTO COM-ITI. Date: AD 301-367. Coin date: AD 307-330. Com-bined date: AD 307-330.

B 219 Grave: 240x130; 127°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.70; depth 129Coffin: 190x40; 127°Skeletal material: Skull, its top at NAP 26.00 (sic)Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-4 in niche, 5 in the coffin near the feet, 6 on the middle of the body (in a hand?)Remark: Niche on N side, to the right of the head, NAP 27.58.Inventory1 Small terra sigil lata bowl Drag. 33 (=Gellep 550), h 5.2, d 10. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.8, d 23.7. 3 Fine dark coloured bea ker Symonds 61 groo-ved, h 21.2, d 11.2. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, with metallic shine, h 16.0, d 9.6. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.7, d 13.3. 6 Coin: follis, Maximia n Herculius, Trier, 295, RIC 158b. Date: AD 301-350.

B 220 Grave: 200x60; 305°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.20; depth 113

82—

Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBowl 1 in foot-end of coffi n. Remark: Earlier than B 221, which cuts it. Inventory1 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.7, d 13.8. Date: AD 301-350.

B 221 Grave: 165x75; 125°/305°; NAP surface 28.33, bot-tom 27.10; depth 123Coffin: 125x45; 125°/305°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn niche on N side, NAP 27.40Remark: Later than B 220, which it cuts. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 inc ised, h 20.6, d 11.8. 2 Brown ish glass, disinte grated. Date: AD 301-367. B 222 Grave: >65x>50; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.95; depth 38Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn SW cornerRemark: Earlier than the discoloration of graves B 223-224-225, which cuts it on level drawing 2. See also remark on B 223. Inventory1 Fragments of a fine dark coloured beaker Sy-monds 61 incised, h unknown, d 12. 2 Plate with red slip Gellep 69, h 4.4, d 25.0. Date: AD 301-350.

B 223 Grave: 165x>25; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.60; depth 36Skeletal material: SkullRemark: This grave is marked on the plans of two level draw ings, which are contra dictory on the point of stratigraphy. On level 2, grave B 223 covers (and so is later than) the complex B 223-224-225, visi ble on le vel drawing 3; whe re it in its turn is cut in half by (and so is earlier than) B

224. The problem is aggra vated there by NAP-in-dicati ons of tops and bott oms of these three gra ves, where the tops are lower than the bot-toms. As a solu tion, I take the large feature visi-ble on level drawing 2 to be the discolo ration of all these three graves toge ther. The measure-ments given above are those of level 3.

B 224 Grave: 205x60; 289°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.70?; depth 29?Coffin: 190x30; 289°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: See remark on B 223. Later than the par-allel gra ves B 223 and B 225, on top of which it lies.

B 225Grave: 235x90; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.57; depth 142Remark: Earlier than B 224, which lies on top of it.

B 226Grave: >200x95; 268°; NAP surface 28.33Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-aePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 on the middle of the bodyInventory1 Coin: follis (18), Constantine I, 320, Siscia, RIC 109var. Coin date: AD 320-341.

B 227Grave: 250x90; 270°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 28.00; depth 33Skeletal material: Skull, verte bral column, humeri, radii, pelvis, femora, tibi aePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 on the pelvis. Intrusions: 2, 3 and 4?Inventory1 Coin: as, Augustus,, AD 12-14, Lyon, RIC2 245, for Tiberius.2 Flat bronze open-work ob ject, with protru-sions on its short sides, 3.5x1x0.3. Bolt of a lock?

83—

3 Spring tube of a first-century rosette fibula, with the splaying part of the band-shaped fibula bow. Men tioned in Haalebos 1986, 73, note 145. 4 Fragment of a band-shaped but double-bar-reled handle of smooth pottery, w 4.8; and a rim sherd, d 14.

B 228 Grave: 130x65; 93°/273°; NAP surface 27.87, bot-tom 27.04; depth 83Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCooking-pot 1 in NE corner of the trench.Inventory1 Coarse coo king-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.7, d 14.4. Date: AD 301-367.

B 229 Grave: 240x110; 109°/289°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.76; depth 154Remark: Later than B 230, which it cuts.

B 230 Grave: >60x80; un known; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.99; depth 131Remark: Earlier than B 229, which cuts it.

B 231 Grave: 109°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 27.07;

depth 123Coffin: nails Skeletal material: Part of skullRemark: Later than B 232, on top of which it lies. Intrusion Sherds. Inventory1 Late Claudian eye fibula. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 232 Grave: >233x>166; 131°; NAP surface 28.30, bot-tom 26.77; depth 153Coffin: nails >100x?; 120°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesLeft of the knees, not clear whether inside or outside the coffin. Remark: Earlier than B 231, which lies on top of it. Intrusion: SherdsInventory1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 345b with white painted de corati on: running scroll on the shoul-der, h 21.5, d 18. Date: AD 301-367.

B 233 Grave: 265x100; 127°/307°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.51; depth 179Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBoth tiles 1 and 2 along N sideInventory1 Tile 19.8x19.8x3.5. 2 Tile 19.8x19.8x3.5.

B 234 Grave: 175x75; 110°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.85; depth 145Coffin: thickness of the wood 3; 140x40; 110°Skeletal material: ToothPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesTo the right of the head in a niche on N side, NAP 27.45. Bowl 1 was standing on plate 2. Intrusion: SherdsInventory1 Small terra sigil lata bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31

Complete skeletons, as here in B 227, are the exception.

84—

and Chenet 302), h 4.5, d 9.2 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 39, h 6.5, d 25. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 4 Fine dark coloured motto-jug Künzl 12.1.3, h 25.5, with white painted decorati on: wavy line with dots (Künzl element 7), motto V•I•V•A•S•E•S•E•, dotted line (Künzl element 11), wavy lines (Künzl element 17). 5 Coa rse coo king-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11, d 11. Date: AD 301-355.

B 235 Grave: >150x70; 292°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.75; depth 155Skeletal material: Skull

B 236 Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in SE corner of niche, the only part of this grave remaining, NAP 27.18. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.2, d 7.6, with white painted deco rati on: dotted line between ho rizon ta l wavy lines. Date: AD 301-355.

B 237 Grave: 250x95; 203°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.70; depth 160Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 280, which was right below it, but which was observed in the N section of trench 133, whereas B 280 was exca vated in trench 134.

B 238 Grave: 200x70; 126°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.68; depth 162Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPendant 1 near right shoul derInventory1 Bronze pendant on a rivet, l 4.3, w 1.6: lozenge-shaped pendant with central rib, its sharp points

cut off, has a flat suspensi on ring at its top, through which runs the shaft of a rivet with two flat-globular ends, l 1, d 1.3.

B 239 Grave: 140x60; 147°/327°; NAP surface 28.32, bot-tom 27.04; depth 128Coffin: nailsIntrusion: fourth-century terra sigillata sherd. Date: AD 301-?

B 240 Grave: 115x40; 132°/312°; NAP surface 28.32, bot-tom 27.48; depth 84

B 241 Grave: 195x75; 119°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.53; depth 79Coffin: nails 154x32; 119°Skeletal material: Skull with sound teethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn a niche, NAP 27.83, to the right of the headIntrusion: sherdsRemark: Earlier than B 242, which just cuts the niche.Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.4, h 5.2. Date: AD 301-367.

B 242 Grave: 90x50; 132°/312°; NAP surface 28.32, bot-tom 28.93; depth ?Coffin: nails 60x27; 132°/312°Remark: Later than B 241, whose niche it just cutsStratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 243 Remark: Only jar 1 found under a wallInventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 21, d 15.5. Date: AD 276-367.

B 244 Grave: 140x80; 136°?; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.97; depth 133Coffin: nails 115x30; 136°?

85—

Skeletal material: Jaw frag ment from fillingPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 in NW corner of coffin (foot-end?)Inventory1 Small gla ss bottle with handle, h without neck 11, d 5, disintegrated.

B 245 Grave: 215x75; 255°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.18; depth 114Coffin: nails 160x40; 255°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Three large flat stones around the head and outside the coffin: one at short head end, two along the long sides. Unclear ho rizontal stratigraphy with B 246.

B 246 Grave: 235x90; un clear by a curved shape; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.10; depth 122Coffin: nails 190x45; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur and left tibiaRemark: Unclear horizontal stratigraphy with B 245.

B 247 Grave: 165x65; 271°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.10; depth 121Coffin: nails 140x45; 271°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherds

B 248 Grave: 175x45; 327°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.00; depth 131Coffin: nails 125x45; 327°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: This child’s grave is earlier than the adult’s grave B 249 right on top of it; its orienta-tion, at 180° to the adult lying above, suggests posi tion at birth. The grave goods, in the ni che 47 cm lower than the skull of the adult, and the preser vation of the skull, however, sug gest that the child lived long enough to learn to drink from a beaker and eat from a bowl. The motto VIVAS = may you live, is tou ching.

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in a niche at the short head end, NAP 27.00Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured small motto bowl Künzl 7.5, V•I•V•A•S•, h 7. d 8.5.2 Fine dark colou red beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, white painted deco ration of running scroll (Künzl ele-ment 188), h 11.5. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6. d 13.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 249 Grave: 165x90; 91°; NAP sur face 28.31, bottom 27.47; depth 84Coffin: nails unknown; 91°Skeletal material: Skull, uni dentified long bones left and right (too low for hume ri, to high for femora) Remark: This adult’s grave is (just?) later than the child’s grave B 248 right under it. See remark there. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 250 Grave: 220x85; 286°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.20; depth 112Coffin: nails 200x40; 286°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-2 in the foot-end of the coffinIntrusion: SherdsInventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6, d 13.4. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, handle mis sing, h 12.6, d 12.4. Date: AD 301-400.

B 251 Grave: 120x65; 250°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.69; depth 63Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherd of an ampho raRemark: One documentation says ‘At the head

86—

end one more grave’. As this was not followed up by giving it a grave number, that feature has not been counted as a grave here.

B 252 Grave: > 175x95; 267°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.26; depth 106Coffin: nails >150x45; 267°Skeletal material: Remains of tibiaeIntrusion: SherdRemark: W end disturbed by a cellar

B 253 Grave: 230x75; 265°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.60; depth 72Skeletal material: Skeleton pre served in detail; hands and feet disappeared; l 180 without feetRemark: This grave was exca vated in trench 131, level 3; above it, in level 2, was another parallel rectangular pit, 135x95, not counted by the exca-vator as a grave.

B 254 Grave: >88x63; 135°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherd

B 255 Grave: >150x60; 76°/256°Coffin: nails >125x50; 76°/256°Intrusion: Sherd

B 256 Grave: 240x85; 262°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.72; depth 61Skeletal material: Well pre served skeleton, l 195. Intrusion: Folded strip of bronze sheet, 2.5x0.9; quar ter of a smooth base, d 11.

B 257 Grave: 200x70; 262°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.85; depth 48Skeletal material: Skeleton pre served in detail, l 180Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 between the feet, coin pendant 2 in un-

known positionInventory1 Coin: follis (18), Constanti ne II, 330-335, Arles, RIC 345/387.2 Coin pendant (coin with a hole drilled in it): as, Augus tus, 15 BC, Rome, RIC2 386.Coin date: AD 330-348.

B 258 Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Isolated find, con sidered to be from a grave by the excavator. Erroneous ly assigned to B 322 in the museum inven tory book. Inventory1 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 108, h 12.2, d 10.6. Date: AD 330-500.

B 259 Grave: >40x45; 91°/271°Coffin: nails >45x38; 91°/271°

B 260 Grave: 245x100; 82°/262°Skeletal material: Skull (in the centre of the grave), uni denti fied long bonesRemark: Completely distur bed. See section X-Y in Fig. 15.

B 261 Grave: >50x>70; 254°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Grave partly in the excavation trench

B 262 Grave: 230x85; 268°Coffin: 175x40; 268°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: See section X-Y in Fig. 15.

B 263 Grave: 199x55; 19°/199°Intrusion: Sherd

87—

B 264 Grave: >225x75; 263°Coffin: 190x45; 263°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, femoraIntrusion: Sherd

B 265 Grave: 215x85; 264°Coffin: 180x35; 264°Skeletal material: Skull, right femur

B 266 Intrusion: SherdRemark: Completely disturbed

B 267 Grave: >110x55; 93°/273°Coffin: >100x25; 93°/273°

B 268 Grave: 200x70; 263°Coffin: nails 170x35; 263°Skeletal material: Skull, femoraRemark: See section AA-BB in Fig. 15.

B 269 Grave: >100x70; 262°Coffin: >100x38; 262°Skeletal material: Skull, left femurRemark: See section AA-BB in Fig. 15.

B 270 Grave: >95x65; 283°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.50; depth <30Skeletal material: SkullRemark: See section V-W in Fig. 15.

B 271 Grave: >65x85; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.50; depth <30Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: See section V-W in Fig. 15.

B 272Remark: Just the E edge of the grave in the

excava tion trench. See section V-W in Fig. 15.

B 273 Remark: Just the E edge of the grave in the excava tion trench.

B 274 Grave: >120x70; 271°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.30; depth <50Coffin: >100x45; 271°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerusRemark: See section V-W in Fig. 15.

B 275 Grave: >125x100; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.00; depth <80Coffin: nails >100x63; 90°/270°

B 276 Remark: Just the W edge of the grave, with skull and nails, in the excavation trench

B 277 Grave: 210x100; 266°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.10; depth <70Coffin: if any, 200x50; 266°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemarks: Distance between skull and femora re-markably short for this apparently supine body. See section V-W in Fig. 15.

B 278 Grave: >125x70; 263°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom >27.50; depth <30Coffin: >100x40; 263°Skeletal material: Skull

B 279 Grave: >80x50; 312°; NAP surface ?, bottom >28.50; depth ?Coffin: nails >80x40; 312°Skeletal material: Skull, hume rii, radii, the left ra-dius over the bodyRemark: Two other grave-like pits in the same ex-cavation trench D 1 were not conside red to be

88—

graves. See Figs. 6 & 12 and section Q-R in Fig. 15.

B 280 Grave: >40x80; 21°/201°; NAP surface 27.00Remark: Earlier than B 237, which was right on top of it, but which was excavated in trench 134, whereas B 280 was observed in the N secti on of trench 133.

B 281 Grave: 175x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom 26.67; depth 113Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 in the middle of the trench, intentionally thrown in. Inventory1 Coin: as, Domitian, 88-89, Rome, RIC2 649.

B 282 Grave: 210x95; 260°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.40; depth 140Coffin: 185x55; 260°Skeletal material: Skull

B 283 Grave: 240x85; 110°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.60; depth 60Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Parallel with and right next to B 284, but orien ted at 180°. Earlier than B 285, which just cuts it. B 284 Grave: 250x85; 290°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.65; depth 115Skeletal material: Skull, humeriRemark: Parallel with and right next to B 283, but orien ted at 180°.

B 285 Grave: >150x85; 290°; NAP surface 27.00Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 283, which it just cuts.

B 286 Grave: >100x110; 290°; NAP surface 27.60, bot-

tom 26.35; depth 125Skeletal material: Femora, tibi aeRemark: Later than B 287, which it just cuts.

B 287 Grave: 275x95; 258°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.95 ; depth 65Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 286, which just cuts it.

B 288Grave: >205x90; 83°/263°; NAP surface 27.43, bottom 25.76; depth 167Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBlechfibula 1 in the middle of the grave. Inventory1 Silver ‘Blechfibula’, pre sumably an East Ger-manic-Sarmatian sheet fibula. Lost. Date: AD 383-408?

B 289 Grave: 220x95; 87°/267°; NAP surface 27.43, bot-tom 25.48; depth 195

B 290 Grave: 220x100; 130°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.45; depth 115Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae

B 291 Grave: 250x80; 104°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.46; depth 184Coffin: many nails 180x35; 104°Skeletal material: Fragmen tary toothPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in coffin, at the left foot-end. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16. Date: AD 301-367.

B 292 Grave: >135x60; 128°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.52; depth 128Coffin: >100x40; 128°

89—

Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeakers 1-2 and dish 3 in a niche to the right of the shoulder (N), at NAP 27.28. One of the beak-ers (not known which) imme diate ly to the W of the di sh, the other stan ding in the dish, appa-rently touching the first beaker.Remark: Piece of tufa in the filling.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Gellep 56, h 10.8, d 11. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decoration: three wavy line s above one anoth-er; h 10.8, d 7.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 12 8, d 20.8, h 5.4. Date: AD 301-350.

B 293 Grave: 250x90; 134°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.23; depth 157Coffin: nails 215x40; 134°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-3 standing in foot-end of coffin: beaker 2 in SW corner, cooking-pot 3 next to 2 between the feet, plate 1 next to 3 between the lower legs. Chest 4 next to the coffin to the left (S) of the shoulder, its front against the coffin. In it, to the left: sewing needle 5 under a piece of bone; to the right: pin 6. Inventory1 Terra sigilla ta plate Gellep 38, d 19.6, h 4.8. 2 Fine da rk coloured beaker Sy monds 61 incised with a wide incised zone on the bo dy, h 21.5. 3 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11. 4 Wooden chest, width 40, depth 20, height 26, height of lid 6, with iron hinges and bronze sheet mountings. On the centre of the front of the lid, bronze sheet moun ting; immediately below it, on the front of the chest itself, similar moun ting with keyhole. Two con tinuous corner mountings with three projecting and two reentrant rectan-gles; above them, on the corners of the lid, cor-ner mountings corresponding to the projec ting rectangles. These cor ner mountings on the lid

and the projecting rectangles are decorated along their vertical edges with seven clipped-out half-circles each, and behind each two small punched holes. Iron corner reinforcements on the back corners of the lid; two long iron hinges preserved in corroded state: flat iron strips, mounted on the top of the lid (according to the drawing of the entire com plex excavated under Brun sting’s direction), with two iron nails each, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2. The strips each have a hole at the end, through which goes the eye of anot her iron strip, in both ca ses now broken off. It re-mains unclear how such a hinge could work when it was at the top of a lid 6 cm high. 5 Bronze sewing needle, eye let broken off, pre-served l 5.2. 6 Silver pin with poly hedral head of fourteen pla nes (a cube of which the eight cor ners have been cut off), l 8.2. Date: AD 301-367.

B 294Grave: 195x85; 53°; NAP sur face 27.87, bottom 27.24; depth 63Coffin: nails 150x40; 53°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherd

B 295Grave: 210x70; 246°; NAP surface 27.87, bottom 27.24; depth 63Coffin: nails 160x35; 246°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 296, which it cuts.

B 296 Grave: 185x125; 126°; NAP surface 27.87, bottom 26.29 ; depth 158 Coffin: nailsRemark: Earlier than B 295, which cuts it. A later pit distur bed the centre-east part of the grave and must have taken away the skull, the rest of the skeleton having completely dissol ved, as usual.

90—

B 297 Grave: >230x80; 77°/257°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.75; depth 165Coffin: nails >150x45; 77°/257°Intrusion: Piece of glass, some bronze. Remark: Earlier than B 298, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-318.

B 298 Grave: 220x105; 135°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.13; depth 127Coffin: nails 185x40; 135°Skeletal material: Molar and skull fragmentPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin series 1-55 and small objects 58-73 were located on the vanis hed right arm. Organic finds 69a and 69b have been pre served by their con-tact with bronze object 69. At the height of the navel, possi bly in a hand, was one of the 55 coins (not noted which one!). Beaker 56 in the coffin, stan ding to the right of the lower legs; beaker 57 in the coffin, standing to their left. Remarks: Later than B 297, which it cuts. The grave, under its excavation number (Lange) Nieu-wstraat 88, has attracted atten tion because of its coin series and mys teri ous small objects: see Za-doks-Josephus Jitta 1961 (coin list); Gorecki 1975, 399-401, no. 271 (coin list with some different identi fications); Steures 2004a, 2004b. In the latter article and in the present typology, the grave is in terpreted as that of a fema le Sabazios worshipper from Cologne. The grave is dated by its latest coin to the year AD 319. There were 25 coins of the years 313-318 and only one of 319. In order to retain Go recki’s numbers, the coins are treated first, in the order he treats them. The identifications, however, are by R.W. Reijnen. This causes the presentation of the series not to be entirely chronological anymore. For that rea-son, the same data are given in a different order in Coin list 2: in chronological order after their latest minting dates. Photo graph of part of the finds: Swin kels/Koster 2005, 77 bottom. Inventory1-55 Fifty-five coins, one billon (16; not silver:

Ri chard Reece, pers. comm.), the rest bronze: one from 7-3 BC, three from the first century, two from the beginning of the second, five from the last quarter of the third, 44 from the fourth century, 25 of which from the years 313-317 and one from 319.56 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 in-cised and groo ved, h 20. 57 Fine da rk coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m with white painted decoration, h 12.2, motto D•A•M•I• (branch). 58-67 Ten bone pins (all written documentation speaks of seven, the drawing shows ten), six of which with he ads; the heads of four we re broken off or had pe ris hed; three of the heads are coni-cal, one is disk-shaped, one has a globe on a conus, and two with five serrations plus a globe (when they were drawn, a piece was already broken off from one of the latter two; they are simi lar in the ori ginal notes). The longest pin measures 9.5 cm. 68 Boar’s tusk, 9.5 cm, mea sured in a straight line from tip to break.69 Miniature bronze pair of scales: arm 6.5 with central suspension eye, and two eyes in disks of 0.8 at the ends; upper side of arm serrated on one side; the scales, d 2.1, each have three holes, in the central one of which a small leather thong. 69a Scanty remains of a le ather purse, probably belon ging to the pair of sca les. 69b One, or more probably two, sweet chestnut(s). See Chapter 9: Plant remains in B 298 & typology. 70 Necklace of opaque glass: ±23 beads ±1.7 long and seg men ted in 5-6 segments, ±24 shorter ones:1 segmented bead, broken, five segments, opaque brown, d 0.3, h 1.4, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 2 segmented beads, five seg ments, obliquely wound, opa que brownish red, sheen, d 0.3, h 1.5, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 3 segmented beads, opaque greyish white, d 0.3, h 1.1, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 8 segmented beads, obliquely wound, opaque bluish green, sheen, d 0.3, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar;27 segmented beads, oblique ly wound, oval

91—

No Period Denom. Date Place Reference Remark

1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 right arm; hand

2 Tiberius as 22-37(64) Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus

3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161

4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 notched

5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459ff.

6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628

7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K)

8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K)

9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K)

10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.? for Tetricus II

Rhineland

11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian

12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian

13 Galerius Max-imian

follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?)

14 Maximian Hercul.

follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206

15 Maximinus Daia

follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a

16 Maximinus Daia

billon 313 Trier RIC 826

17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73

18-19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var.

21-22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var.

24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897

25-34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277

36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40

37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10

38-39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121avar.

42-43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var.

45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var.

46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76

47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92

92—

hole, opaque black, sheen, d 0.4, h 1.7, PE1.1.2-1a. 71-73 North Sea shells: 71 Pullet carpet-shell (Veneru pis pulla stra Monta gu, 1803), 1 fragment of right valve; 72 common cockle (Cardium edule Linnae us, 1758), 6 fr left valve, 5 fr right valve, 3 fr undetermi nable; 73 one common whelk, only the lower whorl preser ved (Bucci num unda tum Lin-naeus, 1758). Coin date: AD 319-320, pro bably 320 (terminus ad quem, through the long coin se ries).

B 299 Grave: 210x75; 128°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 26.87; depth 113Coffin: nails 180x?; 128°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBowl 1 outside the coffin against the middle of the S edge of grave, at a much higher level, NAP 27.48. Remarks: Later than B 300 and B 302, which it cuts. Just E of the head end a brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 71, not conside red by the excavator to be long to this (or any other) grave: B stray 300. Inventory1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 8, d 11. Intrusion? 2 Foot of a first-century rosette fibula in the fil-ling of the grave. Date: AD 301-450.

B 300 Grave: 215x90; 61°; NAP sur face 28.00, bottom

27.59; depth 41Coffin: nails 195x35; 61°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherds, mainly from a strip of earth cut by a medieval posthole; the posthole itself con-tained a Siegburg sherd.Remark: Earlier than B 301, which covers it at the head end; and than B 299, which covers it at the foot-end. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 301 Grave: 125x60; 130°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 26.87; depth 113Coffin: nails; NE corner visiblePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesOutside the coffin, touching its NE corner. Intrusion: Sherds.Remark: Later than B 300, which it partly covers. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, incom ple te, h 11.2, d 13.2. Date: AD 301-367.

B 302 Grave: 200x75; 251°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 26.93; depth 107Coffin: nails >150x40; 251°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 300 and B 303, which it cuts; ear lier than B 299, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450.

B 303 Grave: 205x65; 263°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom

No Period Denom. Date Place Reference Remark

48-49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132

52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 with silver

54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99

55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213

93—

26.98; depth 102Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 302, which cuts it; later than B 304, which it exactly co vers. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450.

B 304 Grave: 205x65; 263°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 25.93; depth 207Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 303, which exactly covers it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450.

B 305 Grave: 190x60; 134°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 26.24; depth 176Coffin: nails >100x45; 134°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherds from fil ling and above it.

B 306 Grave: >175x70; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom 26.78; depth 144Coffin: nails >150x40; 279°Skeletal material: Skull

B 307 Grave: >75x60; 268°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.77; depth 103Skeletal material: Skull

B 308 Grave: 240x75; 264°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.63; depth 127Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: See section C-D in Fig. 14.

B 309 Grave: >145x90; 287°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.37; depth 143Coffin: >75x30; 287°Skeletal material: Skull, humeriRemark: Child’s? grave, ear lier than B 310, which

co vers it. B 309 and B 310 probably belong to-gether.

B 310 Grave: >100x90; 287°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.63; depth 117Skeletal material: Left fe mur, tibiaeRemark: Adult’s grave, later than B 309, which it covers. B 309 and B 310 probably belong togeth-er. B 310 is earlier than B 315 and B 316, which (just) cut it.

B 311 Grave: 220x80; 258°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.99; depth 132Coffin: 190x45; 258°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-ae; hands folded in the lap.

B 312 Grave: 215x65; 270°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom 27.01; depth 119Coffin: nails 195x40; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, tibiaeIntrusion: Bronze wire from filling.

B 313 Grave: 213x75; 122°; NAP surface 28.08, bottom 26.73; depth 135Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Earlier than B 314 and B 315, which cut it. See secti on C-D in Fig. 14.

B 314 Grave: 185x100; 266°; NAP surface 28.12, bottom 26.68; depth 144Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdRemark: In one trench? with B 315, next to it to the S; later than B 313, which it cuts. Probably later than B 315, whose nails are missing on the left (= N) side.

B 315 Grave: 185x100; 266°; NAP surface 28.12, bottom

94—

26.63; depth 149Coffin: nails -; 266°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdRemark: Later than B 313, which it cuts; probably ear lier than B 314, which appa rently cuts it by taking its left (= N) nails away.

B 316 Grave: 225x75; 117°; NAP surface 28.12, bottom 25.88; depth 224Coffin: nails 185x35; 117°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesSole of a shoe 1 on its side under the centre of the coffi n. Intrusion: SherdsRemarks: Later than B 310, which it cuts. Earlier than B 317, which cuts it. I do not recognize the sole shown on the dra wing in the de scription below. Inventory1 A sole of a shoe lying on its side; Groen man-van Waat eringe (1967, 145) describes it as fol-lows. ‘In Nijmegen, 1957, a sole of a shoe (length 29.5 cm) was found underneath a fourth-century grave. The leather itself had not been preserved, and the hobnails are mainly kept together by corrosion: a marginal row along the entire sole; under the forefoot a second margi nal row, a loz-enge-shape and three straight rows; under the heel two long rows and and a short one.’ (Transl. D.St.)

B 317 Grave: 215x75; 269°; NAP surface 28.08, bottom 26.65; depth 143Coffin: nails ?x45; 269°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 316 and B 318, which it cuts.

B 318 Grave: 175x90; 117°/297°; NAP surface 28.08, bot-tom 26.21; depth 187Coffin: nails 100x35; 117°/297°

Skeletal material: - Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 317, which cuts it. The po-sitions of upward-pointing nails show that there were two clamps under the bottom of the coffin.

B 319 Grave: 205x85; 128°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.82; depth 149Coffin: nails 175x35; 128°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 and bowl 2 in ni che, NAP 27.32, to the right of the head. Cooking-pot 3 in the coffin, at the left foot-end. Intrusion: 4 Coin in filling: bronze Frisian(?) sceat-ta (8), AD 710-775, obv. two heads with a cross in between, rev. rosette formed by two birds, round cross. BMC 166 and Metcalf 296t.Remark: Later than B 320, which it completely covers. Later than B 323, which it cuts, and than B 322, which is covered by B 323; earlier than B 321, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine da rk col oured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.5; white pa inted decoration: runnin g scroll (Künzl element 188). 2 Coarse small bowl Nieder bie ber 103, h 8.5, d 15.5. 3 Coa rse coo king-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12, d 10. Date: AD 301-350.

B 320 Grave: 100x45; 128°/308°; NAP surface 28.31, bot-tom 26.72; depth 159Coffin: nails, 128°Skeletal material: Sound teethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesChest 1 in or on the coffin, some 25 from the foot-end on the long axis. Objects 2-6 in the chest. Remark: Earlier than B 319, which completely cov-ers it, and than B 321, which cuts B 319. Later than B 323, which it cuts, and than B 322, which B 323 cuts.

95—

Inventory1 No remains of a reported wooden chest found on in spection in the museum de pot, unless no. 4 is a scan ty remainder. No writt en de tails of the chest can be found in the docu men tations; the only document to go by is the overall drawing of Brun sting’s exca vations, Fig. 11. The chest is a very small rec tangle there, sug gesting measure-ments of some 10x6 cm, which is com pletely dif-ferent from other chests, e.g. the one in B 293 on the same drawing. 2 Two bronze rings, outer d 2.3, inner d 1.6, of round secti on, d 0.4. The faste ning of a textile belt? 3 Bron ze buckle with incised tongue, l 2.9. 4 Piece of bronze sheet, 2.6x1.6, on which a rivet, d of its head 0.8. 5 Strap end: a V-shaped bent strip of flat bronze sheet, l 1.4, with two ri vets, d heads 0.3. 6 Piece of profiled bronze wire or bracelet, bent out of shape, largest d 3.4. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. Combined date: AD 301-350.

B 321 Grave: >120x50; 81°/261°Coffin: nails >60x35; 81°/261°Intrusion: Sherds, among which indigenous ones, and a sherd of a ?Frankish carina ted jar (cannot be drawn). Remark: The excavator notes down that grave B 323 might be an extension of B 321 instead of a grave on its own.

B 322 Grave: 190x60; 283°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.29; depth 102Coffin: nails >100x60; 283°Skeletal material: Part of skullRemark: As it is the lowest grave of a concentra-tion, B 322 is earlier than B 319, B 320, B 321, B 323, and B 324. Two finds from B 421 and B 258 are erroneously assigned to B 322 in the muse-um in ventory book. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 323 Grave: 200x>30; 254°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.03; depth 128Coffin: nails 100x>40; 249°Skeletal material: Remains of skull, femoraIntrusion: SherdsRemarks: The excavator notes that grave B 323 might be an extension of B 321 rather than a grave on its own but did not assig n grave num-bers to them both. Both graves con tain coffi ns. B 323 is later than B 322, which it cuts. It is earlier than B 319, B 320 and B 324, which cut it, and earlier than B 321, which cuts B 319. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 324 Grave: 195x100; 270°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.03; depth 128Coffin: 160x40; 264°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: SherdRemark: Two discolorations cut by B 324 on its long N side have not been interpre ted as graves. B 324 is la ter than B 323 and B 325, which it cuts, and than B 322, which is cut by B 323.

B 325 Grave: >120x95; 136°/316°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.87; depth 144Coffin: nails >40x35; 136°/216°Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 324 and B 326, which cut it. A dark feature bete ween B 325 and B 328 has not been in terpreted as a grave.

B 326 Grave: 210x85; 269°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.17; depth 114Coffin: nails 185x45; 269°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 325, which it cuts.

B 327 Grave: 205x60; 81°; NAP sur face 28.31, bottom 27.15; depth 116

96—

Coffin: 165x35; 81°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: Sherds, some bronze (sheet?)Remark: Later than B 328, which it just cuts.

B 328 Grave: 260x130; 131°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.66; depth 165Coffin: nails >150x40; 131°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 was found lying on the skull (NAP 26.76) and so was originally standing on top of the coffin, above the head. Remark: Earlier than B 329, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 25. Date: AD 301-367.

B 329 Grave: NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.09; depth 122Coffin: nails 150x35; 295°Skeletal material: Skull, right tibiaIntrusion: Indigenous sherds with a decoration of smeared clay.Remark: Later than B 328, in whose grave the cof-fin was dug. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 330 Grave: 200x75; 290°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.21; depth 110Coffin: nails 175x40; 290°Skeletal material: Skull, femoraRemark: Later than B 345, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-?

B 331 Grave: 220x90; 281°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.96; depth 135Coffin: nails 190x45; 281°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 332 and B 333, which cut it. The posi tions of upward-pointing nails show

that there were two clamps under the bottom of the coffin.

B 332 Grave: 215x45; 281°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.29; depth 102Coffin: 175x50; 281°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-ae; hands folded in lap. Remark: Later than B331 and B 333, which it cuts.

B 333 Grave: 225x75; 263°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.19; depth 112Coffin: nails >150x45; 263°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, right tibiaIntrusion: SherdRemark: Later than B 331 and B 350, which it cuts. Ear lier than B 332, which cuts it.

B 334 Grave: 230x120; 118°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 26.48; depth 173Coffin: nails 185x45; 118°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-2 in foot-end of the coffin, to the right. Remarks: B 334 is earlier than B 335, B 336 and B 337, which cut it. There is a mix-up in the docu-mentations about the grave in which the pottery was found. Written on the finds is ‘from grave [LN] 51’ (= B 335). The overall drawing of Brun-sting’s excavation, Fig. 11, shows them in grave LN 50 (= B 337). The find form filled in during the excavation, however, shows them to have been found in LN 52 (= B 334). Inventory1 Smooth jug Gellep 81 with five reddish brown horizon tal bands painted on, spout mis sing, h 21.4, d 15. 2 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6.8, d 14.6. Date: AD 301-350.

B 335 Grave: >200x60; 276°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom

97—

26.82; depth 139Coffin: nails 200x40; 276°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemarks: Later than B 335, which it cuts. The find form, fil led in during the excavati on, has the skull in the W, whereas the overall drawing of Brun sting’s exca vations, Fig. 11, mysteri ously shows it between the femo ra. See also remarks to B 334 and B 336. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 336 Remark: Above B 335 another grave closely under the Ro man surface had been dug away by exca-vation assis tents before it could be documented: not on the over all drawing, Fig. 11. B 336 is later than B 335, which it covers, and later than B 337 and B 334, which B 335 cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 337 Grave: >200x100; 273°; NAP surface 28.21, bot-tom 26.90; depth 131Coffin: 205?x50; 273°Skeletal material: Skull, femoraIntrusion: Small indigenous sherdsRemark: Later than B 334, which it cuts; earlier than B 335, which cuts it, and than B 336, which covers B 335. See also remark to B 334. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 338 Grave: 120x75; 124°/304°; NAP surface 28.21, bot-tom 26.89; depth 132Coffin: nails 80x30; 124°/304°Intrusion: Sherds

B 339 Grave: 210x75; 266°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 26.93; depth 128Coffin: nails 190x45; 266°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, right tibiaRemark: Later than B 340 and B 334, which it both just cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 340 Grave: >130x75; 102°/282°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 27.00; depth 121Coffin: nails >95x35; 102°/282°Intrusion: SherdsRemark: Earlier than B 339, which cuts it.

B 341 Grave: 215x90; 263°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 27.25; depth 96Coffin: >150x38; 263°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 342, which it cuts.

B 342 Grave: 270x105; 125°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 25.95; depth 226Coffin: nails 185x45; 125°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 341, which cuts it.

B 343 Grave: 250x80; 303°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom 26.48; depth 152Coffin: nails 207x35; 303°Skeletal material: Skull, verte bral column, left hume rus, pelvis, femora, tibiaeIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Earlier than B 396 and B 397, which cut it.

B 344 Grave: 220x100; 158°Coffin: nails 160x45; 158°Skeletal material: Skull, kneesPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-2 above the feet at NAP 26.81, appar-ently standing on the coffin. Intrusion: SherdsRemark: Foot-end disturbed; of cooking-pot 1, three rim frag ments remained, as appe ars from a photograph; not located in museum depot. Ear lier than B 347, which just cuts it. Inventory1 Fragmen ts of coarse cook ing-pot Gellep 109. (Not drawn).

98—

2 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 7, d 15. Date: AD 301-350.

B 345 Grave: 270x125; 119°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.55; depth 176Coffin: nails 220x50; 119°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPlate 1 outside the coffin at NAP 26.55, to the right (NE) of the knees. Bottle 2 was standing in plate 1. Crossbow fibula 3 was on the left (sic) shoulder), against the jaw, foot poin ting up-wards. A left-handed person? Intrusion: SherdsRemark: Earlier than B 330, which cuts it. Inventory1 Plate of red painted pott ery Gellep 69, h 4.5. d 13.5. 2 Small glass bottle, light brownish green, disintegra ted. 3 Crossbow fibula Swift 2ii (Sommer IIb, Keller 2A, Van Buchem IIIB) with hexagonal knobs and crossarm, onto which decorative plates have been soldered, bow of trape zoid section, line patterns in the foot (foot decoration Swift a10). Van Buchem Numa ga 16 (1969) 61 Fig. 1: first half of the reign of Con stantine the Great (307-337). Date: AD 300-340.

B 346 Grave: >110x80; 265°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.19; depth 112Coffin: nails >75x45; 265°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, hands folded in lap. Distance skull-pelvis c.74. Intrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 344, which it just cuts, and than B 347, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 347 Grave: 173°/353°Remark: Three quarters under a recent wall. Ear-lier than B 346, which cuts it at a right angle. Lat-

er than B 344, which it just cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 348 Grave: 235x85; 266°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.27; depth 104Coffin: >170x50; 266°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 349, which it completely covers. A long bone protruding from a recent wall at a right angle to the grave has not been counted as a grave.

B 349 Grave: 266°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 348, which completely covers it.

B 350Grave: >190x90; 160°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.68; depth 163Coffin: nails >190x60; 160°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Earlier than B 333, B 348 and B 351, which cut it.

B 351 Grave: >60x80; 277°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 27.14; depth 117Coffin: ?x40; 277°Skeletal material: Skull, humeriIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 350, which it cuts.

B 352 Grave: >90x>85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.85; depth 195Coffin: >75x60; 110°/290°

B 353 Grave: 160x100; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.80; depth 200Coffin: 120x65; 86°/266°

99—

Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownInventory1 Iron axe, no data. Date: AD 400-?

B 354Grave: 240x90; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.80; depth 200Coffin: 210x70; 86°/266°

B 355Grave: >165x80; 109°/289°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.80; depth 200Coffin: >150x50; 109°/289°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCooking-pot 1 in NW, in un known position in re-lation to the body. Remark: Earlier than B 356, which cuts it. Inventory1 Coarse cook ing-pot Gellep 106, yellow, with black tem pering (from Mayen), h 12.6, d 14.9. Date: AD 301-367.

B 356 Grave: 230x95; 95°/275°; NAP surface 26.80, bot-tom 25.02; depth 178Coffin: 200x70; 95°275°Remark: Later than B 355, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 357 Grave: 265x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.80, bot-tom 24.95; depth 185Coffin: 240x70; 90°/270°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownInventory1 Three thin body sherds of a light green globular glass object.

B 358 Grave: >140x80; 98°/278°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 25.05; depth 175Coffin: >130x45; 98°/278°Remark: A discoloration im mediately to the E

may be a niche.

B 359 Grave: 195x85; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.80, bot-tom 24.95; depth 185Coffin: 175x60; 90°/270°

B 360 Grave: 220x90; 261°; NAP surface 27.43, bottom 26.05; depth 138Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-aeRemark: Later than B 361, which it cuts.

B 361 Grave: 220x110; 260°; NAP surface 27.43, bottom 26.13; depth 130Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 360, which cuts it.

B 362 Grave: 190x85; 288°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.07; depth 133Skeletal material: Tibiae

B 363 Grave: 215x70; 257°; NAP surface 27.38, bottom 26.02; depth 136Skeletal material: Skull, arm, leg

B 364 Grave: 220x75; 256°; NAP surface 27.38, bottom 26.10; depth 128Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Earlier than B 365, which just cuts it. As the finds are not marked on the plan drawing, they may be intrusions. Inventory1 Coin: Theodosian aes IV, 383-402.2 Bronze decorative nail, l 2.7, with round pro-filed head and square shaft. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450. Coin date: 383-402. Comb ined date: AD 383-450.

100—

B 365Grave: 210x75; 283°; NAP surface 27.37, bottom 26.14; depth 123Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-aePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesFibula 1 above the left shoulder.Remark: Later than B 364, which it cuts. Inventory1 Bronze dish fibula, d 3.3, with four scars on top where a Preßblech decoration plate was attached, and below a pin capsula and hinge. Date: AD 401-450. B 366 Grave: 180x60; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.37, bot-tom 26.05; depth 132

B 367 Grave: 205x105; 92°/272°; NAP surface 27.05, bottom 25.70; depth 135Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-4 in NE corner of the grave, in un-known rela tion to the body. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6.1, d 23.3. 2 Fine da rk colou red beaker Symonds 61 incised with three zones of incised deco ra tion, h 19.6, d 12.0. 3 Plate with red slip Gellep 67, h 3.8, d 19.2. 4 Brown-m arbled double-hand led jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoul der, still in frag ments, h unknown, d 24. Date: AD 301-350.

B 368 Grave: 190x95; 109°; NAP surface 27.37, bottom 26.05; depth 132Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii

B 369 Grave: 225x115; 284°; NAP surface 26.24Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae

B 370 Grave: >155x75; 266°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.75; depth 60Coffin: nails >125x38; 266°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Small sherds

B 371 Grave: >160x65; 294°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.47; depth 88Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Indigenous sherd in filling

B 372 Grave: >115x90; 113°/293°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.10; depth 125Coffin: nails >55x30; 113°/293°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1-4 on NW end of coffin: plate 2 con-tained bowl 1; beaker 3 fallen over to NW of plate 2, money-box 4 fallen over to SW of plate 2. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, Chenet 316b (cf. Chenet Pl. XXVII, no. 236), h 5. 2 Terra sigil lata plate Gel lep 41 (= Chenet 313) with roulett ed decoration on rim and bott om, d 26.5. 3 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 4 Coarse money-box?, incom plete, h >10. Pos-sibly Gel lep 666. Date: AD 301-367.

B 373 Grave: >140x>75; 88°/268°; NAP surface 27.50, bottom 26.57; depth 93

B 374 Grave: 190x60; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.86; depth 94Coffin: nails 175x35; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, pelvis, femo-ra, tibiae.

101—

B 375 Grave: >40x65; 63°; NAP sur face 27.80, bottom 26.58; depth 162Coffin: nails ?x50; 63°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: On both sides of skull a dark strip, c.3.5 wide.

B 376 Grave: >60x45; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 25.24; depth 256Coffin: nails >55x35; 109°/289°

B 377 Grave: 140x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.55, bot-tom 26.47; depth 108Coffin: nailsRemark: Child’s grave

B 378 Grave: 205x95; 271°; NAP surface 27.55, bottom 26.55; depth 100Coffin: nails ?x40; 271°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Sherd

B 379 Grave: 120x45; 266°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.57; depth 103Coffin: nails 95x30; 266°Skeletal material: Skull

B 380 Grave: >100x60; 267°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.47; depth 113Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 381, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 381 Grave: 220x115; 120°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.69; depth 91Coffin: nails 200x40; 120°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche, 10 cm lower than the

grave floor at 26.59, to the right (N) of the head, plate 1 lying left (W), beaker 2 standing right (E), beaker 3 standing before (S) beaker 2.Intrusion: SherdRemark: Later than B 380 and B 382, which it cuts. The curved S edge of the grave shows that it col-lapsed whi le the trench was still open. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 21. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 3 Glass hemisph eri cal beaker with seven pinched ribs Gellep 189 (= Isings 96b, p. 132), h 6.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 382 Grave: 160x65; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.67; depth 113Skeletal material: Skull, femoraRemark: Earlier than B 381, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 383 Grave: 170x60; 143°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.09; depth 151Coffin: nails 130x30; 143°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche to the right of the head, bowl 1 standing left (W), the beakers standing to the right (E) and behind (N).Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 384, which cuts its niche. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26, foot-ring partly mis sing, d 12.4, h 5.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 3 Fine da rk coloured motto-be aker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11. V•I•V•A•S•. Date: AD 301-350.

B 384 Grave: 185x65; 279°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.69; depth 91Coffin: nails >125x40; 279°

102—

Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, femoraRemark: Later than B 383, whose niche it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 385 Grave: 260x85; 113°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.17; depth 123Coffin: nails 190x35; 113°Skeletal material: Skull

B 386 Grave: 210x65; 274°; NAP surface 27.50, bottom 26.61; depth 91Coffin: nails 175x38; 274°Skeletal material: Skull

B 387 Grave: 235x100; 113°; NAP surface 27.50, bottom 25.97; depth 153Coffin: nails 190x40; 113°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-2 in niche to the right of the head. Remark: Later than B 388, which it cuts. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto- be aker Künzl 1.6.1, h 26. Scheme: wavy line (Künzl element 2), R•E•P•L•E•M•E• • (Künzl element 68), dotted line (Künzl ele ment 11), alternately loose ten drils with dot enclosed (± Künzl element 168) and three dots (Künzl element 75), wavy line (Künzl element 2). 2 Terra nigra beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 11. Date: AD 300-355.

B 388 Grave: 195x80; 248°; NAP surface 27.50, bottom 26.67; depth 83Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii?, femora, ti-biaeRemark: Earlier than B 387, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355.

B 389 Grave: 75x38; 302°; NAP sur face 27.85, bottom 26.51; depth 134

Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: See section E-F in Fig. 14.

B 390 Grave: >60x105; 211°; NAP surface 27.85, bottom 26.63; depth 122Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Later than B 392, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 391 Grave: 145x80; 133°; NAP surface 27.85, bottom 26.58; depth 127Coffin: nails 100x40; 133°Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: See section E-F in Fig. 14.

B 392 Grave: >185x90; 117°; NAP surface 27.85, bottom 26.37; depth 148Coffin: nails >160x40; 117°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus and radius, femora, tibiaePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-2 in SW corner of the coffin, to the left of the feet, beaker 1 stan ding in the cor-ner, dish 2 to its E along the long S side of the coffin.Remarks: Earlier than B 390, which cuts it. See section E-F in Fig. 14. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 19.8, d 11.6.2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 15.4, h 5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 393Grave: 145x60; 274°; NAP surface 27.93, bottom 26.74; depth 119Coffin: nails 138x38; 274°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus, femora, tibiaeRemark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s exca-vations, Fig. 11, shows five white rectangles at 113°, drawn as if they were under and so earlier than graves B 393 and B 395. They are, howe ver, co lumns of a recent building and cut these gra ves.

103—

B 394 Grave: 200x90; 265°; NAP surface 27.93, bottom 26.92; depth 101Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemarks: Later than B 395, which it cuts. See sec-tion E-F in Fig. 14. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 395 Grave: 260x205; 115°; NAP surface 27.93, bottom 25.87; depth 206Coffin: nails 200x42; 115°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods: 1 in niche at 26.47 to the right (N) of the head, fallen over, with stone 4 lying next to it; dish 3 outside the coffin to the right of the head. Jug 2 was stan ding to the E of 3, in the NE corner of the gra ve, with stone 5 on top of it. Remarks: Earlier than B 394, which cuts it. See re-mark to B 393. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 2 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 24. 3 Small coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.5. 4-5 Flat pieces of stone. Date: AD 301-367.

B 396Grave: 185x85; 270°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.73; depth 117Coffin: nails 170x45; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 343 and B 397, which it cuts.

B 397 Grave: 165x80; 299°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.63; depth 127Coffin: nails 160x35; 299°Skeletal material: TeethIntrusion: Small sherdsRemark: Possibly clamps un der the coffin. Later than B 343, which it cuts; earlier than B 396, which cuts it.

B 398 Grave: >200x60; 291°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.65; depth 125Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Later than B 396 and B 399, which it cuts.

B 399 Grave: >160x>50; 265°; NAP surface 27.90, bot-tom 26.77; depth 113Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 398 and B 400, which cut it.

B 400 Grave: 200x110; 286°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.47; depth 143Coffin: 175x38; 286°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdRemarks: See section E-F in Fig. 14. Later than B 399, which it cuts. Skull at NAP 26.63, i.e. 16 cm above the bottom of the grave, and at 2/3 of the length. Although this made the exca vator think of an intrusion from another later grave, no ot-her grave was obser ved.

B 401 Grave: 210x75; 274°; NAP surface 27.83, bottom 26.88; depth 95Coffin: nails 180x45; 274°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: Sherd

B 402 Grave: 190x75; 231°; NAP surface 27.83, bottom 26.51; depth 132Coffin: nails 140x30; 231°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBracelets 1-2 were lying in the coffin, to the left (NW) of the skull; coin 3: un known; tegula 4: standing on a short side at the head end of the grave, its flanges pointing into the grave; sto ne 5: standing vertically at the foot-end of the gra ve.

104—

Remark: Nails and coin not on find form. Inventory1 Bron ze bracelet with ex panding fastening, wire wound three times at both ends; broken and so open now. 2 Three fragments of a se cond bracelet with ex-panding faste ning. 3 Coin: fourth-century follis/aes IV, 330-402. 4 Complete tegula, measure ments unknown. 5 Stone, missing. Date: Artefact date: AD 301-367. Coin date: AD 330-402. Combined date: AD 330-367.

B 403 Grave: 210x75; 269°; NAP surface 27.75, bottom 26.71; depth 104Coffin: nails >170x40; 269°Skeletal material: Skull

B 404 Grave: >90x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 25.29Coffin: >65x75; 90°/270°

B 405 Grave: 240x110; 260°; NAP surface 26.75, bottom 24.49; depth 226Coffin: 215x70; 260°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae

B 406 Grave: 245x100; 87°; NAP surface 26.75, bottom 24.64; depth 211Coffin: 240x70; 87°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 407, which it cuts.

B 407 Grave: 240x115; 77°/257°; NAP surface 26.75, bot-tom 25.04; depth 171Coffin: 205x75; 77°/257°Remark: Earlier than B 406, which cuts it.

B 408 Grave: >145x100; 95°/275°; NAP surface 25.29Coffin: >135x65; 95°/275°

B 409 Grave: 230x90; 288°; NAP surface 26.75, bottom 25.21; depth 154Coffin: 185x60; 288°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesFibula 1 above the head; imbrex fragments 2: unknown.Inventory1 Bron ze crossbow fi bula Pröttel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A), l 7.5, w 5, bow trape zoidal in section, short crossarm round in sec tion, bi-conical knobs; three groups of transversal groo-ves on foot (no parallels in Swift 2000). 2 Three fitting imbrex frag ments (not drawn). Date: AD 325-355.

B 410 Grave: 245x80; 122°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 26.04; depth 76Coffin: 195x40; 122°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche to the right (NE) of the upper body, at NAP 26.64, i.e. 60 cm above the bottom of the grave: from left to right (NW-SE) plate 2, beaker 1, dish 3. Unidentified wooden object 4 outside the coffin, to the left of the waist. Intrusion: Many sherds col lected in two groups: a. top of the filling; b. lower filling, among which deco rated indigenous ware. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata beaker Gellep 246 with barboti ne decora tion: hedera, h 17. 2 Red-slipped plate Gellep 69, d 23.5. 3 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, diam 13. 4 Unidentified long wooden object, l 75, with nails from both sides; only the nails remained. Date: AD 301-350.

B 411 Grave: >110x65; 242°; NAP surface 27.10, bottom 26.61; depth 49Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 412, which cuts it.

105—

B 412 Grave: 215x75; 270°; NAP surface 27.10, bottom 26.52; depth 58Coffin: nails 175x45; 270°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: Sherds, even me dieval and laterRemark: Later than B 411 and B 416, which it cuts.

B 413 Grave: 275x70; 270°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.67; depth 68Coffin: nails >188x38; 270°Skeletal material: Right femur, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 414, which cuts it.

B 414 Grave: 215x90; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.35, bot-tom 26.55; depth 80Coffin: nails 175x38; 111°/291°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in or on the SE corner of the coffin.Remark: Later than and in serted into B 415 over half its width. The same pit must have been dug twice, the soil still being soft enough to find it; and long enough after the first buri al, to allow for its decay. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured folded beaker Symonds 62, h 16. Date: AD 301-367.

B 415 Grave: 215x90; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.35, bot-tom 26.14; depth 121Remark: Earlier than B 414, which truncates it. See rem ark there. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

B 416 Grave: 245x95; 123°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.49; depth 86Coffin: nails 185x55; 123°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 at NAP 26.77, i.e. c.30 cm higher than the bott om of the pit. Intrusion or intentionally

thrown? Gorec ki 1975, 229-230 does not men-tion the possibility of intrusion. Remark: Earlier than B 412, B 417 and B 418, which cut it. Inventory1 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230.

B 417 Grave: 205x60; 266°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.62; depth 73Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 416, which it cuts; earlier than B 418, which cuts it.

B 418 Grave: 250x80; 268°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.48; depth 87Coffin: nails 190x45; 268°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: SherdRemark: Later than B 416 and B 417, which it cuts.

B 419 Grave: >125x50; 277°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.92; depth 43Coffin: nails >125x40; 227°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora; hands folded in lap. Intrusion: Sherds

B 420 Grave: 115x70; 150°/330°; NAP surface 26.90, bot-tom 26.62; depth 28Coffin: nails 80x30; 150°/330°Intrusion: Sherds, among which indigenous ones.

B 421 Grave: >150x75; 107°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.91; depth 151Coffin: nails >125x40; 107°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCooking-pot 1 and stone 2 next to it in niche in the N, to the right of the upper body, at 26.25, i.e. 34 cm above the trench bottom.

106—

Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 422, which cuts it. Stratigraphi cal relation to B 423 is unclear. The museum invento ry book says erroneously that no. 1 comes from B 322. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seat-ing Gellep 106, h 12, d 14. 2 Stone. Date: AD 301-367.

B 422 Grave: 170x60; 259°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.42; depth 98Coffin: nails 140x35; 259°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 421 and B 423, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 423 Grave: 215x90; 118°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.37; depth 103Coffin: nails 175x50; 118°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche at NAP 26.52 to the right (N) of the waist: dish 3 before (to the S of) beakers 1 and 2.Remark: Earlier than B 422 and B 424, which cut it. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 20. 2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, M•I•S•C•E•, h 12.1, d 8.6. 3 Coa rse dish Gellep 126, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-355.

B 424 Grave: 220x70; 270°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.95; depth 145Coffin: 180x40; 270°Skeletal material: Skull?, hume ri, radii, pelvis, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 423 and B 425, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 425 Grave: >225x75; 265°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.95; depth 145Coffin: >188x44; 265°Skeletal material: Remains of skull, humeri, radii, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 426, which it cuts; earlier than B 424, which cuts it.

B 426 Grave: >215x70; 256°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.01; depth 139Coffin: nails >163x50; 256°Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Earlier than B 425, which cuts it; later than B 427, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 427 Grave: >200x80; 117°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.47; depth 193Coffin: nails >175x40; 117°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 stood in a row W-E (2-3-1) to the left of the feet outside along the S side of the coffin, on the bottom of the grave. Remark: Earlier than B 426 and B 428, which cut it. The finds had erroneously been assigned to other graves shortly after they were ex cavated. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), da maged, d 15.4. 2 Brown-marb led double-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 21.2, d 15.7. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 14.4. Date: AD 301-350.

B 428 Grave: 245x85; 261°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.01; depth 139Coffin: nails 213x38; 261°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur, left tibiaRemarks: Later than B 427, which it cuts. Stratigraphi cal relation to B 429 is unclear. On the overall dra wing of Brun sting’s excava tions,

107—

Fig. 11, the skull is lying next to the femur, and N of the tibia is anot her long bone, as if they be-long to (an)other, deeper gra ve(s). The excava-tor, howe ver, did not draw such con clusion. See also remark to B 429. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 429 Grave: 250x75; 263°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 25.99; depth 141Coffin: nails 207x50; 263°Skeletal material: Skull?Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s exca-vations, Fig. 11, impro bably sug gests one ir-regular trench for B 428 and B 429.

B 430Grave: >180x100; 279°; NAP surface 27.40, bot-tom 26.55; depth 85Coffin: nails 180x45; 279°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 431, which just cuts it.

B 431Grave: 225x95; 265°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.65; depth 75Coffin: nails 160x55; 265°Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Later than B 430, which it just cuts.

B 432 Grave: 135x110; 291°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.95; depth 45Coffin: nails 80x40; 272°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Terra sigillata rim sherdRemark: Later than B 433, which it just cuts.

B 433 Grave: >170x85; 99°/279°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.69; depth 71Coffin: >100x30; 99°/279°Remark: Earlier than B 432, which just cuts it.

B 434 Grave: >40x80; 289°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.89; depth 51Coffin: nails >25x40; 289°Skeletal material: Right tibiaIntrusion: Sherd

B 435 Grave: 210x80; 104°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.78; depth 70Coffin: nails 180x40; 104°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-5 in niche to the right (N) of the head. Jug 3 stood to the right (E), beaker 2 to the left (W), bowl 1 stood in front of (S) 2 and 3. Flat stones 4 and 5 covered 2 and 3. Inventory1 Terra sigilla ta bowl Gel lep 36 (= Chenet 325), d 15.5. 2 Fine da rk col oured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15. 3 Brown-marbled dou ble-hand led jug Gellep 72 with white dots on the shou lder, h 23. 4 and 5 Stones. Date: AD 301-350.

B 436 Grave: 200x70; 284°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.75; depth 73Coffin: nails 188x38; 284°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: SherdRemark: Brunsting noted that it was extensively distur bed, though this is not ap parent on his overall dra wing, Fig. 11.

B 437 Grave: 150x60; 92°; NAP sur face 27.48, bottom 26.93; depth 55Skeletal material: Skull?Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s exca-vations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the find form filled in during excavation calls it an E-W grave. See also rem ark on B 697, where a simi lar error was made.

108—

B 438 Grave: 200x60 (foot-end)/75 (head end); 82°; NAP surfa ce 27.48, bottom 26.22; depth 126Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Skull?Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s exca-vations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the find form filled in during excavation calls it an E-W grave. The latter observati on is supported by the di mensions of the grave. See also remark on B 697, where a similar error was made.

B 439 Grave: 206x60; 280°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.10; depth 138Coffin: nails 163x38; 280°Skeletal material: Skull?

B 440 Grave: 181x63; 273°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.89; depth 59Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, femora, tibi-aeIntrusion: Sherds

B 441 Grave: 225x63; 75°; NAP sur face 27.48, bottom 26.76; depth 72Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s exca-vations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the find form filled in during excavation calls it an E-W grave. See also rem ark on B 697, where a simi lar error was made.

B 442 Grave: 240x>60; 270°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 25.99; depth 149Coffin: 190x45; 270°Skeletal material: Skull?Remark: Earlier than B 443, which cuts it.

B 443 Grave: 250x100 (W)/73 (E); 92°; NAP surface 27.48, bott om 25.83; depth 165Coffin: nails 130x45; 92°

Skeletal material: Skull, right femurIntrusion: SherdRemark: Later than B 442, which it cuts, and ear-lier than B 444, which cuts it. The overall draw-ing of Brun sting’s excava tions, Fig. 11, shows B 443 as an E-W grave cutting a W-E one (B 442) and cut by a W-E one (B 444).

B 444 Grave: 206x75; 268°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.03; depth 145Coffin: nails 175x40; 268°Skeletal material: Skull?, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 443, which it cuts. The over-all drawing of Brunsting’s exca vations, Fig. 11, shows it as a W-E grave.

B 445 Grave: 180x100; 289°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.64; depth 84Coffin: nails 170x40; 267°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: SherdRemark: Coffin diagonally in grave.

B 446 Grave: 200x95; 291°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.24; depth 124Coffin: nails 120x45; 291°Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Earlier than B 447, which partly covers it.

B 447 Grave: NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.96; depth 56Coffin: nails 55x30; 264°Skeletal material: Skull Remark: This later infant’s grave invisi ble in that of B 446, which it partly covers.

B 448 Grave: 110x50; 272°; NAP surface 27.48, bottom 26.92; depth 56Coffin: nails 75x33; 272°Skeletal material: Remains of skull

109—

B 449 Grave: 195x70; 267°; NAP surface 27.68, bottom 26.93; depth 75Coffin: nails 163x40; 267°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, right radius (fol ded in lap), pelvis, femora, tibiae

B 450 Grave: 190x85; 289°; NAP surface 27.68, bottom 27.01; depth 67Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radii, pelvis, femo-ra, tibiae; hands folded in lap. Remark: Later than B 451, whose niche it cuts. The orientation is exactly 180° from this direct neighbour. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 451 Grave: 175x95; 109°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.29; depth 127Coffin: nails 100x25; 109°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche (NAP 26.67) to the right of the shoulder, from W to E: 3, 1, 2. Intrusion: Sherd, ironRemark: Earlier than B 450, which cuts its niche. The orienta tion is exactly 180° different from this direct neighbour.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15, d 9.2. 2 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 7.4, d 15.6. 3 Coarse dish with protru ding base-disc, h 4.8, d 17.7. Nijme gen 154. Date: AD 301-367.

B 452 Grave: 220x75; 282°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.18; depth 38Coffin: nails 200x60; 282°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: Sherds

B 453 Grave: 200x70; 262°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.17; depth 41Coffin: nails 145x40; 262°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 454, which just cuts it.

B 454Grave: 250x95; 282°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.08; depth 48Coffin: 185x40; 282°Skeletal material: Skull?Remark: Later than B 453, which it just cuts.

B 455Grave: 120x60; 88°/268°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 26.98; depth 58Coffin: nails 85x35; 88°/268°Intrusion: Sherds

B 456 Grave: 210x100; 266°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.48; depth 108Coffin: nails 165x40; 266°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 outside coffi n to the right (S) of the head, in a W-E row along the coffin: 1, 2, 3. Remark: Later than B 457, which it cuts at a right angle. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 14.5. 2 Brown-marb led jug Gellep 70, rim lost, pre-served h 16.8, d 11.8. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 9.4, d 19. Date: AD 301-350.

B 457 Grave: 180x100; 169°/349°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.18; depth 38Coffin: nailsRemark: Earlier than B 456 and B 458, which cut it at right angles. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

110—

B 458Grave: not visible; 253°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 27.18 ; depth 38Tufa sarcophagus: l 100 x w 45 x h 30; 253°Skeletal material: Remains of skull, two teethRemarks: Later than B 457, which it cuts at a right angle. Lid just under medie val road. Lid and sarcopha gus broken. The lid appears on a photo (ROB KB portfolio 3, neg. 3) but evidently crum-bled before further do cumentation and is not men tioned in the museum inven tory. Inventory1 Tufa sarcophagus with lid, l 100 x w 45 x h 30; lid 105x45 with flat undersi de, side planes h 10 (at long sides and at corners of tym pana) and 15 (under the rib), two slightly concave top planes along longitudi nal rib.

B 459 Grave: >50x120; 111°/291°; NAP surface 26.24

B 460 Grave: 225x115; 289°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 25.70; depth 60Coffin: 170x60; 289°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 in SE corner of gra ve, to the right of the right foot. Inventory1 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230.

B 461 Grave: 200x110; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.30

B 462 Grave: >40x100; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.30

B 463 Grave: 210x95; 113°/293°; NAP surface 26.30, bot-tom 25.60; depth 70Remark: Eleven blocks of tufa lined the grave.

B 464 Grave: >30x40; 125°/305°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 25.66; depth 64

B 465 Grave: 210x85; 301°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 25.78; depth 52Coffin: nails 170x45; 288°Skeletal material: Skull (preserved)Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesPottery 1, 2 and 4 and glass bowl 5 stood on the coffin in a row above the lower legs: from top down 1, 3, 2 probably containing 5. As the lid of the coffin col lapsed, they fell pell-mell into the coffin. Cooking-pot 3 was found standing in the SE corner of the coffin, but as it stood there in the line 1-3-2-4, it may have fallen off the lid as well. Pin 6 was lying horizon tally with its tip above the skull and its head to the right. Pin 7 was lying

One of the latest dated graves, 46 = LN 246 = B 465, had a real Roman meal for a fifth-century Germanic lady. From left to right, finds B 465.4,2,5,3 and 1.

Sarcophagus B 458 in situ still has its lid, which apparently crumbled to dust when it was removed.

111—

along the right temple, its pin up and its head at the height of the jaw. Fibula 8 was lying under the jaw, its pin upwards. Fibula 13, with be ads 14 upon it, was lying half-way between the skull and the right shoul der, its pin pointing upwards. The at least 234 beads 9 (the drawing shows 282 of them), when strin ged together some 50 cm long, were found un der fibu la 8 and against, under and at the inside of the jaw. As the same kind of beads (14) were found on fibula 13, the recon struction in the dra-wing of B 465.9 as a neckla ce is proba bly wrong: see below, The pectoral in B 465.Coin 10 was in the mouth. Fibula 11 was lying on the middle of the breast, its foot pointing to the left shoul der. Object 12 was found stan ding against the right temple. Triple ring 16 was on the vanished right elbow, buckle 17 near it, and head of stave 18 to the right of the vanished right fore arm. Near the va nished left hand were lying objects 19-22. Shears 23 were lying beyond the vanished feet, and pendants 25 just beyond 23, on top of one another, on the axis of the cof-fin. Next to them, under the vanished left foot, be ads 24, which were not found in the museum depot. Textile remains were found next to 5, 6, 7 (black), 12, 17, 20, and 24. They are given the numbers 5A etc. below. Textile fragment was found near glass beaker 5 or more probably next to shears 23.

The pectoral in B 465 Mrs Wil van der Sluijs sug gested to me that fibu-lae 8 on the left and 13 on the right shoulder to-gether with beads 9 and 14 could have formed a gold-coloured pectoral of paral lel strings of beads, the fibulae clo sing a pep los-like gar ment. Böhme (1974, 160-1, fig. 53) alre ady reconstruct-ed for grave B 465 such a pectoral of more sim-ple form, with one string of beads; fibula 11, on the middle of the breast, is not part of his recon-structed pectoral. His figu re shows 25 contours of Ger manic ladies, ten of which with such combina ti ons of fibu lae and beads to pecto rals: four pectorals with one string of beads, four with

two, and two with three strings. The figure also shows seven con tours with bead necklaces, one of which in combination with a three-string pec-toral (Cortrat grave 26). The total length of the 234 or 282 small beads of 9 and 14 in B 465 allows for the following recon-struction, made by Mrs Van der Sluijs. A three-string pectoral, the two upper strings con sisting of small beads, the lower one of the bronze wire pendants with separating oblong beads, and, in the cen tre, the lu nu la, flanked by two groups of three Überfang beads and two groups of coloured beads (one white, two green and two red on one side, a white and three black ones at the other); this lower string is filled out with small beads. There are an emerald green and a white bead near fibula 8 at the end of each string. All beads of this pecto ral have been listed under find number B 465.9. Intrusion: Rim sherd of a fourth-century terra sigil lata bowl. Remarks: This grave was sum mari ly published by H.W. Böhme, 1974, 285, Taf. 85, under a trans-formation of its original excavati on num ber LN 46, as 46 Nieuws traat. Ypey (1980, 155-157) also summarily published it as Nieuwstraat 46, with new drawings, made after the cleaning and res-toration of many finds, adding the fol lowing comment: ‘The rich furnishing of the 12-14 year old girl from Nijmegen with ornaments, instru-ments and vessels is not unusual for Germanic children’s graves of the fourth and fifth cen tury. The immature girl be longed to a Germanic fam-ily, whose male members served in the Roman army as personnel of the Late Roman garrison of Noviomagus.’ (Transl. D.St.) The excava tion number was later changed to LN 246 (there al-ready was a LN 46). Steu res 2002b, a spin-off of the pre sent typo-logy, discusses pendants 25 and interprets the grave as that of a fifth-centu ry Germanic priest-ess of the pole idol shown on the pendants. Most types give a wide date AD 401-450, but three types narrow it down to the middle of the fifth century: apart from the guilt miniature beads 9 and 14, there are dish fibula 13 of type

112—

Rhe nen (see immediately below; Böhme 1974, 25, Fig. 8) and buckle 17. Parallels of both latter types are to be found in Rhenen grave 356, dat-ed to the middle of the fifth century (Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). Miniature beads 9 and 14 are also mid fifth century (Wil van der Sluijs, pers.com.). It must be remarked that this very late grave with its Germanic long pins contains Roman pot-tery and glass vessels and so a meal: a Roman rite that had been discontinued for some dec-ades and is for one time resumed for a Germanic lady. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) with roulett ed decoration (molett e = roller-stamp Un verzagt (1919) 119, Chenet (1941) Pl. 31, i.e. Hübener (1968) group 6, dated to AD 385-425), d 18.5. 2 Terra sigil lata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 21. 3 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, d 10.5. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 108, h 13.8, d 11.2. 5 Glass cauldron-shaped beaker Gellep 190/236, h 4.2, d 9, with flat bottom, conical body and everted rim; twice wound glass thre ad on smal-lest diameter. 6 Large bronze pin, l 25.5, with mushroom-shaped head on which five radial grooves, and ribbed top part of shaft on which three prisma zones. Böh me, type Wijster. 7 Large bronze pin, l 16.9, at the head of which, con nec ted via two eyelets, a bronze sheet lunu-la, from which hang three lozenge-shaped piec-es of bronze sheet; these jingles are decorated at their rims with punched arcs. Böhme, type Ver-mand. 8 Armbrust fi bu la, l 5. 9 A series of beads, some 50 cm long.225 globular beads, slightly transparent very dark blue, gold coloured encrustation, d 0.3, h 0.2, TM 27Var;13 Überfang beads, collars, 5x transparent greyish whi te, d 0.4, h 0.4, 8x trans parent yellowish white, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 387b;4 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent emerald

green, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 2846;2 cylindrical beads, both half preserved, d 0.3, h 0.5, Riha 1248;2 ring-shaped beads, trans parent dark blue, d 0.3, h 0.1, Riha 2931d; 2 ring-shaped beads, opaque brownish red, d 0.2, h 0.1 and d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2951b; 1 disk-shaped bead, slightly transparent dark blue, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2925e; 1 lead glass cylinder-shaped bead, green, white efflore scen ce, d 0.3, h 0.3, TM 146; 1 ring-shaped bead, transpa rent emerald green, d 0.2, h 0.1, Riha 2968g; 1 tyre-shaped bead, encru sted, emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Koch 460; 1 tyre-shaped bead, encru sted, emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2808, 22Var;1 Überfang bead, globular, transparent greyish white or blue?, d 0.2, h 0.2, TM 387b; a bronze lunu la-shaped pen dant, d 1.8; six pendants of wound bronze wire, each con-sisting of two tubes of 5 up to 11 whorls, be-tween which the wire is bent into a loop, outer d 1.3, which was turned around once. Two of these com plete ly preserved, but corroded to one an-other; four others have lost their loops.10 Coin: Marcus Aurelius, denarius, 161-180, Rome, RIC 712: obv. FAVSTINA AUGVSTA, rev. SALVTI FELI CIT. 11 Armbrustfi bula, l 4.5. 12 Object consisting of a bent iron rod, broken at angle, with textile bands wound around it in two pla ces; d of rod 0.3-0.6, dis tance between the two remai ning rods 1.5, l of rod frag ments 8 and 12, width of bands 0.8 and 1.2. Bent iron rod 21 might be part of 12: in that case, it may have been broken intentionally, in view of their differ-ent find spots. 13 Dish fibula of Böhme type Rhenen, d 4.8, with iron pin and bronze disk, on which a bronze Preßblech decorative disk. Decoration: Star of David consis ting of two in tertwined trian gles, four dots in its centre, double volutes between each pair of points; sur rounded by five concen-tric circles and two concen tric rows of dots. For the intertwined triangles cf. the washbasin from

113—

Mil denhall and bowl 52 from Kaise raugst (Cahn/Kaufmann-Heini mann 1984, Taf. 68). 14 Twenty miniature glass gilt beads like 9, two irre gularly shaped miniature glass beads, colour unknown, one small bico nical bead, colour un-known, part of nec kla ce 9 or rather the pecto ral 8, 9, 13, 14, 15: see the discussion on the posi-tions of the finds. 15 Fragment of a bronze wire pendant: half a cirle, d 0.9, through a small lump of ?iron; pos-sibly part of nec klace or rather pectoral 8, 9, 13, 14, 15. 16 Bronze triple ring, outer d 2.2, inner d 1.9, h 1.6, con sisting of two rings: the top one, half of which is broken off, has a long flat undecorated bezel; the lower one consists of two flat tori with a rib in between. (This ring, too large for a finger but not for a thumb, was called a tube-shaped spiral in Steures 2002b and Steures 2004, on the basis of the drawing in unrestored state.) 17 Bronze buckle h 5.2, l tongue 2.9 (belt opening h 3.8, w 1), with D-shaped movable plate con-taining mineralized leat her. Clin ging to it: a lump of mine ralized material, under which textile. To be dated to mid V (M. Erdrich, pers.comm.; par-allel in Rhe nen grave 356, dated to VB: Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). 18 Bron ze sheet head of a staff containing min-eralized wood, h 2.2. Disk-shaped top; higher part conical, h 0.7, d near disk 2.7, d be low 1.9; lower part cylin drical, d 1.8-2.0, profiled with seven convex horizontal ribs. 19 Bronze sewing-needle, top of eyelet and tip broken off, preserved l 7. 20 Iron knife, l 12.5, w 2, blade with two convex sides, part of tang; on one side, apparently half of its leat her sheath with a central rib. 21 Bent iron rod, l 5.5, possibly the angle of ob-ject 12: in that case, it may have been broken intenti on ally, in view of their diff erent find spots. 22 ?Belt fastening for a textile belt, consisting of two rings lying against one another, d 3.8: a bronze ring round in section, and an iron one, square. The interpretation is un cert ain, as no textile remains cling to it, and so many others were found in this grave.

23 Iron shears, l 21.5, max w 5.5. Half an iron ring, d 4, clung to its tip: a fas tening intended to pre vent the scissors from ope ning unintention-ally? 24 A string of very diffe rent glass beads: a. a seg-mented one, b,c. two globu lar ones, d-g. tubular ones with fire-rounded ends, h. a small ?bronze rod with a thread irregularly wound around it. 25 Three identical Preßblech pendants with hori-zontal tubular eye, d 2.8, all three found incom-plete (twice restored since their find in 1961; as they were incomplete in different pla ces, they are reliably com pleted now). Two opposing heads with half-long hair above draped shoul-ders; be tween them a long frontal pole idol with its feet to the left and with raised arms ending in leafy bran ches. Around, a nonsense inscription: TV (behind the head on the left), X (behind the head on the right), IIECE or IIECF (below). Dotted rim. 26 Piece of textile. Date: AD 434-450 (see remark above).

B 466 Grave: 215x70; 293°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 26.01; depth 29Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 467, which it cuts.

B 467Grave: >120x>60; 104°/284°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 25.79; depth 51Coffin: nails >100x35Intrusion: SherdRemark: Earlier than B 466, which cuts it.

B 468Grave: 240x125; 314°; NAP surface 26.42, bottom 25.71; depth 71Coffin: 135x40; 314°Skeletal material: SkullRemarks: Small tufa frag ments in filling. See secti on G-H in Fig. 14.

114—

B 469 Grave: 235x100; 127°/307°; NAP surface 26.42, bottom 26.08; depth 34Remark: See section G-H in Fig. 14.

B 470 Grave: 240x85; 115°; NAP surface 26.88, bottom 26.36; depth 52Coffin: 180x45; 115°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 2-3 in niche at NAP 26.89, to the right (N) of the upper body. Beaker 1 in top of grave, c.53 cm above bottom of trench, to the left (S) of the feet. Intrusion: Sherds, among which handmade ones. Four necks of jugs. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bea ker Gellep 15 with traces of whi te pain ted decoration, h 10. 2 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a) with barbo tine decoration, incom plete, h 13. 3 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 28. Date: AD 301-367.

B 471 Grave: >250x>70; 126°/306°; NAP surface 26.88, bottom 26.22; depth 66Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 NE in niche at NAP 25.77Intrusion: Sherds (Roman and indigenous) in fill-ingInventory1 Glass carafe ± Gellep 218, h 20, d 11.6. Date: AD 276-367.

B 472 Grave: >150x>70; 121°/301°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 25.86; depth 84Coffin: >125x50; 121°/301°Intrusion: Sherds, among which terra sigillata

B 473 Grave: 245x90; 301°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 25.82; depth 88Coffin: 200x50; 301°

Skeletal material: Remains of skull

B 474 Grave: 220x80; 302°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 25.71; depth 99Coffin: nails 185x40; 302°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: Sherds and tufa fragments, among which a fragmenta ry drum of a co lumn, d 60. Remark: See section G-H in Fig. 14.

B 475 Grave: 235x80; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 26.05; depth 65Intrusion: Sherds: terra sigillata and terra nigra; horse’s tooth.

B 476 Grave: 225x100; 296°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 26.22; depth 48Coffin: 185x45; 296°Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, tibiaeIntrusion: Tufa fragments

B 477 Grave: >100x65; 312°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 26.12; depth 58Coffin: >50x35; 26.12Skeletal material: Skull

B 478 Grave: >100x100; 131°/311°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 25.91; depth 79

B 479 Grave: 200x90; 307°; NAP surface 26.70, bottom 26.06; depth 64Coffin: nails 155x40; 307°Skeletal material: Skull

B 480 Grave: 235x65; 264°; NAP surface 26.93, bottom 26.84; depth >9Skeletal material: Skull, re mains of femora, re-mains of tibiaeIntrusion: Sherds, both Ro man and indigenous. In

115—

top soil, above both B 480 and B 482, 1 an al-most complete reddish brown beaker with white painted decoration; cf. Chenet 333h. Remark: Later than B 481 and B 482, which it cuts. Date: AD 376-400.

B 481 Grave: 255x120; 107°; NAP surface 26.93, bottom 26.14; depth 79Coffin: nails 210x55; 107°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 near the right (N) corner of the foot-end of the coffin at NAP 26.19: plate 1 at the long side near the corner, beaker 2 (fallen over) to its E, glass bowl 3 to the W of 1, near the short side of the coffin. Knife 4 in the same corner in the coffin. Remark: Clamps under the coffin. Earlier than B 480, which cuts it. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, d 19.4, h 4.6. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.8, d 9.6. 3 Glass bowl with pinches Gellep 189, h 6, d 8.8. 4 Iron knife, handle broken off near protection plate, both sides of blade equally convex, pre-served l 8.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 482 Grave: 130x75; 120°; NAP surface 26.93, bottom 26.21; depth 72Coffin: nails 105x30; 120°Skeletal material: Many teethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in foot-end of coffin: cooking-pot 3 to the right of the knees, in dented jar 2 to the left of the feet, beaker 1 to the right of the feet. Intrusion: Sherds, among which a rim fragment of a mortarium. Remark: Earlier than B 480, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6.

2 Coarse indented jar Gellep 103, h 13. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.5. Date: AD 334-367.

B 483 Grave: >40x80; 290°; NAP surface 26.93, bottom 27.00; depth ?Skeletal material: Skull

B 484 Grave: 210x80; 283°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.00; depth 56Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: Body sherd of a terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rou letted decora-tion: Chenet molette (= roller-stamp) 130 (i.e. Hübener’s (1968) group 5/6). Remark: SW corner disturbed.

B 485 Grave: 100x75; 102°/282°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 27.10; depth 46Coffin: 75x30; 98°/278°

B 486 Grave: 215x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 26.93; depth 63Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPiece of bronze 1 some 4 cm, coin 2 some 5 cm above the bott o m of the trench, so possi bly both belonging to the grave.Intrusion: Sherds, but pos sibly 1 and 2 as wellInventory1 Shapeless piece of bronze (not drawn).2 Coin, halved. Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230.

B 487 Grave: 230x80; 270°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.01; depth 55Coffin: nails 200x55; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, pel vis, femora, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 488, which it cuts

116—

B 488 Grave: 200x70; 291°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.01; depth 55Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 487, which cuts it.

B 489 Grave: Almost round, 160x125; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.18; depth 38Coffin: nails (two, outside coffin) 110x60; 279°Skeletal material: Fragments of left tibiaIntrusion: Sherds, among which the spout of a morta rium

B 490 Grave: 160x>70; 278°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.15; depth 41Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, left femurRemark: Child’s grave

B 491 Grave: 210x85; 98°/278°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 27.00; depth 56Coffin: 170x35; 104°/284°

B 492 Grave: 140x>55; 98°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.25; depth 31Coffin: nails 125x30; 98°Skeletal material: Remains of skullIntrusion: Terra nigra sherd; fragment of a plate. Remarks: Earlier than B 493, which cuts it. See section G-H in Fig. 14.

B 493 Grave: 230x80; 286°Coffin: 210x45; 286°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: SherdsRemark: Later than B 492, which it cuts.

B 494 Grave: 250x>110; 105°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.80; depth 76Coffin: nails 210x40; 100°Skeletal material: Remains of skull

Remark: Posthole outside foot-end. Earlier than B 495, which cuts it.

B 495 Grave: 230x>50; 287°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.10; depth 46Coffin: nails 160x40; 287°Skeletal material: SkullIntrusion: Rim fragments of terra sigillata, frag-ment of Arretine, fragment of terra nigra. Remark: Later than B 494, which it cuts.

B 496 Grave: 120x75; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.56, bot-tom 26.97; depth 59Coffin: nails 90x35; 90°/270°Intrusion: Sherds; bronze rivet with flat-globular head, shaft broken off, pre served l 0.8.

B 497 Grave: >170x75; 304°; NAP surface 26.82, bottom 26.45; depth 37Coffin: >170x60; 304°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeIntrusion: Two bone frag ments cow?, one bone frag ment sheep/goat; glass body fragment with blob, Gellep 181. Date: AD 301-450.

B 498 Grave: >220x110; 132°/312°; NAP surface 26.82Coffin: >235x70; 132°/312°Remark: Later than B 499, which it largely covers.

B 499 Grave: >200x100; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.82, bottom 26.00; depth 82Coffin: >190x75; 118°/298°Remark: Earlier than B 498, which largely covers it.

B 500 Grave: 220x95; 105°/285°; NAP surface 26.82, bottom 25.80; depth 102Coffin: 185x50; 105°/285°

117—

B 501 Grave: 250x110; 109°/289°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 25.70; depth 85Coffin: 215x75; 109°/289°

B 502 Grave: top (plane 1) 250x70; bottom (plane 2) 225x60; 132°; NAP surface 26.82, bottom 25.66; depth 116Coffin: 200x45; 132°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 503 and B 504, which cov-er it. Later than B 505, which it just cuts.

B 503 Grave: 170x70; 101°/281°; NAP surface 26.82, bot-tom 26.12; depth 70Coffin: 165x50; 101°/281°Remark: Later than B 502 and B 504, which it cuts. Intrusion: Body sherd of a thin-walled glass bot-tle.

B 504 Grave: 155x>40; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.82Remark: Along the long S side four lining blocks 1-3. Earlier than B 503, which cuts it; later than B 502, which it cuts. Intrusion?: a cow’s molar.Inventory1 A block of white limesto ne, 20x10x11.2 A block of grey crinoid limestone a.k.a. stinking limestone, from Namur, Bel gium, 30x10x20 (identifica tion and pers. com. J.C. Zwaan).3 Two tegula fragments, one of which with ce-ment, 13x18 on which an arc drawn with four fin-gers.

B 505 Grave: 200x65; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.82Coffin: 185x45; 89°/269°Intrusion?: a cow’s molar. Remark: Earlier than B 502, which just cuts it.

B 506 Grave: 80x30; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.99, bot-tom 26.90; depth 9

B 507 Grave: 95x38; 100°/290°; NAP surface 26.99, bot-tom 26.95; depth 4

B 508 Grave: 190x65; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.99, bot-tom 26.60; depth 39Coffin: 170x40; 112°/292°Intrusion: Splinter of bron zeRemark: Earlier than B 509, which cuts it.

B 509 Grave: 245x78; 282°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.80; depth 19Coffin: 220x55; 282°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 508, which it cuts.

B 510 Grave: 250x90; 85°/265°; NAP surface 26.99, bot-tom 26.85; depth 14Coffin: 200x55; 85°/265°Remark: Two features cut by B 510 and one fur-ther E, which were only just vi sible within the ex-cavation li mits, were not consi dered by the ex-cavator to be gra ves.

B 511 Grave: 250x75; 265°; NAP surface 26.90Coffin: 230x55; 265°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 512, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-?

B 512 Grave: >210x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.30; depth 69Coffin: >200x45; 114°/294°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche on S side, at the height of the waist. Remark: Earlier than B 511 and B 513, which cut it.

118—

Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured motto-bottle Künzl 14.5 (= Gellep 254), h 19.8, d 14.5. Scheme from top down: wavy line (Künzl element 1), dott ed line (Künzl 11), V•A•L•E• V•I•V•AS• (lack of space caused the painter to omit the dot before the S and serifs on the S), horizontal band (Künzl 10). Paint brown on the inside.2 Conical glass beaker Gellep 185, h 9.4, d 7.7. Light green glass with many bub bles. 3 Glass bottle Gellep 198 with fir e- rounded rim, h 12, d 9.1. Date: AD 334-355.

B 513 Grave: 220x75; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.74; depth 25Coffin: 200x50; 129°/309°Remark: Later than B 512, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-?

B 514 Grave: 240x100; 102°/282°; NAP surface 27.00, bottom 26.57; depth 43Coffin: 215x65; 102°/282°

B 515 Grave: 205x60; 283°; NAP surface 26.74, bottom 26.23; depth 51Coffin: 190x55; 283°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 560, which it cuts (in plane 2).

B 516 Grave: >220x>50; 286°; NAP surface 26.74, bot-tom 26.53; depth 21Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 517 and B 521, which cut it.

B 517 Grave: 230x120; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07Intrusion?: An almost com ple te enameled hinge fibula; pin and tip of foot are mis sing, preserved l 4.3.

B 518 Grave: 205x65; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.43; depth 64Coffin: 180x45; 109°/289°

B 519 Grave: 250x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 26.74, bot-tom 26.40; depth 34Coffin: 225x45; 111°/291°Remark: Earlier than B 520, which cuts it.

B 520 Grave: 225x85; 99°/279°; NAP surface 26.74, bot-tom 26.20; depth 54Coffin: 210x70; 99°/279°Inventory 1 Coin: as, Caligula, AD 37-38, Rome, RIC2 35, for Germanicus.Remark: Later than B 519, which it cuts. As the coin is not on the level drawing, it is either an intrusion or was intention ally thrown in as the grave was being fil led.

B 521 Grave: 225x75; 281°; NAP surface 27.07Coffin: 215x55; 281°Skeletal material: Skull

B 522 Grave: 220x85; 310°; NAP surface 26.74, bottom 26.69; depth >5Coffin: 200x60; 310°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaePosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 between the feet. Inventory1 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230.

B 523 Grave: 105x45; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 26.90; depth 17Coffin: 90x25; 110°/290°

B 524 Grave: 250x105; 125°/305°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.69; depth 38

119—

Coffin: 225x65; 125°/305°Remark: Earlier than B 525, which cuts it.

B 525 Grave: 150x65; 107°/287°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 26.79; depth 28Remark: Later than B 524, which it cuts. B 526 Grave: 240x100; 287°; NAP surface 26.74, bottom 26.69; depth 5Coffin: 220x60; 287°Skeletal material: Skull

B 527 Grave: 220x60; 104°; NAP surface 27.18, bottom 26.95; depth 23Skeletal material: Skull

B 528 Grave: 210x90; 107°/287°; NAP surface 27.18, bot-tom 26.86; depth 32Coffin: 190x55; 107°/287°

B 529 Grave: 205x55; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.18, bot-tom 26.96; depth 22Coffin: 180x40; 95°/275°Remark: Later than B 530, which it cuts.

B 530 Grave: >200x75; 135°; NAP surface 27.18, bottom 26.79; depth 39Coffin: >190x50; 135°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 529, which cuts it.

B 531 Grave: >140x65; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.18, bottom 27.12; depth 6Coffin: >120x40; 109°/289°

B 532 Grave: >130x70; 107°/287°

B 533 Grave: >110x80; 58°/238°, bottom 26.18

Coffin: >90x50

B 534 Grave: >160x70; 108°/288°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.10; depth 45Coffin: >120x45; 108°/288°

B 535 Grave: 250x110; 246°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 25.98; depth 57Coffin: 245x75; 246°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 534 which it cuts; earlier than B 536, which cuts it.

B 536 Grave: 200x100; 81°/261°; NAP surface 27.001 Sarcophagus: l 105, w 63, h ?; lid with four planes; 81°/261°Skeletal material: Unworn milk teeth, not recorded whe re. Remark: Later than B 535, which it cuts; and later than B 534, which B 535 cuts. 2 In a hole in the lid a building fragment: a block of compo site stone 14x5x9.

B 537 Grave: 195x75; 82°/262°; NAP surface 27.00, bot-tom 26.24; depth 76Coffin: 160x50; 82°/262°Intrusion: Limestone frag ment with moulding 16x10x4.5. B 538 Grave: >90x100; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.25; depth 30Coffin: >70x72; 129°/309°

B 539 Grave: 235x65; 305°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.37; depth 18Coffin: 210x50/65; 305°Skeletal material: Skull

B 540 Grave: 205x>38; 114°/294°

120—

B 541 Grave: 230x95; 260°Coffin: 200x70; 260°Skeletal material: Skull

B 542 Grave: 220x100; 76°/256°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.04; depth 51Coffin: 195x55; 76°/256°

B 543 Grave: 165x>50; 85°/265°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.35; depth 20Coffin: 135x35; 85°/265°Remark: Earlier than B 544, which cuts it.

B 544 Grave: 220x85; 266°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.40; depth 15Coffin: 200x55; 266°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 543, which it cuts.

B 545 Grave: 215x80; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.55, bot-tom 26.40; depth 15Coffin: 190x50; 72°/252°

B 546 Grave: 215x80; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 26.32; depth 75Coffin: >175x50; 110°/290°

B 547 Grave: 230x80; 114°/294°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.32; depth 23Coffin: 200x40; 114°/294°Intrusion: Imbrex fragment 12x(8-10).

B 548 Grave: >185x80; 304°; NAP surface 26.60, bottom 26.50; depth 10Coffin: >165x60; 304°Skeletal material: Skull

B 549 Grave: 185x75; 78°/258°; NAP surface 26.67, bot-tom 26.67; depth ?Coffin: 175x65; 78°/258°Remark: Stone(s?) on the centre of the grave

B 550 Grave: 195x90; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 26.00; depth 107Coffin: 165x50; 95°/275°

B 551 Grave: >195x70; 318°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.92; depth 15Coffin: >165x55; 318°Skeletal material: Skull

B 552 Grave: 95x70; 66°/246°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 26.90; depth 17Coffin: 85x45; 66°/246°

B 553 Grave: >180x90; 139°/319°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.10; depth 97Coffin: 130x45; 139°/319°Remark: Earlier than B 554 and B 555, which cut it.

B 554 Grave: 120x45; 101°/281°; NAP surface 27.07, bot-tom 27.00; depth 7Coffin: 85x30; 101°/281°Remark: Later than B 553 and B 555, which it cuts.

B 555 Grave: 240x90; 291°; NAP surface 27.10Coffin: 205x55; 291°Skeletal material: Femora, tibi aeRemark: Earlier than B 554, which cuts it; later than B 553, which it cuts.

B 556 Grave: >145x60; 302°; NAP surface 27.10, bottom 26.67; depth 43Coffin: 120x45; 302°

121—

Skeletal material: Skull

B 557 Grave: 200x105; 292°; NAP surface 27.10, bottom 26.90; depth 20Coffin: 180x65; 292°Skeletal material: Skull

B 558 Grave: >170x85; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.10, bot-tom 26.92; depth 18Coffin: >150x45; 111°/291°

B 559 Grave: 180x80; 271°; NAP surface 26.40, bottom 25.97; depth 43Coffin: 165x55; 271°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 560, which it cuts. This is one of four graves, still visi ble in plane 2; the others are B 560, B 502 and B 515.

B 560 Grave: 235x75; 298°; NAP surface 26.40, bottom 25.92; depth 48Coffin: 200x50; 298°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 515 and B 559, which cut it. This is one out of four gra ves still visible in level 2; the others are B 502, B 515 and B 559.

Area G: graves B 561-673 (Figs. 16-17)

Area G is named after the Grutberg or Gruitberg, which was a street in the years around 1950, and which is nowadays a cul-de-sac. Brun sting always called it Grut berg, whereas his field technician al-ready wrote Gruitberg; which is also the present-day name.

Place Year N TrG Preliminary reports

Legend: N = number of graves; TrG = trenches in area G of cemetery B

Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Houtmarkt 1952 20 7 VRGK 1952, 130Oude Stadsgr. 1952 18 8 idemGrutberg/OS 1952 19 6 idemPauwelstr 1952 4 5 idemGrutberg 1955 30 1-3 NKNOB 1956, *21, *123, VRGK 1955, 153Pauwelstr 1957 38 4 NKNOB 1957, *239-40 VRGK 1957, 149- 50Total in Area G 129 (16 numbers not graves)

B 561 Grave: >65x95; 94°/274°Remark: See section C-D in Fig. 17.

B 562 Grave: >75x70; 110°/290°

B 563 Grave: >110x60; 109°/289°

B 564 Grave: 195x100; 287°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Empty niche on left (N) of the waist.

B 565 Grave: 195x80; 78°/258°

B 566 Grave: 240x125; 301°Coffin: 170x45; 301°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Empty ?niche at foot-end near the NE corner. Later than B 567 and B 568, which it cuts.

122—

B 567 Grave: >100x70; 251°Skeletal material: FemoraRemark: Earlier than B 566, which cuts it.

B 568 Grave: >125x65; 69°/249°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.43; depth 117Remark: Earlier than B 566, which cuts it.

B 569 Grave: >100x>50; 92°/272°

B 570 Grave: 135x65; 88°/268°

B 571 Grave: >75x55; 94°/274°

B 572 Grave: not visibleCoffin: not visible; length of skeleton 188; 193°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, right radius over the body, femora, tibiae.Remark: Possibly a (?post-)medieval burial; the exca vator, however, gave it a number as if it were a Roman grave. Later than B 573, B 574 and B 575, which it cuts.

B 573 Grave: >160x85; 79°/259°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.69; depth 91Remarks: Earlier than B 572, which cuts it. See sections A-B and E-F in Fig. 17.

B 574 Grave: >138x88; 88°/268°Remarks: Earlier than B 572, B 575, and B 578, which cut it. See section A-B in Fig. 17.

B 575 Grave: 100x44; 100°/280°Remark: Earlier than B 572, which cuts it; later than B 574, which it cuts.

B 576 Grave: >25x50; 93°/273°

B 577 Grave: >155x90; 105°/285°Coffin: >125x40; 105°/285°Remark: See section A-B in Fig. 17.

B 578 Grave: >160x70; 95°/275°Coffin: nails >150x40; 95°/275°Remark: Later than B 574, which it cuts. B 579 Grave: 160x60; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.49; depth 111Coffin: nails >100x35; 110°/290°Intrusion: A Roman and a prehistoric sherd. Remarks: Earlier than B 580, which cuts it. Rela-tion to adja cent B 581 unclear. See section G-H in Fig. 17.

B 580 Grave: unclear; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 27.09; depth 711 Sarcophagus: l 107 x w 61 x h 41, fragment of lid; 109°/289°Intrusion: Roman sherds and an indigenous one near the sarcop hagus. Animal bones on the sar-cophagus. Remark: Later than B 579 and B 581, which it cov-ers. See section G-H in Fig. 17. Ac cording to the museum inven tory, the sarcophagus is from the Lange Nieuwstraat; the drawing and the dimensi ons of the sarcophagus do not corres-pond well.

B 581 Grave: 165x65; 289°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.49; depth 131Coffin: nails >125x45; 289°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoins 1-2 at the height of the waist. Intrusion: small sherds. Remark: Earlier than B 580, which cuts it. Relation

123—

to adja cent B 579 unclear. See section G-H in Fig. 17. Emp ty niche to the right (S) of the legs. Inventory1-2 Two ‘small Constantinian coins’; lost before they could be identified: follis or aes III. Date: AD 306-?

B 582 Grave: 230x85; 284°Coffin: nails 180x45; 284°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than a grave-like trench, which it cuts; this trench, however, was not counted as a grave by the excavator. Neither were two similar trenches to its S counted as graves.

B 583 Grave: 250x100; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.90; depth 90Coffin: nails 220x50; 95°/275°Remark: A coffin-like struc ture between B 583 and B 584 with nails at its short ends was not counted as a grave by the excavator.

B 584 Grave: >180x100; 274°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom 26.90; depth 90Coffin: nails >125x50; 274°Skeletal material: Skull

B 585 Grave: 250x100; 94°/274°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.70; depth 110Coffin: nails 230x45; 94°/274°

B 586 Grave: >185x80; 271°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 25.80; depth 200Coffin: nails >175x50; 271°Skeletal material: Left fe mur.

B 587 Grave: 135x70; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom ‘204 below level’ (26.56); depth 124Coffin: nails 100x25; 78°/258°

B 588 Grave: 230x90; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘200 below level’ (26.60); depth 120Coffin: nails 160x40; 270°Skeletal material: Unspeci fied skeletal remains, ‘feet to the E’; overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows a skull in the W. Intrusion: Small sherds.

B 589 Grave: 80x35; 98°/278°; NAP surface 28.00, bot-tom ‘161 below level’ (27.19); depth 81Coffin: nails 70x25; 98°/278°

B 590 Grave: 85x35; 279°; NAP sur face 28.00, bottom ‘141 be low level’ (27.39); depth 61Coffin: nails 75x25; 279°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows an object like the corner of a sarcop hagus adjacent to the foot-end of the grave; not hing about it in the docu mentati on.

B 591 Grave: >90x>55; 275°Coffin: nails >75x35; 275°Skeletal material: Femora, tibi ae

B 592 Grave: >120x45; 96°/276°; NAP surface 28.10, bottom ‘120 below surface’ (27.70); depth 40Coffin: >50x25; 96°/276°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 in coffin along the long S side and near the SW corner. Bracelet 2 to the E of 1. Pin 3 in NW corner of coffi n. Remark: Earlier than B 593, which cuts it. Inventory1 Small glass bottle Gellep 198, Isings 133, h 9.5. 2 Bracelet wi th expanding fastening of bronze wire, d 3.5. 3 Bronze pin with gilt head, l 6.5. Cf Gellep gra-ves 793 and 1182. Date: AD 334-367.

124—

B 593 Grave: 200x75; 277°; NAP surface 28.10, bottom ‘120 below surface’ (27.70); depth 40Skeletal material: Skull, humeri over the chest, left femur. Remark: Later than B 592, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-?

B 594 Grave: 120x>20; 102°/282°

B 595 Grave: 195x90; 85°/265°; NAP surface 28.20, bot-tom ‘160 below surface’ (27.40); depth 80Coffin: nails 180x32; 85°/265°Remark: As appears from the position of the nails, two clamps under the coffin.

B 596 Grave: >140x60; 272°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20Coffin: nailSkeletal material: Skull, right femur

B 597 Grave: >100x50; 72°/252°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20

B 598 Grave: >125x50; 265°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20Coffin: nailSkeletal material: Skull

B 599 Grave: >100x50; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20Coffin: nails

B 600 Grave: 135x70; 99°/279°; NAP surface 28.20, bot-tom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20Coffin: nails

B 601 Grave: 120x70; 96°/276°

1 Sarcophagus: very coarse limestone l 120x w 50 x h 60, no lid; 96°/276°Remarks: Lying inclined in a disturbed area, dam-aged du ring demolition and paving; E end miss-ing. At 1.25 m to its SSW, B stray 307. At 2.75 m to the S of B 601, a rounded square trench, d 163, its centre, d 113, fil led with Roman debris: irre-gular blocks of tufa, tegula frag ments, tiles, burnt clay and mortar.

B 602 Remark: Just a corner visi ble at the edge of the exca vation trench; dimensions and orientation unknown. Nails.

B 603 Grave: >145x75; 285°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom ‘80 below surface’ (28.30); depth ?Coffin: nails >125x50; 285°Skeletal material: Vertebral column, radii (hands in lap), femora, tibiae. Remark: Later than B 604, which it cuts.

B 604 Grave: 250x110; 274°Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Left fe mur, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 603, which cuts it.

B 605 Grave: >200x125; 79°/259°Skeletal material: Unidenti fied long bonesRemark: Earlier than B 638, which cuts it. As seen from the excavation plan, a shallow grave.

B 606 Grave: >140x55; 93°/273°; NAP surface 28.30, bot-tom 20 ‘below surface 1’; depth ?Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 and 2 in NE corner of gra ve. Inventory1 Small beaker of grey ter ra nigra-like pottery with fine tempering material. Chenet 333a; Breu-er et al. 1957, 201; Nenquin 1953 fig. 7A20 and A21.

125—

2 Bottom of a small glass beaker or bottle, d foot-ring 5. Not to be assigned to a type. Date: AD 351-425.

B 607 Grave: >105x90; 90°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 70 ‘below surface 1’; depth ?Coffin: nails >85x30; 90°Skeletal material: Skull

B 608 Remark: Found without con text under the W wall of a school on the Oude Stads gracht, when the foundations were being streng thened. Inventory1 Bottom, neck and wall fragments of a brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72. 2 Frag men ta ry coarse dish Gellep 128. Date: AD 301-350.

B 609 Grave: 205x100; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.45, bottom 26.80; depth 65Coffin: nails

B 610 Grave: >100x60; 99°/279°; NAP surface 27.45, bottom 27.17; depth 28Coffin: nails >80x30; 99°/279°Remark: The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows the stone lining of a trench that cuts B 610 on its NE side. Not hing about it in the docu-mentation. It was not coun ted as a grave by the exca va tor.

B 611 Grave: 180x60; 279°; NAP surface 27.45, bottom 27.17; depth 28Coffin: >130x40; 279°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, femora, tibiae, l 140

B 612 = B stray 262Remark: Stray find outside excavation trench of 1 a brown-mar bled do uble-handled jug, h 30.3, d 22. Gellep 72. Counted as a grave by the excava-

tor. Erroneously counted twice in this study. Date: AD 301-350.

B 613 Grave: 190x95; 166°Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Skull, right humerus, right femurRemark: Later than B 614, which it cuts.

B 614 Grave: 185x95; 85°/265°Coffin: nails 150x45; 85°/265°Remark: Earlier than B 613, which cuts it.

B 615 Grave: 235x100; 264°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘163 below level’ (26.97); depth 83Coffin: nails 180 or 195x30; 264°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, femora, tibi aeIntrusion: Dolium fragment and fragment of a jug. Remark: Together with child’s grave B 616 in one trench: mother and child?

B 616 Grave: 235x100; 84°/264°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘163 below level’ (26.87); depth 83Coffin: nails 86x20; 84°/264°Intrusion: Dolium fragmentRemark: In one trench with B 615: child and mother?

B 617 Grave: >120x70; 9°/189°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom ‘135 below level’ (27.25); depth 55Coffin: nailsIntrusion: Two dolium frag mentsRemark: S half under medie val town wall; founda tion of inter nal buttress (field stones) 1.70 m to WSW.

B 618 Grave: >125x100; 105°/285°

B 619 Grave: 215x80; 70°/250°

126—

Coffin: nailRemark: Large empty niche on N in line with short W end. B 620 Grave: 200x120; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘286 below level’ (25.74); depth 2060 Sarcophagus: tufa l 160 x w 66-70 x h 58; high lid with four planes; 275°Skeletal material: Skull, left clavicle, left humerus, left radius and ulna, femo ra, tibiae, fibulae; all bones mentioned partly pre served; girl, at the most eight years old. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoins 1-6 at the height of the right hand, brace-let 7 at the height of the right wrist, 8 to the left of the knees, brace let 9 at the height of the left wrist, bead 10 above the back of the head, pins 11 and 12 on the top of the skull with their heads to right, ear rin gs 13 near the ears, tu tulus fibu la 14 on the left clavicle, tambourine sticks 15 in foot-end, 16 and 17 at the height of the left foot, 18-20 near the neck. Texti le remains adhere to metal ob jects 7, 9, 14 and 15. These are treated apart after the numbered finds. Remark: Earlier than B 621, which cuts its grave. Known as the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. This sarcopha gus was removed from the site in July 1957 and put to dry in Museum G.M. Kam, whe re it was opened in the pre sence of many archaeo-logists and authorities on October 14 of that year. In the eve ning of that day, H. Brun sting wrote a report of his fin dings, from which we quo te:“A thin sandy layer became visible, thicker at head and foot-ends; the top of the skull pro-truded from it on the W side. A bronze pin with head was seen on it at first inspection. Around it, undulating re mains, either hair or the folds of a tex tile cap. At second inspec tion, these had al-ready fal len down on the sand from which they first protruded. (Textile remains lying flat on the skull were seen later [but could not be exami-ned].) The skull was hardly inspected then. A white tal cum-like substance lying on it might have been the re mains of an ungu ent.”Years later, he wrote the following note:

“On the middle of the fore head there was a small cone-like light grey heap with a more or less sharp point, base c.2.5, h c.1.5, (all this re-membered years la ter..), which made me think of a semi-liquid substance poured from a con-tainer or pressed from something like a tube. Naturally, this re minds one of an unction put on the forehead and not tou ched or moved since then. Probably put there after death or total loss of con sci ousness: an anointing of the dying or dead child? As it was tried to lift this heap, it fell to dust, and we did not manage to take a sample of it. Its last re mains spread out evenly.” (Transl. D.St.)Coins 1-6 were later stolen from the Museum Kam. Similar coins now in the sarcophagus in the museum exhibition probably come from the Kam coin col lection in the mu seum. Publications on the sarcop hagus and its con-

The sarcophagus of the Grutberg, B 620, is cleaned by a field technician.

127—

tents: Van Buchem 1958a and 1958b (report on the opening; the tambourine sticks); Swin kels/Dec kers-Hage man 1997, 81-83, report of the opening); Jurriaans-Helle 1999, 6, fig. 9; 45, cat.no. 108 (on the tam bourine sticks); Steures 2003 (in terpre tation of the tambou ri ne sticks). Inventory1 Coin: Constantine I, half follis, 310-311, Trier, RIC 898/900. 2, 5 Coins: Con stantine I, fol lis, 317-318, Trier, RIC 128/167.3, 4 Coins: Licinius I, fol lis, 313-315, London, RIC 3/23. 6 Coin: Licinius, follis, 313-317, Trier. 7 Three-strand cable brace let, twisted from two silver wires and a bronze wire; at the end two silver sheet tubes, from which an eyelet and a hook protrude. Resto red 1998-1999. Texti le re-mains: see below. 8 Bronze sheet band with nail from one of the tambou rine sticks, treated under no. 15, d 3.55-3.75, w 1.65-1.7, th 0.05-0.06. 9 Five bracel ets, very frag menta ry when found. The ori ginally oval iron wire bra celet 9a was re-stored to a round object in 1998-1999; frag-ments of bone bracelets 9b-d were left where they were corroded onto iron bra celet 9a. Textile remains: see below. 9a A bracelet wi th expanding fastening of iron wire, 5 x 4 cm, on which two beads outside the fastenings: one a rounded disk, bronze or green glass, d 0.7, h 0.3, Riha 1197Var;

and a disk-shaped bead, an gular, lead or tin, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 535Var; and five 8-shaped eyelets of iron wire. 9b-d Three thin bone brace lets with different secti ons: D-sha ped, more or less rec tangular and round. 9e A bra celet of metal wire on which small bone rod-sha ped gilt beads: 2 cylindrical beads, bone, d 0.3, h 1.0, Riha 1248Var; 2 spindle-shaped beads, with spine, bone?, black incru station and gold remains, d 0.3, h 0.8, Riha 1248Var;1 cylindrical bead, gold sheet with two indentati-ons, encru sted on bone rod, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 1227Var. 10 A disk-shaped amber bead, rounded, re-stored, d 2.1, h 0.7, TM 430. 11 Silver pin with flatt ish globular head, probably slip ped onto it, l 7.15, d 0.2 to 0.1, head l 0.41, d 0.48. 12 Silver pin with gilt po megranate-shaped head, in which crossing bent incisi ons, l 8.47, d 0.22 to 0.1; head l 0.68, d 0.68-0.7. 13 Earrings of gold wire with eyelet. The one at the left ear was broken and is not shown here. The point of the wire was put through the eyelet and bent into a hook: the earrings were permanent ly worn. D earring 1.6, d wire 0.1.

The tambourine sticks B 620.15 in the sarcophagus. Hall of Museum G.M. Kam, 14 October 1957: opening of the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. The field technician points out something in the sarcophagus B 620 to professor Brun-sting. In the small group to the left, Nijmegen archaeolo-gists P. Stuart and J.E. Bogaers.

128—

14 Tutulus fi bula, built from a bronze base-plate, under which bronze pin with five spirals on each side of it, and a catch plate; with central axis riv-eted onto it. The axis is surroun ded by a small bronze ring at half height. Surviving body: the lower concave silver ring and the silver top fil led with lead. Fur ther rings in between have van-ished and were probably made of orga nic mate-rial. H from base-plate to top 3; lower ring h 0.9, d 2.6-3.5; top h 0.95. Textile remains: see below.15 Four tambourine sticks. The sticks are made from pear or apple wood, still favou rite materi-als for ma king musical instruments such as recor ders, because these materials are easily worked (identification: Pau line van Rijn, BIAX). The follo wing de scription is based on the recon-struc tion drawing by the late J. Ypey; the fact that it is correct was borne out by obser vati ons made by the author on the preserved frag ments, before two tambourine sticks were resto red in 1998-1999. Length 37.3 cm, diame ter 3.5. A symme trically profiled middle part serves as a handle. Two rectan gu lar apertures, 1.9 x 8.4, have been cut out on both sides of this handle. Somewhat beyond the middle of each hole, at 6.3 from each end of the stick, are two heavy bronze bowl-shaped ratt les, their rims flaring in opposite directions (d 4.2-4.7, h 0.75-0.9) on a transverse iron rod (l 3.9, d 0.4) with hamme red ends securing the rod. At both ends of each ap-erture are bronze sheet bands whose ends over-lap 1 cm, each kept in place by one bronze nail; width near the handle 1.2, near the ends 1.7 cm. So there are four bands per tambourine stick. There are 13 frag ments of wood that preserve the com plete diame ter of the wood and have or have had bronze sheet bands, plus two frag-ments of such places. So the (mini mum) number of tambouri ne sticks from the sarcop hagus of the Grutberg is four. The number of preser ved rattles, six, i.e. three pairs, is stran ge, as there must have been eight pairs to four tam bou rine sticks. Thickness and weight of the rattles, 100 grams per pair of rattles, precludes the possibil-ity that the missing ones would have corroded away complete ly: the tambou rine sticks appear

to have been intenti onally destroy ed before their remains were put in the foot-end of the sar cop hagus. This was confir med by the position of broken pie ces of the sticks, and the position of one of the bron ze sheet bands, no. 8, near the knees. There are no indications that the tambourine sticks would have been connected to one anot-her. The situation sketch reproduced here erro-neously shows piece b inser ted into piece b1: the photo from which it was traced shows them not to be connec ted. Four replicas are in Museum Het Valkhof, three of which by the late J. Ypey. Two tambourine sticks were restored (in a heavi-ly war ped state) 1998-1999.16 Bone comb in three layers with triangular grip decora ted with dot-and-circles along its edges; teeth all gone. Preser ved l 7, h 3. Restored 1998-1999. 17 Mirror: convex transpa rent colourless mirror glass with remains of a reflecting metal layer on its concave back side in a lead or tin frame. This frame was large ly decayed and showed five dot-and-circles. It was res tored for the second time 1998-1999. Cor responding with the descrip tion in Lloyd-Morgan 1981, 106: she recon structs eight dot-and-cir cles within a garland of flowers in re lief. The back side of the frame is flat. 18 Beads: 8 heart or almond-shaped beads, slightly transpa rent light greyish blue, w 0.5, d 0.4, h 0.8, Riha 2947fVar;1 roller or cylinder-shaped bead, slightly trans-parent jade green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2826fVar. 19 Frag ment of a bronze ringlet.20 Small bronze knob.Description of the textile remainsAt the fastening of bracelet 7: tabby-weave, z/z, c.16x11 threads per cm2. Vegetable fibre, prob-ably linen. At bracelets 9: three minus cule textile frag-ments, num bered Wa, Wb, Wc. Wa is tab by-weave, c.20x25 threads per cm2, proba bly z/z. Wb and Wc are probably fragments of one piece of cloth: tabby-weave, c.11x13 threads per cm2, z/z.

129—

At tutulus fibula 14: three layers of tabby-weave, c.24x26-30 threads per cm2, probably warp and weft res pectively. Vegetable fibre, probably lin-en. One of the fragments possibly near a selvedge: the supposed weft is doubled there. A small fragment in tabby-weave, c.16xc.24 threads per cm2, probably warp (the coarser threads) and weft (the finer ones) respectively. At the tambourine sticks 15: on a bronze sheet band, a frag ment of tabby-weave, c.10x8 threads per cm2, s/s. Coin date: AD 317-318.

B 621 Grave: 250x100; 279°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘148 below level’ (27.12); depth 68Coffin: nails 195x35; 279°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Later than B 620, which it cuts; earlier than B 628, which just cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 317-?

B 622 Grave: 150x40; 94°/274°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom ‘164 below level’ (26.96); depth 84Coffin: nails 110x20; 94°/274°Intrusion: Tegula fragmentRemark: Later than B 623, which it cuts.

B 623 Grave: 235x70; 276°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘233 below level’ (26.27); depth 153Coffin: nails 195x35; 276°Skeletal material: Skull, femoraRemark: Earlier than B 622, B 626 and B 627, which cut it.

B 624 Grave: 125x70; 269°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘205 below level’ (26.55); depth 125Coffin: nails 105x30; 269°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 625, which it cuts.

B 625 Grave: 180x80; 269°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom

‘185 below level’ (26.75); depth 105Skeletal material: Skull in the middle of the grave, appa rently put there when the grave was cut by B 624. Remark: Earlier than B 624, which cuts it.

B 626 Grave: 170x85; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘173 below level’ (26.87); depth 93Coffin: nails (not preser ved) 150x35; 270°Skeletal material: Left ra dius, femoraRemark: Later than B 623 and B 628, which it cuts; ear lier than B 627, which cuts it.

B 627 Grave: 125x>40; 99°/279°1 Sarcophagus: l 126 x w >37 x h 52; 99°/279°Remark: Later than B 624, B 626 and B 628, which it cuts. The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows one half of the sarcophagus, whereas the object drawing shows two loose cor ners; this corres ponds with the description in the documen tation.

B 628 Grave: 240x105; 264°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘227 below level’ (26.53); depth 147Coffin: nails 200x45; 264°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 626 and B 627, which cut it; later than B 621, which it just cuts.

B 629 Grave: 100x60; 98°/278°; NAP surface 28.00, bot-tom ‘154 below level’ (27.26); depth 74Coffin: nails 65x30; 98°/278°

B 630 Grave: 125x50; 90°/270°; NAP surface 28.00, bot-tom ‘135 below level’ (27.45); depth 55Coffin: nails 100x25; 90°/270°Remark: Later than B 631, which it cuts.

B 631 Grave: 200x80; 270°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘198 below level’ (26.82); depth 118

130—

Coffin: nails 175x40; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiaeRemark: Earlier than B 630, which cuts it. B 632 Grave: 225x>70; 263°Coffin: 165x40; 263°Skeletal material: Skull

B 633 Grave: 200x85; 77°/257° Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Earlier than B 634, which largely covers it. Inventory1 Coin: follis, Constantine I and sons, 335-340, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard, mint unknown. Date: AD 335-348.

B 634 Grave: 190x70; 79°/259°Coffin: ?x40; 79°/259°Remark: Later than B 633, which it largely covers. Stratigraphical date: 335-?

B 635 Grave: 180x100; 277°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘70 below surface’ (28.30); depth ?Coffin: nails 120x32; 277°Skeletal material: Skull

B 636 Grave: 125x105; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘30 below surface’ (28.70); depth ?Coffin: nails 108x32; 279°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Together with B 637 in one trench: dou-ble grave.

B 637 Grave: 125x105; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘30 below surface’ (28.70); depth ?Coffin: nails 92x20; 279°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Together with B 636 in one trench: dou-ble grave.

B 638 Grave: >205x65; 54°/234°; NAP surface -, bottom ‘at level 1’; depth -Coffin: nailsRemark: Later than B 605, which it cuts.

B 639 Grave: 120x80; 91°/271°; NAP surface -, bottom ‘60 below level 1’; depth -Remark: Though he numbered it as a grave, the excavator was not sure about it.

B 640 Grave: >65x75; 78°/258°; NAP surface -, bottom ‘60 below level 1’; depth -Coffin: nails >50x40; 90°/270°

B 641 Grave: >35x60; 83°/263°; NAP surface -, bottom ‘30 below level 1’; depth -

B 642 Grave: >110x75; 56°/236°; NAP surface -, bottom ‘45 below level 1’; depth -

B 643 Grave: >138x63; 94°/274°Remark: Empty niche on long N side next to NE corner.

B 644 Grave: 105x55; 88°/268°; NAP surface 28.20, bot-tom ‘46 below surface’ (29.54); depth ?Coffin: nails 84x24; 88°/268°

B 645 Grave: 145x50; 97°/277°; NAP surface 28.35, bot-tom ‘35 below surface’ (28.80); depth ?Coffin: nails 86x32; 97°/277°

B 646 Grave: 170x90; 96°/276°; NAP surface 28.35, bot-tom ‘85 below surface’ (28.30); depth ?Coffin: nails 136x44; 102°/282°

B 647

131—

Grave: 295x100; 92°/272°Coffin: nails >50x>40; - (not on overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16)Intrusion: Sherds

B 648 Grave: >65x60; 87°/267°; NAP surface 28.20, bot-tom ‘180 below street’ (27.20); depth 100Coffin: nails >60x35; 87°/267°

B 649 Grave: 120x35; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘165 below street’ (27.35); depth 85Coffin: nails 88x25; 104°/284°Remark: Earlier than B 651, which cuts it.

B 650 Grave: 105x55; 97°/277°Coffin: nails 85x30; 97°/277°Intrusion: Small terra si gillata sherd; tegula frag-ment

B 651 Grave: >150x55; 304°Skeletal material: Skull, verte bral column, humeri, left radiusPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Later than B 649, which it cuts. Inventory1 Coin: Arcadius, aes IV, 388-395, Trier, RIC 98(c). Coin date: AD 388-402.

B 652 Grave: >65x80; 77°/257°; NAP surface 28.35, bot-tom ‘160 below street’ (27.55); depth 80Coffin: nails >45x50; 77°/257°

B 653 Grave: 150x70; 258°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘110 below street’ (28.05); depth 30Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radiiRemark: Later than B 654, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-?

B 654 Grave: 165x60; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.35, bot-tom ‘175 below street’ (27.40); depth 95Coffin: nails 144x35; 79°/259°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Earlier than B 653, which cuts it. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bea ker Gellep 15 with van-ished pain ted decorati on of loose spi rals, h 8.9. 2 Iron oval buckle Sommer 1Aa, 3x2.5, tongue missing; oval plate with two ri vets. Date: AD 310-360.

B 655 Grave: >250x90; 98°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘185 below street’ (27.30); depth 105Coffin: nails 180x45; 98°Skeletal material: Teeth

B 656 Grave: >135x70; 94°/274°Remark: Earlier than B 657, which cuts it.

B 657 Grave: >125x60; 101°/281°Remark: Later than B 656, which it cuts; earlier than B 658, which cuts it.

B 658 Grave: >100x30; 100°/280°Remark: Later than B 657, which it cuts.

B 659 Grave: unclear; 216°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Later than B 669 and B 670, which it partly co vers. Inventory1 Iron knife with convex blade and wood re-mains of the handle, l 14.6, w 3. Date: AD 301-400.

132—

B 660 Grave: 185x55; 217°; NAP surface 28.55, bottom 28.05; depth 50Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoin 1 between the teethRemark: Later than B 672 and B 673, which it cov-ers. Inventory1 Coin: Constans, follis, 330-360, barbaric, GLO-RIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. Coin date: AD 337-360.

B 661 Grave: 140x70; 209°Coffin: nails 100x30; 209°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Later than B 672, which it just cuts. Inventory1 Four glass beads (two tu bular, two barrel-shaped, l 0.4-1.5), green and brick red. 2 Coin: Frisian(?) cop per sceatta with on the re-verse a square with diagonal cross with cross-lines, c.690-750. BMC type 2b(?).Date: AD 690-750.

B 662 Grave: 175x90; 78°/258°; NAP surface 28.60, bot-tom 27.65; depth 95Coffin: nails

B 663 Grave: 160x70; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.60, bot-tom 27.75; depth 85Coffin: nails 90x30; 79°/259°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottle 1 in coffin, along long S side, near the SE corner. Beaker 2 in SW cor ner of coffin. Pin 3 in the middle of the coffin. Coin 4 was lying in beaker 2.Intrusion: Tegula fragment.Remark: Later than B 664, which it largely covers. Inventory1 Small glass bottle Gellep 198, neck missing, preserved h 7.3.

2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, fragmen ta ry, h 4.7, d 9.3. 3 Bronze pin with polyhedral head (fourteen planes: a cube from which the eight corners have been removed), l 5.5. 4 Coin: Con stans, follis, Trier, 347-348, RIC 206. Date: AD 347-400. Coin date: AD 347-364. Com-bined date: AD 347-364.

B 664 Grave: >38x63; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.60, bot-tom lower than B 663; depth >75Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: Earlier than B 663, which largely covers it. Inventory1 Glass fragments. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-361.

B 665 Grave: 210x105; 113°; NAP surface 28.70, bottom 27.80; depth 90Coffin: nails 158x32; 113°Skeletal material: Skull

B 666 Grave: 150x65; 270°; NAP surface 28.70, bottom 28.20; depth 50Coffin: nails 102x36; 270°Skeletal material: Teeth

B 667 Grave: >60x>40.

B 668 Grave: 160x115; 83°/263°Coffin: 100x25; 76°/256°

B 669 Grave: 270x70; 281°; NAP surface 28.55, bottom 27.35; depth 120Coffin: 200x45; 281°Skeletal material: TeethRemark: Earlier than B 659, which partly covers it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400.

133—

B 670 Grave: >100x60; 39°Coffin: nails (one of which large enough to have been mistaken for a dagger)Skeletal material: Skull, left humerusPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 near the vanished right upper arm. Remark: Earlier than B 660, which covers it; later than B 670, which it cuts. Inventory1 Bronze ring plus half a similar ring; d outside 1.9, d inside 1.3. 2 Flattish globular bead, black, sheen, irregular whi te and red blobs, damaged, d 2.1, h 1.6, Koch 11,10. Date: AD 376-450.

B 671 Grave: 225x80; 24°/204°Coffin: nails >110x45; 24°/204°Remark: Earlier than B 670, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400.

B 672 Grave: 265x60; 102°; NAP surface 28.55, bottom 27.15; depth 140Coffin: nails 190x35; 102°Skeletal material: Skull

B 673 Grave: >215x80; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.55, bottom 27.00; depth 155Coffin: nails 190x40; 104°/284°Remark: The relative chrono logy of B 671 and B 673, one of which certainly cuts the other, is not clear.

Area M: graves B 674-833 (Fig. 18)

Area M is named after the Mariënburg square, where the medie val chapel dedicated to the Vir-gin Mary still domi nates the originally acci-dented ter rain. The square was total ly reshaped twice: in 1963 and around 2000, both times pre-ceded by excava tions (Enckevort et al. 2000b).

Place Year N TrM Preliminary reports

Legend: N = number of graves; TrM = trenches in area M of cemetery B

Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Mariënburg 1952 70 1-2 VRGK 1952, 130Mariënburg 1963 54 3-10 NKNOB 1963, *88Mariënburg 1963 8 - idemUnder the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers/W.J.H. Wil lems:Arsenaal 1976 27 972e Walstraat 1976 1 104Total in area M 160

B 674 Grave: >160x120; 94° (find 3 might indicate place of skull); NAP surface 27.78, bottom 27.57; depth 21Coffin: >155x45; 94°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBottom 3 was in the coffin, in the middle of its E end; finds 1-2 and 4-6 were out side the coffin, to the right (N) of the presumed foot-end: bottle 6 and be hind it (N) beaker 5 in the W, both fallen over to the E; next to these, to the E, bowls 1 and 2, one standing behind the other; jar 4 was stan-ding immedia tely to the E of the front bowl. Remark: Earlier than B 675, which cuts it. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 12.5. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 12.3. 3 Bottom with foot-ring of a small terra sigillata shape, probably Drag. 27 = Gellep 248, with stamp OMOM, preser ved d 5.5; probably used upside down as a small bowl. B.R. Hartley wrote in a lett er of 28-6-1971: “OMOM: the longer (origi nal) versi on of a stamp which beca me )MOM. It occurs at La Graufes-enque. The shor ter version is known from Fla-vian foun dations at Chester and York, and in the Nijmegen fortress (2). The longer version is on Ritterling 8 at Trier, but otherwise is always on form 27.» Polak (2000, 274 no. M100) dates this

134—

stamp to AD 65-85. Paral lel for a terra sigil lata foot- ring used as a bowl: Basel, Totentanz 7, Grab 1, Arch. der Schweiz 8 (1985) 2. 4 Small coarse cooking-pot Gellep 101, h 11.2. 5 Glass conical bea ker Gellep 185, h 12, d 8.8. 6 Glass bottle with neck ring and four vertical hand les Gellep 212, h 19.2. Date: AD 334-400.

B 675 Grave: 225x80; 274°; NAP surface 27.78, bottom 27.67; depth 11Coffin: nails 180x45; 274°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 674, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-?

B 676 Grave: 185x80; 286°; NAP surface 27.78, bottom 28.32; depth ?Coffin: 116x30; 286°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche to left (N) of the waist: dish 3 in the middle, to the right behind it (N) jug 2, to the right (E) of 3 stood beaker 1. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6. 2 Brown-marbled small jug Gellep 42, h 11.4. 3 Coa rse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 18. Date: AD 301-367.

B 677 Grave: >150x>83; 120°/300°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in a niche in the middle of the long SW side of the grave, higher than base of the grave. Remark: In a posthole or rubbish pit to its S, and to the W of B 680, at NAP 30.30, a complete bronze wire fibula (‘soldier’s fi bula’), l 5.2; it is called B stray 317 here. Inventory1 Brown-marbled small dou ble-handled jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoulder, h 12.7.

2 Small smoo th (‘honey’) jar Gellep 408, high-shouldered, h 6.8. Date: AD 301-350.

B 678 Grave: >120x100; 9°/189°Remark: Patch of burnt clay. Earlier than B 679, which cuts it.

B 679 , bottom 27.78Remark: Just the NW corner visible; largely de-stroyed by sewerage works. Later than B 678, which it cuts.

B 680 Grave: 235x120; 245°; NAP surface 28.28, bottom 27.45; depth 83Coffin: 200x45; 245°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn coffin, 1-4 in a row along the short foot-end, from NW: 4, 1, 2, 3. Ear rings 5 and 6 in posi tion on both sides of the skull, ring 7 at the height of the chest, to the left (so pos sibly not on a finger). Remark: Articles on ring 7 by Brunsting 1952a and 1953. B stray 317, a wire fibula, comes from an earlier featu re near B 680. Inventory1 Jug of red-sl ipped pottery Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), pinched spout, traces of white pain ted dec-oration of loose scrolls, h 19.6, d 15.6. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker with dark b lue blobs Gellep 182, d 11.5. 3 Glass barrel-bottle Gellep 213, largely disinte-grated, d 8. 4 Glass indented object, completely disintegrat-ed. 5-6 Two earrings of gold wire, the ends of each twi sted into eachother, so per manently worn, d 1.3 and 1.4, h 1.9 and 1.6. 7 Worn gold wedding-ring? with a soldered-on bezel on which a representation of the upper bodies of a cou ple: on the left a woman, body and head in profile to the right, tenderly tou-ching the breast of the man with her right hand; the man is shown with body in frontal view and

135—

with head in profi le, directed to her; his left arm, the only one visi ble, hangs down. Legend OMO NOIA (Greek: OMONOIA = Con cord). The beaded rim is surrounded by a raised bor der. The bezel is soldered onto the ring with seven (worn) drops of gold. Dimen sions: band near the bezel 0.5, back side 0.3; d bezel 1.1; outer d 1.7-1.8. The wear suggests that the lady permanently wore it. Litera ture: Brunsting 1952a and 1953; colour photo in Wil lems et al. 2005, 287, fig. 158, right. Date: AD 334-400.

B 681 Grave: 190x90; 124°/304°; NAP surface 28.28, bottom 27.70; depth 58Coffin: 120x35; 120°/304°Skeletal material: Teeth (position unknown).Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods in niche (NAP 28.40) in the middle of the long N side, each under a tegula fragment, one of which with a frag mentary Nijmegen brick stamp on it: (branch) G (Brun sting/Steu res 1995 and 1997 stamp 69, (branch) LX (branch) G (branch), AD 71-89). Remark: The position of jug 2 under its cover shows that its neck was already missing when it was put in the gra ve. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured bottle Künzl 14.2.2, white painted deco ration M•I•S•C•E•, pre served h 12 (neck missing). 2 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constric ted foot Gellep 57, h 13, d 13.4. 3-4 Two tegula fragments. Date: AD 301-350.

B 682 Grave: 200x100; 98°; NAP surface 28.28, bottom 27.60; depth 68Coffin: nails 160x40; 117°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesJug 1 outside coffin, to the right above the head, E side of N part. Inventory1 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug Gellep 72,

h 25.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 683 Grave: 230x100; 74°/254°Coffin: nails 168x45; 74°/254°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownInventory1 Bronze clapper of a bronze miniature bell, l 1.6, han ging from a bronze eyelet, d 0.6. Date: AD 301-367.

B 684 Grave: 250x105; 119°Coffin: nails 180x40; 119°Skeletal material: Skull

B 685 Grave: 205x75; 97°; NAP sur face 28.78, bottom 27.60; depth 118Coffin: nails 188x40; 97°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 outside the coffin at the middle of its head end, fallen over.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.2. Date: AD 301-367.

B 686 Grave: 255x140; 103°; NAP surface 28.78, bottom 27.50; depth 128Coffin: nails 200x45; 103°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-5 in niche, at NAP 28.00, to the right (N) of the upper body: plate 1 in the centre, dish 4 imme dia tely to its right (E), beaker 2 to its left (W), jug 3 behind (N) and between 1 and 4. Glass ob ject 5 on the right, before (S) dish 4. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 17.5. 2 Small terra sigilla ta bea ker Gellep 14, h 10.2. 3 Jug of brown-m arbled ware Gellep 70 with

136—

poor white ‘barbo ti ne’, h 18.5. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 18.5. 5 Glass: disintegrated. Date: AD 301-350.

B 687 Grave: 200x135; 112°; NAP surface 28.78, bottom 27.65; depth 113Coffin: 180x40; 112°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-3 in niche at NAP 28.35, to the right (N) of the feet: beaker 1 behind (N) footed bowl 2 on the left, glass beaker 3 on the right; knife 4 on the waist, its point to the right (N); bronze rings 5 in the left foot-end corner (SW) of the coffin. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.7. 2 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, d 10.6. 3 Glass beaker Gellep 521, neck missing, seven dents in bo dy. 4 Iron knife with part of handle, l 13, blade l 9, w 3.5. 5 Two bron ze rings, d 2.6-2.7. Date: AD 301-350.

B 688 Grave: 225x75; 290°; NAP surface 28.78, bottom 28.10; depth 68Coffin: nails 180x45; 290°Skeletal material: Skull

B 689 Grave: >150x130; 12°/192°; NAP surface 28.78, bottom 28.90; depth 88Intrusion: Tegula fragmentsRemark: Later than B 690, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 350-?

B 690 Grave: >285x150; 58°; NAP surface 29.20, bottom 28.40; depth 80Coffin: nails 220x60; 58°Skeletal material: Skull, verte bral column, humeri,

femora, right tibiaPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPins 1-2 on the right tem ple, agrafe 3 on the top of the skull. 4 in filling. Intrusion: sherds in fillingRemarks: Later than B 691, which its cuts; earlier than B 689, which cuts it. The angle between the bones of the upper and lower body (108° instead of 180°) can not be due to scoliosis, which creates an S-curve in the vertebral column. It is as if this lady was not lied to rest softly. She is the only person in Roman Nijme gen who can be proven to have been a Christian: she proclaims so, by wearing an ornament with a christogram. Her grave does not have the supposed Christian orienta tion of 270°, i.e. she does not ly with her head to the W. See, in Chap ter 13, In terpretation, the section W-E graves: a Christi an orien tation? Inventory1-2 Two silver pins with polyhedral heads (with four teen planes: cubes from which the eight cor-ners have been removed), l 6.2 and 6.3. 3 Silver agrafe, recon struc ted l 2.3, with originally hooks from the four corners bent downwards and inwards. Right hooks missing. On the face (h 1.6, w 1.4) an inci sed Chris to gram (liga tu re of X and P) within a square. The christogram stands when the hooks are on the left and right. Litera-ture: Steu res 2004a with fur ther bi bli o graphy. Its condition is steadily deteriorating and its up-per right corner was broken off recently, as ap-pears from the compari son of the photos in Brunsting (1969, 24), Bloemers et al. (1981, 120: still as in 1969), Willems (1990, 84: upper right stump of hook then broken off) and Willems et al. (2005, 197 fig. 82: upper right corner now bro-ken off). 4 Bronze fibula pin. Date: AD 350-350.

B 691 Grave: >175x85; 38°/218°; NAP surface 29.28, bot-tom 28.40; depth 88Coffin: nailsRemark: Earlier than B 690, which cuts it, and than B 689, which cuts B 690.

137—

Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

B 692 Grave: bottom 28.40Intrusion: Pierced knob of coarse lid

B 693 Coffin: >50x>67Remark: Later than B 694, which it cuts, and than B 695, which B 694 cuts.

B 694 Grave: >200x45; 106°/286°Coffin: nailsRemark: Earlier than B 693, which cuts it; later than B 695, which it cuts.

B 695 Grave: >125x35; 106°Coffin: >120x30; 106°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Earlier than B 694, which cuts it, and than B 693, which cuts B 694.

B 696 Grave: >160x75; 101°; NAP surface 29.28, bottom 28.36; depth 92Coffin: nails >115x35; 101°Skeletal material: Skull

B 697 Grave: 220x85; 282°; NAP surface 29.28, bottom 28.56; depth 72Coffin: 120x30; 282°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods in the foot-end of the coffin, all standing up right, in two rows. The row near the right foot (S), counted towards the foot-end, consists of the glass objects 3, 4 and 5. The row near the left foot (N), of pottery objects 1 and 2. Remark: The detailed drawing of this grave shows it to be a W-E grave, whereas Brun sting’s overall drawing, Fig. 18, shows a dot for a skull at the E end; similar errors in Brunsting’s over all drawing were made for graves B 437, B 438 and B 441 in

Fig. 11. As the coffi n measured 120 and the space between the top of the head and the grave goods measured 96 cm, this must be a child’s gra ve. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6. 2 Brown-m arb led do uble-hand led jug Gellep 71, h 18.9. 3 Glass hemi spherical beaker Gellep 178, h 5.8, d 8.9. 4 Glass jug with emphasized shoulder Gellep 217, h 21.9. 5 Frag men tary glass jug with spout on maximum diameter and handle at 90° to it, Gellep 713. Date: AD 301-350.

B 698 Grave: 150x100; 100°/280°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom 28.26; depth 127Coffin: nails 75x35; 100°/280°Intrusion: Shapeless bronze remains, which looked gilt to the excavator.

B 699 Grave: 175x100; 100°/280°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom 28.65; depth 88Coffin: nails 84x35; 100°/280°Skeletal material: Teeth (no position noted)Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBracelet with bell 1 in the coffin, near the short E end. Whatever the direction of the body, this does not look like the position of a bracelet worn on a wrist. Remark: The coffin was stan ding on a much larg-er slab of slate-stone. Inventory0 A slab of slate-stone, 101x73x10.1 Two fragments of a bra ce let of twisted bronze-wi re of square section, d 5, on which a small bronze bell with iron clapper. Date: AD 301-367.

B 700 Grave: 170x105; 96°/276°; NAP surface 29.53, bot-tom 28.56; depth 97

138—

Coffin: nails 80x30; 96°/276°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownIntrusion: Glass splinters

B 701 Grave: 255x155; 90°Coffin: nails 200x45; 90°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesPin 10 was found under the skull. All other arti-facts were in a niche to the right (N) of the waist, pro bably at the same height as the bottom of the grave (altitu de not documen ted). From left to right (W to E): glass bowl 5, half under it to the E glass bea ker 4, and behind them (N) dish 3; chest 9, con taining balsama rium 6, pin 11 and bracelets 12 and 13; to its right (E) jug 2, covered by stone 7, to the right behind it (NE) beaker 1; to the right (E) of jug 2, glass jug 8. Remark: Three rectangular bronze mountings on chest 9, to be described below, are so far the earliest Christi an narrative re presentations with-in Dutch frontiers. See Steures 2004a. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.5. 2 Brown-marb led double-hand led jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoul der, h 26.7. 3 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 18.4. 4 (under 5) Glass hemisphe ri cal beaker Gellep 178/180?, disin tegra ted. 5 Glass bowl ± Gellep 222 with two incised hori-

zontal lines, d 18.5-19. 6 Glass balsa mari um Gellep 523, body hardly wider than neck, h 10.2. 7 Stone on 2. 8 Small glass jug Isings 88c with handle and glass trail ap plied at two places: on the lower part of the body up to the largest dia meter, and higher part of the neck up to the under side of the lip (res to red), h 12.7. 9 Wooden chest, w 38 x d 24(?) x h 27 with iron hin ges and lock with turnkey, and bronze sheet mountings on its front. On a photo graph, pu-blished already in Fasti arch. 7 (1954) 436 under number 5621 with figu re 129, the entire front of the chest with bronze sheet mountings is seen, with two horizontal cracks between three planks. The front of the chest was reco vered as a whole, but only the top plank with the keyhole plate was pre served; the rest of the wood has been lost. Grooves chiseled in the back of the preserved plank show that there was an inner com part ment top right, 5.8 wide and 4 cm high. The lower part and the front of the lid were first supple men ted in new wood, with slips of pa per in the shapes of the bronze sheet moun tings pa-sted onto it, and the actual remains upon them. In 2001, the chest was res tored and recon-structed by Jo Kempkens. Photographs after re-construction: Swin kels/Kos ter 2005, 77; De-mandt/Enge mann 2007, 289 fig. 10; Grüßinger et al. 2007, II.4.43; present study, 356. Six iron plates belonging to the chest, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2, one with a hinge eyelet attached, and the internal iron lock plate (h 10, w at top 7, at bot-tom 5) were subsequently found in the museum depot. The plate with hinge has two nail ho les and, in its rounded top, a hinge hole, in which the ring end of the other hinge plate is pre-served: a sur prisingly crude hinge for this other-wise fine chest. The iron lock consists of a strip han ging from the insi de of the front of the lid and an internal lock plate nailed onto the wood and curved in such a way that the iron strip could slide between it and the wood. A square hole in the lock pla te has an upstanding bronze pin at the bottom right cor-

Chest B 701.9, double-handled jug B 701.2 and glass jug B 701.8 in situ.

139—

ner, which would snap into a corres ponding hole in the strip. The (mis sing) key conceivably draws the strip to wards the wood and away from the bronze pin, thus allo wing the chest to open. The description of the chest and its bronze sheet moun tings in Buschhausen (1971) 106, under number A 52 is incomplete and not entirely cor-rect. The mountings are applied in a symmetrical pat-tern. Six corner plates are meant to create the impression that they join front and sides (no nails on the short si des): two on the corners of the lid, four on the corners of the front. The edg-es pointing inwards are notched with small tri-angles (five on the lid, six on the chest) and small rectangles. Behind each triangle, a key hole-shaped hole has been cut out. Top and bottom ed ges of the corner plates have punched diago-nal cros ses. Each corner plate is nailed onto the front with five bronze nails: one in the centre of an ornament of concentric circles (three circles on the lid, four on the chest) and one in each corner. On the middle of the top of the front is the key hole plate, decora ted in the same way and fastened with four bronze deco rative nails with frontal lions’ heads within beaded rims (the one on bottom left is lost). The corresponding mounting on the front of the lid was fastened with five such li on’s head nails; the central one and the one top right have been preser ved. All missing nails have been re placed by replicas. Two nar row undecorated plates and a central wider one (now lost, not restored) joined the un-derside to the front. In a zone above it, there were five small plates: two ver tical rectang les at the si des, three round ones in the middle, the central one being larger. Re mains of two of these have been preserved and show relief. On the left rectangle a veiled frontal head, the right arm raised. The scene is that of the innocent Susan-na, known from similar chests (Daniel 13, 34-35; Busch hausen 1971, A 64, 66), although there seems to be little room for the two elders who first spied upon her and now accu se her as Susan na stands praying. On the central round plate a Medusa head with hair parted from a

cen tral plait. The other two round ones are miss-ing and have been restored as lion’s head nails. Between the top corner plates and the keyho le plate there are two ver tical rectangular plates (4x2.5) with Chris tian re pre sentati ons. Only the bott om half can be made out of the left one; the outline is duplicated. It shows the naked lower body of a man, standing on his left leg with the foot pointing out wards; the right leg does not carry weight and the toes of the stret ched foot touch the bottom line. On both sides, there is illegi ble relief; this must have shown two small lions. The scene is that of Daniel in the lions’ den, known from similar chests (Daniel 6, 1-29; Busch hausen 1971 A 54, 60, 61, 62, 69, 76, B 12). The bottom left corner of the right hand plate is mis sing. The contours are visi ble, not the details: a clo thed man on the right faces left, where a smaller stan ding figure within a niche is visible. The scene is that of the raising of Laza rus, like-wise known from similar chests (John 11, 1-45; Buschhau sen 1971, A 50, 51, 54, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 87, B 14). On the front side of the lid, be-tween the notched corner plates desci bed above, two round plates with relief and double bea ded rims, both fragmen tary. The left one shows a helme ted head to the right (Con-stantine?, Dea Roma?); the right one shows the bust of a man (to the left?), the top of his oval shield cove ring his (left?) shoul der, a scheme known from Constanti nian coins. 10 Silver pin, gilt flat-biconical head, l 8.4. 11 Silve r pin with polyhedral head (fourteen planes: cube the eight corners of which have been removed), l 8.4. 12 Two frag ments of a spi ral-shaped bron ze bra-celet, possibly with eyelet, diame ter unclear. 13 Bone bra celet, frag ment, diameter unclear. Date: AD 334-350.

B 702 Grave: 185x80; 297°Coffin: nails 146x40; 297°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesGrave goods 1-4 were stan ding in a niche to the

140—

left (N) of the foot-end in a single row from left to right (W to E) and were to gether covered by imbrex 6; no. 5 was stan ding before (S) 2 on the bottom of the grave. Stone 7 covered 2. Remark: Grave goods 2, 3 and 5, made in a unique ware, are clear ly imitations of Trier fine dark colou red ware, the pro duc tion of which stopped in AD 355. They date the grave to the years AD 355-360. Inventory1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 7.4. 2 Small jug (red on red) Gellep 45 with white painted dots separa ted by vertical rows of three small dots; h 16. 3 Small jug Gellep 45 of a light red ware, entirely covered with white slip, h 12.8. 4 Small brown-marbled jug Gellep 42, h 11. 5 Small jug (like 3, white on red) with red painted decoration and motto GΔV DIΔS (without dots; A as Δ). Nijmegen 42, small angular vari ant of Künzl 12.3.1. 6 Com plete im brex, l 38, max. w 20, min. 14. 7 Flat stone with rounded edges. Date: AD 355-360.

B 703Grave: 95x50; 14°/194°; NAP surface 29.53, bot-tom 29.06; depth 47Coffin: nails 65x20; 9°/189°Remark: This child’s grave was clearly intention-ally made at the head end of the large grave B 704.

B 704 Grave: 330x185; 283°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom 27.66; depth 187Coffin: nails outer chamber 266x136, coffin 200x80; 283°Skeletal material: Skull with teethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesBetween outer chamber and coffin, clockwise: 6 and 8 to the left (N) of the upper body, 9 at NE corner, 1 at left (N) foot-end with food remains 1a and bowl/beaker 7 on it, 5 fallen over at the middle of the foot-end, 2 and 4 in SE corner of the chamber, 3 to the right (S) of the lower legs,

and belt 10 to the right of the head. Remark: Apart from plate 1 for eating and a sauce set (bowl/beaker 7, standing on plate 1, with bottle 5), there seem to be a hand was hing set (bottle 6 and bowl 8, put in the grave level with the hands), and two drinking sets, con sisting of jug 3 with beaker 4; and barrel 9 with beaker 2. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 30.2. 1a A grey mass of unidenti fiable food remains. 2 Folded beaker of smooth reduced pottery with slip Symonds 62, h 16.6. 3 Smooth white do uble-hand led jug Gellep 85a, h 23.2. 4 Glass beaker with blue blobs Gellep 182, disinte grated. 5 Square glass bottle, disi ntegrated. Isings 50a? 6 Gla ss bottle, disintegra ted. 7 Glass beaker/bowl, disi ntegrated. 8 Brown glass bowl ± Gellep 222 with incised decoration of groups of alter nately verti cal and horizontal li nes. Mentioned as ‘brown splin ters’ in museum inven tory book; not found on in-spection. 9 Wooden barrel-shaped buc ket with part of iron hand le, four iron bands, four vertical pro-filed bronze sheet strips (one at each end of the handle, one each under these), silver nail(s?). H up to rim 17.9; th of wood 0.8-1. Letters in top band (space around the letters clipped away): ..V (bronze mounting) VI.. (possi bly: DIU VIVAS = may you live long). 10 Seven bron ze rings, all round in section (six with outer d 2, inner d 1.4; one with outer d 1.6, inner 0.9) with fragment of a buckle with mov-able plate, deco ra ted with dot-and-cir cles. They all probably belonged to a (leather?) belt, the rings possibly joining straps of leather. Date: AD 334-367.

B 705 Grave: 170x90; 75°/255°; NAP surface 29.78, bot-tom 28.66; depth 112Coffin: nails 95x35; 75°/255°Position of grave goods/dress accessories

141—

Grave goods 1-4 in niche at NAP 29.31, in the centre of the long N side: on the right (E) plate 2, contai ning 1 and 3; 4 to its left (W). Intrusion: From top soil sherds of a Gellep 42, a Gellep 56, a Gellep 72, a Gellep 126, and an uni-denti fiable shape. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 14.2. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 18. 3 Glass bottle, disintegra ted. 4 Small glass bottle, disi ntegrated. Date: AD 301-367.

B 706 Grave: 170x>85; 75°Coffin: nails 95x30; 75°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 in niche to the right (N) of the shoulder: left row (W) pottery, right row (E) glass. 1 behind (N) left, 2 front (S) left. 3 behind right, 4 front right; 5 was found under 3. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decora ti on: running scroll (Künzl element 188) between dotted horizontal lines; h 12.4. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 smooth with wide body, h 12.9. 3 Small glass bottle, disi ntegrated. 4 Small glass bottle Gellep 198, h 9.6. 5 Bronze tube l 6, d 1.4, with a bronze split pin around one end. Date: AD 301-355.

B 707 Grave: 140x85; 7°/187°; NAP surface 29.78, bot-tom 28.66; depth 112Coffin: 100x34; 7°/187°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in SE corner of coffin, 2 next to it, but outside the coffi n. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.

2 Small glass bott le, disi ntegrated. Date: AD 301-367.

B 708 Grave: >100x150; 346°; NAP surface 29.78, bot-tom 28.26; depth 152Coffin: >95x50; 353°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn niche to the right (W) of the head. From left (S) to right (N): 2, 1, 3. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 15.3. 2 Jug Gellep 80 of fine yel lowish white smooth pottery with four redd ish brown painted hori-zontal bands, h 22.7. Pinched spout, groove on shoulder, groove in neck. 3 Glass bottle, disintegra ted; only bottom pre-served. Date: AD 301-350.

B 709 Grave: 120x55; 111°/291°

B 710 Grave: 240x95; 67°; NAP sur face 29.78, bottom 28.91; depth 87Coffin: nails 185x46; 67°Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Later than B 711 and an unnumbered feature, which it cuts.

B 711 Grave: >160x90; 83°/263°Remark: Earlier than B 710, which cuts it.

B 712 Grave: >50x75; 60°/340°; NAP surface 29.98, bot-tom 29.26; depth 72

B 713 Grave: 215x75; 148°/328°Coffin: 140x30; 148°/328°

142—

B 714 Grave: 205x75; 264°; NAP surface 30.20, bottom 28.56; depth 164Coffin: nails 165x40; 264°Skeletal material: Skull, left tibiaPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownInventory1 Bronze propellor-shaped belt stiffener Sommer series 1, variant 3, l 6, w 0.95-1.8, with three riv-ets.

B 715Remark: Found when the ground W of the Mariënburg chapel was dug by a mechani cal ex-cavator, proba bly on May 20, 1963. Acqui red af-ter mediation by Mr Martens, who was then care taker of the Municipal Mu seum in that chap-el. Inventory1 Terra sigil lata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) with roulett ed decoration, ou tsi de lar gely worn, h 6, d 14.5. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with hand le Gellep 109, handle mis sing, h 11.5. 3 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 716 Grave: >50x65; 174°/354°

B 717 Grave: 240x100; 100°; NAP surface 27.78, bottom ‘60 below level’ ; depth -Coffin: nails 190x40; 100°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 in NE corner of grave, to the right of the head.Inventory1 Fine da rk col oured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16. Date: AD 301-367.

B 718 Grave: 205x100; 80°

Coffin: nails 195x40; 80°Skeletal material: Skull

B 719 Grave: 160x60; 78°/258°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom ‘30 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 145x35; 78°/258°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 outside coffin, at the middle of its short W side.Inventory1 Glass beaker with six in cised horizontal lines Gel lep 195/196, largely disin tegrated, base pre-served. Date: AD 301-367.

B 720 Grave: 260x105; 320°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘60 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 200x40; 320°Skeletal material: Skull

B 721 Grave: 245x75; 256°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom ‘30 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 210x135; 256°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus, left radius, femora

B 722 Grave: 210x90; 115°/295°Coffin: nails 190x40; 115°/295°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 outside NE corner of coffin, beaker 2 left (NW), plate 1 right (SE). Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 23.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16, with whi te pa inted decora ti on: run nin g scroll, Künzl element 188. Date: AD 301-355.

B 723 Grave: 225x90; 126°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 190x40; 126°Skeletal material: Skull

143—

Position of grave goods/dress accessories3 in a niche above the head end in the NE corner; 1, 2, 4, 5 in a second niche to the right of the up-per leg. Buckle 6: on the waist, its tongue to the left. Remark: The larger niche was emptied by a schoolboy at an unguarded moment. Since then, there has been confu sion around this grave. A coarse cook ing-pot with hand le (h 13.1, d 12.6, type Gellep 109, inventory number BB.II.471) was documented as if from this grave, though this is not the case. Where it does come from remains unclear. After exca vation, no 2 was first owned by a private person and has been subsequently lost. Inventory1 Fine da rk col oured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 20.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 inc ised, h 14.3. 3 Brown-m arb led double-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 23.5. 4 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 25. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4, d 13.6. 6 Bronze buckle Sommer 2B, w 6.5, with open-work hinged plat e, w 3.2. Date: AD 310-350.

B 724 Grave: 150x55; 62°/242°; NAP surface 28.28, bot-tom ‘40 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 100x30; 62°/242°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in NE corner of the trench, outside coffinInventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, damaged, h 14.2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 725 Grave: 255x80; 107°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘100 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 180x45; 119°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories

1-2 in foot-end of coffin: 2 near the right foot, 1 near the left.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 grooved, incom plete, preserved h 14.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 15.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 726 Grave: 160x75; 130°/310°; NAP surface 27.80, bot-tom ‘90 below lev el’; depth >90.Coffin: nails 100x30; 122°/302°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche in middle of NE side: 1 in the middle, 2 to its left (NW), 3 behind (N) and between 1 and 2. Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14. 2 Glass beaker with decora tion of yellow glass thread Gellep 185, h 11.8. 3 Glass bottle with foot-ring Gellep 298, pre-served h 14.5. Date: AD 367-367.

B 727 Grave: 125x80; 104°/284°Coffin: nails 60x30; 104°/284°

B 728 Grave: 270x105; 142°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘125 below level’; depth -Coffin: nails 210x140; 142°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 outside coffin, to the right of the head; 2-5 in niche to the right of the waist (NE), 60 cm below le vel: 2 in the middle, 3 half upon 2, 4 to the left of 2, 5 between and behind 4 and 2.Inventory1 Coa rse jug Gellep 115, h 29.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 34.5. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 17.5. 4 Glass jug Isings 124a, largely disintegrated: bott om, neck and handle preser ved. 5 Small glass beaker, disi ntegrated. Date: AD 301-367.

144—

B 729 Grave: 235x100; 287°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.40; depth 130Coffin: 200x35; 287°Skeletal material: Teeth

B 730 Grave: 245x100; 92°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.25, depth 145. Coffin: nails 200x32-45; 92°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn coffin, to the left of the upper body, from top down: 3, 1, 2.Remark: No bone remains, but trapezoid coffin is wider in the E than in the W.Inventory1 Coarse jug Gose 516, yell owish grey, coarsely tempe red ware, h 21.5. 2 Coa rse cookin g-pot with handle and lid-seat-ing Gellep 106, very coarse yel l owish grey ware, h 11.1. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, yell owish grey, d 15.4. Date: AD 301-350.

B 731 Grave: 125x60; 174°/354°; NAP surface 29.70, bot-tom ‘225 below surface’ (28.25); depth 145Coffin: nails

B 732 Grave: 364x160; 64°/244°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.30; depth 140Coffin: nails 90x30; 64°/244°Remark: Together with the adult’s grave B 733 in one irregu larly shaped trench.

B 733 Grave: 364x160; 80°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.30; depth 140Coffin: nails 184x45; 80°Skeletal material: TeethPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesOutside the coffin, 1 to the right of the shoul der, 2 to the right of the waist.Remark: Together with the child’s grave B 732 in

one irregu larly shaped trench. Earlier than B 735, which cuts their trench. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.2. 2 Glass frag men ts. Date: AD 301-367.

B 734 Grave: 185x65; 249°Coffin: nails 160x30; 249°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche to the left (N) of the waist, 2 outside coffi n to the right (S) of the waist.Intrusion: decorated indige nous sherds. Remark: Earlier than B 735, which cuts it. Inventory1 Coa rse dish Gellep 126, d 19. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178/180, disintegra ted. Date: AD 301-367.

B 735 Grave: 220x125; 105°Coffin: nails 170x40; 105°Skeletal material: Remains of skullRemark: Later than B 733, B 734 and B 747, which it cuts; earlier than B 736, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

B 736 Grave: 225x60; 67°; NAP sur face 29.70, bottom 28.95; depth 75Skeletal material: Remains of skull. Remark: Later than B 735, which it cuts.

B 737 Grave: 240x100; 90°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 27.90; depth 180Coffin: nails 170x40; 90°Skeletal material: Teeth

B 738 Grave: >125x85; 195°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.40; depth 130

145—

Coffin: >105x40; 187°Skeletal material: Femora, tibi aeRemark: Stratigraphical re lation to B 739 (exca-vated during another campaign) unknown. On both the origi nal field drawing and the overall drawing of area M, Fig. 18, they are indi cated in a single pit, which is highly unusual for two adult gra ves at right angles, but does occur in the case of an adult and a child in a sin gle grave.

B 739 Grave: 225x80; 85°/265°; NAP surface 29.70, bot-tom 28.40; depth 130Coffin: nails 90x30; 85°/265°Remark: See remark to B 738. Earlier than B 740, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 740 Grave: >135x75; 15°/195°; NAP surface 29.70, bot-tom c.28.40; depth c.130Coffin: nails 60x24; 15°/195°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn the middle of the coffin, W side. Remark: Later than B 739, which it cuts. Inventory1 Bronze bell, d 2.5, h 1.7, with iron clapper, on iron ring, d 3.8. 2 Five beads: 1 flat-biconical bead, asym metric, transparent ultrama rine, half, d 0.6, h 0.4, Riha 1224; 1 ring-shaped bead, transpa rent ultramarine, d 0.8, h 0.2, Riha 2820; 1 trilobite bead, disk, jet, two concentric circles on top, clumsily made, w 0.4, d 1.4, h 1.4, Riha 1345Var; 2 hexagonal beads, slightly transparent greyish green, 1 with irisation, 1 emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.6, Riha 1324. Date: AD 301-367.

B 741 Grave: 240x140; 57°/237°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.08; depth 162Coffin: nails 160x40; 57°/237°Remark: bottom of grave very hard

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 and 6 in niche (SE) at NAP 28.98: in one row from left to right (E-W) 2, 6, 3, 4; before (N of) 2, at the transition between niche and grave, 1; 5 was stan ding on the E end of the coffin and fell in when the coffin col lapsed; 7 in the coffin, to the E of 5.Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38, d 16.7. 2 Fine da rk coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groo ve, h 13.6. 4 Fine da rk coloured beaker Sy monds 61 incised and groo ved, h 16.1. 5 Fine da rk col oured jug Künzl 12.1.3 with traces of white pa inted d ecora tion, heavily worn , h 14.9. 6 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 26. 7 Shapeless piece of iron (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350.

B 742 Grave: 215x85; 71°/251°; NAP surface 29.70, bot-tom 28.48; depth 122Coffin: nails 160x45; 71°/251°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 2 and 4 in niche on long NE side, at NAP 28.68: bowl 1 on the left (W), beaker 2 on the right, fall-en over, beaker 4 behind (N) and be tween 1 and 2 (as on grave drawing) or in bowl 1 (as on over-all drawing, Fig. 18). 3 outside the coffin, on the short W side. The grave dra wing shows a trap-ezoid coffi n, with the wider head end on the W, whereas the over all drawing, Fig. 18, shows a rectan gular coffin. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), d 16, h 4.8. 2 Fine dark col oured bea ker Sy monds 61 incised, h 15. 3 Double-handled jug Gellep 84a of a dirty yel-lowish smoo th ware, h 23.4 Glass hemispherical bea ker Gellep 178/180?, disintegra ted, h 6.5.

146—

Date: AD 301-367.

B 743 Grave: 220x125; 78°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 27.88; depth 182Coffin: nails 180x40; 78°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 and 2 in niche left (S) of the shoulder at NAP 28.38: di sh 2 right (E), beaker 1 left (W; fallen over). 3 against the skull; the over all drawing, Fig. 18, sug gests on the left temple. Intrusion: sherdInventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 13.7. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 17.6, h 4.3. 3 Silve r pin with polyhedral head, preserved l 5.7, point bro ken off, bent. Date: AD 301-367.

B 744 Grave: >175x95; 98°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘255 below surface’ (27.95); depth 175Coffin: nails, wood >150x50; 98°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn coffin, at foot-end: S to N (left to right foot) 1, 2, 3.Intrusion: Small sherd of terra sigillataRemark: Although there were no bone remains, the head is always away from a row of grave goods in the coffin. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, heavily worn, d 23.5. Graffito III on inside of rim. 2 Fine dark col oured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 incised, h 17. Date: AD 301-367.

B 745 Grave: 200x65; 80°/260°; NAP surface 29.70, bot-tom ‘210 below surface’ (28.40); depth 130Coffin: nails

Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn W part of pit, 1 in the S, 2 next to it in the N.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) with roulett ed decor ation; molett e (= roller-stamp) not in Chenet 1941; Hübener 1968, group 3: oblique li nes. 2 Glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 330-450.

B 746 Grave: 95x50; 80°/260°Coffin: nails 65x30; 80°/260°Remark: Empty niche on NW side.

B 747 Grave: 205x70; 35°; NAP sur face 29.70, bottom 28.51; depth 119Coffin: nails 160x45; 35°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn coffin, 1 at right foot-end, 2 at right head end. Remark: Earlier than B 735, which cuts it. The in-ventory book also mentions ‘sand with amber’. N part of the grave excavated in 1952 un der number M 22, S part in 1963 under M 234. Inventory1 Fine da rk coloured bea ker Symonds 61 incised, h 15. 2 Glass bottle Gellep 198, h 13. Date: AD 301-367.

B 748 Grave: 160x70; 102°/282°Coffin: nails

B 749 Grave: >190x75; 247°Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 in the middle of the foot-end of the pit.Inventory1 Glass beaker Nijmegen 182 (recently damaged, resto red), h 22, d 11. Foot-ring with fire-rounded rim, high kick, tulip-shaped body with everted

147—

fire-rounded lip; decorated with glass thread in zigzag patterns. Date: AD 301-350.

B 750 Grave: 130x55; 0°; NAP sur face 29.70, bottom ‘120 be low surfa ce’ (29.30); depth 40Skeletal material: SkullRemark: Halfway between B 749 and B 750, the bulldozer threw up a terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 30: B stray 302, to be dated AD 276-367.

B 751 Grave: 160x100; 69°/249°Coffin: nails 110x32; 69°/249°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesOutside coffin: 1-3 in a W-E row near the NE cor-ner of the coffin, 4 near the middle of the long N side. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, white painted deco ra tion V•I•V•A•S•, h 11. 2 Fine da rk coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, white painted deco ration V•I•V•A•, h 11. 3 Small beaker of handmade pottery, h 7.6. 4 Iron bracelet, possibly with expanding fasten-ing, d 4.5, on which three com plete and three broken glass be ads: 1 flat-biconical bead, transparent honey yellow, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979b; 2 flat-biconical beads, asymmetric, transparent ul tramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 1225. Date: AD 301-355.

B 752Grave: 210x70; 107°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘210 below surface’ (28.40); depth 130Coffin: nails 200x40; 107°Skeletal material: Skull, pel vis, right tibia

B 753Grave: 230x90; 132°/312°; NAP surface 29.50, bot-tom ‘180 below surface’ (28.50); depth 100Coffin: nails 200x50; 132°/312°

B 754 Grave: >100x85; 107°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘200 below level’ (28.30); depth 120Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: Skull with teeth and molarsPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 on the place of the right shoulder, probably original ly standing on the coffin.Inventory1 Brown-marb led double-hand led jug Gellep 72, restored, h 24. Date: AD 301-350.

B 755 Grave: 190x85; 173°/353°Coffin: nails

B 756 Grave: 180x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘190 below surface’ (28.40); depth 110Coffin: nails

B 757 Grave: 150x45; 131°/311°; NAP surface 29.50, bot-tom ‘160 below surface’ (28.70); depth 80Skeletal material: Unidenti fied long bonePosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 at the middle of the short SE end of the trench.Inventory1 Coa rse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109 (frag ment). Date: AD 301-400.

B 758 Grave: >75x50; 306°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘180 below surface’ (28.50); depth 100Skeletal material: Top of skull

B 759 Grave: 200x60; 113°/293°; NAP surface 29.50, bot-tom ‘190 below surface’ (28.40); depth 110Coffin: nailsIntrusion: Tegula fragment

B 760 Grave: 220x55; 297°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom

148—

‘220 below surface’ (28.30); depth 140Coffin: nailsSkeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche at 180 cm below level, left (N) of the upper legs: in SE 1 standing in 3, in NW 2.Inventory1 Brown-m arbled jug Gellep 70, white dots on shoulder, h 24. 2 Coarse coo king-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 14. 3 Coa rse dish Gellep 126, d 17.5, burnt black. Date: AD 301-350.

B 761 Grave: 195x65; 169°/349°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘170 below surface’ (28.80); depth 90Coffin: nails

B 762 Grave: 220x120; 119°/299°; NAP surface 28.58, bottom ‘200 below surface’ (27.38); depth 120Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 in NE corner of trench. Intrusion: Two non-fitting sherds of the same terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26; base-wall frag ment of a brown-marbled jug Gellep 70. Remark: As the only find to be drawn on the overall dra wing of area M, Fig. 18, is indicated by a circle, it is assumed that this is the originally complete glass jug and that the other finds were seen as intrusions by the excavator. Inventory1 Glass ‘small jug’, disi ntegrated.

B 763 Grave: 200x95; 139°/319°; NAP surface 28.58, bot-tom ‘200 below surface’ (27.38); depth 120Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche, 165 cm below lev el, at the short SE side of the trench, in line with the E corner: 1 at the right (S), in it 2, and to the left (N) of 1, 3. Inventory

1 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 23. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178?, d 9.5. 3 Glass fragments. Date: AD 301-367.

B 764 Grave: 310x115; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.97, bottom ‘230 below surface’ (27.47); depth 150Coffin: nails 285x50; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-9 in niche, at 160 cm be low level, on the mid-dle of the long N side: 3 in the middle, front (S), to its left and somewhat behind (NW) 7, contain-ing 7a and upon it 8; the other vessels behind 3 in unknown order. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, d 9.5. 2 Terra sigil lata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 15.5. 3 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38, d 24.5. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with traces of white painted decoration, h 13. 5 Smooth jug Gellep 83b, h 16. 6 Coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. 7 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, d 18. 7a Unidentifiable food re mains.8 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 18. 9 Glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-350.

B 765 Grave: 110x55; 55°/235°

B 766 Grave: 210x100; 120°; NAP surface 28.97, bottom ‘235 below surface’ (27.42); depth 155Coffin: nails 150x50; 120°Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche, 205 cm below lev el, on the middle of the long NE side: from left to right (NW-SE) 2, 1, 3.Inventory1 Terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38, d 24.

149—

2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14. 3 Small glass bowl with de coration of glass thread and green blobs ± Gellep 182, h 9.4, d 10.6. Date: AD 301-367.

B 767 Grave: 150x65; 124°/304°; NAP surface 29.20, bottom ‘235 below surface’ (27.65); depth 155Coffin: nails 120x35; 124°/304°

B 768 Grave: 140x67; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.20, bot-tom ‘185 below surface’ (28.15); depth 105Coffin: nails 133x49; 122°/302°

B 769 Grave: 110x75; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.35, bot-tom ‘200 below surface’ (28.15); depth 120Coffin: nails 75x25; 122°/302°

B 770 Grave: 200x65; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.35, bottom ‘200 below surface’ (28.15); depth 120Coffin: nails 165x40; 122°/302°

B 771 Grave: 130x45; 115°/295°; NAP surface 29.35, bot-tom ‘170 below level’ (28.45); depth 90Coffin: nails >100x42; 115°/295°

B 772 Grave: 225x80; 115°/295°Coffin: nails 160x40; 115°/295°Intrusion: Bone in grave filling

B 773 Grave: >100x55; 105°/295°; NAP surface 29.35, bottom ‘140 below surface’ (28.75); depth 60Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 next to short NW edge of trench. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 14, decora ted with a roller-stamp with small rec-tangles (Hübener’s group 2).

2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. Date: AD 325-400.

B 774 Grave: 183x67; 115°/295°

B 775 Grave: >160x80; 110°/290°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom ‘170 below surface’ (28.50); depth 90Coffin: nails B 776 Grave: 205x95; 122°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘170 below surface’ (28.80); depth 90Coffin: nails 180x40; 122°Skeletal material: Skull, mo lars, right femur, tibiae

B 777 Grave: 200x100; 113°/293°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom ‘205 below surface’ (28.28); depth 125Coffin: nails

B 778 Remark: Found near the SW foundations of the Mariën burg cha pel, May 1963, and acquired after mediation by Mr Martens, who was then care-taker of the Municipal Museum in that chapel. Ac cording to him, finds 2-10 were contained in bottle 1. Inventory1 Small coarse bottle ± Gel lep 97, h 11, neck dam-aged. 2 Coin: Julian, aes II, 360-363, Arles, RIC 319/ 323var.3 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 367-375, Siscia, RIC 15(a-b), with hole.4 Coin: Constantius II, aes II, 348-350, Siscia, RIC 198/209, perfora ted, half de cayed. 5 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 364-378, mint un-known, GLORIA ROMANORVM, perforate d, a quarter of the coin decayed. 6 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 364-378, mint un-known, SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, perforate d. 7 Flat-globular bead, irisa tion, bluish green?, more than half encrusted, d 2.0, h 1.5, Riha 1193?

150—

8 Small bron ze ring, outer d 1.4, inner d 0.9. 9 Cylindrical bead of squee zed bronze sheet, d 0.8, h 1.9, Riha 2951f. 10 Cylinder-shaped bead, opaque black, sheen, opaque white zigzag thread, d 1.2, h 1.1, Koch 27,39Var. Coin date: AD 367-378.

B 779 Remark: Thrown up by mecha nical excavator from a strip under the foundation of the former connection between Mariënburg chapel and Arse nal. Inventory1 Bottom-wall frag ment of terra sigillata jug ± Gellep 43 (= Chenet 349) with tra ces of white painted decora tion. 2 Frag ment of a terra sigil lata plate Gellep 38, d ±20. 3 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, d 13.7. 4 Rim fragment of a coarse coo king-pot with handle Gellep 109, d 11. Date: AD 301-350.

B 780Grave: >150x60; 73°/253°; NAP surface 30.25, bot-tom 29.67; depth 58Coffin: nails

B 781 Grave: 130x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 30.25, bot-tom 28.81; depth 144Coffin: nails 90x30; 90°/270°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownInventory1 Coin: Theodosi us, aes II, 378-383, Trier, RIC 65(c). Coin date: AD 378-402.

B 782 Grave: >160x70; 80°/260°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIn the middle of the grave, just S of the longi-tudinal axis.

Inventory1 Crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4D (Van Buchem V; Keller 4C), complete, l. 7.1, foot, l 3.4 (with simple parallel filed deco ration: Swift d2), longer than the undecorated bow (l 3), with a small le af-shaped cuff above the foot, a thin undecora ted crossarm, and onion-shaped knobs that are much wider than they are long. Date: AD 330-410.

B 783 Grave: 155x50; 169°/349°Intrusion: Mortarium frag ment from filling.

B 784 Grave: >125x125; 169°/349°; NAP surface 30.87, bottom 28.90; depth 97Coffin: nails >100x50; 169°/349°

B 785 Grave: >100x67; 57°/237°

B 786 Grave: 90x45; 65°/245°; NAP surface 30.87, bot-tom 29.23; depth 164Coffin: nailsPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesAgainst the NE short side of the trench, near the E cor ner. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. Date: AD 301-400.

B 787 Grave: 210x60; 80°/260°Coffin: nails, one of which with a piece of iron moun tingPosition of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoins 1-4 next to the short NE edge of the trench, in the middle. Inventory1 Coin: Grati an, aes III, 367-375, Arles, RIC 15.2 Coin: Grati an, aes III, 367-375, Arles, RIC 15.3 Coin: Valentini a n I, aes III, 364-367, Ar les, RIC

151—

9(a). 4 Coin : Valens, aes III, 364-378, Arles, RIC 9(b) /19(a)var. Coin date: AD 367-378.

B 788 Grave: 210x75; 70°Skeletal material: Skull, mo lars, unspecified bones

B 789 Grave: 175x55; 249°; NAP surface 30.87, bottom proba bly 29.89; depth 98Coffin: 170x50; 249°Skeletal material: Jaw frag ment

B 790 Grave: >100x60; 69°/249°; NAP surface 30.87, bottom 29.89; depth 98Coffin: nails

B 791 Grave: >175x60; 148°/328°; NAP surface 31.19, bottom 28.59; depth 260Coffin: nails

B 792 Grave: >125x75; 64°; NAP surface 30.87, bottom 29.00; depth 187Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 probably on the coffin, above the shoulders.Intrusion: Glass sherd. Remark: Later than B 793, as it cuts a pit that cuts the SW end of B 793. Inventory1 Terra sigilla ta bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) with roulett ed decoration, h 7 (molette (= roller-stamp) not in Chenet). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12. Date: AD 301-400.

B 793 Grave: >117x72; 58°/238°Remark: Earlier than B 792, which cuts a pit that cuts B 793.

Intrusion: SherdsStratigraphical date: AD ?-400.

B 794 Grave: >100x80; 78°/258°; NAP surface 31.19, bot-tom 28.58; depth 261Intrusion: Brick fragment, Roman?Remark: Earlier than B 795, which cuts it.

B 795 Grave: 250x130; 147°/327°; NAP surface 31.19, bot-tom 28.76; depth 243Coffin: nails 210x76; 147°/327°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesBeaker 1 in the N corner of the trench, at a high level; at a lower level: imbrices 2-4 in line on the axis of the coffin; the middle one overlap ped by imbrex 5, which looks large enough to be a ridge-tile; imbrex fragment 6 on the axis, near the short NW side of the coffin. Remark: Later than B 794, which it cuts.Inventory1 A small handmade beaker, h 8.5. 2 A short but complete im brex, l 14. 3-5 Complete long imbrices, l 35 cm. 6 An imbrex fragment.

B 796 Grave: 115x75; 70°/250°; NAP surface 31.19, bot-tom 28.85; depth 234Intrusion: Handle of an amp hora (or a double-handled jug?; not drawn; in the do cumentations, almost all double-handled jugs are cal led am-phoras).

B 797 Grave: >135x70; 329°; NAP surface 31.51, bottom 29.14; depth 237Skeletal material: Remains of skull

B 798 Grave: 190x80; 260°; NAP surface 31.51, bottom 29.04; depth 247Coffin: nails 183x50; 260°Skeletal material: Remains of skullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories

152—

Fibulae 1 and 3 were found on the left shoulder, as appears from both the grave drawing and the overall dra wing of area M, Fig. 18. It is not clear where ornaments 2 and 4 were found. The ori gi-nal find record (‘bronze frag ments’) is not help-ful. Remark: Böhme 1974, 285, Taf. 86, 1-6 publishes this grave as 51 Marienberg. (The original excava-tion number being M 51, it was later changed into M 251, as there already was a grave M 51.) His drawing of 1 (Taf. 86, 3) is too simple. Inventory1 Fragments of a tutulus fibula type Oudenburg: top piece and base-disk. The top piece is made of silver, on which a flat decorative disk with decora tions in gilt and niello. Trumpet-shaped stem, l 2.6, smallest d (in the middle) 0.5, largest d (bott om) 4, decorated with transverse grooves, inter mitted by a smooth zone on the place where it widens most and by a prismatic zone at the smallest diameter. The thin decora-tive disk, d 2.6, sol dered onto the stem, has a smooth underside. The obverse is decorated with a cross of four an chors in niello, amidst a circle of waves running counterclockwise. Around it a cor don, a flat zone with gilt groove, an outer cordon and a flat narrow rim. Of the base-disk are preser ved: pin amidst a spring of twel ve whorls, catchplate and a small piece of the flat disk, d 5. 2 Bronze base-disk of a bowl or tutulus fibula: pin amidst seven whorls of spring, large part of the disk, d 2.8. 3 Top part of a large pin (but found on the left shoul der), preserved l 5, d 0.9-0.4, entirely deco-rated with ribs and three prisma tic zones. Böhme, type Fécamp. 4 Top part of an iron pin , preserved l 4, d 0.4-0.3, with fragment of a wooden head (now minerali-zed), d 2.3, immediate ly under it a double-coni-cal knob (with hatched zone) of gilt bronze around the iron shaft. Vari ant of Böhme, type Tonge ren.Date: AD 400-401.

B 799 Grave: >150x90; 135°/315°; NAP surface 31.51, bot-tom 29.17; depth 234Coffin: nails

B 800 Grave: 220x85; 131°/311° ; NAP surface 29.97, bot-tom 29.21; depth 76Coffin: nails

B 801 Grave: 220x104; 119°/299°; NAP surface -, bottom 26.05; depth -Coffin: 173x58; 119°/299°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in coffin against the long N side. Inventory1 Smooth jug Gellep 263 with five brown bands; 4/5 of lip mis sing, h 23, d 15. 2 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274 with shiny grey sherd, h 6, d 9. Date: AD 301-367.

B 802 Grave: 156x70; 121°/301°; NAP surface -, bottom 27.30; depth -Coffin: 115x40; 121°/301°

B 803 Grave: 230x130; 127°/307°; NAP surface 27.70?, bottom 27.65; depth 5?Coffin: 215x80; 127°/307°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche on long NW side, near the N corner.Inventory1 Coa rse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, d 14.5, h 5. Part mis sing. Date: AD 301-350.

B 804 Grave: 150x80; 35°/215°; NAP surface -, bottom 27.65; depth -Coffin: 110x52; 35°/215°

B 805 Grave: 160x70; 108°/288°; NAP surface -, bottom

153—

27.51; depth -Coffin: 140x50; 108°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 outside grave in NE, appa rently in a niche.Inventory1 Bottom frag ment of a glass beaker Gellep 178-180. Date: AD 251-450.

B 806 Grave: 180x75; 107°/287°; NAP surface -, bottom 27.50; depth -Coffin: irregular 160x35/50; 107°/287°

B 807 Grave: 162x87; 125°/305°; NAP surface -, bottom 27.25; depth -Coffin: 127x46

B 808 Grave: 270x95; 288°; NAP surface 27.70?, bottom 27.30; depth 40?Coffin: 180x40 (E) / 50 (W); 288°

B 809 Grave: 237x98; 127°/307°; NAP surface -, bottom 27.45; depth -Coffin: 162x40; 127°/307°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in niche at middle of long NE side.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constric ted foot Gellep 57, black metallic shine on grey sherd; stron ger shine near the foot, from stacking in the kiln; h 9.3, d 9.5. 2 Buff coarse dish with clear disk-shaped elev-ation of the bottom, h 4.5, d 19. Gellep 126. Date: AD 301-350.

B 810 Grave: 180x87; 123°/303°; NAP surface 29.11, bot-tom 27.65; depth 146Coffin: 139x46; 123°/303°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 in niche at S corner on long SE side.Inventory

1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16, d 9.5. 2 Brown painted double-hand led jug Gellep 72, hardly mar bled, h 26.4, d 20. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 6.5, d 25. Date: AD 301-350.

B 811 Grave: 170x75; 119°/299°; NAP surface 29.11, bot-tom 27.13; depth 198Coffin: 170x50; 119°/299°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in coffin, against the short NW side.Inventory1 Coarse yellow dish Gellep 128, h 5, d 18.8. Date: AD 301-367.

B 812 Grave: 225x110; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.17, bot-tom 28.15; depth 102Coffin: 168x52; 111°/291°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 in niche in the middle of the long NE side.Inventory1 Fragments (bottom, d 4, neck fragment) of a small light green glass bottle, with irisation. Gellep 198. 2 Fine da rk coloured beaker Sy monds 61 smooth, h 14.7, d 9. Brownish grey on orange sherd. 3 Fine da rk coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constric ted foot Gellep 57, bluish grey; groove above profiled base; concen tric groove on un-derside of base; h 12.1, d 12.7. 4 Coarse greyi sh brown di sh Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 18.5. Date: AD 301-350.

B 813 Grave: 195x75; 128°; NAP surface 29.26, bottom 27.80; depth 146Coffin: 195x60; 128°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, tibiae

B 814 Grave: 214x69; 126°/306°; NAP surface 29.17, bot-

154—

tom 27.85; depth 132Coffin: 168x40; 126°/306°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche in the middle of the long SW side.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Sy monds 61 smooth, black on orange sherd, h 15, d 9. Date: AD 301-367.

B 815 Grave: 197x104; 115°/295°; NAP surface 29.48, bottom 27.90; depth 158Coffin: 156x52; 115°/295°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche in the middle of the long SW side. Inventory1 Coarse greenish brown jug with pinched spout Gellep 115; handle missing, h 25.8, d 17.7. Date: AD 301-425.

B 816 Grave: 190x75; 97°/277°; NAP surface 29.26 (level on field drawing), bottom 27.84 or 28.84 (field drawing has 29.84); depth 142 or 42Coffin: 170x55; 97°/277°Intrusion: Piece of iron

B 817 Grave: niche >35x58; 130°/310°; NAP surface 29.26, bottom 28.05; depth 121Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in this niche.Remark: Rest of the grave vanished. Inventory1 Dirty brown coarse cookin g-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.6, d 12. Date: AD 301-400.

B 818 Grave: 215x100; 110°/290°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 27.05; depth 235Coffin: 162x52; 110°/290°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in niche on long NE side near E corner. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet

324c), h 6.5, d 15. 2 Small light green glass bottle with incised lines Gellep 197, h 15, d 12. Date: AD 301-367.

B 819 Grave: 225x105; 109°/289°; NAP surface 29.48, bottom 28.60; depth 88Coffin: 175x45; 109°/289°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in NE niche. Remark: Second niche in SE empty. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, rim mis sing, preserved h 16, d 12. 2 Bowl, no data. Date: AD 301-367.

B 820 Grave: 230x75; 82°/262°; NAP surface 29.48, bot-tom 27.74; depth 174Coffin: 175x48; 82°/262°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 piled up in niche at NW side: 1 bottom, 2 middle, 3 top.Remark: Later than B 821, which it cuts. Inventory1 Coarse greyish brown jug Gose 516 with two concentric groo ves on upper side of hori zontal lip, h 20.9, d 17. 2 Coarse greyi sh brown cook ing-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.5, d 13.5.

B 820.3 on top of B 820.2 on top of B 820.1.

155—

3 Coarse greyi sh brown di sh Gellep 128, h 4, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-367.

B 821 Grave: 220x100; 125°/305°; NAP surface 29.48, bottom 26.89; depth 259Coffin: 170x40; 125°/305°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in niche on long SW side near S corner. Remark: Earlier than B 820, which cuts it. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constric ted foot, brown ish black on orange-brown sherd Gellep 57, h 9.2, d 10.3. Date: AD 301-350. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. Combined date: AD 301-350.

B 822 Grave: 168x80; 126°/306°; NAP surface 29.40Coffin: 116x46; 126°/306°

B 823 Grave: 220x90; 90°/270°; NAP surface 29.40, bot-tom 28.27; depth 113Coffin: 160x50; 90°/270°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in coffin, next to long S side. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 groo-ved, dirty grey, orange sherd, h 19.5, d 11.5. In-dentation between shoulder and neck, under which two grooves. Concen tric groove on under-side of base. Date: AD 301-367.

B 824 Grave: 235x100; 104°/284°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 27.40; depth 200Coffin: unknown; 104°/284°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 in SE corner of coffin. Remark: S side of grave col lapsed. Inventory1 Fragments of a glass bar rel-shaped bottle Gellep 213.

Date: AD 334-400.

B 825 Grave: >125x60; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 27.68; depth 172Coffin: >120x35; 111°/291°

B 826 Grave: >100x50; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 27.60; depth 180Coffin: >70x40; 111°/291°

B 827 Grave: 168x69; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 26.95; depth 245Coffin: 133x40; 122°/302°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 in niche on long SW si de, at the W corner. Inventory1 Coa rse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 10.3, d 11.2. 2 Coa rse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, in-side yel low, outside grey, h 3.7, d 16.6. Date: AD 301-367.

The Arsenaal excavations took place indoors. Grave B 824 in the foreground, B 823 to its right; in middle distance B 820, B 816, B 813 and B 819.

156—

Peripheral graves and graves of uncertain loca-tion (Wynia 1966)

B 828 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench before former Jewish cemetery, finds recovered. Exact location unknown. Inventory1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 9. 2 (in 1) Glass, disintegra ted. Date: AD 301-450.

B 829 Grave: irregular 182x70; 120°/300°, bottom ‘232 under level’Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesUnknownRemark: This grave, some 44 m S of the south-ernmost gra ve of area M, was found at the NE edge of ROB-trench 104 and was the only one in this large trench. As its scanty finds are lost, it is uncertain whether this is a fourth-century grave. It shows that the Inner City cemetery has its S boundary at or somewhe re N of this trench. Inventory1 Fibula (no data) 2 Piece of wood (missing)

B 830 Remark: This grave is marked at the far (S) end of ROB-trench 10B, some 55 m S of grave B 800. No data. As there are no other graves in this long trench (c.30x1.25 m), it is uncert ain whether it is a fourth-century gra ve. Here too, we are appa-rently outside the Inner City cemetery.

B 831 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariën-burg chapel a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963. Skull, nail. Bottom of grave at c.150 cm be-low street level of 1963.

B 832Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariën-burg chapel, a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963. Skull, two nails. Bottom of grave at c.175

cm below street level of 1963.

B 833 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariën-burg chapel, a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963; only seen as discolora tions in both sec-tions of the trench. One grave or two? Bottom of grave(s?) at c.175 below street level of 1963.

Kelfensbos (actually St Josephhof) 1952: iso-lated grave B 834

B 834 Coffin traces: nails. Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories: Unknown. Remark: ‘Ground of the school of the friars on the Kelfkens bos’. An exca vation drawing, turned up in 2005 at the Free Universi ty of Amsterdam, where Brun sting was professor of clas sical archaeo logy, shows the isolated grave to the S of the school on the premises of the present-day St Josephhof. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 27. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 16. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thic kened on the inside Gellep 122, h 12. 4 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 20, h 4.5. 5 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 20, h 6. 6 Coa rse dish Gellep 128, d 16, h 4.5, in which 6a. 7 Bone comb (lost). 8 ‘Plate’ (lost). Date: AD 301-350.

157—

OO 1Grave: >100x58; 126°/306°; NAP surface 37.91, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 2Grave: 110x>85; 20°; NAP surface 37.85, bottom 36.59; depth 126 Remarks: Later than OO 3, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: nails; 90x40; 20°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the head.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with fine rim, h 11.7, d 13.6. Large quanti ty of fine tempering materi al (from Urmitz), outside burnt at widest point. Old cracks. Date: AD 276-367.

OO 3Grave: >110x110; 304°; NAP surface 37.85, bottom 36.33; depth 152 Remarks: Earlier than OO 2, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. The shoes were not on the feet, as the foot-end of the grave had disappeared. Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; >106x45; 304°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, ribs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the head. Inventory1 About 30 shoenails from one or two shoes (not drawn). Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 4Grave: Not visible during excavation because the grave had been dug into a first-century rubbish pit; NAP surface 38.00, bottom 36.92; depth 108 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-

fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 76x32; 123°/303°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at the head or the foot-end, fallen over.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-jug Künzl 12.2.1 of Künzl’s chrono logical group IV, h 17.2, d 9.6. Decoration: two zones, from top to bottom: bar-botine zigzag decoration, IMPLE (in white paint, wit hout dots) ivy, row of das hes (Künzl ele ment 14), ten drils of barbotine (like Künzl ele ment 183) and two dots of white barbotine with yellow paint, dotted line of white barbo tine. Date: AD 280-315.

OO 5Grave: 210x90; 128°; NAP surface 38.10, bottom 36.08; depth 202 Remark: Later than OO 6, which it cuts.Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 165x40; 128°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, left radius, ribs, femo ra, left tibia.

OO 6Grave: >205x>125; 32°/212°; NAP surface 37.60, bottom 36.64; depth 96 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 5, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave par-tially out side ex cavation limits. The bottom of the grave could be dis tinguished in the verti cal section of the excavation trench.

OO 7Grave: >120x100; 128°/308°; NAP surface 37.80, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave par tially outsi de excavation limits.

OO 8Grave: >80x94; 88°/268°; NAP surface 37.72, bot-tom -; depth -

6 Find catalogue of the exca vations in cemetery OO

D.C. SteuresH. van Enckevort

158—

Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave par tially outsi de excavation limits.

OO 9Grave: 185x100, with an ir regular recess on the N si de; 100°; NAP sur face 37.80, bottom 36.30; depth 150 Coffin: nails; 168x45; 100°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, left radius, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3 Outside the coffin, on an elevation of sand to the left of the head.2 Outside the coffin, on the bottom of the grave, to the right at the head-end.4 On the coffin, immediately to the right of the head.5, 8, 13, 15, 18 On the coffi n, at the altitude of the right knee, deposited either in a pouch or in a heap. 13 decayed. 6-7, 11-12, 14, 16 Deposited on the coffin, at the alti tude of the left tibia, eit her in a pouch or in a heap. Bottle 7 damaged during ex cavation. 9 Around the neck. 10 Around the right wrist. Intrusion17 Top filling of the grave.Remark: Some splinters of number 5 mixed up during excavation with the beads of number 9.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 5.7, d 12.7.2 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 15.1, d 17.3, measured volume up to lip 560 cc.3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 9.9-11.0, d 11.5. Lump of clay under its base makes it keel. Large quan tity of fine tem pering mate rial (from Ur mitz).4 Glass toilet bottle Gellep 219, measurements unknown (not drawn).5 Glass bottle, measurements unknown (not drawn), nine colour less wall fragments with pinkish brown traces of unguent on the inside. 6 Fragment of glass of which the edges have

been smoot hed. No further description avai lable (not drawn). 7 Two fragments of a glass bottle Gellep 199? (not drawn)8 Transparent dark green glass bracelet, bent from a rod that was held in the middle with a tong and wel ded opposite. Around the damage of the pontil rod three tong impressions with iron remains. D 7.0, round section 0.5.9 Necklace of 238 glass be ads:1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent olive yellow, d 0.3, h 1.9, Riha 2976, 11;3 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.2, h 1.6, TM 145; 6 tyre-shaped/biconical be ads, transparent olive green, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925aVar; 42 biconical beads, slips hod, transparent ultramari ne, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931d;51 globular (and 1 flat-bi conical) beads, slipshod, transpa rent ultramari ne, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 121861 cylinder/tyre-shaped be ads, slightly transpar-ent light green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931f. The following bead types figure both in OO 9.9 and OO 9.11: 35 biconical/ring-sha ped beads, transparent olive yellow, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2876 (27 in OO 9.9; 9 in OO 9.11); 184 globular/barrel and ring-shaped beads, transpa rent ultra ma rine, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 1219. 10 Bracelet of 25 beads: 1 tyre-shaped amber bead, weathered, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390; The following bead types figure both in OO 9.10 and OO 9.11:66 ring/tyre-shaped beads, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2925e (23 in OO 9.10, 43 in OO 9.11); (?) >2 almond-shaped beads, transparent ultra-marine, w 1.0, d 0.5, h 1.1, Riha 2846,16Var. 11 A necklace of 205 glass beads: 1 beam-shaped bead, slightly transparent mid-dle blue, w 0.4, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 1304; 1 barrel-shaped bead, trans parent colourless with cros sing opaque yellow thread, d 0.5, h ?; 2 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 2876, 13; 3 cylinder-shaped beads, oblique, slipshod,

159—

slightly transpa rent greyish blue, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 1280Var; 3 tyre-shaped beads, trans parent middle green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 1243; 3 roller-shaped beads, wound in a slipshod way, slightly trans parent greyish white, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2947cVar;4 barrel-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, small and large, d 0.2, h 0.2, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2971a;8 spiral-segmented beads, c.9 coils, opaque black, d 0.3, h 1.8, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 4 spiral-segmented beads, 6 coils on surface, opaque reddish brown with black lines, d 0.3, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 2 spiral-segmented beads, 6 coils, slightly transpa rent tur quo ise, d 0.5, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar. 12 A transparent blue glass melon bead, d out-side 2.0, inside 1.0, h 1.2.13 Fragments of a hollow sheet bronze bracelet, d 6, together with the remains of an iron band, almost square in section, probably its core. The bron ze shell has a square secti on, 0.5. Inden-tations have been made along both edges, and between them points (at the side) and crosses (above them) have been pun ched. 14 Bronze finger-ring with bezel, d inside 2.0 (sic). The band widens uni formly from 0.3 to 0.6. On the clearly distinguished bezel a lion to the right within an oval. On the side planes three grooves along the length.15 Bronze drop-shaped end of a large spatula, preserved l 5, w 2.1 (not drawn). 16 Bronze decorative nail with hemispherical head and square shaft, length: 1.9, d 1.6. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 10Grave: 224x78; 141°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 36.38; depth 152 Coffin: 200x40; 141°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.

OO 11Grave: 100x100; NAP surface 37.84, bottom 36.59; depth 125

Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The orientation cannot be esta blished, the grave being of square shape.

OO 12Grave: 245x75; 309°; NAP surface 37.88, bottom 36.58; depth 130 Coffin: nails; >200x45; 309°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, immediately to the right of the left tibia near the feet.2-12 On the coffin, at the altitude of the knees, pro ba bly deposited in a pouch or in a heap, al-though this is not clear from the docu men tation. Intrusion?13 In the top filling. Found near the numbers 2-10 and 12. The altitude is un known. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16.8, d 11.8.2 Necklace of 63 glass be ads:24 flat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2931d;39 flat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2934. 3 Glass playing or calcula ting disk: a drop of opaque blue glass with convex top and irregular bottom, h 0.5, d 1.1.4 Bronze bracelet, 7.4x6, (section actually round, contrary to the illustrati on) with thickened D-shaped ends. 5 Bronze bracelet, 7.6x6, of sub-rectangular sec-tion and thin, pointed ends with two grooves each. 6 Fragment of a bronze bra celet of sub-rectan-gular sec tion and a thin, pointed end with one groove. (Not drawn.)7 Bronze snakeshead brace let, 6.2x6.2, of sub-rectan gular section with somewhat thickened and straight ends with a groove each. Both sides and the fronts of the se ends have a drill hole, so that a schematic snakes head is formed. 8 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of sub-rectangular section with somewhat thickened and straight ends with a groove each. Both sides and the

160—

fronts of the se ends have a drill ho le, so that a sche ma tic snakeshead is formed. (Not drawn.)9 Bronze bracelet, 6.2x6.6, band-shaped. One end has been bent into a fastening hook. It is partitioned by transverse grooves into zo nes that are undecorated and filled with dot-and-cir cles al ternately. 10 Thin bronze (finger-?)ring decorated with das-hes, d inside 1.6, round section 0.1.11 Thin iron rod, round in section, pre served l 12.8, d 1.0, with wooden handle: distaff? 12 Either leather remains of a pouch in which 3-10 were depo sited, or wood remains of the coffin, preserved by the nearby bracelets. 13 Coin: as, Nero, 66-67, Lyon, RIC2 543/605. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 13Grave: 120x55; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.90, bot-tom 36.40; depth 150 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails; 107°/287°.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the gra ve, at the head or foot-end.2 In niche at the long N side of the grave. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavation, when the level was cleared (rim broken). Inventory1 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14, h 10.5, d 7.9. A piece of mortar inside from grave fill. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.2, d 7.7. Decoration: running scroll between dotted lines.Date: AD 301-355.

OO 14Grave: >20x85; c.110°/290°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 36.64; depth 126 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave for a large part out side excavation limits. The bottom of the grave could be distin-guished in the verti cal section of the excavati on trench.

OO 15Grave: 260x125; 102°/282°; NAP surface 36.27, bottom c.35.49; depth c.78

OO 16Grave: 165x70; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom c.35.45; depth c.85 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 17Grave: 85x55; 15°/195°; NAP surface 36.31, bot-tom c.35.50; depth c.81 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 18Grave: 85x50; 11°/191°; NAP surface 36.31, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 19Grave: 195x85; 19° (?); NAP surface 36.30, bott om 35.08; depth 122 Coffin: nails; 163x60/50; 19° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the long W side of the grave, to the right of the waist.Intrusions?2-3 In the top filling.Inventory1 Heavy coarse crucible-sha ped beaker Gellep 496 with pointed base, h 12.1, d 8.9. Coarse vol-canic tempe ring (from Mayen).Intrusions?2 Bronze heart-shaped pen dant, w 5.7, h 5.3, with a profiled knob at its lower end and at its top a suspen sion loop that curves back to a hole in the middle whe re it forms a fastening by means of a rivet with curled end. This is a piece of hor se gear. Similar pendants occur on the same ter rain of the Huner berg in Flavian pits in the canabae legionis (pers.comm. Anjolein Zwart). 3 Fragmentary lead disk, d 2.4, th 0.2. May have had a central hole. Spindle-whorl?

161—

Date: AD 201-400.

OO 20Grave: 235x77; 297°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 34.40; depth 190 Remark: Earlier than OO 22, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 214x66/60 Skeletal material: Remains of the skull?Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the long N side of the grave, to the left of the femora.4 On the coffin, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.7, d 7.5. Decora tion: scarsely legible motto M I S C E .2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.4, d 8.4. Decora tion: the same scarsely leg-ible motto M I S C E . The difference in diameters of two beakers by the same hand show that a considera ble variation in shape is possible. 3 Coarse bowl with lip thic kened on inside Gellep 122, h 5.3, d 13.4. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Has been in fire when it was used in antiqui ty. 4 Bone remains. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 21Grave: 110x75; 0°/180°; NAP surface 36.30, bot-tom c.35.40; depth c.90 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 22Grave: 210x100; 25°/205°; NAP surface 36.30, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 20, which it cuts. There was a niche at its NW side. No evi dence of grave goods. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 23Grave: 80x55; 118°; NAP sur face 36.40, bottom

c.35.75; depth c.65 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 24Grave: 238x74; 115°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 34.93; depth 147 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 194x35; 115°Skeletal material: Remains of the skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the bottom of the coffin, at the foot-end, possibly to the left of the feet.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.1, d 11.8. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen). 2 Bronze-sheet mountings of a rectangular wooden chest, prob able measurements 11x11x11. 2a Bronze-sheet rectangular decorative mount-ing with cut-off corners and concave sides, 9.3x6.6. Along two sides three nail-holes, tho se on one side still contai ning the nails. Along the edges a decoration of pun ched oblique arcs. In its middle concentric circles with largest d 4.8. In the centre a decorative nail, d 2.4, consis ting of a silver sheet on a bronze rivet or nail, with lion’s or Medusa head.2b-c Bronze-sheet front cor ner mountings with preserved lengths of 10.4 and 9.6. Specimen b was meant for the trans ition bottom-front. Its wider (2.4) front side is decorated with punched obli que arcs along its borders, its narrower bot-tom side is undecorated. Specimen c was meant to be seen from both sides (w 1.8): both sides are de corated in the same way. 2d-e Bronze-sheet corner pieces, probably meant for the back side. Both are de corated with rows of punched points and have a nail at each end. Shapes and measu rements differ. The smal ler specimen d, w 1.9, l 2.6, ends in a semi-circle. The larger specimen e, w 2.4, l 3.4, is cut in at the long sides and ends in circles. Date: AD 301-367.

162—

OO 25Grave: 100x90; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.03, bot-tom 36.24; depth 79 Remarks: No nails or coffin trace found. If there was a coffin at all, it may have had wood joints or dowels. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 on the bottom of the grave, at a narrow end, on the as sumption that this is a child’s grave. Jar 2 dama ged during excavation. The dish 3 was lying upside down on beaker 1 and jar 2 and was therefore used as a lid.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.4, d 9.4.2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.8, d 15. Large quan tity of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 8.6, d 29.5. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 26Grave: 260x90; 285°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.65; depth 145 Remark: Exact altitude of niche unknown, c.50 cm.Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 240x47; 289°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the right of the head. Stacked on plate 2 were dishes 4 and 3, with bowl 1 on top. 2-4 damaged during excavation. 6-9 On the bottom of the coffi n, at the foot-end in the left-hand corner. Coins 7 and 8 were lying under buckle 6. All three objects probably in textile pouch 9, remains of which found with the coins. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31 and Chenet 302), h 4.5, d 9.1.2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.9, d 26. Sur-face worn.

3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 20.6. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 20.4. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.8, d 23.9. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). 6 Bronze (on field drawing, erroneously, silver) buckle.. 7 Coin: antoninianus, Gal lienus, 259-268, Rome, RIC 256 (K). 8 Coin: antoninianus, Claudius II, 270, Rome, RIC 261 (K).9 Textile remains, not examined. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 27Grave: >125x125; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.00, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 28Grave: 230x95; 290°; NAP surface 38.20, bottom 35.97; depth 223 Remark: Earlier than OO 29, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; >130x50; 290°Skeletal material: Skull, part of right leg. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the bottom of the coffin, on the head-end, left. As appears from the field drawing, both fallen over. 3 in top filling. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 13.9, d 8.7.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2. No fur-ther da ta (not drawn).Intrusion3 Rim sherd of a Gellep 34. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 29Grave: 180x110; 355°; NAP surface 38.20, bottom 36.06; depth 194

163—

Remark: Later than OO 28, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 160x43 (he ad)/36 (feet); 355°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-11 On the coffin, at the foot-end. On the wide iron buckle (2d) textile remains (11) of the pre-sumed (linen?) pouch in which ob jects 1-10 were packed. Inventory1 Iron finger-ring, possibly with bezel, d outside 3.1, inner d 2.1. Heavily corro ded and only par-tially pre served. 2 Belt set. 2a Small bronze D-shaped buckle, 2.5x1.4 (max w belt 1.3), with rudi mentary ani mal’s heads bi-ting outwards, on both sides of the hinge pin. Two rivet holes in the plate. Som mer 1Ac3, vari-ant. 2b Bronze strap end, belt w 4.2, l 5.2, weight 47 gr, faste ned with two rivets. The bronze is folded double, with a cylin der shape with rounded cor-ners at the belt end. Leat her remains on the in-side. A decoration is in cised and filled in with niello along the three open sides. From the out-side in ward: a row of small trian gles; a row of arcs han ging from an inci sed line; and a row of wolf’s teeth standing on an incised line. Along the lon gitudinal axis, pun ched tri angles and points on an in cised line forming three propel lor motives. Som mer shape D type a. 2c Bronze belt ring (proba bly not a finger-ring), round in section, d outside 2.2, d inside 1.7.2d Wide and long oval iron buckle 10.3x4.2 (max w belt 7.3).2e Iron belt stiffener (in bad state), 7.0x1.0, with remains of a bronze rivet. Barbaric, according to Som mer (1984, 101). 2f Iron belt stiffener (in bad state), 7.0x1.0.3 Coin: follis (13), Con stantine I and sons, 335-340, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 4 Coin: follis (14), Theo dora, 337-340, Trier, RIC 48/91var. 5 Coin: aes III (17), Gratian, 364-375, Arles, RIC 19(b). 6 Coin: aes III (18), Valenti nian I, 367-375, Arles, RIC 17(a).

7 Coin: aes III (16), Valenti nian I, 367-378, Lyon, RIC 20(a). 8 Coin: aes III (18), Valens, 367-375, Lyon?, RIC 21(a)var. 9 Coin: aes II (18), Magnus Maximus, 383-388, Trier, RIC 85. 10 Coin: aes III (17), Valens, 375-378, Arles, RIC 19(a). 11 Textile remains. Twist z/z, angle medium, twill 2/1/1/2. 12 Bronze tube, possibly the remains of a hollow brace let. Date: AD 383-402.

OO 30Grave: 150x64; 106°; NAP surface 37.99, bottom 35.99; depth 200. Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 134x35; 105°.Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the long N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Beaker 2 damaged during excavation, when the leve l was cleared (broken in two). 3 damaged by fire in antiquity. Intrusion?4 In the top filling, imme diately to the left of the head, outside coffin at unknown altitude. It can-not be ex cluded that the object had been lying on the coffin. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 13.8.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 20.5, d 11.9.3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.2, d 14.4.Intrusion?4 Bronze mounting (for a belt?/horse-gear?): a strip folded double, ends riveted together, l 3.5, w 1.0. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 31Grave: 185x70; 110°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 35.87; depth 203

164—

Remarks: Later than OO 32, which it cuts.Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 175x40; 110°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 The beaker was found in the vertical section of the excava tion trench NAP 37.04. Its position is 117 cm above the bottom of the grave. This is very high, conside ring the altitude of grave goods in other graves. We cannot tell anymore whether this is a measuring error, a deposition during the fil ling in of the grave or a grave good from an unrecog ni zed grave. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavati on, when the level was clea red. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.4, d 7.4. Decora tion: S•I•T•I•O•, three small dots (Künzl element 57). Date: AD 301-355.

OO 32Grave: 115x58; 152°/332°; NAP surface 37.90, bot-tom 35.95; depth 195 Remarks: Earlier than OO 31, which cuts it; later than OO 33, which it cuts.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 70x20; 152°/332°Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355.

OO 33Grave: >100x100; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 35.99; depth 181 Remarks: Earlier than OO 32, which cuts it. Grave parti ally outside excavation li mits.Coffin: 115°/295°Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355.

OO 34Grave: 194x67; 193°; NAP surface 36.20, bottom 35.36; depth 84 Skeletal material: Skull, legs.

OO 35Grave: NAP surface 36.40

Remarks: Recognized as a grave during excava-tion of level 2 but subsequently robbed; no records. On the drawing of level 3, the gra ve ap-pears to have been emp tied. De tailed drawings and finds are missing.

OO 36Grave: 218x>50; 113°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.65; depth 180 Remark: Earlier than OO 37, which cuts it.Coffin: nails >208x>29; 113°Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 37Grave: 233x76; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 34.61; depth 184 Remark: Later than OO 36, which it cuts.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >196x34; 119°/299°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave near SE corner, to the left of the head/to the right of the feet. Dish 2 covered jar 1; damaged at the rim. Beaker 3 decayed at the bottom. 4 On the coffin, above at the head-end in the right-hand corner/at the foot-end in the left-hand corner.5 In the top filling, alti tude unknown.6 In the top filling, alti tude unknown.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.1, d 11.0. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.3, d 18.5. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178 with ob-lique rim, h 6.5, d 9.5.4 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4) with profiled terminals; before the heads two neck rings each; on top of the heads, a dot-and-circle. Deformed, d unmeasura ble. Intrusion?5 Glass playing or calcula ting disk, opaque black glass with convex top and flat bottom, d 1.6, h 0.6.

165—

6 Coin: as, Augustus, 8-14, Lyon, RIC2 238a/245. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 38Grave: 220x100; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.33, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 39Grave: 192x80; 100°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom 35.03; depth 147 Coffin: 155x52; 113°Skeletal material: Remains of the skull.

OO 40Grave: 110x70; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.60, bot-tom 35.21; depth 139 Remark: Earlier than OO 41, which cuts it.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 78x44; 111°/291°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the head/the feet. The bottom was slightly damaged in an tiquity. 2-3 On the bottom of the coffin, at the foot-end/he ad-end. Old crack in 3.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.7, d 7.6. Decora tion: •G•A•V•D•E, small dots (Künzl ele ment 59).2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.8, d 12.4. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.0, d 12.8.Date: AD 301-355.

OO 41Grave: >260x120; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.95; depth 65 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 40, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 42Grave: >50x65; 123°/303°; NAP surface 36.60,

bottom 35.22; depth 138 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the bottom of the grave. Position in rela-tion to the deceased is unknown. Bowl 3 dam-aged du ring exca vation; three old cracks. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.9, d 7.4. Decora tion: •D•A•M•I•, small dots (Künzl element 59).2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.4, d 11.8. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 6.8, d 14.1. Large quantity of fine tem-pering material (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 43Grave: >70x80; 124°/304°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Position in grave unknown. Inventory1 Jar, no data.

OO 44Grave: 160x85; 109°/289°; NAP surface 36.87, bottom 35.39; depth 148 Coffin: 105x32; 109°/289°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche near NE corner of the grave. Small bowl 2 was lying on beaker 3 like a lid. Inventory1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 343a, h 24, d 13.6. Decora tion on shoulder in white paint from top to bottom: line, dots, line, six ten drils to the left in C-sha pe, to the right in running scroll, divided by 2-4 dia gonals, double line. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Che net 301, h 3.5, d 14.7. De cora tion: IMPLE painted in white inside the rim.3 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.2, d 8.2. Measured volume up to transition

166—

be tween shoul der and neck 125 cc. Decor ation in white paint: •V•I•T•A•, lying branch (ele ment not in Künzl 1997). Date: AD 350-355.

OO 45Grave: 110x105; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.00, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 46Grave: 190x>55; 26°/206°; NAP surface 37.83, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 47Grave: >55x75; 319°; NAP surface 37.03, bottom 36.09; depth 94 Remark: Earlier than OO 48, which cuts it.Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 48Grave: 242x86; 135°; NAP surface 37.03, bottom 36.02; depth 101 Remark: Later than OO 47, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 200x48/44; 135°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, imme diately to the right of the head. Old crack. 2 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, imme diately to the right of the upper body.Intrusion3 In the top filling of the grave.Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 19.4. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.8, d 19.9. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).Intrusion?3 Iron Aucissa fibula, com plete, l 4.5, h 2.5.

Date: AD 301-367.

OO 49Grave: 250x100; 123°; NAP surface 37.25, bottom 35.92; depth 133 Remark: Small part of the grave outside excava-tion limits. Coffin: nails; 212x45; 123°Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, phalange of the right hand, pelvis, femora.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusions?1 Outside the coffin to the right of the femur. It can not be excluded that the object was lying on the coffi n. 2 On the bottom of the coffi n, near right tibia. InventoryIntrusions?1 Small bronze ring, not drawn.2 Bronze, unknown.

OO 50Grave: 275x110; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.21, bot-tom 35.22; depth 199 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the top filling, alti tude unknown.Inventory1 Coin: as, Claudius I (?), 41-64, barbaric, obv. RIC2 95ff; rev. (Aug.) 230ff.

OO 51Grave: 125x65; 82°/262°; NAP surface 37.25, bot-tom -; depth -

OO 52Grave: 170x75; 173°/353°; NAP surface 37.25, bot-tom 36.08; depth 117 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 53Grave: 255x95-110; 114°; NAP surface 37.10, bot-tom 35.65; depth 145

167—

Remark: Later than OO 56, which it cuts.Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40; 114°Skeletal material: Skull.Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 54Grave: 228x90; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.22, bot-tom 36.01; depth 121 Remark: Earlier than OO 55, which cuts it.Coffin: on the basis of nails 190x40; 115°/295°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin, alti tude unknown. Beaker fallen over during filling in of the grave and rim damaged during excava tion, when the level was cleared. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.1, d 12.4. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 55Grave: 135x50; 76°/256°; NAP surface 37.21, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 54, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 56Grave: 270x90; 300° (?); NAP surface 37.10, bot-tom 35.68; depth 142Remark: Earlier than OO 53, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 208x42/36; 300° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, above the upper body, on the right side of the coffin. Dish 2, which has two old cracks, stood on cook ing-pot with handle 3 (or the other way round: description in docu-mentation and grave drawings are contradic-tory). Corrosi on traces on inside of jar 3. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured (but fired to a reddish col-our) beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.1, d 8.6.2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.6, d 17.9. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).

3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.7-14.7, d 14.2. Lop-sided and remarkably large. Coarse volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 57Grave: 144x65; 93°/273°; NAP surface 37.20, bot-tom 36.37; depth 83 Coffin: nails; 106x42; 93°/273°

OO 58Grave: 250x90-105; 114°; NAP surface 37.22, bot-tom 35.65; depth 157 Remark: Earlier than OO 60, which cuts it.Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 205x44 (he ad)/40 (foot-end); 114°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the legs.2 On the coffin, above the head. Base decayed. Inventory1 Brown-marbled jug with one handle Nijmegen 77, h 19, d 14.2.2 Fragments of a small glass amphora Gellep 212, now pre ser ved as 90 grams of crumbs; parts of foot-ring and neck ring pre ser ved, but not of hand les. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 59Grave: 230x60-80; 115°; NAP surface 37.22, bot-tom 35.70; depth 152 Coffin: nails; 185x41; 115°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the left of the upper body. Pla te 1 lacks part of its rim and of beaker 2, the lower part up to the max diameter has been preser ved, both cut by the mechanical digger scraping the level. Dish 3 has old cracks. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 6.3, d 23.4.

168—

2 Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine tendrils Gel lep 16 (= Chenet 335a), pre served h 11.1, d 13.0.3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.2, d 19.1. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 60Grave: 230x90; 117°; NAP surface 37.22, bottom 35.69; depth 153 Remark: Later than OO 58, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 165x40/45; 117°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the feet, fallen over.2 Outside the coffin in the grave, on an elevati on of sand, at the foot-end near the left-hand cor-ner of the coffin. It may have slipped from the top of the coffin when the grave was being filled in. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 12.9, d 8.7.2 Rounded oval iron buckle without trace of a tongue, 6.0x4.7 (max w belt 5.0).Date: AD 301-367.

OO 61Grave: 145x105; 34°/214°; NAP surface 37.22, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 62Grave: 150x80; 113°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.37; depth 203 Coffin: 125x40; 113°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 Outside the coffin on an elevation of sand, at the head-end, in the right-hand corner of the grave. Frag ments of an imbrex 4 covered plate 1. Fragment of imbrex 5 covered cook ing-pot with handle 3.Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.4, d 24.5.

2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.5, d 9.3.3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.0, d 13.0. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).4 Eight fitting fragments of an imbrex. Not drawn. 5 Fragment of an imbrex. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 63Grave: 210x86; 106° (?); NAP surface 37.90, bot-tom 35.99; depth 191 Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x48; 106° (?)Skeletal material: burnt (human?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the bottom of the coffin, and, considering the space remaining for the bo dy, probably to the right of the feet and legs. Beaker 3 slightly rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Jar 4 was stan ding above the upper body, as appears from the field dra wing, and contained shoe nails 5.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) h 9.5, d 20.8. Decoration: five zones of rouletted de corati on with egg moul dings and hatched squares (Hübener’s group 1). 2 Fine dark coloured motto-jug Künzl 12.2.1, h 20.8, d 11.8. Decora tion: Λ•I•V•Λ•M•V•S•.3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 19.4, d 11.4.4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 22.6, d 24.5. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).5 Iron shoe nails: ±40 nails, l 2, with coni cal heads. Date: AD 320-350.

OO 64Grave: >150x110; 113°/293°; NAP surface 38.80, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

169—

OO 65Grave: 215x80; 107°; NAP surface 38.00, bottom 35.88; depth 212 Coffin: nails; 200x45; 107°Skeletal material: Skull, femora and right tibia.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, to the left of the head, in frag-ments. The lip of the beaker dama ged during ex-cavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with in-cised groo ve, preserved h 15.5, d 10.0. Graffito VV (?) on neck. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 66Grave: 240x70/85; 130°; NAP surface 37.90, bot-tom 35.99; depth 191 Coffin: nails; 205x40; 130°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, to the right of the head. The bea ker was lying on its side, partly within the coffi n. It had probably been standing next to the coffin and was pushed later into the rotten coffin by ground pressu re. Beaker damaged during exca vation. Intrusion?2 In the top filling? With beaker 1 an early Ro-man buc kle and a rim fragment of a Drag. 37 are preserved in the museum depot; these pos sibly intruded when the gra ve was being filled in. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h c.22, d 12.0. Intrusion?2 Fragmentary first-century Roman bronze buckle, 3.0x2.2 (max w belt 2), consisting of a pelta shape on a rod, which was fastened to the belt by means of a pin through two eyelets (one eyelet preserved). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 67Grave: 110x50; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.15, bot-tom -; depth -

Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Marked as shallow on field drawing.

OO 68Grave: >105x80; 130°/310°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom c.35.94; depth c.196 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits. The bottom of the grave could approxi mately be established in the vertical section of the ex-cavation trench.

OO 69Grave: NAP surface 37.90, bottom 36.38; depth 152 Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation lim-its.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Found in the vertical section of the excava-tion trench, some 40 cm above the bottom of the grave. As the re was no trace of a niche, both objects must have been placed on top of the cof-fin. Beaker 1 slightly dama ged at rim during ex-cavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 9.5, d 7.3. Decorati on: GA•V•D•E• (no dot be-tween GA).2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12, d 13.2. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-355.

OO 70Grave: 225x78; 275°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 34.84; depth 156 Coffin: nails; 206x58/35; 275°Skeletal material: Skull, right tibia.

OO 71Grave: 227x95; 98°/288°; NAP surface 36.40, bot-tom 35.95; depth 45 Coffin: coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 200x33; 98°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessories

170—

1-3 In the grave on an ele vation of sand, imme-diately to the left of the tibi ae/immediately to the right of the upper body. Rim of jar 2 dam-aged during excava tion. Bowl 3 has an old crack and an old chip at the rim. Intrusion?4 In the top filling.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.8, d 13.5. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.9, d 13.3.3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 5.2, d 14.Intrusion?4 Flat iron disk, d 7.0. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 72Grave: 226x63; 100°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 34.56; depth 184 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 206x38/34; 100°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 73Grave: 184x110; 39°/219°; NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 74, which it cuts.

OO 74Grave: 142x74; 108°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.80; depth 165 Remark: Earlier than OO 73, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 106x32; 108°Skeletal material: Vague trace of skull.

OO 75Grave: 90x53/47; 90° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 35.16; depth 129 Remark: Later than OO 76, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 65x33/22; 90° (?)

Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 76Grave: 157x44; 291° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 34.90; depth 155 Remarks: Earlier than OO 75, which cuts it; later than OO 77, which it cuts. The grave is trapezoi-dal in sha pe, pro ba bly reflecting the orien tation of a coffin wit hout nails. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, possibly to the right at the head-end.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 18.0, d 10.7. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 77Grave: 125x80; 29°/209°; NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 35.55; depth 90 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 76, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 78Grave: 165x65; 108°/288°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.15; depth 155 Remarks: The niche was seen in the S side at the first level. Coffin: nails; 140x34; 108°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the head or the feet, fallen over when the grave was fil led in or when the coffin collapsed. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavation, when the level was cleared. 2-3 In the grave on an ele vation of sand, at the he ad or foot-end. Jug 2 damaged during excava-tion. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m of Künzl’s chronological group IV, h 12.3, d 7.6. Decorati on: white bar botine lines and painted letters FRVI (without dots between them); Künzl element 48.2 Coarse jug Gellep 115 with pin ched spout, h 26.0, d 19. Coarse volcanic tempering (from

171—

Mayen).3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 7.4, d 14.0. Large quantity of fine tem-pering material (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-315.

OO 79Grave: >210x>63; 128°/308°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.52; depth 113 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one.

OO 80Grave: >200x125; 75°/255°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.84; depth 74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 81, which it cuts; and ear-lier than OO 82, which cuts it. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one.

OO 81Grave: >200x100; 133°/313°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 80, which cuts it. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one.

OO 82Grave: 240x98; 112°/292°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.49; depth 111 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 80, which it cuts.

OO 83Grave: 213x70/85; 5°; NAP surface 36.66, bottom 35.52; depth 114 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Presumably on the coffin (it was found in an oblique positi on) at the foot-end, altitude un-known. Damaged during excava tion. Inventory

1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.7, d 13.1. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).Date: AD 301-400.

OO 84Grave: 214x85; 24°/204°; NAP surface 36.66, bot-tom 35.26; depth 140 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 186x53; 24°/204°.

OO 85Grave: 215x80/95; 122°; NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom 35.24; depth 143 Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 86Grave: >95x72; 19°/199°; NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom c.34.18; depth c.249 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave was under a recent pit, but the base could ap proximately be esta blished in the vertical sec tion of the excavation trench. Grave partially outside excavation limits.

OO 87Grave: >80x87; 9°/189°; NAP surface 36.69, bot-tom 35.44; depth 125 Remarks: Earlier than OO 88, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partial ly out side excavation li mits.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the coffin, position in relation to the body un known. Jar 2: rim damaged during excavation, when the level was clear ed.Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 16.3.2 Bottom-wall fragment of a coarse jar, pre-served h 5.3, preserved d 11.5. Coarse volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 88Grave: >90x82; 102°; NAP surface 36.69, bottom 35.06; depth 163 Remarks: Later than OO 87, which it cuts. Grave

172—

cut through by digging in recent times. Orienta-tion recon structed with the help of the positions of the bra ce lets within the coffin. Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >50x37; 102°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Presumably at the wrist of the deceased.3 In the coffin near the left shoulder of the decea sed.4 In the coffin, at the altitude of the skull. Sto len during or shortly after the excavation. Coffin mounting5 At the head-end of the coffin, on the right-hand corner, 16 cm above the bott om of the grave.Inventory1 Bracelet of 9 glass beads: 1 biconical/barrel-shaped bead, broken, trans-parent ultramari ne, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2925c;2 flat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2934;6 conical and biconical be ads, transparent olive yel low, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2969a. 2 Bronze bracelet, d 3.8, oval in section, w 0.35.3 Buckle, fibula? Not drawn. 4 Coin: follis, Crispus (?), 317-325?, missing. Coffin mounting5 Iron, shapeless, 5.5x2 (not drawn). Coin date: AD 317-330.

OO 89Grave: >70x58; 113°/297°; NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.30; depth 155 Remarks: Later than OO 90, which it cuts. Grave parti ally outside excavation li mits.Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); >56x30; 113°/297°Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 90Grave: 134x75; 304° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.50; depth 135 Remark: Earlier than OO 89 and OO 94, which cut it.Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in

Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 122x35/30; 304° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the he ad.2 In the coffin on the chest of the deceased.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.2, d 12.7.2 Iron object (needle, fibu la?). Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 91Grave: 189x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.78; depth 107 Remark: Later than votive pit OO 92, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 300-?

OO 92 (votive pit)Trench: 123x96; 118°/298°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 34.98; depth 187 Lining: d 75, h >95 Remarks: Considering the shape of the features this is proba bly a dug-in (wine?-)barrel. Ear lier than graves OO 91 and OO 93, which cut it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the barrel, sunken after the wood had rotted away. Rim of 1 damaged du ring excava-tion. Inventory1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 343c with handle and four white horizontal lines, h 19.6, d 10.8.2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h: 11.0, diameter: 8.1. Decora tion: •M•I•S•C•E• dashes (Künzl element 60). Date: AD 300-355.

OO 93Grave: >70x75; 127°/307°; NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 36.08; depth 78 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than votive pit OO 92, which it cuts. Part of the grave was outside the exca vation trench and was not recognized in the neighbou-ring one.

173—

Stratigraphical date: AD 300-?

OO 94Grave: 269x80; 303° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.15; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 90, which it cuts.Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 55x43; 303° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the upper body, slipped off the coffin when the grave was filled in. 2 On the coffin, above the head, slipped off the coffin when the grave was filled in. Beaker dam-aged during excavation, when the level was cleared.Intrusion3 Top filling of grave.Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 6.4, d 25.7.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.6, d 10.8. Two graffiti: on the neck, a rectangle divided into two squares, on the foot a clum sily drawn horse to the right. Intrusion3 Iron. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 95Grave: >110x60; 75°/255°; NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.93; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave was outsi de the excava-tion trench and was not recog nized in the neigh-bouring one. There may be a remainder of another grave at the N side, but the documenta-tion is unclear here.

OO 96Grave: 230x90; 108°; NAP surface 36.91, bottom 35.27; depth 164 Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 166x40 (he ad)/36 (foot-end); 107°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories

1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, to the left of the upper body.Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 19.2. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 97Grave: 235x80; 117°; NAP surface 37.18, bottom 35.99; depth 119 Coffin: nails; 208x45; 117°Skeletal material: Skull, legs.Remark: Discolorations wit hin coffin traces prob-ably caused by collapse of lid.

OO 98Grave: 245x110; 118°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.70; depth 160 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 202x50; 118°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, left radius, femo-ra, tibiae.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the left of the waist. The heights of the grave goods seem not to have been measu red correctly, as plate 2 and bowl 3 float in the ni che. 4 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, at the head-end, in the right-hand cor ner of the grave.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 25 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.5, d 14.0.2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.8, d 24.3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.7, d 9.5.4 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.1, d 7.6. Decora tion: V•I•V•A•S•, three dots (Künzl ele ment 59). Date: AD 301-355.

OO 99Grave: 240x90; 121°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.34; depth 96 Remark: During excavation, the contents of the

174—

niche at the long N side of the gra ve, near NW corner were re moved by the mechanical dig ger, and any grave goods there. Coffin: nails; 205x45/41; 121°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs, feet. Right arm stretched, left underarm on the pelvis.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the shoulder. Possibly fastened to dress or worn around the neck. Inventory1 Necklace with 1 glass be ad:ring-shaped bead, around hexagonal pontil rod, trans parent ultramarine, d 1.2, h 0.4, Riha 1183.

OO 100Grave: 136x60; 286°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.19; depth 111 Coffin: 124x25 (head)/30 (foot-end); 285°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, right tibia.

OO 101Grave: 210x110; 106° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bot-tom 35.12; depth 208 Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 160x50/44; 102° (?)Remark: In the coffin (at the head-end?) there seems to have been a transverse junction/beam. Outer coffin trace: 210x110 Remark: Considering the ver tical position of the nails, the outer coffin had a wood en floor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-7, 9-10 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left (?) of the lower body. Bowl 1 stood upon di sh 7. Corrosion tra ces on the un derside of di sh 7 show that it stood on an iron nail. Knife 9 was lying obliquely on the rim of bowl 1, as appears from rust marks. Knife 10 was in dish 7.8 On the coffin, between the legs. Altitude un-known.11 In the top filling of the grave. Intrusion? 12 Altitude unknown. Found together with 8 and may have been lying on the coffin. Inventory

1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.5, d 15.2.1a Contained bone remains. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 4.8, d 21.7.3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 16.3, d 18.6. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz). Con tained 3a and 3b.3a In its filling, at a depth of 9 cm, was a human bone frag ment (proximal part of a left femur, 1.8 gr), secondarily introdu ced by mice or moles. 3b At the same depth in the jar there were bo-vine bone frag ments: five fragments of probably the same rib, 3.4 gr, plus 38 unidentifiable, prob-ably belonging frag ments, 2.9 gr. Also the cow’s rib may have got into the jar when the grave was filled in, but it seems more likely that there was beef with the rib fragment(s) in the food in the jar. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with narrow bottom, h 11.7, d 13.0, d bottom 4.5. Large quan-ti ty of fine tem pering mate rial (from Ur mitz).5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 16.3. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.2, d 21.1. The dish con tains food remains on 75% of its surface. (Lauwerier 1983 (1986), 186, Fig. 3; 1988, 80, Fig. 22.). 6a The small bones of the skull of a suckling-pig have been preserved. Cranium fragmented. The Pd2’s are erupting: age at slaughter c.10 weeks. 6b Chicken (?): articulated parts of ulna, radius and humerus. Three large uniden tifiable frag-ments may be parts of the hind legs. The posi-tion of the articulated bones of the wing, the uni dentifiable long bones and the ribs suggest strongly that this is the skeleton of a complete bird, placed in the grave intact. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 15.8. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).8 Fragments of the bottom of a conical glass shape, Gel lep 193 (?), d c.4. The thic kness of the glass in the curve between bottom and wall is 0.5. In that place, there is a foot-ring of thick glass thread, d 0.7. Not drawn.9 Iron knife, l 13.3. Lan cet-shaped blade, l 5.3, w

175—

1.3. Wooden hand le and iron protec ting col lar preserved in large part around the tang. 10 Fragmentary small iron knife: end of the pin with wood remains of the bone handle around it preserved (not drawn). 11 Small ‘Germanic’ silver trumpet fibula Alm-gren 101, datable to the last quarter of the first century AD, all but complete and without wear marks visible to the naked eye, l 2.7. The name-giving diabolo-shaped middle piece, the two ends of which form an angle of 75°, has pearl rims at those ends and a loose pearl thre ad, put upon it; at the spring end, this pearl thre ad is lost and the groove in which it was set is visible. The high catchplate hangs from a tube of bent silver sheet solde red onto the middle of the di-abolo-end; the tube, which car ries three longitu-dinal pearl threads, ends with two pearl rims. The spring is joined by a small axis to an up right silver strip on the other diabolo-end; the ten sion of the spring has bro ken the axis near the strip. The spring runs from the strip to the right in sev-en coils, runs along the top to the left, and re-turns in five coils to the strip, where it ends in the pin. 12 Small fragment of bronze sheet (not drawn).13 Fragments of a bottle of thin, all but colour-less glass. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 102Grave: 164x80; 121°/301°; NAP surface 37.25, bot-tom 36.11; depth 114 Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 102x40; 112°/292°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right or left of waist. Bea ker 1 damaged at its rim during excavation. Jar 3 lost its handle in antiqui-ty. 4 Outside the coffin, in the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head/foot-end of the coffin, in the left/right corner of the grave.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m,

h 10.9, d 8.5. Decora tion: I•N•P•L•E followed by a vertical dott ed line. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 20.0. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken off, h 10.8, d 12.9, d bottom 4.1.4 Bronze finger-ring with gem, inner d 1.7, band with D-shaped section, widening gradually from 0.1 to 0.7. The bezel con tains a trans parent blue stone (glass?), in which an animal (horse?) to the left is en graved. The body is indica ted by three drilling holes, the tip of the tail by one. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 103Grave: 260x150; 112°; NAP surface 37.15, bottom 35.08; depth 207 Coffin: nails; 182x51/46; 112°Skeletal material: Skull.Outer coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 216x110 Remark: Considering the ver tical position of the nails, the outer coffin had a wood en floor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the feet.2-3 On the outer coffin, next to the head, in the left-hand corner.4 On the bottom of the outer coffin, at the foot-end.Inventory1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.3, d 22.1.2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 18.1.3 Glass, colourless, degra ded by soil processes, 100 gr, probably a small bowl. Not drawn. 4 Bronze-sheet mountings of a wooden chest.4a-b Two undecorated rectan gular pieces with nail holes in the corners (7.5x6.2 and 7.4x4.9, re-spectively). With both pie ces, bronze nails with hemispherical heads have been preser ved. 4c Bronze lifting ring that was on the front side of the lid, d 2.0. The bron ze split pin with which the ring was fastened to the wood is 3.8 cm long. Date: AD 301-350.

176—

OO 104Grave: 175x80; 118° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bot-tom 35.96; depth 134 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 164x48/42; 118° (?)Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 105Grave: 205x105; 109°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.89; depth 141 Coffin: nails; 160x40; 109°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 106Grave: 235x90; 133°; NAP surface 37.41, bottom 35.69; depth 172 Coffin: nails; 200x40; 128°Skeletal material: Skull, right radius, femora.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the upper body. 2 In the top filling, to the left of the knees, 10 cm above the bott om of the coffin.Inventory1 Coarse jar Gose 545 with lid-seating, h 31.7, d 33.2. Groo ved deco ration on the shoulder, con-sisting of a wavy line be tween two hori zontal lines. Large quantity of fine tempering material (from Urmitz).2 Coin: as, Caligula, 37-38, Rome, RIC2 35, for Ger manicus. Date: AD 301-333.

OO 107Grave: 110x80; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 35.66; depth 164 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 75x35; 107°/287°Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the top filling, 24 cm above the bottom of the coffi n.Intrusion1 Shapeless piece of bronze sheet (not drawn).

OO 108Grave: 150x55; 118°/298°; NAP surface 37.41, bot-tom 35.83; depth 158 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, deposited as a group. Position in re lation to the body unknown. According to the field dra wing, the beakers seem to have fall-en over. Beaker 1 slightly rim dama ged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.5, d 7.6. Decora tion: D•A•M•I•, three small dots (Künzl ele ment 59).2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groo ve, h 15.9, d 10.0. The two decora-tions, groove and incising, were made by hol-ding the same spatula in different ways. The lowest groove even chan ges into incising. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 19.6. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Outside burnt, inside yellow with grey veins. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 109Grave: 180x85; 20°; NAP sur face 37.57, bottom 35.75; depth 182 Coffin: nails; 170x50; 20°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, radii, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, to the left of the waist.2 Outside the coffin on an elevation of sand, at the foot-end, in the left-hand corner of the grave.3 In niche at the W side of the grave, to the right of the femora. Old crack. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.0, d 9.7.2 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 9.7, d 10.4.3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.4, d 21.1. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-350.

177—

OO 110Grave: 185x80; 295°; NAP surface 37.85, bottom 36.00; depth 185 Remarks: Earlier than OO 111, which cuts it. The out line at the NW end is irre gular, because it has sunken into an earlier filled-in trench under-neath. Coffin: nails; 168x40; 295°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri.

OO 111Grave: 150x45; 300°; NAP surface 37.85, bottom 35.99; depth 186 Remark: Later than OO 110, which it cuts. Coffin: nails; 110x32; 300°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 112Grave: 226x100/80; 102°; NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 34.83; depth 162 Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 185x36/30; 102°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at the foot-end. Inventory1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.2, d 13.8. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 113Grave: 235x82; 261°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 34.71; depth 194 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Skeletal material: Dental re mains.

OO 114Grave: 110x61; 62°/242°; NAP surface 36.70, bot-tom 35.40; depth 130 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 115Grave: 114x56; 68°/248°; NAP surface 36.65, bot-

tom 34.95; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 116, which it cuts.

OO 116Grave: 215x70; 86°/266°; NAP surface 36.65, bot-tom 35.13; depth 152 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Earlier than OO 115, which cuts it.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand or on the coffi n. Surface worn. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.7, d 15.5. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 276-367.

OO 117Grave: >180x>80; 88°/268°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.48; depth 117 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 118Grave: 260x125/105; 122°; NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom 34.52; depth 215 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: nails; 172x36/43; 122°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 119Grave: 74x60/52; 102°/282°; NAP surface 36.68, bottom 34.70; depth 198 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 120, which cuts it.

OO 120Grave: 280x100; 12°/192°; NAP surface 36.70, bot-tom c.35.51; depth c.119Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 119 and OO 121, which it cuts.

OO 121Grave: >94x60; 111°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom

178—

35.25; depth 145 Remarks: Earlier than OO 120, which cuts it. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times. Skeletal material: Right tibia.

OO 122Grave: 240x105; 104°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 34.60; depth 210 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 195x38/30; 104°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, on the middle of the head-end.Intrusion2 In the top filling of the grave.Inventory1 Terra nigra (?) or burnt beaker Symonds 61 in-cised, h 16.5, d 9.8, in fragments. Intrusion2 Lead. No data, not drawn. Date: AD 301-400.

OO 123Grave: 170x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom 35.27; depth 140 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 124Grave: 175x80; 2°/182°; NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 125Grave: >235x130; 105°/285°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.22; depth 125 Remarks: Later than OO 126, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 126Grave: 145x>66; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.15; depth 152 Remarks: Earlier than OO 125, which cuts it. Grave

cut through by dig ging in recent times.

OO 127Grave: 233x70; 264°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 34.92; depth 175 Remark: Later than OO 128, which it cuts.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 202x?; 264°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 128Grave: 140x65; 124° (?); NAP surface 36.67, bot-tom 35.53; depth 114 Remark: Earlier than OO 127, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 104x39/36; 132° (?)

OO 129Grave: 145x85; 107°; NAP surface 36.68, bottom 34.97; depth 171 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails ?x40; 107°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin, alti tude unknown, to the left of the head.2 Around the neck of the deceased, altitude un-known.3 Around the right wrist of the deceased?Inventory1 Glass: thin body sherds of a bottle with kick. Not drawn.2 Necklace of 7 glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent ulramarine, d 0.4, h 0.8, TM 135; 1 tyre-shaped bead, weathe red emerald green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 1243; 5 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 1.3, TM 137. 3 Bracelet of sapropelite a.k.a. cannel coal, inner d 4.1, outer d 5, with D-shaped section, w 0.9, decora ted with dot-and-cir cles. Date: AD 301-367.

179—

OO 130Grave: 223x103/78; 120°; NAP surface 36.68, bot-tom 35.24; depth 144 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: >190x36; 120°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur.Remark: No nails found du ring excavation.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, to the left of the head. Beaker damaged at rim during exca-vation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d of Kün-zl’s chronolo gical group IV, h 11.1, d 7.3. Decora-tion in white barbo tine: large dots separated by vertical lines of three small dots each. Date: AD 280-315.

OO 131Grave: 88x78; 118°; NAP sur face 36.67, bottom 35.59; depth 108 Remarks: Later than OO 132, which it cuts. This cremati on seems to have been inhu med inten-tionally in a coffi n after wards. Coffin: coffin type 5 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 64x32; 118°Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Lying upon burnt bone in coffin. Lip missing. Beaker damaged during excavation. 2 Outside the coffin, 6 cm abo ve the bottom of the gra ve. The jar was found in sherds. 3 The sherds were mixed up with remains of the pyre in the coffin. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, preser ved h 9.8, d 6.8. Decorati on: FELICITER VIVA(S). There is a hole where the S should be; no dots between the lett ers, no further decora-tion. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105. Not drawn, measure ments un known.3 Glass, no data. Date: AD 301-355. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

Combined date: AD 301-355.

OO 132Grave: 250x145; 120°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.28; depth 139 Remark: Earlier than OO 131, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 214x42; 122°Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, at the head-end of the coffin, near the left-hand corner of the coffi n.Inventory1 Small terra nigra beaker, shape like Gellep 378, h 10.8, d 7.1. Remarka bly hea vy. Date: AD 301-400. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. Combined date: AD 301-355.

OO 133Grave: 230x96; 124°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.04; depth 176 Remark: Later than OO 166, which it cuts. No nails found during excavation. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 On the coffin, in a lon gitudinal row above the waist. Beakers 2 and 5 found in sherds. Old crack in 3. 2 and 4 damaged during excava tion. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26, h 5.6, d 13.3. Lip thinner than vertical wall under it. On the insi de, concentric traces of wear: from stir-ring? 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.4, d 10.0.3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.2, d 13.3.4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.0, d 19.3. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).5 Fragments of glass beaker Gellep 294 with ver-tical folds, h at least 9, d lip 7. Clear glass with fine bubbles. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367.

180—

OO 134Grave: 180x95; 133°/313°; NAP surface 36.80, bot-tom 35.52; depth 128 Coffin: nails; 118x30; 133°/313°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, above the upper body/the legs. Smashed to pieces by mechanical dig ger when level was cleared. 4 In the top filling. Stolen during or after the excava tions. Inventory1 Bottom-wall fragment of fine dark coloured bottle Künzl 14.2.2, preserved h 6.5, d 12.0.2 Bottom fragment of a coar se cooking-pot, preserved h 3.2, d base 11.0. Inner sur face black, outer surface burnt. 3 Bottom fragment of a jar, preserved h 2.7, d base 5.0.4 Coin: aes?, first century. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 135Grave: >170x85; 303°; NAP surface 36.82, bottom 35.64; depth 118 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: Stratigraphical relation to grave OO 136 not determi ned during excavati on. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. Skeletal material: Right femur. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the left of the legs. Beaker rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.6.1, h 15.6, d 10. Decorati on: a zone of spirals (Künzl element 168) under the text •G•A•V•D•E•, branch (Künzl element 64).Date: AD 301-355.

OO 136Grave: >190x115; 245°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation lim-its. Strati graphical relation to grave OO 135 not

determined during excavation. Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: Skull, in vertical section of the excava-tion trench, not recovered. Nails of the coffin not on field drawing. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above upper body. Exact altitude un known. Neck missing. 2 At the foot-end. It is unknown whether the bowl was inside or outside the coffi n. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, preser ved h 10.4, d 9.4. Foot very narrow. 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 121 with lip thickened on inside and wide bottom, h 7.6, d 17.6. Coarse volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 137Grave: >135x70; 147°; NAP surface 36.95, bottom 35.84; depth 111 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: Nails and coffin trace missing.

OO 138Grave: 225x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 37.00, bot-tom 35.50; depth 150 Remark: Earlier than OO 143 and OO 144, which cut it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355.

OO 139Grave: 120x60; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.10, bot-tom 36.03; depth 107 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 140Grave: 245/155x54; 234°; NAP surface 37.00, bot-tom 35.82; depth 118 Remarks: Later than OO 141, which it cuts. The length of the grave could not be dis tinguished exactly.

181—

Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Remark: No coffin nails found.

OO 141Grave: 230x120; 110°/290°; NAP surface 37.06, bottom -; depth -Remarks: During excavation recognized as a grave, but not excavated in detail. Earlier than OO 140, which cuts it.

OO 142Grave: 120x65; 287°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.50; depth 160 Remarks: Later than OO 143, which it cuts. During exca vation, OO 142 and OO 143 were mistaken for one grave; this created the mistaken impres-sion that a small coffi n was placed in the corner of a large grave. Coffin: nails; 75x34/28; 295° (?)

OO 143Grave: 250x125; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. During excavation, OO 142 and OO 143 were mistaken for one grave; this created the mistaken impression that a small coffin was placed in the corner of a large grave. Earlier than OO 144 and OO 142, which cut it, and later than OO 171 (?) and OO 138, which it cuts. Grave goods, if any, have dis ap peared from the niche on the S side during exca vation. The bottom of the grave is above NAP 35.69 be-cause the grave cuts through grave OO 142. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-355.

OO 144Grave: 260x140; 116°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.05; depth 195 Remark: Later than the gra ves OO 138 and OO 143, which it cuts. Coffin: nails; 200x52/48; 116°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Outer coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >214x132 Remark: Considering the ver tical position of the

nails, the outer coffin had a wood en floor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the upper body.6-8, 10-12 In a second niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body.Intrusion?13 Outside the coffin to the right of the head. The altitude is unknown. Possi bly it belongs to the grave goods after all.14 In the top filling of the grave. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 41 (= Chenet 313), h 5.8, d 25.7.1a Contained food remains on 25% of its surface: bovine, processus olecrani of the right ulna of an adult ani mal. 2 Fine dark coloured motto-jug Künzl 12.2.1, h 25.5, d 14.6. Painted decora tion in two text lines: R•E•P•L•E•M•I• /C•O•N•D•I•T•V•M•, small branch (Künzl element 64). 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.7, d 8.6.4 Terra nigra double-handled jar with wide verti-cal lip Nijme gen 122, h 27.1, d 21.6. Incised deco-ration: three horizon tal zigzags on the body, fine zigzags on the shoulder, crosses on the wide neck. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 16.6, d 17.8.

The grave goods of OO 144: from left to right 1,5,4,2,3.

182—

Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).6 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on insi de, h 6.9, d 14.6. Large quantity of fine tem-pering material (from Ur mitz).6a Contained food remains on 75% of its sur-face. Frag ments of the skull of a suc kling pig. The milk-inci sors, the Pd3’s and the Pd4’s are present both in the maxilla and in the mandibu la. The milk-premolars are not worn, the Pd2’s are not yet pre sent: age at slaughter 7-10 weeks. 6b Unidentifiable small bone fragments. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 17.7. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).7a Bone remains on the bott om. Not determina-ble.8 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 18.5.9 A small iron knife with bronze hilt plate, cor-roded on the imprint of a small bone. Remains of wooden handle. Not drawn.10 Iron decorative nail, d 2, on which a bronze cove ring plate. The plate has an elevated rim and in the cen tre a Medusa head in relief with small globes which re present the snake hair. 11 Fragment of a curved bronze-sheet lid or cor-ner reinforce ment, d 20, 8.2x1.8x0.7 (h of the rim). Wooden chest?12 Bone. Not identifiable. Intrusion?13 Bronze tweezers. Not drawn.14 Drop of bronze. Date: AD 300-355.

OO 145Grave: 142x58; 112°; NAP surface 37.15, bottom 35.38; depth 177 Coffin: nails; 128x40/35; 112°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above waist.2 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the ti biae.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.6, d 13.1. Large quanti ty of fine tempering materi al (from Urmitz).

2 Glass. No data. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 146Grave: 160x95; 25°/305°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 36.19; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 147Grave: 150x30; 108°; NAP surface 37.21, bottom 35.71; depth 150 Coffin: nails; 150x32/26; 108°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the he ad. Rim slightly damaged during excavati on. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16.2, d 10. Decorati on: V•I•V•A•M•V•S•, with under neath a zone with run ning scroll (Künzl el-ement 188).Date: AD 301-355.

OO 148Grave: 90x70; 297° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bott om 35.57; depth 163 Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 72x32/28; 297° (?)

OO 149Grave: 150x75; 131° (?); NAP surface 37.35, bott om 35.32; depth 203 Coffin: nails; 90x38/35; 131° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the left foot. The beaker had fallen over.2 On the coffin, above the right foot.3 Possibly on the bottom of the coffin near the right hand. Exact altitude un known.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.2, d 7.4. Decora tion: R•E•P•E• (sic), three small dots (Künzl element 58).2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h

183—

9.9, d 11.4.3 Coin: follis (27), Con stantine I, 301-303, Lyon, RIC 164a, for Constantius I. Date: AD 301-355. Coin date: AD 301-318. Com bined date: AD 301-318.

OO 150Grave: >210x70; 106°; NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.80; depth 140 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. Coffin: nails; 190x>48; 106°Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, left radius, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesStone and brick1 Found on the chest. In view of its altitude it seems to have been lying in the coffin, on the body. Inventory1 Tile. Not drawn.

OO 151Grave: NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.68; depth 152 Remarks: This grave was overlooked during exca-vati on. Recogni zed as a coffi n only at the lowest level. Coffin: nails; 160x66/57; 128° (?)

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the coffin, above the head. The exact alti-tude can not be recovered from the field data. As both beakers lack their rims, they must have been damaged when the level was cleared. This le vel was 18 cm above the bott om of the grave. 3 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the head. But it may have been on top of the coffin. Inventory1 Lower part of a fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, preserved h 4.3, d 7.5. Decorati on: S•I•T•I•O•, three small dots (Künzl ele ment 57).2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, lacking neck, preserved h 14.4, d 9.2. 3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70 with profiled horizontal lip, h 19.8, d 13.3. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 152Grave: 175x80; 120°; NAP surface 37.16, bottom 35.73; depth 143 Coffin: nails; 140x38; 120°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the waist.Inventory1 Smooth globular bottle Gellep 75, h 15.0, d 12.0.2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.1, d 13.1.3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 7.0, d 24.0. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 153Grave: 230x100; 128°; NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.25; depth 185 Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x52/42; 122°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the legs.Intrusion?

OO 150 with skull (below) and tile.

184—

4 In the top filling, possi bly an intrusion, but possi bly put on the coffin at the level of the ab-domen. The pot had been broken in anti quity. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bottle, h 25.5, d 19.5, type Nijmegen 8. Flat bottom (slightly drawn in dur-ing drying), flat-glo bular body, indenta tion be-tween shoulder and high, narrow and slightly tapering neck. Decoration in white paint on the shoulder in two zones. In the top zone, that runs all but ho rizontally around the neck between two horizontal lines that coin cide with two groo-ves: IMPLE (without dots between the letters), follo wed by a ly ing branch of Y-shape. Be tween two grooves on the shoul der: interloc king run-ning scroll with dashes above and below the mid-dle of each S. Under this zone, a hori zontal line, 1.2 cm above a horizontal groove at the max di-ameter. The unique shape of this bottle is an imitation of the blown glass shape Gellep 522 (= Isings 103); the three grooves on the terra sigil lata bottle im-itate inci sed lines on the glass example. The dec-oration in two zones is like that on the large Trier motto-bea kers of type Künzl 1.6.1.2 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 32/Ludowici Ta, h 5.4, d 20 with stamp AT LA..SFE(cit).

3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15, d 9.5.Intrusion?4 Bottom of coarse pot, d 9.5, with coarse stone grit in the underside of the ba se. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 154Grave: 195x55; 146°/326°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 155Grave: NAP sur face 36.65, bottom -; depth -Remark: Recognized as a pos sible grave during excavati on, but not excavated in detail.

OO 156Grave: 215x84; 105°; NAP surface 36.64, bottom 34.73; depth 191 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 175x34; 105°Skeletal material: Skull, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, at head-end, in the right-hand cor ner. Fallen over when the grave was filled in. Beaker damaged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 21.4, d 11.7. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 157Grave: >100x50; 172°/352°; NAP surface 36.64, bottom 35.40; depth 124 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >65x?; 172°/352°Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Remark: The burnt bone was dispersed through-out the grave.

The unique terra sigillata bottle OO 153.1 in situ with plate 2 and beaker 3.

185—

OO 158Grave: ?x95; orienta tion between c.0°/180° and 40°/220°; NAP surfa ce 36.68, bottom 34.25?; depth 243 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excava-tion. Presuma ble grave was lying under a pit with dark fil ling, possibly a recent gra ve robber’s pit.

OO 159Grave: >260x>165; 107°/287°; NAP surface 36.67, bott om -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 161, which cuts it. The stratigraphic relation with OO 160 has not been established during ex cavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-320.

OO 160Grave: 105x>65; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.50; depth 117 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The stratigraphic relation with grave OO 159 has not been esta blished during excavati on. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 161Grave: 260x120; 124°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 34.88; depth 179 Remark: Later than OO 159, which it cuts. Outer coffin: 240x102/108 Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 212x54; 124°Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: The direction of the nails indicates that this was a lining of the grave.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. Rim of jug 2 missing (re-cent break?).6 Presumably on the coffin, above the right tibia.Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 7.4, d 25.3.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61

grooved, h 15.2, d 10.0.3 Coarse jug Gellep 115, preser ved h 20.3, d 14.8. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.4, h 4.0. Grey ish brown clay (from Speicher).5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.8, h 3.8.6 Bronze crossbow fibula Swift 2iii (Sommer IIa, Kel ler 1A (hexagonal crossarm) or 2A (hexagonal facetted knobs), Van Buchem II (type Nicolae vo) or IIIB (type Deurne; Pröttel 2D: cuff)), l 7.7, weight 47 gr, with undeco rated hexagonal cross-arm and hexagonal facetted knobs. The foot is also fa cetted (foot decoration Swift a10). A pro-nounced pal mette-shaped cuff protru des above the foot of the bow 0.4 cm above and paral lel with the foot. Date: AD 310-320.

OO 162Grave: 253x87; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.60, bot-tom 35.45; depth 115 Remarks: Later than OO 163, which it cuts. During exca vation a possible niche on the long N side was not re cognized and its pos sible contents were removed by the mechanical digger when the level was cleared.

OO 163Grave: >220x65; 260°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.30; depth 130 Remark: Earlier than OO 162, which cuts it.Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 164Grave: 174x34; 114°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 34.58; depth 222 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); reconstructed on the basis of nails 174x34/31; 109°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the femora.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised,

186—

h 15.8, d 9.4.2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 15.9. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).2a Contains food: some uni dentifiable mammal bones. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.6. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 165Grave: 147x44; 107°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.30; depth 150 Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: No coffin nails found during excavation.

OO 166Grave: >112x94; 300°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.70; depth 110 Remark: Earlier than OO 133, which cuts it.Skeletal material: Femora, left tibia.Remark: No coffin nails found during excavation. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 167Grave: >150x72; 128°/308°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.74; depth 106 Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation lim-its. No coffin nails found during excavation. Skeletal material: unspeci fied bones. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the top filling, loca tion unknown. Stolen during excava tion. Inventory1 Coin: aes?, first century AD.

OO 168Grave: 255x95; 127°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 34.87; depth 193 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: This niche was ex cavated separately in the corner of an excavation trench and later it was sup posed to belong to a grave in a neigh-bouring one. Howe ver, no field drawing of the niche seems to exist. The niche seems to have

been to the right of the body. Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: Nails at the foot-end. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-10 In niche to the right of the body. No further da ta. 11-12 Although the altitude is not known, prob-ably found in the top filling of the grave. Coin 11 was stolen during or after the excava tion. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.4, d 15.4.2 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 36 (= Chenet 325) h 8.9, d 19.0. Decoration: barboti ne decoration of five lying tendrils, each follo wed by three dots (cf. Künzl ele ment 93).3 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37), mea sure ments unknown. Not drawn. 3a Contains food remains on 75% of its surface: chic ken, almost complete articu lated skeleton. Absent: he ad, right femur, right foot, and left leg. If this leg had been pre sent, it must have been on a sherd that was broken off and cleaned. Photo: Lauwe rier 1983 (1986), 188, Fig. 4.4 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 4.6, d 21.0. Heavily eroded and restored. 5 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 23.9, d 18.3.6 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 13.2, d 14.5.7 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 7.7, d 15.2. Large quantity of fine tem-pering material (from Ur mitz).8 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 14.7.9 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 15.0. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).10 Fragments of high glass beaker Gellep 195 with foot-ring profi led at the under side, and decorated with four groups of inci sed hori zontal lines. H 21.3, d 9.0.11 Coin: first century AD, missing. 12 Bronze split pin with ring. The ring, d 1.7, has a D-shaped section, w 0.6. A square split rod (w 0.4, l 2.7-3.0) is attached to it. Date: AD 301-350.

187—

OO 169Grave: >75x80; 117°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.37; depth 173 Coffin: nails; >60x40; 117°Skeletal material: Skull.Remarks: Earlier than OO 170, which cuts it. The skull of OO 169 was then respectfully placed next to the coffin in grave OO 170. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at the foot-end of the coffin, to the left of the feet. Beaker 1 was stan ding on one side, jar 2 was found in sherds. Rim of beaker 1 da maged during excavation. Old crack in jar 3. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised with nar row foot, h 21.7, d 12.3, d foot 4.6.2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 14.8, d 16.4. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.0, d 13.4. Heavy thick-walled jar with large quantity of fine tem pering materi al (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. Combined date: AD 301-350.

OO 170Grave: 255x100; 117°/297°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.25; depth 185 Remark: Later than OO 169, which it cuts. The skull in the grave belongs to grave OO 169.Coffin: nails; 175x52; 117°/297°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3, 5 Outside and at the end the coffin on an eleva tion of sand. Bottle 5 stood in bowl 3. 2 Outside the coffin at the end, in the middle.4 On the end of the coffin. Probably slid off the coffin when the gra ve was filled in. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 9.4, d 10.4. Measured volume up to trans ition shoulder-lip 340 cc.2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 24.5, d 20.4.3 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 8.0, d 16.3. Large quanti ty of fine tempe ring materi al (from

Urmitz).4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.3. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).5 Upper part of a small glass bottle Gellep 203?, preser ved h 4. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 171Grave: c.240x?; 27°/307° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bott om -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The grave is possibly earlier than OO 143, which it seems to cut. The outline of the grave could not be distin guished exactly. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 The position of the gra ve goods is unknown. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61, no fur-ther data, not drawn. 2 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. Combined date: AD 301-355.

OO 172Grave: 200x>25; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 173Grave: 115x50; 101°/281°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom 35.83; depth 157 Coffin: nails; 115x50; 101°/281°

OO 174Grave: 215x80; 293°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.85; depth 155 Coffin: nails; 195x50; 293°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 175Grave: 285x90; 299°; NAP surface 37.45, bottom 35.61; depth 184. Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 177 not esta blished during excavati on.

188—

Coffin: nails; 180x38; 299°Skeletal material: Skull, right radius, femora.

OO 176Grave: 200x90; 131°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.12; depth 228 Coffin: nails; 125x35; 131°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 4-11, 15 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the waist. Plate 6 was found on top of the ot her pottery. Bone 15 was lying apart from the potte ry. 2 On the coffin, above the right tibia. Fallen over when the grave was filled in or when the coffin collap sed. 3 On the coffin, above the left foot.12 On the coffin, at the head-end, in the left-hand corner.13-14 On the bottom of the coffin, at the altitude of the right wrist.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 19.6, d 12. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.3, d 9.7. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 11.8, d 8.5. Lower part of this beaker was fi red red. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 9.7, d 7.2. Deco ration in white paint: running scroll (Künzl ele ment 188).5 Fine dark coloured small bowl Künzl 7.4, h 7.7, d 10.6. Decoration in white paint: running scroll with large dot in every coil (not in Künzl 1997). 6 Dish Gellep 69 with red dish brown slip, d 30, h 4.6-5.5.7 Smooth jug Gellep 84a, h 11.9, d 6.9.8 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.8, d 13.9 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 12.1, d 23.0. Large quanti ty of fine tempering materi al (from Urmitz).10 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 7.4, d 14.2. Large quantity of fine tem-pering material (from Ur mitz).

11 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 16.5. Large quan tity of fine tempering material (from Ur-mitz).12 Glass fragments, no data.13 Coin: follis (20), Diocletian, 299-303, Cartha-go, RIC 32b, for Galerius Maximian.14 Fragment of bronze (no data, not drawn).15 Human bone, examined by Lengyel. Date: AD 301-350. Coin date: AD 299-318. Com-bined date: AD 301-318.

OO 177Grave: 125x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 37.45, bot-tom 35.52; depth 193 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 175 was not established during exca vation.Coffin: nails; 100x40; 90°/270°

OO 178Grave: 160x65; 109°; NAP surface 37.45, bottom 36.62; depth 83 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Earlier than OO 179, which cuts it.

OO 179Grave: 185x75; 281°; NAP surface 37.45, bottom 35.76; depth 169 Remarks: Later than OO 178, which it cuts. Part of the grave was outside the exca vation trench and was not recognized in the neighbou ring one. Coffin: 160x44; 281°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur.

OO 180Grave: 185x60; 124°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom 36.03; depth 97 Coffin: nails; >85x35; 124°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Presumably outside the end the coffin on the bottom of the grave, fallen over. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 17.1, d 10.2. Date: AD 301-367.

189—

OO 181Grave: 245x95; 128°; NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.77; depth 143 Coffin: nails; 195x50; 134°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 In niche at the NE cor ner of the grave, to the right of the head. Rim of beaker 2 damaged dur-ing ex cavation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.4, d 13.0.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, preser ved h 13.0, d 9.7. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 182Grave: 130x80; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.18, bot-tom -; depth -

OO 183Grave: 195x55; 110°/290°; NAP surface 37.56, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Probably only the outline of the coffin was seen.

OO 184Grave: >75x85; 139°/319°; NAP surface 37.56, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The stratigraphic relation to the graves OO 185 and OO 186 not established during exca-vation.

OO 185Grave: 250x>75; 21°/201°; NAP surface 37.56, bot-tom 36.20; depth 136 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The grave is probably later than grave OO 186. Strati graphic relation to grave OO 184 not esta blished during excava tion. Part of the grave was outsi de the excavation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one.

OO 186Grave: 265x118; 215°; NAP surface 37.56, bottom 35.95; depth 161 Remarks: The grave is proba bly earlier than grave OO 185. The stratigraphical relation to grave OO 184 has not been esta blished during excavation.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 230x56; 211°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus (?), right hu-merus, tibiae.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3, 8 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the left of the upper body. Small bowl 1 had fall-en over and proba bly stood on jug 3. 2 On the coffin, at the he ad-end in the left-hand cor ner. Rim damaged du ring ex cavation. 4, 6-7 In niche at the W side of the grave, to the left of the head. 6 rim da maged during excavati-on. 5 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, to the left of the head. Intrusion9-10 In the top filling of the grave. Inventory1 Terra sigillata small bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31 and Chenet 302), h 5.3, d 11.8.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 15, d 8.9.3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 25.3, d 19, 0.4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.1, d 13.3. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.3, h 4.3. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Contained food on 100% of its surface: chicken, arti culated skele ton. 5a Clearly identifiable are the two humeri, the right ulna, a phalanx, fragments of the spinal column, ribs, ster num, part of pelvis and both femora. Further, uni dentifi able fragments, among which parts of long bones. 5b Bovine: on top of the skeleton of the chicken, a rib frag ment. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 18.4. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-

190—

mitz).7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 16.9. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).8 Stone. No data, no separa te find number. Intrusion?9 Bronze ring. No data, not drawn. If it is Late Roman at all, then it had been lying on the lid of the coffi n. 10 Bronze knee fibula. No data, not drawn. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 187Grave: ?x80; NAP sur face 37.68, bottom 36.28; depth 140. Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. The bottom of the grave could be estab-lished in the vertical section of the excavation trench.

OO 188Grave: NAP surface 37.80. Remark: Only the niche of the grave was exposed in the N verti cal section of the excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the side of the grave. Rim of beak-er 1 damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Rim of bottle 2 heavi ly da maged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.7, d 8.4. Decora tion: D•A•M•I•, three small dots (Künzl ele ment 58).2 Fine dark coloured motto-bottle Künzl 14.3.1, h 12.0, d 8.3. Decora tion: D•A•S•I•V•

3 Jar or beaker. No further data. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 189Grave: >150x>50; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.52, bottom 35.50; depth 102 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 190Grave: 51x32; 0°/180°; NAP surface 36.55, bottom 35.70; depth 85

Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 191Grave: >125x80; 177°/357°; NAP surface 36.52, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 192Grave: 115x60; 107°/287°; NAP surface 36.72, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 193Grave: 223x100; 288°; NAP surface 36.73, bottom 35.23; depth 150 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 200x57.Skeletal material: Right leg, left femur.

OO 194Grave: 220x110; 117°; NAP surface 36.73, bottom 34.98; depth 175 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 177x44/50; 112°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the feet. A hole was pricked through its wall, prob-ably by someone in recent times soun ding for pots. Rim dama ged during excavation.Inventory1 Coarse jug Gose 516/517, h 21.7, d 19.5. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Date: AD 175-367.

OO 195Grave: 175x70; 275°; NAP surface 36.76, bottom 35.59; depth 135 Skeletal material: Skull, radii, femora, right tibia.Remark: It is not certain that the two nails found do belong to the coffin, as their tips were point-

191—

ing downward. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, around the right wrist.2 On the bottom of the coffi n, around the left wrist.3-4 On the bottom of the coffin, next to the left femur, just above the knee.Intrusion5 In the top filling.Inventory1 Half of bronze strip bra celet, d 4.5, rectangular section, w 0.4. The de cora tion consists of a zig-zag with punched points, and a group of six transverse grooves at each end. 2 Bronze strip bracelet, d 6, oval section, w 0.35. Decoration of irregular groups of transverse groo ves (Swift 2000, decora tion a14). 3 Bronze ring. Not drawn.4 Bronze ring. Not drawn.Intrusion5 Lead, flat piece, 2.8x2.2x0.2, weight of 7.7 gr. Old corro sion at all sides, three of which are torn off and one origi nal (not drawn).Date: AD 301-367.

OO 196Grave: >210x100; 121°; NAP surface 36.83, bottom 34.74; depth 211 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 180x32/25; 121°Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, right leg, left tibia.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. Jug 3 damaged by fire in anti qui ty. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 5.5, d 20.6.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61.grooved, h 15.4, d 9.9. Metallic sheen. Mea sured volume up to transiti on shoul der-neck 390 cc.3 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 19.7, d 14.4.

Date: AD 301-367.

OO 197Grave: 150x70; 114°/294°; NAP surface 37.20, bot-tom 36.04; depth 116 Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 In view of their positi on above the bottom of the grave: on the vanished coffi n, towards an end. Handle of jar 1 broken off during excavat ion and lost. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.6, d 12. Large quantity of fine tempering ma-terial (from Urmitz).2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 5.7, d 14.3. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 198Grave: 140x80; 286° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bot-tom 35.82; depth 138 Coffin: possibly coffin type 4 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 90x45/40; 286° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, to the right of the head. Fallen over. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 14.4, d 9.2. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 199Grave: 166x75; 110°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 36.16; depth 94 Skeletal material: Skull, legs.Remark: position of nails not measured during excava tion. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Presumably on the bottom of the coffin, at the alti tude of the left hand. 3-4 Presumably on the bottom of the coffin, at the alti tude of the right hand.5 Presumably on the bottom of the coffin, next to the right knee.

192—

Inventory1 Coin: follis (14), Con stantius II, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 4/11. 2 Coin: follis (14), Hele na, 337-340, Trier, RIC 47/90. 3 Coin: follis (16), Con stans, 337-340, Trier, RIC 111. 4 Coin: follis (15), Con stans, 347-348, Trier, RIC 192. 5 Coin: follis (15), Con stans, 347-348, Trier, RIC 210. Coin date: AD 347-348.

OO 200Grave: 245x95; 126°; NAP surface 37.23, bottom 35.68; depth 155 Coffin: nails; 190x58/46; 133°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 4-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Bottom of 1 decayed. 5 and 6 heavily damaged during excavation. 2-3, 8 On the bottom of the coffin, near the feet. Sherd 2 was possibly lying on bea ker 3 as a lid. 3 rim dama ged during excavation. 7 and 9 in the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end of the coffin, in the left-hand cor-ner. Knife 9 was lying in dish 7, which was heav-ily damaged during excavation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.2, d 25.2. Sur-face heavily degra ded when it was in the ground. 2 Terra sigillata body sherd from the last quarter of the first century or the begin ning of the sec-ond century. Presuma bly part of a plate. Not drawn. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.6, d 10.2.4 Smooth jug Nijmegen 147 with two tripartite hand les, wide bottom, rounded biconi cal body, and smooth lip, h 28.0, d 23.3. Brown fabric with grey core. Halfway up, a hole was pric ked, prob-ably by someone sounding for pots, d 0.5. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.5, d 13.3. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).

6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 18.7. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). It contai ned 6a. 6a Unidentifiable bone re mains. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 17.6. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz). Contains 7a, contai ned 9. 7a Contains food remains on 10% of its surface: uniden tifiable bone fragments, some of the long bones, of a young mammal (a grey mass, l 7.2, w 3.0, h 1.2). 8 Glass blob beaker Gellep 183, h 11.8, d 7.8.9 Iron knife, no further data. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 201Grave: 205x70; 124°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.49; depth 161 Coffin: nails; 185x38/40; 120°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner of the coffin. Rim dam-aged during excavati on. 2 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, to the right of the head.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 13.5, d 14.1. Surface decayed. 2 Glass. No data. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 202Grave: >100x70; 20°/200°; NAP surface 37.23, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by recent digging.

OO 203Grave: 220x105; 109° (?); NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 36.24; depth 106 Remark: Earlier than OO 204, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 150x46/42; 122° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the feet.2-3 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the

193—

grave, at the foot-end. The imbrex fragments 3 were ly ing on jug 2 as a lid. Rim of jug 2 dam-aged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.2, d 9.4.2 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 24.6, d 18.8. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).3 Three fitting imbrex frag ments. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 204Grave: 140x55; 167°/347°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 35.92; depth 138 Remark: Later than OO 203, which it cuts.Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 205Grave: 220x68; 290°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 36.08; depth 127 Remark: Later than OO 206, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 185x40; 292°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.

OO 206Grave: 145x>50; 132°/312°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 36.09; depth 126 Remark: Earlier than OO 205, which cuts it.Inventory1 c.40 strips of 3-5 heads of hobnails.

OO 207Grave: 235x120; 109°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.15; depth 125 Coffin: nails; 160x45; 109°Skeletal material: Legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 Outside the coffin in the grave, on an ele-vation of sand at the foot-end. Beaker 2 fallen over when the grave was filled in. 4-13 On the coffin, at the foot-end, in the left-hand corner, probably in a pouch. The finger-rings 9-11 were on the bow of fibula 12. 14 On the coffin, at the foot-end, in both left and right corners.

Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.3 d 21.3.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 15.1, d 9.6.3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 19.3. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).4 String of jet and glass beads: 1 barrel-shaped bead, traces of coils, collar, transpa rent greyish blue, d 0.5, h 0.4, PE1.2.04-1-Var; 1 barrel-shaped bead, slips hod, broken, trans-parent blue, sheen, d 1.1, h 0.5, Riha 1194; 1 cylinder-shaped bead, beautifully transparent bluish green, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 1228Var;1 globular bead, slipshod, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 1218; 2 cylinder-shaped beads, one with two notches, jet, sheen, d 0.4, h 1.4, Riha 1352. 5 Oval (6.2x5.1) bracelet with expanding fasten-ing of thin bronze wire (secti on 0.1). The ends overlap se veral cm, after which they are twisted around the thre ad next to it. 6 Oval (6.2x5.1) bracelet with expanding fasten-ing of thin bronze wire (secti on 0.1). Just out of its centre a knob of coiled bronze thread in iron oxyde. The ends of the wire are bent into hooks.

Trench 203 with graves OO 207 and OO 209 in the fore-ground and OO 182, OO 152 and OO 153 in middle distance.

194—

7 Bronze round open bracelet (d 5.8) of flattish oval section (w 0.3). 8 Bronze oval bracelet (d 6.5x5.8) of flattish oval section (w 0.3). Decoration of zones of inci sed crosses. It has a faste ning: one end is bent out-ward into a hook, which is inserted into an eye-let at the other end, which is ham mered out. 9 Silver finger-ring, inner d 1.7. Its band, w 0.2, wi dens into two side planes with an incised tri-angle each; the thic ker round be zel, d 0.5, has an x-shaped incision. 10 Open bronze finger-ring (d 1.6), the band gradually wide ning from 0.05 to 0.2.11 Open bronze finger-ring (d 1.6), the band gradually wide ning from 0.05 to 0.2. 12 Small bronze Armbrustfi bula Böhme 37e, l 2.3, h 1.2, with high catchplate. The spring of 15 coils (w 2.4) is ended by the knob of the axis, present on one side. The bow is all but lozenge-shaped in section. Two grooves on the neck of the bow. 13 Small bronze decorative nail with shaft. Thick round plate, d 1.2, with sheet gold on it, shows a rosette inside a thicke ned profiled rim. 14 c.8 iron shoe nails. Date: Transition IVA-IVB, i.e. c.AD 333-334.

OO 208Grave: 210x75; 204°; NAP surface 37.50, bottom 36.01; depth 149 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x50/40; 204°Skeletal material: Skull, left radius, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the top filling, to the left of the head.Intrusion1 A piece of bronze (not drawn).

OO 209Grave: 160x48; 19°; NAP sur face 37.40, bottom 36.36; depth 104 Coffin: nails; 160x48; 19°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion

1 On the coffin, above the knees/tibiae. It is improba ble that the object would have stood upon the decea sed. Inventory1 Fragments of glass. Measu rements unknown, not drawn. Gellep 187? Date: AD 100-325.

OO 210Grave: >170x94; 107°; NAP surface 37.52, bottom 35.80; depth 172 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Later than OO 211 and OO 212, which it cuts. Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; >150x33; 107°Skeletal material: Legs.

OO 211Grave: >190x117; 115°; NAP surface 37.52, bottom 36.05; depth 147 Remarks: Earlier than OO 210, which cuts it; later than OO 212, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: 156x43; 126°Skeletal material: - Stratigraphical date: AD 301-?

OO 212Grave: 260x>100; 15°/295°; NAP surface 37.52, bottom 36.13; depth 139 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 210 and OO 211, which cut it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 At the head-end immediate ly to the right of he ad/foot-end immediately to the left of the feet. Alti tude and position in relati on to the cof-fin, if any, unknown. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.4, d 9.8. Carina tion at trans ition shoulder-neck. Date: AD 301-367.

195—

OO 213Grave: 125x75; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.54, bot-tom c.36.80; depth c.74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 214Grave: 230x100; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.54, bot-tom c.36.81; depth c.63 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 215Grave: >137x>42; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.52, bottom 36.00; depth 152 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the head/the feet. Beaker heavi ly damaged during excavati on: top gone. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2, preser ved h 13.6, d 9.2. Lip mis sing. Decorati on: R: P: L: M: under zigzag with dots (Künzl element 9). Date: AD 301-355.

OO 216Grave: 225x110; 108°; NAP surface 37.68, bottom 35.64; depth 204 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 210x54/50; 108°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, spinal column and ribs, pel vis, legs.

OO 217Grave: 270x135; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.75, bot-tom c.36.84; depth c.91 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 218, which it cuts. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times.

OO 218Grave: 210x60; 150°/330°; NAP surface 37.75, bot-tom 36.38; depth 137 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 219, which it cuts; earlier than OO 217, which cuts it.

OO 219Grave: 215x100; 111°; NAP surface 37.75, bottom 36.24; depth 151 Remarks: Earlier than OO 218, which cuts it. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times. Skeletal material: Ribs, left arm, legs, feet.

OO 220Grave: >210x120; 109°/289°; NAP surface 37.80, bottom c.36.84; depth c.96 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 221, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits.

OO 221Grave: 210x>100; 119°/289°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom c.36.85; depth c.55 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 220, which it cuts. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times. Grave partially out side ex cavation limits.

OO 222Grave: 226x85; 98°; NAP sur face 36.63, bottom 35.14; depth 149 Remark: Later than OO 223, which it cuts. Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 192x42/34; 98°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 223Grave: 170x80; 15°; NAP sur face 36.63, bottom 35.56; depth 107 Remark: Earlier than OO 222, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 160x37/32; 15°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories

196—

1 On the left shoulder of the deceased.Intrusion2 In the top filling, to the left of the head.Inventory1 Iron. Intrusion2 Lead, casting waste, smooth top, granular bot-tom, 7.5x6.0x0.5.

OO 224Grave: >100x105; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.37, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 225Grave: >100x>80; NAP surface 37.37, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 226, which it cuts. Grave partially outsi de excavation limits.

OO 226Grave: >130x75; 128°/308°; NAP surface 37.37, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 225, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits.

OO 227Grave: 225x>75; 119°/299°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom -; depth -Remarks: During excavation recognized as a grave, but not excavated in detail. Grave par-tially outside ex cavation li mits.

OO 228Grave: 240x80; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 35.84; depth 121 Remark: Later than OO 229, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 190x50; 120°/300°Skeletal material: Unknown; probably a skull (there are ver dicts on both sex and age).

OO 229Grave: 240x60; 118°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom

35.69; depth 136 Remark: Earlier than OO 228, which cuts it; pos-sible gra ve goods lost when the grave was cut through. Coffin: 216x44/40; 118°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n to the left of the waist.Inventory1 Bronze object, no data.

OO 230Grave: 220x>10; NAP surface 37.32, bottom 35.62; depth 170 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave seen only in the N vertical section of the ex cavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the top filling of the grave, c.40 cm above the bottom.Inventory1 Coin: Claudius I (?), as, 41-64, barbaric, RIC2 100type.

OO 231Grave: 260x100; 278°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.37; depth 103 Coffin: Two coffin traces, the inner one recon-structed on the basis of nails 161x32; coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); the outer one 192x92 285°. Skeletal material: Femora.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, at the head-end of the coffin, in the middle of the grave. Beaker damaged du ring excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 22.5, d 12.5. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 232Grave: 100x68; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom 35.90; depth 150 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent

197—

times.Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); <100x68; 115°/295°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the right of the head/to the left of the feet. Dish 3 was ly-ing on jar 2 and was damaged during exca vation. Stone and brick4-5 In the grave two large stones were found. Their heights are unknown, but they were prob-ably lying on the coffin. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved, h 20.7, d 12.2.2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.6, d 13.1. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz).3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 17.6, h 4.5.4 Stone, kind unknown.5 Stone, kind unknown. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 233Grave: >150x110; 97°/277°; NAP surface 37.45, bottom 36.25; depth 120 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave was outsi de the excava-tion trench and was not recog nized in the neigh-bouring one.

OO 234Grave: 130x85; 179°/359°; NAP surface 37.72, bot-tom 36.72; depth 100 Remarks: Possibly earlier than OO 235 and OO 264, which it seems to cut. Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the S half of the gra ve, placed on the bottom of the grave as an urn. 2 Found in the urn. Lost during or after the excava tion. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 18.6, d 18.2 Coin: follis(?), Maximia n Herculius, 302-303,

missing. Date: AD 302-367. Coin date: AD 302-318. Com-bined date: AD 302-318.

OO 235Grave: 200x120; 122°/302°; NAP surface 37.70, bottom 36.95?; depth c.75 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Possibly later than OO 234, which it seems to cut, and possibly earlier than OO 236, which seems to cut it. Stratigraphical date: AD 302-?

OO 236Grave: 200x110; 19°/199°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom 36.81?; depth c.59 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 237 and OO 239, which it cuts; probably earlier than OO 235, which seems to cut it. NAP bottom approximate.

OO 237Grave: 110x50; 113°/293°; NAP surface 37.41, bot-tom 36.32; depth 109 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 236, which cuts it.

OO 238Grave: 205x85; 34°/214°; NAP surface 37.75, bot-tom c.36.82; depth c.93 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 264, which cuts it.

OO 239Grave: 136x46; 117°/297°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom 36.37; depth 103 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 236, which cuts it.

OO 240Grave: >148x105; 113°; NAP surface 37.98, bottom 36.00; depth 198 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); >110x62; 111°Skeletal material: Legs, right foot.

198—

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In the grave on an ele vation of sand, at the foot-end of the coffin, in the left-hand corner of the gra ve. Rims of both beakers 1 and 2 dam-aged during ex cava tion. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.0, d 8.0. Decora tion: F E L I X (X without se-rifs). 2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.0, d 8.2. Decora tion: D A M I , three small dots (Künzl ele ment 59).3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 19.8, h 6.1. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 241Grave: 108x62/54; 124°; NAP surface 36.30, bot-tom 35.10; depth 120 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 100x30; 116°

OO 242Grave: 230x100; 114°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 34.50; depth 180 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x48/35; 114°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 4 On the coffin, above the tibiae, in the mid-dle. Glass bottle 4 stood on pla te 1. 2-3 On the bottom of the coffin, to the right of the head.5-8 On the coffin above the waist. The objects were found at the same altitude as the bottom of plate 1. The metal objects were in pouch 8. Inventory1 Dish Gellep 69 of light brown fabric, black coating under the lip on the outside and on the entire inside; h 5.1, d 28.6.2 Brown-marbled jug like Gellep 65 with pinched spout, h 22.4, d 12.4.3 Glass bottle, no data.4 Glass, no data.5 Oval, profiled silver-pla ted bronze buckle

Sommer 1Aa, 3x2, triangu lar on sec tion, w 0.45, with oval pla te with four dot-and-cir cles, two rivets and a pro filed rim. 5a Leather remains, fallen apart into small strips. 6 Coin: aes II (26), Magnentius, 352-353, Trier, RIC 320/323.7 Coin: aes II (26), Magnentius, 352-353; Trier, RIC 319/324, for Decentius.8 Textile remains, possibly a pouch. See chapter on tex tile. Date: AD 352-364.

OO 243Grave: 254x120; 116°; NAP surface 36.35, bottom 34.75; depth 160 Remarks: There were two ni ches in the N side of the grave. In the niche in the E, there were gra ve goods. Possible grave goods in that in the W re-moved by mechani cal digger when level was cleared. Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x42/36; 112°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs, right foot.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the E side of the grave, to the right at the head-end. The beaker 2 was standing c.10 cm hig her than 1 and 3 and was rim damaged du ring excava tion. Two old cracks in 3. 4 In the right hand of the deceased. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c, small), surface completely worn, h 5.8, d 11.8.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.0, d 9.4. 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 6.3, d 14.4. Undersi de of base yellow, top brownish grey.4 Coin: as (20), Julio-Claudian, 16 BC-AD 60, Gaul. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 244Grave: 150x66; 220°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom

199—

34.85; depth 155 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 100x25; 220°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the legs, fallen over.Inventory1 Smooth jug Gellep 81/82 (body as Gellep 81, neck with mould and verti cal in-turned lip as Gellep 82), h 19.5, d 12.2. Deco ration: clum sily painted with four reddish brown bands. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 245Grave: 225x100; 168°/348°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 246Grave: 226x73; 122°; NAP surface 36.56, bottom 34.70; depth 186 Remark: Earlier than OO 247, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 193x43; 122°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 247Grave: 262x125/112; 117°/297°; NAP surface 36.56, bottom 35.01; depth 155 Remark: Later than OO 246 and OO 248, which it cuts.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the top filling, 83 cm above the bottom of the gra ve.Intrusion1 Bronze sheet mounting, shapeless (not drawn). Stratigraphical date: AD 325-?

OO 248Grave: 210x90/80; 108°; NAP surface 36.54, bot-tom 35.38; depth 126 Remarks: Earlier than OO 247, which cuts it. The ni che on the NE side cut through when grave OO 247 was dug. Possible grave goods lost then, and

when level was cut by mechani cal digger. Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x40; 108°Skeletal material: Skull, right tibia.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the tibiae.Intrusion?2 In the top filling, to the left of the femora, alti-tude un known.Inventory1 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A), l 9.1, w 5.7, weight 65 gr, with rectangu lar crossarm on which profi led sup porting plates, each pierced once; globu lar to onion-sha ped knobs, bow nar row and short as compared with the facett ed foot with fan-sha-ped notches (foot decoration Swift a10, E6; bow decoration E6). Intrusion?2 Thin smooth lancet-shaped piece of bronze like a strap end but without rivets or holes, 3.0x1.1-1.9. Date: AD 325-355.

OO 249Grave: 215x95/110; 106°; NAP surface 36.48, bot-tom 34.95; depth 153 Coffin: coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 177x40; 106°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, above the legs. Pot 1 and dish 3 were found in oblique posti ons, at 8-11 cm above the bott om of the coffi n. They must have sunk when the coffin lid collapsed. Intrusion4-5 In the top filling.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with remarkably sharp lid-seating, h 13.5, d 14.3. Coarse volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen).2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 6.0, d 13.9. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen).

200—

3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.9, d 18.7. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).Intrusions4 Lead strip, folded 6.0x3.0. Folded open 11.0x4.1x0.2. Weight 45.4 gr. Cut off from a triangu lar sheet. 5 Lead strip, w 1.0, folded twice around a smooth piece of flint, 3.5x2. Flint of a rifle or pis-tol. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 250Grave: 280x150; 122°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom 35.05; depth 195 Outer coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 300x120/106. Coffin: nails; 235x63/56; 122°Skeletal material: Skull.Remarks: Considering the ver tical position of the nails, the outer coffin had a wood en floor. Wil van der Sluijs (pers.com. 19 June 2008) pointed out that there may be two very old heir looms in this grave: the style of gold-wire necklace 11 def-initely reminds her of the end of the first century AD; the exceptio nal string 10 of 49 identical ring-sha ped blue glass beads (Ring perlen) only finds a paral lel in Middle and Late Iron Age. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-9 In niche at the SW side of the grave, to the left of the lower body. Jug 1 stood apart from the other grave goods in the niche at the foot-end. The fragments of glass beaker 9 were lying in dish 3.10 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the right of the waist. The position suggests that the string of beads was worn as a brace let around the right wrist. 11 Around the neck of the deceased.12 In wooden chest 18.13 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the waist. The position suggests that the ring was worn on the left hand. 14 In wooden chest 18. 15 On the bottom of the coffi n, in or near the right hand.16 In wooden chest 18.

17 On the bottom of the coffi n, next to the right arm.18 On the bottom of the coffi n at the foot-end. 19 Outside the coffin in the grave, to the right of the upper body.20 In wooden chest 18.Inventory1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.6, d 22.0. Slightly mar bled and worn surface. 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 10.6, d 23.2. Large quanti ty of fine tempering materi al (from Urmitz).3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 15.5. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.0, d 16.0. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur-mitz).5 Slender glass beaker Gel lep 195 with profiled foot, h 21.5, d 7.9.6 Small glass barrel-bottle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4.7 Small glass barrel-bottle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4.8 Colourless glass beaker with foot-ring, bag-shaped body and everted fire-roun ded lip, h 9.3, d 6.7. De cay ed. 9 20 sherds of a purple glass bottle with thick bott om. No type. 10 String of 49 glass beads:49 ring-shaped beads, trans parent dark ultra-marine, with sheen/matt, d 0.6, h 0.2, Riha 2931c. 11 Gold-wire necklace, l 42, gross weight 6.51 gr, con sisting of a biparti te fas tening and 46 links. An ana lysis of the fastening hook shows a high alloy of gold, the gold being c.90% of its weight and c.10% being cop per. Both parts of the fas-tening, l 1.5 (eyelet) and 2.5 (hook) in clude a symme trical leaf of gold in the shape of the feathers of an arrow. In the case of the hook, it is sol dered onto the leaf. The pointed end of the hook is bent out wards in order to protect the fingers of the woman who wore it. On the eyelet pie ce, which is made of the same piece of gold

201—

as the feathers, the eye is formed by bending the strip back wards, squeezed in to a half cylindrical shape and its tip is soldered onto the feat hers. An eyelet sol dered onto the feathers con nects it with the first link. The gold-wire links, all identi-cal, l 0.9, were bent into eyelets on both ends, after which the end returned around the wire in a single coil. The wire-sha ped middle parts of 16 links wear precious stones, the measu rements of which vary from 0.53x0.51 to 0.37x0.25. The pre-cious stones have been identi fied by Mr J.C. Zwaan of the Dutch Precious Stone Labo ratory: report E 13480 of 1 April 1999. On links 3, 7, 24 and 32, counted from the eyelet pie ce, reddish brown garnets (pyrope-almand-ine series with grossular component), cut into polyhedral shape with fourteen planes (cubes of which the corners are cut away).

On links 11, 14, 18, 21, 28, 37, 41 and 44 transpar-ent and shining blue to grey ish blue sapphires en cabo chon (polished without fa cettes), flattish globular to biconi cal (flat on links 37). On links 25, 31, 34 and 39: blended and crackled green eme rald, tubular and of diff erent lengths. All these emeralds were worn on the same side of the body as the fastening hook (on the right, in the case of a right-handed person). 12 A gold-wire earring, d 2.0, of which one ends is bent to form an eyelet, and the other to form a hook. 13 Gold finger-ring with gem. The band, w 0.2, makes angular transitions to the side planes. Small groo ves just under these angles. The side planes are triangu lar and have four grooves, fan-ning out; at their top side, simple volutes. The side planes have angular trans itions to the angu-lar oval bezel, onto which an oval case is sol-dered (l 1.3, w 0.95, h 0.43). Just above the mid-dle of this case the re is a twisted moul ding. The case contains a decora tive stone of dark blue glass with a raised oval surface (0.85x0.62) and oblique sides. Engraving: person in short tunica to the left with a stick over the left shoulder, from which hang two unidentifia ble objects. Near the left hand a plume.

14 Facetted green glass pla te with irisation, more or less square, 1.1x1.0, th 0.20-0.25, flat middle fa cette 0.60x0.45. A yello wish piece of lute or gypsum fits in its hollow back si de. It has been mounted onto an iron nail, now changed into an irregular corrosion bulb. Part of chest 18? 15 Coin: follis (19), Con stantine I, 317-318, Trier, RIC 162, missing. 16 Iron object. 17 Round box of sapropelite a.k.a. channel coal, a dull black fossilized or ganic material of hard-ness 2, consisting of a box part with an inner rim that pro jects 0.2 and a lid with hollow moulding closing around it. D 11.4, h when closed 3.9 (box 2.1, lid 1.8 high). Com ple te, restored, some cracks; surface treated with wax after restora-tion. The deco ration on the outsi de con sists of convex and concave mouldings separated by groo ves and ribs, running con centrically on the top and the bottom. The side of the lid has two planes sepa rated by ribs, above which a con vex moul ding forms the transition to the top. The centre of both box and lid, both inside and out, has a convex moul ding around the impression of the pair of compasses with which the concen tric circles were ma de. The insides of both box and lid around these moul dings are flat and each have a concentric zone some mil limeters from the rim deco rated with 32 vertical ly hatched tri-angles. These zones are flanked on each side by two groo ves. The triangles in the lid point out-wards (sug gesting ‘up’) and have a h of 0.6; in the box part, they point inwards (suggesting ‘down’) and are 0.5 cm high. The inner wall of the box goes up obliquely, that of the lid straight. 18 Metal mountings of a wooden chest. 18a Bronze turnkey, l 5.5, with round eye, d 2.3, hollow shaft and flat bit. 18b-e Four iron lozenge-sha ped corner rein-forcements with mineralized wood on them, for the corners be tween side and back walls. The triangular halves measu re 3.3 at their bases and are 4.4 high. In the ends of two specimens a small nail. 18f Some twenty pieces of bronze sheet. Four

202—

pieces show concentric circles (di ameters 4.4 and 4.8) with nail hole in the middle, and rows of punched points along the sides; one has three pairs of cut-out holes. Not drawn. 18g A triangular piece of bronze sheet, shortest side convex, with nail hole and rows of punched point along the sides, measures 3.9 cm from the point to the middle of the convex side. 18h A fragment of a punched round relief plate shows a lion’s or Medusa head. 18i 18 hollow heads of small bronze nails, d 0.3, all lacking their shafts. Not drawn.19 Wooden object (chest?) with iron nails; wood re mains with red paint on them. Not recognized as such during excavation. Not drawn. 20 Textile remains, not ana lysed. Date: AD 317-350. Coin date: AD 317-330. Com bined date: AD 317-330.

OO 251Grave: 190x40; 9°; NAP sur face 37.00, bottom -; depth -Coffin: reconstructed on the basis of nails >190x>40; 9°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 252Grave: 240x70; 115°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 33.61; depth 349 Coffin: partly coffin trace, partly reconstructed on the basis of nails 180x40; 115°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus. All but pe-rished. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 Outside the coffin in the grave, at the foot-end, presuma bly on wooden chest 11. After its wood was pe rished, they have sunk into an ob-lique positi on. It can not be excluded that jug 3 stood next to the chest on the bottom of the grave. As no altitude of the finds 1-4 was measu-red during excava tion, this remains uncert ain. 5-6 Outside the coffin in the grave, to the right of the head. Unguenta rium 6 was sunk into an oblique positi on and seems to have been put against the coffin. Da maged during exca vation: rim and handle now missing.

7 Outside the coffin in the grave, to the left of the head, probably put against the coffin. 8, 10 On the bottom of the coffin to the right of the head.9 In the coffin, on the re mains of the skull. 11 Outside the coffin on the bottom (?) of the grave, at the foot-end.12 In the top filling, to the right of the coffin. The exact altitude of its posi tion is unknown. It can-not be excluded that the stilus does belong to the grave goods. Remark: As some altitude mea surements are missing and others may be erroneous, the exact altitudes of the finds are uncert ain. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b, h 5.3, d 20.5. Heavily de gra ded in the ground. 2 Terra sigillata mortarium Gellep 249 with pouring hole (with heavily degenerated lion’s head, which now seems more like that of a bat) in high lip, h 11.2, d 23.0.3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 26.7, d 20.0.4 Coarse bowl Gellep 121 with lip thickened on inside and wide bottom, h 9.3, d 20, 0.5 Small glass barrel-bottle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4. In it a hard black pie ce of deposit. 6 Glass unguentarium Gellep 523 with round bottom and long neck, h 8.3, d 2.5.7 Blue transparent glass carafe Isings 121a with four dents in the body, narrow neck, wide mouth. H 10.8, d 7.2. The fo ot-ring is blue, the handle and glass thread in five coils around the neck are opaque white. 8 Bracelet of shining black opaque glass, d 6.6, round section of irregular thic kness varies around 0.55. Opposite the wel ding joint, recog-nisable from the trans ition from a thick to a thin part, is the scar on the outside of the pontil rod with which the piece was held when it was made. 9 Silver pin with poly hedral head (a cube from which the corners have been cut away), l 7.8. Orga nic remains with it (skull?). 10 Dull black sapropelite a.k.a. channel coal bracelet, d 7.0, square sec tion (0.5) with convex si des.

203—

11 Metal mountings of a wooden chest:11a-d Four bronze-sheet cor ner pieces with dec-orated front planes, 4.8-5.0 high, and undeco-rated side planes, 2.8-3.0 high. In three ca ses, the front plane is 5 cm wide and has two nail holes (with a small bronze nail in situ once). In the fourth case, the preserved w is 7.0, without nail holes, the sides having perished. No nail holes are attested for the side planes. In two ca-ses, rows of punched points along three sides are the decoration of the front pla ne. The fourth piece has point rows along two paral lel sides. 11e Iron sliding key, hook-shaped with flat-rec-tangular secti on, 14.5, w of the hook 2.5.12 Complete iron stilus, with pointed writing end and spatula-shaped erasing end, l 12.0. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 253Grave: 140x62; 58°/238°; NAP surface 37.32, bot-tom 36.58; depth 74 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 254Grave: >100x75; 130°/310°; NAP surface 37.46, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave was outsi de the excava-tion trench and was not recog nized in the neigh-bouring one.

OO 255Grave: 240x90; 113°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom 35.63; depth 169 Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 215x54/50; 113°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.

OO 256Grave: 230x80; 111°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom 35.74; depth 158 Coffin: nails; 190x40; 108°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus.

OO 257Grave: 180x75; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.33, bot-tom 36.52; depth 81 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 258Grave: >165x120; 33°/213°; NAP surface 37.53, bottom 36.00; depth 153 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 259, which cuts it. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times.

OO 259Grave: 222x81; 112°/292°; NAP surface 37.53, bot-tom 36.12; depth 141 Remark: Later than OO 258 and OO 260, which it cuts. Coffin: nail; 212x42; 112°/292°

OO 260Grave: 300x134; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.53, bot-tom 36.85; depth 68 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 259, which cuts it.

OO 261Grave: 200x150; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.74, bottom c.37.02; depth c.72 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 262, which it cuts.

OO 262Grave: 170x>55; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.65, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 261, which cuts it. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times.

OO 263Grave: 95x55; 40°/220°; NAP surface 37.85, bot-tom c.36.51; depth c.134 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

204—

OO 264Grave: 250x135; 124°/304°; NAP surface 37.74, bottom 37.00?; depth c.74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Probably later than OO 234, OO 238 and OO 265, which it seems to cut. Stratigraphical date: AD 302-?

OO 265Grave: 200x160; 27°/207°; NAP surface 37.83, bot-tom c.36.91; depth c.92 Remarks: Presumably both the outlines of grave and coffin were seen during ex cavation, but not recognized as such. Probably earlier than OO 264, which seems to cut it. Coffin: 195x52 (?); 27°/207°

OO 266Grave: >100x80; 118°/298°; NAP surface 37.80, bottom c.36.85; depth c.95 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave partially outside ex cavation limits.

OO 267Grave: 90x50; 85°/275°; NAP surface 36.31, bot-tom 34.90; depth 141 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 272 could not be established with certainty dur-ing exca vation.

OO 268Grave: >35x62; 115°/295°; NAP surface 36.31, bot-tom 35.03; depth 128 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 269Grave: >48x60; 122°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 35.05; depth 115 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Coffin: nails; >45x33; 122°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 270Grave: 195x60; 113°/293°; NAP surface 36.32, bot-tom 35.30; depth 102 Remark: Earlier than OO 271, which cuts it.

Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350.

OO 271Grave: 280x150; 108°/288°; NAP surface 36.32, bottom 33.90; depth 242 Remarks: Later than OO 270, which it cuts. The rounded shape suggests that the sides of the coffin had already been dug away and that its bottom is visi ble. There must be errors in the NAP heights of grave goods and coffin nails. The bottom of jug 2 is even lo wer than that of the grave. Coffin: nails; 240x40; 108°/288°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3, 5, 7, 9-10 presumably on the coffin, at the alti tude of the waist. Beaker 1 was fallen over. The textile remains 10 stuck to buckle 5.2 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at waist level. 4 presumably on a corner of the coffin.6, 8 presumably on an end the coffi n.Intrusions11 In the top filling.12 In the top filling.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 89, h 19.7, d 14.0.3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.9, d 21.7.4 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, type Vösen dorf, Keller 3A), l 8.9, w 5.1, weight 46 gr, with rela ti vely short foot and trap-ezoid crossarm with decora ti on filed in its top (not in Swift 2000); the knobs are globular. 5 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Cb1, 3.6x2.0, with oval indented buckle frame and rectangu lar plat e. 6 Iron knife with tang and leaf-shaped blade, to-tal l 13.0, l blade 8.0, w blade 4.3. 7 Coin: antoninianus, Pro bus, 276-282, Lyon, cf. RIC 36, missing.8 Lead. Folded lead sheet, 1.5x2.0x0.5. The fold-ed fragments have been folded open in the mu-seum laborato ry; only hammering traces were visible. 9 Leather remains.10 Textile remains. Intrusion

205—

11 Lead, small piece, h 2.5, d 2.0. Not drawn.12 Iron, lump of 5.0x2.0x1.0. Not drawn.Date: AD 325-350.

OO 272Grave: 230x113; 114°; NAP surface 36.31, bottom 34.60; depth 171 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to the graves OO 267 and OO 275 could not be established with certainty during excavation.Coffin: coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 180x30; 114°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 273Grave: 115x37; 285° (?); NAP surface 36.30, bot-tom 34.86; depth 144 Remark: Later than OO 274, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 84x26; 285° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 In the grave on an ele vation of sand, at a narrow end. Small bowl 1 stood on jar 2, whose rim was dama ged during excavati on. 3 presumably around the neck of the deceased, altitude un known.4 On the coffin, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner. Possibly intrusion.Coffin mounting5 Nail of coffin. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a), unde cora ted, h 6.5, d 14.0.2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.0, d 12.5.3 String of glass and bronze beads:12 heart-shaped/round beads, rounded lozenge-shaped in secti on, transparent ultra marine, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2947f; 10 bronze barrel-shaped be ads (one is a 2-seg-ment be ad), d 0.4. h 0.3, Riha 1235; 4 hexagonal beads, sharp-sided, slightly transpa rent emerald green, d 0.7, h 0.7, Riha 1324; 4? ring/tyre-shaped beads, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2925e;

1 almond-shaped bead, trans parent ultramarine, w 0.8, d 0.5, h 1.1, Riha 2846,16Var; 1 bead, white with yellow and black dots?;1 biconical bead, transpa rent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979a; greenish blue fragments. 4 Iron mounting strip, w 2.5, bent in U-shape, l 11.5, faste nend with a nail on wood (perished th 3.0). Coffin mounting5 Nail with square shaft, l 7.5. Date: AD 301-400.

OO 274Grave: 185x70; 102°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 34.70; depth 160 Remark: Earlier than OO 273, which cuts it.Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 165x25; 102°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at the head-end, in the right-hand corner. Beak-er 1 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 20.6, d 12.1. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 275Grave: 160x65; 296° (?); NAP surface 36.31, bot-tom 34.85; depth 146 Remark: Later than OO 278, which it cuts. The strati graphic relation with grave OO 272 could not be esta blished with certainty du ring excava-tion.Coffin: nails; 143x40/32; 296° (?)

OO 276Grave: 204x80/65; 115°; NAP surface 36.32, bot-tom 35.25; depth 108 Remark: According to the documentation, the grave was cut through by digging, but the exact nature of this digging, ancient or recent, is un-clear.

206—

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 probably in the grave on an elevation of sand, to the right of the upper body/to the left of the femora.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.2, d 12.7. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-400.

OO 277Grave: 147x35; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.32, bot-tom 34.93; depth 139 Coffin: 125x23; 119°/299°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, above the head/the tibiae.4 On the coffin above the upper body/the femo-ra.Inventory1 Coin: follis (15), Con stantine I, 333-334, Trier, RIC 550, for Constantine II.2 Coin: follis (11), Con stans, 347-360, Trier? /bar-baric?, RIC 206type. 3 Bronze ring, d in side 1.2, d outside 1.8, of round sec tion (0.2).4 Bronze ring, similar to 3. Probably 3 and 4 were used to connect leather straps of the belt. Coin date: AD 347-348.

OO 278Grave: 257x103; 108°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 34.84; depth 156 Remarks: Earlier than OO 275, which cuts it. In the first level, a recess on the N side was seen, but it was not seen again in the second level. Consid-ering the re construc ted altitude of the bottom of this feature, a niche in the side of the grave seems unlikely, but it cannot be ex clu ded. Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 203x49; 108°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoffin mountings1 In the wall of the coffin. Inventory

Coffin mountings1 Iron nail with flat square head, 2.5x2.5, square secti on, w 0.9, bent into a straight angle (sides 6.2 and 4.5 long), point bent back. Mineralized wood re mains.

OO 279Grave: 145x45; 87°/267°; NAP surface 36.47, bot-tom 34.87; depth 160 Remark: Stratigraphical re lations OO 279-OO 282 un clear. Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 107x28; 87°/267°

OO 280Grave: 128x75; 175°/355°; NAP surface 36.47, bot-tom 34.85; depth 162 Remark: Stratigraphical re lations OO 279-OO 282 un clear. Coffin: coffin type 5 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 56x22; 175°/355°

OO 281Grave: 170x80; 94°/274°; NAP surface 36.47, bot-tom c.35.70; depth c.77 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Strati graphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear.

OO 282Grave: 64x40; 98°; NAP sur face 36.47, bottom 35.25; depth 122 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Strati graphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear.

OO 283Grave: 242x82°/74; 198°; NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 34.66; depth 179 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 220x40; 198°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories

207—

1, 5 On the bottom of the coffin, at the foot-end, side by side. Beaker 1 dama ged during excava-tion. 2 On the bottom of the coffi n, immediately to the right of the head.3 On the waist of the decea sed.4 On the chest of the decea sed, on the right side. Intrusion6-8 In the top filling. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 9.4, d 10.6. Rim warped in the kiln and beaker fired too hard. 2 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4B (Van Buchem V, Keller 3B), l 9.5, w 6.3, weight 86 gr, with rectangu lar crossarm, globular to onion-sha ped knobs, narrow and short bow as compa-red with the facett ed foot with three pairs of dot-and-cir cles (foot decoration Swift b28). On the crossarm sup porting plates on either side of the bow, each pier ced twice. The bow has a lon-gitudinal groove with downward pointing chev-rons (bow decoration Swift D2).3 Silver buckle Sommer 1Aa, 2.6x2.0, with D-shaped buc kle frame and narrow oval plate with three rivets. The ton gue of the buckle is mis sing. 3a Leather remains on the buckle. 4 Coin: follis (17), Con stantine I, 330-331, Trier, RIC 528, for Constantius II. 5 c.50 iron shoe nails (not drawn). Intrusion?6 Iron, bent strip (frag ment) 4.5x1.3x0.5.7 Iron, plate, 5.0x3.0x1.0. Not drawn.8 Iron, shapeless lump, 4.5x1.2x0.4, with wood re mains. Not drawn. Date: AD 332-360. Coin date: AD 330-348. Com-bined date: AD 332-348.

OO 284Grave: 173x90; 102°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom 35.30; depth 120 Coffin: 155x45; 90°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 285Grave: >67x114; 88°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom -;

depth -Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 286Grave: >150x80; 174°/354°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom -; depth -Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 287Grave: 243x100; 112°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom 34.80; depth 170 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 195x40; 112°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body.2 On the bottom of the coffi n, near the right foot.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 17.3, d 17.9. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).2 Small square bronze buc kle, 1.8x1.9.Date: AD 334-367.

OO 288Grave: 120x94; 17° (?); NAP surface 36.40, bott om 35.30; depth 110 Coffin: 90x26/20; 17° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, at the head-end, sunk into oblique position. Rim damaged during excavati on. 2 On the bottom of the coffi n, to the left of the shoulder.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 12.3, d 9.1. Wide body.2 Coin: follis (16), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529.3 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529. 4 Coin: follis (15), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-345, Lyon, RIC 241/273. Date: AD 330-367. Coin date: AD 330-348. Com-bined date: AD 330-348.

208—

OO 289Grave: 180x65; 127°; NAP surface 36.72, bottom 35.71; depth 101 Coffin: nails; 118x32; 127°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Outside the coffin in the grave, on an elevati on of sand, at the head-end in the left-hand corner of the gra ve. Beaker rim damaged du ring exca-vation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11, d 8.5. Decorati on: VIVAS (no dots between the letters). Word divider after the word (like Künzl element 50-53). Date: AD 301-355.

OO 290Grave: 270x110; 123°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom 35.34; depth 141 Coffin: nails; 200x50/46; 123°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-8 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the left of the head. The iron knife 8 was lying in the coar se dish 3, which has five old cracks. Bottle 7 damaged during excava tion: handle missing. 9 In the coffin, at the foot-end.Inventory1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.7, d 23.4. In its wall a large firing-dent. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 23.9, d 18.0. Decora tion: white dots on shoul der. 3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 24.2. Large quantity of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz). Black laquer-like layer in side.4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 15.7.5 Slender glass beaker Gellep 195, reconstructed h 23, 0, d 8.5.6 Glass bottle Gellep 199, h 16.0, d 10.5.7 Fragments of small glass barrel-bottle Gellep 333 (Isings 89) lacking handle, recon structed h 13.6, d bott om 5.5.8 Iron knife with long tang, on which wood re-mains. The point ed blade is equally curved on both sides, 8.3x4.3, l of tang 11.5.

9 Shoes.9a Small iron shoe nails. Not drawn. 9b Leather remains. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 291Grave: 220x75; 17°/197°; NAP surface 37.15, bot-tom -; depth -

OO 292Grave: 110x60; 290° (?); NAP surface 37.16, bot-tom 35.56; depth 160 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 62x30/26; 290° (?)Remark: On the coffin iron mounting pieces and an iron ring. Not drawn.

OO 293Grave: 230x60; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.50; depth 190 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 294Grave: 180x55; 188°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.05; depth 135 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull, legs.

OO 295Grave: >88x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.38, bottom 35.30; depth 208 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 296Grave: 120x70; 129°/309°; NAP surface 37.32, bot-tom 35.73; depth 159

OO 297Grave: 205x102; 145°/225°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Probably a grave. Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 298,

209—

which cuts it.

OO 298Grave: 125x75; 48°/228°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 35.86; depth 144 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 297, which it cuts.

OO 299Grave: 210x58/66; 123°; NAP surface 37.35, bot-tom 35.70; depth 165Remark: Later than OO 300, which it cuts. No nails or coffin found. If there was a coffin at all, it may have had wood joints or dowels. Skeletal material: Skull, spinal column, arms, pel-vis, legs, feet.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the gra ve/coffin, immedi-ately to the left of the tibiae.2-3 On the bottom of the grave/coffin, immedi-ately to the right of the tibiae. Both probably fallen over.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.6, d 17.5. The rim of the bowl seems to have been da maged when it was placed in the grave. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, neck sagged, h 14.3, d 9.6.

3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.1, d 13.1. Large quanti ty of fine tem pering material (from Ur mitz). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 300Grave: 175x100; 48°/228°; NAP surface 37.35, bot-tom 34.95; depth 240 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 299, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 301Grave: 80x50; 128°/208°; NAP surface 37.35, bot-tom 35.32; depth 203 Remark: During excavation recognized as a coffin. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In coffin, at head or foot-end. Inventory1 Bronze-sheet mountings of a wooden chest. No data. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 302Grave: 220x90/100; 107°; NAP surface 37.48, bot-tom 35.28; depth 180 Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Possibly on the coffin. Found near the grave, con text un clear. Heavily dama ged during exca-vation. Intrusion2 In the top filling, above the left shoulder.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15, d 9.4.Intrusion2 Bronze rivet with square shaft and hollow pro-filed head, h 0.6, d 2.3.Date: AD 301-367.

OO 303Grave: >182x115; 103°/283°; NAP surface 37.47, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent

Grave OO 299 with skeleton and grave goods, lying in front of a Flavian cellar wall.

210—

times. Part of the grave was outsi de the exca-vation trench and was not recognized in the neighbou ring one.

OO 304Grave: 225x100; 132°; NAP surface 36.24, bottom 34.78; depth 146 Coffin: nails; 174x45; 130°Skeletal material: Skull, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Found on or near the head; altitude and orig-inal position un known. Inventory1 String of 24 glass beads:1 barrel-shaped bead, wound in a slipshod way, opaque black, d 0.6, h 0.4, Koch 475; 1 barrel-shaped, opaque black, 3 opaque white & 3 transparent green thre ads, 6 yellow-black blobs, d 1.0, h 0.8, Ri 2808,13Var (exotic beads of the Roman period, without precise date, accor-ding to Guido 1978); 1 polyhedral bead, rounded corners, transparent ultra marine, d 0.7, h 1.0, Koch 497; 1 spindle-shaped bead, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.5, h 1.0, Riha 1228Var; 2 oblong barrel-shaped be ads, transparent ultramari ne, thin opaque white thre ads crossing 3x, d 1.0, h 1.4, Riha 2961Var; 3 biconical beads, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968f; 6 cylinder-shaped beads, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.4, h 0.7, Koch 499; 9 biconical beads, slightly transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979a. 2 Bronze finger-ring, inner d 1.7, outer d 1.85, band flat and 0.3 wi de, with be zel, consisting of three oval surfaces, sepa rated from the band and from one another by inden tations. The mid-dle plane has a hemi sphe r ical bronze-sheet pro-tube rance; similar decorati ons may have been present on the other oval surfaces. Date: AD 301-375.

OO 305Grave: 240x70; 112°; NAP surface 36.28, bottom 35.00; depth 128

Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 at the foot-end. If these are the remains of a wooden chest, it stood on the bott om of the grave. Inventory1 Two iron clamps. Possibly mountings of a wooden chest. Not drawn.

OO 306Grave: 217x95; 118°; NAP surface 36.34, bottom 34.60; depth 174 Coffin: 188x48; 126°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 307Grave: 235x95; 109°; NAP surface 36.39, bottom 34.88; depth 151 Coffin: nails; 196x46; 111°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the top filling, posi tion and altitude un-known.Intrusion1 Iron, 6.0x1.8x3.0. Not drawn.

OO 308Grave: >75x70; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.38, bot-tom 35.44; depth 94 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.Skeletal material: Burnt human bone.Remark: Cremation remains dispersed in the grave. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Position and altitude in grave unknown. Beaker 1 da maged during excavation. Jar 2 is preserved in frag menta ry state and alrea dy lacked its base in antiquity. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.2, d 9.4.2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, preserved h 9.3 d 13.0. Coarse volca nic temper-ing (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367.

211—

OO 309Grave: 220x100; 100° (?); NAP surface 36.60, bot-tom 34.81; depth 179 Remark: Earlier than OO 312, which cuts it.Coffin: 188x54/42; 100° (?)

OO 310Grave: 240x108/123; 108°; NAP surface 36.36, bot-tom 34.70; depth 166 Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, legs, feet.

OO 311Grave: 253x70; 190°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.00; depth 160 Remark: Later than OO 312, which it cuts.Coffin: 220x47; 190°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, immedia-tely to the left of the waist.2-3 Near the head of the deceased.4 Around the right wrist of the deceased.5-7 Around the left wrist of the deceased.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 2 String of 15 glass beads: 1 hexagonal/disk-shaped be ad, transparent em-erald green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 1331; 1 hexagonal bead, transpa rent green, d 0.5, h 0.8, Riha 1331; 1 rounded beam-shaped bead, transparent ul-tramarine, w 0.3, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 1316; 2 hexagonal, transparent green, d 0.7, h 0.9, Riha 1326; 10 barrel-shaped beads, transparent ultrama-rine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2931b. 3 Bracelet of band-shaped bronze sheet, w 0.5, d 6.2. The bracelet is decorated with two rows of punched running scrolls for ming a more or less continu ous wavy line. Imitation expan ding faste ning: both ends have been drawn out to wires, which were put one on the other and both coiled four times around the brace let. 4 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), in ner d 5.5. It looks like an abstract version of the na turalistic terminals of Swift’s terminals

type 10 from Raetia and Nori cum: dot-and-circle on the top of each head, two grooved neck rings under neath it. 5 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), in ner d 5.5. Terminals of Swift’s type 1: Dot-and-cir cle on the top of each head. The necks are grooved obli que ly. 6 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), in ner d 5.5. Terminal of Swift’s type 1 on one end, the other is missing: dot-and-cir cles on top of the square head. 7 Iron fragments of flat-rectangular section, possi bly the core of a hollow bronze bracelet. Not drawn.Date: AD 301-367.

OO 312Grave: 180x96; 102°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.04; depth 156 Remarks: Earlier than OO 311, which cuts it; later than OO 309, which it cuts.Coffin: 165x43; 102°Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 313Grave: >65x60; 110°/290°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom -; depth -Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 314Grave: 240x120; 112°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.38; depth 122 Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x45; 112°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, at the foot-end. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 14.8, d 9. White painted decoration: meandering scroll with a small dot in each bend (cf. Künzl element 189) between two horizon tal dott ed lines. Date: AD 301-355.

212—

OO 315Grave: 225x85; 112° (?); NAP surface 36.60, bot-tom 35.06; depth 154 Remark: Considering the de viating position of bones and skull, the grave was presumably robbed in anti quity. Coffin: nails; 205x69/62; 112° (?)Skeletal material: Skull, bo nes(?).

OO 316Grave: 245x120; 110°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.01; depth 169 Remark: Conflicting measure ments make it impos sible to tell the altitude of the niche at the N side of the grave. Coffin: 195x54/43; 110°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the feet. Beaker 2 damaged at rim during excavation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6.3, d 22.7.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.3, d 9.6.3 Smooth jug Gellep 79 with six painted red hori-zontal bands, h 22.0, d 14.0. Fi ring dent in its wall. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 6.0, d 18.3. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 317Grave: 255x120; 97°; NAP surface 36.74, bottom 35.33; depth 141 Coffin: nails; 200x40/60; 97°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Rim damaged du ring excavati on. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.1, d 9.8. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 318Grave: 120x90; 90°/270°; NAP surface 36.74, bot-tom 36.08; depth 66 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 70x35; 90/270°

OO 319Grave: 225x105; 105°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.36; depth 124 Remark: The altitude of the bottom has been cor-rected (+ 40) because of a presumed measuring error. Coffin: nails; 195x57; 105°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head.Intrusion2 Near the femora. Altitude unknown.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.1, d 9.5.Intrusion2 Animals’ teeth? Date: AD 301-367.

OO 320Grave: 230x80; 115°; NAP surface 36.76, bottom 36.07; depth 69 Coffin: nails; 178x44; 115°Skeletal material: Remains of skull and teeth.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the gra ve, to the left of the feet. The lip of the jar is mis sing: damaged dur-ing ex cava tion. 2 On the bottom of the coffi n, at abdomen level. 3 From the top filling. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, preserved h 8.7, d 10.0.2 Coin: follis (20), Con stantine I, 317, Trier, RIC 135.3 Coin: Nero, dupondius, 64-65, Lyon, cf. RIC2 411, missing. Date: AD 317-367. Coin date: AD 317-330. Com bined

213—

date: AD 317-330.

OO 321Grave: 240x100; 108°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.73; depth 197 Remark: The outline of the grave is bounded by a dark layer. Coffin: nails; 180x36/32; 112°Skeletal material: Skull, left tibia.Remark: The width at the head-end has been re-constructed. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the bottom of the coffin, at the foot-end. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. Beaker 2 was possibly broken when the level was cleared. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 16.5, d 10.4. 2 Bottom of a fine dark co loured beaker, d 5.0. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 322Grave: 180x65; 109°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.61; depth 179 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails 150x40; 109°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the legs.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 13.6.2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367.

OO 323Grave: 245x80; 107°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.01; depth 129 Remarks: Traces of niches were found at both long

N and S si des of the grave. Their contents, if any, were presumably removed when the level was cleared. Coffin: nails; 235x52; 107°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin (?), at the foot-end, altitude un-known. Accor ding to the field dra wing, the shoe nails pointed upwards. This means that the shoes stood apart from the feet. Inventory1 Iron shoe nails. Not drawn.

OO 324Grave: 97x45; 105°/285°; NAP surface 37.35, bot-tom 36.18; depth 117 Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails 80x32; 105°/285°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, immediately to the right of the head/immediate ly to the left of the feet. Beaker damaged at rim during excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 12.8, d 8.6. White painted decoration: running scroll, Künzl ele ment 188. Above it a zigzag, under-neath it a dotted line. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 325Grave: 150x65; 97°; NAP sur face 37.34, bottom -; depth -Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 90x38; 97°

OO 326Grave: 225x90; 107°; NAP surface 37.34, bottom 36.06; depth 128 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 186x45; 107°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 327Grave: 195x110; 106°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom

214—

36.25; depth 107 Remark: Later than OO 328, which it cuts.Coffin: nails; 185x62/52; 106°Skeletal material: Skull, left femur, tibiae.Remark: Immediately to the left of the tibiae was anot her bone. This may be an indication that the grave was partly disturbed in an tiquity.

OO 328Grave: 200x76; 163°/343°; NAP surface 37.32, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 327, which cuts it.

OO 329Grave: >50x100; 286°; NAP surface 37.50, bottom 36.49; depth 101 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 330Grave: 84x45; 23°/203°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 331Grave: 175x72; 24°/204°; NAP surface 37.40, bot-tom 36.00; depth 140

OO 332Grave: NAP sur face 37.46, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation, but a beaker was seen in the vertical sec-tion of the ex cavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Bottom of beaker at NAP 37.03. Position in grave unknown. Rim damaged during excava-tion. Inventory1 Beaker, no data.

OO 333Grave: 255x110; 108°; NAP surface 37.50, bottom

36.01; depth 149 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 205x52/46; 102°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 334Grave: about E-W; NAP surfa ce 36.60, bottom 35.02; depth 198 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave was under a large dark sunken fill-ing of a trench above it. Only a transverse sec-tion was drawn obliquely through the grave. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the bottom of the coffi n, position in rela-tion to the body unknown.Inventory1 Unknown object.

OO 335Grave: 220x117; 128°; NAP surface 36.17, bottom 34.28; depth 189 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x42/38; 128°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 336Grave: >97x60; 118°/298°; NAP surface 36.20, bottom 34.75; depth 145 Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 337Grave: 125x70; 358° (?); NAP surface 36.17, bot-tom 35.20; depth 97 Remark: Earlier than OO 338, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 95x36/31; 358° (?)

OO 338Grave: 200x90; 120°; NAP surface 36.17, bottom 34.47; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 337, which it cuts.Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 185x37; 116°Skeletal material: Skull, legs.

215—

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-30 On the coffin, above the feet.Inventory1 Iron buckle, 3.8x2.8, with D-shaped frame; fragments of iron plate, plus a loose fragment. 2 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529.3 Coin: follis (13), Con stantine I and sons, 330-331, Lyon?, RIC 236/238; barbaric? 331-c.360.4 Coin: follis (11), Con stantine I, 330-333, Trier?, RIC 520/545; barbaric?, 330-c.360. 5 Coin: follis (17), Con stantine I, 330-335; barbar-ic? 330-c.360, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 2 standards.6 Coin: follis (17), ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 543.7 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Arles, RIC 368.8 Coin: follis (15), Con stantine I, 332-333, Trier, RIC 537var; barbaric?, 332-c.360.9 Coin: follis (15), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Trier?, RIC 542type; barbaric?, 332-c.360.10 Coin: follis (18), Con stantine I, 333-334, Lyon, RIC 263, for Constantine II.11 Coin: follis (15), Con stantine I, 333-334, Trier, RIC 552, for Constans.12 Coin: follis (12), Con stantine I and sons, 335-360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard, clip ped. 13 Coin: follis (15), Con stantine I, 335-337, Trier, RIC 592, for Constantius II.14 Coin: follis (15), Con stantine I, 336, Arles, RIC 397, for Constans.15 Coin: follis (16), sons of Con stantine I, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 4/11.16 Coin: follis (15), He lena, 337-340, Trier, RIC 63. 17 Coin: follis (9), sons of Constantine I, 337-360, barbaric; hybrid: head emperor, PAX PVBLICA. 18 Coin: follis (14), Theodora 337-340, Trier, RIC 91.19 Coin: follis (8), Constantine I and sons, 335-360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard.20 Coin: follis (8), Constantine I and sons, 335-360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard.21 Coin: follis (9), Constantine I and sons, 335-360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard.22 Coin: follis (10), Constantine I and sons, 335-

360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard.23 Coin: follis (7), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, barbar-ic; Trier, 330-340?24 Coin: follis (8), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, bar-baric; Trier, 330-340?25 Coin: follis (9), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, barbar-ic; Trier, 330-340?26 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-360, barbaric; Trier, 332-333?27 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric.28 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric.29 Coin: follis (12), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric.30 Coin: follis (11), Constantine I and sons, 330-360, barbaric; hybrid: obv. head emperor; rev. VRBS ROMA. Date: AD 337-341.

OO 339Grave: 298x156; 112° (?); NAP surface 36.22, bot-tom 33.84; depth 238 Coffin: coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 202x60/50; 112° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1, 3-4, 7, 11 Outside the coffin, to the right of the waist. The disorderly posi tions of the pottery suggest that it stood on perishable material and has sunk later on. This possibly was a third wooden chest (12) wit hout metal mountings. 2, 6 On the bottom of the grave, next to the up-per body.5, 8 On wooden chest 10. Considering the hori-zontal position of the jar, sunk later on. The coin may have been originally in or near the jar. 9 In or on wooden chest 10, altitude unknown. 10 On the bottom of the gra ve, immediately to the right of the head.11 On the bottom of the gra ve, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner.12 On the bottom of the gra ve, to the right of the waist.Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b),

216—

h 6.8, d 25.5.2 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 4.5, d 17.7.3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.8, d 11.6.4 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 5 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 12.4, d 14.0.6 Glass, no data. 7 Glass, no data. 8 Coin: follis, ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 548.9 c.50 shoe nails. Not drawn. 10 Mountings of a wooden chest. Not drawn. 10a Three iron nails.11 Remains of a wooden chest. Approximate measure ments: w 56, h at least 30, depth 50. The lid closes with a hollow profile around a protruding inner rim of the chest. 11a Iron corner reinforce ment of the lid; origi-nally lozenge-shaped, now broken into two tri-angular pieces with rounded points, each 5.5 long and 3.5 wide. Both con tain two nails with wood remains. As it was found on one corner only, it probably is a repair. 11b-g The thin undecorated bronze sheet was applied in twice three strips (w 6 and h 4.5) on the cor ners of the front side by means of three small bronze nails each (square shaft, l 1.0, bronze sheet head, d 0.6). Two nails are in the cor ners of each strip, the third was placed in the middle at 2.5 cm from the corner of the chest. Around the corner, the strips conti nue for 2.5 cm and are fastened there by means of two nails in their corners. Behind the upper strip on the right a dove tail joint between front (tongue, w 1.0) and side (groo ve) has been atte sted. 11h In the middle of the top rim of the front is the key hole plate (w 7.0, h 5.5), fastened with six small nails. 11i On the front of the lid, above the keyhole plate, a rec tangular bronze sheet (w 7.0, h 3.8) with two groo ved concen tric circles (d 1.8 and 2.9). On both sides of the circles, bronze eyelets (d 0.9) from which the hand le hangs. 11j The Ω-shaped handle (w 5.7, h 3.8, d 0.2 at

the side, to 0.5 in the middle) has bent profiled ends. 11k-l On the front corners of the lid, above the upper strips on the front, strips of bronze sheet (w 6.5, h 3.8), bent around the top and continu-ing there for 1. 11m-n Two iron hinges each consist of two strips of iron (vertical l 11, w tape ring 2.5-1.5), partly bent double, fastened with two iron nails (d of the flat-globular heads 1.4). The vertical strip has its cen tral part bent around the hinge pin, the horizontal one its two outer parts. 11o-p In the front holes of each horizontal hinge plate, there were large bronze de corative nails with rectan gular shafts (l 2, d 0.7x0.3) and heavy flat-glo bular heads (h 0.8, d 2.3), on which a dec-orative sil ver(?) plate (d 1.3). 11q-t Twice two iron corner reinforcements join the back wall to the sides (h 5.0, l on each side 5.0). They were fastened on each side with three iron nails, the ones in the tops of the triangles having flat square heads (1.0x1.0).12 Presumed wooden chest (see remarks above). 13 Iron.14 Blue opaque barrel-shaped glass bead, l 0.3, d 0.4. Not drawn. Date: AD 332-367. Coin date: AD 332-348. Com-bined date: AD 332-348.

OO 340Grave: 160x100; 200°; NAP surface 36.23, bottom 34.24; depth 199 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 116x34/38; 205°Skeletal material: Remains of the skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Jug 2 damaged during excava-tion; spout broken off in antiqui ty. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320) h 8.0, d 17.7. Decoration of two impressed squares one above the other, rouletted four times around the bowl (Hübener’s group 2). 2 Handmade blackish grey biconical jug, h 17.8, d

217—

13.8; handle has square sec tion. 3 Small handmade jar or beaker with two vertical handles, h 8.3, d 8.5.Date: AD 325-425.

OO 341Grave: 196x75; 289°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom 35.01; depth 149 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 170x42; 292°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Around the right arm(?), if the lower arms were cros sed on the chest. The brace let may also have been lying next to the right arm. Inventory1 Bronze strip bracelet, w 1.0, d 5.1. The bracelet narrows to 0.3 near the hook and near the eye-let. Roulett ed decoration of Swift’s h3 on the en-tire w. In the cen tral zone is a zigzag made of loose relief points. In each wave a styli zed flo wer bud in relief, consis ting of a stem and three points. The sides of this central zone consist of rows of vertical dashes. Outside it, one to three rows of oblique das hes. Hollow thic kenings just before hook and eyelet. Date: AD 301-400.

OO 342Grave: 180x50; 88°; NAP sur face 36.40, bottom 35.55; depth 85 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 343Grave: 240x100; 96°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom 35.05; depth 145 Remarks: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. The grave seems to have been dug through in antiquity. Coffin: nails; >210x>45; 96°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 344Grave: 240x130; 113°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom

35.03?; depth 162Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than or con temporary with OO 345. Presuma bly both decea sed were inhumed at the same time in a single grave. Coffin: nails; 120x70; 92°/272°.Stratigraphical date: AD 301-400.

OO 345Grave: 240x130; 113°; NAP surface 36.68, bottom 34.78?; depth 190 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than or contem porary with OO 344. Presumably both decea sed were inhu med at the same time in a single grave. Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 94x34; 105°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Around the neck of the deceased, altitude un-known.Inventory1 String of 39 glass beads 1 barrel-shaped bead, brow nish red, matt, hole in sur face, d 0.9, h 0.7, PE1.3.03-06a; 1 disk/ring-shaped bead, very oblique, opaque brow nish red, sheen, d 0.8, h 0.4, PE1.3.02-04; 2 barrel-shaped beads, irre gular, transparent grey ish blue, d 0.7, h 0.6, PE1.3.10-43; 3 disk/ring-shaped beads, irregular, collar on one side, opaque black, sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.02-01Var; 4 disk/ring-shaped beads, irregular, opaque mus tard yellow, black lines, matt sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.02-03; 6 disk/ring-shaped beads, opaque brownish red, sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.02-03; 22 barrel-shaped/biconical beads, transparent greyish blue, d 0.6, h 0.5, PE1.3.10-43. The (unknown) order might be reconstructed as follows: four groups of six smaller blue beads each, alternating with four groups of four larger beads, in the order reddish brown, black, yel low, reddish brown. One black bead is possibly mis-sing. See however the secti on Beads in Chapter

218—

12, Ty pology of dress accessories. Date: AD 376-400.

OO 346Grave: 220x125; 103°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.33; depth 132 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x42/38; 103°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 347Grave: 245x75; 26°; NAP sur face 36.68, bottom 35.42; depth 126 Coffin: possibly coffin type 3 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40/36; 26°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 At the altitude of the pel vis, altitude unknown.Inventory1 Bronze D-shaped buckle, 3.3x2.2, decorated with groo ves, and with a remnant of the iron tongue, pre ser ved l 1.5.

OO 348Grave: 190x65; 26°; NAP sur face 36.69, bottom 35.39; depth 130 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In niche at the E side of the grave, to the right of the upper body/to the left of the legs. Rim damaged during exca vation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.5, d 9.4. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 349Grave: 116x60; 294°?; NAP surface 36.68, bottom 35.51; depth 117 Remark: Orientation of the grave is uncertain, as it is not clearly indicated on the field drawing. Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 85x32/26; 294°

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, presum-ably at the head-end, to the left of the head. Beaker 3 proba bly on dish 2.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.1, d 10.0.2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 15. Contains 2a.2a Unidentifiable bone re mains.3 Glass beaker, no data. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 350Grave: 235x85; 21°; NAP sur face 36.70, bottom 35.29; depth 141 Coffin: nails; 205x46/42; 21°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 351Grave: 250x120; 105°; NAP surface 36.72, bottom 35.30; depth 142 Coffin: nails; 210x60/50; 110°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Beaker 1 damaged at rim dur-ing excavation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.3, d 9.4.2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 26.5, d 19.3. Decora tion: on shoulder in white paint: zigzag between hori zontal dotted lines. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 15.8. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 352Grave: 130x50; 22°/202°; NAP surface 36.70, bot-tom 35.87; depth 83 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the filling.Intrusion1 Iron link/plate?, measure ments unknown.

219—

OO 353Grave: 135x65/52; 110°; NAP surface 37.05, bot-tom 35.86; depth 119

OO 354Grave: 260x120; 100°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 35.12; depth 193 Coffin: nails; >160x44; 90°Skeletal material: Skull.Outer coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >240x>82 Remark: Considering the ver tical position of the nails, the outer coffin had a wood en floor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2, 4-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Bowl 2 and dish 6 with con-tents were stacked on plate 1 and had sunk into oblique posi tion. Dish 5 has an old crack. 3 Outside the coffin on the bottom of the grave, to the right of the head. Rim dama ged during excavation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 4.8, d 21.0.1a Contained food on 10% of its surface: pig, dis-tal half of right humerus. The distal epiphysis is fused, but the bone is very small; so the age at slaughter can not have been much more than a year. Further, some uni dentifiable fragments of mammal bone. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 12.6. Some splin ters have come off the outer sur face in the ground. 2a Contained food: some uni dentifiable bones of a young mam mal. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5, d 10.1. 4 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 25.2, d 19.5. Decora tion: white dots on shoul der. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.3, h 4, 0. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 13.2. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).6a Contained food: some uni dentifiable bones. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 355Grave: 196x80; 94°; NAP sur face 37.35, bottom 35.49; depth 86 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 356, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 190x52; 98°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, radius.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the feet, in the right-hand cor ner.Inventory1 Glass beaker Gellep 189 with five pinches, h 6.8, d 9.1.Date: AD 267-350.

OO 356Grave: 250x110; 92°; NAP surface 37.37, bottom 35.75; depth 137 Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 355, which it cuts.Skeletal material: skull, humerus. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the shoulders. Beaker 2 damaged at rim during excavati on. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6, 0, d 24.5.1a Contained food on 10% of its surface: pig, dia-physis of right humerus. The distal epifysis is not fused: age at slaughter under one year. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.5, d 10.4.3 Coarse jug Gellep 115 with pin ched spout, h 23.0, d 17.0. Coarse volcanic tempe ring (from Mayen).4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.7, d 17.5. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 357Grave: 160x50; 177°/357°; NAP surface 37.50, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Earlier than OO 358, which cuts it. No coffi n nails found during exca vation.

220—

OO 358Grave: 210x52; 91°/271°; NAP surface 37.50, bot-tom -; depth -Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 357, which it cuts.

OO 359Grave: 254x80/62; 110°; NAP surface 36.03, bot-tom 34.93; depth 110 Skeletal material: Skull, pel vis, legs, feet.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 In the top filling, to the right of the head.Intrusion1 Drop of lead, casting was te, 2.0x0.5. Not drawn.

OO 360Grave: 210x62; 291°; NAP surface 36.03, bottom 34.25; depth 178 Coffin: coffin type 1 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x35/28; 291°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 361Grave: 282x105; 110°; NAP surface 36.22, bottom 34.00; depth 222 Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 200x62/55; 112°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4, 6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Pottery 1-4 stood in wooden chest 6. Jar 1 rim damaged during excavation. Two old cracks in 2. 5 Position unknown.Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.7, d 12.0. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 17.7, h 4.0. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 6.2, d 15.4. Coarse volcanic tempering

(from Mayen).4 Glass, no data.5 Iron D-shaped buckle, 4.4x3.6. 6 Wooden chest (wood disco lorations around 1-4). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 362Grave: 237x110/95; 107°; NAP surface 36.22, bot-tom 34.23; depth 199 Coffin: coffin type 3 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 190x46/38; 107°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. 3 On the right shoulder. 4 On the left shoulder. 5 On the middle of the chest. 6 In the lap. 7 On fibula 5.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 13.8, d 8.7.2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.3, d 16.4. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).3 Small silver tutulus fibu la, h (inclusive of catch-plate) 3.5, d 2.8. Ba sis is a bronze disk, under which bronze catchplate and tube around the spring. On it stands a trumpet-shaped silver cone, onto which a bead is faste ned, covered by a silver plate. Bead and cover plate are fastened with the cen tral bronze pin. Two grooved lines along the bottom of the cone. 4 Bronze support arm fibula, l 4.2, w 4.5. Stretching thread under the spring, bow of tra-pezium-shaped section, rectangular foot with solid cast cathplate, open at its back. The sup-port arm is just out of the centre, ma king the space between the axis sup ports unequal. The axis ends in small pearled disks and conical knobs. Axis support and support arm grooved; the facetted bow knob has a dot-and-circle. Three dot-and-circles on both sides of the bow; pun ched ornament on the facett ed transition between bow and facetted foot. 5 Iron Armbrust fibula, l 3.5, w of spring 3.8, not

221—

clea ned. 6 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 547.7 Textile remains, probably dress fragments. Date: AD 334-350. Coin date: AD 332-348. Com-bined date: AD 334-348.

OO 363Grave: 252x75/85; 120°; NAP surface 36.40, bot-tom 34.68; depth 172 Remarks: Later than OO 364, which it cuts.Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 210x46; 120°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 364Grave: 210x160; 112°/292°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Earlier than OO 363, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits.

OO 365Grave: >80x>20; 88°/268°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom -; depth -Remark: Grave partially out side excavation limits.

OO 366Grave: 228x70; 304°; NAP surface 36.49, bottom 34.98; depth 151 Coffin: nails; 215x48; 304°Skeletal material: Skull, tibi ae.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 Near left femur, altitu de unknown. Consider-ing the textile re mains, it probably lay on the body, but a posi tion on the coffin cannot be ex-cluded. Textile remains 3 on the tongue of buck-le 1. Textile remains 4 on knife 2.5 Next to right tibia. Altitude unknown.6 Outside the coffin, imme diately to the left of the waist. Altitude unknown.Inventory1 Bronze buckle and belon ging strap end, Som-mer 1Cb4. Long oval buckle with flatt ish round section. Two se parate buckle tongues, both facetted at the basis. The plate is short and rectangu lar, h 7.8, w 3.5. The long edge of the

plate and the rim of the buckle next to it are grooved. On the plate, a row of dots joined by pun ched arcs. The same decora tion on the three open sides of the wide rectangular strap end, made of a folded piece of bronze (h 5.8, w 4.6), bent at the belt end into a cylinder shape with rounded corners. 1a Leather remains between the folded plate. 2 Iron knife, l 13.5, with short tang (l 3.8). The bla de (9.7x3.2 and 0.2 thick) is pointed and equally cur ved on both si des. 3 Textile remains: two frag ments in different lay-ers of the same piece of cloth, twill, no selvedge present, 7.7x3.5 and 3.8x2.3.4 Textile remains: tabby, 2.0x1.8. 5 Shapeless piece of bronze. 6 Tegula. Not drawn. 7 Mineralized wood remains. Date: AD 364-408.

OO 367Grave: >168x90; 137°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Earlier than OO 368, which cuts it. The skull of grave OO 367 was found when grave OO 368 was dug, and it was put in the trench of OO 368. Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-360.

OO 368Grave: 234x76; 276°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Later than OO 367, which it cuts. Imme-diately to the left of the coffin in the grave lies the skull that belongs to grave OO 367. Coffin: nails; 216x42; 279°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the waist, altitude un known.Inventory1 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Aa with oval buckle frame (w 3) and narrow oval plat e with three riv-ets; tongue broken off. Meant for a narrow belt. Date: AD 310-360.

222—

OO 369Grave: 214x96; 265°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom 35.10; depth 165 Coffin: nails; 204x41/35; 261°Skeletal material: Skull, right femur.

OO 370Grave: 208x100; 304°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom -; depth -Remark: Earlier than OO 396, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 190x54/42; 296°Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400.

OO 371Grave: 240x72; 296°; NAP surface 36.66, bottom 35.00; depth 166 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 202x42; 296°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Above the waist, altitude unknown.2 Above the upper body, on the left side, altitude un known.3-5 Near the left foot, altitude unknown. The leat her or textile remains 5 may be remains of a pouch in which 3 and 4 were deposited. Inventory1 Bronze buckle, facetted, rectangular, 2.1x2.9. The tongue of the buckle is also facetted and grooved in such a way as to depict a styli zed ani-mal’s head. 2 Coin: dupondius, Claudi us I, 41-50, Rome, RIC2 92; countermarks PRO/PROB and BON.3 Coin: follis (15), sons of Constantine I, 337-340, Rome, RIC 24/26.4 Coin: follis (14), Hele na, 337-340, Trier, RIC 47/90.5 Leather or textile re mains. Date: AD 337-367. Coin date: AD 337-341. Com bined date: AD 337-341.

OO 372Grave: 210x100; 285°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.53; depth 112

Coffin: nails; 190x40; 285°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 373Grave: 300x160; 105°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.49; depth 136 Remark: Later than OO 399, which it cuts. Coffin: nails; >200x50; 105°Skeletal material: unspeci fied bones. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 At the head/foot-end of the coffin, position in re lation to the body unknown.2 Belt strap end 2b seems to have been near the waist of the deceased; the altitude is unknown. The position of buckle 2a in relation to the body and the altitude are un known. At the tongue of the buckle 2a was organic mate rial 2c. It cannot be said whether the belt was around the body or on the coffin. The grave seems to have been dis-turbed in this area. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).2 Belt set. 2a Bronze ‘dolphin buckle’ Sommer 1Ac3, 3.5x2.0, of which the oval buckle frame is formed by two opposite animals’ heads (dol-phins?, ducks?). Between the two open mouths there is a glo bular object, on which the buckle tongue rests. The oval plate is partly broken off. The end of the buckle tongue is pro filed and sug gests an ani mal’s head in a similar way.2b Belt strap end consisting of flat bronze strip folded in two, l 4.0, w 0.5-0.9. The wide ends were riveted toge ther. Two x-sha ped cros ses on each side, between which dot-and-circles, with another camouflaging the rivet. 2c Organic remains. Date: AD 310-360.

OO 374Grave: 125x45; 21°/201°; NAP surface 36.90, bot-tom 35.71; depth 119 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

223—

OO 375Grave: 240x75; 109°; NAP surface 36.90, bottom 35.60; depth 130 Coffin: nails; 210x38; 109°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.

OO 376Grave: 105x50; 288°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom -; depth -Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 90x30Skeletal material: Remains of the skull.

OO 377Grave: 255x110; 109°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.58; depth 127 Remark: The orientation as given on the field drawing is doubtful; it might be 180° the other way. Coffin: nails; 220x45; 109°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 378Grave: 225x90; 109°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 35.92; depth 113 Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, legs.

OO 379Grave: 200x70; 98°; NAP sur face 36.85, bottom 36.00; depth 85 Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra, left tibia.

OO 380Grave: >105x100; 108°/288°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 36.01; depth 104 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times.

OO 381Grave: 260x155; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 34.97; depth 208 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x56/48; 87°

Skeletal material: Remains of the skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In coffin.Inventory1 Leather remains, decayed.

OO 382Grave: 250x90; 103°; NAP surface 37.28, bottom 35.31; depth 197 Coffin: nails; 180x44; 103°Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the legs. Jug 2 rim dama ged during exca-vation. 5-7, 9 On the coffin, at the altitude of the right femur. The leather remains may be long to shoe(s) 9. 8 Presumably in the coffin near the right hand, altitu de un known.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2 with in cised decora ti on, h 14.7, d 9.1. Decoration: D•A•M•I•, oblique row of three dots (cf. Künzl ele ment 59).2 Coarse jug Gose 516 with horizontal lip, h 20.2, d 15.5.3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on insi de, h 5.7, d 14.1. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen).4 Small coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.5, h 4.5. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher).5 String of 43 glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent light bluish green, broken off, d 0.5, h 0.5, TM 137; 1 heart-shaped bead, trans parent ultramarine, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.5, Riha 2947; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-si ded, transparent olive green, d 0.6, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, flat, i.e. two wider sides, sharp si des, transparent bluish green, d 0.6, h 0.6, Riha 2935a; 1 oval bead, transparent dark ultramarine, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2947Var; 2 polyhedral beads, sharp sides, transparent dark ul tramarine, d 0.4, h0.4, Riha 2935b;

224—

3 barrel-shaped beads, transparent honey yel-low, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968a; 3 rounded cylinder-shaped beads, slightly transpa rent olive green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931fVar; 4 biconical beads, transpa rent honey yellow, d 0.6, h 0.3, Riha 2968b; 10 oblique barrel-shaped beads, transparent dark ul tramarine, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2931b; 16 biconical beads, transpa rent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2971c. 6 Bronze strip bracelet, d 5.5, w 0.3. The ends overlap and have been rive ted toge ther. The sur-face is decora ted with fans of four groo ves, al-ternating along left and right sides (Swift 2000, decoration a5). 7 Bracelet of bronze wire, d 5.6. The wire is 0.2 thick. The ends of the wire are bent into hooks. 8 Coin: follis (19), Con stantine I, 318, Londen, RIC 150.9 Leather remains with iron shoe nails (not drawn). Date: AD 318-350. Coin date: AD 318-330. Com bined date: AD 318-330.

OO 383Grave: 246x80; 97°; NAP sur face 37.28, bottom c.36.20; depth c.108 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); recon-structed on the basis of the nails ?x48/44; 97°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. The bott om of the niche is un-even. Beaker 1 damaged during ex cavation. Jug 2 was found 10 cm lower than both other ob jects. Its handle was lost during exca vation. 4 In the coffin, to the left of the head. The alti-tude is un known.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-verti cal lip, h 8.8, d 9.7.2 Smooth jug Gellep 263 with four brown bands, the upper two irre gular and transpa rent in places, h 22.6, d 13.1.

3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 5.0, d 23. Coarse vol-canic tempe ring (from Mayen).4 Piece of the shaft of a bronze pin, preserved l 7.6. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 384Grave: 150x>50; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.35, bot-tom 36.37; depth 98 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. NAP bottom is uncert ain, as it is not on the field dra wing.

OO 385Grave: 275x110; 42°/222°; NAP surface 36.00, bot-tom 34.93; depth 107 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 386Grave: 250x110; 111°; NAP surface 36.00, bottom 34.10; depth 190 Coffin: coffin type 4 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); 185x50/46; 111°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 387Grave: 230x92/78; 300° (?); NAP surface 36.12, bottom 34.48; depth 164 Coffin: coffin type 2 (see section on coffins in Chap ter 13, Typology of the gra ves); nails; 200x45/38; 300° (?)

OO 388Grave: >120x>45; 132°; NAP surface 36.25, bot-tom 35.10; depth 115 Remark: Earlier than OO 389, which cuts it.Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 389Grave: 207x100; 130°; NAP surface 36.25, bottom 34.99; depth 126 Remark: Later than OO 388, which it cuts. Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.

225—

OO 390Grave: 175x60; 213°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 34.96; depth 134 Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 391Grave: 155x50; 211°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 35.10; depth 120 Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 392Grave: >175x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 36.43, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave was outsi de the excava-tion trench and was not recog nized in the neigh-bouring one.

OO 393Grave: 248x80; 294° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bot-tom 35.03; depth 142 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave was outsi de the excava-tion trench and was not recog nized in the neigh-bouring one. Conside ring its width in the upper level, it is possible that there was a niche on the S side, not noticed du ring excavation and not present at the lower level. Coffin: nails; 200x45/34; 294°

OO 394Grave: 232x78; 115°; NAP surface 36.48, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; 212x36/40; 115°Skeletal material: Femora.

OO 395Grave: 220x90; 303°; NAP surface 36.48, bottom 34.86; depth 162 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. A niche on the NE side, to the right of the legs, with its possible contents were lost when the next level was cleared by mechani cal dig ger. Coffin: 200x46/56; 303°Skeletal material: Skull, right femur.

OO 396Grave: 120x62; 137°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom -; depth -Remark: Later than OO 370, which it cuts. Coffin: nails; >40x32; 137°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the corner of the gra ve, altitude unknown.Inventory1 String of six glass beads: 1 flat beam-shaped bead, oblique, rounded loz-enge in section, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 0.8, Riha 1310; 1 flat-biconical bead, transparent honey brown, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968bVar; 1 flat-biconical bead, slightly transparent yello-wish white, d 0.6, h 0.5, Riha 2979bVar; 3 flat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.6, h 0.4, Riha 1224. Date: AD 301-400.

OO 397Grave: 256x120; 128°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.52; depth 108 Coffin: nails; 198x48; 128°Skeletal material: Remains of the skull?

OO 398Grave: 130x50; 10°/190°; NAP surface 36.60, bot-tom 35.79; depth 81 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 399Grave: >85x40; 16°/196°; NAP surface 36.65, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 373, which cuts it.Stratigraphical date: AD ?-360.

OO 400Grave: 220x100/115; 121°; NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 34.76; depth 209 Remark: Altitude of the ni che is unknown.Coffin: possibly coffin type 1 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40/36; 121°

226—

Skeletal material: Skull, left radius, left tibia.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist.5 In the coffin, near the left radius.Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 5.6, d 22.4.2 Small glass beaker Gellep 178, h 5.5, d 8. Not drawn.3 Lower part of a slender conical glass beaker Gellep 185, preser ved h 9.5, d bott om 2.5.4 Bone comb. Part of the triangular plate in three layers is preserved, l 6.7, th 1.4. The lay ers are joi ned with iron rivets. The plate is deco rated with a groove along the rim and a parallel row of dot-and-cir cles. In the middle, a lo zenge of four dot-and-cir cles. The rim of the middle plate is profiled. Some fragments of the middle comb plate with saw traces re main. 5 Textile remains, no data. Date: AD 301-350.

OO 401Grave: 220x118; 280° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bot-tom 35.61; depth 124 Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x40/45; 285° (?)

OO 402Grave: 245x90; 115°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; 200x38; 119°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, right radius, legs.Remark: The coffin trace widens in the middle to 44.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Near the waist, altitude unknown. Organic remains 2 on buckle 1.Inventory1 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Ac1, 3.5x2, with bag-shaped bron ze-sheet plate with bent rims, sug-gesting a solid plate, 3.6x3. Two thickened ribs on both sides of the place where the tongue rests.

2 Leather or textile re mains. Date: AD 310-360.

OO 403Grave: 100x70; 90°; NAP sur face 36.90, bottom -; depth -

OO 404Grave: >210x85; 295°; NAP surface 36.90, bottom 35.90?; depth 100 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: nails; 200x35; 298°Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Presumably on the bottom of the coffin, near the left hand.Inventory1 Scrap of bronze sheet.

OO 405Grave: 165x100; 9°/189°; NAP surface 37.08, bot-tom -; depth -Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces.

OO 406Grave: 212x70; 106°; NAP surface 37.15, bottom 35.52; depth 163 Coffin: nails; 200x48/38; 106°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.

OO 407Grave: 175x100; 85°/275°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-tom 36.18; depth 112 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 408, which it cuts.

OO 408Grave: 160x80; 284°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom -; depth -Remark: Earlier than OO 407, which cuts it.Coffin: nails; 145x39; 284°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 409Grave: 125x75; 85°/275°; NAP surface 37.30, bot-

227—

tom 36.10; depth 120 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 410Grave: >180x75; 100°/280°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 411, which cuts it. Grave cut through by dig ging in recent times. Grave partially out side ex cavation limits. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 411Grave: >100x80; 111°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom c.35.35; depth c.195 Remark: Later than OO 410, which it cuts. Coffin: nails; >90x30; 111°Skeletal material: Femora.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the right tibia.Inventory1 Small coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken off in anti quity, h 9.4, d 10.6. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 412Grave: 154x58; 300°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; 145x36; 300°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Near the right tibia, altitude unknown.2 On the left shoulder, altitude unknown.Inventory1 Sherds, no data. 2 Bronze Armbrust fibula, l 3.1, with rectangu lar foot, spring of ten coils and a narrow D-shaped bow. Head and neck of the bow and the foot facetted. Grooves on the back side of the catch-plate. Date: AD 334-467.

OO 413Grave: 240x80; 302° (?); NAP surface 36.51, bot-tom c.35.30; depth c.121

Coffin: nails; 220x48/40; 302° (?)Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the left tibia.2-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the left of the tibiae. Beaker 3 stood in bowl 2, which has old cracks. Orna ments 4-6 were in bowl 2 as well.Inventory1 Smooth jug Gellep 77, h 18.7, d 12.3.2 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 8.4, d 18.7. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178 with cut rim, h 5.5, d 8.2.4 String of 64 glass, ivory and amber beads: 44 barrel-shaped/biconical beads, transparent (dark) ultrama ri ne, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2971c; 4 cylinder-shaped rounded beads, transparent emerald green, d 0.3, h 0.6, Riha 2844x;2 cylinder-shaped ivory be ads, notched at the ends, oblong lines, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 2952eVar; 1 bronze? barrel-shaped be ad, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 1235; 1 cylinder-shaped ivory bead with oblong lines, d 0.3, h 0.5, Riha 2952cVar; 1 disk/ring-shaped bead, transparent honey yel-low, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968a; 1 disk-shaped amber bead, matt dark brown, d 1.7, h 0.6, TM 430; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-si ded, slightly transpa-rent olive green, matt, d 0.6, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-si ded, transparent olive green, d 0.7, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-si ded, transparent clear eme rald green, d 0.8, h 0.9, Riha 1329Var; 1 irregular barrel-shaped bead, transparent dark ul tramarine, sheen, d 0.5, h 0.4, Riha 2925d;1 irregularly biconical be ad, transparent ultramari ne, d 0.6, h 0.3, Riha 1225; 1 pentagonal rounded bead, slightly transparent olive green, matt, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 1324; 1 tyre-shaped/biconical be ad, transparent light green, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925a; rounded beam-shaped bead, very clear light green, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 1310Var.

228—

5 Bronze strip bracelet, inner d 5.2, w 0.5. One end is bent into a hook with thicker knob, with an eyelet at the other. Decorated all over with grooves in a care less cross pattern. Eye let made after the decorati on was applied. 6 Bronze-wire earring with sharp ends, inner d 1.3-1.5. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 414Grave: 135x50; 16°/196°; NAP surface 36.50, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 415Grave: 250x100; 315°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.13; depth 147 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the exca-vation trench and was not recogni zed in the neighbouring one. Coffin: nails; 210x46; 311°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the right shoulder, 12 cm above the bottom of the coffi n.2 On the lower body, altitu de unknown.3 On the right shoulder, altitude unknown.Inventory1 Bronze crossbow fibula Swift 2ii (Sommer IIb = Kel ler 2A = Van Buchem IIIB), l 8.0, with hexago-nal crossarm onto which a profiled deco rati ve moulding is sol dered; hexagonal facetted knobs. Filed foot decoration Swift a10 and E1. Bow dec-oration Swift E1: slanted lines from right to left (///). 2 Iron object, bent and with square nail hole, unrecogni sable, 8x3.5. Not drawn. 3 No data. Date: AD 300-340.

OO 416Grave: 125x65; 126°/306°; NAP surface 36.58, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 417Grave: >100x120; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 418, which cuts it.

OO 418Grave: 230x70; 100°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.66; depth 94 Remark: Later than OO 417, which it cuts.Coffin: 186x40; 100°Skeletal material: Skull, left humerus, left tibia.

OO 419Grave: 200x80; 105°/285°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom -; depth -Coffin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails >75x40; 105°/285°

OO 420Grave: 280x115; 270°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.57; depth 113 Coffin: nails; 200x40/32; 270°Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesIntrusion1 Outside the coffin, alti tude unknown, to the left of the head.Intrusion1 Bone.

OO 421Grave: >210x110; 97°; NAP surface 36.98, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; >175x50; 97°Skeletal material: Pelvis.

OO 422Grave: 235x90; 104°; NAP surface 37.02, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; 212x50/44; 104°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 423Grave: 225x85; 92°; NAP sur face 37.12, bottom 35.42; depth 170

229—

Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x42/48; 92°Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: Considering the nails at the head-end, the coffin was possibly longer. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In the grave on an ele vation of sand, at the head-end, in the left-hand cor ner. Dish 2 dama-ged during excavation. Inventory1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.8, d 12.4. Coarse volca nic tempe ring (from Mayen).2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 15.8, h 4.2. Coarse volca nic tempering (from Mayen).3 Glass beaker Gellep 195. Not drawn, measure-ments un known. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 424Grave: 145x65; 94°; NAP sur face 37.10, bottom 36.05; depth 105 Coffin: nails; 120x36; 94°Skeletal material: Dental re mains.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the grave on an eleva tion of sand, to the right of the head. Heavily damaged during exca-vation.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and groo ved (unevenly fired), h 13.8, d 9.7. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 425Grave: 210x80; 296° (?); NAP surface 36.57, bot-tom 35.22; depth 135 Coffin: nails; 195x44/37; 296° (?).

OO 426Grave: 224x80; 279°; NAP surface 36.58, bottom 35.09; depth 147 Coffin: nails; 196x44; 279°Skeletal material: Tibiae.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 On the bottom of the coffin, to the right of

the tibiae. Beaker 1 fallen over. Beaker 1 dam-aged du ring excavation, when the level was cleared (rim com ple tely lost). 3 Above the right shoulder of the deceased, 20 cm above the bottom of the coffin. The fibula was probably on the coffin. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 18.4, d 11.6.2 Handmade necked jar, h 11.6, d 14.5.3 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4B), l 9.0. Flattish globular knobs on the cros sarm, onion-shaped knob at the end of the bow. Bow un decorated or, accor-ding to one drawing, with slanted lines from left to right (\\\: bow decoration Swift E6). Two pairs of volu tes on the foot (foot decoration Swift c5). Lost.Date: AD 330-367.

OO 427Grave: 110x100; 29°/209°; NAP surface 36.58, bot-tom 35.42; depth 116 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 428Grave: 220x72; 305°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom 35.42; depth 133 Remark: Earlier than OO 429, which cuts it.Skeletal material: Skull, femo ra.Position of grave goods/dress accessoriesCoffin mountings?1 Immediately to the right of the head.Inventory1 Scrap of metal.

OO 429Grave: 140x75; 51°/231°; NAP surface 36.75, bot-tom -; depth -Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Later than OO 428, which it cuts.

OO 430Grave: 200x70; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.74, bot-tom 35.37; depth 137

230—

Coffin: Trace and recon structed on the basis of nails >172x?; 111°/291°

OO 431Grave: 188x52; 121°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom 35.33; depth 142 Coffin: reconstructed on the basis of nails 174x44/40; 121°Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 At the head-end, possibly fallen off the coffin. Inventory1 Fragment of a floor tile.

OO 432Grave: 250x125; 286°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.65; depth 105 Coffin: nails; 200x50/42; 286°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 433Grave: 250x90; 296°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.61; depth 119 Coffin: nails; 214x49/44; 296°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, to the left of the head. Base of beaker 3 decayed. 4-5 On the coffin, at the altitude of the waist. Tex tile remains 5 are on knife 4.Inventory1 Fine dark coloured folded beaker Symonds 62 with four round dents and four folds alternating, h 14.4, d 9.7-10.4.2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 109, handle broken off in antiqui ty, h 11.6, d 11.8. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.5, d 9.0.4 Iron knife, l 15.6, pin l 9.0. The pointed blade is equally curved on both si des, l 6.6, w 2.7.5 Coarse textile, 3.3x1.2. Twill, nine threads per cm. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 434Grave: 290x110; 312°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 34.42; depth 238

Coffin: possibly coffin type 2 (see section on cof-fins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x35; 312°Skeletal material: Skull, radii, right tibia.

OO 435Grave: 274x100; 287°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 35.61; depth 144 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: nails; 180x30; 287°Skeletal material: Skull, hume ri, femora.

OO 436Grave: >180x150; 101°/281°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom -; depth -Remark: Robbed by treasure hunters during exca-vation.

OO 437Grave: 233x78; 291°; NAP surface 36.59, bottom -; depth -Coffin: nails; 224x38/44; 291°Skeletal material: Skull.Remark: According to a rem ark on the field draw-ing, there was an iron mounting on the coffin; not preser ved. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the right shoulder, altitude unknown.Inventory1 Bronze crossbow fibula Pröttel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4), l 9.7, weight 105 gr, with rec-tangular cros sarm, oni on-shaped knobs and a bow that is as wide as the foot but shor ter. On the foot three pairs of volutes (foot decoration Swift c5, E6). On the crossarm two suppor ting plates with two holes each. Niello decorati on on bow and foot: slanted dashes with a point in the middle, between two longi tudi nal lines (bow decorati on Swift E6). Date: AD 330-410.

OO 438Grave: 240x80; 263°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.04; depth 176 Remark: The grave was cut through by digging in

231—

anti quity.Coffin: nails; 205x44; 263°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 In the later trench, alti tude unknown.Intrusion1 Scrap of metal.

OO 439Grave: 100x90; 127°/307°; NAP surface 36.82, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 440Grave: 222x70; 288°; NAP surface 36.83, bottom 35.17; depth 166 Remarks: To the right of the legs a niche was seen at the N side of the gra ve. Its possible con tents got lost when the next level was cleared by me-chanical dig ger. Coffin: nails; 210x40; 288°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 441Grave: 235x98; 283°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 34.46; depth 234 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times.Coffin: nails; 205x43; 283°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 442Grave: 175x75; 91°/271°; NAP surface 36.90, bot-tom 35.82; depth 108 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 443Grave: 220x85; 276°; NAP surface 36.63, bottom 35.22; depth 141 Coffin: 202x40; 276°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Near the left humerus, altitude unknown.Inventory

1 Scrap of metal.

OO 444Grave: 210x70; 353°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.42; depth 123 Coffin: nails; 204x38/33; 353°Skeletal material: Skull.

OO 445Grave: 90x50; 34°/214°; NAP surface 36.72, bot-tom 35.52; depth 120 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 446Grave: 220x90; 285°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom 35.62; depth 113 Coffin: nails; 190x44/40; 285°Skeletal material: Skull.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 On the coffin, above the head, in the right-hand cor ner.Inventory1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 273 with pro-filed foot and three zones of in cising, h 13.0, d 17.2. Date: AD 351-400.

OO 447Grave: 200x60/50; 101°/281°; NAP surface 36.73, bottom 35.60; depth 113 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. No grave goods found in a pos sible niche.

OO 448Grave: 290x160; 28°/208°; NAP surface 36.19, bottom 32.95; depth 324 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Irregu lar shape.

OO 449Grave: 260x135; 110°/290°; NAP surface 36.21, bottom 33.33; depth 288 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

232—

OO 450Grave: 150x84; 30°/210°; NAP surface 36.22, bot-tom 33.22; depth 300 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 451Grave: 200x105; 23°/203°; NAP surface 36.24, bottom 33.12; depth 312 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 452Grave: 180x90; 19°/199°; NAP surface 36.26, bot-tom 33.04; depth 322 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 453Grave: 150x105; 13°/193°; NAP surface 36.24, bot-tom 33.04; depth 320 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 454Grave: 150x60; 109°/289°; NAP surface 36.22, bottom 33.27; depth 305 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 455Grave: 140x60; 22°/202°; NAP surface 36.24, bot-tom 32.99; depth 325 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 456Grave: 260x170; 124°/304°; NAP surface 36.20, bottom 32.92; depth 328 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.

OO 457Grave: >195x125; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.45, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-

vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

OO 458Grave: >160x110; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.40, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 459Grave: >145x150; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.40, bottom 37.48; depth 192 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

OO 460Grave: >150x75; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.40, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 461Grave: >200x110/100; 113°; NAP surface 39.40, bottom 37.83; depth 147 Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit.Skeletal material: SkullPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Outside coffin on the bottom of the grave, to the left of the head. Plate 1 was standing on its side and was probably ori ginally on the coffin. The top of bea ker 2 was at 38.00 NAP. 3 On the right shoul der. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 4.9, d 20.9. On the undersi de, the shadows of the fin gers made during or after dipping in the slip. They fit onto the fingers of the right hand that does not clutch the foot-ring but carries it the right way up. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.7, d 10.2.3 Bronze crossbow fibula Swift 2ii (Sommer IIb; Kel ler 2A-3A), l 7.5, w 5.5, weight 42 gram, with trape zoid crossarm with filed decoration (not in Swift 2000), knobs facetted and hexagonal and

233—

longer than broad, foot shorter than bow. Date: AD 300-340.

OO 462Grave: >110x50; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.30, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 463Grave: >65x60; 31°/211°; NAP surface 39.32, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-5 At narrow end, altitude and position in rela-tion to coffin un known. Possibly on the coffin. Top bowl 1 at 37.88 NAP. Beaker 3 under jar 5. Old crack in bowl 1.Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 30 (= Chenet 319a), h 6, d 13.3. 2 Remarkably heavy dark co loured (surface brown, sherd grey) motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m. Decoration: VIVAS with many verti cal dotted lines between the letters, h 11.2, d 8.4. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groo ve, h 19.8, d 11.7.4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved with me tallic sheen, h 14.9, d 9.2.5 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 110 h 11.9, d 12.8. Coarse volcanic tempe ring material (from Mayen). Deco ration: roulett ing of two small squares one above the other on neck and max diameter. The decoration stops at both sides of the handle. Date: AD 351-367.

OO 464Grave: >140x90; 42°/222°; NAP surface 39.32, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 465Grave: >30x85; 123°/303°; NAP surface 39.28, bot-tom 37.50; depth 178

Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

OO 466Grave: >160x100; 290°; NAP surface 39.26, bot-tom 37.68; depth 158 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Skeletal material: Femora, tibi aePosition of grave goods/dress accessories1 UnknownInventory1 Bronze pin, broken but complete, l 16.7, with long profiled head, l 2. Date: AD 334-400.

OO 467Grave: >75x75; 96°/276°; NAP surface 39.26, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit.Skeletal material: several uni dentified bonesPosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 On the coffin, above the head. Beaker 2 fall-en over, its top, as it was lying, at 38.71 NAP. Neck of 1 is da maged. Fibula 4 on the left shoul-der. Intrusion5 Iron hook, l 11: location unknown. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, preser ved h 10.7, d 9.3. 2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.6.1, h 21.4, d 12.2, measured volume: until shoulder 880 cc, up to 1 cm under rim 1040 cc. De coration in white paint. Scheme from top down: dotted line, wavy line, dotted li ne, motto AVETE, be-tween its letters three times Künzl element 119 (three dots), between T and final E even a circle of five dots, after the E again three dots, a stand-ing branch with five leaves at both sides, and as word separator two dots, with underneath in the middle a triangle of smaller dots (Künzl element 57), dotted line, running scroll (Künzl element 188). 3 Glass beaker, no data.

234—

4 Bronze crossbow fibula Swift 2ii (Sommer IIb, Kel ler 2A, Van Buchem IIIB, type Deurne), l 8.5, w 6.8, weight 110 gram. Hexagonal crossarm on which a profiled decorative moul ding is sol dered for the stabilisation of the joint, hexagonal fa-cett ing of the knobs, beaded mouldings at every knob and on the trans ition between bow and foot. Filed foot decoration Swift a10; radi ally filed lines on the front of the foot. Date: AD 300-340.

OO 468Grave: 165x85; 92°/272°; NAP surface 39.26, bot-tom -; depth -Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 At narrow end, altitude and position in rela-tion to coffin un known.Inventory1 Terra nigra beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.1, d 9.5.2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved. Date: AD 300-367.

OO 469Grave: >255x90; 94°/284°; NAP surface 39.12, bottom 37.35; depth 177 Remark: Later than OO 470, which it cuts. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coffin unknown. Beaker 1 rim dam-aged during excavation; hole pricked in it in an-tiquity. Intrusion?3 location unknownInventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker with narrow foot Sy-monds 61 grooved, h 16.1, d 9.6.2 Coarse jar Gellep 105, h 11.9, d 13.5. Coarse volca nic tem pe ring material (from May en).Intrusion?3 Strip of iron, 8x3, with nail hole and bent edge in which a second nail hole. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 470Grave: >126x78; 149°/329°; NAP surface 39.20, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Earlier than OO 469, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367.

OO 471Grave: 145x>65; 35°/215°; NAP surface 39.20, bot-tom 37.10; depth 210 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 472Grave: 340x95; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.02, bot-tom 37.40; depth 162 Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 In niche on the N side. Old crack in bowl 1. Jar 3 damaged at rim during excavati on. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6.2, d 14.7. Decoration: four rows of rouletting with a molette (= roller-stamp) on which nine rec-tangles: 1 hatching top left-bottom right, 2 quin-cunx, 3 wide rectangle with V-hatching, 4 hat-ching, 5 four points as on a die, 6 St. Andrew’s cross in which horizontally two dots and verti-cally two triangles, 7 St. Andrew’s cross in which vertically two triangles, 8 quin cunx, 9 hatching. Almost equal to molette (= roller-stamp) 308 of Chenet 1941, Pl. XXXVII, which however has eight rec tangles instead of nine, rectangle 6 mis sing. Hübener’s group 5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.2, d 15.8. Coarse volca nic tempering material (from Mayen). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.2, d 11.9. Coarse volcanic tempe ring material (from Mayen). Date: AD 330-367.

OO 473Grave: 314x110; 122°/302°; NAP surface 38.75, bottom 36.47; depth 238 Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit. Measuring er-rors were made during exca vation as regards

235—

grave, coffin and niche. Correc ti ons possibly not entirely accurate. Coffin: 200x52, reconstruc ted on the basis of the nails; 122°/302°Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 and 3 in niche on the S side. 2 and 4 unknown.Intrusions?5-6 Unknown. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6.5, d 13.9. An extraordina rily large lump of pink-ish white chalk, d 1, bulges from the lip. Decora-tion: a molette (= roller-stamp) of three protrud-ing squares has made four rows of three squa res between raised borders; cf Chenet molettes (= rol ler-stamps) 159 and 304; Hübener 1968, group 2. 2 Glass bottle Gellep 199 with rim folded in-wards, greenish blue with many bub bles, h 12.4, d 7.1.3 Colourless glass bottle Gellep 199 with rim folded in wards, in its neck some fe ather-like vio-let threads blown with the other glass, h 13.5, d 8.9. 4 Bronze bracelet, d 5.7, d bronze wire: 0.2.Intrusion?5 Iron ring, no data, not drawn.6 A piece of bronze sheet, 7.4x2.2. Date: AD 325-400.

OO 474Grave: >165x185; 340°; NAP surface 37.84, bot-tom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Skeletal material: Skull

OO 475Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 A black layer was pre sent on the level (NAP 37.84), in which they were found; no edge of a grave was seen. Plate 1 disappea red from the store of the ROB short ly after the exca vation.

Neck of jug 2 lost in antiquity. Jug 3 damaged during excava tion and lacks handle. Jar 4 heavi ly dama ged during exca vation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata plate Gel lep 40 (= Chenet 304b). No further data.2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70, h 16.4, d 10.9, large part of neck missing. 3 Brown-marbled double-hand led jug Gellep 72, h 22.5, d 16.7. 4 Coarse jar Gellep 105, h 12, d 13.5. Much fine tempe ring (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 476Grave: 220x95; 75°/255°; NAP surface 38.75, bot-tom -; depth -Coffin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: unidenti fied piece of bonePosition of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 Probably on the coffin. Inventory1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, h 4.7, d 9.7.2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.6, d 13.1. Much fine tempering (from Urmitz).3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 9.2, d 11.7. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 477Grave: 160x75; 108°/288°; NAP surface 38.48, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 478Grave: >200x150; 162°/342°; NAP surface 38.48, bottom 37.50; depth 198 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1 Probably to the side of the body, altitude and posi tion in relation to coffin un known; rim dama ged during excavation. Hole pricked in its wall in recent times by someone sounding for pots. 2-4 At a narrow end, altitu de and position

236—

in rela tion to coffin unknown. Bea ker 2 damaged at rim during excavati on. 5 Un known. Inventory1 Jug of imitation terra sigillata with pinched spout Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), preser ved h 18.3, d 14.7. Red painted decoration: groups of four hanging arcs, (the one on the left lar gest) be-tween two horizontal lines. 2 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.9, d 8.2. MA•NEN•TI•; above the text a hori-zontal line. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.2, d 7.8, with white painted decorati on: running scroll (Künzl element 188). 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.7, d 8.5, with white painted decorati on: running scroll (Künzl element 188).5 Iron knife with one cutt ing edge and concave back, (probably sharp) point bro ken off, pre-served l 11.5, max w blade 2.3. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 479Grave: NAP sur face 38.48, bottom -; depth -Remark: During the excavati on the edge of the grave was not recognized as it was dug in a large Flavi an pit of rougly the same colour of the fill-ing. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Unknown. Beaker 1 dama ged at rim during excavati on. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16.2, d 9.3. Part of neck and shoul der missing. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 21.0. Coarse volca nic tempering material (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-350.

OO 480Grave: >125x70; 115°/295°; NAP surface 38.48, bottom 36.93; depth 155 Skeletal material: Burnt human bone dispersed in the grave, possibly from a first-century grave that was cut through. Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 Outside coffin on the bottom of the grave or on the bottom of the coffi n, at the altitude of upper body or legs. Beaker 1 rim dama ged dur-ing exca vation. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decorati on: running scroll with dots (Künzl ele ment 189), h 11.2, d 7.8. 2 Coin: aes II (?) of Mag nentius, 350-351; missing. Date: AD 350-355. Coin date: AD 350-378. Com-bined date: AD 350-355. OO 481Grave: >56x52; 125°/305°; NAP surface 38.50, bottom -; depth -Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Grave goods from this grave were mixed with those of a nearby pre-Flavian grave and given the same find number. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 At narrow end, altitude and position in rela-tion to coffin un known. Top of foot ed bowl 1 at 37.16 NAP.Inventory1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, with one groove in foot and two in lip, h 6.3, d 10.0, shin-ing greyish black smooth pottery. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth with wide body and narrow foot, h 13.2, d 10.0.3 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.2, d 7.6, with white painted decorati on: running scroll, no cadre lines. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.6, d 9.6. Date: AD 301-355.

OO 482Grave: >155x90; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.50, bottom -; depth -Remark: Niche cut by a re cent pit. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-2 To the side in the middle of the grave. Altitu-de and position in relation to coffin un known. Jar 1 heavily damaged during exca vation. Niche

237—

to the right of the feet/to the left of the head disturbed. No grave goods found there. Inventory1 Coarse jar Gellep 100, h 11.2, d 12.6. Coarse volca nic tem pe ring material (from May en). 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with rim thickened on the inside, h 11.1, d 12.7. Co arse volca nic temper-ing ma terial (from Mayen), brick red. Date: AD 334-350.

OO 483Grave: 150x>100; 28°/208°; NAP surface 38.46, bottom -; depth -Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit. A first-centu ry beaker found in the grave must be an intrusion. Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-4 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coffin unknown. Jar 3 dama ged dur-ing excava tion. Inventory1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 13.6, d 8.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, with wide body, h 12.4, d 9.2. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.2, d 11.7. Coarse volcanic tempe ring material (from Mayen).4 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 6.4, d 14.1. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 484Grave: >90x>70; 27°/207°; NAP surface 38.46, bottom -; depth -Remark: Grave cut by a re cent pit. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.Position of grave goods/dress accessories1-3 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coffin unknown. Top beaker 2 at 37.52 NAP. Bowl 1, which had been burnt in anti quity, decayed. Rim of beaker 2, and bowl 3 da maged during excavation. Inventory1 Terra sigillata bowl Gel lep 25, h 6.8, d 13, top layer com pletely worn off. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised,

h 17.3, d 12.0.3 Glass beaker Gellep 178 with cracked-off rim, h 6.5, d 9.3. Date: AD 301-367.

OO 485Grave: >185x>50; 96°/276°; NAP surface 38.48, bottom -; depth -Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 486Grave: >145x75; 137°/317°; NAP surface 38.44, bottom 37.16; depth 128 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

OO 487Grave: >85x90; 132°/212°; NAP surface 38.40, bot-tom 37.18; depth 122 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench.

OO 488Grave: >125x90; 112°/292°; NAP surface 38.36, bottom 36.68; depth 168 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca-vation. Grave cut by a recent pit.

OO 489Grave: 175x115; 124°/304°; NAP surface 38.40, bot-tom 36.98; depth 142 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Near the grave there was a Late Roman pit, not recogni zed as such during excavati on, con-taining a fine dark coloured beaker, rim damaged during excavation, no fur ther data.

238—

IntroductionThe aim of this chapter is a reconstruction of the living population in the settlement on the Valkhof during the time of use of its two cem-eteries. The main material of inves tigation is hu-man bones, but where these are missing, archaeo logi cal means of estimating age at death and establishing sex have been used: male and female funerary attributes and, especially for children, sizes of coffins or graves. Two causes almost prevented this aim from be-ing attained: the condi tion of the human bones and the sad history of the investi gati ons. Never-theless, an attempt is made in this study to roughly estimate life expectancy at birth for cemetery OO and to construct mortality and sur-vival curves on the basis of the same materi al (Graphs 1-2).Population size, which can be estimated using life expectancy at birth, the number of graves and the number of years of use of the cemete ry, is calculated in the section Population size of Chapter 14, Interpretation. Life expectan cy at birth as estimated in the present chapter and another, theoretical, value are used there in order to find the lower and upper margins of the population size in the Valkhof settlement.

The condition of the human bonesThe condition of the human bones in the acid matrix of the sand in the Nijmegen late Roman cemeteries is no less than dis astrous. Lauwerier, writing about the animal bones from the graves of cemetery OO (1988, 76-7, repeated in Chapter 8 of the present study), puts it this way: ‘The human skeletal material gives a clear in-dication of how poorly bone has been preserved. In 35% of the graves no bone material is present any longer. In most of the other graves only a fragile bony pulp of the skull re mains. Less than 10% of the graves contain fragments of both the skull and of the bones of the legs.’Many of the graves showing a clear outline of the coffi n did not contain a trace, not even an outline, of the deceased. The reader should bear these remarks in mind while reading in the find

catalogue that parts of the skeleton were recog-nized: in many cases, it was this pulp of sand and some bone, which in very few cases could be taken out as solid ob jects. The length of the thicker long bones (humerus, femur, tibia) could be measured in only 7 out of 489 graves, i.e. just under 1.5%, in cemetery OO. Hardly ever the pel-vis was (partly) present (in 23 out of a total of 1323 graves in ceme te ries B and OO together, i.e. some 1.7%), and with it the main materi al for esta blishing sex is gone. All things consi dered, it is a miracle that so many morphological obser-vations could be made at all. The column DEC (decomposition) in Table 3 and its legend give the details. Actually preserved bones may be found via Appen dices 2A and 2B.

The sad history of the investigationsBones from 118 graves in cemetery B are kept in the museum depot in Nijmegen, but they have not been studied morphologi cally: they escaped the notice of the present author up to December 2006. Howe ver, bone samples from 106 graves in ceme tery B were apparent ly stu died by the late Dr I.A. Lengyel. On the other hand, no less than four investiga-tions into the human remains of cemetery OO have taken place in the 1980’s and later, two of which came to the notice of the present author only in August 2006. In the 1980’s: the late dr I.A. Lengyel performed biochemical analyses of 106 graves of ceme tery B and 193 graves in cemetery OO; the late Mr Tj. Pot studied the teeth in June-July 1985 and gave age determina ti ons for 139 graves; Mr J. Bonhof, an amateur archaeologist who served as assisant to Dr G.F. IJzereef of the ROB, did a morph ologi cal study of the bones (wit hout the teeth) in Novem ber-Decem ber 1985 and gave 85 age and 25 sex determi nations. He worked alone in an ROB depot at Soesterberg. These three studies remai ned unpublis hed and two of them were for gotten. The present author, who did not take part in the excavations of either cemetery, took over the study of cemetery OO from Mr P.A.M. Zoetbrood in 1998. No papers concerning the study of the

7 The living population

I.A. Lengyel† G.F. IJzereef & J. Bonhof Tj. Pot† K.M. van Domburg & H.A.P. Veldman (investigati ons) D.C. Steures (text)

239—

human bones were handed over then. A data-base with skele tal data, made by Mr Zoetbrood in the 1980’s and con taining the results of these three unpublished investigations, remai ned un-noticed and without legenda until August 2006. Distrusting one and not knowing of the other two investigati ons, the writer of this chapter asked physical anthropo logist dr Lies beth Smits of the Univer sity of Amsterdam whe ther stu-dents of hers could inves tigate the bones of cemetery OO. Under her supervi sion, Mar lous van Domburg and Anouk Veld man studied the bones, which are kept in some 30 boxes in the Nijmegen museum depot. They provided age deter minations for the deceased in 89 graves and 46 determi nations of sex (Dom burg/Veld-man 2001). When the results of Van Domburg and Veldman had been added to the abovementioned data-base (see Table 3), it appeared that they had not seen the teeth stu died by Pot: they do not menti on teeth in 66 of the graves for which Pot gives ages of the deceased. A chance remark by Mr Bonhof in 1985 on one of his score forms (OO 322: ‘Where has the skull gone?’) suggests that even he did not know of Pot’s investiga tions of a few months befo re. He did not indeed (Bonhof, pers.com. 2007). The conclusion had to be that the teeth had not been put back with the rest of the bones after study, and that no message (‘the teeth have been taken out’) had been left in the find boxes containing the remai ning bones. The study of the teeth had taken place in the Utrecht Universi ty Insti tute of Human Bi o logy, which ceased to exist Septem ber 1st, 1991. In October 2006, it appeared that the teeth of cemetery OO had been saved then and stored by the ROB, appa rently without written docu mentati on about their presence. That same month, the teeth were brought back to Nijmegen in order to be reuni ted with the rest of the bones. None of the four investigating parties of cem-etery OO ever saw all bones from all graves. Now let us turn to the four indivi dual studies.

Analyses by Dr I.A. LengyelIn the 1980’s, when cemetery OO was being exca-vated, new experimental methods for palaeose-rological research had been recently introduced by the Hungarian biochemist Dr Imre A. Lengyel (Lengyel 1975, 1984). Some years later he extend-ed his biochemical methods in order to obtain sex and age determina tions. According to him, sex, age group at death, blood group and collagen type could be determined bioche mically with similar methods, whatever the state of a sample of human bone. Sam ples from 193 graves in ceme tery OO and 106 graves in cemetery B were stu died by him; for every sample analysed he pro-vided age and sex determinations. The only trace of Lengyel’s work on cemetery OO that has appeared in print is a figure of an unidentified excavation trench in cemetery OO in Bloe mers et al. (1981, 113, map centre below). The graves are colou red green (blood group A) or red (blood group B) and provided with a dot left or right, indica ting the position of the head. In the capti on to this map, the authors claim that blood group B is overrepre sented in the graves with grave goods and with the head to the east, whereas the graves without grave goods and with the head to the west show an overrepre sentation of blood group A. These au-thors suggest two groups of biolo gi cally differ-ent people. However, the present study, Chapter 14, Interpre-tation, shows the situation to be much more complicated than the incorrect equations ‘head E = grave goods; head W = no grave goods’. Moreo ver, all signs are that there is one cultur-ally homogene ous group active in cemeteries B and OO, which changed its inhuma tion rituals during the fourth and fifth centuries. Dr Lengyel’s determinations of age comprise all ages from 0 up to 70. The present author never saw lists written by dr Lengyel, but was able to draw up a list of his analyses of 103 graves of cemetery B from the notes of the late Mr Simon Wynia, which notes form the main basis of the present find cata-logue of cemetery B.

240—

When the archaeological data were compared to Lengyel’s re sults, fift een inconsistencies were observed. The bones of at least six of the skel-etons were so strongly decayed that they are not mentioned in Wynia’s notes: it was highly im-probable that they could have yielded any re-sults at all. Four others had gra ve/coffin sizes which were not in agreement with the determi-nations of the skeletons as ‘adult’ or ‘child’. Three others had grave goods, which most prob-ably disagreed with the sex determinations by Lengyel. For the last two of these fifteen, in one case it was most proba ble that notes had been mixed up, while in the other Lengyel’s determi-nation was countered by a determination as ‘y outh’ by visual impression (Brunsting, unpub-lished note). Similar improbabilities in Lengyel’s results ap-peared to be present in the above mentioned da-tabase of cemetery OO, which put together the results of the three physical anthropological investigati ons performed in the 1980’s and the archaeo logical indicators of sex and age. Table 3, the core of which is the original data base, shows 74 cases of discre pancy between Lengyel’s judgement on age and the rest, as against 47 of unani mity (61:39%; discrepancy is indicated by italics in column ALE, unani mity by underscoring). As for sex, Lengyel’s judgements on sex are giv-en for every sample analysed, as opposed to the sparse judgements of Bon hof, Van Domburg/Veldman and archaeological indicators. It is only compared here in the twenty cases where the other jud gements on the sex of the deceased are unanimous, with or without question marks. Lengyel’s judgement is different from the unani-mity of the other judgements in 8 cases and the same in 12 (40:60%; diffe rence is indicated by italics, identity by underscoring). This suggests that Lengyel’s method might not be all wrong, but that it was then too experi-mental to give reliable re sults. When I shared my doubts with physical anthro-pologist Dr Lies beth Smits of the Universi ty of Amsterdam in 1997, she answe red that analysis

of blood groups had been contested for a long time and was no longer performed on archaeo-logical mate ri al, as far as she knew. When I shared the same doubts with the Leyden physi-cal anthrop olo gist Dr George Maat in 1998, his answer was that Dr Lengyel at some time no longer believed in his own analyses and had stopped perfor ming them. Dr Lengyel died tragically in 1992. His work has recently been taken up by Dr László Márk in Bu-dapest (Márk 2002, 2004).

Determinations by Mr Tj. Pot†An emeritus dentist and member of the Tooth and Mouth Diseases Group of Health Organisa-tion TNO in Utrecht, the late Mr Tjeerd Pot was well equipped to inves tigate human teeth. To-gether with Dr Perizonius he developed a score form for dental remains (Peri zonius 1983, 116-30), which was later refined by Bouts and Pot (1989). A year before he deceased, Mr Pot (2004) wrote an unpu blished autobiographical note, in which he described his palaeo-odontological work and method.For the dental remains of children, the develop-ment of their total deciduous and/or permanent dentitions (Ube laker 1984) was used to deter-mine their age at death. For adults, Pot used in the first instance Broth-well’s (1981) attrition scheme to estimate age at death, but he added many improvements. He worked with Brothwell’s four attrition groups. According to Brothwell’s original scheme, Group I would con tain the 18-25-year-old; II the indi-viduals of 25-35; III those of 35-45; and IV those aged above 45 years. However, it had already been recognized by Brothwell that the age classes to be atta ched to the attrition groups are highly dependent upon the rate of attrition in the population stu died. By using a sample of known age and sex and work-ing with broad age groups having a small over-lap, Constandse-Westermann (1997) demon-strated that in a population with a slower attri tion rate, Attrition Group I contained the in-dividuals of 22-30, Group II those of 25-50,

241—

Group III 45-70 and Group IV those aged above 65. Cali brating the data in this manner she obtai ned 80% correct age estimations. According to Pot’s results, cemetery OO con-tained 85.6% indi viduals in Attrition Group I, 11.7% in Group II, 2.7% in Group III and 0.0% in Group IV. This result is not a consequence of the manner in which the degree of attrition has been scored by Pot. A series of seven teen Dutch pop-ulations, all scored by him in exactly the same manner, shows clearly that his results are not biased towards any of the four attrition groups (Pot unpublished material, Constandse-Wester-mann unpublished mate rial). Instead it indi cates that the majority of the individu als buried at cemetery OO died at a young age. The total range of ages estimated by Pot is 2 years up to 45 according to Brothwell’s values = 70 years when calibrated along the lines of Con-standse-Westermann 1997. These calib rated re-sults, to be found in column APO (age according to Pot) in Table 3, agree with those of Bonhof and those of Van Domburg and Veldman in over 70% of the cases.

Determinations by Mr J. Bonhof for Dr G.F. IJzereef Dr G.F. IJzereef wrote his PhD thesis on animal bones (IJze reef 1981). His name, however, does not figure in his 176 score forms, which were all filled in by his assistant Mr J. Bonhof. The score forms cover all graves with human bones pre-served between the original grave numbers 1 and 303 of the 1980-1983 excavations around Nursing-home Margriet in cemetery OO. The morphological method by which Bonhof in November-December 1985 determi ned sex and age at death from human bones was that of a quick scan. Per grave, i.e. per individu al, one sin-gle-sided form was filled in. Scores for sex were meant to be made on parameters of the skull, pelvis and other parts of the skele ton, but the score forms do not tell which parame ters. The same goes for scores on age at death, taken from skull, denti tion and post-cranial parts. The form has a schematic drawing of all skele ton

parts on diffe rent scales and with four views of the skull. Preser ved parts were indica ted with black in this drawing. The form has a section for filling in the measu rements of long bones, but lengths could be given in seven graves only. As this took place in November-December 1985, two years after the excava tions in cemetery OO had ended and six months after Pot’s work on the teeth, the records show which skele ton parts had actually been taken out of the ground and had remained in the find boxes after the teeth had been taken out. The determinations by Bonhof comprise the ages from 10 years up to over 50. In other words: the ages of 0-9 years are not represented in his forms, the ages from 50 up to 80 years by one case only. Lauwerier (1988, 78-9, Table 24, columns sex and age of the human skeleton) gives results es-tablished by Bonhof for ten graves of cemetery OO, without however mentio ning his name.

Determinations by Marlous van Domburg and Anouk VeldmanMs Van Domburg and Ms Veldman kept meticu-lously score of every feature that would help in establishing age at death and used many differ-ent criteria and the respective tables to be found in the literature. This ac counts for the many dif-ferent age groups in their report: see column ADV (age according to Van Domburg and Veld-man) in Table 3. However, their study is seriously impai red by the absence of most of the dental mate rial, un known to the authors. They were able to use the following indicators for age deter mination. For ages up to adult and beyond: closure of the cranial sutures; closu re of the gaps between epiphyses and diaphyses; the os-sification of the dens axis on the second vertebra; Ubela ker’s (1984) scheme of dentiti on; syn chond-rosis in the lower part of the skull. For adult age: the complex method of Acsádi and Ne meskéri (1970), con sisting of degenera tive changes in the symphysis pubica, degene ration of the spongiosum of the proximal ends of femur and humerus, and obliteration of endo cra nial sutures; further, ex-

242—

ocranial suture obliteration, dental attri tion and general degenerati on. The range of the ages de-termined by them is 6 to 65/74 years. As for sex, hardly anything of the pelvis being pre served, they were able to use the following indicators on the skull: glabella, protube rantia oc-cipitalis externa, processus mastoi deus, crista supra-mastoidea, relief of the planum nuchale and tubera parietalia. The mandibulae being somewhere else, no indicators on the lower jaws could be used. Van Domburg and Veldman are extremely cau-tious on sex (2001, 8). In cases where only one physical indicator for sex is present, they put four question marks after the M (for male) or F (for female); when there are two (mostly the processus mastoideus and one of the relief charac-teristics of the skull, almost no pelvises being available), they put ???; when there are two or three high values for sex characteristics (+2 for male, -2 for fema le), they put ??; when there are four or more highly valued sex characte ristics, they put ?; when many sex characteristics have all high values for either male or fema le, they put an exclama tion mark.

Archaeological indicatorsAs for the distinction between children and adults: coffins up to 160 cm most probably con-tained children, it is argued in Chapter 14, Inter-pretation. The coffin length of 110 cm has been taken as the arbitrary division between 0-5 years (up to 110 cm), and 6-10 years (111-160 cm). Where there is no coffin trace, the grave lengths of 130 and 180 cm play the same role, allowing 20 cm for a body to fit into the grave. Adolescents (11-20), who rapidly attain the body length of an adult, can-not be detected by this me thod: coffins from 160 cm upwards and graves (wit hout coffin trace) from 180 cm upwards get J/A (juvenis/adult) in the column of archaeological age indicators (AAI) in Table 3. As for sex: in such uncertain circumstances of anthropolo gical results, archaeological male and female attributes can be help ful.

Many judgements on age standardized by using median yearsA physical anthropological study of a cemetery usually con sists of one investigation, involving one set of age classes. In our case, we have sev-eral archaeo logical indica tors plus four physical anthropological approaches, all on the basis of material incomplete by its nature and by the story of the investigation, all with different age classes. Therefore, they had to be standardized some way in order to be compara ble: the me-dian year of every judgement has been taken, calculated in the way to be explained below.

An approach to life expectancy at birth for cem-etery OO Whatever the differences between the four physical anthropolo gical studies, it is possible to calculate life expectancy at birth from each of the four sets of results separately. These values appear to be not too wide apart. For this calcu lation, the median value of the age span was established for every age determina-tion given. Two instan ces: when the age determinati on given for a particular grave is 0-5 years, the time span runs the six years from the day of birth up to the sixth birthday; the median value for this age group is 0+6:2=3 (and not, as one would expect, 0+5:2=2.5). When it is 22-30 years (frequent, because it is the calibrated den-tal attriti on group I), the time span is that of the nine years between the twen ty-second and the thirty-first birthday, and the average age is 22+9:2 = 26.5 years. When a determi nation only gives the mini mum age and not the maximum, e.g. ‘22-’, the median value of its group has been taken, in this case 26.5 years for attriti on group I.Life expectancy at birth usually is calculated for a given cohort, a year group. The two terms life ex-pectancy at birth and the special use of cohort should be defined here for the purpose of our study.Life expectancy at birth of a given cohort is the total number of man years lived by that cohort, divided by the number of its members. For a cemetery, all people buried are together consi-

243—

dered one cohort. For an anthropological study of a cemetery, all indi viduals studied are together con-sidered a sample of one co hort. So life expect-ancy at birth implicit in each of the anth rop-ological studies of cemetery OO is the sum of the median ages esta blished for that study, divi ded by the number of age deter mina tions in that study. These calculations give the following results. For Lengyel’s study, the sum of the median ages at death is 5,279.5 years, and the number of deter-minations is 193, so the impli cit life expectancy at birth there is 5,279.5:193=27.35 years. For the study of Bonhof, it is 2,240:85=26.35 years. For the study of Pot, with Constandse-Wester-mann’s calibrated values for Broth well’s dental attrition groups, it is 3,686:139=26.51. For the study of Van Domburg and Veld man, the impli cit life expectancy at birth is 2,804.5:89=31.51 years. The results of Lengyel’s study will not be used below. The average of the three values of the morphological studies is 28.03 years. The usual esti mate of life expectancy at birth used for Ro-man Nijmegen and Germa nia Inferior/Germania Secunda is 25-30 years (Bloe mers 1990, 76; cited by Buitendorp 2003, 207, n.11). Following the same line of thought as above, its median value is 25+6:2=28. The average value for life expec-tancy at birth, calcula ted above, of 28.03 years fits in very well with this educated guess of 25-30, i.e. 28. This estimate of 28.03 years ánd another, theo-retical one will be used in the calculation of the populati on size in Chapter 14, Inter preta tion.

244—

Legend to table 3: EXC Excavation numberCAT Catalogue number in the present study

Italics: grave not used in life table for lack of data

Underscored: grave not used in life table for lack of unanimity on age at death

DEC Decomposition of the human skeletal material

- No skeletal material found (N = 63) 1 Dental remains preserved only (N = 9) 2 (Remains of) skull preserved only

(N = 101) 3 Parts of legs preserved only (N = 13) 4 Skull and parts of legs preserved

(N = 41) 5 Skull and parts of arms preserved

(N = 4) 6 Skull, parts of arms & legs, some-

times pelvis pre served (N = 26) 7 Smaller bones also preserved (N = 5) 8 Burnt human bone (N = 4)SLE Sex according to Lengyel Italics: disagreement with other judge-

ments Underscored: agreement with other

judgements

ALE Age according to Lengyel; same legenda as in column SLE

SBO Sex according to BonhofABO Age according to BonhofSDV Sex according to Van Domburg & Veld-

man ????, ???, ??, ?, !: see textADV Age according to Van Domburg & Veld-

manAPO Age according to Pot SAI Sex according to archaeological indica-

tors

AAI Age according to archaeological indica-tors

0-5 Infans I 6-10 Infans II J/A Juvenis or AdultLGR Length of grave - UnknownLCO Length of coffin - Unknown 0 No coffin traces

NGG Number of grave goods

245—

169 OO 2 2 M 6-10 1-5 110 90 1

186 OO 3 7 M 6-10 20-30 F??? >12 22-30

166 OO 4 1-5 76 1

167 OO 5 5 F 0-5 10-15 F?? 12-18 J/A 210 165

167 OO 6 3 F? 30-50 J/A

164 OO 9 6 F 26-30 F??? >20 22-30 F J/A 185 168 7

168 OO 10 4 F 61-70 J/A 224 200

165 OO 12 4 F 31-40 indet 20-40 22-30 F J/A 245 13

163 OO 13 1-5 120 2

246 OO 20 3 J/A 235 214 3

249 OO 24 2 22-30 F J/A 238 194 2

189 OO 25 1-5 100 0 3

183 OO 26 6 M 31-40 M 20-30 M??? 36-52 22-30 M J/A 260 240 8

149 OO 28 4 M 41-50 M? 30-50 M??? 20-29 45-70 J/A 230 2

148 OO 29 2 M 36-45 M 6-10 180 160 12

151 OO 30 2 M 0-5 10-15 child 9.5-14.5 7-11 6-10 150 134 3

180 OO 31 2 F 21-25 J/A 185 175 1

253 OO 34 4 F 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 194 0

250 OO 36 2 M 0-5 22-30 J/A 218

251 OO 37 F J/A 233 5

247 OO 39 2 J/A 192 155

243 OO 40 1-5 110 78 3

182 OO 44 1-5 160 105 3

134 OO 47 2 M 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 0

120 OO 48 2 F 36-45 30-40 indet 44-65 25-50 J/A 242 200 3

119 OO 49 6 F 41-50 M? 20 M?? 20-34 22-30 J/A 250 212

122 OO 51 1-5 125 0

173 OO 53 2 F 51-60 12-18 J/A 255 200

127 OO 57 1-5 144 106

179 OO 58 2 F 36-45 20-40 indet >12 22-30 J/A 250 205 2

185 OO 59 2 F 21-25 F???? 22-30 J/A 230 185 3

178 OO 60 2 F 26-30 J/A 230 165 2

175 OO 62 2 22-30 6-10 150 125 3

152 OO 65 4 F 36-45 22-30 J/A 215 200 1

150 OO 66 2 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 240 205 2

259 OO 70 4 M 21-25 25-50 J/A 225 206

256 OO 72 2 M 16-20 22-30 J/A 226 206

258 OO 74 2 1-5 142 106

254 OO 75 1-5 90 65

260 OO 78 6-10 165 140 3

219 OO 83 2 M 41-50 J/A 213 0 1

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved.

246—

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

221 OO 85 2 F 26-30 J/A 215 0

226 OO 88 F 0 4

266 OO 90 6-10 134 122 2

265 OO 92 1-5 123 0 2

103 OO 96 4 M 16-20 20-30 indet 20-40 25-50 J/A 230 166 1

118 OO 97 4 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 235 208

116 OO 98 6 M 16-20 M? 20-30 M???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 245 202 4

117 OO 99 7 M 41-50 M 30-40 M? 40-61 12-30 F J/A 240 205 1

123 OO 100 6 M 11-15 20 F???? 22-30 6-10 136 124

126 OO 101 6-10 210 160 13

124 OO 102 1-5 164 102 4

177 OO 103 2 M 51-60 25-50 F J/A 260 182 4

171 OO 104 2 F 46-55 22-30 J/A 205 160

145 OO 106 6 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 235 200 2

170 OO 107 1-5 110 75

144 OO 109 6 F 26-30 30-50 indet 25-40 25-50 J/A 180 170 3

142 OO 110 5 M 36-45 22-30 J/A 185 168

143 OO 111 2 F 11-15 3-6 1-5 150 110

261 OO 112 2 M 11-15 J/A 226 185 1

262 OO 113 1 F 0-5 22-30 235 0

218 OO 118 2 F 36-45 20-30 M??? 54-70 J/A 260 172

224 OO 121 3 M 21-25 0

214 OO 122 4 F 16-20 20-30 indet >25 22-30 J/A 240 195 1

232 OO 127 2 M 21-25 20-30 indet 20-60 J/A 233 202

231 OO 128 1-5 140 104

230 OO 129 1 F 6-10 145 3

229 OO 130 4 F 41-50 J/A 223 1

234 OO 131 8 F 11-15 1-5 88 64 3

235 OO 132 6 F 31-40 M???? >12 22-30 J/A 250 214 1

241 OO 135 3 F 16-20 0 1

187 OO 136 2 0 2

109 OO 137 2 F 21-25 22-30 0

108 OO 140 4 M 26-35 8-18 J/A 245/155 0

107 OO 142 1-5 120 75

105 OO 144 4 M 41-50 <20 indet <16 25-50 J/A 260 200 14

104 OO 145 7-18 6-10 142 128 2

115 OO 147 2 F 6-10 22-30 6-10 150 150 1

128 OO 148 1-5 90 72

141 OO 149 1-5 150 90 3

136 OO 150 6 M 31-40 M 20-30 M?? 20-40 22-30 J/A 190

188 OO 151 6-10 160 3

247—

133 OO 152 2 F 6-10 child 8-12 7-11 6-10 175 140 3

132 OO 153 2 F 26-30 F? 20-30 F???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 230 195 3

215 OO 156 4 F 26-35 22-30 J/A 215 175 1

209 OO 157 8 F? 0-5 20-30

233 OO 161 2 F 46-55 30-50 22-50 M J/A 260 212 6

211 OO 163 2 M 26-35 22-30 0

213 OO 164 6 F 26-35 20-25 indet J/A 174 174 3

240 OO 165 2 F 6-10 <20 indet 20-40 22-30 6-10 147 0

237 OO 166 3 M 36-45 0

203 OO 167 3 F 6-10 0 1

238 OO 168 2 F 21-25 indet >25 22-30 J/A 255 12

111 OO 169 2 F 26-35 3

112 OO 173 6-10 115 115

113 OO 174 2 M 21-25 J/A 215 195

114 OO 175 6 M 46-55 F? 20-30 F?? 20-40 22-30 J/A 285 180

140 OO 176 1 M 6-10 3-6 6-10 200 125 13

139 OO 177 1-5 125 100

137 OO 179 4 M 41-50 20-30 25-50 J/A 185 160

162 OO 181 1 22-30 J/A 245 195 2

197 OO 186 6 F 16-20 20-30 22-30 J/A 265 230 10

208 OO 193 3 F 26-30 J/A 223

204 OO 194 2 F 11-15 20-25 indet 20-40 25-50 J/A 220 177 1

205 OO 195 6 F 36-45 20-30 F??? 20-40 22-30 F J/A 175 0 4

207 OO 196 6 F 16-20 indet 20-40 180 3

154 OO 197 6-10 150 2

155 OO 198 22-30 1-5 140 90 1

161 OO 199 4 F 6-10 M???? 20-60 22-30 166 0 5

153 OO 200 2 F 31-40 20-30 M???? 20-40 25-50 J/A 245 190 9

157 OO 201 1 J/A 205 185 2

160 OO 205 1 22-30 J/A 220 185

131 OO 207 3 F 21-25 F J/A 235 160 14

129 OO 208 6 F 0-5 20-30 F???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 210 180

130 OO 209 2 F 6-10 22-30 J/A 160 160 1

194 OO 210 3 F 21-25

199 OO 216 5 M 31-40 M? M???? 25-34 22-30 J/A 225 210

201 OO 219 7 F 26-35 M???? >12 J/A 215 0

286 OO 222 2 F 11-15 F? 20-30 M?? 40-80 25-50 J/A 226 192

285 OO 223 2 F 21-25 child 7-12 12-30 6-10 170 160

96 OO 228 2? M 31-40 22-30 J/A 240 190

97 OO 229 2 F 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 22- J/A 240 216

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

248—

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

192 OO 231 3 F 41-50 J/A 260 161 1

191 OO 234 8 F 16-20 1-5 130 0 2

200 OO 240 3 F 21-25 indet >19 3

287 OO 241 1-5 108 100

288 OO 242 1 22-30 M J/A 230 190 8

271 OO 243 6 F 6-10 20-40 M???? 30-60 25-50 J/A 254 190 4

272 OO 244 2 3-6 1-5 150 100 1

270 OO 246 2 F 6-10 20-30 22-30 J/A 226 193

268 OO 248 4 M 0-5 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 M J/A 210 190 1

311 OO 249 2 M 0-5 20-30 indet 40-80 J/A 215 177 3

92 OO 250 2 F 31-40 22-30 F J/A 280 235 20

93 OO 251 2 M 26-30 J/A 190

98 OO 252 5 F J/A 240 180 12

95 OO 255 4 F 36-45 20 indet 20-40 7-24 J/A 240 215

94 OO 256 5 F 41-50 F? 20-25 M??? 20-40 22-30 J/A 230 190

293 OO 267 1-5 90 0

291 OO 269 2 M 0-5

282 OO 271 M J/A 280 240 10

290 OO 272 2 F 16-20 20-30 indet 30-60 22-30 J/A 230 180

294 OO 273 4-18 F 1-5 115 84 3

289 OO 274 4 M 26-30 J/A 185 165 1

278 OO 275 6-10 160 143

274 OO 277 6-10 147 125 4

275 OO 278 2 F 21-25 20-30 22-30 J/A 257 203

276 OO 279 1-5 145 107

277 OO 280 1-5 128 56

281 OO 283 2 M J/A 242 220 5

279 OO 284 2 M 11-15 20-30 15- 6-10 173 155

310 OO 287 4 M 36-45 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 M? J/A 243 195 2

312 OO 288 1-5 120 90 4

77 OO 289 1 7-18 6-10 180 118 1

75 OO 290 2 F 31-40 20-30 M??? 40-70 22- J/A 270 200 9

91 OO 292 1-5 110 62

82 OO 294 4 F 36-45 20-30 F???? 20-60 22-30 J/A 180

102 OO 299 7 F 21-25 M 20-30 M 40-46 25-50 J/A 210 0 3

101 OO 302 6 F 41-50 M? 20-30 M! 64-74 22-30 J/A 220 1

298 OO 304 4 F 26-30 <20 indet 18-25 22-30 F J/A 225 174 2

297 OO 305 4 F 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 240 0

296 OO 306 2 M 0-5 M? 30-40 M??? 65-74 J/A 217 188

284 OO 307 2 F? 6-10 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 235 196

249—

295 OO 308 8 M 21-25 0 2

313 OO 310 6 F 26-30 F? F???? >20 22-30 J/A 240 0

317 OO 311 2 F 0-5 child 6-12 12-18 F J/A 253 220 7

318 OO 312 2 M? 6-10 20-25 F???? 20-35 22-30 J/A 180 165

55 OO 314 4 F 36-45 25-50 J/A 240 195 1

57 OO 315 3 M 11-15 F? 30-40 F???? 60-69 22-30 J/A 225 205

58 OO 316 2 F 26-30 20-30 J/A 245 195 4

52 OO 317 2 F 16-20 22-50 J/A 255 200 1

74 OO 318 1-5 120 70

59 OO 319 2 F 26-30 20-40 F???? 40-60 22-50 J/A 225 195 1

73 OO 320 2 F 21-25 12-30 J/A 230 178 3

78 OO 321 4 M 31-40 indet 20-40 25-50 J/A 240 180 2

80 OO 322 2 F 6-10 7-11 6-10 180 150 3

79 OO 323 4 F 41-50 20-25 indet 20-40 J/A 245 235 1

81 OO 324 1-5 97 80 1

86 OO 325 1-5 150 90

84 OO 326 2 F 26-30 J/A 225 186

83 OO 327 4 M 31-40 30-40 M??? 20-70 J/A 195 185

100 OO 329 2 M 36-45 20-30

99 OO 333 2 F 41-50 M? 30-40 indet 33-47 25-50 J/A 255 205

301 OO 335 2 J/A 220 190

300 OO 337 1-5 125 95

299 OO 338 4 F 16-20 20-30 J/A 200 185 30

307 OO 339 F J/A 298 202 14

308 OO 340 2 M 0-5 3-6 6-10 160 116 3

319 OO 341 2 F 11-15 3-18 F J/A 196 170 1

29 OO 342 2 F 26-30 22- J/A 180

30 OO 343 2 F 46-55 20-30 22-30 J/A 240

32 OO 345 2 F 11-15 F??? >20 22-30 F 1-5 240 94 1

33 OO 346 2 F 21-25 J/A 220 180

53 OO 347 4 M 51-60 20-25 F??? 20-40 22-30 M? J/A 245 200 1

54 OO 349 1-5 116 85 3

50 OO 350 2 M 26-30 M? 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 235 205

51 OO 351 5 F 36-45 22-30 J/A 250 210 3

49 OO 352 1-5 130

60 OO 353 6-10 135

61 OO 354 2 F 56-65 indet 35-52 25-50 J/A 260 6

85 OO 356 5 F 31-40 50+ F???? 70+ 25-50 J/A 250 4

88 OO 357 6-10 160 0

89 OO 358 J/A 210 0

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

250—

304 OO 359 4 M 26-30 20-25 indet 25-35 J/A 254 0

303 OO 360 2 F 21-25 M? 20-25 M??? 20-40 22-30 J/A 210 190

306 OO 361 2 M 11-15 J/A 282 200 6

309 OO 362 2 F 0-5 22-30 F J/A 237 190 7

320 OO 363 2 F 0-5 20-30 J/A 252 210

25 OO 366 4 M 16-20 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 M J/A 228 215 3

26 OO 367 2 M 36-45 indet 50-59

27 OO 368 4 F 31-40 30-40 25-50 M J/A 234 216 1

28 OO 369 4 F 21-25 <20 indet 20-40 12-18 J/A 214 204

23 OO 370 2 M 41-50 22-30 J/A 208 190

34 OO 371 2 M 26-35 22-30 M J/A 240 202 4

35 OO 372 2 M 16-20 12- J/A 210 190

37 OO 373 3 M 36-45 M J/A 300 2

36 OO 375 4 F 16-20 20-40 indet 20-40 25-50 J/A 240 210

41 OO 376 2 1-5 105 90

42 OO 377 2 F 26-35 F? 20-30 indet 35-52 45-70 J/A 255 220

62 OO 378 6 F 41-50 F? 20-30 M???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 225 0

46 OO 379 4 M 21-25 30-40 J/A 200 0

72 OO 382 6 F 31-40 20-25 indet 20-40 22-30 F J/A 250 180 9

87 OO 383 2 F 26-35 15-30 F J/A 246 4

90 OO 384 6-10 150 0

323 OO 386 2 F 16-20 22-30 J/A 250 185

324 OO 388 2 F 11-15 0

327 OO 389 4 M 31-40 20-25 F???? 20-40 J/A 207 0

326 OO 390 2 F 6-10 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 175 0

325 OO 391 2 M 6-10 20-30 22-30 6-10 155 0

22 OO 394 3 F 21-25 J/A 232 212

9 OO 395 4 M 36-45 indet >12 22-30 J/A 220 200

24 OO 396 F 1-5 120 1

38 OO 397 2 M 21-25 J/A 256 198

40 OO 400 4 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 220 200 4

43 OO 402 6 M 41-50 M J/A 245 200 1

47 OO 403 1-5 100

48 OO 404 6 M 41-50 M? 16-20 M?? 16-18 12-18 J/A 200

64 OO 406 4 F 21-25 J/A 212 200

69 OO 408 2 M 0-5 22-30 6-10 160 145

71 OO 411 3 F 6-10 1

13 OO 412 2 F 6-10 10-20 indet 20-40 F 6-10 154 145 1

3 OO 413 F J/A 240 220 6

10 OO 415 2 M 41-50 22-30 M J/A 250 210 1

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

251—

8 OO 418 6 F 41-50 indet 20-40 J/A 230 186

44 OO 419 22-30 J/A 200

45 OO 420 4 M 16-20 F? F???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 280 200

67 OO 421 3 F 16-20

68 OO 422 2 F 26-30 20-25 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 235 212

66 OO 423 2 F 41-50 20-25 F???? 20-40 J/A 225 180 3

70 OO 424 1 F 11-15 3-6 6-10 145 120 1

5 OO 426 4 M 31-40 M J/A 224 196 3

4 OO 428 4 F 31-40 indet 20-40 22- J/A 220 0

1 OO 431 6 F 26-30 M 20-30 M 38-50 22-30 J/A 188 174

15 OO 432 2 M 26-30 M???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 250 200

6 OO 433 M? J/A 250 214 4

21 OO 434 6 M 26-30 20-30 25-50 J/A 290 180

65 OO 435 6 J/A 274 180

12 OO 437 2 M J/A 233 224 1

18 OO 438 2 M 36-45 25-50 J/A 240 205

7 OO 440 2 M 26-35 20-30 M???? 20-40 J/A 222 210

20 OO 441 2 M 46-55 22-30 J/A 235 205

17 OO 443 2 M 41-50 J/A 220 202

16 OO 444 2 F 16-20 J/A 210

19 OO 446 2 M 31-40 22-30 J/A 220 190 1

919 OO 461 2 M 26-30 M

916 OO 466 3 M 31-40 F?

917 OO 467 3 M 4

EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG

Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemete ry OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during exca vation, not necessari ly now preserved (continued).

252—

Combining the dataThe experimental work of Lengyel, whose results are too much at variance with those of the other three studies and with archaeological indicators, is further ignored here. As for age at death: 92 out of 266 graves of cem-etery OO in Table 3 have two or more jud gements on age at death. 54 of these have three judge-ments, including those found via the length of coffin or grave in the case of children. 38 out of these graves, i.e. 70%, show an over lap in age determi nations, whereas 16, i.e. 30%, do not. Where there are two age judge ments on a grave, 35 out of 38, i.e. 92%, show an over lap, whereas 3, i.e. 8%, do not. As for sex: the study by Pot is the only one not to pronounce upon sex. The studies by Bonhof and Van Domburg/Veld man, as well as male and fe-male dress accessories, do pronoun ce on sex. Not counting those by Lengyel and ignoring the ques-tion marks after the letters F and M, 87 out of 266 graves of cemetery OO in Table 3 have one or more jud gements on sex. On 62 graves with only one judgement, there are 33 women and 29 men. On 25 graves with two or more judgements, there are 8 women and 12 men, whereas 5 graves have not been counted, as they have contradictory judge ments (OO 99, 222, 256, 347, 378). Men and women both add up to 41: as far as we can know, there seems to be a perfect balance.

An approach to a survival curve for cemetery OO (Graphs 1-2)A survival curve shows the percentages of the co-hort surviving at different ages, derived from a life table. In order to select the data for a survival table for cemetery OO, we remove the following four sets of unsatisfactory or missing data from Table 3: firstly, the columns of determinations by Lengyel; secondly, the rows represen ting 55 graves for which no median value for age at death can be estab-lished for lack of data; the grave numbers in col-umn CAT of Table 3 are in ita lics; thirdly, the rows representing 24 graves for which the judge ments on age at death are contradic tory,

i.e. they do not overlap; e.g. an adult in a very small grave is highly impro ba ble; the causes being the absen ce of most of the dentiti ons during investiga tion of the rest of the bones and the fragmen tary state of the bones; their grave num-bers in column CAT of Table 3 are underscored; fourthly, in four graves where the quick scan of Bonhof gives a lower age (no overlap) than the agreement on age at death of Pot and Van Dom-burg/Veldman with their meticulous methods, Bon hof’s result is ignored (OO 48, 222, 299, 377). In the process of removal of these unsatisfactory data, the sample of graves from cemetery OO for the calculation of the survival table went down from 266 in Table 3 to 187 in Table 4. So the judgements used are: age determinations by Pot, in most cases Bonhof and Van Dom burg/Veldman and the lengths of small coffins (up to 110 cm: 0-5 years; 111-159 cm: 6-10 years) or, lack-ing those, graves (up to 130 cm: 0-5; 131-179: 6-10 ye ars). For each age determina tion, the median value has been taken, calculated as discussed above. In cases with more than one age determi-nation, the average of the median values was used. The resulting ages at death were rounded of at complete years of life.This leads to the life table in Table 4 with co lumns AGE with rounded off years. In order to produce the mortality bar diagram of Graph 2, a 0 (zero) was put in the column headed N, which indicates the number of people deceased per year of life, for those years that did not yield an age at death. And in order to produce the uninterrupted survi-val curve of Graph 2, values were put in column % SUR for the same missing years, extrapolated be-tween the two nearest values.

253—

Legend: AGE rounded off years of age at deathN number of people decea sed per year of life % the per centage of that number on a to-

tal of 187 persons;%CUM the cumulative percen tage of deceased

on the same total %SUR the percentage of survi vors at that age

0 0 0 0 100

1 0 93.8

2 0 86.6

3 35 18.7 18.7 81.3

4 2 1.1 19.8 80.2

5 0 79.5

6 0 78.8

7 4 2.1 21.9 78.1

8 0 74.3

9 14 7.5 29.4 70.6

10 1 0.5 29.9 70.1

11 4 2.1 32 68

12 0 67.6

13 0 67.3

14 2 1.1 33.1 66.9

15 0 66.1

16 3 1.6 34.7 65.3

17 1 0.5 35.2 64.8

18 0 64.7

19 0 64.6

20 0 64.4

21 1 0.5 35.7 64.3

22 2 1.1 36.8 63.2

23 4 2.1 38.9 61.1

24 1 0.5 39.4 60.6

25 1 0.5 40 60

26 13 6.9 46.9 53.1

27 43 23 69.9 30.1

28 18 9.6 79.5 20.5

29 7 3.7 83.2 16.8

30 0 15.2

31 6 3.2 86.4 13.6

32 2 1.1 87.5 12.5

33 1 0.5 88 12

34 1 0.5 88.5 11.5

35 0 11

36 2 1.1 89.6 10.4

37 3 1.6 91.2 8.8

38 6 3.2 94.4 5.6

39 2 1.1 95.5 4.5

40 0 3.7

41 3 1.6 97.1 2.9

42 0 2.8

43 0 2.7

44 0 2.6

45 0 2.5

46 1 0.5 97.6 2.4

47 1 0.5 98.1 1.9

48 0 1.6

49 1 0.5 98.6 1.4

50 0 1.1

51 1 0.5 99.1 0.9

52 0 0.7

53 0 0.5

54 0 0.3

55 1 0.5 100 0

AGE N % % CUM % SUR

AGE N % % CUM % SUR

Table 4: life table for cemetery OO. N=187.

254—

The mortality bar diagram of Graph 1 shows three clear peaks: for the first ten years of life, concentrated at the median value of 3 for the age group 0-5 years and at 9, the rounded off median value of 8.5 for the age group 6-10 years. There is a pronounced peak around the age of 27, when the number of sur vivors drops dramatically from 53.1 to 30.1%. The last peak is around the age of 38. Five strong people (2.7%) survive up to ages between 46 and 55. A usual peak is remarkably absent: that around the age of 20, when men are reckless and women give birth (Acsádi and Ne meskéri 1970, passim). The angular beginning of the survival curve in Graph 2 reflects the artificial determination of age at death on the basis of lengths of small cof-fins and graves, almost no children’s bones be-ing available. Seventy percent of the population had died be-fore it could reach the age of 28. This was a pop-ulation consisting of many young people and a few old ones. Their outlook on life was, suppo-sing they kept count of their age: 50% chance to survive up to the age of 26, 10% chance to reach 36, and 5% to grow really old, up to over 50.

Comparison to similar populationsAs this chapter was being written, Liesbeth Smits of the Uni versity of Amsterdam published data from Krefeld-Gellep (Smits 2006a). Her thesis (Smits 2006b) treats four cemetery populati ons from the limes of Germania Inferior in the Early and Middle Roman times: Valken burg-Marktveld near Praetorium Agrippinae, AD I-II: 520 crema-tions, 134 inhuma tions; Nijme gen-Museum Kam-straat near the Nijmegen Augustan legionary for-tress, AD 30-70 (= G.M. Kam’s cemetery E on Fig. 2, the street then being named Eleonora straat): 131 cremations, part of a much larger com plex; Moers-Asberg, the vicus near the auxiliary fortress of Asci burgium: 89 and 94 cremations from the N and S cemete ries, respective ly, AD I-II; Krefeld-Gellep, near the auxili ary fortress Gelduba: 670 cremations, AD I-III. Her conclusions were that child mortality was high and that most of the adults died in the age of 20-40 years (Smits 2006,

48, 77, 101, 118, 188). The clearest results are those for Krefeld-Gellep: more than half the population died between 20 and 40, 22% reached an age be-tween 40 and 60, and over 7% got older than 60 (Smits 2006b, 118). A larger sample of 906 cremations from Krefeld-Gellep of AD I-IV date (Smits 2006a, 583) gave the following results. The ratio chil dren:adults was 10.5:89.5%. 58.8% died between the ages of 20 and 40, 29% reached an age between 40 and 60, and 1.5% got older than 60 years. The survival rate in the fourth-century Nijmegen cemetery OO seems at first sight markedly lower than those of the four cemeteries studied by Smits. This may reflect the unsatisfac tory preser-vation of inhumations in the Nijmegen sand and the sad history of the investigations, rather than a real high mortality in peaceful Nijmegen of the fourth century. For instance: ages found by Van Domburg and Veldman were rejected in the proc-ess of selecting satisfactory data (graves OO 26, 48, 99, 118, 249, 272, 290, 302, 306, 315, 356, 431) because they were higher, sometimes much high-er, than the other judge ments on the same graves. There are, however, two marked differences that argue for a really lower survival rate. Firstly, we alrea dy saw that 85.6% of the deceased in Table 3, column APO (age according to Pot), belonged to dental attrition group I, i.e. they died between the ages of 22 and 30. This is expressed by the peak at the age of 27 in the mortality bar diagram of Graph 1 and the corres ponding steep drop of the survival curve in Graph 2. Second ly, not a single instance of dental attrition group IV (age 65 and higher) was found in the Nijmegen material. This fourth-centu ry population really seems to have died younger than the ones from the first to the third centuries in the same area. What caused this higher mortality remains in the dark. The only explanation that springs to mind is the bad eco-nomic circumstances of the fourth century, which also resulted in the eight coin periods given in Chapter 3, Table 1.

255—

IntroductionAlmost all food remains from cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), previously named cemetery ‘Margriet’, have been discussed in Lauwerier 1983 and 1988 (76-85). One find was described later (Lauwerier 1999). In order to have all data of the late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen in one volume, the 1988 text is partly presented here again. However, text, numbers and tables have been extensively adapt-ed in order to fit into the present study, and the 1999 find is added. The data about the sex and age of the buried humans presented in the 1983 and 1988 publications are replaced by more reli-able data (see Chapter 7, The living population), and some thoughts about different kinds of meat as ‘food for the dead’ have been replaced by those from a later study (Lauwerier 1993). In addition archaeozoological data from cemetery Inner City (B) (Lauwerier 1999) have been included.On both the east and the west side of the fourth-century fortifi cation on the Valkhof cemeteries have been found that most probably belong to the settlement. The eastern burial ground, cem-etery OO, was partly excavated in the years 1980-1983. It is estimated that this cemetery contained some 1590 graves, 489 of which have been exca-vated; these were almost exclusively inhumation graves. In some graves dishes were found con-taining animal bones as gifts for the dead (partly discussed previous ly: Lauwerier 1983). As material for archeo zoological investi gation usually only the remains of meals are available: garba ge and refuse of meals in the past. The inte resting thing about the bone material from the cemete ry is that we are not dealing with the garbage and refuse but with the meal itself: a sort of plate-service for the dead.

Dishes and bonesDuring the excavation of cemetery OO, 489 graves were found, 73 of which con tained items of pot-tery on which one could expect to find bones: plates, dishes, bowls and one cooking-pot. Al-though during the excavation of the graves bones were often observed on the plates, dishes and bowls, the contents of only a few have remained

pre served, on account of the very unfavourable conditions for preservation in the sandy soil of the cemetery. Even a slight touch caused the bones to disintegrate into dust. The human skeletal mate-rial gives a clear indication of how poorly bone has been preserved. In 35% of the graves no bone material is present any longer. In most of the oth-er graves only a fragile bony pulp of the skull re-mains. Less than 10% of the graves contain frag-ments of both the skull and of the bones of the legs. The animal bones from cemetery B are also badly preserved and fragmented. The contents of a few plates, dishes and bowls from cemetery OO were treated with a preserva-tive during the excavation, in order to preserve them as far as possible prior to archeozoological analysis (Table 5, nos. 14-23). The contents of these plates, dishes, and bowls and those from cemetery B will be discussed further below. A summary of the data is given in Table 5. The per-centages mentioned in the table under the con-tents recovered indicate approximately the pro-portion of the contents of the dishes, i.e. of the undis turbed soil containing the bones that were conserved during the excavation.

8 Food as gravegifts

R.C.G.M. Lauwerier

256—

Table 5: Nijmegen, cemeteries Nijmegen-East (OO) and Inner City (B): overview of the pottery that has been studied. x: presence of animal species established; sex and age of deceased according to Bonhof (BO), Van Domburg & Veldman (DV) and Pot (PO) or on the basis of the dimension of the coffin (see Chapter 7, The living population). G = Type Gellep. J/A= juvenile/adult.

no grave+no pottery place contents animal species human skeleton

recovered (%)

cattle pig dom.fowl uni-denti-fied

parts pre-sent

sex age

DV BO DV PO coffin

Cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO)

1 OO 101.3 coarse cooking-pot

G 105

in niche ? x - - - no bones - - - - 6-10

2 OO 101.6 coarse dish G 128 in niche 75 - x x - no bones - - - - 6-10

3 OO 144.1 TS plate G

41=Chenet 313

in niche 25 x - - - skull + fe-

mora

? <20 <16 25-50 J/A

4 OO 144.6 coarse bowl G 120 in niche 75 - x - - skull + fe-

mora

? <20 <16 25-50 J/A

5 OO 164.2 coarse dish G 128 in niche 75 - - - x complete ? 20-25 - - J/A

6 OO 168.3 TS plate G 37

= Drag.18/31

in niche 75 - - x - skull ? - >25 22-30 J/A

7 OO 186.5 coarse dish G 128 in grave out-

side coffin

100 x - x - skull + hu-

meri

- 20-30 - 22-30 J/A

8 OO 200.6 coarse dish G 128 in niche 10 - - - x skull M???? 20-30 20-40 25-50 J/A

9 OO 200.7 coarse dish G 128 in grave out-

side coffin

10 - - - x skull M???? 20-30 20-40 25-50 J/A

10 OO 354.1 TS plate G 40

= Chenet 304b

in niche 10 - x - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A

11 OO 354.2 TS bowl G 35

= Chenet 324c

in niche 0 - - - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A

12 OO 354.6 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A

13 OO 356.1 TS plate G 40

= Chenet 304b

in niche 10 - x - - skull + arm F???? 50+ 70+ 25-50 J/A

14 OO 37.2 coarse dish G 126 in niche 100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A

15 OO 42.3 coarse bowl G 122 in middle of

grave

75 no bones no bones - - - - -

16 OO 71.3 coarse bowl G 122 in grave out-

side coffin

100 no bones skull - - - 22-30 J/A

17 OO 78.3 coarse bowl G 122 in grave out-

side coffin

100 no bones no bones - - - - 6-10

257—

18 OO 243.1 TS bowl G 25 in niche 100 no bones ± complete M???? 20-40 30-60 25-50 J/A

19 OO 243.3 coarse bowl G 122 in niche 100 no bones ± complete M???? 20-40 30-60 25-50 J/A

20 OO 273.1 TS bowl G 30

= Chenet 319a

in grave out-

side coffin

100 no bones no bones - - - - 1-5

21 OO 339.1 TS plate G 40

= Chenet 304b

in grave out-

side coffin

100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A

22 OO 339.2 TS plate G 40

= Chenet 304b

in grave out-

side coffin

100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A

23 OO 340.1 TS bowl G 34

= Chenet 320

in niche 100 no bones no bones - - - 3-6 6-10

Cemetery Inner City (B)

24 B 86.3 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x - skull - - - - J/A

25 B 86.4 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x x skull - - - - J/A

26 B 150.3 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x x molar - - - - 6-10

27 B 151.1 TS plate G 38 in niche 0 x - - - skull - - - - J/A

28 B 176.5 coarse bowl G 122 in niche 0 - x x - no bones - - - - J/A

29 B 191.1 TS plate G 39 in niche 0 - - x x skull - - - - 6-10

30 B 704.1 TS plate G 40

= Chenet 304b

in grave out-

side coffin

0 - - - x skull - - - - J/A

31 B 764.7 coarse bowl G 122 in niche 0 - - - x no bones - - - - J/A

258—

Cemetery OO1 OO 101.3 with 3a and 3bCoarse cooking-pot Gellep 105. Part of the origi-nal filling intact (percentages not established). OO 101.3a Human: in the filling, at a depth of 9 cm, was a human bone frag ment (proximal part of a left femur; 1.8 g). OO 101.3b Cattle: at the same depth five frag-ments of probably the same rib, 3.4 g. Large mammal: 38 unidentifiable fragments, probably belonging to the cattle rib; 2.9 g. It can be as-sumed that the human bone has secondarily sagged into the jar or was introduced by mice or moles. Also the cow’s rib may have got into the jar when the grave was filled in. However it also could indicate that beef was intentionally put in the jar as food.

2 OO 101.6 with 6a and 6bCoarse dish Gellep 128. 75% of the original filling intact. (Lauwerier 1983 (1986), 186, Fig. 3; 1988, 80, Fig. 22. OO 101.6a Pig: head of a sucking pig. The crani-um is fragmented. The Pd2’s are just breaking through: age about 10 weeks. OO 101.6b Domestic fowl (?): articulated parts of ulna, radius and humerus, probably from a do-mestic fowl. Three large unidentifiable frag-ments could be parts of the hind legs. Also a lot of bird rib frag ments are present. The posi tion of the articulated bones of the wing, the unidentifi-able long bones and the fragments of ribs strongly suggest that we are concerned here with the bones of one complete bird that was interred in an intact state.

3 OO 144.1 with 1aTerra sigillata plate Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313). 25% of the original filling intact. OO 144.1a Cattle: pro cessus olecrani of the right ulna of an adult animal.

4 OO 144.6 with 6a and 6bCoarse bowl Gellep 120. 75% of the original fill-ing intact. OO 144.6a Pig: fragments of the skull of a suck-

ing pig. In both the maxil la and mandi bu la the milk incisors, the Pd3’s and the Pd4’s are present. The milk premolars are not worn, the Pd2’s are not yet present: age between 7 and 10 weeks. OO 144.6b Unidentifiable small fragments of bones.

5 OO 164.2 with 2aCoarse dish Gellep 128. 75% of the original filling intact.OO 164.2a Mammal: a few unidenti fiable mam-mal bones.

6 OO 168.3 with 3aTerra sigillata plate Gellep 37 (= Drag. 18/31). 75% of the original filling intact.OO 168.3a Domes tic fowl: almost complete ar-ticulated skeleton. Missing parts are the head, the right femur, the right foot and the left leg. If this leg was present, it most probably lay on the broken and cleaned fragment of the dish. It is remarkable that the dish was made in the 2nd or 3rd century AD and was placed in a grave only much later (personal communication J.H.F. Bloemers).

7 OO 186.5 with 5a and 5bCoarse dish Gellep 128. 100% of the original fill-ing intact. OO 186.5a Domestic fowl: articu lated skeleton. Clearly identi fiable are the two humeri, the right ulna, a phalanx, frag ments of the vertebral col-umn, ribs, the sternum, parts of the pelvis and the two femora. Also unidentifiable fragments were found, including parts of long bones. OO 186.5b Cattle: on top of the skeleton of the domestic fowl a fragment of a rib was found.

8 OO 200.6 with 6aCoarse dish Gellep 128. OO 200.6a Unidentifiable bone remains.

9 OO 200.7 with 7aCoarse dish Gellep 128. 10% of the original filling intact.

259—

OO 200.7a Unidentifiable fragments of a young mammal. Some fragments are from long bones. The dish also contains a knife.

10 OO 354.1 with 1a and 1bTerra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 10% of the original filling intact.OO 354.1a Pig: distal half of the right humerus. The distal epiphysis is fused, but because the bone is very small the age of the animal at the time of slaughter would not have been much more than one year. OO 354.1b The dish also contains a few unidenti-fiable fragments of mammal bones.

11 OO 354.2 with 2aTerra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). Only bone fragments were collected. OO 354.2a Mammal: a few unidentifiable bones of an infantile mam mal.

12 OO 354.6 with 6aCoarse dish Gellep 128. Only bone fragments were collected. OO 354.6a A few unidentifiable bones.

13 OO 356.1 with 1aTerra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 10% of the original filling intact.OO 356.1a Pig, diaphysis of a right humerus. The distal epiphysis is not fused: age younger than one year.

14-23 OO 37.2, 42.3, 71.3, 78.3, 243.1, 243.3, 273.1, 339.1, 339.2 and 340.1These dishes, bowls and plates, all with 100% of the original fill intact, were brought for study to the laboratory, in order to see if they would con-tain animal bones. They proved to contain only earth, no bones.

Cemetery B24 B 86.3 with 3aCoarse dish Gellep 128. B 86.3a Domestic fowl: a possibly com plete chicken without feet and head: (parts of) the left

sca pula, both coracoïds, the two humeri, the left ulna, a radius, both phalanges I anteriores, the left tibiotarsus and three verte brae; 15 frag-ments; 3.0 g. Bird: unidentifiable frag men ts, proba bly belonging to the chicken, 128 frag-ments; 3.1 g.

25 B 86.4 with 4aCoarse dish Gellep 128. B 86.4a Domestic fowl: a chicken’s leg: left fe-mur; 0.0 g. Bird: nine unidenti fi able frag ments; 0.2 g.

26 B 150.3 with 3aCoarse dish Gellep 128.B 150.3a Domestic fowl: an apparently complete chicken without head and lower legs: left and right scapula, a cora coïd, both humeri, right ulna, right femur, six ver tebrae, synsa crum, rib; 17 fragments, 2.9 g. Bird: unidentified small frag-ments, presumably part of the chicken; 58 frag-ments, 1.2 g.

27 B 151.1 with 1a and 1bTerra sigillata plate Gellep 38.B 151.1a Cattle: three fragments of a rib; 6.8 g. B 151.1b Large mammal: two pieces of ossi fied cartilage, probably part of a rib; 19 fragments of rib and ossified cartilage; 6.0 gr.

28 B 176.5 with 5a and 5bCoarse bowl Gellep 122.OO 176.5a Pig: a leg of a sucking-pig: carpa lia or tarsa lia, phalan ges I, II and III. The unfused bones come probably from the same hand or foot. Age at slaughter 10-12 months at the most; 41 fragments, 4.6 g. Mammal: unidentifiable frag ments, probably belonging to the pig’s leg; 50 fragments, 0.2 g. OO 176.5b Domestic fowl: a leg of a chicken: proximal part of left femur; 1 fragment, 0.2 g.

29 B 191.1 with 1aTerra sigillata plate Gellep 39. B 191.1a Domestic fowl: an almost complete chicken; the head and the feet are missing. (Parts

260—

of) right scapula, left coracoïd, left and right hume rus, left ulna, left radius, left and right fe-mur, both tibiotarsi, three vertebrae; 13 frag-ments, 16.1 g. Bird: unidentifiable fragments, probably belonging to the chicken; <50 frag-ments, 4.2 g.

30 B 704.1 with 1aTerra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). B 704.1a A grey mass of unidenti fiable bone re-mains.

31 B 764.7 with 7aCoarse bowl Gellep 122. B 764.7a Unidentifiable bone re mains.

On the basis of bone finds in the cemetery in Courroux, Be chert (1982, 284) proposes that the dead were supplied with second-rate meat while the funeral guests kept the choicest pieces for themselves. The finds from cemeteries OO and B give a diffe rent impression. That we are dealing here with meals and not with the refuse of meals is best illustated by the articu lated skeletons of domestic fowl. One can only find articula ted skel-etons if complete animals have been buried from which edible parts have not been cut off. For the two best conser ved skeletons of domestic fowl from the graves OO 168 and OO 186, and also for the finds from the graves B 86, B 150 and B 191, it is striking that there are no traces of the head and the inedible parts of the hind legs. This brings to mind the well known picture of a fried chicken, from which the head and feet have been cut off. From Roman times too there are examples of such a way of pre paring fowl. The ornamented bronze lid, probably of a vessel for food, from Mundelsheim from the 2nd or 3rd century AD, is one such example (Fig. 1). The fowl is presented on the border of the lid: the head and the ends of the hind legs have been cut off. Also repre-sented are a ring of piglets and, flanked by grapes, a hare. Fowls prepa red in this way are also known from the cemeteries of Leuna, Wessling, Neuburg and Kempten (Gandert 1953; Keller 1971, 1979; Mackensen 1978).

Fig. 1 The bronze lid from Mundelsheim (Germany) sho-wing rings of fowl and piglets and in the centre a hare (Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stutt gart).

In Nijmegen a humerus of a sucking pig was found on two occa sions, this being indicative of good quality meat (graves OO 354 and OO 356). Also heads of sucking pigs have been found (graves OO 101 and OO 144.6). Nowadays we tend to consider the meat of this part of the ani-mal to be of poorer quality, but there are indica-tions in written sources that this kind of meat in fact was a delicacy in Roman times. Macrobius (3,13,12) tells about a banquet that Lentullus of-fered his guests in about 70 BC on the occasion of his ordination as a priest. Besides oysters, thrushes with asparagus, fried hare and fowl also fried heads of pigs were served. But pig’s head is also known to have been a delicacy in later times, as in medieval and Tudor England (Wilson 1973, 82). And in the folk tale of Uilen-spiegel, as placed by De Coster (1867) in 16th-century Flanders, Lamme complains that he has to live on bread and water while the nobility feast on head of wild boar, among other things (III,29). All in all, the dishes from Nijmegen on which bone remains were found give the impression that food was placed in the graves that was not second-rate or the refuse of a meal (of, for ex-

261—

ample, the funeral guests), having only a sym-bolical meaning, but rather a good meal for the dead. In view of the small number of finds it is hard to discern any relation between the ages of the de-ceased persons and the meals they were given. All that can be said is that the dead of all ages, children as well as adults, were provi ded with meat of cattle, pig and fowl as a grave gift. In Courroux birds were found exclusively in the graves of women. From this it has been conclud-ed that they were specifi cally grave-gifts for women (Martin-Kilcher 1976). Wahl and Kokabi (1987, 1988) make the same suggestion based on information about Stettfeld and Konstanz. The information from Nijmegen about this subject is very scarce. Only one grave (OO 356) of which the sex of the human skeleton could be estab-lished (probably a woman) contained identified animal bones: a young pig. However, if the data upon which these suggestions is based on is studied in more detail, no differences in the fre-quencies of the occurrence of chicken in female or male graves can be established (Lauwerier 1993).The other pottery of cemetery OO that was stud-ied shows no traces of bones at all. From this it could possibly be concluded that no boned meat was given in these cases. Yet if we consider the human skeletal material, we see that human re-mains were found in only one grave. Evidently the conditions for preservation in the graves were so poor that no conclusions at all can be drawn from the finds of empty items of pottery in cemeteries OO and B.

The relation between the settlement and the cemetryIt is obvious that we should compare the bone material from cemeteries OO and B with that from the stronghold on the Valkhof (Lauwerier 1988, section 3.3.2). Comparing these two sets of bone material, we can see that the values for frequen cy of occurrence of bones of catt le, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl are com-pletely different at the two sites. Unfortunately,

however, the number of iden tifiable finds from the cemeteries is so small (17) that no conclusion whatsoever can be drawn from this comparison. In order to make a more meaningful comparison between animal bones from settlements and those from cemeteries, archeozool ogical data have been collected relating to 27 settlements and 20 cemeteries or individual graves within the Roman Empire.

For the cemeteries a random selection has been made from the available literature in which fau-nal material is mentioned, from sites in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland (Table 6). These include the early Roman cemete ries in Kempten (Mackensen 1978), Weisenau (Kessler 1927) and Brugg (Tomašević and Hartmann 1972); cemeteries dating from mid-Roman times in Hörafing (Ger-hardt and Maier 1964), Eining (Kellner 1965), Stephanskirchen (mentioned in Kellner 1965), Regensburg (Mackensen 1973) and Courroux (Martin-Kilcher 1976; Kaufmann 1976); late Ro-man cemeteries in Krefeld-Gellep (Pirling 1974), Neuburg (Keller 1971), Neuss (Härke 1980; Reich-stein 1980), Augsburg, Göggingen, Burgheim, Valley, Potzham, Alten stadt, Wessling (Keller 1971), Oudenburg (Mertens and Van Impe 1971) and the cemeteries in Nijmegen described above. In the table no distinction has been made be-tween animals or parts of animals that were found on dishes or plates and those that were simply placed in the grave. Possibly a few bones are present that accidentally came into the grave together with the earth used to cover the re-mains of the deceased. As in the great majority of cases the faunal material was described as clearly belonging to the grave, this will hardly influence the overall picture of the occurrence of the various kinds of animals interred. The num-bers shown in the table indicate the frequency with which the animal species occur in the graves. In the case of one grave containing fau-nal remains of one species on different plates, separate counts have been made for each plate.

262—

Species identified

Cemetery cattle sheep/goat pig dom. fowl

Early Roman

Kempten 11 7 128 37

Weisenau - 1 2 -

Brugg - - 1 -

Mid Roman

Hörafing - 1 7 1

Eining - - 1 -

Stephanskirchen - - 1 -

Regensburg - - - 1

Courroux 2 4 47 4

Late Roman

Nijmegen 4 - 5 8

Krefeld-Gellep - - - 1

Neuburg - - - 2

Neuss 3 1 6 -

Augsburg - - - 1

Göggingen - - 1 1

Burgheim - - - 3

Valley - - - 1

Potzham - - - 1

Altenstadt - - - 2

Wessling - - - 7

Oudenburg 5 4 25 19

totaal 25 18 224 89

Percentage 7 5 63 25

Table 6: Overview of the occurrence of cattle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in graves within the northwestern part of the Roman Empire.

263—

Pig is the most abundant species, with a fre-quency of 63%, followed by domestic fowl at 25%. Cattle and sheep/goat account for only 7 and 5%, respectively. In addition to the species mentioned in the table other spe cies occur incidentally: horse in Ouden-burg, dog in Neuss and Courroux, hare or rabbit in Hörafing, goose in Courroux and Oudenburg, eider duck (Somateria mollissima) in Neuss, fish in Weisenau and oyster in Oudenburg. The few fragments of horse and dog that have been found in graves probably cannot be considered as representing food for the dead as these spe-cies were not normally eaten in Roman times (Luff 1982). Martin-Kilcher (1976) indicates the possibility that dog may have been provided as a companion for the journey to the hereafter. As an indication of this she mentions the presence of a ceramic figure of a dog in one of the three graves in Courroux that contained dog remains.

Table 7 gives an overview of the settlement refuse of the most frequently consumed mam-mals and the domestic fowl in Roman times. The table includes data from 27 sites where a total number of more than 100 bone fragments of cattle, sheep or goat, pig and domestic fowl have been found. The sites concer ned are of both civilian and military settlements in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, France and Swit-zerland (Clason 1977, Tables 15 and 18). The table

gives the mean percentage distribution of the number of bone fragments. This overall picture of the species composition in all the settlements considered jointly corresponds more or less to the frequency spectra within the individual set-tlements (Clason 1977, 126). The data from the settlements and the cemeter-ies cannot be directly compared because they express different quantities, namely numbers of fragments and the numbers of individual ani-mals respectively. This problem is a consequence of the different ways of presentation of the bone material in the literature consulted, that is partly accounted for by the different nature of the ob-jects excavated. In a self-contained structure like a grave it is more sensible and more meaningful to indicate individuals than in the refuse pits of a settle ment. However, this difference in presen-tation does not pre vent us from gaining insight on a broad scale into the diffe rences between settlements and cemeteries. The most conspicuous differences are as follows. Cattle, that are represented in the settlements by 60% of the fragments, are found in very small quantities in the cemeteries, cert ainly if one compares the mammal species with one anoth-er. Among the mammals, sheep/goat comes in third place in both the settlements and in the cemeteries, although the percentage for the set-tlements is higher than that for the cemeteries. The domestic fowl, that rates 2% in the settle-ments, is the second most abundant animal in the cemeteries. The above-mentioned differences can partly be explained by different methods of excavating cemeteries and settlements. If the cemeteries have been excavated more meticulously than the settlements or if sieving has been carried out (something that is not mentioned in most of the publications concerning the cemeteries), then it is possible that notably the quantitative differ-ence in domestic fowl remains may be explained as a result of this (Clason and Prummel 1977; Clason et al. 1979). That the differences for mammals can also be attributed to different ex-cavation techniques seems unlikely. If this were

Table 7: General overview of the occurren-ce of cattle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in settlement refuse in the Roman Empire

Species Mean percentage distribu-tion of the number of frag-ments

Cattle 60

Sheep/goat 13

Pig 26

Domestic fowl 2

264—

indeed the case, then one would expect that in addition to pig also sheep/goat, that fall into the same size class, would score higher, yet this is not so. The low numbers of bird remains in the settle-ments may also be due to gnawing by dogs. Yet this does not explain the diffe rence in occur-rence of mammals between the settlements and the cemeteries.

Another explanation can be taken from the cook-ery book of Apicius. In Table 8 the data of the Ta-bles 6 and 7 are presented along side the frequen-cies with which the different animal species are mentioned in the cookery book of Apicius/Caelius. This cookery book dates from the 1st century AD. It was writt en by the well-to-do gastronome Api-cius, and in the form of the book that is known to us, may have been revised by a cert ain Caeli us at the end of the fourth century or beginning of the fifth century (Forbes 1965). For the quantitative data concerning the occurrence of the various ani-mal species in the cookery book the English trans-lation of Flower and Rosenbaum (1958) has been used. In addition to the species listed in the figu re, namely cattle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl, in the cookery book there is occasional mention of a great number of other species: wild sheep, wild goat, red deer, fallow deer, boar, rabbit, hare, dormouse, goose, duck, hazel hen, partrid ge, pheasant, peacock, crane, ostrich, parrot, pigeon, wood-pigeon, turtle dove, thrush, fig-pecker, fla-mingo, elec tric ray, murena, eel, conger eel, an-

chovy, scorpion fish, perch, sea-perch, sea-bream, gold-bream, dentex, red mullet, grey mullet, horse mackerel, tunny fish, bonito, sole, sheat-fish, ‘cornuta’, prawn, sea-crayfish, squill, lobster, squid, cutt lefish, octopus, mussel, oyster, snail, sea urchin and jelly-fish. Again it must be pointed out that the frequency percentages in Table 8 cannot be directly com-pared with those for the ceme teries and settle-ments. In the table different quantitative catego-ries stand alongside one another: numbers of fragments for the settlements, numbers of indi-viduals for the cemeteries and the number of times a species is mentioned in the cookery book. However, if we compare, in a general way, the data from the graves with those from the settle-ments and that from the cookery book, we could conclude that the reason so many chicken and pig bones are found in graves is because the meat spectrum present in graves compares most read-ily with that used in a luxurious cookery book. So, the dead were not provided with ordinary, every-day food but with something more festive.Another explanation for the fact that so many chicken and pigs are found in cemeteries is per-haps more obvious (Lauwerier 1993). Except for when a fillet or ragout of chicken is put in the grave, the meat would normally always still be on the bone. The same can be said for pork, the top scorer in the cemeteries. Many recipes using pork include the bone. Recipes made of sucking pig, regularly found in graves, always contain bone and by so doing, always leave evidence. Recipes using beef are, however, totally different. In con-trast to pig and chicken, the meat is cut off the bones, thereby leaving no remains in a grave if the beef was placed on a plate (cf. Mackensen 1978, 173). The frequent occurrence of chicken and pig bones in graves may well, therefore, give a false picture of past reality. It is not unlikely that the empty or half empty plates found in graves may have con-tained beef. The information from the plates seems to be very clear, but the rubbish pits in the settlements, containing the offal and discarded remains of meals, give a much more reliable pic-

Table 8: Frequency distributions of cattle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in set-tlements, cemeteries and the cookery book of Apicius/Caelius.

Settlements Cemeteries Apicius

Cattle 60 7 4

Sheep/goat 13 5 12

Pig 26 63 50

Domestic fowl

2 25 34

265—

ture of the consumption pattern of the living, than do the plates and dishes in the graves for the “consumption” pattern of the deceased.

266—

The Roman grave known as B 298 has revealed more than the personal ornaments, coins, two beakers, a pair of scales, parts of a leather purse, a boar’s tusk and sea shells. It also contained plant remains. Their presence came more or less as a surprise, because plants are hardly to be expected in an inhumation grave above ground water level. Normally they decay rather quickly. In this case, however, they were preserved because of close contact with grave goods made of bronze.There are three kinds of remains. The first kind concerns rhizomes of a horsetail species (Equise-tum spec.). These underground parts may have intruded the grave at any stage after the burial and are not considered to belong to the grave-goods. Horsetails are very weedy plants and their rhizomes penetrate deep into the soil.The second kind of remains consists of very thin pieces of wood. C. Vermeeren identified this wood as radially split from a deciduous tree species. The wood had characteristics as seen in Pomoidea, poplar (Populus), hazel (Corylus) or alder (Alnus). They are presumably natural. Especially alder roots are known to split up like this during decay. Therefore the wood may not belong to the grave-goods either.The third kind of remains are, however, consid-ered to belong to the original contents of the grave. These finds comprise large fragments of one or two nuts of sweet chestnut (Castanea sati-va Miller). Only the pericarp has been preserved, but the nuts were originally placed as complete specimens in the grave. Finds of sweet chestnut are rare. The nearest finds up till present are from a cremation grave from the 1st century in Kempten (Germany), from the Roman harbour in Straubing (Germany), from the fill of a water well in a Roman villa in Boreham (Essex, England), in the temple of Isis in Pompeii and in sacrificial contexts in other Vesuvian loca-tions (Willerding 1978, Küster 1992, Murphy 2003, Overbeck and Mau 1884, Meyer 1994, Matterne and Derreumaux 2007). Possible remains have been reported from Roman cremation graves in the French Massif Central (Bouby and Marinval 2004).

The rareness of the nut may be attributed to its poor chance of preservation. A carbonized sweet chestnut is very fragile and from a waterlogged chestnut only fragments of the pericarp will sur-vive and these are not easily to identify. The nuts are known as components of Roman meals. The Roman cook Apicius presents a recipe. It is quite possible that the chestnuts in grave B 298 repre-sent food for the dead. There may have been more of them, and also other kinds of plant food, but if this was not deposited next to something of bronze, this food will not have been preserved. But it is also feasible that they are more than just food. Some fruits and seeds had, next to their place on the table, also a place in rituals. This is, for instance, known of dates, figs, and pinecones and their kernels (Zach 2002, Hänninen and Ver-meeren 1997). It would not be surprising if sweet chestnut belonged in this category as well. The tree was introduced in northwestern Europe, the Netherlands included, by the Romans, as is at-tested by its pollen. It may have been planted be-cause of the pleasure of the consuming of chest-nuts, but it is possible, too, that the tree was needed for other purposes, such as poles and stakes.The plant remains are kept in the Collection Lab-oratory for Archaeobotany, Faculty of Archaeol-ogy, Leiden University.

9 Plant remains from grave B 298

Corrie Bakels

267—

The finds consist of a small group of textiles from three loci. One of the textiles is extremely small, less than 0.5 cm, while the largest is near-ly 8.0 cm in size. The condition of the textiles is poor. The fragments are very brittle and are semi-carbonized. The objects are of interest be-cause they represent various types of weaves and give an indication of the type of textile tech-nology to be found in the region at this time. There is no indication that these textiles were imported pieces (type of fibre, spin, weave, and so forth). Based on the finds from other contem-porary and near contemporary Roman sites, it is clear that these pieces are acceptable parts of the textile horizon of this area and date.

The findsOO 242.8This find is made up of four largish and several small lumps of carbonized organic material. On one piece there are traces of what appears to be a weave, but under a microscope, it would ap-pear that it is an organic material which has deterio rated in narrow strips (leather?)

OO 366.3The find is made up of two textiles, the first tex-tile (a) is a large fragment made up of several layers of cloth. The second textile (b) is some-what smaller and was apparently resting on the first piece. It would appear that they are from the same length of cloth. The cloth is now car-bonized. There are areas of green on the mate-rial which would appear to be a copper deposit from another object, rather than indicating the use of a dye or pigment. Fibre: animal? Size: (a) 7.7 x 3.5 (b) 3.8 x 2.3 cm. Spin: z/z (some paired threads, this may reflect a weaving fault rather than the deliberate use of paired thre ads). Twist: medium/medium.Count: 24 in the presumed warp; 16 in the pre-sumed weft. Weave: 1/2 twill (it should be noted that no selvedges are present so it is not clear whether it is actually a 1/2 or a 2/1 twill. Never-theless, the presence of plied threads in one di-rection indicates that this was the weft, and thus

a 1/2 twill form. In one area of the web there is evidence of the use of thicker thread (S,3?z) which appears to turn back on itself. However, due to the poor condition of the cloth at this point, this detail is not clear. Use: There is no in-dication of how this cloth may have origin ally been used.

OO 366.4This find is made up of a single textile which is now light brown in colour. There is no indication of any colour or decoration. The size of the ob-ject makes it very difficult to draw any conclu-sions about the nature of this find. Fibre: animal? Size: 2.0 x 1.8 cm. Spin: z/z. Twist: loose. Count: c.12 in the presumed warp; 22 in the presumed weft. Weave: weft(?)-faced tabby weave. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have origin ally been used.

Other textiles are discussed in Chapter 12, Attributes for both genders/Organic/Textile remains.

10 Roman textiles from cemetery OO

G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood

268—

IntroductionIn this study, it is emphatically not the intention to present yet another typology. This chapter is meant to give an up-to-date overview of what we know from the archaeological litera ture about the objects found in the Nijmegen Late Roman ceme teries; and to apply that knowledge to the finds presented here.

Gellep typologyFor Roman pottery and glass vessels, wherever possible, the typology of the Late Roman cem-etery of Krefeld-Gellep, Gellep for short, has been follo wed. Most of that cemetery was exca-vated and published by Renate Pirling in her studies of 1966, 1974, 1979, 1989, 1997 and 2003. In 2006, Pirling and Siepen published the com-plete Roman typology of Gellep, and more em-phatically than before they have the type num-bers prece ded by the place name Gellep. The pre sent study follows this example. For those who prefer the type numbers of Chenet (1941) for the Argonne terra sigil lata and the glass type numbers of Isings (1957), this number is added in parenthe ses: Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a); Gellep 700 (= Isings 68). Four earlier types, surviving as heir-looms in the Late Roman cemeteries of Gellep and Nijmegen and better known under a differ-ent name, are given this better-known name as the second name after their Gellep names: Gellep 37 (= Dragendorff 18/31; type fig. 29); Gellep 248 (= Drag. 27; type fig. 15); Gellep 550 (= Drag. 33; type fig. 14); and Gellep 31 (= Drag. 40; type fig. 23). This second name is also given in the captions to the type figures. In the same way, Niederbieber type numbers are added for third-century shapes, and an Alzei type number for a shape that lived on in the fifth century. As for glass types known from Trier (Goethert-Po-laschek 1977), these names are likewise added in text and captions as Trier. In her 1966 study, Pirling (1966, 42-5) defined the Roman pottery wares, numbered A-G. In her 1997 study, she gives the comple ted list, now without definitions but with short pa raphrases (Pirling 1997, 131-2). This latest list is repeated

below; wherever pottery wares were on second thought dropped in 2006, this is mentioned in the list below. Pirling’s clas sifica tion after these wares is followed, as is her order of shapes with-in each ware: pots, beakers, bottles, one-hand-led jugs, double-handled jugs (in the present study, the term amphora is exclusively used for the large transport vessels and for a miniature model of such an amphora), small bowls, bowls, dishes, plates. Lids did not occur in Pirling’s first study; they appear here after what they cover.

Problems in the Gellep typologySeveral problems are connected to the Gellep typology: type numbers, the Trier beakers, terra nigra, and the glazed ware in Gellep.

Problem 1: type numbersFirst ly: many of the Gellep types could not, up to 2006, be used without further ado. Since her first study (Pirling 1966), in which she defi ned the types Gellep 1-239, Pirling has added more than six hundred types (in Pir ling 1974: Gellep 240-311; Pir ling 1979: Gellep 312-340; Pirling 1989: Gellep 341-543; Pirling 1997: Gellep 544-717; Pirling 2003: Gellep 718-869). If one puts the types distinguished per pottery ware and shape in a series, the result is a motley row of numbers, as can be seen on Plates 1-48 in Pirling/Siepen (2006). Whoe ver wants to consult Pirling/Siepen (2006) with type numbers in mind must first make an index, because such an index is regret-tably missing. This inconve nience is circumvented in the present study by two measures. Firstly, captions on the present type plates are numbe red 1...236, after which the Gellep type number is given. These figure numbers return as the number of the section in which the type is discussed. Secondly, the index in Appendix 3 gives the type numbers in the present study in alfabetical and numerical or-der, with caption number and date of the type.

Problem 2: the Trier beakersMore serious is the second problem. Pirling (1966, 69-71) does not even try to define types

11 Typology of the pottery and glass vessels

269—

within the most frequent category of the cemete ries of Gellep (and Nijmegen), that of the fine dark coloured beakers with narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. She groups these in her types 58-62, without distinguishing 59-62 from one another and even confounding the drawings of her types 60 and 61 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 89, n. 88; 90, n. 92). The problem is not solved in Pirling/Siepen (2006), where very short descrip tions of the now many types leave the user with the question, in which of the types he must classify his own finds. Moreover, in her first study very few fine dark coloured bottles, jugs and bowls with painted decoration occur. Fortunately, two monographs appeared in the nineties of the twentieth century which supply this information: R.P. Symonds’ Rhenish Wares, Fine Dark Coloured Pottery from Gaul and Germa ny (1992) for all fine dark colou red potte ry, and Die Trierer Spruchbe cherke ramik by Suzan na Künzl (1997) for the fine dark coloured pottery with white (and sometimes some yellow) deco ration. Therefo re, Pirling’s type numbers Gellep 58-62 and others, and those for other decora ted fine dark colou red pottery are not used in the present study, and repla ced by Symonds’ group numbers for the un dec orated fine dark coloured beakers, and Künzl’s shape numbers for the dec-orated beakers, bottles, jugs and bowls. In the case of the most frequent decorated dark coloured beakers, Künzl 1.4.1, a further distinc-tion seemed appropria te: addition of an m indi-cates a beaker with motto; addition of the letter d, a beaker with decoration but without motto. In the paragraphs dedicated to these small beak-ers below, Künzl’s classification of this ware in chronological groups I-V is discussed. In the case of the far more frequent un dec orated fine dark coloured bea kers a further distinction has also been made according to the way the potter used his spatula. This subdi vision is dis-cussed in the section on Symonds 61, below (type figs. 48-52). Besides all this detail, attention should also go to the overall development. Künzl 1.4.1 and Sy-

monds 61 are two out of six types of the fine dark coloured beaker from Trier with its narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. Both Sy monds (1992, 66) and Künzl (1997, 19-22) dis-cuss it as their first shape. Within this shape, there are not only five chro nologi cal groups, identi-fied by Künzl, and six types, presented by Sy-monds and Künzl, but also six size groups are dis-tin guished below. Types and size groups overlap in some cases. This will be discus sed below, un-der potte ry ware C4, under the heading The Trier beakers.

Problem 3: terra nigraThe most intricate problem in the Gellep typol-ogy is that of pottery ware F7, terra nigra, both in assigning Gellep types to that ware and in as-signing a date or dates to the ware as a whole. Terra nigra is not defined in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174). I define it as smoothened, burnished or even polished pottery with little or no tempering materi al, fired in a reducing atmosphe re, some-times smothered in order to obtain a black col-our; it usually has a sheen, but no coating is present; the colour of a clean break is usually the same as that of the surface. The insight that several Gellep types do belong to pottery ware F7, terra nigra, came slowly: in Pirling/Siepen 2006, types that were first treated under different wares (C2 and C3, now both dropped) have now been listed under the head-ing F7, terra nigra (2006, 174-191). Other types have simply disappea red. Thus, beaker Gellep 15 was first called terra sigil-lata, ware B1 (Pirling 1966, 56), and is now called terra nigra (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 179). Footed bowl Gellep 51 (Pirling 1966, 67-8) be-longed to ware C2 (grey sherd, lustrous black coating). The ware was dropped in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 84) and Gellep 51 is no longer menti o ned. The same shape was defined Gellep 131a (large) and 131b (small) in Frankish ware B (smoothened potte ry fired in redu cing atmos-phere; Pirling 1966, 128-30). Gellep 51 and 131ab have disappeared from Pirling/Siepen 2006 and their places are apparently taken by the larger

270—

Gellep 252 and the smaller Gellep 274 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 188-9) of pottery ware F7, terra ni-gra. Decorated footed bowl Gellep 273 was, like Gellep 274, first listed under F5 (bluish grey sherd: Pirling 1974, 57) and now under F7, terra nigra. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174) retains three types in ware F5, bluish grey sherd, without ex-plaining the difference with F7, terra nigra. Globular pots Gellep 52 and 53 (Pirling 1966, 68) first belon ged to ware C3 and now to F7, terra nigra (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 180). As for the question of date of terra nigra, this is not discussed in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174-91), and the answer must be gathered from the dates given there for individual Gellep types. There ap-pear to be four chronological groups, divided by quarter-centuries that each have only one type: these dividing periods are Ic (= the third quarter of the 1st century AD), IIc, and IIIb: see Table 9. The late group is dated IIIc-Va, has a clear peak in IVAB (= the first two-thirds of the 4th century) and has some later types, given in bold in Table 9. The conclusion must be that the art of making terra nigra was never lost through four hundred years at least, but that it was especial ly popular from the late first century to the first half of the second, and in the first two-thirds of the fourth.

Problem 4: association with glazed ware in GellepGlazed pottery, frequently occurring in Gellep but never in Nijmegen (see below), is often used by Pirling to date other types. When the idea about its date changes, other dates change with it. So, though glazed pottery is absent from Nijmegen, its date is important to other types that do occur in Nijmegen. The idea about its date shifts indeed between the Gellep publi ca tions of Pirling and that of Pirling/Siepen (2006). Pirling (1966, 50-55; 1974, 30-34; 1979, 29-32) dates almost all Gellep glazed types to IVB; only Gellep 11 is dated by an associated coin of AD 326, and Gellep 243 and 244 are dated to IVAB. So it comes as a surprise that Pirling/Siepen (2006, 37) writes that the lead-glazed pottery of Gellep suddenly comes up around AD 320 and was availa ble until the middle of the fourth cen-tury (apparently the year AD 350), the latest as-sociated coin being (incorrectly) dated AD 341. But, Pirling/Siepen (2006, 38) adds, some glazed pieces were kept as heirlooms because of their rarity and got into graves of IVcd date. Coin dates will help solve this problem. The rules for using coin dates have been set out in Chapter 3: there are eight coin periods in the 4th century, summed up in Table 1; the Nijmegen coins show that they could survive no longer than into the next coin period; so coin dates for graves with one coin run from the earliest minting date of the coin until the end of the subsequent coin pe-riod (this is the case for all Gellep graves in Table 10 but one); where two subsequent coin periods are represented in one grave, the grave is dated from the earliest minting date of its latest coin to the end of the second coin period represented (this is the case for grave Gellep 120, whose brackets are narrowed down to AD 348 by the coin from that year). When we apply these rules to the Gellep graves with both glazed pottery and a coin or coins, we get brackets for the dates of the graves: see Ta-ble 10. This shows, as far as the coin evidence goes, that the widest bracket for the date of glazed pottery in Gellep is formed by the years

Table 9: Chronological groups of terra ni-gra in the Gellep typology. Type numbers in

italics indicate types that comple tely fall within the

limits of the IVAB peak. Bold type num bers indicate

types dated in their entirety later than that peak.

Group Date Types

Earliest Iab 352 449 454 630

Divider Ic 651

Early Id-IIb 432 446 453 649 650 651 652 655 775 781 783 788 868

Divider IIc 644

Middle IId-IIIa 448 644 645 867

Divider IIIb 867

Late IIIc-Va 15 52 53 54 93 94 95 96 252 269 270 271 272 273 274 450 451 452 641 646 774 779 864 865 866 869

271—

AD 299 and AD 348, and the smallest by the years AD 318 and 348. The latter bracket fits in well with the changed idea about its date, 320-350 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 37). The conclusion seems to be that the new date for glazed potte ry is correct: AD 318-348 is what the coin eviden ce suggests.

Gellep types not in NijmegenOf course, the pottery series of Gellep and Nijmegen are not identical. Gellep ware A, glazed pottery, is clearly a local product (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 37) and does not occur in Nijme gen. Al-though glazed potte ry seems to have been found once in the inner city of Nijme gen, and so possibly in the Late Roman cemetery, (J.R.A.M. Thijssen, pers. comm.), I have not been able to find it in documentation or museum depot.

Nijmegen types not in GellepThe reverse also happens: some shapes pre sen-ted here (unfortu nately often stray finds) do not have a parallel in Gellep, and so other existing typologies had to be consulted. With terra sigil-lata, Chenet (1941) is then referred to. For smooth pottery: Brunsting (1937) and Stuart (1963). For some coarse and smoked wares: the

publications of the limes fortres ses Niederbieber (inhabited AD 190-260; Oelmann 1914) and Alzei (AD 370-400 and 406-450; Unverzagt 1916; it will be clear that the typolo gy of Gellep and Nijmegen largely fills the chronolo gi cal gap be-tween Niederbieber and Alzei). Siegmund (1998) is referred to for Frankish pottery. Gose (1950) is useful when everything else fails. New types not in one of these typolo gies get the name Nijmegen plus the number of the caption; so the Nijmegen types are numbered discontinuously; as a rule, they are unique pieces and stray finds. All these 30 Nijmegen types will be found in Appendix 3 in alfabeti cal and numerical order, with caption numbers and, where possible, date.

Numbered drawings on type platesWith this multitude of typologies referred to, a numbering of its own could not be avoided for the present study: that of the draw ings on the ty-pology plates. The caption of each drawing con-sists of figure number, followed by a full stop and type name and number: 1. Chenet 334c; 2. Gellep 14 et cetera. Wherever a new shape is shown on the present typology plates, the cap-tion is made by the figure number followed by a full stop, Nijmegen and the same number: 4. Nijmegen 4 et cetera.

Pottery waresThe pottery wares, as enumerated by Pirling (1997, 131-2), plus a new ware B3, defined by the present author, are the following. Wares dropped in Pirling/Siepen (2006) are indica ted with an asterisk *.

A Glazed ware

B Lustrous pottery fired in an oxydizing atmos-phere:

B1 terra sigillata B2 imitations of terra sigillata B3 reddish sherd, red or white coating

Table 10. Coins associated with glazed pot-tery in Gellep graves. CD = Coin date; CP = Coin

period. Brackets = brackets for grave date.

CD CP Brackets Grave Reference

AD 299 1 299-318 1469 Pirling 1974, 33

AD 305 1 305-318 1295 Pirling 1974, 32

AD 307 1/2 307-330 1877 Pirling 1974, 34

AD 313 2 313-330 1273 Pirling 1974, 34

AD 326 3 326-341 1233 Pirling 1966, 51-3, 226

AD 334 4 334-348 2228 Pirling 1974, 32

AD 335 4 335-348 516 Pirling 1974, 31-3

AD 332 4 332-348 120 Pirling 1966, 215

AD 348 5 348-348 120 Pirling 1966, 51-3, 216

272—

C Pottery fired in an oxydizing atmosphere, with a lustrous coating fired in a reducing atmosphe re:

C1 reddish brown sherd, black metallic coat-ing

C2* grey sherd, lustrous black coating (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 84)

C3* greyish black sherd, faintly lustrous black coating (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 84)

C4 reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous grey-ish black coating

C5 reddish sherd, thin chocolate brown coat-ing

C6* light ochre-coloured sherd, lustrous red-dish brown coating (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 100)

C7 yellowish white sherd, thin lustrous brown coating

D Pottery with non-lustrous slip: D1* ochre-coloured sherd, dull dirty reddish

brown slip (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 101)

D2* light sherd, transparent manganese-col-oured slip (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 101)

D3 light reddish brown sherd, ochre-coloured slip out side, dull dark reddish brown slip inside

D4 reddish brown sherd, greyish black slip D5 white sherd, reddish ochre-coloured slip D6 white sherd, greyish black slip D7 white sherd, black slip strewn with sand D8 white sherd, inside with reddish ochre-col-

oured slip and strewn with sand D9 white sherd, spotted brown ochre-col-

oured slip

E Marbled pottery: E1 brown-marbled pottery E2 red-marbled pottery E3 white sherd, outside smooth, inside red-

mar bled

F Smooth pottery: F1 yellowish white sherd, smoothened care-

fully F2 reddish ochre-coloured sherd F3 dark grey sherd F4 brownish grey sherd F5 bluish grey sherd F6* greyish white sherd with soft tempering

particles (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 174)

F7 terra nigra F8* imitation of terra nigra (no longer men-

tioned in Pirling/Siepen 2006) F9 reddish sherd, surface polished, locally

smothered greyish black

G Coarse potteryCoarse pottery, in most cases meant as cooking-vessels, was made fire-proof and resistant to thermic shock (sud den cooling of the hot vessel with cold water) by adding large quan tities of tempe ring material (Gose 1950, 40). Pirling does not, in her list, distin guish fabrics that could re-veal something about date and provenance. In her typology, however, she does sometimes make this distinc tion (Pir ling 1966, 83-96). Pirling/Siepen (2006) menti ons diffe rent fabrics in the discussi on of frequent types (e.g. Gellep 66, 105, 106, 109, 115). Wherever visible to the naked eye (for lack of a mineralogic pottery analy sis), a dis tinc tion is made in the present study be tween three producti on cen tres in the Eifel (Gose 1950, 40): coarse volcanic tempering material, from May-en;large quantity of fine tempering material, from Urmitz; greyish brown sherd with quartz sand, from Speicher.

273—

ROMAN POTTERY

B1 Terra sigillataFig.1 Chenet 334c: 1 example Small oval terra sigillata beaker on a hollow cy-lindrical foot and with a profiled neck. Example: OO stray 17. Discussion: Type Chenet 334 (Chenet 1941, 84, Pl.17) occurs in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated just before AD 360 by 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated just before AD 360 as well (Chenet 1941, 154). Pirling (1974, 35) consi ders it a Gellep 14. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) identifies Chenet 334bc with Gellep 14, discussed immediately below. Date: IVc

2 Gellep 14: 8 examplesSmall oval neckless terra sigillata beaker on high conical foot. Examples: B 181.1, B 217.1, B 218.1, B 686.2, B stray 118, OO 13.1, OO stray 73, OO stray 74. Discussion: Gellep 14 is the undecorated version of Chenet 334bc, treated immediately above. Pirling (1966, 56) considers Gellep 14 a not too good imitation of Gellep 16 and dates it IVcd becau se of the association with a Gellep 106 with ‘sickle-shaped profi le’ (see however the discussion below of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131) and with a glass ribbed beaker Gellep 189. Pirling (1974, 35) mentions two ex-amples in graves with coins of AD 316 and 320. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) mentions examples from Gellep dated by coins of the years 308, 310, 316 and 320; they date one example to IVB be-cause of association with a glazed jug (see how-ever the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above); they repeat the date of IVcd, contested above. Date: IVAB.

3 Gellep 15: 2 examplesSmall oval terra sigillata beaker with short neck and cylin drical foot. Examples: B 470.1, B 654.1.

Discussion: Pirling (1966, 56) dates one example to IV and one to IVd-Va. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 179, n. 49) assigns the only example of Gellep 15 no longer to terra sigillata but to terra nigra and dates the imitation to IVd-Va. Date: IV.

4 Nijmegen 4: 1 exampleSmall terra sigillata beaker with cylindrical foot, oval body and high neck. Example: OO stray 19. Discussion: To be considered a variant of Gellep 14. Date: IVAB.

5 Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a): 7 examplesOval terra sigillata beaker with hollow profiled foot (Zapfen fuß, pied à bourrelet), short profiled neck and barbotine decoration under the lus-trous coating. Examples: B 41.1, B 470.2, B stray 269, OO 59.2, OO stray 43, OO stray 72, OO stray 75. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 85) mentions examples as early as AD 260 and 272. Pirling (1966, 56-7) dates one example to IVab, a second one to IVcd and assumes the shape had a long life. She later (1974, 35) dates two examples to IVB (in spite of coins of AD 303 and 305) because of association with a glazed jug and a Gellep 186 (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1979, 32) mentions an examp le associated with a coin of AD 307, many pottery vases of IVAB and a glass beaker Gellep 191, and therefore dates it to IVB. So Gellep 16 seems to occur throughout IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47-8), however, dates the type to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

6 Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333): 2 examplesSmall oval terra sigillata beaker with wide mouth and cylin drical foot. Examples: B stray 213, B stray 263. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 81) dates this shape to IV. Nenquin (1953, 30-33) dates two examples in Furfooz to IVB. Pirling (1966, 57) follows Nen-quin. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) dates the two

274—

Gellep examples to IVcd. Date: IVBC.

7 Gellep 246 (= Chenet 337): 2 examplesTerra sigillata beaker with high neck, hollow pro-filed foot (Zapfenfuß) and barbotine decoration under the lustrous coa ting. Examples: B 410.1, B stray 141. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 35-6) dates two exam-ples to IVab because of accompanying grave goods and sees confirmation for this date in a grave at Nettersheim (BJ 163 (1963) 210 fig. 5,3). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 48) dates the two Gellep examples to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

8 Nijmegen 8: 1 exampleTerra sigillata bottle with flat bottom (drawn in during drying), flattish globular body, constricted zone at transiti on to narrow and high, slightly tapering, neck; grooves and white painted deco-ration on the shoulder. Example: OO 153.1. Discussion: The unique shape of this bottle is an imitation of the blown glass shape Isings 103 (= Gellep 522): the constric ted zone at the transi-tion shoulder-neck has been taken over here as an ele gant element of form; the three grooves on the terra sigillata bottle imitate inci sed lines on the glass example. Isings (1957, 121-2) classi-fies the shape to III, but dates three examples to IIId-IVa and three to IVab. A compa rable North African bottle of El-Aouja ware with relief appli-qués is also reduced to Isings 103 and dated to III (La Bau me/Salomon son n.d., 145 no. 589, Pl. 58,1). Date: IIId-IVab.

9 Gellep 20 (= Niederbieber 27): 1 exampleOne-handled terra sigillata jug with profiled foot, globular body, narrow neck and coni cal mouthpiece. Example: B stray 70. Discussion: Third-century shape dated by Pirling (1966, 57-8) in Gellep once to III and once to IVB: a long-lived shape. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 50)

dates the type to IIId-IVa. Date: IIId-IVa.

10 Chenet 343a: 2 examplesOne-handled terra sigillata jug (lagoena) with profiled mouth and tripar tite handle; white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 129, OO 44.1. Discussion: Third-century shape, occurring also in IV: Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: III-IVB.

11 Chenet 343c: 3 examplesSmall one-handled terra sigillata jug with pro-filed mouth and bipartite handle; white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 233, B stray 271, OO 92.1. Discussion: Dated as Chenet 343a above. Date: III-IVB.

12 Chenet 345b: 2 examplesOne-handled terra sigillata jug with wide body and white painted decoration. Examples: B 232.1, B stray 232. Discussion: Third-century shape (Oelmann 1914, fig. 27), also occurring in IV: Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: III-IVB.

13 Chenet 348: 1 exampleOne-handled terra sigillata jug with globular body, long conical neck, wide round mouth with pinched spout and biparti te handle. Example: B stray 25. Discussion: This is the terra sigillata version of a fourth-century shape that also occurs in imita-tion of terra sigillata (Gellep 43), in marbled ware (Gellep 70) and in smooth ware (Gellep 79-81). See also there for date. Chenet’s figure on Pl. 21 gives an examp le from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dat-ed to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: IVab.

275—

14 Gellep 550 (= Dragendorff 33): 3 examplesSmall conical terra sigillata bowl with foot-ring. Examples: B 219.1, OO stray 76-77. Discussion: This long-lived shape corresponds to Gellep 23 and 550, Nieder bieber 9 and Alzei 14. Pirling (1966, 58) dates the only example of Gellep 23 known then in Gellep to IVA. Pir ling (1979, 33) dates Gellep grave 2711, in which the second examp le was found, to IVb. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 55) shifts the second of these small examples to Gellep 550, dated IIa-IVb. Date: IIa-IVb.

15 Gellep 248 (= Dragendorff 27): 1 exampleSmall terra sigillata bowl with indented wall and foot-ring. Example: B 674.3. Discussion: This shape occurs from the reign of Augustus to IId. Pirling (1974, 38) supposes for that reason that the example in Gellep grave 1883, dated IVA, is a reused old piece. This is also valid for our example (a bottom with foot-ring, probably used upside down as a drinking cup), which can be dated to AD 65-85 on the basis of its retrograde stamp OMOM = MOMO (Polak 2000, 274 no. M100). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 52) dates the type to Ia-IId and notes that it was used as an old type in two graves dated IIIc-IVb. Date: IC.

16 Gellep 24 (= Niederbieber 8a): 1 exampleSmall terra sigillata bowl with horizontal rim and foot-ring. Example: B stray 122. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 59) dates the only Gellep example then to IIId because of its association with a coin of Carus (282-283). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 56) dates its last example to IIId. Date: IIId.

17 Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c, small): 9 examplesSmall terra sigillata bowl with carinated wall with moulding and vertical upper wall, moulding at rim. Examples: B 182.1, B 215.1, B 818.1, B stray 26, B stray 295, OO 98.1, OO 243.1, OO 484.1, OO stray

78. Discussion: This bowl is distinguished only by its smaller size from bowl Gellep 35; from Gellep 26, by the moulding at its rim. Chenet (1941, 73) mentions its provenance from Arre tium and possibly Asia minor, referring to Holwerda (1936, Pl. IV, 504 and 508); he discusses its deve-lopment up to IV. Pirling (1966, 59) dates an ex-ample after AD 313 on the base of an associated coin; three others to IVab-IVB. Pirling (1974, 36-7) repeats this date, as well as Pirling/Siepen (2006, 60).Date: IVAB.

18 Gellep 26: 5 examplesTerra sigillata bowl with carinated bowl with moulding, upper wall vertical, no moulding at rim. Examples: B 383.1, B 762.intr., B stray 44?, OO 133.1, OO stray 79. Discussion: This type is distinguished from Gellep 25 by the absence of a moulding at the rim. Pirling (1966, 59) dates the only Gellep example then to IVB. Pirling (1974, 37) has one example, dated after AD 317 on the basis of an associated coin, and two to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 60-1) also dates it to IVab. Date: IVab.

19 Nijmegen 19: 1 exampleSmall terra sigillata bowl with low foot-ring, ver-tical wall and horizontal rim. Example: B stray 44. Discussion: No drawing being available just before this study goes in press, not possible.Date: ?

20 Gellep 27 (= Chenet 314b): 1 exampleSmall hemispherical terra sigillata bowl with horizontal lip ending in mouldings up and down. Example: OO stray 2. Discussion: This type, whose history goes back to Olbia and Pergamon, is current in IV (Chenet 1941, 67-8). It is an imita tion of a metal shape (Chenet 1941, 67; Pirling 1966, 59) and occurs in Haillot and Vieuxville even in V (Pirling 1966, 59).

276—

Pirling (1974, 37) mentions two examples in Gellep: one c.AD 400, one in IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 57) combines Gellep 27 and 28 but still treats them as two different types and dates them to IVab but mentions examples up to Va.Date: IVa-Va.

21 Gellep 29: 7 examplesSmall terra sigillata bowl with everted lip. Examples: B 176.3, B 372.1, B 764.1, B stray 61, B stray 64, OO 476.1, OO stray 55. Discussion: This type, not mentioned by Chenet, is dated by Pirling (1966, 60) to IVAB because of association with a coin and its absence in IVd-Va. Pirling (1974, 37) mentions eleven examples, all also dated to IVAB. Pirling (1979, 33) repeats this date for five new examples. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 59-60) dates them to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

22 Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a): 6 examplesSmall hemispherical terra sigillata bowl with thickened rim. Examples: B 207.1, B stray 120, OO 273.1, OO 463.1, OO stray 20, OO stray 80.Discussion: Chenet (1941, 69) dates this shape throughout IV. Pirling (1966, 61) dates the only Gellep example to Va on the basis of a coin of c.AD 400. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 65) menti ons two examples, both dated to Va. Date: IV-Va.

23 Gellep 31 (= Dragendorff 40, Chenet 302): 3 ex-amplesSmall calotte-shaped terra sigillata bowl on high conical foot-ring. Examples: B 234.1, OO 26.1, OO 186.1. Discussion: This shape, corresponding to Nieder-bieber 10 and occurring mainly in III, is men-tioned by Chenet in Allieux-B and dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154) and Avo court C, which stops after Gratian (375-383; Chenet 1941, 59 and 155). Pirling (1966, 61) dates the only Gellep examp le then to IIId-IVa because of its associa-tion with a beaker Gellep 58 (= Künzl 1.6.1). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 52-3) dates the type to IIc-

IIIC. Date: III-IVB.

24 Gellep 32: 1 exampleSmall terra sigillata bowl without foot-ring and with everte d rim. Example: B 88.1. Discussion: Pirling (1996, 61) mentions IVab Co-logne graves and dates the two examples of Gellep 32 and the nine of Gellep 33 to IVAB. Pirling (1974, 37-8) repeats this date for nine Gellep examp les, and Pirling (1979, 33) for one. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 58-9) dates the type to IIId-IVab. Date: IIId-IVb.

25 Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320): 32 examples Calotte-shaped terra sigillata bowl with round moulding for a rim and usually with roulette decoration. Examples: B 41.2, B 81.1, B 137.1, B 250.1, B 465.1, B 484.intr., B 674.1, B 674.2, B 715.1, B 745.1, B 764.2, B 773.1, B 792.1, B stray 50, B stray 169, B stray 191, B stray 223, OO 63.1, OO 340.1, OO 472.1, OO 473.1, OO stray 3, OO stray 81-89; OO 28.3, a rim sherd, is an intru sion. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 69-72) mentions the Megarian bowl as inspiration and argues that this shape is developed from Dragendorff 37. He dates the numerous examples with roulette dec-oration throughout IV. Unverzagt (1919, 12) sees a develop ment from Niederbieber 16 with in-cised decoration. Pirling (1966, 61-2) dates a Gellep example to IVAB, one to IVd-Va, and one to Vab. Pirling (1974, 38) has one IVab example. Pir ling (1979, 33-34) dates Gellep grave 2344, which contains a Gellep 34, to phase I of the Frankish graves, i.e. Va, because of metal finds and a W-E-orientation of the grave. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 63-5) follows the groups of roulet-ted decoration defined and dated by Hübener (1968, definitions 257-66, abso lute dates 279-82) and dates most Gellep examples to IVcd-Va. As for the Nijmegen examples, Hübener’s groups 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 are present, totalling 17 examples; 5 other examples have un clear decoration, an-

277—

other 7 are undecorated. Dijkman (1992, 151, fig. 19) gives partly new dates for Hübener’s groups, corrected according to Maastricht data; these are given below after Hübener’s dates and pre-ceded by D:. New work on the roulettes by L. Bakker, W. Dijk-man and P. van Ossel is announced by Bakker (2007). As this new work seems not to have been published yet, Hübener’s dates are followed in the present study. Group Hübener 1, egg moul dings: B stray 191, OO 63.1. Group 2, small rec tang les: B 81.1, B 773.1, OO 340.1, OO 473.1, OO stray 82, OO stray 87-9. Group 3, oblique hatching: B 745.1. Group 5, St Andrew’s cross and quin cunx: B stray 223, OO 472.1. Group 5/6: B 484.intr., OO stray 3. Group 6, groups of six points: B 465.1. Unnumbered group: B 137.1. Dates: for the pottery shape IVa-Vb. For Hübener’s groups of roller-stamps: Group 1, egg mouldings: AD 320-350 (D: AD 330-360)Group 2, small rectangles: AD 330-365 (D: AD 325-400)Group 3, oblique hatching: AD 340-365 (D: AD 330-450)Group 4, horizontal and vertical hatching: AD 345-375 (D: AD 375-450)Group 5, St Andrew’s cross and quincunx: AD 355-395 (D: AD 330-450)Group 6, groups of six points: AD 385-425 (D: AD 350-450)Group 7, complicated patterns: AD 395-425 (D: AD 330-450)Unnumbered, cross-hatching: AD 380-425 (D: AD 375-450)Group 8, Christian symbols: AD 400-440 (D: AD 400-525)

26 Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c, large): 15 examples Terra sigillata carinated bowl with moulding on the carina and a vertical upper wall. Examples: B 176.2, B 427.1, B 742.1, B stray 53, B stray 119, B stray 237, OO 9.1, OO 30.1, OO 101.1, OO 168.1, OO 181.1, OO 299.1, OO 322.1, OO 354.2, OO stray 4.

Discussion: This bowl is distinguished only by its larger size from bowl Gellep 25. Chenet (1941, 73) mentions its provenance from Arretium and possibly Asia minor, referring to Holwerda (1936, Pl. IV, 504 and 508); he discusses its develop-ment up to IV. Pirling (1966, 62) mentions three Gellep graves, which she dates (IVab to) IVAB, but refers to Qualburg finds that date the shape up to the end of IV. Pirling (1974, 38) repeats her date for nine new Gellep examples and says there are no indi cati ons that this type goes on as long in Gellep as it does in Qualburg. Pirling (1979, 34) dates four new examples again to IVAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 66-7) dates the type in Gellep to IVAB, but mentions Trier and Echter-nach, where the shape was kept in use through-out IV, respectively up to Vb. Date: IVAB.

27 Gellep 36: 4 examples Terra sigillata bowl with carinated wall, convex above the carina and with a moulding on the ca-rina. Examples: B 435.1 (undecorated), B stray 265 (un-decorated), OO 168.2 (barbotine), OO stray 90 (barbotine). Discussion: Pirling identifies Gellep 36 with Chenet 325. Chenet, howe ver, takes barbotine decoration as a criterium, not a convex wall. Chenet (1941, 75) shows this to be a third-centu-ry shape (such as Niederbieber 19) which contin-ues wit hout chan ges into IV. Additional exam-ples in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154), in Avo court C, which stops after Gra-tian (375-383; Chenet 1941, 59 and 155); and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). These bring its date to IVB. Pirling (1966, 62-63) has two examples from IVab, and one in IV. Pirling (1974, 38-39) has an example from IVa. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 66) dates almost all Gellep examples to IVab. Date: IVAB.

28 Gellep 249: 4 examplesTerra sigillata mortarium with two bat’s ears

278—

above the spout.Examples: B 59.1, B stray 66, OO 252.2, OO stray 91. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 76-79) does not recog-nize this care lessly made des cendant of Dragen-dorff 45. Pirling (1974, 39) says it is the only mor-tarium remaining in fourth-century Gellep, sees Niederbie ber 22 as its forerunner and Alzei 3 as its descen dant. Of the two Gellep examples, she dates one IVAB, the other IVA. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 68) repeats this date. Date: IVAB.

29 Gellep 37 (= Dragendorff 18/31): 9 examples Terra sigillata plate with maker’s stamp. Examples: B 14.1, B 54.1, B stray 7, B stray 268, OO 168.3, OO stray 27, OO stray 40-1, OO stray 92. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 63) mentions a single Gellep examp le, dated to IIB by its stamp CO-MINIVSF. She gives two possi ble explana tions for this second-century plate in a fourth-century grave: either an heirloom or a find from a grave of two centuries old. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 69-70) simply calls it an old piece. Bloe mers, cited by Lauwerier (1988, 79), also points out the discrepan cy for OO 168.3. With three examp les found in Nijme gen fourth-century graves during excavati on, there can be no doubt that this old type was really still used in IV. The frequency in Nijmegen suggests heirlooms still in more or less general use. The stamps occur ring are BASSI (OO stray 41), CEL SINVSF (B stray 7), LOSSA FEC (B stray 268), MARTIALFE (OO stray 92), MEDDICFI (B 54.1), MODEST F (OO stray 40) and OF CRES (OO stray 27). Bassus (i) worked at La Grau fesenque [1], AD 50-70 (Polak 2000, 177-82). Cres tio worked at La Graufesen que c.AD 50-110 (Polak 2000, 213-6). Modestus’ stamp is from La Grau fesenque [1] and dated AD 40-65 (Polak 2000, 272). Dr M. Polak kindly gave the follo wing references for the oth-er stamps. Celsi nus: from the Argonnes, Boucheporn, Chémery-Faulquem ont, Ittenwei ler and Sinzig, c.AD 130-160; see e.g. Bloe mers/Sarfa tij 1976, 153, no. 32. Lossa: c.AD 130-160; distri bution and ware sug gest La Madeleine

rather than Trier; see e.g. Bloe mers/Sar fatij 1976, 155, no. 74 (attribution to Trier there errone ous). Martialis: from Chémery-Faulquemont, c.AD 100-130; see e.g. Bloe mers/Sar fatij 1976, 155, nos 84-85. Meddicus: from Chémery-Faulquem ont, c.AD 100-130; see e.g. Bloe mers/Sar fatij 1976, 155, nos 88-90. Date: IB-IIC.

30 Gellep 38: 42 examplesLarge terra sigillata plate on foot-ring with con-vex wall and in-turned rim.Examples: B 90.1, B 151.1, B 186.1, B 189.1, B 207.2, B 217.2, B 293.1, B 381.1, B 470.3, B 686.1, B 722.1, B 741.1, B 744.1, B 764.3, B 766.1, B 779.2, B stray 62, B stray 121, B stray 123, B stray 124, B stray 130, B stray 186, B stray 187, B stray 257, B stray 302, OO 59.1, OO 94.1, OO 161.1, OO 196.1, OO 461.1, OO stray 5, OO stray 6, OO stray 22, OO stray 56, OO stray 93-100. Discussion: This is the most frequent terra sigillata plate in fourth-century Gellep and Nijmegen. There is no good parallel in Chenet (1941). It is certainly not the same as Chenet 306 with its profiled lip, mentioned by Pirling (1966, 63). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72) identifies it with Chenet 304A and dates most exemples in Gellep to IVab. Howe ver, Chenet 304A is deeper and occurs only twice in Chenet (1941, 61). So its provenance is an unsolved pro blem. The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen examples is 16.2, the largest 31.4 cm. As there are two gaps in this range, the first between 21.0 and 23.4 cm, the second between 26.0 and 28.0 cm, there are three size groups: small 16.2-21.0, medium 23.4-26, and large 28-31.4 cm: 18, 16 and 7 examples, respec tively. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72) recognizes two sizes in Gellep: 17-20 and 22-28 cm. Pirling (1966, 63) dates one example to IIId and the other fifteen ones to IVAB. Pirling (1974, 39) has three example in graves dated by coins of AD 307 and 313, two of IVB, and one dated as late as IVcd, on the basis of an association with a bowl Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Date: IIId-IVB.

279—

31 Gellep 39 (= Chenet 306): 15 examples Large terra sigillata plate on foot-ring, with ob-lique wall and profiled vertical lip. Examples: B 86.1, B 181.2, B 191.1, B 219.2, B 234.2, B 481.1, B stray 65, B stray 224, OO 26.2, OO 62.1, OO 98.2, OO 101.2, OO 200.1, OO 207.1, OO stray 101. The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen exam-ples is 18.5, the largest 26 cm. As there is a gap in this range between 22.0 and 23.7 cm, there are two sizes: small 18.5-22, medium 23.7-26 cm: 9 and 7 examples, respectively. There is no large size, as in Gellep 38 and Gellep 40. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 73) identifies it with Chenet 306 and Alzei 7. Pirling (1966, 64) has one example associated with a coin of AD 313; she dates the other five examples from three graves IVab or IVB. Pir ling (1974, 40) dates two graves with this type to IVA on the basis of coins and other grave goods, and the other twelve examples in eleven graves to IVab or IVB. Pirling (1979, 34-35) dates four graves in which a Gellep 39 occurs to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

32 Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b): 18 examplesTerra sigillata plate on foot-ring, with flat ob-lique wall and vertical lip. Examples: B 16.1, B 176.1, B 367.1, B 465.2, B 704.1, OO 168.4, OO 252.1, OO 316.1, OO 339.1, OO 339.2, OO 354.1, OO 356.1, OO 400.1, OO 475.1, OO stray 44, OO stray 64, OO stray 102, OO stray 318. Discussion: The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen examples is 17.7, the largest one 30.7. As there are two gaps in this range, the first be-tween 17.7 and 20.5 cm, the second between 25.5 and 28.5 cm, there are three size groups: small 17.7, medium 20.5-25.5, and large 28.5-30.6 cm: 1, 10 and 3 exam ples, respec tively. Chenet (1941, 60) metaphorically calls his type 304 (together with his 320 = bowl Gellep 34) a true guide fossil of the fourth century. This shape, which accor ding to Pirling (1966, 64) can vary considerably in the shape of its lip without chronologi cal consequences, is dated by her IV-

VB: two examp les in IVab, three in IVab or IVB, one in IVcd, two in IVd-Va, and one in VB (Frank-ish grave 43). Pir ling (1974, 40) mentions five ex-amples from IVab or IVB. Pirling (1979, 35) dates an example to IVcd on the basis of an associa-tion with a glass barrel bottle Isings 128 (= Gellep 213), which according to her occurs not earlier than IVcd: see below, Isings 128. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72-3) calls the type a further development of Gellep 38 and mentions the tendency of a rim that is slanted outwards in the VAB examples. Date: IVa-VB.

33 Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313): 7 examplesTerra sigillata plate with horizontal lip, the end of which is thickened. Examples: B 80.1, B 94.1, B 199.1, B 372.2, OO 144.1, OO stray 39, OO s tray 103. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 64) identifies this type with Alzei 12 and Chenet 317 (latter one incor-rectly). Chenet (1941, 63) calls his type 313 a guide fossil of the fourth century. Pirling (1966, 64) mentions two examples in graves with coins of AD 306 and 308, and one from a grave that can be dated just before AD 350; she finds no indica-tion for a later date. Pirling (1974, 40) changes this lightly: one with a coin of AD 305, four graves from IVab or IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 74-5) repeats this date. Date: IVAB.

34 Chenet 313i: 1 exampleTerra sigillata plate with rouletted decoration on its lip, which has a z-profile at its rim. Example: OO stray 57. Discussion: This plate, conspicuous by its shape, lip form and decoration is a variant of Gellep 41 = Chenet 313. Date: IVAB.

35 Dragendorff 32 (= Ludowici Ta): 1 exampleTerra sigillata plate with inturning rim.Example: OO 153.2. Discussion: The only example of this Rheinzabern shape wears the otherwise unknown (M. Polak, pers. comm.) stamp ATLASFEC. Schönberger

280—

(1983) dates this plate AD 175-260. The example of Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37, type fig. 29) shows that it may be a heirloom. Date: IId-IIIB.

36 Gellep 563 (= Niederbieber 5b): 1 exampleCalotte-shaped terra sigillata plate with incised decoration, rim slightly everted. Example: OO stray 104. Discussion: Niederbieber 5b = Gellep 563 is shown by Pirling (1997, Typentafel 2) but not discus sed, just as other new types. The Nijmegen example with its thin base within the foot-ring shows an extreme example of hollowing out within the foot-ring. This is briefly mentioned by Chenet (1941, 7). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 71) dates the type to IId-IIIb. Date: IId-IIIb.

37 Chenet 301: 1 exampleSmall calotte-shaped terra sigillata plate without foot-ring or lip. Example: OO 44.2. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 59) mentions this type in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). Date: IVc.

B2 Imitations of terra sigillata

38 ± Chenet 333h: 1 exampleSmall tulip-shaped reddish brown beaker with white painted decoration. Example: B 480.1. Discussion: The parallel in Chenet (1941, 82 and Pl. XVI) comes from the well of champs 790 at La-voye, whose contents are dated after AD 375 (Chenet 1941, 25 and 154). Date: IVd.

39 Gellep 42: 5 examplesBrown-marbled or red painted small jug with constricted foot and bipartite handle beginning on the greatest diameter.

Examples: B 676.2, B 702.4, B 705.intr., B stray 49, OO stray 105. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 65) remarks that this jug occurs in both potte ry ware B2 (imitation of ter-ra sigillata) and F2 (smooth pottery with reddish ochre-coloured sherd). Brown-marbled pottery (E1) may now be added. She dates the two jugs to IVab and IVB. Pirling (1974, 41) dates a Gellep 42 to IVB becau se of the association with a twisted bracelet. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76) dates the type to IVab. Date: IVAB.

40 Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348): 11 examplesGlobular one-handled jug with long conical neck, wide round mouth with pinched spout, bipartite handle, of red painted pottery with a decoration painted in dull red. Examples: B 680.1, B 779.1, B stray 222, B stray 318, OO 478.1, OO stray 106-111. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 99) mentions examples from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). Pirling (1966, 65) re-marks that this model occurs in four pottery wares: B2 (imitations of terra sigil lata), E1 (brown-marbled), F (smooth) and G (coar se ): Gellep 43, Gellep 70, Gellep 80 and Gellep 114 respecti ve ly; C4 (reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coa ting) may be added now: B 199.2. She dates one of the Gellep 43 ex-amples to IIIcd-IVa, one to IVd-Va, and one to IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 77-8) dates the type in Gellep to IVBC and mentions examples in Mayen from IVcd. Date: IVa-d.

B3 Reddish sherd, red or white slip

41 Gellep 45: 2 examplesJug with profiled band-shaped lip and some-times a moulding on the neck, of light red or dark coloured pottery. Examples: B 702.2, B 702.3. Discussion: Ware B3, newly defined here, occurs in

281—

one grave only, B 702. It shapes are those of fine dark coloured ware, C4. It must have been made just after the production of ware C4 stopped with the devastation of Trier AD 355. This dates ware B3 and grave B 702 to the years AD 355-360. Pirling (1966, 66) remarks that Gellep 45, inspi red by metal exam ples, also occurs in dark colour coated and smooth potte ry. She dates the Gellep example of Gellep 45 to IVab or IVB. Pirling (1974, 41) arrives at the same date and so does Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76-7). Date: AD 355-360.

42 Nijmegen 42: 1 exampleSmall angular variant of jug Künzl 12.3.1. Example: B 702.5Discussion: The angularity, the small size and the rare ware of this unique piece all point in the same direction: a late imitati on of Künzl 12.3.1. Date: AD 355-360.

C4 Reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coating

43 Symonds 14: 1 exampleFine dark coloured indented beaker with low wide conical neck.Example: OO stray 119. Discussion: Symonds (1992, fig. 12 nos 241-254 and p. 26) names central Gaul as place of pro-duction and dates this beaker to III. Gose (1950, Pl. 14, fig. 210 and p. 18) dates it to IIIcd. Date: IIIcd.

44 Symonds 32 or 61?: 5 examplesSmooth fine dark coloured beaker with wide body. Examples: B 706.2, B stray 176, OO 288.1, OO 481.2, OO 483.2. Discussion: Symonds 32, a third-century type, has a wider body than the fourth-century Symonds 61 generally has (one example of Symonds 61 indeed has these proportions: Symonds 1992, fig. 46, no. 793). So do these five belong to Sy-monds 32 or 61?A scatter diagram of the proportions

height:width and total height:height of neck of these five beakers, of all Sy monds’ figures of his group 32, and of those of his group 61 showed these five beakers to be nearer to Symonds 61 than to Symonds 32. They have been rele gated to Symonds 61 smooth, to be discussed below. Date: IVAB.

45 Symonds 35 (=Niederbieber 33c): 2 examplesFine dark coloured indented beaker with long oval dents. Examples: OO stray 121, Remainder stray 4. Discussion: Symonds (1992, 49-53 and fig. 27) dates his group 35 in III because of their short conical necks. The shape corresponds to Nieder-bieber 33c (Oelmann 1914, Pl. 2) and is dated by Gose (1950, 18, Pl. 14) both in IIIab (no 206) and in III generally (no 207). Date: IIIa-d.

46 Gellep 56 (= Niederbieber 32c): 4 examplesShouldered globular fine dark coloured beaker. Examples: B 54.2, B 206.1, B 292.1, B 705.intr. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 69) dates the only known Gellep example then to IIIcd. The shape is identical with Niederbie ber 32c. Pir ling (1974, 43) discusses four new examples, one of which is dated to IIIcd, and two to IVab, on the basis of associated pottery. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 84-5) repeats these dates. Symonds (1992, 43-4 and fig. 20 no. 412) locates the production near Strasbourg or Saverne in Alsace. Date: IIIcd-IVab.

47 Gellep 57: 20 examplesFine dark coloured jar with short near-vertical lip and con stricted foot. Examples: B 90.2, B 171.1, B 196.2, B 681.2, B 809.1, B 812.3, B 821.1, B stray 86, B stray 88, OO 9.2, OO 109.2, OO 170.1, OO 201.1, OO 234.1, OO 283.1, OO 320.1, OO 339.5, OO 383.1, OO stray 122, OO stray 304. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 69) dates this jar to IVab on the basis of associated coins of AD 315 and 317. Pirling (1974, 43-44) dates them to Constan-tinian age; two graves, however, also have a

282—

twisted bracelet and one of these a glass beaker Gellep 293, and are therefore dated to IVB. Pirling (1979, 36) has an example from a grave with a coin of AD 341 and reaches the date of IVAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 85-6) arrives at two size groups: small 6-8.4 cm, large 8.5-11 and dates the type to IVab. The Nijmegen examples have two size groups plus two larger outliers: (small is absent), twelve large pieces 8.7-10.5, five extra large pieces 12.1-13.5, and two still larger outliers 15.1 and 18.6 cm. Date: IVab.

The Trier beakers

Before the types of the fine dark coloured beaker from Trier with its narrow foot, globular body and conical neck are dis cussed one by one, a sur-vey of the whole seems appropria te. Both Sy-monds (1992, 66) and Künzl (1997, 19-22) discuss these bea kers as the first pottery shape in their studies. The fol lowing subjects are treated be-low: the Latin word for bea ker, typolo gy, sizes and volumes, drin king habits, mottoes and one graffi to, and chrono logy.

The Latin word for beakerThe word for beaker in third and fourth-century vulgar Latin, i.e. spoken language, was ola. This appears from the motto TEN[E]OLA on a third-century beaker (Künzl 1997, 162-3, 257, Pl. 1bc), and two texts from Nijmegen, listed below: the motto IMPLEOLA and the graffi to OLATE NE BIBE. Ola corresponds to the classical Latin olla and the ar chaic Latin aula (Festus, p. 23 Müll.), which both mean pot or jar. Lexica do not give the meaning beaker for olla. Besides, the texts on the beakers show that the en ding -m of the accu-sative had been dropped in spoken language by the third centu ry.

TypologyRenate Pirling (1966, 71) found difficulty in as-signing the beakers to well-defined types: in her first publication of the Gel lep cemeteries, she wrote that her types 59-62 could not be exactly distinguished one from the other, nor would they be chronologically subdivided. Symonds (1992, 66-7, fig. 46) solved Pirling’s problem (without mentioning it) by assig ning Pir ling’s un-dec orated types 59, 61 and 62 to one group: Sy-monds 61, which covers both small, medium and large sized beakers of slim or sturdy model of the fourth century. Un dec orated indented beak-ers are Symonds 62. For beakers decorated with white and yellow paint and/or barbotine, four types defi ned by Künzl (1997) are used below.

So the shape of the fine dark coloured beaker compri ses six types: Symonds 61, beakersSymonds 62, indented beakersKünzl 1.4.1, small decorated beakersKünzl 1.4.2, small decorated indented bea kersKünzl 1.6.1, large decorated beakersKünzl 1.6.2, medium sized decorated beakers.

Sizes and volumes So the sizes are taken into account in Künzl’s types, and not in those of Symonds. The sample of 315 beakers presented in Table 11 comprises all Nijmegen beakers of these six types listed in the find catalogue. Apart from the six types in the column headings of Table 11, six size groups may be distinguis hed, as appears in the bar dia gram in Steures (2002a, 176, fig. 2), where the frequen cies of the heights of 252 of the beakers are grouped every 5 mm. The six resulting size groups are called, in analo-gy to contemporary dress sizes: XS (= extra small), S, M(edium), L(arge), XL, and XXL. The volu mes, measu red by filling one or more beak-ers per size group with water up to the transition between shoulder and neck, are no multip les of one another. However, in Table 11 it would seem that there is a unit of 130 cc in size groups XS, S and M: 125, 260 and 390 cc, res pectively. Two

283—

facts, also in Table 11, argue against this: there is also a volume of 200 cc in XS, and size group S appears to be a conglomerate of seven small motto-bea kers, eleven beakers of Sy monds’ group 61, plus two un dec orated indented bea-kers. So the beakers do not seem to be stand-ardi zed in the present-day sense of the word; which is all but impossible for a potter. But standard heights do seem to have been intend-ed, in unciae (2.467 cm) of one twelfth of a Ro-man foot. Calculating with the other subdi vision of the foot, digiti of one sixteenth of a foot, i.e. 1.85 cm, does not lead to round numbers. The inten ded heights seem to be: 4.5 unciae for XS, 5 for S, 6-6.5 for M, 8 for L, 8.5 for XL, and 9.5-11 unciae for XXL. For a comparable discussion of sizes see Künzl (1997, 124-8). In the discussion of the large beak-ers Künzl 1.6.1 below, it is argued that the Nijmegen material does not support an inter-pretation of Künzl’s: that these huge beakers

served as carafes. So they are treated as real beakers here. Finally, Table 11 shows the nume ric prepon de-ran ce of the undec orated beakers of Symonds’ group 61 over the decorated ones of Künzl’s dec-orated types.

Drinking habits It cannot be established whether sizes had any-thing to do with different kinds of wine. The names under which wine is mentio ned in mot-toes outside Nijmegen are: CONDITVM (spicy), MERVM (un mixed wine) VINVM (wine), RARVM (rare), AMINEVM (famous wine from Pice num), and PICATVM (pitchy; the same motto PARCE PICATVM DA AMINEVM voices a preference for Ami neum: Künzl 1997, 96, 256). It seems more likely that large sizes were intended for great drinkers. The average drinker used the quantity that goes into a medium size beaker, c.390 cc. Other drinkers drank on stea dily with the extra

Table 11: Size groups and types of 315 dark coloured beakers found in Nijmegen. K141 = Künzl 1.4.1 etc.; S61 = Symonds group 61 etc.

N = 315 (343 beakers, 28 of which incomplete in height).

Size Domain Mode Digiti Unciae Volume

Number of beakers per type and size group

cm cm 1/16 pes 1/12 pes cc K141 K142 S61 S62 K162 K161 Totals

XS 9.1-12.0 10.6-11.5 5.7-6.2 4.3-4.7 125; 200 57 - 4 1 - - 62

S 12.1-13.5 12.1-12.5 6.5-6.8 4.9-5.1 260 7 - 11 2 - - 20

M 13.6-17.0 14.6-16.0 7.9-8.6 5.9-6.5 390 - 1 149 3 8 - 161

L 17.1-20.0 19.5-20.0 10.5-10.8 7.9-8.1 590 - - 33 2 - 3 38

XL 20.1-22.5 20.6-21.5 11.1-11.6 8.4-8.7 880 - - 22 - - 4 26

XXL 23.6-27.0 - 12.8-14.6 9.6-10.9 1100 - - 6 - - 2 8

Totals 64 1 225 8 8 9 315

284—

small beakers, i.e. the motto-beakers of Künzl’s type 1.4.1. When drinking, they folded their hands comfortably around the warm beakers: some mottoes found outsi de Nijmegen refer to wine heated by mixing it with hot water. CALD-VM ‘hot’ refers to the neuter noun vinum = wine; CALO ‘I’m hot’, DACAL DAM = da caldam (a quam) ‘give hot water’. The shape of these beakers with their globu lar bodies and conical necks seems to be designed to keep the wine warm. As it has been discussed in Steures (2002a), the word MISCE figures predominantly on the extra small beakers of Künzl’s type 1.4.1, suggesting that mixing with hot water was done in the beaker itself.

Mottoes and one graffitoLate Roman thirst clearly appears from the drinking mottoes on the fine dark coloured beakers, jugs, bottles and bowls. Both Symonds (1992, 112-121) and Künzl (1997, 252-259) have lists of drin king mottoes. Künzl also discusses them (1997, 94-101). The number of Nijmegen mottoes is small enough to give a list of them here, instead of putting them in an ap pendix. For the sake of completeness, those on fine dark coloured jugs and bott les and one bowl appear here as well, just as two mottoes on terra sigil-lata beakers (type Gellep 16 = Chenet 335a and Gellep 246 = Chenet 337), one on a terra sigillata bowl (Chenet 301), one on a terra sigillata bottle (Nijmegen 8), one on an imitation of a terra sigil-lata jug (Gellep 43 = Chenet 348), and one on a brown-marbled jug (Gellep 70). Apart from these six, types in the list are those of Künzl. An aste-risk indica tes a motto not in the lists indica ted above. The aste risk is in parenthe ses when the new motto is not on fine dark coloured ware. Stray finds indicated with Roman numerals are those of group A, listed at beginning of Chapter 4: 17th to early 19th-century finds, not surviving or not to be identified.

One Nijmegen text does not fit into this list: OLATENEBIBE = ollam tene bibe: ‘take the beaker (and) drink’: B stray 140. This text is not a paint-ed motto, but it is a graffito on an un dec orated beaker of Symonds’ group 61. The first excavator of the Inner City cemetery of Nijmegen, the late prof. H. Brun sting, saw it for what it is. The graf-fito turns a kiln waster into an article of fun: it has a firing crack in its bottom. Whoever fol-lowed the advice writt en on the beaker would spill wine on his dress, and that was funny. Particular ly funny to receive this beaker in one’s grave. Wasters are however commonly used in graves.

ChronologyAll five chronological groups of the decorated beakers as defined by Suzanna Künzl (1997, 53-77) are characterized by pottery shapes and decora tion ele ments. Each is given a number by Künzl. She herself indicates that she really means work shops when she writes about groups (Künzl 1997, 53 note 190).

Her chronological groups are: Group I AD 255 - before 260Group II before 260 - 270Group III 270 - 280Group IV 280 - 310/315Group V 300/310 - 355

B stray 140

285—

Text Classical Latin Translation Type Find number

AMOTE amo te I love you 1.4.1 B 207.3

* APETE avete hello everybody 1.4.1 B stray 240

AVET avete 1.4.1 B 216.1

AVETE 1.6.1 OO 467.2

ΛVETE avete 1.6.1 Rem. stray 13

BIBE drink 1.4.1 Rem. stray 14

16.0 Rem. stray 15

BIBITE drink, everybody 1.3.1 Rem. stray 18

DABIBERE da bibere give to drink ? B stray VI

DAMI da mihi give me 1.4.1 B 298.57

1.4.1 B 177.2

1.4.1 B stray 32

1.4.1 OO 108.1

1.4.1 OO 188.1

1.4.1 OO 240.2

1.4.1 OO 42.1

1.4.1 OO stray 176

1.6.2 OO 382.1

* DASIV da si vis give if you will 14.3.1 OO 188.2

EBIBE drink up! 1.4.1 B 201.1

EMEME eme me buy me 1.4.1 B stray 85

1.6.1 OO stray 180

(*) ESCIP excipe receive (Künzl 1997, 98 n 308) G 246 B stray 141

* FELICITER VIVA(S) may you live happily 1.4.1 OO 131.1

FELIX happy 1.4.1 B 5.1

1.4.1 B 57.1

1.4.1 B 196.1

1.4.1 OO 240.1

7.5 B stray 290

FELIXSIS felix sis may you be happy 1.6.1 OO stray 179

FRVI to enjoy 1.4.1 OO 78.1

* GAVDE have a good time! 1.4.1 OO 69.1

1.4.1 OO 40.1

1.6.2 OO 135.1

286—

GΔVDIΔS gaudeas may you have a good time Nijm.41 B 702.5

IMPLE fill Nijm.8 OO 153.1

1.4.1 OO stray 292

12.2.1 OO 4.1

Ch 301 OO 44.2

(*) IMPLEOLA imple ollam fill the beaker G 16 B 41.1

INPLE imple fill 1.4.1 OO 102.1

LVDE play! 1.4.1 B 183.1

1.4.1 B stray 234

LVDITE play, everybody! 1.6.1 OO stray 181

* MANEN TI for who stays 1.4.1 OO 478.2

MISCE mix 1.4.1 B 423.2

1.4.1 B stray 4

1.4.1 B stray 30

1.4.1 B stray 39

1.4.1 B stray 235

1.4.1 B stray 288

1.4.1 OO 20.1

1.4.1 OO 20.2

1.4.1 OO 92.2

1.6.1 OO stray 178

7.4 B stray 63

14.2.2 B 81.3

14.2.2 B 681.1

14.5 B stray 168

14.5 OO stray 183

MISCEMI misce mihi mix for me ? B stray IX

MITEME(RVM?) mitte me(rum?) pour pure wine / pour me full ? B stray VII

(*) MITTEMERVM mitte merum pour pure wine G 43 B stray 318

PARCE be sparing 14.1.1 B stray 128

* REP reple refill 14.4.1 B stray 137

* REPE reple refill 1.4.1 OO 149.1

REPLE refill 12.3.1 B 106.1

REPLEME reple me refill me 1.6.1 B 387.1

REPLEMI/ reple mihi/ G 70 B 176.4

287—

In groups I-IV decoration is done with white and sometimes also some yellow barbotine, applied upon the lustrous dark coating (as opposed to the terra sigillata types Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a), Gellep 36 and Gellep 246 (= Chenet 337) treated above, where the barbotine is under the coating). There is a conspicuous use of yellow barbotine in group IV. Groups I-III are absent from the

Nijme gen cemete ries. The only six representants of group IV in Nijmegen are: bottle B stray 128, beaker B stray 240, beaker OO stray 181, jug OO 4.1, beaker OO 78.1, beaker OO 130.1. Group V, however, uses white and sometimes also some yellow paint and shows all the signs of series producti on: the fast way of decorating with paint instead of the painstaking barbo tine,

CONDITVM conditum refill spicy for me 12.2.1 OO 144.2

* RPLM reple me rflm (refill me) 1.6.2 OO 215.1

SITIO I’m thirsty 1.4.1 B 150.1

1.4.1 OO 31.1

1.4.1 OO 151.1

* VALE VIVAS bye/be healthy, may you live 14.5 B 512.1

* VΛMVS vivamus may we live 1.6.1 B stray 183

VITA life, i.e. my love 1.4.1 OO 44.3

* VITV vita/vitula life/cow-calf, i.e. my love 1.4.1 B stray 5

VIVA vivas may you live 1.4.1 B 751.2

VIVAMVS may we live 1.6.2 OO 147.1

ΛIVΛMVS vivamus may we live 12.2.1 OO 63.2

VIVAS may you live 1.4.1 B 5.2

1.4.1 B 383.3

1.4.1 B 751.1

1.4.1 B stray 31

1.4.1 OO 98.4

1.4.1 OO 289.1

1.4.1 OO 463.2

1.4.1 OO stray 28

1.6.1 B stray 38

1.6.2 B 67.1

7.5 B 248.1

? B stray VIII

VIVΔS vivas may you live 1.6.2 B 177.1

VIVASESE vivas ... may you live ... 12.1.3 B 234.4

VTERE use! 1.6.1 B stray 171

288—

and the smallest variation in mottoes (Künzl 1997, 97). It has almost always large dots be-tween the letters (Künzl 1997, 70). So it appears that nearly all Nijme gen decorated bea kers be-long to group V and therefore to the first half of the fourth century. All mottoes on Nijme gen decorated dark coloured beakers, jugs and bot-tles are executed in white paint, even in the rare cases where the rest of the decoration was done in barbotine. The decoration elements used on the pottery will be treated below with every type that carries them.

Symonds 61 in different variants: 253 examplesFine dark coloured beaker with narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck with pro-filed rim.

48 Symonds 61 smooth: 65 examplesExamples: B 85.1, B 105.2, B 122.2, B 182.2, B 392.1, B 451.1, B 706.2, B 707.1, B 723.1, B 733.1, B 812.2, B 814.1, B stray 11-15, B stray 40, B stray 42, B stray 59, B stray 78, B stray 80, B stray 81, B stray 87, B stray 89, B stray 135, B stray 161, B stray 176, B stray 178, B stray 230, B stray 242, B stray 289, OO 25.1, OO 76.1, OO 198.1, OO 231.1, OO 243.2, OO 274.1, OO 288.1, OO 316.2, OO 319.1, OO 321.1, OO 348.1, OO 351.1, OO 426.1, OO 481.2, OO 483.1, OO 483.2, OO stray 23, OO stray 31, OO stray 123-135, OO stray 166, Remainder stray 5.

49 Symonds 61 incised: 91 examplesExamples: B 41.3, B 43.1, B 81.2, B 87.1, B 151.2, B 179.1, B 189.2, B 221.1, B 222.1, B 234.3, B 293.2, B 328.1, B 367.2, B 372.3, B 381.2, B 383.2, B 395.1, B 481.2, B 482.1, B 676.1, B 687.1, B 697.1, B 701.1, B 717.1, B 723.2, B 741.2, B 742.2, B 744.2, B 744.3, B 747.1, B 766.2, B 810.1, B 819.1, B stray 58, B stray 82, B stray 177, B stray 239 (?false graffi to LVCI on neck), B stray 264, OO 12.1, OO 56.1, OO 60.1, OO 66.1, OO 98.3, OO 122.1, OO 133.2, OO 136.1, OO 156.1, OO 164.1, OO 169.1, OO 180.1, OO 212.1, OO 308.1, OO 339.3, OO 349.1, OO 354.3, OO 362.1, OO 467.1, OO 479.1, OO 481.4, OO

484.2, OO stray 7, OO stray 66, OO stray 136-7, OO stray 140-157, OO stray 306-7, OO stray 313, Remainder stray 6-9.

50 Symonds 61 grooved: 69 examplesExamples: B 57.3, B 58.1, B 80.2, B 98.1, B 105.1, B 108.1, B 112.1, B 144.1, B 165.1, B 208.1, B 212.1, B 213.1, B 214.1, B 216.2, B 218.2, B 219.3, B 219.4, B 291.1, B 435.2, B 685.1, B 724.1, B 725.1, B 823.1, B stray 76, B stray 228, B stray 229, B stray 258, B stray 287, OO 28.1, OO 54.1, OO 62.2, OO 94.2, OO 109.1, OO 144.3, OO 151.2, OO 153.3, OO 161.2, OO 176.1, OO 176.2, OO 176.3, OO 181.2, OO 196.2, OO 200.3, OO 203.1, OO 299.2, OO 302.1, OO 317.1, OO 356.2, OO 461.2, OO 463.4, OO 468.1, OO 468.2, OO stray 29-30, OO stray 65, OO stray 68, OO stray 158-165, OO stray 305-6, OO stray 308-9, OO stray 316.

51 Symonds 61 with incised grooves: 5 examples Examples: B 741.3, OO 65.1, OO 108.2, OO 463.3, OO stray 167.

52 Symonds 61 incised and grooved: 21 examplesExamples: B 47.1, B 88.2, B 298.56, B 423.1, B 456.1, B 705.1, B 708.1, B 741.4, B 743.1, B 834.1, B 834.2, B stray 140, OO 30.2, OO 63.3, OO 186.2, OO 207.2, OO 232.1, OO 424.1, OO 469.1, OO s tray 168-169.

Symonds 61, no details known: 1 exampleThis beaker was not found in the depot. Example: OO 171.1.

Discussion: The variants of Symonds 61Symonds 61 is subdi vided here accor ding to the way the potter used his spatula in the variants smooth (i.e. with no use of the spatu la), incised, grooved, with incised groove, and incised and grooved. This has not been done for exaggerated precision but in order to understand how the potter worked. If the spatula was used on beaker Sy-monds 61, there are usually three small zones with spatula marks: half way between foot and maximum diameter, on or near the maximum di-ameter, and just below the transition to the neck.

289—

The term incised should be explained here, be-cause it seems to be new. With incising I mean making the light regu lar inci sions, common in fine dark colou red potte ry, by kee ping the spatu-la lightly between thumb and forefin ger and let-ting its tip or side dance over the surface of the pot on the turning potter’s wheel. Symonds (1992, 6, 54, 66 and passim) conse quent ly calls it rouletting. This misno mer is tradi tional in the Bri-tish ar chaeological litera ture (e.g. Charles ton 1955, captions of Pls. 13AB; Hayes 1997, 45, cap-tion of Pl. 15). Symonds (1992, 6, 54 and 66) argues that incis-ing originally served the aim of masking seams that remained after mounting, in the leather-hard stage, sections of larger vases that had been thrown one by one on the potter’s wheel. In the fourth century, Symonds argues, when coarser clay was used, the beakers could be thrown in one piece, but the rouletting re-mained. This may be answered as follows. The word rou-letting mislea dingly suggests the use of a roller-stamp or roulette, which the potter runs over the surface. This roller-stamp, for which Chenet (1941, 45-47 and passim) uses the word molette, was not used with fine dark coloured pottery (it was indeed used with Argonne terra sigillata). All visible signs indicate that the clay was not leath-er-hard but fully plastic when the grooves or in-cised decoration was applied, and that the beak-er still was on the potter’s wheel. The potter makes a wide zone of incised decora tion by al-lowing the side of his wooden spatula, the other end of which he holds gently between thumb and forefinger, to dance over the surface of a piece of pottery on the turning potter’s wheel. In German, this is known as das federnde Blättchen as descri bed by Hettner (1883, 173), Czysz (1982, 322-4) and Künzl (1997, 92-93). This thin, prob-ably wooden spatula apparently had a rectangu-lar ending, c.0.2 cm wide. If the potter wanted to make a groove, he pushed the spatula, firmly held between thumb and forefinger, with this ending against the turning beaker. If he wanted to make a narrow zone of incising instead, he

held the spatula gently but otherwise in the same way. If he held it in a way between firmly and gently, he produced an incised groove (B 741.3, OO 65.1). The few beakers, on which a groove changes into a narrow zone of incising, show that the potter lost his concen tration for a moment (OO 108.2, OO 463.3).

Provenance of Symonds 61Where does Symonds 61 and the rest of the fourth-century fine dark coloured pottery come from? Symond’s chapter on fourth-century pot-tery starts with a long discussion of this problem (Symonds 1992, 63-66). As Trier was devastated in AD 276 during a barbarian invasion, he argues that the surviving potters must have fled, and he sees the Argonnes to the west of Trier as their most probable destination. He is not able, how-ever, to show kilns with reject heaps of fine dark coloured pottery there. Even his abstract of an analysis of twenty samples from fourth-century Nijmegen, which clearly shows that they are very near to third-century pottery from Trier, does not make him reject his Argonnes hypothesis; further work on it is announced. In this line of argument, Symonds completely ignores the very favoura ble economic circumstances in fourth-century emperor’s resi dence Trier. Künzl (1997, 10-18) in discussing the Trier kilns does not enter into a discussion on Symonds’ problem but does answer it implicit ly: there pos-itively are reject heaps of fine dark coloured fourth-century pottery near Trier kilns. She underli nes this with the title of her study, Die Tri-erer Spruchbe cherke ramik.

Date of Symonds 61Symonds (1992, 67) remarks that he has already discussed the general chronology on the previ-ous pages. There, however, he was so busy argu-ing that they did not come from Trier, that he did not mention a date for the end of the produc-tion, or for that matter, for its beginning. So we have to look elsewhere in the literature. Symonds 61 corresponds to Gellep 59, 61 and 62, to judge by the drawings: Pirling (1966, 1974,

290—

1979) does not define her types Gellep 59, 61 and 62. She (1966, 70-71) dates them, together with Gellep 60, as follows: a single example to IIIcd (on the basis of associa tion in Gellep grave 62 with a Gellep 56 and a Gellep 77), and the great mass to IVAB. The time after AD 350 is repre-sented by association with a cooking-pot Gellep 106 of ‘sickle-shaped profi le’ in Gellep grave 65 (see howe ver the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 44-45) reduces this to IVab; she does not know where these beakers come from. Pirling (1979, 37) returns to the date IVAB, with the remark that there are no signs in Gellep of examples af-ter that time. This means a retardation of twelve years after the end of the production with the devast ation of Trier in AD 355. Date: IVAB.

53 Symonds 62: 9 examplesFine dark coloured indented beaker. Examples: B 414.1, B 704.2, B stray 83, B stray 84, B stray 180, OO 433.1, OO stray 170-172. Discussion: These beakers, the indented variant of Symonds 61, are to be dated likewise to IVAB. Pirling (1989, type plate 3) depicts one as Gellep 371, but by then she no longer discussed her new types. Symonds (1992, 67) remarks that the five examp les known to him do not look as if they were made in Trier. He further thinks that in-dented beakers are so rare in the fourth century because of coarser clay used. Date: IVAB.

54 Künzl 1.3.1: 1 exampleSee Remainder stray 18 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray finds.

Künzl 1.4.1 in different variants: 73 examplesSmall fine dark coloured beakers decorated with white paint, in three cases (also) with white bar-botine (B stray 240, OO 78.1 and OO 130.1).

55 Künzl 1.4.1m (with motto): 51 examplesExamples: B 5.1, B 5.2, B 57.1, B 150.1, B 177.2, B 183.1, B 196.1, B 201.1, B 207.3, B 216.1, B 298.57, B

383.3, B 423.2, B 751.1, B 751.2, B stray 4-5, B stray 30-32, B stray 39, B stray 85, B stray 234-235, B stray 240, B stray 288, OO 20.1, OO 20.2, OO 31.1, OO 40.1, OO 42.1, OO 44.3, OO 69.1, OO 78.1, OO 92.2, OO 98.4, OO 102.1, OO 108.1, OO 131.1, OO 149.1, OO 151.1, OO 188.1, OO 240.1, OO 240.2, OO 289.1, OO 463.2, OO 478.2, OO stray 28, OO stray 176, OO stray 292, Remainder stray 14. 56 Künzl 1.4.1d (with decoration, without motto): 22 examples Examples: B 73.1, B 183.1, B 197.1, B 236.1, B 248.2, B 292.2, B 319.1, B 706.1, B 764.4, B stray 79, B stray 179, OO 13.2, OO 130.1, OO 176.4, OO 324.1, OO 478.3, OO 478.4, OO 480.1, OO 481.3, OO stray 173-175. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 21) remarks that this is the preemi nent motto-beaker. It is the longest-lived, and occurs both with white barbotine and with white paint. However the type shows the greatest variety of proportions. The proportion height : maximum diame ter usual ly lies between 1.2 and 1.5; height of beaker : height of neck be-tween 2.0-2.8. (This variation can be clearly seen in the Nijmegen pair OO 20.1-2, apparently meant as identical but with a great diffe rence in maximum diameter.) The first examples of 1.4.1 already occur in chronologi cal group II (before AD 260-270); they are predominant from group III on (AD 270-280). The last examples in group V (AD 300/310-355) were made right up to the end of the production time, after the middle of the fourth century. The decorative elements used on the beakers of type Künzl 1.4.1 consist of zone dividers, word dividers, letter dividers and tendrils. The follow-ing elements, indicated with the num bers Künzl (1997, 39-49, type plates 9-14) assigns to them, are present. Zone dividers 3 (irregular wavy line in white barboti ne), 4 (irregular wavy line in white paint), 10 (hori zontal line in white paint) and 11 (dotted line in white paint). The most frequent combination of these is horizontal lines above and below, but all combinations Künzl gives for group V (1997, 308, type plate 16) occur. Letter divider 70 (large round dot of white paint) occurs on almost every motto-beaker. Only four beak-

291—

ers have letter divider 72 (a small dot of white paint); remarkably, these are two pairs (B 751.1 and 2, B stray 26 and 27). Word dividers 58 (three or four small dots in a vertical row) and 59 (three or four small dots of paint, from top left to bot-tom right) occur very often, but the following are also present: 50-53 (four dots forming together an Y), 57 (triangle of dots), 60 (small horizontal lines), and 64 (branch). Word divider 48 (small dots and a heart-shaped motif) occurs once, on a beaker with barbotine lines. Of the tendrils, which occur only on beakers without motto, 188 occurs ten times (running scroll); further, once 78 (hook on dot) and once 189 (running scroll with small dots). One exuberantly decorated example, OO 463.2, differs from the others on all points: it is thick-walled and heavy, of terra nigra rather than fine dark coloured pottery, and uses letter dividers that do not occur elsewhere in Nijmegen: 71 (two large dots, one on top of the other), 75 (line of three large dots), and the unknown motif of a lozenge made of four dots. In this example, ap-parently the youngest of the series an exuberant farewell is said to the type, with a paradoxical VIVAS. Strikingly, all three (or four) pairs in the Nijmegen graves have identical decoration, as if they were bought especially for the grave (B 751.1 and 2, OO 20.1 and 2, OO 478.3 and OO 478.4, and possibly B stray 26 and 27). The examples of Künzl 1.4.1 that belong to chronological group V correspond to part of Sy-monds 63: Symonds’ examples 808-9 (from Nijmegen), 813-838 and 844-7. Date: AD 300-355.

Künzl 1.4.2: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 177. Discussion: This is the indented beaker variant of Künzl 1.4.1.

57 Künzl 1.6.1: 10 examplesLarge fine dark coloured motto-beaker with a decoration zone under the motto. Examples: B 387.1, B stray 38, B stray 171, B stray

183, OO 467.2, OO stray 178-181, Remainder stray 13.Discussion: Künzl (1997, 22) dates this type to IVab or even IVAB. Künzl 1.6.1 corresponds to Sy-monds 63, amongst which Symonds’ examp les 810-2 from Nijmegen. The decorative elements on Künzl 1.6.1 (see also above under Künzl 1.4.1) comprise zone divi ders 6, 9, 11 and 16, letter di-viders 70, 71 and 119 (in white paint), word divid-ers 57, 64 and 68, 70 together with 57, and ten-dril 168 and 188. Künzl (1997, 22) suggests that the large beakers of type 1.6.1 were intended to be mixing bowls (Cratere). I doubt this. The name Crater suggests that mixing took place before pouring out; we already saw that mixing probably took place in the drinking beaker itself. M. Erdrich (pers. comm.) supports Künzl’s view. Whilst processing the finds during the excavati ons of cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), he noticed wear marks on the lower inside of the large beakers, as if they had been stirred regu larly; such wear marks were absent from smaller beakers. This need not mean that the large beakers served as mixing bowl for groups. Moreover, the evidence from Nijmegen, both mottoes and find circum stan ces, does not sup port this supposed function of ca-rafe. Firstly, amongst the mottoes on Künzl 1.6.1 there is, admitted ly, the greeting AVETE (on OO 467.2) in the plural number (‘hel lo everyo ne’), as if the beaker was inten ded to be served to a group; but this same greeting also occurs on two beakers of size group XS (Künzl 1.4.1), in the forms AVET and APETE. Moreover, one of the large beakers of Künzl’s type 1.6.1 has the impera tive singu lar VTERE (a formula often used on gifts, usually combined with FELIX ‘use (hap-pily) on your own’): very ap propri a te in a single grave. Secondly, as for the find circumstances: two of these (extra) extra large beakers were in-deed found together with smaller beakers. Two others, howe ver, though accompanied by other pottery, were found without smaller beakers. The un dec orated beakers of Symonds’ type 61, which fall outsi de the scope of Künzl’s study, have also been screened in order to answer the

292—

question whether the L-XXL beakers were in-tended as carafes. In 13 cases these are accom-panied by smaller beakers, as opposed to 23 cas-es where they are not. No less than 11 out of these 23 were the only artefact in the grave. Here too the function of carafe is improbable. Dr Hilary Cool kindly drew my attention to a motto-beaker from Neatham (Hampshire) that settles the matter. It is 20.5 cm high, so belongs to type Künzl 1.6.1 and bears the motto DA-MERVM = give unmixed wine. This excludes the use of this large beaker as a mixing bowl (Motto: Collingwood/Wright 1994, no. 2498.5; find: Mil-let/Graham 1986, 75 no. 32, fig. 51). Date: AD 300-355.

58 Künzl 1.6.2: 12 examplesMedium sized decorated dark coloured beaker. Examples: B 67.1, B 177.1, B 722.2, B stray IV?, B stray 204, OO 28.2, OO 135.1, OO 147.1, OO 215.1, OO 314.1, OO 382.1, OO stray 21. Discussion: These medium sized beakers do not generally have the slim pro por tions that Künzl (1997, 22) ascribes to them. The decorati ve ele-ments used (see above, under Künzl 1.4.1) are zone dividers 4, 9, 10 and 16, letter dividers 70 and 71, word dividers 57, 59 and 64, and tendrils 168, 188 and 189. All being decorated in white paint, they belong to Künzl’s chrono logical group V, dated AD 300/310-355. Date: AD 300-355.

Fine dark coloured beaker, no data: 11 examplesExamples: B 67.2, B 182.3, B 211.1, B stray 174, OO 271.1, OO 311.1, OO 321.2, OO stray 29-31, OO stray 319.

59 Künzl 14.1.1: 1 exampleFine dark coloured motto-bottle with wide neck and barbotine decoration in white and yellow. Example: B stray 128. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 34) remarks that most bottles of her type 14.1.1 belong to chronological group IV (AD 280-310/315). This is confirmed for the Nijmegen bottle by the use of white and yel-low barbotine, which makes this stray find one

of the oldest pieces of pottery from the Nijmegen Late Roman cemete ries. Künzl 14.1.1 corresponds to Symonds’ third-century group 50 (Symonds 1992, 56 and fig. 38-39). The function of the globular bottles with funnel-shaped necks is not discussed by Symonds and Künzl (but see Steures 2002a, 177-8). Symonds calls them surpri singly cara fes. The painted mot-to PARCE on the Nijmegen bottle (‘be sparing’, ‘just a bit’), seemingly is in stark con trast to the enthusiastic drin king mottoes discussed above and betrays its function. This motto becomes under stand able, if these bott les were meant for water to be mixed with merum, the pure wine. In Künzl’s list (1997, 256) the word PARCE figures six times, three out of which in combi nation with AQVAM (‘be sparing with water’, ‘just a bit of water’). The only pouring vessels out of the six pieces with PARCE are two such bottles. One of these has PARCE AQVAM ADIC MERVM: ‘be sparing with water, add pure wine’ (depicted by Symonds 1992, fig. 38, no. 702). The shape of these globular bottles is particular ly suited for keeping the water it contained hot. If one want-ed to be spa ring with water and at the same time make the wine in the beaker nice and warm, the water in the bottle had to be boi ling hot. The fun nel shape of the neck is also particu-larly suited to pou ring in and out boiling water without accidents. The strange absen ce of a handle on a bottle that is very hot when in use might be explained by the wish to avoid acci-dents when pouring the boiling water. They were probably handled with something like oven gloves. The bottles seem to have been a later invention than the beakers, because it is not clear whether they belonged to the first series of the produc-tion of Trier motto-beakers (Künzl 1997, 34-5). I suggest that the work shops began to market them as soon as they had observed that boiling water was added in their beakers. Their bottles were not the commer cial success the beakers were: so far, 10 bott les are known from Nijmegen, as opposed to the 343 beakers pre-sented above.

293—

Date: AD 280-315.

60 Künzl 14.2.2: 4 examplesFine dark coloured globular bottle decorated with white paint, comprising white dots on neck-moulding. Examples: B 81.3, B 681.1, OO 134.1, OO stray 62. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 34) places this type in chronological group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Künzl 14.2.2 corresponds to Symonds’ group 68 (Symonds 1992, 68, fig. 51) and with Gellep 254, dated in IVb by Pirling (1974, 46). Date: AD 300-355.

61 Künzl 14.3.1: 2 examplesFine dark coloured bottle without neck-mould-ing, with white painted decoration. Examples: OO 188.2, OO stray 182. Discussion: The only motto-bottle with narrow concave neck and without neck-moulding is Künzl 14.3.1 (Künzl 1997, 299, type plate 7); how-ever, she knows the model only with barbotine decoration, in her third-century groups II and III. As appears from the white paint on the Nijmegen examples, they belong in chrono-logical group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Date: AD 300-355.

62 Künzl 14.4.1: 1 exampleFine dark coloured motto-bottle with wide neck and neck-moul ding. Example: B stray 137. Discussion: According to Künzl (1997, 34), most examples of this shape belong to the third cen-tury, but some, as appears from their white paint, to chronological group V, dated 300/310-355. Our beaker with its white paint belongs to the latter group. Date: AD 300-355.

63 Künzl 14.5: 4 examplesFine dark coloured globular bottle with narrow cylindrical neck. Examples: B 197.2, B 512.1, B stray 168, OO stray 183.

Discussion: This shape corresponds to Gellep 254. Künzl (1997, 34): ‘eine Gefäßform des 4. Jahr-hunderts’; the Nijmegen examp les belong to Künzl’s chronological group V, AD 300/310-355. B 197.2 has decoration in white and some yellow paint; this does occur in group V (Künzl 1997, 70). Date: AD 300-355.

64 Künzl 12.1.3: 3 examples Fine dark coloured one-handled jug with white painted decora tion, which comprises white dots on neck moulding. Examples: B 234.4, B 741.5, OO stray 120. Discussion: Künzl 12.1.3 ‘shows all signs of being a series product’ and is to be dated to IVAB (Künzl 1997, 31). The type corresponds to Gellep 257 (Pirling 1974, 47), dated to IVab or IVAB. OO stray 120 has no profiled lip and so seems the be a hastily made series product. Date: AD 300-355.

65 Künzl 12.2.1: 3 examplesFine dark coloured one-handled motto-jug with smooth in-turned lip. Examples: OO 4.1, OO 63.2, OO 144.2. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 31-32) dates this jug IIId-IVab. Most pieces have white barbotine and be-long to chronological group IV, but some, like the three Nijmegen examples, have white paint and so belong to group V, dated 300/310-355. Date: AD 300-355.

66 Künzl 12.3.1: 1 exampleFine dark coloured one-handled motto-jug with smooth hooked lip. Examples: B 106.1. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 32, 298 type plate 6) dis-tinguishes 12.3.1 and .2 from 12.2.1 and .2 by the shape of the lip, which is no longer in-turned, but is sharply hooked and ever ted. The mass of this shape was produced in her chronological group V, dated 300/310-355. The small B 106.1, which lacks its distinguis hing upper half, seems nevertheless to belong to this type. B 702.5 is a small angular variant of Künzl 12.3.1 in a different ware, B3: see text to type fig. 42.

294—

Date: AD 300-355.

67 Nijmegen 67: 1 example Example: B 199.2. Fine dark coloured one-handled jug with wide mouth and pinched spout (not in Künzl). Discussion: This jug is unique within pottery ware C4, but it has a gene ral fourth-century shape we also encounter in other wares (Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), Gellep 70, Gellep 80 (and Gellep 114, so far not present in Nijmegen): type figs. 40, 76 and 91). Pottery ware and white paint show this jug to belong to chro nological group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Date: AD 300-355.

68 Künzl 7.4: 2 examplesSmall fine dark coloured hemispherical bowl with white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 63, OO 176.5. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 25-26) mentions bowls of her shape 7 as the most frequent drinking ves-sels after the globular beakers. This does not concur with the rarity of this shape in Nijmegen, where only six of them are known. She remarks that the nume rous bowls of types 7.4 and 7.5 were produced up to or even after the middle of the fourth century. Künzl 7.4 corres ponds to Gellep 64, which Pirling (1966, 72) calls cylindri-cal and dates IVb and IVB. Pirling (1974, 47) dates Gellep 64 to IVab or IVB. Künzl 7.4 and 7.5 to-gether correspond to Symonds 73 (1992, 69, 74 note 72, fig. 53). Symonds accepts Pir ling’s date. Date: IVAB.

69 Künzl 7.5: 4 examples Small fine dark coloured cylindrical bowl with white painted decoration. Examples: B 248.1, B stray 290, OO stray 184-185. Discussion: See above, under Künzl 7.4 (type fig. 68), which corresponds to Gellep 64 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 95).Date: IVAB.

D1 Ochre-coloured sherd, dull dirty reddish brown slip

70 Gellep 65: 2 examplesSlipped coarse jug with pinched spout. Example: OO 242.2, OO stray 186. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 72) remarks that this shape is almost identi cal with Niederbieber 42 and that it appears from two Gellep graves that the shape was still made in the fourth century. Pirling (1974, 49-50) dates two new examples to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76) reallocates this type to ware A2, imitations of terra sigillata and dates most examples to IVab and an earlier one to IIIC. Date: IVab.

D3 Light reddish brown sherd, ochre-col-oured slip out side, dull dark reddish brown slip inside

71 Niederbieber 38: 1 exampleSee Remainder stray 21 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray finds.

72 Gellep 67: 2 examples Red-slipped plate with oblique band-shaped profiled lip. Examples: B 367.3, B 410.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) identifies this shape with Alzei 20 and dates six Gellep examples to IVab on the basis of coins. Pirling (1974, 50) dates seven new examples to IVab with the re-mark that examples associated with glazed pot-tery must be dated to IVB (see however the dis-cussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1979, 38) mentions one new example dated IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 101-2) identi-fies Trier as the place of manufacture and dates the type to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

73 Gellep 68: 1 exampleRed-slipped plate with oblique lip thickened horizontally on outside. Example: B stray 22.

295—

Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) dates the only Gellep example to the beginning of IV on the basis of association with a Niederbie ber shape and a fourth-century shape. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 102) dates the same grave to IVab. Date: IVab.

74 Gellep 69: 5 examplesRed-slipped plate with oblique lip thickened ob-liquely on outside. Examples: B 216.3, B 222.2, B 345.1, OO 176.6, OO 242.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) dates this plate brief-ly to IVab. Pirling (1974, 50-51) mentions new ex-amples from IIIcd, IVab and IVb. Pirling (1979, 38) dates new examples to as early as III, and to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 102) calls the type contemporaneous to Gellep 67. Date: IIIcd-IVab.

E1 Brown-marbled pottery

Pirling (1966, 74-5) queries where this ware was made. She (Pir ling 1974, 52-3) cites Oelmann (1914, 50), who situates the production of the brown-marbled ware in the Neuwied Basin on the middle Rhine, and mentions a workshop at Treis-Karden on the lower Moselle that made brown-marbled ware. Literature on Treis-Karden will be found via Cüppers (1990, 575-7).

75 Nijmegen 75: 1 exampleBrown-marbled mug. Example: OO stray 187. Discussion: Although this mug with its band-shaped vertical handle and conical neck has no parallel as such, its shape corresponds to the beakers Symonds 61 and its decoration with the brown-marbled technique discussed below. This dates the mug to IVab.Date: IVab.

76 Gellep 70: 8 examplesBrown-marbled globular jug with pinched spout. Examples: B 176.4, B 456.2, B 686.3, B 760.1, B 762.intr., B stray 170, OO 151.3, OO 475.2.

Discussion: This brown-marbled jug has the gen-eral fourth-century shape that we also encoun-ter in other wares (Chenet 348, Gellep 43, Gellep 80, Gellep 114 and in fine dark coloured ware, type fig. 66) and that is to be dated generally to IV. Pirling (1966, 74) menti ons one Gellep examp le, dated IV. Pirling (1974, 51) dates new examples ‘with some probabi lity’ to IVab. Pirling (1979, 38-39) dates an example to IVB on the ba-sis of associa tion with coins of AD 341. Howe ver, the dates of the fre quent double-handled jugs Gellep 71 and Gellep 72, both IVab, justify this same half century as the date of Gellep 70. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 126-7) dates the type to IVAB but also mentions smaller examples, to be dated IVcd-Va. Almost all Gellep examples are also decora ted with white paint or barbotine; four out of eight Nijmegen examples are. Date: IVab.

77 Nijmegen 77: 1 exampleBrown-marbled sharply shouldered jug with one handle and collar. Example: OO 58.1. Discussion: This shape is unique in Nijmegen and does not occur in Gellep in brown-marbled ware. Is it to be dated like the double-hand led Gellep 72 to IVab. Date: IVab.

78 Gellep 261 or 742: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 18. Discussion: Brown-marbled globular jug with conical mouthpie ce. Gellep 261 occurs once in Gellep, in red-marbled ware E2, in an incomplete example lacking the mouthpiece; this is recon structed with a collar and a long mouth (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 127). Pirling (1974, 51) dates it to IVab on the basis of asso ciati on with other potte ry. The Nijmegen example has the same offset base as Gellep 261, but its mouthpiece is like that of Gellep 742, dat-ed III-IVa (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 127). Date: IVab.

79 Gellep 71: 10 examples

296—

Brown-marbled double-handled jug with wide rounded shoulder and cylindrical neck with collar. Examples: B 86.2, B 177.3, B 697.2, B stray 8, B stray 71, B stray 132, B stray 300, OO stray 189-190, Remainder stray 16. Discussion: The brown-marbled variant of this jug, which also occurs in smooth ware, has two horizontal grooves at the base of the neck be-tween the beginnings of the handles. Pirling (1966, 74) draws attention to the differences in size as opposed to the unity in shape and to the descendance from Niederbieber 46, and dates the jug to IVab. Pirling (1974, 51) repeats this date, with the note that the shape occurs up to the middle of IV, as appears from the association with a coin of AD 341. Pirling (1979, 39) repeats: IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 129) is more vague with a date in IV and mentions two size groups, 18-21 and 24-28 cm, with an outlier at 31 cm. The Nijmegen material has a group of six pieces 16-22 cm and four outliers at 26, 29 (twice) and 32 cm. Date: IVab.

80 Gellep 72: 50 examples Brown-marbled double-handled jug with marked shoulder and cylindrical neck with collar. Examples: B 13.1, B 48.1, B 122.1, B 169.1, B 183.2, B 207.4, B 367.4, B 427.2, B 435.3, B 608.1, B 612.1 (= B stray 262), B 677.1, B 682.1, B 701.2, B 705.intr., B 723.3, B 741.6, B 754.1, B 810.2, B stray 43?, B stray 51, B stray 72, B stray 90-1, B stray 145, B stray 167, B stray 182, B stray 243-4, B stray 319, OO 103.1, OO 168.5, OO 170.2, OO 186.3, OO 250.1, OO 252.3, OO 290.1, OO 290.2, OO 351.2, OO 354.4, OO 475.3, OO stray 1, OO stray 63, OO stray 191-193, OO stray 195-197, OO stray 303, Remain der stray 10. Discussion: In Nijmegen, this frequent shape has two size groups: 33 pieces measure 21-27 cm, 9 pieces are 28-31 cm high with outliers as small as 12.7, 17 and 19 cm. This concurs well with the siz-es mentioned by Pirling (1966, 74-5). Normal ly, there are two horizontal grooves at the base of the neck and two between the beginnings of the handle. Twelve Nijmegen examples have white

dots on the shoul der, once in combination with a zigzag, once with small arcs. Pirling dates them IVabc: IVc on the basis of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sic kle-shaped profile’ (see how-ever the discus sion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 52-53) limits their date to IVab. Pirling (1979, 39) repeats the date of IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 129-30) dates the type to IVAB, but none of the coins associ-ated with it in Gellep is later than AD 337.Date: IVab.

81 Nijmegen 81: 1 exampleBrown-marbled stopper for a Gellep 72. Example: Remainder stray 11.

82 Nijmegen 82: 1 exampleBrown-marbled stopper for a Gellep 71. Example: OO stray 194. It was found on jug Re-mainder stray 16, not on OO stray 193. Discussion: The two differently shaped stoppers for jugs of types Gellep 71 and 72 are unique and unfortunately come from stray finds. Like Gellep 71-72, they are to be dated IVab. Date: IVab.

83 Nijmegen 83: 1 exampleBrown-marbled miniature amphora with globu-lar body and wart-shaped point for a basis (min-iature of Gellep 443)Example: OO stray 188.Discussion: This miniature amphora with white dots on the shoulder is unique. It imitates the shape of amphora Gellep 443 = Dressel 20 = Nieder bie ber 78 = Alzei 22 = Gose 442 = Stuart 138. Stuart (1963, 59) writes: ‘So the globular amphora covers a period of three centuries: c.AD 40-mid IV.’ The date of this miniature is IVab, as appears from the brown-marbled decorati on. Another imitation of the shape in pottery, also meant for the drinker’s table, is in Worms; it is of the same date as the Nijmegen example, but of another ware and another size (Wam ser 2000, 191 fig. 157, 360 cat.no. 90d). Date: IVab.

297—

F1 Smooth pottery with yellowish white sherd, smoot hened carefully

Roman smooth pottery has a porous wall; evap-oration of the liquid through the wall will require heat from the content, thus keeping it cool.

84 Gellep 408: 1 exampleSmooth high-shouldered honey-jar. Example: B 677.2. Discussion: Type Gellep 408 is only illustrated in Pir ling (1989, type plate 5). Brunsting (1937, 109) remarks on the honey-jars, his type smooth 28: ‘The shape maintains itself without many altera-tions from the first till the fourth centu ries, cf. Haltern 62, Hofeim 66, but also Niederbieber 79.’ Pirling/Siepen (2006, 156) dates the type in Gellep only generally to III-IV and mentions as latest example one associ ated with glazed ware, to be dated IVB (see however the dis cussion of the date of glazed pottery above).Date: I-IVB.

85 ± Gellep 411: 1 exampleSmooth high-shouldered white jar with everted rim and small horizontal unprofiled lip. Example: OO stray 198.Discussion: No parallels are known to me. The real Gellep 411 has a profiled lip and is depicted but not discussed by Pir ling (1989, type plate 5). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 155) dates the only Gellep piece to IVab. Date: IVab.

86 Gellep 75: 1 exampleSmooth flat-globular honey-jar with high neck. Example: OO 152.1. Discussion: The neck of our example is higher than in Pirling (1966, type plate 6). Pirling (1966, 76) dates one of the two examples known from Gellep at that time to IVB, on the basis of assoc-iation with a piece of glazed pottery (see how-ever the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1974, 53) dates a new example to AD 320-350, on the same basis. A striking paral-lel for our fourth-century example is the first-

century honey-jar Stuart 146 (Stuart 1977, fig. 50, 10) from first-century cemetery O, partly on the same terrain as our fourth-century OO. Stuart (1977, 59) dates that examp le, on the basis of its white, smooth ‘pipe-clay’ and careful workman-ship ‘not too late, probably mid first-century at the latest’. Unless a first-century piece has crept here between the fourth-century material (the first-century cemetery O and the fourth-century cemetery OO overlap), we again have a form that continued for three centuries without alterati ons. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 157) dates the type in Gellep to IVab. Date: IVab.

87 Gellep 77: 4 examples Smooth jug with round lip. Examples: B 59.2, B stray 253, B stray 272, OO 413.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 76) dates this shape, which is identical with Niederbieber 62a, to IIIcd, on the basis of association with a Gellep 56. Pirling (1974, 54) publishes four new examples from three graves, two of which are dated to II-Icd on the basis of coins and a Gellep 282, and the third to IV, on the basis of potte ry and a glass beaker Gellep 189. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 142-3, n. 56) drops former types Gellep 264, 416, 417, 419 and 619 and subsumes them under Gellep 77, which is dated generally to III, with only one ex-ample cert ainly from IV. Date: IIIcd-IVd.

88 Gellep 422: 1 exampleSmooth jug with one handle and undercut torus-shaped rim. Example: B stray 274. Discussion: Pir ling/Siepen (2006, 143) dates the type to the same time as Gellep 77. Date: IIIcd-IVd.

89 Gellep 423: 3 examplesSmooth jug with lip that is convex on top and flat at the underside. Examples: B stray 273, B stray 276, B stray 277. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 140) dates the

298—

type to IIcd-IIIab. Date: IIcd-IIIab.

90 Gellep 79: 2 examplesSmooth jug with strongly constricted foot and horizontal painted bands. Examples: OO 316.3, OO stray 199. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 77) dates the only Gellep example to IVab, on the basis of association with a coin of Constanti ne the Great and fourth-centu ry glass and pottery. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145) subsumes the former types Gellep 79-80 under one type, dated to IVab. Date: IVab.

91 Gellep 80: 3 examplesSmooth jug with slightly constricted foot, four reddish brown painted horizontal bands and pinched spout. Examples: B 215.2, B 708.2, OO stray 35. Discussion: This smooth jug has the general fourth-centu ry shape we also encounter in Gellep 43 (type fig. 40), Gellep 70 (type fig. 76), Gellep 114 and fine dark coloured pottery, type fig. 66, and is therefore dated to IV. Pir ling (1966, 77) remarks that red bands occur in IVab, and that associati ons of the Gellep examples lead to the same date. Pirling (1974, 54) repeats this date for three examp les, while she dates a fourth one to IVB. A last examp le is dated to IVab again by Pirling (1979, 40). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145) subsumes the former types Gellep 79-80 under one type, dated to IVab.Date: IVab.

92 Gellep 81(/82): 3 examples Smooth jug with painted horizontal bands and band-shaped lip. Examples: B 150.2, B 334.1, OO 244.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 77) dates three examples to IVab on the basis of decoration and associa-tions. Pirling (1974, 40) dates one example to IVb on the basis of a coin, and two other examp les IVab. Pirling (1979,40) dates an example to IVB becau se of association with a Gellep 122 (IVcd, according to Pir ling; see however the discussion

of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145-6) dates both Gellep 81 and 82 to IVab and says they were manufactured in Cologne. Date: IVab.

93 Gellep 263: 3 examplesSmooth jug with brown bands and cylindrical mouthpiece. Examples: B 801.1, B stray 270, OO 383.2. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 53-54) dates one exam-ple to IVAB because of association with with a Gellep 109, and two others to IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 146) dates the type to IVAB and says it was manufactured in Cologne. Date: IVAB.

94 Gellep 83a: 1 exampleSmooth slender jug with moulding on neck and with thumb-rest on handle. Example: OO stray 200. 95 Gellep 83b: 1 exampleSmooth slender jug with moulding on neck and without thumb-rest on handle. Example: B 764.5.Discussion: This jug, which imitates metal exam-ples, is dated to IIIcd-IVab by Pirling (1966, 78). Our example of Gellep 83a has a profi led rim in-stead of the hooked one shown by Pirling (1966, type plate 7). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 146) dates the type to IV, especially IVab. Date: IVab.

96 Nijmegen 96: 1 exampleSmooth jug with conical mouthpiece. Example: B 183.3.Discussion: According to Oelmann conical mouth-pieces are typi cal of III (Pirling 1966, 58, in the discussion of Gellep 20), but the presen ce of such a mouthpiece on Gellep 261 (type fig. 78) shows it to go on in IVab. Date: III-IVab.

97 Gellep 84a: 8 examplesSmooth double-handled jug with smooth lip. Examples: B 59.3, B 218.3, B 742.3, B stray 93, OO

299—

176.7, OO stray 202-204.

98 Gellep 84b: 1 exampleExample: B 218.4.Smooth double-handled jug with profiled lip. Discussion: In Nijmegen these jugs vary even more in height than Pirling (1966, 78) states: 11.9-28.4 cm. She dates the shape from ‘still III’ to ‘entire IV’ for Cologne examples, but IVab for Gel lep ones. Pirling (1974, 54-5) repeats IVab for nine examp les. Pirling (1979, 41) gives again IVab for one examp le, and IVB for another. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 151-2) dates the type to IIId-IVB and says it was manufactured in Cologne. Date: IIId-IVB.

99 Gellep 85a: 7 examplesSmooth white double-handled jug with small cylindrical foot, hooked shoulder and triangular lip. Examples: B 704.3, B stray 92, OO stray 205-209. Discussion: The Gellep examples are very smoothly finished. Pirling (1966, 79) dates one example to IVab, and two others to IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 152) dates the type to IV and says it was the container for expensive imported wine. This fits in well with the only example found during excavations in Nijmegen: B 704 is a comparatively rich grave with unique pieces. Date: IVAB.

100 Gellep 91: 2 examplesSmooth globular double-handled jug with band-shaped lip. Examples: B 59.4, OO stray 210. Discussion: One Gellep example is dated to just after AD 298 by Pirling (1966, 80-1) because of a series of coins ending in that year (‘terminus ad quem’); two in the beginning of IV, one IVab, one IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 168-9) dates the type IIIcd-IVB. Date: IVAB.

101 Gellep 441 (= Stuart 151A): 1 exampleSmooth stopper for an amphoraExample: OO stray 211.

Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 8, Gellep 441) depicts this type with its open side down and thus interprets it as a stopper; she did not dis-cuss types any more in 1989. Stuart calls his type 151A a candle-stick (Stuart 1963, 67-8), after which he immediately doubts his own interpre-tation. A burning candle on such a narrow foot is dangerous; a different functi on seems obvious. As Stuart mentions eleven examples from the nearby Nijmegen Flavian legionary fortress (AD 70-104), our find must be first-century (the first-century cemetery O and the fourth-century cem-etery OO overlap). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 171-2) dates the two Gellep examples Id-IId. So our ex-ample probably comes from the first-century cemetery O, not the fourth-century OO on the same plot. Date: Ic-IId.

F2 Smooth pottery, reddish ochre-coloured sherd

102 Gellep 87: 1 exampleSmooth squat globular beaker with conical neck. Example: B 16.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 79) dates the only Gellep example to IVcd because of association with a terra nigra beaker. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 160) re-peats the date. Date: IVcd.

103 Gellep 89: 1 exampleSmooth jug with hooked lip. Example: OO 271.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 80) remarks that this shape may also occur in white smooth ware and then is to be dated IVab becau se of painted hori-zontal bands. However, she dates the only dat-able example of Gellep 89 to IVB because of associa tion with a Gellep 70 and a Gellep 106 ‘with slightly sickle-shaped profile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 164) dates the type to IVab. Date: IVab.

300—

104 Nijmegen 104: 2 examplesSmooth brown single-handled jug with collar, shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71.Examples: B 201.2, B 212.2. Discussion: The shape of this smooth brown one-handled jug is that of the two-handled brown-marbled Gellep 71 and the smooth brown two-handled Gellep 637. The date of Gellep 637 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 168) is helpful: IIIcd-IVab. Date: IIIcd-IVab.

105 Gellep 637: 2 examplesSmooth brown double-handled jug with collar, shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71. Examples: B 191.2, OO stray 312. Discussion: This double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71 is not discussed by Pirling (1997, type plate 8), and is to be dated, like Gellep 71, to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 168) dates it to IIIcd-IVab. Date: IVab.

106 Nijmegen 106: 1 exampleSmooth double-handled jug with short wide neck and band-shaped lip. Example: OO stray 201. Discussion: As there is no parallel known for this shape and as it is a stray find, the only basis for a date in IVab is its provenance ‘OO’. Date: IVab.

107 Gellep 766: 1 exampleSmooth brown double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 72. Example: B stray 43Discussion: This smooth brown double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 72 is to be dated, like Gellep 72, to IVab. The type seems not to be discussed in Pirling/Siepen 2006. Date: IVab.

108 Gellep 438 (= Niederbieber 69a): 1 exampleSmooth double-handled jug with globular body and slan ting lip. Example: B stray 94.

Discussion: This shape, not discussed by Pirling (1989, type plate 8, Gellep 438) is represented by this stray find and looks like Niederbieber 69a; therefore to be dated III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 167) dates the type to IIIab. Date: IIIab.

109 Brunsting 36b: 3 examplesSmooth mortarium with horizontal lip, without protru ding spout. Examples: B stray 24, OO stray 257-258. Discussion: Brunsting (1937, 110-1) dates the smooth mortarium from Hal tern 60 (11 BC- AD 9) to Alzei 31 (AD 370-400; 406-450). Stuart (1963, 66-7), whose type 149b this is, discusses only first-century examples. Pirling (1989 type plate 8, Gellep 442) and 1997 (type plate 14, Gellep 683) gives two type numbers to smooth mor-taria with horizontal lip and prot ruding spout (both Brunsting 36a) but does not discuss them. Of the three morta ria mentioned here, B stray 20 comes cert ainly from a fourth-century grave, as it was found in the Kaaskor versgas (site b on fig. 3; the other two are marked ‘OO’. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 227-8) discusses the mortaria from Gellep, but our type is not represented. Date: IB-Vb.

F3 Smooth pottery, dark grey sherd

110 Gellep 96: 1 exampleSmall barrel-shaped beaker. Example: B stray 209. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 68-69 under type Gellep 55) discus ses barrel-shaped beakers from first to fourth centuries; she dates a Gellep 96 to IVB (Pirling 1966, 82) because of associ ation with a Gellep 105 ‘with sickle-shaped profile’ (see how-ever the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 178) dates the graves concer ned in Gellep to IVab. Date: IVab.

301—

F4 Smooth pottery, brownish grey sherd

111 Gellep 97: 7 examplesCoarse bottle. Examples: B 16.3, B 100.1, B 778.1, B stray 16, B stray 211, B stray 216, B stray 226. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 82) dates the only Gellep example to Valenti nian age, i.e. IVC, on the basis of an Andernach parallel, but decides to IVcd. The Valentinian age fits in well with the Valentin-ian coins found in B 778.1. It should be noted that most Nijmegen examp les are not in smooth, but in coarse ware. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 173) dates the only Gellep example to IVd. Date: IVcd.

112 Nijmegen 112: 1 exampleSmooth double-handled jug with wide rounded shoulder and horizontal lip. Example: Remainder stray 12. Discussion: This jug has all but the same shape as Gellep 71 (IVab) and Gellep 637: what is a collar there, is the lip here. The neck with the horizon-tal lip is shaped the same as Niederbie ber 69, so a date IIIcd-IVab seems possible. Date: IIIcd-IVab.

F7 Terra nigra

113 Gellep 98: 1 exampleJug with collared neck. Example: B stray 190. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 82-3) cannot date the only Gellep example. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 183-4) dates it generally to IV. Date: IV.

114 Gellep 273: 1 exampleTerra nigra footed bowl with profiled foot and three zones of incised decoration. Example: OO 446.1. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 57) dates the only Gellep example to IVab on the basis of a coin of AD 313. The shape corres ponds to Chenet 342, which Chenet (1941, 92) dates to IVcd because it occurs in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD

360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 189) dates the type to IVcd. See also the last paragraph of the article on Gellep 274, immediately below. Date: IVcd.

115 Gellep 274: 10 examplesSmall terra nigra footed bowl. Examples: B 135.2, B 299.1, B 465.3, B 687.2, B 702.1, B 801.2, B 828.1, B stray 214, B stray 267, OO 481.1. Discussion: This is a difficult type, as it was three times defined by Pirling (1966, 67-8 and 128-30; 1974, 57), twice for Roman (Gellep 51 and 274) and once for Frankish graves (Gellep 131). Pirling (1966, 68) identifies type Gellep 51 with Chenet 342 (Chenet 1941, 91-94). An interesting detail is that the German archaeologist Pirling derives it from Germanic exam ples, and the Frenchman Chenet from Gaulish ones. The truth seems to lie midway: in the Rhine area, as Chenet himself (1941, 92 note 2) argues. About its date and provenance, Chenet (1941, 92) says it was produced in Lavoye in IV. He knows it from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154); from Lavoye, the small hypo caust of field 752 (IV, dated by coins of Constantinus II 337-340, Theodora 337-340, Constans 337-350, Urbs Roma after 340, Magnentius 350-351: Chenet 1941, 26-27); and from Lavoye, kiln E, dated IV (Chenet 1941, 24). Pirling (1966, 68) has a Gellep 51 from IIIcd; Pirling (1966, 129) has some exam-ples of Gellep 131 from Vab and VB. Pirling (1974, 93-4) has examples of Gellep 131 from Frankish phases II and III, i.e. Vcd-VIa and VIbcd (Pir ling 1966, 22). Pirling/Siepen (2006) no longer men-tions either type Gellep 51 or 131 as Roman, but Gellep 274 is treated (2006, 189) and mostly dat-ed to IVab and once to IVB. However, in the Nijmegen grave B 135, a Gellep 274 is associated with a Gellep 52 (discus sed im-mediately below), to be dated IVd-Va; and in grave B 465, dated to AD 434-450, Gellep 274 also figures.

302—

So Gellep 274, a shape also found in Frankish pottery, must at least be dated IVa-Vb for Ro-man graves, and for Frankish ones up to VId. Footed bowls Chenet 342 and Gellep 252, 273 and 274 cross the border between Roman and Germanic pottery. Erdrich (1998) argues that these terra nigra footed bowls combine techni-cal and formal stimuli from Roman and German-ic examples and that Frankish immigrants in the Roman Empire combined Roman techni ques with Germanic shapes. He calls the footed bowls a pottery genre of the Salian Franks. Date: IVa-VId.

116 Gellep 52-53: 2 examplesGlobular beaker of not completely dark, but smooth terra nigra with profiled shoulder and short concave neck. Examples: B 135.1, B stray 221. Discussion: Beaker B 135.1 is halfway between beaker types Gellep 52 and Gellep 53, which Pirling (1966, 68) finds compa rable and con-temporary. She dates both to IVd because of the association of one of them with a barbaric coin of c.AD 400. But there is also an exact parallel for the shape of B 135.1: Sy monds 1992, 67 and fig. 50 no. 854, from Roanne. This be longs to the heterogene ous group Symonds 64, generally dated to IV; this group also contains an exact parallel for the shape of Gellep 52: no. 855, in Mainz. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 180) dates both types to IVd-Va. Date: IVd-Va.

117 ± Chenet 333j: 1 exampleSmall tulip-shaped beaker of terra nigra-like sandy pottery. Example: B 606.1. Discussion: Chenet (1941, Pl. XVI-XVII and 81-4) distinguished his type 333 (footed tulip-shaped beakers with reddish yellow slip and constricted foot) in the long series 333a-k. Our beaker is of terra nigra-like pottery and has no foot. The nearest Gellep shape is the terra sigillata Gellep 17, dated by Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) IVcd-Va. Date: IVcd-Va.

118 Symonds 61 in different variants in terra nigra: 6 examplesTerra nigra beaker on narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. Symonds 61 smooth: 4 examplesExamples: B 387.2, OO stray 112-114. Symonds 61 grooved: 1 exampleExample: OO 468.1. Symonds 61 incised: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 138.Symonds 61 with incised groove: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 115. Discussion: These are beakers of a common shape in fine dark coloured ware, executed here in ter-ra nigra. As the production of dark coloured Trier beakers stopped in AD 355 (see above, pottery ware C4), we might date these imitations to IVcd. Howe ver, the corresponding types in Pirling/Siepen, Gellep 646 (2006, 176) and Gellep 270 (2006, 177), are dated in the same time as the same shapes in ware C4. Date: IV.

119 Symonds 62 in terra nigra: 2 examplesIndented beakers in terra nigra with narrow foot, globular indented body and high conical neck. Examples: OO stray 116-7. Discussion: For these, the same holds as for the above Symonds 61 in terra nigra. The corre-sponding type in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 180) is Gellep 94, dated IVd-Va. Date: IVd-Va.

120 Symonds 65 in terra nigra: 1 exampleSmall beaker in terra nigra with low shoulder and conical neck. Example: OO stray 118. Discussion: Symonds 65 is dated globally in IV and belongs to the group of late terra nigra (Sy-monds 1992, 67-68 and fig. 50, nos 857-863). Symonds remarks that this shape was not popu-lar outside Trier. The presence of just a single ex-ample in Nijmegen does not contradict this. Date: IV. 121 Gellep 378: 1 exampleSmall tulip-shaped terra nigra beaker.

303—

Example: OO 132.1. Discussion: Pirling (1989) says nothing about this type but the caption of type plate 3: in Gellep, it is of pottery ware C4 reddish brown sherd, faint-ly lustrous greyish black coa ting. The parallel as regards the shape in Symonds (1992, no. 641, fig. 35 and p. 54-5) belongs to Symonds’ group 43 from Trier, which was made in this ware. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 93-94) dates the fine dark col-oured type to III-IVa. Date: IV.

122 Nijmegen 122: 1 example Terra nigra two-handled jug with globular body, wide neck and wide vertical band-shaped lip decorated with straight and wavy grooves. Example: OO 144.4. Discussion: There is no parallel for this shape in the litera ture known to me. Only the vertical band-shaped lip is remi niscent of fourth centu ry jugs Gellep 45 and related types. The other finds in grave OO 144 date the grave to 300-355. Date: AD 300-355.

123 Nijmegen 123: 1 exampleSmall hemispherical terra nigra bowl on low foot. Example: B stray 95. Discussion: This is a variant in a different pottery ware of Sy monds 55, which is not explicitly dat-ed, but implicitly to III (Symonds 1992, 59 and fig. 43). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 83) dates Gellep 367 (= Symonds 55) to IIIAB. Date: ?

124 Alzei 26: 1 exampleTerra nigra footed bowl with everted rim. Example: B stray 96. Discussion: Its presence in Alzei, which was inhab-ited AD 370-400 and 406-450 (Cüppers 1990, 302-3), dates this form to IVd-Vab. Date: IVd-Vab.

G Coarse pottery

Coarse pottery is fire-proof and was used for cooking in the case of cooking-pots Gellep 100-110 and for dishes Gellep 126-128 and related types. These often have burning-marks on the out side; cooking-pots also often have black traces of burnt food on the inside. Pirling calls Gellep 126-128 and related types plates; in this study, they are called dishes. I interpret the dishes as baking-dishes and the jugs as water boilers. Wherever possible, a distinc tion is made in the present study be tween three producti on centres in the Eifel (Gose 1950, 40): coarse volcanic tempering material, from May-en;large quantity of fine tempering material, from Urmitz;greyish brown sherd, from Speicher.

125 Gellep 100: 3 examples Coarse cooking-pot with marked and concave neck. Examples: B stray 6, OO 482.1, OO stray 293. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 83) mentions four Gellep examples made in Mayen, two of which are dat-able: one to IVa by a coin, one to IVB by associ-ation with glazed pottery (see however the dis-cussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1979, 42) dates a new example to IVcd because of a coin of AD 346. The Nijmegen ex-amples also have the coarse volcanic temper typi cal of Mayen. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 193) sub-sumes types Gellep 100 and 101 in one type 100/101, dated IVBC. Date: IVBC.

126 Gellep 101: 1 exampleCoarse cooking-pot with marked and concave neck and low verti cal lip. Example: B 674.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 83) dates the only Gellep example to IVBC because of association with a Gellep 99; it is Mayen ware. Pirling (1979, 42-43) bases the date of a new example found without other grave goods on that of 1966: IVBC. Pirling/

304—

Siepen (2006, 193) subsumes types Gellep 100 and 101 in one type 100/101, dated IVBC. Date: IVBC.

127 ± Gellep 102: 2 examples Coarse jar with marked and conical neck. Examples: B stray 77, OO stray 212. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) has five Gellep ex-amples, two of which she dates to IVab, and a third one implicitly later, because of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sickle-shaped profi le’: IVB (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 58) dates a new example to IVcd because of as-sociation with a Gellep 120 and a Gellep 122 (see however the discus sion of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Pir ling (1979, 43) dates an example to IVAB because of association with a Symonds 61; and a second one to IVB becau se of association with a glazed piece (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 194) dates the type to IV. Date: IVAB.

128 Gellep 103: 3 examples Coarse indented cooking-pot. Examples: B 482.2, OO stray 213-214. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) dates an example to IVB because of associa tion with a glazed piece (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1974, 58) arrives at the same date for a new example on the same basis. Pirling (1979, 43) dates a new specimen to IVcd because of association with a heart-shaped strap end. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 194-5) dates the type IVBC. Date: IVBC.

129 Gellep 104: 3 examples Coarse cooking-pot with wide mouth and evert-ed lip. Examples: B stray 47, B stray 203, OO stray 215. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) cites Hussong (1936, 78): the shape begins end of IV and lives on in Frankish context. She is not able to date three Gellep examples from Mayen with more preci-

sion. Pirling/Siepen (2006) does not seem to dis-cuss this type as Roman any more. Date: IVd-V.

130 Gellep 105: 44 examplesCoarse cooking-pot with everted lip and lid-seating. Examples: B 11.1, B 54.5, B 88.3, B 150.5, B 165.2, B 182.6, B 189.3, B 216.6, B 219.5, B 243.1, B stray 9-10, B stray 46, B stray 68, B stray 69, B stray 99, B stray 103, OO 2.1, OO 9.3, OO 25.2, OO 30.3, OO 40.2, OO 40.3, OO 63.4, OO 69.2, OO 71.1, OO 101.3, OO 101.4, OO 116.1, OO 131.2, OO 133.3, OO 144.5, OO 169.2, OO 169.3, OO 176.8, OO 186.4, OO 200.5, OO 232.2, OO 249.1, OO 287.1, OO 299.3, OO 469.2, OO 475.4, OO stray 217. Discussion: Gellep 105, like Gellep 106 and Gellep 122, is a source of too late dates in Pir ling’s stud-ies. This cooking-pot, derived from Niederbieber 89 and further developing into Alzei 27, has many different lip profiles. Oelmann (1914, 72) and Unver zagt (1916, discussion of Alzei 27) had already remarked that the lip profiles of this cooking-pot of III and IV cannot be chronologi-cally distinguished from one another. Pirling changes her mind on this type twice between her studies of 1966, 1974 and 1979. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 225-7) again takes a different view, cites the heated debate on rim shapes and even splits the type up into Gellep 460 ‘with lid-seating (also known as heart-shaped profile)’, present from Gellep grave 3475 up to 6351, and Gellep 105 ‘with everted rim’, for which the term ‘sic kle-shaped profile’ is no longer present in the definition but lingers on in the discussion. This splitt ing up of the type is not followed here for the simple reason that the so-called heart-shaped profile does figure frequently within type Gellep 105 in Pirling’s earlier Gellep publications, i.e. in many graves with numbers lower than 3475. In 1966 (84-7), Pirling follows Von Petrik ovits (1937), who oppo ses Unver zagt and sketches a development from a ‘fading of the heart-shaped profile’ (with a quarter-round moulding, Viertel-rund stab, under the lip) via a ‘sharp-sided profile’

305—

(with a sharp moulding, Dreikantstab, under the lip) to a ‘sickle-shaped profile’ (without mould-ing under the lip). Pirling shows (1966, 85, fig. 10) seventeen variants of the profile, numbered a-r, which she tries to order chronolo gical ly; this fails already at profile a. In 1974, Pirling (1974, 58-60) cites a different classificati on, by Fellmann (1952), and conclu des that it opposes that of Von Petrikovits. She does not agree with either on the basis of coin-dated finds at Gellep, but still believes in a global de-velopment ‘heart-shaped - sharp-sided - sickle-shaped’. At the same time, she does not want to force them into a chrono logical scheme. In 1979 (Pirling 1979, 43-4), the use of Fellmann’s scheme leads to an improbable result. Her last words on the question are: ‘It is becoming clear-er all the time that the profiles differ very much from one another and that they do hardly allow of a chronological scheme.’ She does not, however, draw the conclusion she should have drawn: Oelmann and Unver zagt were right, and the lip profile of Gellep 105 can-not be used for dating associated finds. All Pirling’s late dates for other types on the basis of associa tion with a ‘sickle-shaped profi le’ of Gellep 105 must be dropped. Gellep 105 itself, however, can be dated through association with coins and other pottery. Pirling (1966, 86) has one Gellep 105 in a grave that could be dated ‘still in III’ because of three jugs Gellep 84. A grave with a Gellep 105 and a coin of Constantine is dated IVab. Other graves with Gellep 105 are dated to IVB, among other things because of associati on with a piece of glazed pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1974, 59-60) mentions coins dated from AD 303 to 330-335 in graves with a Gellep 105. Pirling (1979, 43) men-tions a grave with a coin of AD 313 and one with pottery of IVab date. The type is dated by coins in only two Nijme gen graves: AD 295 (grave B 219) and AD 299-303 (grave OO 176). Sixteen graves with more than one artefact, one of which a Gellep 105, have IVab dates (B 54, B 150, B 182, B 189, B 216, B 219,

OO 25, OO 71, OO 133, OO 144, OO 169, OO 186, OO 200, OO 232, OO 249, OO 475), whereas six such graves have a date of IVAB not depending on a Gellep 105 alone (B 88, OO 9, OO 30, OO 101,OO 299, OO 469). This brings us to a date of IIId-IVB for cooking-pot Gellep 105 (and Gellep 460, which is not rec-ognized here as a type in its own right). NB The presence of shoes in the large jar of this type in grave OO 63 makes it probable that the jar further contained clothes, and certain that it did not contain food. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 225) cites Haupt (1984, 448-9), who says that large pots were made for special agrarian and manufac turing uses. Date: IIId-IVB.

131 Gellep 106: 50 examplesCoarse cooking-pot with handle, everted lip an lid-sea ting. Examples: B 57.2, B 59.5, B 67.3, B 81.4, B 94.2, B 151.3, B 181.3, B 184.1, B 189.4, B 196.3, B 197.3, B 200.1, B 203.1, B 206.2, B 218.5, B 228.1, B 234.5, B 293.3, B 301.1, B 355.1, B 421.1, B 730.2, B stray 21, B stray 48, B stray 52, B stray 74, B stray 100 (lid B stray 101 belongs to it), B stray 104, B stray 105, B stray 162, B stray 184, OO 62.3, OO 71.2, OO 90.1, OO 102.3, OO 145.1, OO 149.2, OO 152.2, OO 168.6, OO 197.1, OO 411.1, OO 476.2, OO 476.3, OO stray 8, OO s tray 218-222, OO stray 310. Discussion: Gellep 106, like Gellep 105 and Gellep 122, is a source of too late dates in Pirling’s stud-ies. Pirling (1966, 87) writes: ‘Apart from the presen-ce of an eye-shaped handle, these jars corre-spond to those of type 105. If one wanted to lift the jar by means of this handle, it could not be allowed to be large. So the jars of type 106 are smal ler on average than those without handle of type 105. The profiles of the jars with handle vary even more than those without.’ (Transl.: D.St.) She shows nineteen variants of the profile of Gellep 106, numbered a-t (Pirling 1966, 87, fig. 11). She remarks that the ‘heart-shaped’ profile with the quarter-round moul ding under the lip is

306—

absent, that the ‘sharp-sided’ profile with the sharp moulding under the lip occurs only twice, and that the remainder has ‘sickle-shaped’ pro-files without moul ding under the lip, in all sorts of variants. She considers them on average somewhat later than Gellep 105. She can date two examples: one by a coin of AD 306, the oth-er by Frankish personal orna ments of her phases II and III (c.425-525 and c.525-600: Pirling 1966, 22). As with Gellep 105, the denial follows in 1974 (Pirling 1974, 60-61): ‘heart-shaped, sharp-sided and sickle-shaped’ appear to be contemporane-ous. So also all Pirling’s late dates on the basis of association with a Gellep 106 of ‘sickle-shaped’ profile must be dropped. She then dates Gellep 106 by means of coins of AD 313 and 323. Pirling (1979, 44) has three dates for Gellep 106: by a coin of AD 307, by a piece of glazed pottery of IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above), and by a west-east orien-tation of a grave, ‘so’ from IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 197-8) no longer distin-guishes between ‘heart-shaped’ and ‘sickle-shaped’ profiles and dates the cooking-pots of light colour and small particles of tempering ma-terial ‘throughout the period’, the other wares to IV. Only one Nijmegen grave with a Gellep 106 has a coin date: AD 301-303, grave OO 149); five other have earlier coins ranging from I BC to AD II (B 59, B 67, B 203, B 218, OO 168). Six teen graves with more than one artefact, one of which a Gellep 106, have IVab context dates (B 59, B 151, B 181, B 184, B 189, B 196, B 197, B 206, B 228, B 730, OO 71, OO 102, OO 149, OO 152, OO 168, OO 197), whereas nine such graves have a context date of IVAB not depending on a Gellep 106 alone (B 57, B 67, B 81, B 94, B 203, B 234, B 293, OO 62, OO 476). This makes the date for Gellep 106: IVAB (with late represen tants IVcd-VId, apparently not oc-curring in Nijmegen). Date: IVAB.

132 Nijmegen 132: 1 exampleCoarse flat lid without rim profile and flat knob. Example: OO stray 229. Discussion: No parallel known. Date: ?

133 Gose 564: 2 examplesCoarse lid with low rim-profile and conical knob, flat on top. Examples: B stray 97, B stray 101. Discussion: Gose (1950, 47) dates this lid to IIIcd. However, B stray 101 was found on a Gellep 106 and is therefore to be dated IVAB. Date: IVAB.

134 ± Gellep 483: 1 exampleCoarse lid with lightly indented rim, convex wall and flat knob. Example: OO stray 259. Discussion: No real parallels for this large lid, d 21, are known to me. The Gellep 483 which Pirling (1989, type plate 14) depicts is not discussed there. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 210) dates the only example in Gellep to IIIab. Date: ?

135 Gellep 108: 4 examplesCoarse cooking-pot with marked, somewhat narrow neck. Examples: B 98.2, B 258.1, B 465.4, B stray 56. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 88-89) mentions a Gellep 108 from a grave with a coin to be dated after AD 364. Three examples outside Gel lep lead to her date: from IVd onwards. Pirling (1979, 44-45) repeats this date for two new examples: one from a west-east grave, one from a grave with glass beakers of IVd date. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 200) dates the shape to IVd until Frankish times, but cites a coin dated AD 364 associated with Gellep 108. Our example B 98.2, however, is associated with a coin of AD 310 and a Symonds 61, dated IVAB, in an east-west grave. So Gellep 108 figures al-ready in IVB; or, when the coin dating-rules used in the present study are applied, grave B 98 even dates within coin periods 2 and 3, i.e. between

307—

the date of the coin, AD 310, and AD 330. I there-fore date grave B 98 to AD 330 and type Gellep 108 to AD 330-V.Date: AD 330-V.

136 Gellep 109: 46 examplesCoarse cooking-pot with marked concave neck and vertical handle. Examples: B 250.2, B 319.3, B 344.1, B 482.3, B 715.2, B 723.intr, B 757.1, B 760.2, B 764.6, B 773.2, B 779.4, B 786.1, B 792.2, B 817.1, B 820.2, B 827.1, B stray 102, B stray 163, B stray 172, B stray 202, B stray 212, B stray 218, B stray 225, OO 24.1, OO 37.1, OO 42.2, OO 56.3, OO 83.1, OO 273.2, OO 276.1, OO 308.2, OO 322.2, OO 322.3, OO 361.1, OO 373.1, OO 423.1, OO 433.2, OO 472.3, OO 483.3, OO stray 223-228, OO stray 317. Discussion: This common handled cooking-pot derives from Nie derbieber 95. Pirling (1966, 89) dates most examples to IVAB and gives coin-datings of AD 326 and 348. Associations with a Gellep 104 and a Gellep 52 lead to a date of IVcd: so it occurs throug hout IV. Pirling (1974, 61-62) has associations with coins of AD 305, 313, 317, 320, 330 and 346: IVAB, whereas Pirling (1979, 45) has asso ciations with coins of AD 332 and 333 (2x), twice with glazed pottery from IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above), once with a glass pointed beaker Gellep 185 and a heart-shaped belt-tongue of IVcd. Again: throug hout IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 199) again dates the shape throughout IV. In Nijmegen graves, the shape figures eight times in IVab (B 319, B 760, B 764, B 779, B 820, OO 42, OO 361, OO 433), twelve times in IVAB (B 482, B 827, OO 24, OO 37, OO 56, OO 308, OO 322 (2x), OO 373, OO 423, OO 472, OO 483), twice together with the disputed type Gellep 122 (B 344, B 715) and three times together with the long-lived type Gellep 34 (B 250, B 773, B 792). In Nijmegen too, the shape may have been used througout IV, but its use in IVC cannot be proven or refuted. Date: IV.

137 Gellep 110: 2 examplesCoarse cooking-jar with vertical handle and slightly conca ve neck. Examples: OO 463.5, OO stray 320. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 89) cannot date this cooking-pot, as it is twice the only artefact in the grave. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 200) has one exam-ple dated by a coin of 340 and dates the type to IVcd. Date: IVcd.

138 Gellep 111: 2 examplesCoarse indented beaker with cylindrical neck. Examples: B 114.1, B stray 206. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 90) remarks that this beaker has the model of the fine dark coloured beakers, and she cites one example, which is dated to IVd by a coin of AD 375. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 195) repeats this date. Date: IVd.

139 Gose 545: 1 exampleLarge coarse jar with lid-seating. Example: OO 106.1. Discussion: Although this jar has the shape of Gellep 105 (see remark there), its size is enor-mous (h 31.7, d 33.3). Gose (1950, 46) dates an example from Trier, Alt bachtal to IVA. Date: IVA.

140 Nijmegen 140: 1 example Coarse small yellow and pink beaker. Example: B 80.3. Discussion: This beaker of yellow and pink coarse ware, and Gellep 93 of grey ish black smooth ware have the shape of Symonds 61. Pirling (1966, 81-82) does not date the only Gel lep ex-ample. Howe ver, she does date Gellep 94, of the same greyish black ware and with the indented form of Symonds 62, to IVd-Va, because of its association with a belt with ani mals’ heads and with a glass beaker Gellep 192. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 178) dates the type to IVab. Our examp le, however, is associated with two IVAB shapes: a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 41. Date: IVAB.

308—

141 Gellep 496: 2 examplesCoarse crucible-shaped beaker. Examples: B stray 236?, OO 19.1. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 14) depicts this beaker without discussing it. It already oc-curs as Niederbieber 119, so it already exists in IIIAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 218) dates the only Gellep example to IVab (it is accompanied by a coin of AD 308), Mayen-made examples to IVcd and examples from graves in Mayen to IVC. Date: IIIA-IVC.

142 Gellep 673: 1 exampleCoarse jug with wide base, narrow neck and pinched spout. Example: OO stray 36. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 202) mentions one example from a IId-IIIa grave in Gellep. Date: IId-IIIa.

143 Niederbieber 98 or Gose 512: 1 exampleSee Remainder stray 19 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray finds.

144 Gellep 115: 14 examplesCoarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout. Examples: B 6.2, B 86.5, B 728.1, B 815.1, B stray 57, B stray 208, B stray 217, B stray 266 (small related sha pe), OO 78.2, OO 161.3, OO 356.3, OO stray 24, OO stray 33-4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 91) dates an example to IVab becau se of a coin of AD 309 and a Gellep 57, and two to IVcd on the basis of a Gellep 106 with ‘sickle-shaped profile’ (see howe ver discussi on of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131) and a small bowl Gellep 28. Pirling (1974, 62-63) dates three out of seventeen new examples with coins of AD 303, 305 and 310, and the other ones to IVAB on the basis of unspeci fied associ ations. Pirling (1979, 45-46) dates eight new examples to IVa-Vab: four to IVab, two to IVB, one ‘late’ becau se of a west-east oriented grave, and one to Vab because of a buckle with fixed plate and animals’ heads. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 203) dates the type to IVa-Va and mentions the variation in size, 18.5-33.5 cm, with a mode between 23 and

28 cm. In Nijme gen, the mode is 19-26 cm, with one outlier at 12 and one at 29 cm. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IVa-Va.

145 Gose 516/517: 2 examplesCoarse jug with flat horizontal lip. Examples: B stray 73, OO 194.1. Discussion: This jug corresponds to Niederbieber 96 and is dated by Gose (1950, 44, pl. 51) IId-IIIab if one looks at Gose 516, and IIIcd if at Gose 517. Jug Gellep 66, similar to Gose 516 and dis cussed immediately below, suggests a later date: IVAB. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IId-IVB.

146 Gellep 66: 8 examplesCoarse jug with marked neck and horizontal lip. Examples: B 59.6, B 395.2, B 730.1, B 820.1, B stray 2, OO 196.3, OO 203.2, OO 382.2. Discussion: This jug corresponds to Niederbieber 96 and with Gose 516. Gose (1950, 44, pl. 51) dates his 516 to IIIcd. Pirling (1966, 72-3) as-signed this shape to a diffe rent ware: D2, red pain ted and dated it to IVab because of its associa tion with a coin of Con stantine, a hemi-spherical beaker Gellep 222 and a jug with paint-ed bands. Pir ling (1974, 50) dates Gellep 66 impli citly to IVcd on the basis of coins of AD 313 and 315, a Gellep 122 (see however the discus-sion of Gellep 122, type fig. 151) and a Gellep 106 (see however the dis cus sion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling (1979, 38) dates two examp les to IVA (‘Con stantinian age’) and one to IVB on the basis of a piece of glazed potte ry (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 205) trans poses Gellep 66 to fabric G, coarse ware, mentioning the same five exam ples that were called ware D2 earlier (Pir ling 1966, 72), and dates the type to IVAB. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IVAB.

309—

147 Nijmegen 147: 1 exampleCoarse double-handled jug with biconical body and horizon tal lip. Example: OO 200.4. Discussion: No parallel is known to me but the first-century Stuart 131. The other finds of grave OO 200 date the grave to IVab. Date: IVab.

148 Nijmegen 148: 1 exampleSmall coarse footed bowl. Example: B stray 227. Discussion: This is a variant of terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 189) dates Gellep 274 to IVab, but it is argued above that it should be dated IVa-VId. The Nijmegen example is in coarse ware. Date: IVa-VId.

149 Gellep 120: 20 examplesCoarse bowl with rim thickened on inside and with constricted foot. Examples: B 123.intr., B 150.4, B 177.4, B 177.5, B 216.4, B 451.2, B stray 98, B stray 293, OO 144.6, OO 170.3, OO 176.9, OO 250.2, OO 413.2, OO 483.4, OO stray 26, OO stray 232-235, OO stray 311. Discussion: Gellep 120-122, which always have a groove under the rim, are difficult to distinguish (by the width of the base). They all evolve from Niederbieber 104. Pirling (1966, 92) dates graves in which Gellep 120 occurs to IVa and IVB. Pirling (1974, 64) dis-cusses Gellep 120 and Gellep 121 together and dates two graves with new examples to IVab, and a third one to IVB because of the presence of a Gellep 103. Pirling (1979, 46) also discusses them together and dates them with two coins of AD 313 and 341. The latter one is IVB, the two others IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 216) dates the bowl to II-IVB. Date: II-IVB.

150 Gellep 121: 5 examplesCoarse bowl with lip thickened on inside and wide base.

Examples: B 47.3, B stray 292, OO 136.2, OO 252.4, OO stray 25. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 92-93) remarks that Gellep 120 and Gellep 121 cannot be distin-guished chronologically and dates Gellep 121 to IVab and IVB on the basis of associated finds. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 216) dates the bowl to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

151 Gellep 122: 37 examplesCoarse bowl with lip thickened on inside. Examples: B 5.3, B 139.1, B 176.5, B 189.5, B 189.6, B 220.1, B 248.3, B 334.2, B 344.2, B 456.3, B 715.3, B 730.3, B 764.7, B 779.3, B 803.1, B 834.3, B stray 18-20, B stray 215, OO 20.3, OO 42.3, OO 71.3, OO 78.3, OO 168.7, OO 176.10, OO 197.2, OO 243.3, OO 249.2, OO 361.3, OO 382.3, OO 482.2, OO stray 9, OO stray 58, OO stray 236, OO stray 305, OO stray 315. Discussion: Gellep 122, like Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, is a source of too late dates in Pirling’s stud-ies. Pirling (1966, 93) cites Unverzagt (1916, 34), who remarks in the discussion of Alzei 28 (the not very similar descendant of Gellep 122) that the everted rim is a charac teristic that begins c.AD 350. (It must be remarked here that Gellep 122 does not have an everted rim.) At the time, Pirling only had two examples of Gellep 122, one of which she dates too late, in IVc, on the basis of associa tion with a Gellep 72 (of IVab date) and a Gellep 106 ‘of sickle-shaped profile’ (see how-ever the discus sions of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131); she dates the other (in grave 772) implicit ly to IVcd because of a Gellep 109, a glass bottle Gellep 199 and an axe. Pirling (1974, 64-65) again cites Unverzagt but also Von Petrikovits and Fellmann, and discusses three examples that make her think of IVcd be-cause of associations with Gellep 106 ‘with sick-le-shaped profile’ (see however the discussions of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131), but which are also associated each with a Gellep 72, of IVab date. Her conclusion then is, that the example of bowls of type Gellep 122 in Gellep does not clearly affirm a IVcd date.

310—

Pirling (1979, 46-47) must again admit that as-sociation with jug Gellep 81 and Gellep 83 points to a IVab date. So most examples are clearly dated to IVab, and the associa tion with a Gellep 122 should not be used to argue a IVcd or later date (e.g. Pirling 1979, 48, when discussing a Gellep 128). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 217) dates most Gellep examples (without discussion) to IVcd, but says that they also figure in IVab graves. Date: IVab.

152 Niederbie ber 103: 2 examplesCoarse bowl with carinated wall and everted lip. Examples: B 319.2, OO stray 237. Discussion: The designation for these two bowls, ‘Niederbieber 103’, has been chosen for want of something better: no real parallels are known to me. The lid-seating and the quarter-round moul ding, common to Niederbieber 103 and 89, are absent here. The association of B 319.2 with a Künzl 1.4.1 justifies a IVab date. Date: IVab.

153 Gellep 126: 47 examplesCoarse dish with in-turned lip. Examples: B 85.2, B 90.3, B 423.3, B 676.3, B 686.4, B 705.2, B 705.intr., B 725.2, B 728.2, B 728.3, B 734.1, B 743.2, B 760.3, B 763.1, B 764.8, B 809.2, B 810.3, B 827.2, B stray 111, B stray 115, B stray 205, B stray 207, B stray 220, B stray 294, OO 37.2, OO 56.2, OO 249.3, OO 316.4, OO 356.4, OO 361.2, OO 362.2, OO 383.3, OO 423.2, OO 472.2, OO stray 59a, OO stray 69, OO stray 240-247, Remainder stray 1-3. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. Pirling (1966, 94) already mentions 28 examples and calls this dish one of the most frequent shapes of Gel lep. She dates the shape throughout IV: one to IVab, five to IVB becau se of association with glazed pot-tery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above), and one possi bly IVcd be-cause of a bowl Gellep 28. Some examples from elsewhe re are dated IVd and Va. Pirling (1974, 65-66) names 46 new examples, four of which dated by coins of AD 307, 315, 317

and 324. Also in other Gellep graves there was no proof of dates later than IVab, but Pirling names two examples outside Gellep, dated by coins of AD 364 and 367. Pirling (1979, 47) again has three examples dated by coins of AD 307, 313 and 333. She adds: although this type is known from other sites as late as Va, there is no proof of such late example in Gellep. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 236-7) dates the dish to IV. Nijmegen has no grave later than IVAB containing a Gellep 126.Date: IVAB.

154 Nijmegen 154: 1 exampleCoarse dish with base-disk and in-turned lip.Example: B 451.3. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. There is no par-allel for this shape known to me; it is a variant of Gellep 126. The other two pieces of pottery in B 451, a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 120, are to be dated IVAB. So this new shape is to be dated to IVAB, like Gellep 126. Date: IVAB.

155 Gellep 513: 1 exampleCoarse dish with convex wall. Example: OO stray 59. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. It is one out of seventeen new types of dishes that Pir ling (1989, type plate 15) depicts without discussing them. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 230) dates the type to IIa-IIIB. So the Nijmegen example may be a stray find from the first-centu ry cemetery O on the same plot as the fourth-century OO. Date: IIa-IIIB.

156 Gellep 128: 124 examples Coarse dish with flat base and oblique wall. Examples: B 47.2, B 54.3, B 54.4, B 67.4, B 86.3, B 86.4, B 150.3, B 165.3, B 166.1, B 176.6, B 182.7, B 183.4, B 183.5, B 183.6, B 184.2, B 184.3, B 191.3, B 196.4, B 198.1, B 206.3, B 212.3, B 216.5, B 218.6, B 218.7, B 241.1, B 292.3, B 392.2, B 395.3, B 410.3, B 427.3, B 608.2, B 701.3, B 723.4, B 723.5, B 724.2, B 726.1, B 811.1, B 812.4, B 820.3, B 834.4, B 834.5, B 834.6, B stray 23, B stray 33, B stray 60, B stray 67, B stray 75, B stray 106-110, B stray

311—

112-114, B stray 116-117, B stray 173, B stray 185, B stray 219, B stray 247, OO 25.3, OO 26.3, OO 26.4, OO 26.5, OO 48.1, OO 48.2, OO 59.3, OO 87.1, OO 96.1, OO 101.5, OO 101.6, OO 101.7, OO 102.2, OO 103.2, OO 108.3, OO 109.3, OO 112.1, OO 133.4, OO 144.7, OO 144.8, OO 152.3, OO 161.4, OO 161.5, OO 164.2, OO 164.3, OO 168.8, OO 168.9, OO 170.4, OO 176.11, OO 186.5, OO 186.6, OO 186.7, OO 200.6, OO 200.7, OO 207.3, OO 232.3, OO 240.3, OO 250.3, OO 250.4, OO 271.3, OO 290.3, OO 290.4, OO 349.2, OO 351.3, OO 354.5, OO 354.6, OO 382.4, OO 479.2, OO stray 10-12, OO stray 248-254, OO stray 300-302. Discussion: These are baking-dishes (Pirling/Siepen (2006, 235): many have burning-marks. Pirling (1966, 95-96) distin guishes two sizes (Gellep 127, large, and Gellep 128, small) and six variants after the shape of the wall because she hopes for a chro nolo gical dis tincti on, but with hardly any result. Pirling (1974, 66-67) gives up the distinc tion between the variants for want of chronological results. Carelessness on the part of the potter with this plainest and cheapest shape led to the varia tion in shape. She gives several coin-dates: AD 299, 303, 305, 313, 316, 317, 323, 330, 333, and adds that in any case they were not used in IVcd. Pirling (1979, 47-48) repeats this, but strangely enough she wants to date one ex-ample to IVcd becau se of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussi on of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 234-6) gives up the differen ce in size and drops type Gellep 127; the dishes are dated to IIIcd-IVAB: some are associated with Gellep glazed pottery (see however the discus sion of the date of glazed pottery above). Date: IVAB.

157 Gellep 497: 1 exampleCoarse dish with almost vertical wall and hori-zontal lip. Example: B 207.5. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. It is one of sev-enteen new types of dishes that Pir ling (1989, type plate 15) depicts without discussing them. The overlap in time of the other pottery in B 207

is IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 229) dates the dish to IIcd-IIIa. Date: IVab.

Coarse dish, no data: 2 examplesExamples: B 169.2, B 182.8. 158 Gellep 666: 4 examplesCoarse money box with convex wall sinking in-wards where there is small horizontal plane with a coin slot. Examples: B 372.4, B stray 3, OO stray 255-256. Discussion: The nature of the money box implies that it will be damaged in the end, so it is not certain that Gellep 123 (Pir ling 1966, 93, type plate 10) was indeed a money box. The only possi ble money box from Nijmegen excavations (as opposed to stray finds), B 372.4, con tained no coins. One end of the coin slot of B stray 3 is preserved: it cert ainly was a money box. Why an empty money box should be placed in a grave is uncert ain. As a children’s attribute? Boldetti (1720, 496), reprodu ced in Willemsen (2003, 79, fig. 52) seems to imply so by showing two mon-ey boxes amidst children’s attributes from Ro-man catacombs. Grave B 372 was incomplete, so we do not know whether it was a child’s grave; the other three pieces of pottery in it (a beaker Symonds 61, a large terra sigillata plate Gellep 41, and a small bowl ± Gellep 29) suggest it was the grave of an adult, dated IVAB. So, though Kellner (in Wamser 2000, 118-9 fig. 92) calls the Roman money-box a timeless shape, we can easily date the only Nijmegen grave it was found in. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 213) finds it hard to date the two money-boxes in Gellep. Fiedler/Höpken (2007, 97) reports the find of a series of opened money boxes in a ritual deposit in Apulum (Ru-mania) and suggests the function of an offerto-ry-box. This causes Höpken (2008) to suggest that an opened money box in a grave means that money was collected by friends and rela-tions of the deceased in order to pay for the fu-neral. For money boxes, see also Graeven 1901. Date: IVAB.

312—

Pottery, no data or no type: 14 examplesExamples: B 177.6 (bowl), B 182.4, B 182.5, B 227.4, B 819.2 (bowl), B 834.8 (‘plate’), OO 43.1, OO 87.2, OO 134.2, OO 134.3, OO 153.4, OO 188.3, OO 200.2, OO 332.1 (beaker).

Handmade pottery

159- Different shapes: 6 examples 164 Examples: B 751.3, B 795.1, B stray 260?, OO 340.2, OO 340.3, OO 426.2.Discussion: Handmade pottery, six pieces, was ex-cavated in four graves. Grave B 795 had beaker B 795.1 as the only grave good; the other unique trait of the grave was a group of imbrices parti-ally covering it underground. The beaker cannot therefore have been given because of budding ethnic senti ments: otherwise, the exceptional covering with Roman building material would not have been chosen. Strikingly, the other graves containing hand-made pottery also contained datable wheel-made pottery; in two of them personal orna-ments allow us to tell sex and age of the deceased. The small biconical jar B 751.3 was found in a small coffin with two beakers Künzl 1.4.1 and an iron bracelet with beads: a girl, bur-ied between AD 300/310 and 355. The small urn OO 426.2 was associated with a beaker Symonds 61 and a crossbow fibula type Pröttel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4B): a man, buried between AD 330 and 355. Two things are immediately clear from this: the handmade pottery was not given for want of better, but for an apparent ly positive reason; that reason, whatever its nature, could be valid for a girl and for a man. Moreover, the two graves were made in fully Roman context. The small double-handled jar OO 340.3 and jug OO 340.2 were associated with a terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34: a person of unknown sex, buried between AD 300 and 425 (the life span of Gellep 34 in Nijmegen). In the fifth century, home in-dustry may have led to the two pieces of hand-made pottery. Date: IVa-Va.

ROMAN GLASS

The glass (not only the notoriously vulnerable colourless glass, which was decoloured with manganese) has frequently disi ntegrated com-pletely in the acid environment of the Nijme gen sand. In this case, the shape could only be saved if it had been already stabilized in situ, e.g. by spraying it with a solution of joiner’s glue or a synthetic that hardens on contact with air. This was frequently not done in the 1950’s and even later, and as a result the glass has fallen apart into crumbs with a diame ter of 0.2 cm. Never-theless, the shape could sometimes be noted down during excavation. Even so, enough larger fragments and even complete profiles if not shapes have survived in order to give an over-view of the shapes present. The same order of forms as in Roman pottery, taken over from Pirling, is used here: pots, beak-ers, bottles, one-hand led jugs, double-handled jugs, small bowls, bowls, dishes, plates. Isings (1957) and studies of Roman glass in the muse-ums of Bonn (Follmann-Schulz 1988), Neuss (Van Lith 1994), Trier (Goethert-Polaschek 1977), Mainz (Harter 1999) and Augst/ Kaiseraugst (Rütti 1991) are also taken into account.

165 Gellep 802 (= Isings 67a): 1 exampleGlobular jar with flattened rim folded outward, downward and inward. Example: OO stray 13. Discussion: This is a storage jar, often used sec-ondarily as an urn (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 302: Gellep 802). The examples Isings (1957, 86-7) mentions are dated IB-III. In Trier, it is dated from Nero (AD 54-68) to Hadrian (AD 117-138: Goethert-Polaschek 1977, 240, Form 147a, 352). In Mainz, it is dated from Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to Claudius (AD 41-54) and its association with a coin of Valentinian II (AD 378-383) is doubted (Harter 1999, 80, Form C1a, 210). The only Nijmegen example comes from the Reinald straat and so possibly from O (first-cen-tury cemetery O, E, S, CC) or OO (fourth-century cemetery Nijmegen-East).

313—

Date: IB-III.

166 Gellep 700 (= Isings 68): 1 example Globular ointment jar with flattened rim. Example: B stray 248. Discussion: Isings (1957, 88-89) counts this form amidst the first-century shapes, but also men-tions it in a III-IV grave under the Cologne church of St. Severin. Pirling (1997, type plate 15: Gellep 700) depicts this shape without discussing it. Van Lith (1994, 310) dates these ungu entaria from Claudian-Neronian age until IId. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 275) calls it a long-lived form and dates it to Ic-IV. Date: Ic-IV.

Gellep 178-180 (= Isings 96, Trier 49a): glass hemi-spherical beakers in three variants of contempo-raneous date (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 240).

167 Gellep 178: 12 examplesGlass hemispherical beaker of wide shape. Examples: B 172.1, B 697.3, B 701.4, B 734.2, B 742.4, B 763.2, B 805.1, OO 37.3, OO 400.2, OO 413.3, OO 484.3, OO stray 260.

168 Gellep 179: possibly 1 exampleGlass hemispherical beaker of slender shape. Example: B 143.3?

169 Gellep 180: 8 examplesGlass hemispherical beaker with slightly everted rim. Examples: B 128.1, B 135.3, B 137.2, B 196.5, B 218.8, B 663.2, OO 433.3, OO stray 261. Discussion: Isings (1957, 113-114) classifies all hemispheri cal bowls or beakers (‘We know noth-ing of their use, howe ver’) of her type 96 with the third-century shapes, but she dates most ex-amples she menti ons to IVcd, and sometimes as late as Vb. Pirling (1966, 96-97) does not refer to Isings 96 and subdivi des it with the words ‘of wide shape’, ‘of slender shape’, and’ with slight-ly everted rim’. The glass-blower cracked them off and ground the rims smooth. The colour var-ies from light green to all but colourless. Pirling

(1966, 96) dates some of the Gellep 178 beakers to IVab or IVcd on the basis of association of pot-tery; the rest plainly to IV. She divides Gellep 179 and Gellep 180 in a similar way. Pirling (1974, 67-68) discusses the three shapes together as there is no chronological difference and gives coin dates of AD 346, 313, 305, 324 and 307. Conclusion: the beakers occur in Gellep at least up to the middle of IV, but until later else-where. With later examples, the wall is thicker and the glass contains more bubbles and is darker in colour. Pirling (1979, 48) has three coin dates AD 333, 341, 341: IVB. One is dated to IVd because of association with a buckle. Follmann-Schulz (1988, 5) classifies, without chronological consequen ces, these beakers into four variants according to the shapes of their rims. The glass-blowers cracked off three of these and then ground the rims smooth. The rim of the fourth vari ant was bent outwards and the edge heated in the furnace to form a fire-rounded rim. This last variant is generally consi dered late, but starts IIIB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 240-1) treats the three shapes together, observes that bottle Gellep 197 is often combined with such a glass, decides that it must be a cup not a bowl, and that wine was the content. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 50-9, 350) dates these beakers to IV. Cool (2003, 248; Cool/Baxter 2005) suggests that these beakers may have been ‘beer glasses for the lads’ or ‘cups for gentle men’. For that reason, the Nijme gen glasses have been screened on the as-sociation with known gender attributes. Almost the opposite seems to be the case in Nijme gen: apart from one association with a certain and one with a probable male attri bute (axe B 143.8, buck-et B 704.9), there are seven asso ciati ons with fe-male attributes: with bracelet B 172.3, beads B 196.6, beads B 218.10, pin B 663.3, brace let OO 37.4, comb OO 400.4, and beads OO 413.4. More-over, glass beaker B 697.3 was found in a child’s grave, which contained a coffin of 120x30 cm and spouted jug B 697.5. So in Nijmegen these beak-ers could be used by both genders and all ages, but most of them are found with women. Date: IIIc-Vb.

314—

170 Gellep 181: 1 exampleHemispherical glass beaker with blobs in the same colour of the wall. Example: B 497.intr. Discussion: Isings (1957, 116 and 131-2) dates hem-ispherical beakers of her form 96 with blobs only to IV. Pirling (1966, 97) has one example from a grave to be dated IVab, as appears from asso-ciation with Gellep 80, Gellep 222 and Gellep 223. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242) repeats this date. Barkóczy (1972) dates hemispherical beakers with blobs from Pannonia to c.AD 380-440. Date: IVab-Vb.

171 Gellep 182 (= Isings 96a): 3 examplesHemispherical glass beaker with blue blobs. Examples: B 680.2, B 704.4, B 766.3. Discussion: Isings (1957, 116 and 131-2) dates hem-ispherical beakers of her form 96 with blobs only to IV. Pirling (1966, 97-98) has one example she dates to IVB becau se of associati on with a Gellep 72 and a Gellep 106 ‘with slightly sickle-shaped profi le (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242) dates it to IVab. Barkóczy (1972) dates he mispherical beakers with blobs from Pannonia to c.AD 380-440. Harden et al. (1988, 101-102) fol lows Fremers dorf (1962, 7 and 13-14), dates these beakers III-Va and names two proc-esses for making the blobs: dripping them on and reheating, or dripping them on at such a

high tempera ture of the beaker that the blob immedi ately fuses with the wall. Date: III-Va.

172 Gellep 189 (= Isings 96b): 8 examplesHemispherical glass beaker with five or six pinches. Examples: B 381.3, B 481.3, OO 355.1, OO stray 262-266.Discussion: These beakers have a fire-rounded rim. Isings (1957, 116 and 132) dates them only to IV and names several Nijmegen examp les. Pirling (1966, 100) dates an example to IVcd be-cause of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sick-le-shaped profile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131); one example to IVab because of association with a Gellep 16, and two to IVB. She concludes that these beakers lasted throughout IV and says that the shape lasts on in the early Frankish Gellep 238 (see immedia tely below). Pirling (1974, 71) dates an example to IVab becau se of association with a Gellep 29 and a Gellep 72, one to IVB be-cause of association with a glazed piece of pot-tery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above), and two to IVAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 248) implicitly dates the beaker to IIIC-IVab. Date: IIIC-IVab.

173 Gellep 238 (= Isings 96b): 2 examplesSmall glass bowl with glass thread decoration and pinches. Examples: B 16.4, OO stray 321 Discussion: Pirling (1966, 153-154) has one exam-ple, which she dates to Frankish phase I (Vab, see Pirling 1966, 22) because of asso ciation with bracelets of that period. Werner (1958, 387 fig. 13) has a distribution map and suppo ses the ori-gin in a Belgian workshop on the river Maas/Meuse. The only regularly excavated example in Nijmegen comes from a grave that contains two pots dated IVcd; dating this bowl to IVcd also solves the problem that otherwise there would be a gap of half a century between related types Gellep 189 (IIIC-IVab) and Gellep 238 (Vab). So

B 680

315—

the bowl is to be dated IVcd-Vab. Pirling/Siepen (2006) does not discuss the type, as it had been defined as Frankish and the book is about Ro-man finds. Date: IVcd-Vab.

174 Gellep 190/236: 1 exampleGlass cauldron-shaped beaker. Example: B 465.5.Discussion: Pirling (1966, 100 and 153) defines this shape twice, once for Roman and once for Frankish glass. The one in a Roman child’s grave is dated to IVd because of association with a barbaric imitation of a coin of Gratian (375-383). The one in a Fran kish grave is dated to Vab be-cause of association with a dish fibula and a Gellep 149, while bow fibulae found with it are to be dated at the transition from Frankish phas-es I to II, i.e. c.AD 450 (Pirling 1966, 22). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 248) dates the type IVd-Vcd.Date: IVd-Vcd.

175 Nijmegen 175: 1 exampleLow and wide cylindrical beaker of colourless glass without foot, base bulging slightly up; two horizontal grooves. Example: OO stray 323. Discussion: No parallels known; being a stray find, it cannot be dated. Date: ?

176 Gellep 296 (= Isings 131, Trier 62a): 1 exampleTulip-shaped glass beaker with foot-ring. Example: OO 250.8. Discussion: The shape of this beaker is reminis-cent of Isings form 131, ovoid jar (Isings 1957, 160), dated IIId-IV. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 84-6, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 253-4) dates the beaker to IVab because of associated pottery. Date: IV.

177 Gellep 183 (= Isings 106b2, Trier 52b): 1 exampleGlass blob beaker of slender shape. Example: OO 200.8. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 98) mentions a single

example from a rich lady’s grave, dated IVab be-cause of association with a Gellep 184 and a Gellep 75. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 68-9, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242-3) has three examples from rich graves, dat-ed IVAB. Date: IVAB.

178 Gellep 184 (= Trier 52b): 1 exampleGlass beaker of slender shape. Example: B 206.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 98) dates an example c.AD 300 on account of the latest coin, dated AD 298, of a series of nineteen coins. She dates two other graves in which it occurs to IVab. Pirling (1974, 68) also arrives at IVab for three exam-ples. Pirling (1979, 48-49) dates an example also to IVab because of associ ation with a Gellep 72 and a Gellep 105 ‘of heart-shaped profile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 244) mentions three women’s graves in Gellep in which the type figures and dates the type IIId-IVab. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 68-9, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Date: IIId-IVab.

179 Gellep 185 (= Isings 106b1-c2, Trier 53a): 7 exam-plesSlender conical glass beaker. Examples: B 125.1, B 143.2, B 512.2, B 674.5, B 726.2, OO 400.3, OO stray 60. Discussion: This shape corresponds to Isings 106b1, dated by Isings (1957, 127) to IVcd. Pirling (1966, 98-99) dates an example to IVab because of association with a Gellep 81 and a Gellep 84a; and one to IVc because of association with a chiseled buckle. She draws attention to many beakers of this shape at Mayen, always with glass coils, all dated IVC. Pir ling (1974, 68-69) menti ons a grave with a coin of AD 341, but mentions examples elsew he re to be dated after AD 351 and between AD 355 and 360, and so con cludes to IVc(d). Pirling (1979, 49) dates one to IVB because of association with a piece of glazed pottery (see however the discussion of

316—

the date of glazed pottery above), and one to IVcd because of associa ti on with a heart-shaped strap end . Pirling/Siepen (2006, 255) dates the type to IVBC. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 69-73, 350) dates the beaker to IV. Isings and Van Lith (1992, 22) give a colour pho-tograph and a technical description of B 726.2: ‘It is made of bluish green tinted glass and decorated with yellow glass thread. This was ap-plied in several stages. First, a glass thread was coiled twice around the lower wall. After that, pieces of glass thread were heated locally in the flame of an oil lamp, bent into arcs and applied in pairs one opposite to the other melted onto the glass wall. After that, a glass thread was ap-plied in several coils above them and drawn into arcs with a small metal hook. In order to get a good base, the bottom was dented in. Finally, the beaker was cracked off at the desired place and the rim carefully ground smooth.’ (transl. D.St.) A similar example was found at Ouden burg (Böhme 1974, 295, Pl. 95, 13). Date: IVBC.

180 Gellep 187: possibly 1 exampleConical beaker with wide base and rim bending outwards. Example: OO 209.1? Discussion: The fragments OO 209.1, the only ar-tefact in the grave, were tentatively iden tified as Gellep 187. Pirling (1966, 99) dates the grave in which the only Gellep example was found to IVab, but remarks that the beaker seems to be much earlier: a piece from Cologne was dated to II. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 257) dates the same grave to IIId-IVa and cites parallels from II-IIIC. Date: II-IVa.

181 Gellep 193? (= Trier 58a): 2 examplesGlass slender bell-shaped beaker with foot-ring. Examples: B 197.5, OO 101.8. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 101) dates an example to IVB becau se of associ ation with two cooking-pots Gellep 106 ‘with faint sickle-shaped profi le’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and

Gellep 106, type figs. 130-131) and says that the shape lasts into Frankish times. Pirling (1974, 71) dates a new example to IVB because of associa-tion with a piece of glazed pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 252) dates the beaker to IVab. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 76-80, 350) dates the beaker to IV. Date: IVab.

182 Nijmegen 182: 1 exampleTulip-shaped beaker with high foot-ring and ap-plied serpentine glass thread. Example: B 749.1Discussion: The serpentine decoration is applied in the same way as on Gellep 194 (below): thick glass threads laid in waves whose summits touch. The shape corresponds to the fourth-cen-tury Isings 109b. The drawing of Isings (1957, 136) shows how the high and wide foot-ring was made: by pushing the end of the glass balloon back in wards, so that a double wall was made with round (hollow or solid) foot-ring. As the beaker is the only grave good in B 749, we may date it like Gellep 194 to IVab. Date: IVab.

183 Gellep 194: 2 examplesGlass beaker with foot-ring and applied serpen-tine glass thread. Examples: B 197.4, B stray 320Discussion: Pirling (1966, 101-102) dates the only Gellep example to IVab, but draws attention to third-century Cologne examples. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 259) repeats this, but finds the date for the Cologne examples too early. We do not know the measurements of B 197.4; those of B stray 320 are enor mous, c.40 cm.Date: IVab.

184 Gellep 294 (= Isings 35): 1 exampleGlass beaker with vertical dents and foot-ring. Example: OO 133.5. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 72) has one very thin-walled examp le, which she dates to IVab or IVB. Fourth-century examples occur at Andernach

317—

and Vermand (I sings 1957, 49-50). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 250) dates the beaker to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

185 Gellep 195: 7 examplesHigh glass beaker with lightly constricted foot and incised horizontal lines. Examples: B 7.1, B 150.7, B 719.1, OO 168.10, OO 250.5, OO 290.5, OO 423.3. Discussion: As with the Gellep examples, the glass blower has cracked the beaker off and ground its edge smooth. Pirling (1966, 102) dates two ex-amples to IVB because of association with glazed pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling (1974, 72-73) gives the same date to two examples on the same basis, and IVab or VB to the other five, because of association with pottery. A last examp le is dated to IVAB by Pirling (1979, 50-51). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 259) dates the beaker to IVAB. The shape, not treated by Isings (1957), corresponds to Goethert-Polaschek 59 (1977, 82-3, 350), dated by her to IVC, and to Follmann-Schulz (1988, 83, Tafel 36, 147) 285-6, dated to IV. Date: IVAB.

186 Nijmegen 186: 1 exampleGlass serpentine beaker. Example: B 180.1. Discussion: The sherds of the only Nijmegen ex-ample suggest a beaker. Glass threads applied in the shape of an 8 and fused on the widest parts of the 8. The coin date of grave B 180 is AD 316-318. Date: IVa.

187 Gellep 521 (= Isings 114b, Trier 96): 2 examplesGlass beaker on blown foot, with globular body, a rib at the transition shoulder-neck, and cylin-drical neck. Example: B 687.3, B stray 321 Discussion: B 687.3 has dents in the body and thus imitates Symonds 62. Pirling (1989, type plate 16) de picts Gellep 521 wit hout discussing it. Isings (1957, 142-3) calls it an imitation of the fine dark coloured beakers from Trier and dates

the Nijmegen example IVcd. Becau se of associa-tion with other grave goods (a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 274), the date must be ear lier. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 254, 475) dates the grave with the only Gellep example to ‘not before the third dec-ade’ and to IVB because of a glazed piece of pot-tery. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 153-4351) dates the beaker to IV. Date: IVab.

188 Gellep 197 (= Isings 104b, Trier 101b): 2 examplesGlobular glass bottle without foot-ring, incised horizontal lines and splayed neck. Examples: B 818.2, OO stray 267. Discussion: An example with a glass beaker upside down on its mouth was found in Gellep accord-ing to Pirling (1966, 102-103), who suggests it is a table carafe to be dated to IVab. She does so af-ter Isings (1957, 124), where it appears that most of these bottles of Isings 104b, a type that start-ed in III, are to be dated in those years. Pirling (1975, 74) dates five new examp les with coins of AD 313 and 341 to IVab up to IVB, and because of associati on with a piece of glazed pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). She remarks that these bottles occur almost always together with hemispheri-cal glass beakers and so formed a table set; she suggests wine as the content. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 241, 262) repeats this. See further at Gellep 298, immedia te ly below. Pirling (1979, 51) confirms the combination with a glass beaker, and dates the shape ‘at least’ to IVAB because of association with a piece of glazed pottery and conical glass beakers from IVc (see however the discussion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 261) dates two bottles in cremation graves to III, and the vast majority to IVAB. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 163-179, 351) dates the bottle to IV.Date: IVAB.

Gellep 197/298: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 268. Discussion: The loose splayed neck may have be-longed to an example with or without foot-ring.

318—

Date: IV. 189 Gellep 298 (= Isings 104a, Trier 101a): 2 exam-plesGlobular glass bottle with foot-ring, incised hori-zontal lines and splayed neck. Examples: B 726.3, OO stray 269. Discussion: Isings (1957, 123) sees this bottle as a possible imitation of the fine dark coloured bot-tles. As it has been argued above, under Künzl 14.1.1, that this shape is a water bottle, I suggest this function also for glass bottles Gellep 197 and Gellep 298. Pirling (1974, 74-75) dates this bottle with foot-ring to IVcd, so as a later variant of Gellep 197. She does so because of association with a coin of AD 346 and of parallels outside Gellep. Pir ling (1979, 51-52) dates a new example again to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 186 (a type not found in Nijmegen), al-though she is trou bled by the presence of jug Gellep 263, which belongs to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 262) calls the bottle later than Gellep 297 and dates it to IVC. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 156-163, 351) dates the bottle to IV. Date: IVC.

190 Gellep 198 (= Isings 101, Trier 79a): 19 examplesGlass bottle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip. Examples: B 512.3, B 592.1, B 663.1, B 706.4, B 747.2, B 812.1, B stray 35-36, B stray 127, B stray 193, B stray 249, OO stray 270-277. Discussion: This shape begins in III but is mainly a fourth-century shape (Isings 1957, 119-20). Pirling (1966, 103) dates an example to IIId, al-though it is associa ted with a Gellep 105. She notes that early examp les are blue and late ones green; she dates one of these to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussi on of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Pirling (1974, 75) has three examples with coin dates: AD 323, 315 and 299; the latter one is never-theless dated IVB because of association with a piece of glazed potte ry (see however the discus-sion of the date of glazed pottery above). She dates a fourth example to IVcd because of asso-ciation with a conical glass beaker Gellep 292

and a gilt silver mounting. Throug hout IV, she concludes. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 264) dates the bottle to III-Va. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 125-131, 351) dates it to IV. Harter (1999, 286-8, Form G27a, 342) dates the bottle to IIId-IVab. Foll-mann-Schulz (1988, 30-2, nos 51-61, 142-147, Tafel 5) mentions some in IVab and some in IV. Date: III-Va.

191 Gellep 199: 4 or 5 examplesGlass bottle with oval body, sometimes a ‘kick’, cylindrical neck and a round lip. Examples: B 218.9, OO 9.7?, OO 290.6, OO 473.2, OO 473.3. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 103) would like to date an example to IIId, but she had to change that to IVa because of associa tion with a Gellep 105. Moreover, she thinks that the shape lasts on into IVcd because of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussi on of Gellep 122, type fig. 151). Pirling (1974, 75-76) dates two examples to IVab and one to IVcd without stating why. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 265) calls the kick an early characteristic and dates the bottle to IVa-d. Foll-mann-Schulz (1988, 28-29, nos 44-47, Tafel 4) dates them to IIIa-IV. Kicks are sometimes ex-plained as a means to trap deposit and prevent-ing it from getting out when the wine is poured. Bottles with kicks are not mentioned in Isings (1957); they do not figure in Trier (Goethert-Po-laschek 1977) and Mainz (Harter 1999), but do figure in Nijmegen, Gellep and Bonn: a regional characteristic because of more deposit? Date: IVa-d.

192 Nijmegen 192: 1 exampleBottle with decoration of four pinches. Example: B stray 210.Discussion: This bottle with four pinches like on Gellep 189 and Gellep 238 can only be dated like these to IIIC-IVab and IVcd-Vab, respectively. As the glass thread is absent on Gellep 189 and on Nijmegen 192, I suggest to date it like Gellep 189. Date: IIIC-IVab.

319—

193 Gellep 698: 1 exampleGlass bottle with oval body and a deep kick. Example: B stray 252. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 15) depicts Gellep 689 wit hout discussing it. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 267) dates the bottle to IIIB.Date: IIIB.

194 Gellep 203?: 3 examplesSmall glass bottle with bag-shaped body and wide neck. Examples: OO 170.5, OO stray 279-280. Discussion: OO 170.5 cannot be said to be wide-necked. Pirling (1966, 104) dates the only Gellep examp le to IVB because of association with a piece of glazed pottery (see however the discus-sion of the date of glazed pottery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 268) dates the bottle to III-IVB. Date: III-IVB.

195 Gellep 523 (= Isings 83): 2 examplesGlass balsamarium, body hardly wider than neck. Examples: B 701.6, OO 252.6. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 16) illustrates Gellep 523. It is Isings’ (1957, 99-100) form 83, a second-century shape, which continu es up to the fourth centu ry. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 267) dates the bottle to IVab. Date: IVab.

196 Gellep 219 (= Isings 105): 1 exampleGlass toilet bottle. Example: OO 9.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 109) has four Gellep ex-amples, all to be dated IVab, one of which with a coin of AD 313. She cites Isings (1957, 126), whose form 105 it is (her first fourth-century shape) and who dates it IIId-IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 276) dates the bottle to IVab. Date: IVab.

197 Gellep 202 (= Trier 71): 2 examplesGlass bottle with flat base, hemispherical body and cylindri cal neck. Examples: B stray 250, OO stray 278.

Discussion: Pirling (1966, 104) has one example of thick olive-green glass, which she dates to IVab because of associa tion with IVab pottery. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 270) repeats this. Goethert-Polas-chek (1977, 115-7, 350) has quite a different date for this free-blown shape: Ic-IIb. Date: IVab.

198 Isings 102a (= Trier 109a): 2 examplesGlass cylindrical bottle with folded rim. Example: B stray 251, OO stray 282. Discussion: Isings (1957, 120-121) dates this shape IId-IV. The fourth-century example from cem-etery Nijmegen-East she menti ons (180 OO) is the same as OO stray 282. As the shoulder of this bottle is wider than its base, Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 185-7, 351) rightly remarks that its lower part was blown into an open mould; she dates it to IVab. Date: IId-IVab.

199 Isings 78a: 2 examplesMould-blown colourless flask on foot and with conical neck: double female human head with curved and pointed noses, ring-locks, earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed. Examples: OO stray 285, OO stray 322.Discussion: It appears from the description in Isings (1957, 93-94) that she classifies double hu-man heads in her form 78a; the caption gives by mistake 78b. She dates the shape Ic-IVd/Va. There are two identical and exceptionally large examp les from Nijmegen-East: OO stray 285 lacks base and neck of the bottle and still meas-ures 15.6 cm in height. Several photo graphs of it have been published: Mede de lin genblad Allard Pier-son Museum Am sterdam 80 (2001) 12, fig. 36: side view, on which ear ring, not drawn here, visi ble; calen dar Archeo logie in Neder land 2001, May: one of the faces en trois quarts.). OO stray 322 is in many fragments including the foot, some large enough to see that they come from the same mould as OO stray 285. Prof. C. Isings (pers.com. 17-10-2006) writes: ‘When I would make a new typology now, I would no longer treat the early and late examples of shape 78 toge ther. They

320—

are diffe rent and so far I know of no transiti onal examples.’There are two identical examples in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum in Cologne. One (no. 56,408) was found on the Waidmarkt in Cologne (La Baume 1983, 225, fig. 206); the other (Glas 946) is of unknown provenance. A third com-plete example, h 24.8, d 7.6, is in Worms Mu-seum. It is called a male beardless head in Geiberger (2005, 158, fig. 41), al though the ear-ring is clearly visible. Harter (1999, 299, fig. 1182ab) shows a fragmen-tary example in Mainz, possibly from the same mould as the Nijmegen examples, but does not pronounce on gender; the earring is visible. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 257-8, Taf. 80, nos. 1532-3) treats two similar bottles from a differ-ent mould in Trier: no ears depicted; no state-ment on gender. Goethert (2007a, 390, fig. 6; and in: Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.18.56) shows a now completed example from Trier, the same as her 1532 in 1977; the forehead and lower part of the cylindrical neck, still missing in 1977, have been integrated; the top of the neck with pro-filed rim and handle, already mentioned as lost in 1977, have been restored in other material. She mentions the Rhineland and northern France as the distribution area and dates these bottles, made in bipartite hinged moulds, to IVab. Nijmegen may now be added to the distri-bution area. Date: IVab.

200 Gellep 302 (= Isings 50): 2 examplesSquare glass bottle. Examples: B 704.5, B stray 45. Discussion: The only example from excavation has disintegra ted. The sketch in the plan of the grave does not indicate a lip; probably it is the low variant Isings 50a. Isings (1957, 63-66) dates the small square bottle Ib-IV. B stray 45 is a high square bott le, Isings 50b, dated Ic-IIIcd (Isings 1957, 68-69). The corresponding Gellep types are 302 (low) and 845 (high). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 287) dates Gellep 302 to Ib-IV and the one grave with a Gellep 845 to IIIcd-IV.

Date: Ib-IV (low variant); Ic-IIId (high variant).

201 ± Gellep 708: 1 exampleSmall glass conical jug. Example: OO stray 286. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 16) depicts Gellep 708 wit hout discussing it. The shape does not occur in Isings 1957. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 284) dates the bottle to IIIab. Date: IIIab.

202 Isings 121a (= Trier 123c): 1 exampleBlue transparent glass jug with four dents in the globular body, narrow neck, wide mouth; handle and glass coil around neck opaque white. Example: OO 252.7. Discussion: Isings (1957, 152) dates three of these small jugs to IV, IVB and ‘possibly III-IV’. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 209, 352) dates the jug to IV. Date: IV.

203 Isings 88c (= Trier 117b): 2 examplesGlass jug with handle at 90o to the spout and with glass coils in two places. Examples: B 701.8, B stray 164. Discussion: Isings (1957, 106) dates this shape IIcd-IV. Her fourth-centu ry example is B 701.8. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 200, 352) dates the jug to II-III. Date: IIcd-IV.

204 Gellep 713 (= Isings 99, Trier 123b): 2 examplesGlass jug with base-ring; spout on maximum di-ameter and handle at 90o to it. Examples: B 697.5, OO stray 287. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 16) depicts Gellep 713 wit hout discussing it. The shape cor-responds to Isings 99, which Isings (1957, 118) dates II-IVd/Va. She remarks that the shape is usually called a feeding bottle, but that it seems uncomfortable and even dangerous for that use. Van den Dries (2007, 79) remarks that the spout of such glass feeding bottles is too sharp to put it into the mouth and suggests that they were especial ly made for the grave. The only grave it

321—

was found in is a child’s grave, as appea red from the length of the coffin, 120 cm. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 282) dates the jug to II-IV. Goethert-Po-laschek (1977, 208-9, 352) dates the jug to IVab, exactly the period in which grave B 697 is dated. Date: II-Va.

205 Gellep 217 (= Isings 120b): 1 exampleGlass jug with emphasized shoulder. Example: B 697.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 108-109) has an example that she dates to IVab because of association with two jugs Gellep 84a, and remarks that ex-amples elsewhere are to be dated to IVB and IVab. The shape corresponds to Isings 120b, which Isings (1957, 150-1) dates to III-Va. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 288) dates the jug to IV. Date: III-Va.

206 Gellep 218: 1 exampleGlass carafe with globular body. Example: B 471.1. Discussion: The Nijmegen example has a globular body, the Gellep carafe an oval one. Pirling (1966, 109) dates them to IVab. Pirling (1974, 78) dates a new example to IVab or IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 289) dates the jug to IIId-IVB.Date: IIId-IVB.

207 Isings 122 (= Trier 128): 2 examplesGlass pear-shaped or conical jug with funnel-shaped mouth. Examples: B stray 126, B stray 165. Discussion: Isings (1957, 153) dates one example by a coin of Constanti nus II (337-340), and two others to IVcd-Va. Date: IVb-Va.

208 Isings 124a (= Trier 117a): 1 exampleBeaked glass jug with spout opposite handle. Example: B 728.4. Discussion: Isings (1957, 154) refers to a single ex-ample from the Porte Blanche ceme tery at Stras-bourg, of IIId-IV date. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 199-200, 352) dates this jug to I-III. Isings’ date fits grave B 728, with its three coarse dishes,

much better.Date: IIId-IV. 209 Gellep 301 (= Isings 51a): 1 exampleLow wide cylindrical glass bottle with band-shaped handle. Example: B 176.7. Discussion: Isings (1957, 67-68) refers to examples dated Ib-IIcd, and one from a find dated no more precisely than AD 85-III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 286) dates the only Gellep example by a coin of AD 251 to IIIcd. However, our Isings 51a is associ ated with IVab and IVAB pottery in grave B 176; B 176 is earlier than graves B 25 and B 26, both dated to IVAB, so it may safely be dated to IVa. Date: Ib-IVa.

210 Gellep 333 (=Isings 89, Trier 121): 7 examplesGlass one-handled barrel jug. Examples: B 27.1, B stray 125, OO 250.6, OO 250.7, OO 252.5, OO 290.7, OO stray 288. Discussion: Pirling (1979, 52-53) has an example dated to IVB by a crossbow fibula Keller 4A and an amphora-shaped strap end. She cites Isings (1957, 106-107), who shows that her form 89 was produced Id-IVd/Va: an exceptionally long-lived shape. Isings (1970), however, disting uishes the earlier from the later examples, especially by the shape of the mouth. She writes about an early example from Nijmegen: ‘The neck is indented at the underside and its rim has been folded just a bit outwards, then obliquely up and inwards. This type of rim occurs in other jugs (..) and es-pecially in the second half of the first century and in the second’ (137-40; transl. D.St.). And about the late examples, she writes: ‘The floruit of the barrel jugs falls only in the third and fourth centuries. In that period, they were made in different sizes. Many of them carry a stamp of the manufacturer of the glass (or possibly the manufacturer of the contents). The name Fron-tinus is the most frequent. There are jugs with one handle, but examples with two handles occur in the fourth century. The jugs now have a wide flat mouth, the rim folded inwards (..; 142, transl. D.St.). Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 202-4, 352)

322—

dates one example to IIab and seven others to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 285) dates the jug to III-IV. As for the contents, Isings (1970, 137) writes: ‘Al-though we (..) may surmise that part served for wine, we cannot prove it, because the contents survived nowhe re’ (transl. D.St.). The hard black deposit in OO 252.5 does suggest wine, but it has not been analysed yet. Date: IV.

211 Gellep 213 (= Isings 128, Trier 142): 3 examplesGlass double-handled barrel jug. Examples: B 143.1, B 680.3, B 824.1. Discussion: Example B 143.1 has the firm name FRON(tinus) on the under side of the base; the bases of the other two examp les have not been preserved. Pirling (1966, 107) dates an example to IVB because of association with a coin of AD 337, and one to IVab. She cites Isings (1957, 158), who dates her corres ponding form 128 through-out IV. Pirling (1974, 78) says that Isings dates the shape to IVB and IVcd, and dates two new ex-amples to IVcd because of associated finds. Pirling (1979, 53) dates two examples to IVB or IVcd because of association with a pin and an indented glass bowl. See also discussion of Isings 89, above. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 234-5, 352) dates the jug to IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 292) dates it to IVBC. Date: IVBC.

212 Isings 61: 2 examplesGlass aryballos with four compartments. Examples: B 172.2, OO stray 289. Discussion: Isings (1957, 78-81) dates these ary-balloi, which were carried to the bathhouse by a small chain, to Ib-IVab, the latest exam ple being B 172.2. The aryballos OO stray 289, which has dolphin hand les, is discussed by Isings/Van Lith (1992, 21, fig. 23, left): “The large aryballos comes from the Late Ro-man cemetery near Museum Kam (near the Bar-barossastraat). It is a peculiar example, not only because it is all but colour less, but also because it consists of four separa tely blown parts, which were then put together. The parts were probably

meant to hold different perfumed oils. The four openings may have been closed with four small bronze stoppers. The bottle has a foot, a trait mainly found with Late Roman examples. Aryballoi with two or more compartments, made of decolou red glass, were also found in Late Roman cemeteries of Cologne and they were possibly made there (Fremers dorf/Po lonyi-Fremersdorf 1984, 107-8, nos. 238-240). Their date is probably third and maybe the beginning of the fourth centu ry.” (Transl. D.St.)Date: Ib-IVab.

213 Gellep 212 (= Isings 129, Trier 144): 3 examplesGlass bottle with globular body, cylindrical neck, collar, and three or four handles. Examples: B 59.7, B 674.6, OO 58.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 107) dates two exam-ples: one to IVab because of association with a coin of AD 313, the other to IVB because of asso-ciation with a fragment of terra sigil lata with a complicated roulette pattern. She cites Isings (1957, 159), who writes of her form 129 that it is commonly called [by archaeologists] diota (Greek for double-handled or rather double-eared; the word, however, occurs only once in Latin litera-ture, in Horace Carmen I,9,8, where it doubtlessly refers to a large amphora from the cellar) and dates it both to IVab and to IVcd. Pirling (1974, 77-78) has an example dated IVab or IVB be-cause of association with a twisted brace let, and a third one IVcd because of association with a coni cal glass beaker of type Gellep 185 = Isings 106b1-c2. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 236, 352) dates the jug to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 291) dates it IVa-d. Date: IVa-d.

214 Gellep 538 (= Isings 42b): 1 exampleSmall glass bowl with rim hanging over. Example: B stray 192. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 18) depicts Gellep 538 wit hout discussing it. The shape cor-responds to Isings 42b, which Isings (1957, 58) dates to IId/IIIa-IVd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 291) dates the jug to IVAB.

323—

Date: IVAB.

215 Nijmegen 215: 1 exampleSplaying glass beaker or bowl on hollow foot. Example: B stray 231. Discussion: No parallels are known to me. Date: ?

216 Gellep 221 (= Isings 117, Trier 28): 2 examplesGlass bowl with nine dents. Examples: B 14.2, OO stray 290. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 110) mentions two such bowls, both to be dated to Va because of asso-ciation with a buckle with animals’ heads, a ro-sette-shaped belt pendant and a Gellep 192 in one grave; a fran cisca, a terra nigra footed bowl and a barba ric silver coin in the other. She refers to similarly shaped but colourless bowls from Colog ne, where they are dated IVab. Pir ling (1979, 53) has two new examples of thick, olive-green glass, both dated to Va becau se of asso-ciations and of parallels with a grave contai ning a coin of AD 411. The shape corresponds to Isings 117, which Isings (1957, 147-8) dates to IV, some of them IVd, and one from a cemetery of IVd-Va date. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 39, 349) dates this bowl to IVcd. Siegmund (1998 fig. 81) puts it into phase Niederrhein 1, AD 400-440. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 298) dates the bowl to IVd-Vab. However, the association in grave B 14 with two buckles of type Sommer 1Cb1, dated to AD 310-360, shows that the bowl already occur red in IVc. Date: IVc-440.

217 Gellep 222 (= Isings 116a/b): 3 examplesAlmost hemispherical glass bowl. Examples: B 701.5, B 704.8, OO stray 14. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 110-111) discusses a bowl with depic tion of Bacchus, engraved on the out-side and to be viewed from above, i.e. through the glass, and cites Harden (1960, 45ff), who ascri bes all bowls of this shape with engravings to a Cologne workshop active AD 320-330 [with a margin of 30-40 years, Pirling/Siepen (2006, 296) adds]. Pirling dates a second example also to IVab. Pirling (1979, 54) dates a new examp le

to IVb because of association with IVab pottery and a crossbow fibu la. The shape (un dec orated) corresponds to Isings 116a, which Isings (1957, 143-144) dates to IVcd-Va, and to Isings 116b (decorated), dated IIId-IVd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 295) dates the bowl to IVB. Date: IVB.

218 Gellep 541 (= Isings 97): 1 exampleSmall glass plate with foot-ring and lip folded downward and inward.Example: B 150.6. Discussion: The Nijmegen example has been com-pletely preserved but has been squas hed into a flat disk; it was first interpre ted as a silver mirror by the excavator, and as a bronze mirror by the inventory book. Pirling (1989, type plate 18) de-picts Gellep 540 and Gellep 541 without discuss-ing them. The shape corresponds to Isings 97, which Isings (1957, 116-117) dates to IId/III a-IVb. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 301) dates a grave in which such a plate was found by a coin of AD 341 and mentions a grave in Brunssum of IIIcd date that contained similar small pla tes. Date: IIIcd-IVb.

219 Gellep 224 (= Isings 113): 1 exampleGlass drinking-horn with knob-like thickened end. Example: OO stray 314Discussion: Pirling (1966, 112) assigns one Gellep example to Evison’s group II (Evison 1955, 1975), a Belgian product dated IV-Va. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 303) repeats this. Alt hough decoration with glass coil and incised arcs lasts up to Fran-kish glass of VI, the technique of cracking-off visible on it must be dated to IV. The shape cor-responds to Isings 113, about the date of which Isings (1957, 141-2) is uncertain. Date: IV-Va.

Glass, no data: 37 examplesExamples: B 58.2, B 94.3 (beaker), B 216.7 (bottle), B 221.2, B 244.1 (bottle), B 345.2 (bottle), B 606.2?, B 664.1, B 680.4 (indented), B 686.5, B 704.6 (bottle), B 704.7 (bea ker), B 705.3 (bottle),

324—

B 705.4 (small bottle), B 706.3 (small bott le), B 745.2, B 762.1 (small jug), B 763.3, B 764.9, B 828.2, OO 9.5, OO 9.6, OO 101.13, OO 103.3, OO 129.1, OO 131.3, OO 145.2, OO 176.12, OO 201.2, OO 250.9, OO 242.4, OO 242.3, OO 339.6, OO 339.7, OO 349.3 (beaker), OO 361.4, OO 467.3 (bea ker). Discussion: In all these cases, tiny crumbs of glass is all that remains. Techniques to save the shape in situ did not exist yet at the time of the excava-tions. Sometimes the shape could be seen in situ and was noted down.

FRANKISH POTTERY

The presence of Frankish pottery in the Grutberg area is tantali zing. Though B stray 146-154 are almost comple te pieces that most probably come from graves, not a single grave con taining such a jar was found during the careful excava-tions in area G that did produce B stray 307-315. Alternatively, they may come from one or more votive deposits. Comparing the Nijmegen Frankish pottery with Pirling (1966, 128-47, type plates 11-3) has proved difficult. Although some carinated jars look like Gellep 139 and Gellep 140, they can bet-ter be described according to Siegmund’s work on Merovingian cultu re. Sieg mund (1998) distinguishes eleven phases of the Merovingian period on the lower Rhine and shows the characteristic types (1998, 204-5, fig. 81). Carinated jars, indicated there with KWT (for Knickwandtöpfe) occur from his phase 3, AD 485-530, to his phase 9, AD 640-670. Below, the stray finds from the inner city of Nijmegen, environs of the Gru(i)tberg and Broer straat, are given ac-cording to Siegmund’s periods and ty pes. The shapes not treated in Siegmund 1998 can-not be dated: they are all stray finds. They will be treated after Sieg mund’s types under the head-ing Uncertain pottery.

Phase 3, AD 485-530

220 Siegmund KWT 1.11: 1 exampleCarinated jar with sharp carination and low shoulder. Example: B stray 311Discussion: The earliest carinated jar with decora-tion in Siegmund (1998, 204-5, fig. 81, KWT 1.11), is paral leled in our B stray 311 for the low shoul-der and the low zone of grooves above the sharp carination; the decora tion below the carina tion, however (fingernail im pressions and groups of vertical grooves), is unparalleled in Siegmund. Date: AD 485-530

Phase 4, AD 530-555

221 Siegmund KWT 1.22: 1 exampleCarinated jar with soft carination and high shoulder. Example: B stray 312Discussion: Siegmund’s small carinated jar KWT 1.22 has a high slightly everted rim with horizon-tal grooves as on the Nijme gen sherd B stray 312. Date: AD 530-555

222 Siegmund KWT 2.21: 1 exampleCarinated jar with oval stamp impressions on the shoulder. Example: B stray 314Discussion: A carinated jar with oval stamp im-pressions con taining dots, KWT 2.21, also from Siegmund phase 4, is compa rable to the Nijme gen sherd B stray 314. Date: AD 530-555

223 Nijmegen 223: 1 exampleSmall double-handled footed bowl.Example: OO stray 291Discussion: Similar oval stamps containing dots are also reminiscent of the small footed bowl with two vertical handles OO stray 291. Date: AD 530-555

Phase 5, AD 555-570

325—

224 Siegmund KWT 2.31: 2 examplesCarinated jar with incised horizontal lines on the shoulder.Examples: B stray 153, B stray 155Discussion: Our carinated jars B stray 153, with four horizon tal grooves on the shoulder, and B stray 155 with three, find their best parallel in Siegmund’s KWT 2.31. Date: AD 555-570

Phase 6, AD 570-585

225 Siegmund KWT 3.11-12: 3 examplesCarinated jar with rouletted decoration on the shoulder and collar between shoulder and lip. Examples: B stray 146, B stray 154, B stray 309Discussion: Siegmund’s KWT 3.11 and 3.12 with horizontal rouletting above the carination are parallels for the Nijme gen sherd of B stray 309. Also our B stray 146 and 154, with their collars on the transition to the lip, under which four zones of roulett ing, are paralleled in Sieg mund’s KWT 3.11-12. Date: AD 570-585

Phase 8, AD 610-640

226 Siegmund KWT 2.22: 1 exampleCarinated jar with rouletted decoration under a horizontal line on the shoulder. Example: B stray 307Discussion: Although there is no direct parallel for our B stray 307 on Sieg mund’s fig. 81, with its two horizontal grooves under which four zones of rouletting, it fits best with Siegmund’s KWT 2.22. Date: AD 610-640

227 Siegmund KWT 2.43: 1 exampleCarinated jar with high undecorated shoulder. Example: B stray 148Discussion: The un dec orated B stray 148 with its relatively high shoulder is paralleled by KWT 2.43 from the same phase. Date: AD 610-640

228 Siegmund KWT 3.21: 1 exampleSharply carinated jar with rouletted decoration on the shoul der. Example: B stray 150Discussion: The sharply carinated B stray 150 with six hori zontal rou letted rows of small im-pressed squares on the shoul der fits best with KWT 3.21. Date: AD 610-640

229 Siegmund KWT 4.11: 1 exampleSoftly carinated jar with horizontal grooves on the shoulder. Example: B stray 147Discussion: The softly carinated B stray 147 with hori zontal groove on the shoulder fits best with KWT 4.11. Date: AD 610-640

230 Siegmund WWT 2.1: 1 exampleSagged globular jar with everted lip. Example: B stray 151Discussion: WWT stands for Wölbwandtopf, globu-lar jar. B stray 151 has the sagged shape and the everted lip of Siegmund’s WWT 2.1. Date: AD 610-640

Phase 9, AD 640-670

231 Siegmund KWT 4.3: 1 exampleCarinated jar with two cordons and rouletting on the shoulder. Example: B stray 315Discussion: Sherd B stray 315 with its two cordons and roulett ing exactly fits Siegmund’s latest cari-nated jar KWT 4.3. Date: AD 640-670

UNCERTAIN POTTERY

Three pottery shapes and two shapes of the same ware, all stray finds, are wit hout parallel whatsoever.

326—

232 Nijmegen 232: 1 exampleSmall globular pot with ridge between shoulder and everted lip. Example: B stray 152Discussion: No parallel for this small globular pot with ridge between shoulder and everted lip is known to me. Date: ?

233 Nijmegen 233: 1 exampleGlobular pot with groove between shoulder and everted rim. Example: B stray 149Discussion: No parallel for this globular pot with groove between shoulder and neck and everted rim is known to me. Date: ?

234 Nijmegen 234: 2 examplesCoarse bottle with high cylindrical neck. Examples: OO stray 230-231. Discussion: No parallel is known to me for these stray finds. In the find catalogue of Chapter 4, they are listed with Roman coarse pottery be-cause of a slight resemblance to the ‘Roman’ handmade bottle Gellep 317, dated Va (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 174), but their status really is un-clear. In the museum card catalogue, they are called Frankish. Date: ?

235- 236 ‘Ubbergen pottery’: 2 examplesPink coarse ware. Examples: B stray 157, B stray 256. Discussion: B stray 157 is a coarse beaker with care-less rou letting; B stray 256 is a coarse bottle with tulip-shaped mouth, roulett ing and horizontal grooves. No (good) parallels are known to me. This pottery ware is shown and discussed in Van Encke vort et al. (2000a, 108-109) and Van Enck-evort et al. (2000b, 25). They compare these two pieces plus a third one (a spouted jar with handle of Frankish type Gellep 144) with the waste of an unpublis hed kiln at Ubbergen (some 1.5 km east of the cemetery of the inner city), which they date c.AD 700. They note that these pieces also come

from graves in the environs of the Gru(i)tberg, just like the carinated and globular jars discussed above. This provenance is correct: B stray 256 comes from Korte Nieuwstraat/Grutberg, whereas B stray 157 was found on the Houtmarkt, in the sandstone sar cop hagus B stray 156. There is indeed a striking likeness in colour and texture of these three different shapes, but whether the quoted suggesti on is correct can only be shown by publication of the Ubbergen kiln, inclu ding clay analysis of rejects from the kiln and of these three pieces. So far, everyt hing else points to a IVd date in the case of the beaker, and there is a third-century Roman parallel for the bottle. B stray 157 was found in the sand stone sar-cophagus B stray 156 with high lid (destroyed dur-ing the sewerage works that led to its discovery) on the Hout markt in 1866. Next to the sarcopha-gus coins of Valen tinian I (364-375), Valens (364-378) and Theodo sius (385-395) were found (B stray 158-60; Daniëls 1955, 247). The careless rou-letting on the beaker is compara ble to that on a cooking-pot Gellep 110 from grave OO 463, dat-able around AD 350, as appears from the presence of OO 463.2, identified above as the latest exam-ple of Künzl 1.4.1. The lost high lid of the sarcophagus of the Hout-markt, which Daniëls (1955, 247) and Holwerda, quoted there, took for Fran kish, is paralleled by the preserved high lid of the Roman sarcophagus of the Grutberg in grave B 620, dated AD 318. The bottle B stray 256 with its tulip-shaped mouth is paral leled by a third-century provincial Roman bottle from Monte Negro: Germanović et al. (1965, 467-478), inhuma tion grave 89 at Duklje (Doclea). Frankish parallels (no foot, biconical body): Gellep 285 (Pirling 1974, type plate 7); (no foot, globular body) Siegmund Fla 1.2 in Sieg-mund’s phase 10, AD 670-705. Date: c.AD 700, or IVd for the beaker, III for the bott le.

327—

Attributes and originSome grave forms and small, mostly metal, ob-jects are not generally Roman, but have a dis-tinct origin within the empire. Tufa sarcofagi and niches in the inhumation graves, as well as bronze miniatures in combination with North Sea shells, interpreted here as Sabazios at-tributes, point to contact with or even prove-nance from Cologne: see the present chapter, section Unique pieces from female burials and Chap-ter 13. Some fibulae even have an ethnic origin: there are so few East Germanic-Sarmatic fibulae in Nijmegen, that they must have shown that the owners were, in Carol van Driel-Murray’s (2003) words, ethnic soldiers. Fifth-century long bronze hairpins are of Germanic origin. Such a role, as indicators of Frankish ethnicity, has erroneously been assigned recently to the Roman crossbow fibulae. See Chapter 14, Excur-sus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?!

Gender attributesMost human skeletal material has either com-pletely dissolved (without even leaving outlines) in the acid Nijmegen sandy soil or deteriorated into a state that did not allow of identifi cation of gender and age. So we have to go by common opinion among archaeologists on male and fe-male attributes. This common opinion will be found per kind of attribute in the discussions of the types. The general division, in the order giv-en below, is as follows. For men: crossbow fibu-lae, bow knob fibulae, tweezers, axes and a bucket. For women: pins, earrings, necklaces, pendants, beads, all other fibulae, bracelets, most finger-rings, one make-up box, combs, mirrors, cosmetic palettes, wooden chests, shears and sewing-needles; although mirrors and shears are not always female attributes, in Late Roman Nijmegen they are. For both gen-ders: belts, buckles, belt stiffeners, knives, shoes and decorative nails.

MALE ATTRIBUTES

For male belt sets, see the section Attributes for both genders.

Hinge fibula with long hinge arms: 1 exampleExample: B 140.5. Discussion: Van Buchem (1966, 59-63) considers this fibula the earliest crossbow fibula. Sommer (1984, 75) sees it as a forerunner of the crossbow fibulae and dates it IIIab. Haalebos (1986, 58) does not consider it a crossbow fibula and sup-poses it was worn by soldiers IId-III. Date: IId-III.

Crossbow fibulae: 15 examples in several varietiesGeneral discussion. Name: Crossbow fibulae, which are hinge fibulae (as opposed to spring fibulae), are known in German as Zwiebelk(n)opffibeln; in Dutch first as kruisboogfibulae, but nowadays as drieknoppenfibu lae; Swift (2000) calls them cross-bow brooches; I prefer fibulae instead of brooches, as brooches may be used just for decoration, whereas fibulae are always used to hold two ends of the same piece of cloth together. Use: Van Buchem (1966, 53-55) shows that men (high-rank ing soldiers and offici als) used the crossbow fibula in order to fasten the large man-tle, known as chlamys, on the right shoulder, in order to leave the right arm free. Of the 158 crossbow fibulae with exact find circumstances known in the database of Swift, 48% were found on the right shoulder, 10% on the left shoulder and 5% on the breast; 37% were not worn at burial; ‘it is possible that the brooches found on the left shoulder are those of left-handed per-sons’ (Swift 2000, 4). The foot of the fibula pointed upwards and projected above the shoul-der. Positions in the Nijme gen graves: three times (20%) on the right shoulder, two times (13%) on the left shoulder, three times on the coffin, three times on the bottom of the coffin, two times in the middle of the grave, two times unknown. Typology: Crossbow fibulae developed almost or-ganically from AD 290 to AD 500. Typology al-

12 Typology of dress accessories and small objects

328—

ways divides such slow developments into dis-tinct types, meant to be clear-cut but never being so (cf Swift 2000, 13). As a result, compet-ing typologies of the crossbow fibulae have been set up by Van Buchem (1966 and 1973) and by Keller (1971). Neither of these typologies ap-peared to be satisfac tory for identifying the present Nijmegen crossbow fibulae in practice, or for any other crossbow fibulae not taken into account in existing typologies: the same prob-lem was encountered by authors publishing the Lauriacum, Gellep and Lankhills fibulae or cem-eteries (Jobst 1975, 92-3; Pirling 1979, 58; Clarke 1979, 257, cited by Swift 2000, 3). In the German litera ture, Keller is followed. However, Haalebos (1986), the most recent Dutch monograph on fibulae, follows Van Buchem. The unsatisfac tory state of affairs is shown by the existence of at least three later typo logies: Sommer (1984, 75, based on Van Buchem, Keller, Noll 1974, and Pirling 1979, 56-60) and Pröttel 1988, who com-bined Keller’s types 3 and 4. For the time being, Swift (2000, 13-88) rounds off the typological discus sion by partly revising Pröttel’s typology (22, Table B), which she con cisely compares with that of Keller’s (14, Table A). She takes regional variations into account. The unfortu nate result in this study is a mixed typology, using two subtypes of Swift’s (2ii and 2iii) and four subtypes of Pröttel’s (3/4A, B, C, D); meanwhi le, considerati ons from other typolo-gies are used below. Bow and foot decoration: Patek (1942) gives two plates of drawings of bow and foot decorations of crossbow fibulae from Pannonia (Pl. XXIX and XXX). Swift (2000, 38-55) enumerates decora-tions by letters and numbers, but never totally reveals the system behind her numbers; only cir-cle and dot foot decorations are shown system-atically on p. 50, fig. 48. Where possible, Swift’s decoration numbers have been given in the find catalogue. Ethnicity: Since 2005, several Nijmegen archae-ologists proclaim the idea that crossbow fibulae are typical of Frankish soldiers and so use them as proof of Frankish presence (Willems et al.

2005, 184, 219; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 126, 79, 99). Two facts, however, show them to be Roman not Frankish: Swift’s distribution map (2000) shows them along the south side of the entire northern border of the Roman Empire; consular diptychs show them to be proudly worn by the highest officials in Rome (Buchem 1966). Chronology: The presence in Nijmegen of types Swift/Pröttel 2 and 3/4 and the absence of types 1, 5 and 6 makes it clear that the Nijmegen cross-bow fibulae play a role only during the fourth century and possibly also in the first decade of the fifth. Beginning and end of their develop-ment are absent.

Crossbow fibula Swift 2ii (Van Buchem IIIB; Keller 2A; Sommer IIb; Pröttel 2): 4 examplesCrossbow fibula with hexagonal crossarm on which a decorati on piece with undulating upper side, with hexagonal facetted knobs, and a foot in which decoration patterns have been made with a file (decoration Swift a10). Examples: B 345.3, OO 415.1, OO 461.3 (Kel ler 2A-3A), OO 467.4. Discussion: Sommer dates his IIb to AD 290-363. Van Buchem (1966, 72) dates his types IIIA (with a small un dec orated support piece on the cros-sarm) and IIIB (type Deurne) to AD 280-320, but expects a wider period (AD 250-340). Keller (1971) dates the mass of his type 2A to AD 310-350 on the basis of coin finds. Haalebos (1986, 69) writes that type [van Buchem] IIIB seems to originate somewhat later than IIIA and to have been used up the decennium 330-340. I sub-scribe to Keller’s Bavarian coin dating, AD 310-350, however far away Bavaria may seem to be: we are discussing a generally Roman develop-ment. Date: AD 310-350.

Crossbow fibula Swift 2iii (Van Buchem II or IIIB; Keller 1A or 2A; Sommer IIa; Pröttel 2D): 1 exampleCrossbow fibula with hexagonal crossarm with-out a decoration piece and with hexagonal facetted knobs, pronounced cuff at base of bow, foot shorter than bow.

329—

Example: OO 161.6Discussion: The absence of a decoration piece on the crossarm is charac teristic of Sommer IIa (corresponding to Van Buchem II and Keller 1A). Keller calls hexagonal facetting rare in his type 1A, and a fixed characte ristic of his group 2; Van Buchem does not mention it as a characteristic, but does show it in his group IIIB. So our fibula is a transitory example, and this feature helps to date it. Sommer’s IIa is dated 250-320; Van Buchem dates his group II to AD 240-320, and his IIIB to AD 280-320. Keller dates his 1A to AD 290-320, and his 2A to AD 310-350. The transi-tory character of our fibula narrows all these possibilities down to AD 310-320. Date: AD 310-320 according to the above consid-erations; but AD 335-365 accor ding to Pröttel. The context of the only example in Nijmegen, with five pieces of pottery, shows a date before the destruction of the pottery centres Cologne and Trier (AD 353-355, see Chapter 14, section Two pottery periods) to be the right date, and so I adhere to AD 310-320.

Crossbow fibulae Pröttel 3/4A, B, C, D (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A-3B; 4ABC): 10 examplesKnobs are onion-shaped, broader than long. Crossarm has long rectangular or trapezoid cross-section, hexagonal in subtypes 3/4C and D. The bow is shorter than the foot and frequently narrower than it. The foot is longer than the bow, with geometric (3/4A), dot and circle (3/4B), involuted (3/4C) or trapeze decoration (3/4D). Crossbow fibula Van Buchem V (type Vösendorf) has as its main characteris tic a crossarm more or less rectangu lar in section that forms a whole with the decoration; the decoration on them is not an apart piece, but has been made in their tops with a file. The foot is long and richly deco-rated, mostly with dot-and-circles and notches. The knobs are onion-shaped. Examples: Pröttel 3/4A: B 167.2, B 409.1, OO 248.1, OO 271.4.Pröttel 3/4B: OO 283.2 (Keller 3B, entire foot cov-ered with decoration). Pröttel 3/4C: OO 426.3 (Keller 4B), OO 437.1

(Keller 4). Pröttel 3/4D: B 782.1 (Keller 4C), B stray 181 (Keller 4C). Subtype unknown: B stray 27 (not drawn). Discussion: Van Buchem (1966, 85) calls this his type V and gives AD 340 as a terminus post quem for onion-shaped knobs, and gives coin dates between AD 337 and 380. Keller (1971, 37-38) dates the majority of his type 3 to the reign of Constantius II (AD 337-361). Keller (1971, 38-41) dates his type 4, with variants depending on the decoration of the foot, to AD 350-380. Haalebos (1986, 69) gives no date for Van Buchem V. Keller ignores his own latest coin date for his type 3 (Valens, AD 364-378). Dates: Pröttel 3/4A: AD 325-355Pröttel 3/4B: AD 350-410, but the only example is dated 337-348. Pröttel 3/4C: AD 330-410Pröttel 3/4D: AD 330-410

Bow knob fibulae: 2 examplesExamples: B stray 3a, OO stray 298.Discussion: Van Buchem (1975, 254-255, 262 fig. 15) writes that the bow knob fibula (a spring fib-ula) owes the shape of its bow and foot to that of the crossbow fibulae (which are hinge fibu-lae). Böhme (1974, 51-52) remarks the same on support-arm fibulae (German: Stützarm fibeln; Dutch: steunarmfi bu lae). The only Nijmegen ex-ample of such a support-arm fibula, OO 362.4, comes from a female burial and is treated below under the fibulae for women. The similarity of the Nijmegen bow knob fibula B stray 3a and sup port-arm fibula OO 362.4, with dot-and-cir-cles on the sides of the bow and facetted foot, is striking. Van Buchem dates our bow knob fibula to IV. Date: IV.

Tweezers: 3 or 4 examples Examples: B 59.intr (iron, deviating model), B 61.3 (from one piece of bronze), B 62.1 (idem), OO 144.13 (bronze, no further information: not found in depot).

330—

Discussion: The two preserved bronze tweezers belong to Pirling’s (1966, 210) form A, un dec-orated tweezers with tapering arms, which she cannot date. Tweezers in Late Roman graves are usually considered male attributes. Pirling does not say so, but the other finds in several Gellep graves with tweezers speak for male burials: a francisca, a long sax, and a spatha found with a belt set. Böhme (1974, 127) remarks that they oc-cur in northwest German cemete ries in male burials, but sometimes also in female ones. Our example B 61.3 comes from a male burial and was hung from a belt with metal belt set, as was the axe found with it. Examples B 62.1 and OO 144.13 come from IVab graves that were not oth-erwise marked by male or female attributes. The iron tweezers B 59.intr are kept with finds from a IVab female burial (mirror, cosmetic palette, pins) but is of a different model for which paral-lels are known to me only from our own times: the two blades end in a lancet shape and are welded together there. These tweezers possibly are an intrusion from a much later context. Date: IVab.

Iron axes: 3 examplesExamples: B 61.2, B 143.8, B 353.1 (no data). Discussion: The small curved iron axe B 143.8 with protruding reinforce ments around the hole, which give it in side view a semicircular notch at the underside, belongs to the earliest type, put by Siegmund (1998, 204, fig. 81, FBA 2.3) in his period 1, between AD 400 and 440. Böhme (1974, 104-5) calls this axe with its lightly curved top and strongly curved underside his type B, which occurs from III to V, and gives parallels from Belgium and northern France and in cem-eteries on the right bank of the Rhine. The curved axe B 61.2, carried above the left leg, with its blade on the wide belt and the edge to the outside, i.e. to the left, is put by Siegmund (1998, 204, fig. 81, FBA 1.1) in his period 2, between AD 440 and 485. Böhme (1974, 106) calls this his shape C, which he does not date. Axe B 353.1 is in the find list, but could not be found in the depot or the documentation.

Iron axes, occurring in Roman and Frankish con-text between AD 400 and 610 (Siegmund 1998, 204-205, fig. 81) are considered fighting axes, meant to be thrown. They are associated with a passage in Procopius’ Bella, written between AD 540 and 555. This passage 6,25,3-4 treats the manner of fighting of Frankish intruders under Theudibert/Theo debert in northern Italy in AD 539 and goes: “they had a small body of cavalry about their leader, and these were the only ones armed with spears, while all the rest were foot-soldiers hav-ing neither bows nor spears, but each man car-ried a sword and shield and one axe. Now the iron head of this weapon was thick and exceed-ingly sharp on both sides, while the wooden handle was very short. And they are accustomed to throw these axes at one signal in the first charge and thus to shatter the shields of the en-emy and kill the men.” Now double-edged axes are unknown from Frankish archaeological context. E. Zöllner, cited without source in Engemann/Rüger (1991, 184) has suggested that their qualification as double-edged is an ancient topos, i.e. an idea recurring in literature. Dahmlos (1977) treats the archaeo-logical and literary sources for among others these axes. Hübener (1980) treats the axe types from the Merovingian period. For a completely different interpretati on of axes in Late Roman graves, as symbol of the reclaim-ing of land by new groups of land owners inde-pendent of the patron-client relations connected with the villa system, see Theuws/Alkemade 2000. A third interpretation is given by Brulet (1995, 102-3): for no stated reason, he uses on his map of northern Gaul an icon of an axe like B 143.8 as the indication of a praefectus Laetorum et Sarmato-rum, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum XLII. The axes of the Nijmegen graves are too few for a choice between these interpretations. Date: B 143.8: AD 400-440; B 61.2: AD 440-485.

331—

Unique pieces from male burials

Wooden barrel-shaped bucket: 1 exampleExample: B 704.9.Discussion: The shape of this small barrel deviates from those of the conical and cylindri cal wooden buckets and containers that Böhme discusses (1974, 132-133). He supposes, on the ground of drinking glasses frequently found in them, that they served to scoop beer from a large container and to divide it over the drinking glasses. They mostly occur in male burials, but sometimes also in female ones. He interprets them as attributes of the Germanic social top layer, on the ground of their combination with presti gious table ware: they first occur in rich graves from Norway to Slovaki a, and spread into the area between Elbe and Loire in the fourth century. Aufleger (1997) just says that wooden buckets belonged to both genders of the elite in Frankish cemeteries. Nei-ther author dates them. Our grave B 704 was a rich burial, as appears from the plank-built chamber and five glass vessels found in it. Noth-ing in it, however, indicates a Germanic origin or the gender of the deceased. The other finds in B 704 date the grave to AD 320-367. Date: AD 320-367.

Iron hook: 1 exampleExample: OO 467.5. Discussion: No parallels are known to me for the flat but thick iron hook from grave OO 467, which the other finds show to be a male burial from IVab. Its function also remains unclear. Most probably it is an intrusion. Date: IVab?

FEMALE ATTRIBUTES

Short bone pins: 14 examples in two graves Examples: B 298.58-67 (ten examples, lying on the vanished right arm); B 59.14 (four examples, lying to the right of the upper legs; lost). Discussion: Bone pins are not known from Gellep. Neither are they known to Böhme (1974), who discusses the Germanic burials between Elbe

and Loire. As the four pins from B 59 were not found upon inspection in the museum depot, only those from B 298 can be discussed here. This grave, which also contained 55 coins, among which twenty from the years 313-317, is dated by its latest coin (319) to 319-320. Four pins lack their heads; the lengths of those with head varies between 7 and 9.5 cm. The shape of the heads suggests they were made on a lathe: two are conical, one is disk-shaped, one has a globe on a cone, and two have five indentati ons plus a knob (the knob of one of these got par-tially lost between the moments of finding and drawing). The position, not on the head but on the right half of the body, suggests they were kept in a little bag, possibly in the right hand. As appears from the miniature pair of scales B 298.69, the lady in this grave was a worshipper of Sabazios and kept to the Cologne variant of his cult. There is a striking similarity with the finds from the lady’s burial of Cologne-Lindenthal (Noelke 1984), which contai ned, apart from many other grave goods, four bone pins, a miniature pair of scales and other Co-logne Sabazios miniatu res, and a common whelk (Steures 2004ab). So it seems probable that the bone pins too played a role in the Co-logne Sabazios cult. They may not be hairpins but so-called divining rods, as used in the divi-nation technique of sortilege, the casting of lots; it that case, they do not ‘lack heads’ but are ba-tons meant like that. The other finds in B 298 date the grave to AD 319-320; those in B 59, to IVab. Date: IVab.

Bronze pins: 9 examplesExamples: B 592.3 (flattish globular gilt head, in child’s burial), B 663.3 (with polyhedral head), B stray 196 (pin and small ring, no data), B stray 296 (bronze pin from a medieval or later grave), OO 383.4 (fragment of shaft), OO 466.1 (broken but com plete, l 16.7, with long profiled head), OO stray 47a (l 13.6), OO stray 47b (with pomegra nate-shaped head, l 9.8). Discussion: B 663.3 has a head with the polyhedral

332—

model, frequent also in beads: a cube from which the eight corners have been removed, so that a body with fourteen plane faces emerges. B 592.3 has the other frequent model: flattish-globular. OO 466.1 and OO stray 47a have a model of which no parallel is known to me: a baluster crowned with a globe. In none of these cases the position in relation to the body is known. The artefact dates of the graves in which they occur are AD 301-400, 341-350, and 301-367, respectively. When these dates are com-pared with those of the silver pins discussed im-mediately below, their most probable date seems to be IVBC.Date: IVBC.

Silver pins: 10 examplesExamples: B 122.3 (with axe-shaped head, in a child’s grave), B 293.6 (with polyhedral head, on the right in a wooden chest), B 620.11 (flattish-globular head), B 620.12 (with gilt pomegranate-shaped head in which crossing curvy lines have been cut), B 690.1, B 690.2 (both with polyhedral head), B 701.10 flattish-globular gilt head, found below the skull, so worn on the back of the head, probably to secure a head cloth), B 701.11 (poly hed ral head, in wooden chest), B 743.3 (with polyhedral head), OO 252.9 (with poly-hedral head). Discussion: Two pairs of silver pins can be identi-fied: B 620.11 and 12, on top of the head; B 690.1 and 2 next to the right temple. Four instances are known of single pins next to the head: B 122.3 (next to the left temple in a child’s grave), B 743.3, B 701.10 (under the head, i.e. on the back of the head), OO 252.9 (on top of the head, with remains of ?leather, possibly a cap kept in place with the pin; cf. remark of Pirling 1974, 88). The remaining two silver pins, B 293.6 and B 701.11, were each lying in a wooden chest, which, it ap-pears, also functioned as a jewelry box. Pirling (1966, 120-1) dates a silver pin with globu-lar head to IV. Pirling (1974, 88-89) dates pins with polyhedral head IVB-V. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 361) dates pins with polyhedral head throughout IV. Pirling (1979, 64) dates a silver pin

with globular head to IVB-cd, one with a polyhe-dral head to the same period, and one with a pomegranate-shaped head to IVB at the earliest. The pin with axe-shaped head B 122.3 can be dated to IVb, as appears from pottery and a coin of Constantinus I from 323-324 found with it; it has parallels in Barrière-Flavy (1901 I, 102, Pl. LX-III, 2-5); Lindenschmit (1880-1889, 386); Pilloy (1886-1912, I Pl. 16,35, II 348, Pl. 19,23). Though the shape of this pin is reminiscent of the axe type Siegmund FBA 4.1, dated 570-585 (Sieg-mund 1998, 204 fig. 81), it is clear from the pot-tery and the coin in the grave that the pin must be dated to IVb, and that the head was not meant to look like this axe: the axe type did not exist yet. Date: see discussion.

Long pins: 4 examples (in two pairs) of four differ-ent modelsExamples: B 465.6 (type Wijster), B 465.7 (type Vermand), B 798.3 (type Fécamp), B 798.4 (type Tongeren). Discussion: Pirling (1966, 182) dates a pin of type Fécamp (see below) at the trans ition of her phases I and II, in VB. Böhme (1974, 35-39) class-es these pins under the name of Haarpfeile (‘hair arrows’); four of his five types each occur once in Nijmegen, Inner City, in two pairs. B 465.6, found above the skull, head of the pin to the right: bronze pin type Wijster, l 25.5, with mushroom-shaped head on which five radial grooves, top of shaft ribbed, under which three prisma zones. Böh me (1974, 35, Abb. 12) dates type Wijster to Va or Vab on p. 39 and to his phase II, AD 380-420 on p. 155. B 465.7, found next to the right temple, head pointing down: pin type Vermand, l 16.9. Con-nected to the head by means of two links is a bronze sheet lunula, from which three rhomboid sheet bronze jingles with punched rims are sus-pended. Böhme (1974, 36-37, 39) dates this type Vermand from Valens (364-378) to Merovin gian times. For a possible meaning of this lunula, see the section Pendants below. B 798.3: top part of a bronze pin type Fécamp,

333—

preserved l 5, d 0.9-0.4, entirely decorated with ribs and three facetted zones. Böhme (1974, 35, fig. 12; 38 155) dates type Fécamp to IVd and to his phase II, AD 380-420. B 798.4 Top part of an iron pin, preserved l 4, d 0.4-0.3, with fragment of a wooden head (now mineralized), d 2.3, immediately under which a biconical gilt bronze bead, d 1.5, with cross-hatched zone, around the iron shaft. Variant of Böhme’s type Tongeren with multiple decora tive heads (1974, 36, 39, 155), dated by him to his phase III, AD 400-450 until end of V. Böhme (1974, 39) dates Rhenen grave 356 to VB; in it was a pin of type Tongeren (Böhme 1974, Taf. 60,1). Böhme (1974, 37) remarks that long pins were always worn alone, as opposed to small pins. This does not agree with the facts in both Nijmegen graves, which he does discuss (B 465 on p. 285, Taf. 85 as Nymwegen-Nieuwstraat; B 798 on p. 285, Taf. 86, as Nymwegen-Marienberg). The pos ition of the pins in B 465 is also incorrectly given on his p. 160, fig. 53. He remarks that they were mostly lying next to the right temple of the deceased, and that they were used in order to pin a hair net, coif or head scarf. A large starched coif seems to me the most probable possibility in the case of the spectacu-lar pins in B 465. Below, it is argued that the lady in B 465 was a priestess of a pole-shaped idol shown on three bronze-sheet pendants in her grave (see sections Pendants and Unique pieces from female burials for her pendants and sceptre). I suggest that she was buried in full ponti ficals (cf. Steures 2002b). One of these pontificals might be bent rod B 465.12+21, treated below in the section Shapeless iron.In the case of grave B 798, only the position of the pin of type Fécamp is known: next to the left shoulder, together with a tutulus fibula. The distribution area of the long pins is shown by Böhme (1974, 160 and map 9): Gaul, Belgica and the Lower Rhine area, and on a smaller scale east of the Rhine. He calls them a certain sign of Germanic population (p. 165). He sees them as a sign of long-term contact between the popula-

tion east of the Lower Rhine and the Germanic inhabitants of northern Gaul (p. 188). In 1999, he presented a new distribution map of the pins of type Wijster (Böhme 1999, fig. 5). Dates: type Fécamp IVd or AD 380-420; type Tongeren AD 400-500; type Vermand from Valens (364-378) to Merovin gian times; type Wi-jster Va or Vab or AD 380-420.

Wire earrings: 3 pairs and single one of gold; two single ones of bronze.Examples: B 204.1 (pair twisted together near left shoulder), B 620.13 (pair in the ears), B 680.5-6 (pair in the ears), OO 250.12 (one gold-wire ear-ring in wooden chest), OO 413.6 (curved round bronze wire). Discussion: The simple gold-wire earrings either have got a real eye by bending back the wire end and soldering it (B 620.13, B 204.1), or have been hooked one end in the other (B 680.5-6, OO 250.12). In all cases the wire end was led through the eye and bent back: the earrings were meant to be worn perma nently. There are no real paral-lels in Gellep (Pirling 1979, 63). Böhme (1974, 39-40) can mention only four graves between Elbe and Loire with earrings, one of which is our sar-cophagus of the Grutberg (B 620). Only Cortrat grave 6 has comparable earrings and is dated IVd-Va. The other finds in B 204 do not allow to date the grave precisely; those in B 620, to AD 317-318; those in B 680, to IVa-d; those in OO 250, to AD 317-330; those in OO 413, to AD 334-350. Date: IVab.

Metal-wire necklaces: 5 examplesExamples: B 204.4 (necklace of S-shaped links of bronze wire); OO 250.11 (necklace of gold wire links with small precious stones); OO stray 294 (three necklaces of bronze wire links with glass beads). Discussion: No parallels for the metal-wire neck-laces from Gaul or Germany are known to me. The Nijmegen necklaces differ considerably one from the other. Scant remains exist of B 204.4: one complete s-shaped link of bronze wire, a

334—

few fragments of other links and three glass beads is all that remains. The technique used for making the links of OO 250.11 had been used earlier for Roman jewelry: the links of gold wire, all identical, l 0.9, were bent into eyelets at both ends, after which the end was turned once around the wire under the eye. Two parallels for OO 250.11, one with pearls, the other with glass beads, were found in Ba-nassa and are kept in the Archaeological Muse-um in Rabat, Morocco (Exhibition catalo gue Mo-rocco 2004, 201, nos 35 and 36, museum inv.nos PI89.8.9.1 and 99.7.14.2412). Two further paral-lels for this technique are in the British Museum: the second-century necklace BMCJ 2731 of un-known provenance exists of cut-out patterns alternating with such links with an emerald each; a necklace from Carthage of c.AD 400 completely exists of such links, each link having a sapphire en cabochon (polished without facets), a pearl or an emerald alterna tely (Dalton 1901, no. 242; colour photograph in Antike Welt 35 (2004) 74, fig. 6a). So three out of four known parallels for OO 250.11 come from Africa; possibly one, in Aalen, from Germania Superior. The position of the four emeralds on our necklace OO 250.11 is conspicuous: all on the same side of the body as the fastening hook, i.e. on the right if the lady who wore it was right-handed. The other pre-cious stones on it are four polyhedral garnets and eight sapphires en cabochon. The unique and con spicuous fastening of eye and hook is de-scribed in detail in the find catalogue. The other finds in B 204 do not allow the grave to be dated precisely; those in OO 250, to AD 317-330. Date: IVa-d.

Pendants: 4 examples with a total of 12 pendantsExamples: B 154.1 (bronze-wire ringlet from which hangs a link with a bead), B 238.1 (bronze pen-dant on a rivet), B 465.9 (lunulate pendant and six bronze wire pendants on a bead-and-fibulae pectoral: see remark to B 465), B 465.25 (three identical Preßblech pendants).

Discussion: B 154.1, interpreted as an earring by the excava-tor, deviates from the gold-wire earrings de-scribed above, both in material (bronze-wire), way of fastening (one end turned around the other), and in the presence of a bronze-wire pendant with a bead on it. More likely it is to be interpreted as a pendant, probably on a thread of now vanished organic material, put apart in the corner of the coffin; the more so, as it was not lying next to the head. The link is made in the same way as those of the gold-wire neck lace OO 250.11 and may therefore be dated in Roman times, although the nearest parallels for this pendant are to be dated in Böhner’s phase IV, i.e. the seventh century (Böhner 1958, 116, H; cf. 114, D1).

The presence of a rivet in the eye of pendant B 238.1 makes it improbable that it was part of a necklace; it may have been riveted to something made of leather. It was lying near the right shoulder. I know of no parallels for this find; nei-ther can it be dated, as it was the only artefact.

The lunulate pendant on the pectoral from B 465 is the second one in this grave of a woman (l of coffin trace 1.70): the other one is on the long pin B 465.7, type Vermand. Lunulae were worn by women and children as amulets of fertility and growth because of their association with waxing moon and menstruation (Der kleine Pauly, s.v. Luna 2; Klumbach 1939; Zadoks-Josephus Jitta/Witteveen 1977). A disadvantage of this

B 465.25

335—

interpretati on is, that such an amulet will be of no use, once the person who wore it dies. A pos-sible better interpretation of the lunula can be found in Schade (2003, 14-15, Pl. 1.6-7.10, Pl. 2.1): some third-century empresses had themselves portray ed on coins in a lunula. She interprets this lunula as the icono graphic parallel of the co-rona radiata of their hus bands. The imperial cou-ple thus became the bearers of the lux aeterna, and as Sol and Luna they symbolized the aeterni-tas domus divinae (the eternity of the divine house). So a lunula in a grave may mean: eternal life after death. Pirling (1974, 87-88) records three lunulate pendants from Gellep, two of which probably from child inhumati ons in wom-en’s graves.

The three identical pressed bronze-sheet (Preß-blech) pendants with horizon tal tubular eye B 465.25 bring Nijmegen in contact with the his-tory of the Empire and have for that reason been treated before in Steures 2002b. They show two antithetical male busts with heavy chins and draped shoulders; between them a frontal pole-shaped idol with raised arms shaped as leaved bran ches; legend TV (behind the head on the left), X (behind head on the right) and IIECF or IIECE (below). There is nothing like these pen-dants in Merovingian Preßblech (Klein-Pfeuffer 1993). The inspiration for these pendants comes from a barbaric imitation of a Roman medallion, the only one they really look like: a large gold medalli on, known in one example from Za-górzyn, woj. Kaliskie (or Wielkopolski) in Poland, where it was found in 1927 as part of a treasure, since then in the Münzkabinett in Berlin (Regling 1928; Dressel/Regling 1972, 400-402, Taf. XXIX, 265; Seipel 1999, 40 (distributi on map), 43 fig. 6, 186-188, cat.no 15; Steures 2002b, 183 fig. 5). It was found together with many fourth-century solidi and many worn dena rii of the first and second centuries AD (showing the same prefer-ence for old silver coins as does the denarius of Marcus Aureli us/Faustina in the mouth of the lady in grave B 465; Tacitus already noticed this preference in Germania 5, published AD 98). The

medallion is in solid gold, has a diame ter of 7,5 cm and weighs, toge ther with a heavy tubular eye solde red on seconda rily, 242.49 grams. In the original publica tion, it is suppo sed that the medal lion itself without the eye weighs 48 solidi = 218.40 gram s = two-thirds of a Roman pound. The obverse shows, within a beaded rim, two emperors’ heads oppo site each other, with the strange legend R/EZ/ISRO MA/NO/R/VM, to be interpreted as REGES ROMANORUM. This strange legend, together with the clumsy style of the obverse, speaks for a barbaric origin of the medallion. The reverse is identi cal with the re-verse of anot her large golden medal lion, of Valens, who was emperor in the east of the other wise undivided Empire 364-378 (Ku-bitschek 1909, 39 no. 355, Pl. 20; Seipel 1999, 40 (distributi on map), 43 fig. 6, 186-188, cat.no 15; Steures 2002b, 183 fig. 5; Bemman/Quast 2008, 161). One of the emperors on the Berlin medal-lion must there fore be Valens, the other his brother Valentini an I, emperor in the west 364-375. The medallion must date before 24 August 367, the day on which Valentinia n’s young son Gratian was given the title of Augustus in the west: its date is narrowed down to the years 364-367. This puts the Berlin medallion just before Valentinia n’s forti fication of the Rhine, from its source in the terri tory of the Raetii up to the ‘Chan nel-Ocean’ (freta lem Ocea num), in the year 369, as mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus 28,2,1 and repeated 30,7,6. Byvanck, who first thought that the North Sea was meant by fre-talem Oceanum (Byvanck 1931-1947, I 435), later changed his mind and supposed it was the Eng-lish Channel. Valentinia n, he wrote, fortified no further down the Rhine than Cologne, and then follo wing the frontier of the territory under di-rect Roman control, i.e. the road Cologne - Gulik - Heer len - Maas tricht - Tongeren - Bavay - ports on the English Chan nel (Byvanck 1943, 668-9). Nowa days, however, there is communis opinio among Dutch archaeologists that Valen tinian visited Nijme gen on 20 September 368 - with a route of the emperor in the neighbourhood of

336—

Nijmegen and a daring emendation of novo man-sione to noviomago in Cod.The od. 1.6.6 of 20 Sep-tember 368 as evidence (Seeck 1919, 234; Stolte 1966; De Boone 1954, 103; PRE s.v. Valentinian I, second series 7, 2147; Van Es 1981, 52; Mioulet/Bar then 1994, 47; in Holleman 1994, Valenti nian ‘accor ding to Ammianus Marcelli nus’ is in these regions, grumbling over the bad state of the de-fense works along the frontier). The possibili ty of his presence is indeed supported by dendro-chronolo gic evi den ce from the Late Roman bridge on the river Maas between Cuijk and Mid-delaar, some 11 kilome ters south of Nijme gen. This shows a repair phase in winter 368 - spring 369 (Miou let/Barthen 1994, 47): if Valenti ni an himself was not in or near Nijmegen, his executi-ves were. This would have meant an opportunity for near-by Germanic leaders to receive the usual Late Roman pay ment for their neutra lity or active support: Roman gold, es pecially heavy medalli-ons (Bursche 1999). I suggest that another copy of the Berlin medal lion was actu ally handed to a Germanic leader in or near Nijmegen on that occa sion. It was then kept in the family for some genera tions, and led a descendant around AD 440 to have the Preß blech pendants made as a means of tightening the bonds between himself and his followers. It was not the only medallion of Valens to find barbaric imitation: the Vienna medallion menti oned above was inspira tion for a gold pendant from Norway (cf. Kubitschek 1909, pl. 21, 355 with Salin 1935, 217, fig. 505). Nor were the Nijmegen pendants the only Ger-manic ones inspired by the Berlin medallion. Professor H.W. Böhme kindly drew my attention to the only known Germanic parallel for our Nijmegen Preßblech pendants with antitheti cal imperial busts. It is a large disk fibula from the earliest inhumation of the small cemetery of Beelen in Westfalen from the middle (Böhme, pers. comm.) or second half of the fifth century (Grünewald 1995, 292 and fig. on 290). On the disk fibula there is a gold Preßblech with two an-tithetical male busts. The hair descending to the neck, indicated by hatching, is exactly like that

on the Nijme gen pendants, while the heavy chins on the Beelen fibula must be derived from the Berlin medallion. Grünewald thinks it is something completely different: ‘Das Zierblech ist mit einem kompli zierten, mehrfach deut-baren Ornament in Preßtechnik versehen. Eine Masken darstellung wird ihrerseits aus zwei stilisierten Darstellungen von Tiermenschen ge-bildet.’ This leads him to speculate on the Ger-manic animal style I. The frontal idol shown on the Nijmegen pen-dants between the two heads reminds of pole-like wooden idols from northwestern Europe in the Iron Age and Roman times (Toorians 1995 has a parallel in Roman times in the Nether-lands; further afield: Glob 1969, 182, figs. 74-75; Megaw 1970, nos. 280-282). The maker of the pendants seems to mean the bonding of a Ger-manic group around an idol. The gold medallion that had served as inspiration showed a dynastic link. The maker of the pendants thus inter preted borrowed Roman iconography in his own Ger-manic way. The legend on the pendants, TV X IIECF, escapes interpretation for the time being. It is tempting, though, to read awkward Latin into it: TVX HEC F = dux haec fecit: the military leader made this. Un-fortunately, only hec as an indeterminate form of the pronoun hic finds a parallel (Schmitz 1991, 77: hec tumulo fecit Hunudrec); TVX for dux and II for h do not. All matters considered, it seems more probable that the text is not awkward Latin but a nonsense in scription of the kind that is fre-quently found on barbaric imitations of Roman coins, especially on those of the fifth and sixth centuries AD (Werner 1935, 108, coins 4 and 7 (V AD); 114-5, coins 46-58 (VI AD)). Whether the family of the deceased woman wrote clumsy Latin or not, it is clear that they emphati cally felt like old-fashio ned Romans, wit-ness the antique denarius, the interlaced Star of David (see below, in the section Fibulae) bor-rowed from Roman table silverware, and the Preßblech pen dants with their Roman shape and icono graphy. And it is clear that they were empha ti cally Germa nic, witness the long pins,

337—

the composite dish fibula and the idol on the pen dants. The pendants, threefold for a reason that escapes us, were lying on a place of honour: on the axis of the coffin, just below the feet of the deceased. A last question to be considered is: why put these unique pendants from a men’s world into the grave of a woman? The only reasonable an-swer seems to be that the deceased lady was in-timately linked with that world in a personal way, rather than merely being the wife or daugh-ter of a Germanic leader. It will be argued below

that the lady in grave B 465 was a pries tess of the pole idol shown on the pendants: she had a sceptre in or near her right hand: see section Unique pieces from female burials: Priestess’ sceptre. Date: AD 434-450

Beads: 36 examples (34 graves, 2 stray finds) Examples: B 13.3, B 139.2, B 140.4, B 154.1, B 180.12, B 196.6, B 197.8, B 198.5, B 203.4, B 204.2.3.4, B 218.10, B 298.70, B 465.9, B 465.14, B 465.24, B 620.9a, B 620.9e, B 620.10, B 620.18, B 661.1, B 670.2, B 740.2, B 751.4, B 778.7,

B 13.3 Top left OO 304.1; top middle and bottom right B 197.8; top right to bottom middle OO 413.3

OO stray 294

338—

B 778.10, B stray 139, B stray 198, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 9.11, OO 9.12, OO 12.2, OO 88.1, OO 99.1, OO 129.2, OO 207.4, OO 250.10, OO 273.3, OO 304.1, OO 311.2, OO 339.14, OO 345.1, OO 382.5, OO 396.1, OO 413.4.

Table 12: Bead types, their incidences and frequencies Legend: Koch=Koch 1977, 1987, 1997;

PE=Siegmann 1997, 2002-2005; Riha=Riha 1990;

TM=Tempelmann-Maczynska 1985; Var (after type

number)=Variant; N=Number.

Type

Author, number

Incidence

Cemetery, grave.find

N

Koch 11,10 B 670.2 1

Koch 27,39Var B 778.10 1

Koch 460 B 465.9 1

Koch 475 OO 304.1 1

Koch 497 OO 304.1 1

Koch 499 OO 304.1 6

PE1.1.2-1a B 298.70 27

PE1.1.2-1aVar B 298.70 14

PE1.1.2-1aVar OO 9.11 14

PE1.2.04-1Var OO 207.4 1

PE1.3.02-01Var OO 345.1 3

PE1.3.02-03 OO 345.1 10

PE1.3.02-04 OO 345.1 1

PE1.3.03-06a OO 345.1 1

PE1.3.10-43 OO 345.1 2

PE1.3.10-43 OO 345.1 22

Riha 1.1 B 140.3 1

Riha 1.3-1157 OO 9.12 1

Riha 1183 OO 99.1 1

Riha 1193? B 778.7 1

Riha 1194 OO 207.4 1

Riha 1197Var B 620.9a 1

Riha 1199 B 198.5 1

Riha 1201 B 218.10 1

Riha 1218 OO 9.9 51

Riha 1218 OO 207.4 1

Riha 1219 OO 9.9,11 184

Riha 1224 B 740.2 1

Riha 1224 OO 396.1 3

Riha 1225 B 751.4 2

Riha 1225 OO 413.4 1

Riha 1227Var B 620.9e 1

Riha 1228Var OO 207.4 1

Riha 1228Var OO 304.1 1

Riha 1235 OO 273.3 10

Riha 1235 OO 413.4 1

Riha 1236Var B 197.8 9

Riha 1243 OO 9.11 3

Riha 1243 OO 129.2 1

Riha 1248 B 465.9 2

Riha 1248Var B 620.9e 4

Riha 1280Var OO 9.11 3

Riha 1304 OO 9.11 1

Riha 1306 B 203.4 1

Riha 1310 OO 396.1 1

Riha 1310Var OO 413.4 1

Riha 1316 OO 311.2 1

Riha 1324 B 740.2 2

Riha 1324 OO 273.3 4

Riha 1324 OO 413.4 1

Riha 1326 OO 311.2 2

Riha 1328 OO 382.5 1

Riha 1328 OO 413.4 2

Riha 1329Var OO 413.4 1

Riha 1331 OO 311.2 2

Riha 1345Var B 204.2 5

Riha 1345Var B 204.3 1

339—

Riha 1345Var B 740.2 1

Riha 1352 OO 207.4 2

Riha 2808,11Var B 197.8 3

Riha 2808,13Var OO 304.1 1

Riha 2808,22Var B 465.9 1

Riha 2820 B 740.2 1

Riha 2826fVar B 620.18 1

Riha 2844 B 204.4 1

Riha 2844a OO stray 294 34

Riha 2844x OO 413.4 4

Riha 2846 B 204.4 1

Riha 2846 B 465.9 4

Riha 2846,16Var OO 273.3 1

Riha 2846,16Var OO 9.10,1 >2

Riha 2876 B 198.5 32

Riha 2876 OO 9.9,11 35

Riha 2876, 12 OO stray 294 9

Riha 2876, 13 OO 9.11 2

Riha 2925a B 197.8 18

Riha 2925a OO 413.4 1

Riha 2925aVar OO 9.9 6

Riha 2925b B 197.8 13

Riha 2925b B 218.10 2

Riha 2925c OO 88.1 1

Riha 2925d OO 413.4 1

Riha 2925e B 465.9 1

Riha 2925e OO 9.10,11 66

Riha 2925e OO 273.3 4?

Riha 2931a B 198.5 34

Riha 2931b OO 311.2 10

Riha 2931b OO 382.5 10

Riha 2931c OO 250.10 49

Riha 2931d B 13.3 16

Riha 2931d B 198.5 12

Riha 2931d B 465.9 2

Riha 2931d OO 9.9 42

Riha 2931d OO 12.2 24

Riha 2931eVar B 197.8 8

Riha 2931f OO 9.9 61

Riha 2931fVar OO 382.5 3

Riha 2934 OO 12.2 39

Riha 2934 OO 88.1 2

Riha 2934b B 218.10 1

Riha 2935a OO 382.5 1

Riha 2935b OO 382.5 2

Riha 2947 OO 382.5 1

Riha 2947Var OO 382.5 1

Riha 2947cVar OO 9.11 3

Riha 2947f OO 273.3 12

Riha 2947fVar B 620.18 8

Riha 2951b B 465.9 2

Riha 2951f B 778.9 1

Riha 2952cVar OO 413.4 1

Riha 2952eVar OO 413.4 2

Riha 2961Var OO 304.1 2

Riha 2968a OO 382.5 3

Riha 2968a OO 413.4 1

Riha 2968aVar B 197.8 2

Riha 2968b OO 382.5 4

Riha 2968bVar OO 396.1 1

Riha 2968f OO 304.1 3

Riha 2968fVar B 203.4 2

Riha 2968g B 13.3 16

Riha 2968g B 203.4 7

Riha 2968g B 465.9 1

Riha 2969a OO 88.1 6

Riha 2971a OO 9.11 4

Riha 2971c OO 382.5 16

340—

Riha 2971c OO 413.4 44

Riha 2971c OO stray 294 14

Riha 2976 B 218.10 2

Riha 2976, 11 OO 9.9 1

Riha 2979a OO 273.3 1

Riha 2979a OO 304.1 9

Riha 2979b B 751.4 1

Riha 2979b B 218.10 1

Riha 2979bVar OO 396.1 1

TM 27Var B 465.9 225

TM 135 OO 129.2 1

TM 137 OO 129.2 5

TM 137 OO 382.5 1

TM 145 OO 9.9 3

TM 146 B 465.9 1

TM 147Var B 203.4 1

TM 147Var B 204.4 1

TM 160Var B 203.4 1

TM 375aVar B 180.12 1

TM 387b B 203.4 40

TM 387b B 465.9 14

TM 387b OO stray 294 1

TM 390 B 197.8 29

TM 390 B 203.4 1

TM 390 OO 9.10 1

TM 395a B 203.4 1

TM 395b B 203.4 1

TM 430 B 620.10 1

TM 430 OO 413.4 1

TM 535Var B 620.9a 1

341—

Discussion: Gender. Beads are universally called women’s at-tributes. Melon beads, however, were also used as soldiers’ amulets and as amulets on horses (Höp-ken 2003, 353-4). Types. Table 12 gives the types, their incidences and their frequencies. It should be noted that the number after the name of the most frequently quoted author, Riha, are not her type numbers but her figure numbers. Positions. Strings of beads were worn around the neck, on the breast as part of a pecto ral (B 465.8,9,13,14), and at the right wrist; when they were not worn in the grave, they were mostly ly-ing at the left side of the decea sed. This appears from the follo wing known positions of beads in relation to the body: once (an amber bead) above the back of the head (B 620.10), nine times near the head, apparent ly around the neck or, in one case, as part of a spectacular pectoral (B 620.18, B 465.9 (pectoral), B 204.3, B 198.5, B 180.12, OO 273.3, OO 311.2, OO 345.1, OO 304.1), once to the right of the shoulder (OO 99.1), five times near the right arm (B 298.70, B 204.2, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 382.5), once to the left of the head, put inside a bronze bracelet (B 203.3), once between the thighs, apparently put on the coffin and sunken later (OO 12.2), once to the left of the lower legs, apparently put there apart (OO 9.11), once to the left of the feet, appa rently put there apart (OO 207.4), twice in a pottery vessel (B 196.6, OO 413.4), and once apart outside the coffin (B 197.8). Numbers. Strings of more than ten beads were usually mixed (15 examples: B 13.3, B 203.3, B 218.10, B 197.8, B 198.5, OO 9.11, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 9.14, OO 382.5, OO 273.3, OO 311.2, OO 345.1, OO 304.1, OO 413.4). W. van der Sluijs (pers.comm.) comments on the reconstruction of OO 345.1 in the find catalo gue: recon structing Roman bead strings is risky because, remarkably, they were not always of symme tric design, e.g. a neck-lace may be half blue, half green. This remark is borne out by the composition of gold-wire neck-lace OO 250.11, where all four emeralds are on the same side of the body as the faste ning hook. Strings of only one kind of beads of the same col-

our and shape occur only four times (B 465.9: dark blue miniature glass beads, gilt or with gold-col-oured incru station, bronze ring lets and a lunulate pendant (see above, Pendants; below, the section Pectoral, and the discussion of the po sitions of the finds in B 465); OO 12.2: 49 biconical transparent blue glass beads; B 204.2: five jet or black glass beads each pierced twi ce, worn as a bracelet; OO 250.10: 49 ring-shaped beads of blue transparent glass. The double occurrence of a 49-bead (= 72) string (OO 12.2, OO 250.11) may not be incidental and recalls number symbolism or even mysti-cism.) Six times, the number of beads lies between 6 and 10 (B 620.18, B 196.6, OO 207.4, OO 88.1, OO 129.2, OO 396.1). Three times, it lies between 2 and 5 (B 139.2, B 661.1, B 204.2). Seven times, there is only a single bead (B 670.2, B 620.10, B 778.7, B 778.10, B 180.12, OO 99.1 (worn by a man?), OO 339.14). Materials. Most beads are made of glass. Other materials are: amber (B 620.10, B 197.8, B 196.6, OO 413.4), jet (B 204.2-3, B 740.2, OO 207.4), ?rock-crystal (B 197.8), rol led silver sheet (B 196.6), bronze and ivory (OO 413.4), and stone (B stray 139). Glass beads are either trans parent or opaque. Trans-parent glass beads have the following shapes: globular, flattish globular, flat-cylindrical, flat-oval, ring-shaped, tubu lar, biconical, disk-shaped, barrel-shaped, polyhed ral (cubes the corners of which have been removed, so that a body of four-teen planes emer ges), irregularly flattish, heart-shaped, almond-shaped, and hexagonal prisms. The predominant co lours of transparent glass beads are green and blue; yel low is rare. Opaque glass be ads are of the following sha pes: short cylin drical, seg mented (i.e. long tubular with transverse ribs and groo ves), flat, flattish globular, cy lindrical with two groo ves, flat cylin dri cal, and hexago nal prisms. The colours are more nume-rous: white, light green, greyish green, gree nish, green, bluish, blue, mixed blue, dark blue, yellow, light brown, brown, dark (no colour distinguish-able), black.

342—

Both transparent and opque glass beads some-times have a deco ration of glass wire and/or knobs of different colours: B 670.2, B 778.10, B 180.12, OO 304.1. Some models. Three melon beads occur (B 140.4, B 203.3, OO 9.12; the first in faience, the latter two of transparent blue glass), possi bly reused stray finds from earlier centuries (cf. Pirling 1966, 116, 117 fig. 13, 24; Pirling 1974, 83). B 203 and OO 9 with their bracelets and strings of beads are clearly female burials. Glass melon beads al-ready occur in Celtic contexts and were made until the early Middle Ages. The enigmatic cre-mation burial B 140 with its melon bead, shears and sol diers’ fibula, however, brings to light a characteristic of melon beads in the first (from Claudian times: Van Lith, BJ 1994, 320) and sec-ond centuries AD: as a soldiers’ amulet and around the necks of military horses. The only known workshop for making faience melon beads is in a soldiers’ barracks in Cologne-Alte-burg (Höpken 2001; for a melon bead in a horse burial: Theune in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 566). Gilt glass beads are either of transparent colour-less glass, originally gilt under an outer layer of glass, type TM 387b (B 203.4, centuries I-X) or opaque dark blue glass with gold-coloured encrusta tion (B 465.9 and 14; a variant of the black glass type TM 27, mid fifth-century). The at least 234 flatt ish globular miniatu re opaque dark blue glass gilt be ads B 465.9 have two unpub-lished parallels from Aalden-Hoge Hof, munici-pa lity of Zweeloo, province Drenthe, NE Nether-lands (Assen, Drents Museum 1950/IX 3 and 1950/IX 36): black glass gilt beads with irisation where the gilding is worn off (W. van der Sluijs, pers. comm.; Sluijs 2007, type TM 387b, Gold-überfangperlen = gold-slipped beads). Like grave B 465, the Zweeloo beads are to be dated to Vb (M. Erdrich, pers. comm.). The two barrel-shaped dark blue translucent glass with white glass thread of OO 304.1 have an unpub-lished, possibly fifth-century parallel from Beek in the Liemersmuseum (W. van der Sluijs, pers.comm). The dark blue translu cent glass bead of OO 304.1 with six yellow eyes with black have

Late Roman paral lels (Riha 1999, no 1177; Guido 1978, Pls. II, IV). The jet beads B 204.2-3 and B 740.2 are known as trilobite beads (Riha 1990, 91: Typ 27, 1345). Riha (1990, 91) quotes Keller, who thinks that imitations in black glass come from Pannonia or Raetia and are fourth-century. OO 207.4 has two jet beads of cylindrical shape. Dates. Riha (1990, 91) writes that Haevernick dates trilobite jet beads like B 204.2-3 and B 740.2 to IIIcd-IVab. Pirling (1966, 118) dates two graves with amber beads in IVab and IVB; she dates a grave with a horn bead, comparable in shape to our bone beads in OO 413.4, to IVB. Pirling (1974, 84) dates beads with a decorati on of glass wire to IVB. Pirling (1979, 61) remarks that beads are frequent ly found in graves with-out pottery or glass vessels, and she supposes that they were mostly given in IVcd. Böhme (1974, 41) dates strings of beads of one colour each mainly to IV, especially to IVcd, and the larger beads with glass wire decoration to V. The presence of segmented beads B 298.70 in a grave dated by its coin series to AD 319-320 shows this model at least to be earlier. The same holds for beads OO 88.1, associated with a coin of AD 317-325. Guido (1978, 92) dates segmen ted beads from Gallo-Roman examples of I BC to examples in England, begin ning in II and fre-quent IIId-IV. Accor ding to Riha (1990, 88) the segmented beads become more numerous IIId-IV; the transpa rent examples from Augst are ac-companied by coins of IVB date. The cylin drical glass bead B 778.10 with zigzag deco ra tion, which looks as if it is incised but prob-ably has lost a glass wire deco ration, belongs to a group of opaque cilindrical beads that occur from AD 70-IIab up to V (Tempelmann-Maczyńska 1985, XXII, types 304-309). Similar beads with glass thread and blob decoration are in OO 304.1. They are exotic beads of the Roman period, without precise date, according to Guido 1978. Late beads. A curious case is grave B 661, where four glass beads were found: two tu bular, two barrel-shaped, l 0.4-1.5, green and brick red.

343—

From the same grave comes an eighth-century copper sceatta. Opaque brick red glass beads oc-cur not earlier than IVd, but they remain en vogue for centuries (Sieg mann 1997), and tubular green ones are again popular in VIIIab. So the beads and coin belong together (W. van der Sluijs, pers. comm.) and we have in B 661 one isolated eighth-century grave in cemetery B. Anyway, the presence of two eight-century sceattas B 319.intr and B 661.2 are proof of activi ties in the eight century on the ter rain of cemetery B. The other finds in B 319, where the other eighth-century sceatta was found, date that grave unequi vocally to IVab. Red brick glass beads like the ones in OO 345.1 do not occur before IVd. The greyish blue trans-parent beads in the same string of beads OO 345.1 have their best parallels in Liebenau grave P10/A2, which is in Siegmann’s phase 1a, i.e. IVd-Va (Siegmann 2002-5, volume 4, s.v. P10/A1). The presence of these greyish blue and brick red glass beads in OO 345 makes it the latest datable grave of cemetery OO, dated here, because of the continuity of cemetery OO, to IVd, i.e. AD 376-400. W. van der Sluijs (pers.comm.) comments: All beads belong to well-known small Late Roman types. The few exceptions are: three ?reused melon beads, the trilobite beads B 204.2-3 and B 740.2, the bluish grey bead or spindle whorl from B 180, the gilt or gold-coloured encrusted beads from the fifth-century grave (B 465.9) and grave OO 304 with two beads with molten-on glass wire and the bead with molten-on yellow dots and zigzag wires, to be dated 300-400. Bead complexes from the follo wing graves be-long to her early group (Van der Sluijs, 2007): B 13, B 198, B 203, B 218, B 298?, B 740, OO 9 (both early and late), OO 12, OO 88, OO 129, OO 207, OO 311, OO 382, OO 396. Bead complexes from the following graves be-long to her late group: B 197 (‘possibly already Frankish’), B 465, B 670 (Van der Sluijs compares it to bead 31 in the girdle of the ‘Zweel oo prin-cess’: Van Es/Ypey 1977, Vons-Comis 1988), OO 9 (both early and late), OO 304, OO 345 (‘possibly

already Frankish’)Date: IVa-Vb, most graves being dated IVab; pos-sibly one case VIIIab.

PectoralThe pectoral from grave B 465 has been recon-structed from finds B 465.8,9,13,14. It is de-scribed in the find catalogue of B 465. Böhme (1974, 160-1, fig. 53) shows it in more simple form. The parts of the pectoral are discussed in the sections Beads, Armbrustfibulae, Composite dish fibulae with Preßblech decoration, and Pendants. Date: AD 434-450.

Fibulae:

A Germanic and other fibulae from the time of the cemeteriesB Earlier Roman fibulae, deliberately put in the Late Roman gravesC Earlier Roman fibulae, from the grave filling (intru-sions?) or stray finds

A Germanic and other fibulae from the time of the cemeteries

Armbrust fibulae with facetted foot as wide as the bow: 6 examplesExamples: B 143.4, B 465.8, B 465.11, OO 207.12, OO 362.5, OO 412.2. Discussion: Armbrust fibulae with their wide spring derive their name from their supposed similarity to the medieval crossbow, which is called Arm-brust in German. Böhme (1974, 7-8) calls the Armbrust fibulae with facetted foot as wide as the bow the most frequent fibula of the region between Elbe and Loire in the fourth century; in VB one such fibula occurs in Gellep grave 968. The ways of wearing it in Nijmegen are the fol-lowing: three times they occur as the only fibula in the grave; two graves contai ning Armbrust fibulae combined them with other fibulae. As the only fibula: B 143.4 was lying at the height of the right shoulder of a small person; apart from this female attribute there was a male one as well:

344—

an axe outside the coffin, to the right of the hip. OO 207.12 had three finger rings on its bow and was lying together with other personal orna-ments to the left of the feet in the coffin. OO 412.1 was lying on the right shoulder as the only artefact in the grave. Combined with other fibulae: B 465.8 was lying together with three small beads on the left next to the lower jaw, the point of its needle pointing upwards. B 465.11 was lying on the middle of the breast, the point of its needle pointing upwards. (To the right of the head was lying composi te dish fibula B 465.13.) In the dis-cussion of the positions of the finds in B 465, it is suggested that they were part of a spectacular pectoral. The iron Armbrust fibula OO 362.5 was lying on the middle of the upper body, while on the right shoulder there was lying OO 362.3 and on the left shoulder support arm fibula OO 362.4. Date: IVB-VB.

Support-arm fibula with rod-shaped bow and rectan-gular foot, with axis-support: 1 exampleExample: OO 362.4. Discussion: The only fibula of this type from Nijmegen was lying on the left shoulder of a per-son who had tutulus fibula OO 362.3 on the right shoulder and Armbrust fibula OO 362.5 on the middle of the body: so we are dealing with a woman. Böhme (1974, 51-52) classifies this fibu-

la, as a derivate of the crossbow fibula, with the male attributes, but he does know six examples from women’s graves, all east of the river Weser: see his find list 10, p. 356-7 and map 10. His pro-posed date of Vab for this type does not fit in with the date of AD 334-348 for grave OO 362, derived from pottery and a coin of AD 330-340. Date: IVb.

Tutulus fibulae: 4 (or 5) examplesExamples: B 620.14, B 798.1, B 798.2 (ground plate with spring of a bowl or tutulus fi bula), OO 362.3, OO stray 67. Discussion: So far, tutulus fibulae have not been found in pairs in Nijme gen. Fibulae OO 362.3 and B 620.14 are of Böhme’s second type, which he calls type Nijmegen after B 620.14 and dates to IVab (Böhme 1974, 19-24). They have been pre-served almost completely: in the first, a conical top piece may be missing; in the latter, two lay-ers of organical materi al are missing. They con-sist each of a bronze ground plate with bronze spring, and a silver top part (filled with lead in at least one case) alternating with other material, around a stem riveted in the ground plate. B 620.14 was found on the left shoulder of a girl and was the only fibula in this sarcophagus; OO 362.3 was lying on the right shoulder, while there was a bronze support-arm fibula on the left shoulder, and an Armbrust fibula on the middle of the chest. Part of the ground plate with spring of tutulus fibula B 798.1 is preser ved, as is the decorated top piece: the middle part is vanished; together with a pin of type Fécamp they were lying on the left shoulder. The decorative disk with which the top piece closes is not correctly depicted by Böhme (1974, 22, fig. 7 and Pl. 86,3): his drawing was presumably made before the disk was cleaned and restored. This disk looks most like that of Vermand grave 24, which belongs to Böhme’s type Ouden burg, dated to IVC (Böhme 1974, 22, fig. 7; 24, Pl. 138, 1a). The ground plate B 798.2 (position in relation to the body un-known) is smaller than that of B 798.1 and there-fore proba bly belongs not to a tutulus but to a

B 620.14

345—

composite dish fibula with a (vanished) Preßblech (cf. Böhme 1974, 285, Pl. 86,6). The lower part of tutulus fibula OO stray 67 is of Böhme type Nijmegen. It is mentioned and depicted by Böhme (1974, 286, Pl. 86,14). The decorative plate of B 798.1 is decorated with four an chors, two cordons and waves. It is tempting to see this as a symbolic image cha-racter izing the lady who wore it: in the eyes of the per son who chose the fibula for her, she may have been someo ne quiet amidst diffi cult circumstan ces. The cordons seem to con tribu te to the symbolism: the cables of the an chors. It re minds the author of the motto of the Dutch foun ding father, prince Willi am of Orange (1533-1584): Saevis tranquillus in undis = Quiet amidst the raging waves. Date: Type Nijmegen IVab; type Oudenburg IVC.

East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet fibulae (‘Blechfibulae’): 4 examples Examples: B 288.1 (silver, lost), B stray 1 (bronze; a comple te example and the bow of a second one), OO stray 297 (sil ver). Discussion: Three out of four Nijmegen sheet fib-ulae with semicircular head and foot fanning out are stray finds; the only one found during exca-vations, a silver example, has been lost. Van Buchem mentions B stray 1 and OO stray 297 amongst Frankish fibulae (Van Buchem 1941, 122, nos. 1415 and 1414 respec tively, Pl. XIX 7 and 6). They can however be dated in Late Roman times, as the Scottish Traprain silver treasure shows. This treasure is dated by its latest coins of Honorius (west, 395-423; Curle 1923, 5, 84, Pl. XXXII, XXXIII). Its date is further curtailed by the latest coins of the settle ment in which the scrap silver treasure was found, of Arcadius (east, 383-408; Curle 1923, 110). This fibula type dates therefore not later than Arcadius’ time. The Traprain treasure is also helpful to assign the sheet fibulae to an ethnic group. The sheet fibula in the treasure is one of only two personal ornaments in it; the other one is a Sarmatian hand mirror (Curle 1923, Pl. XXXII, XXXIII; cf. Sulimirski 1970, 153 fig. 55, 169 fig. 63, 195 fig.

73). A Sarmatian hand mirror was found in Gellep grave 4607, in a part of the cemetery con-sisting only of IVcd graves (Pirling 1988, 455). This same combination of a Sarmatian hand mirror and such a sheet fibula with a somewhat more pointed foot was found in a woman’s grave near Reims; they are considered proof of the presence of Alano-Sarmatians in Gaul (Pirling 1988, 460 Abb. 6; Kazanski 1986). Pirling calls the fibula East Germa nic-Sarmatian. This type of sheet fibula is considered East-Germanic in the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (s.v. Fibel und Fibel tracht, K. Späte Völkerwan-derungszeit und Merowingerzeit = Martin 2000, 132 (542), fig. 129, 2); howe ver, all 13 examples depicted there have little knobs at the edge of the head, which are absent from the Nijmegen and Traprain fibulae. Therefore, the Nijmegen and Traprain fibulae and two examples from the Crimea (Salin 1935, 9 no. 13a, 11 no. 14) seem to be the earliest ones in the type series. Finally, ex-act parallels for our fibulae are in the Troyes mu-seum, and are considered proof of the presence in Gaul of Alanians, a Sarmatic, i.e. a south Rus-sian ethnic group (Suli mirs ki 1970, 188, Pl. 57, 58); their capital Orléans was besieged by the Huns AD 451. To round off: these sheet fibulae from both Nijmegen-Inner City and Nijmegen-East are East Germanic-Sarmatian, dating to IVcd-Va, and are especially connected with the Sarmatian ethnic

B 465.13

346—

group of the Alans. Alans were mentio ned twice as horsemen by Vegetius together with the Huns (Epitoma rei militaris 1,20 ; 3,26). People were coming from southern Russia to Gellep, Nijmegen, Reims, Troyes, Orléans, and their plunder was found as far as Scotland: the Sarmatians were here as Roman auxilia ry troups. There were praefecti Laetorum et Sarmatorum in central and northern Gaul (Notitia Dignitatum XLII 65-70; Brulet 1995, 104; see remark on the axes above).Date: IVcd-Va.

Composite dish fibulae with Preßblech decoration: 2 or 3 exam plesExamples: B 365.1, B 465.13, B 798.2? Discussion: The bronze Preßblech decoration was glued to the slightly concave bowl-shaped base with resin. The Preßblech of B 365.1 is lost and four scars can be seen where it was glued. The ground plate B 798.2 (position in relation to the body unknown) is smaller than that of the ac-companying tutulus fibula B 798.1 and therefore probably belongs not to a tutulus but to a com-posite dish fibula with a (vanished) Preßblech (cf. Böhme 1974, 285, Pl. 86,6). Neither fibula can be assig ned to a type as defined by Böhme, so their date cannot be more precise than the entire pe-riod of this kind of fibula: IVa-Vb (Böhme 1974, 28). Böhme (1974, 26) assigns B 465.13 with the in-terlaced Star of David to his type Rhenen, thus called after the two examples found in Rhenen graves 356 and 844 (Böhme 1974, Pls. 60,2 and 67,10). He dates Rhenen grave 356 to the middle of V (Böhme 1974, 39). Rhenen, with its as yet unpu blished Late Roman/ear ly medieval cem-etery, is some 25 km NW of Nijmegen. Prelimi-nary publication: Van Es/Wagner 2000. Böhme calls the Star of David unthinkable without the IVC Kerbschnitt belt sets and dates the type in Vab. And, I might add, it is also unthinka ble without the interlaced Stars of David on Roman silver tableware made in several areas of the Ro-

man Empire in the fourth century: the fluted bowl of Mildenhall, dated IVc (Brails ford 1947, Pl. 6), and bowl 52 of the Kaise raugst treasure, put in the ground in 352/352 (Kaufmann-Heini-mann/Furger 1984, 10 and 36-37). The latter one was probably made in Naissus, present-day Niš in Serbia, as were two other Kaiseraugst pieces with interlaced motives, nos 41 (a fluted bowl as well) and 60. Composite dish fibula B 465.13 of type Rhenen was lying to the right of the head and above the vanished right shoulder of the priestess in grave B 465: it may have fastened her dress on the right shoulder. In the discussion of the positions of the finds in B 465, it is suggested that it was part of a specta cular pectoral. Date: IVd-Vb; type Rhenen VB.

Gold open-work disk fibula: 1 exampleExample: B stray 238Discussion: This gold decorative piece, depicted in colour photograph by Bloemers et al. (1981, frontispiece on p. 4), is assigned by Vierck (1974, 357 and 356, fig. 17,4) to a series of Byzantine and ‘byzantinizing’ jewels from the stylistic group around the goldsmith Eligius (AD 588-660), because of its open-work tendrils. Eligius, who was bishop of Noyon from AD 639, worked as a goldsmith in the Paris court of the Merovin-gian king Dagobert I. (After his death he was canonized and is known in English as St. Eloi, pa-tron of goldsmiths.) This makes this stray find, bought from an art dealer and reported ly found near the Broerkerk, a conspicuously late piece for the Inner City cemetery. The find report may be false. Date: AD 608-639, assuming Eligius was an ac-complished gold smith at the age of 20 and stopped this work when he became a bishop.

Frankish bow fibula: 1 exampleExample: OO stray 299. Discussion: The Frankish bow fibula depicted by Van Buchem (1941, Pl. XIX 5, p. 122, no. 1413) comes from the Hunerberg, so possibly from cemetery Nijmegen-East. Vallet (19972, 684) calls

347—

it the standard female fibula in northern Gaul in VIa: straight foot, semicircular head decorated with ribs and spiral motives, and elongated by five knobs. The model corres ponds to fibula 12.8 in Siegmund (1998, fig. 81), which be longs to his phase 3, AD 485-530. Date: AD 485-530.

B Earlier Roman fibulae, deliberately put in the Late Roman graves

There are too many earlier Roman fibulae present in the Late Roman graves of Nijmegen to consider their presence acciden tal, i.e. to think that they happened to get into the filling. We see the same phenomenon with first- and second-century coins, discussed in Chapter 3.

Aucissa fibula: 2 examplesExamples: B 132.1 (bronze), OO 48.3 (iron)Discussion: Aucissa fibulae are hinge fibulae, typi-cal of Roman soldiers and made in pre-Flavian times, so in Iab(c) (Haalebos 1986, 43). OO 48.3, of which the position in relati on to the body is unknown, may have been uninten tional ly thrown into the grave with the filling. B 132.1 was lying to the right of the top of the head and may have been a found example, reused intention-ally. Date: Iab(c).

Wire fibula: 2 examplesExamples: B 204.5, B stray 317. Discussion: B stray 317 comes from a feature ear-lier than IV near grave B 680; B 204.5 comes from a grave with many female attributes and was lying near the left leg. (Its name in common parlance, soldier’s fibula, is hardly mentioned in the literature, apart from Van de Weerd (1944, 332, no. 13A) and the Reallexi kon der Germanischen Altertum skunde (s.v. Fibel und Fibeltracht 516, Abb. 112,1.) The round hole in the foot finds a parallel in a wire fibula from Maurik (Haalebos 1986, 93, fig. 43, 34). Haalebos (1986, 51-52) dates the wire fibu lae AD 70 to IIcd. Example B 204.5 may be a found and reused one. Alterna-

tively but less probably, it may have unintention-ally come into the filling of the grave and sunk to the level of the grave goods after wards. Date: Ad 70-IId.

Knee fibula: 1 example (lost)Example: OO 186.10. Discussion: Knee fibulae, thus called after the conspicuous bend in their bow, were made in the first century AD (Haalebos 1986, 30-31). The lost example OO 186.10, which was found on the lower body on the left and was accompanied by seven pieces of pottery from IVab, must have

been either a found and reused one or an intru-sion. Date: I.

C Earlier Roman fibulae, from the grave filling or stray finds (an Aucissa fibula and a wire fibula, discussed above in section B, belong to this catego ry)

Eye fibula: 1 or 2 examplesExamples: B 231.1, B stray 304. Discussion: Eye fibulae mainly come from Clau-dian times (Haal ebos 1986, 35-41). B 231.1 can therefore be considered something intentionally thrown into the grave as it was being filled. B stray 304, found on the Mariënburg, is called ‘a very big eye fibula’ in the documen ta tion. Date: IB.

Rosette fibula: 2 examples

OO 101.11

348—

Examples: B 227.3 (fragment), B 299.2 (fragment). Discussion: The fragmentary rosette fibulae be-long to an early Roman type (Van Buchem 1941, 74-76, Pl. IV), which seems to have been used mainly by indigenous Gallic women (Haalebos 1986, 73; his note 145 refers to B 227.3). For nei-ther example the position in relation to the body is known: one may surmise they are intention-ally thrown objects in the filling of the grave. Their fragmentary state argues for the first possibi lity. Date: IB.

Hinge fibula with lateral knobs: 1 exampleExample: B 517.intr.Discussion: There seems to be no exact parallel for B 517.intr. It may be assigned to Van Buchem’s group 20B: stron gly profiled bow with lateral knobs (Van Buchem 1941, 96-98, Pl. XI 1-22) and Haalebos’ hinge fibulae C (Haalebos 1986, 46-47, fig. 32, 4-5), dated by him from Claudian times to II. So it may be that B 517.1, found in unknown position in relation to the body, is either an intrusi on or something inten-tionally thrown in the grave as it was being filled. Date: IB-II.

Trumpet fibula Almgren 101: 1 exampleExample: OO 101.11. Discussion: This conspicuously decorative Ger-manic silver trumpet fibula comes from an un-known position in the grave, and with its date of Id it will be something intentionally thrown in the grave as it was being filled in. Date: Id.

Other fibulae: 4 examplesExamples: B 690.4 (pin of a fibula), B 829.1 (no data), B stray 54, B stray 195. Discussion: No drawing exists of B stray 54. B stray 195 is, according to Van Buchem (1941, p 98, no. 650, Pl X 34), a hinge fibula with strongly profiled bow, found on the Mariënburg; Daniëls (1955, 244, n. 3) contra dicts this and thinks that the fibula with inventory number BE.IV.51A is the one found on the Mariënburg; if so, there is no

drawing. B 829.1 is lost and there are no data.

Bracelets:A Sapropelite braceletsB Glass braceletsC Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire, with a

small bell Related with these: small bells with tongueD Undecorated bracelets with expanding fasteningE Bronze bracelets: strip, solid penannular and snakes-

head braceletsF Hollow bronze sheet bracelets with an iron coreG Bone bracelets

Combinations of bracelets in our cemeteries usually are a sign of prosperi ty: they occur in five rich graves, in two reasona bly rich graves, and in two graves with hardly or no other grave goods. The graves concerned are: B 620 (several metal wire bracelets in a rich girl’s grave), B 701 (sev-eral exam ples in a wooden chest in a rich grave), OO 12 (several exam ples in a reasonably rich grave), OO 9 (several examples in a rich grave), OO 207 (several examples in a reasonably rich grave), OO 252 (different materials, same type in rich grave), OO 195 (one at each forearm in a grave with grave goods), OO 382 (several exam-ples in a rich grave), and OO 311 (several exam-ples in grave with one grave good).

A Sapropelite bracelets: 3 examplesExamples: B 196.7, OO 129.3, OO 252.10. Discussion: The three bracelets discussed here were not found on a wrist. Pirling (1966, 118-119) mentions a bracelet of this soft dull-black mate-rial from a grave dated by coins to the years after AD 298. Under a microscope, the material proved to be cannel coal or sapropelite: a stone formed by the accumulation and compression of dead water-organisms under anaerobic condi-tions. The material is discussed by M. Teich-müller in Pirling (1974, 227) and in Der Neue Pauly s.v., where its provenance from Bohemia and Moravia is mentioned. Pirling (1974, 87) men-tions four saprope lite bracelets to be dated in IVB or IVAB; they were never found on the wrist.

349—

Pirling (1979, 62) mentions a sapopeli te bracelet, datable to either IVab because of pottery or to IVB because of glass beads found with it. Date: IVAB.

B Glass bracelets: 3 examplesExamples: B 180.11 (black), OO 9.8 (trans pa rent dark green), OO 252.8 (shining black, opaque). Discussion: Pirling (1974, 86-87) mentions a glass bracelet from a child’s grave in a part of the Gellep cemetery with only IVcd graves. Pirling (1979, 62) dates a new glass brace let also in IVcd. The Nijmegen graves are to be dated 316-318, 301-350 and 301-350, respectively. Date: IVab.

C Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire, with a small bell, 6 examplesExamples: B 13.2, B 172.3, B 197.7, B 203.3, B 620.7, B 699.1. Discussion: Three out of the four graves men-tioned are chil dren’s graves, as appears from their dimensions: the bracelet of twisted metal wire is a little girl’s attribute. Pirling (1966, 118) mentions a bracelet, twined from three bronze wires with fastening consisting of hook and eye, in a fourth-century grave. Pirling (1966, 180-181) dates them up to Vab. Pirling (1974, 85-86) dates fourteen new examples to IVB and one around

AD 400. Pirling (1979, 61-62) mentions one more example, which she dates after AD 350 because of its W-E orientation. Swift discusses the brace-lets with twisted square section (2000, 128, fig. 151, top right) and the two-strand cable bracelets without (2000, 124; distribution map p. 125, fig. 146) and with wrapped terminals (2000, 123, fig. 144 bottom right; distribution map p. 126, fig. 148). Date: IVAB.

From B 699.1 hangs a small bell with a tongue. Related to these bracelets are the following finds:

Small bells with clapper: 4 examples, two of which hanging from a braceletExamples: B 185.1, B 683.1, B 699.1, B 740.1. Discussion: Three out of these four graves are children’s graves; the association with twisted bracelets makes it proba ble that it is a small girls’ attribute. Pirling (1966, 126-127) mentions a small bell from a child’s grave (IIId-IVa), remark-ing that bells are found more often in Roman graves (KölnJbVFG 4, 1959, 25), and supposing an apotro paic purpose. Also in the Roman cata-combs, twisted brace lets with small bells are in-terpreted as small girls’ attributes. Willemsen (2003, fig. 52, 79-82) discusses an engraving from Boldetti (1720) on which they are depicted together with dolls. The small bell with concen-tric circles bottom left on this engra ving is a striking parallel for the small bell B 185.1 from Nijmegen. Date: IVAB.

D Undecorated bracelets with expanding fastening: 8 examplesExamples: B 402.1, B 402.2, B 592.2, B 620.9a (iron), B 751.4 (?, iron), OO 207.5, OO 207.6, OO 473.4. Discussion: Undecorated bracelets with expand-ing fastening consist of metal wire bent in an oval shape whose ends overlap several cm, after which they are twisted around the wire next to it. They were made to allow for growth or pass-

OO 9.8

350—

ing over the hand by sliding the ends nearer to one another and thus wide ning the bracelet. They were probably bought for girls, who kept wearing them into adult age, as appears from the lengths of the coffins in which they were found: child’s grave, length unknown - 140 - 160 - 162 - 170 - 194 - 200 - 204 cm (the values above 160 being well over the average length of wom-en of this time). B 620.9, from the sarcophagus of the Grutberg, deviates in three ways from the other examp les: it is made of iron wire, it has two metal beads outside the slide faste nings, and 8-shaped iron links hang from it. Remains of three fine bone bracelets, which had been pre-served in the iron corrosion, have been left in place at restoration. The iron bracelet B 751.4, which has not been cleaned, has three com plete and three broken glass beads on it, and is prob-ably also an iron-wire adjusta ble bracelet. Pirling (1966, 118) mentions one adjustable bracelet from IVB. Böhme (1974, 45, Taf. 95,11) mentions a variant made of thick wire with thin ends. Swift discusses these bracelets (2000, 127; distribution map p. 125, fig. 146). Date: IVAB.

E Bronze bracelets: 28 examples (7 strip bracelets, 8 solid penannular bracelets, 8 snakeshead bracelets, 5 other bracelets) Examples of strip bracelets: B 172.3, OO 12.9, OO 195.1, OO 195.2, OO 341.1, OO 382.6, OO 413.5. Examples of solid penannular bracelets: B stray 29, OO 12.4, OO 12.5, OO 88.2, OO 207.7, OO 473.4, OO stray 295-6.Examples of snakeshead bracelets: B 154.2, B 185.2, OO 12.7, OO 12.8, OO 37.4, OO 311.4, OO 311.5, OO 311.6. Examples of other bronze bracelets: B 701.12, OO 207.8, OO 382.7, OO stray 295-296. Discussion: Swift (2000, 117-185) treats fourth-century bronze bracelets. As with the crossbow fibulae, she refers to all kinds of decorations by means of numbers, showing drawings without ever defining the decorations or referring to, let alone giving, the complete list from which she draws. Never theless, her decoration numbers

are given here. On strip bracelets we have deco-rations a2 (Swift 2000, 129; distribution map 141 fig. 170), a5 (129; distribution map 140 fig. 169), a14 (129; 132 fig. 156 bottom right; distribution map 142 fig. 172) and h3 (145; distribution map 152 fig. 189). On snakeshead bracelets termi nals of Swift’s type 1 (153; distribution map 169 fig. 215, somet hing that looks like an abstract ver-sion of the naturalistic type 10 (but that is from Raetia and Noricum: 153; distribution maps 170 figs. 217-218), and type 31 (173, distribu tion map 224). Some decorations found on Nijmegen bracelets are not treated in Swift 2000. The Nijmegen bronze bracelets were never welded fast. There are closed bracelets, brace-lets which can be opened and perma nently open bracelets. There are two closed bronze bracelets. The ends of the strip bracelet OO 382.6 have been riveted together. OO 311.3 has a double twisted faste-ning that cannot be expanded (in contrast to the adjustable brace lets discussed under D). Both are strip bracelets with engraved decorati on. The other strip bracelets which can be opened derive their rigidity from their fastening. En-graved decoration on the entire exterior surface is found on bracelets of flat-oval section (OO 88.2, OO 195.2, OO stray 296) and on strip brace-lets; in four out of these five, the fastening con-sisting of hook and eyelet has been preserved (OO 12.9, OO 207.8, OO 195.1, OO 341.1, OO 413.5; eyelet preserved on OO stray 296). B 701.12 pos-sibly has an eyelet. The perma nent ly open brace lets derive their ri-gidity from their round or square section; they frequently have decorated ends. One has lancet-shaped ends (snakeshe ads?: B 185.2), seven have stylized snakesheads as terminals (B 154.2, OO 37.4, OO 12.6-7, OO 311.4-6). Four permanently open bracelets (called penannular solid bracelets by Swift 2000, 130 fig. 153 top left; distribution maps 131, fig. 154-155) are complete ly un dec-orated or almost so: OO 12.4,5,7 and OO stray 295. Also un dec orated but flat and band-shaped as well is the permanent ly open bracelet OO 207.7, which was worn together with three other

351—

thin bracelets. An incomple te thin ribbed brace-let is unique: B 172.3. Date: IVAB for all three kinds.

F Hollow bronze sheet bracelets (with an iron core?): 3 examplesExamples: OO 9.13, OO 29.12, OO 311.7.Discussion: An incomplete hollow bronze sheet bracelet with ingeniously hammered decoration and probably an iron core: OO 9.13; bronze tube OO 29.12 and flat-rectangular iron pieces OO 311.7 possibly also are parts of such bracelets. Pirling (1974, 86) has two such bracelets in one grave, datable to IVB by a coin of AD 337. Cf. Swift (2000, 180 fig. 228). Date: IVcd.

G Bone bracelets: 4 examples, 3 of which from one graveExamples: B 620.9b-d (three), B 701.13. Discussion: All four bracelets are in a very frag-mentary state. They occur in two rich graves, which both also contain another bracelet. They are very thin and have a round, flat-oval or D-shaped section. As the three examples in B 620 were (partially) preserved by corrosion, other examples elsewhere may have been lost. Date: IVAB.

Finger-ringsA Gold finger-ringsB Silver finger-ringC Bronze finger-ringsD Iron finger-ringE Opaque glass finger-rings

Only three finger-rings are mentioned for Gellep (Pirling 1966, 119; 1979, 62-63, remarking that finger-rings do not belong to the usual finds). The Nijmegen cemeteries have so far produced twelve rings. Böhme (1974, 120-122) remarks that finger-rings occur both in female and in male graves. There are no parallels for the Nijmegen rings in the studies mentio ned.

A Gold finger-rings: 3 examplesExamples: B 680.7 (with gold bezel), OO 250.13 (with gem), OO stray 313 (adjustable finger-ring, found on a spoil heap during the excavations near the Margriet pavilion). Discussion: The worn gold finger-ring B 680.7 with gold bezel, on which the upper bodies of a man and a woman are depicted, has the Greek legend OMONOIA = concord. The woman on the left, in profile, raises her right forearm to the breast of her husband on the right, whose body is shown frontally but who turns his head to-wards her and apparently does not reciprocate her caress. The ring has been discussed by the excavator Brun sting twice: in a newspa per and in an archaeo logical review (Brunsting 1952a; 1953). He considers it to be a wedding ring that had been worn for a long time. The conspicuous

B 680.5-6, B 680.7

OO 250.13

352—

number of seven gold globules with which the bezel is soldered to the hoop, he suggests, might refer to the seven week-gods of the Septizo-nium, the seven planet-gods, in Roscher’s words Lenker des menschlichen Schicksa le: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercurius, Juppiter, Venus, and Saturnus. He does find parallels but no clue for a date. OMONOIA rings and an OMONOIA gold girdle are discussed by Kathrin Schade and inter preted as wedding attributes; their iconography is com-pared with that of married couples on sar-cophagi (Schade 2003, 124-127, Pl. 15.3-5 (rings), Pl. 17.2 (girdle), Pl. 16.1-2 (sarcophagi)). Her ob-servation that in iconography emotional uttering is given to the female half and that the man re-mains passive, fits in very well with the depiction on the Nijmegen ring. But even her study gives us no clue for a date of the Nijmegen ring (other than: ear lier than her Theodosian examples), as it has no real paral lel. The gold finger-ring with gem OO 250.13 with its special form has no parallel I know of. A compa-rable human figure on the bevelled glass stone: Gellep grave 740 (Pir ling 1966, part 1, 175 fig. 6). Pirling assigns grave 740 to her phase III, to be dated VIbcd (Pirling 1966, part 2, 22, 93, Pl. 65). The other finds in OO 250, however, put the date for the Nijmegen ring no later than IVA.

The adjustable gold-wire finger-ring OO stray 313 is unique amongst the finger-rings, but can be compared to the adjusta ble bronze-wire bracelets of the same structure and is there fore to be dated IVAB. Date: IVAB.

B Silver finger-ring: 1 exampleExample: OO 207.9. Discussion: From the bow of Armbrust fibula OO 207.12 hang two open bronze finger-rings and one closed silver finger-ring. The silver ring, in-ner d. 1.7, has a hoop w 0.2, which broa dens to the shoulders with an engraved triangle each and to a thicker round bezel, d 0.5, with an en-graved x. Date: IVab.

C Bronze finger-rings: 5 examplesExamples: OO 9.14 (with bezel), OO 29.2c (fin ger- or belt- ring), OO 102.4 (with gem), OO 207.10-1 (two out of three rings, hanging from a fibula), OO 304.2. Discussion: Grave OO 29, in which not only bronze ring OO 29.2c occurs, but also iron ring OO 29.1, is a male burial, as appears from the belt set. OO 102.4 has a glass gem in which an animal to the left is indicated with a series of drill holes. OO 207.9-11 are three small finger-rings, hanging from the bow of an Armbrust fibula Böhme 37e, i.e. the standard fibula of the Frisia area. One is a silver closed ring, two are bronze open rings, consisting each of a hoop widening from 0.05 to 0.2. The triple bezel of OO 304.2 consists of three oval planes divided from one another by incised lines; on the middle plane there is a semi-globu-lar thickening. Date: IVabc.

D Iron finger-ring: 1 exampleExample: OO 29.1.Discussion: Iron finger-ring OO 29.1 was found in a male inhumation, as appears from a belt set. It has not been clea ned and seems to have a bezel. Date: IVd.

OO 102.4

353—

E Opaque glass finger-rings: 3 examplesExamples: B stray 194 (2x), B stray 199.Discussion: One of these rings has a decoration of three times an O. No further data.

Rings of unknown function: 13 examples (18 rings)Examples: B 620.19 (fragment of a small bronze ring, position in sarcop hagus unknown), B 670.1 (small bronze ring plus half a second one), B 704.10, B 778.8 (small bronze ring), OO 12.10 (thin bronze ring), OO 49.1 (bronze ringlet, no data), OO 186.9 (bronze ring, no data), OO 195.3-4 (two bronze rings), OO 277.3-4 (two bron ze rings), OO 473.5 (i ron ring).

Sapropelite (also known as cannel coal or lydite) make-up box: 1 exampleExample: OO 250.17. Discussion: Make-up or jewelry box OO 250.17 is made of sapro pelite, a material discussed above in section A of the brace lets. Its material and di-mensions (d 11.4, h when closed 3.9) make it a unique piece. A comparable smaller example made of real lydite (= black lignite, called after a site near the Lydian city of Gagis) was found in Gellep grave 1223 and dated by Pirling to IVab (Pirling 1966, part 2, 144, Pl. 102:18ab, Pl. 118:4; Pirling/Siepen 2006, 305). In the same study, however, she dates it to IIId-IVa and inter prets it as a make-up box because of a lydite spatula ly-ing near it, probably used for applying make-up (Pirling 1966, part 1, 125). Such an indicati on is missing for the Nijmegen example. The fact that it was empty and that the grave also contained a wooden chest, in which jewelry was usually kept, may mean that this was a make-up box as well. The function of unguent-box, however, is ex-cluded: the intricate incised decoration of the interior bottom would be invisible under the un-guent and could not be cleaned hygie nically. So the most probable function seems to be a box for a powder-puff. When the owner used it, she would see the decora tion enhanced by the pow-der lying in the incised lines. Date: IVA.

Bone combs: 3 examples (one lost)Examples: B 620.16, B 834.7 (lost), OO 400.4. Discussion: Both preserved combs are triangular in shape and consist of three layers of bone, held together with metal pins: B 620.16 had ten bronze pins, of which one is lost; six iron pins are preserved in OO 400.4. Three layers does not mean three plates: comb B 620.16 has seven bone parts; one plate of the middle layer of OO 400.4 is twisted, protrudes and shows a straight side. Some begin nings of the teeth, sawn in the middle layer, are preserved in B 620.16. The out-er surfaces of both combs are decorated with dot-and-circles along the sides. Böhme (1974, 122) calls this model form A, to be dated in IVab. According to the documentation there was also a comb B 834.7: if it ever existed, it is now lost. Date: IVab.

Mirrors: 4examplesExamples: B 59.13 (lost), B 620.17, B stray 283?, OO stray 48. Discussion: Of those found in the excavation, only mirror B 620.17 with its lead setting is preserved in a heavily resto red state (Kempkens 1999, 7). Böhme (1974, 48) writes that mirrors with lead setting are known from Roman graves of the third and fourth centuries, but he mentions this example as the only one between the Elbe and the Loire. Pirling (1966, 1974 and 1979) mentions no mirrors in Gellep. Lloyd-Morgan (1981, 106)

B 620.17

354—

assigns this mirror to her group Y, Glass Mirrors and Glass Mirror Covers, about whose date and provenance she is silent. The silver-plated bronze mirror OO stray 48, found in the Hugo de Groot straat, belongs to Lloyd-Morgan’s group Rc (no. 2), Roman Lid Mir-rors (Lloyd-Morgan 1981, 74). On p. 69 she seems to imply that this group is first-century; in that case, the mirror comes not from the fourth-cen-tury cemetery OO, but from the first-century cemetery, which it overlaps. Date: IVab.

Cosmetic palettes: 3 instancesExamples: B 59.15 (por fido verde), B 180.8, B 180.9. Discussion: Cosmetic palettes are not mentioned by Pirling for Gellep, nor by Böhme for the Elbe-Loire area. Cosmetic palette B 59.15 is a reused round piece of costly opus sectile, por fido verde an-tico (metamorp hic labradorite porfirite, prove-nance: Marathonisi in the southern Pelopon-nese; determina tion H. Kars). The two possible cosmetic palettes B 180.8 and B 180.9 are round and of white granular limestone; these too may be reused architectural material. Date: IVab.

Wooden chests: 14 examples plus three loose keys and a ?bolt of a lockExamples: B 26.1, B 207.6, B 293.4, B 320.1, B 701.9, OO 24.2, OO 103.4, OO 144.11?, OO 250.18+14 (decorative nail), OO 250.19? (wood remains with red paint; nails), OO 252.11, OO 301.1, OO 305.1?, OO 339.10 (presumed), OO 339.11, OO 339.12 (presumed), OO 361.6; B 140.7 (iron keys), B 227.2 (bolt of a lock?), B stray 261 (bronze key). Discussion: The most important literature on these wooden chests is Busch hausen 1971, Gáspár 1986 and Radnóti 1957. Dinkler-von Schu bert 1980 points out that these chests were known as arcae not as scrinia, as Buschhausen 1971 calls them. It may be added that the Latin word arcanus (meaning hidden, concea led, se cret, private) is connected with arca. Medusa heads on

the chests were meant to keep everyone but the owner from looking inside. Measurements of six chests are known:

width depth height height lid

B 26.1 38 36 28 ?B 293.4 40 20 26 6B 701.9 38 24? 27 ?B 207.6 38 35 ? ?OO 24.2 11 11 11 ?OO 339.11 56 50 ≥30 ?

The measurements of B 320.1 (see there) can only be guessed at, but they are of a different order: some 10x6 cm. On wood joints and iron corner reinforcements the following remarks may be made. Gáspár (1986, 36), in her book on such chests, refers to Sokols-kij, who had remarked that wood joints in antiquity were such that no metal reinforce-ments were needed. This opinion is not support-ed by the Nijmegen material presented here: we do find wood joints three times, but much more often bent lozenge-shaped iron corner rein-forcements are used to join side and back. Wood joints are found in B 293.4, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. B 293.4 has dovetails in the front corners of the lid. In B 701.9 two strips on the inside of the front (top right) have been chiselled out, which served to hold two laths that together formed a small compartment for small objects. When the chest was restored (Kempkens 2001), the compartment was made over the entire

B 26.1

355—

depth of the chest. OO 339.11 has a dovetail top right between side and front. Moreover, its lid has a hollow profile that closes over the raised inner border of the chest. Iron corner reinfor ce-ments are present on four or five chests: B 26.1, B 293.4, B 207.6(?), OO 250.4 and OO 339.11. Their presence is mysteri ous, because they are not needed on wood joints. Moreover, they are needed only on heavy chests meant for heavy contents; nothing of the sort has ever been sug-gested for these chests, nor will it be suggested below. Their coarse character and the some-times large nails that held them (flat head 1x1 on OO 339.11) excludes that they were meant as decoration. A possi ble explanation is that they were needed to bear the weight of the lid when it hung completely open. Further nails were found in one possible chest of 56x48, in grave B 6. Remains of iron hinges were found in three chests: B 293.4, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. In B 701.9 one was preserved and resto red. In B 293.4 two have been preserved in corroded condition: flat strips of iron that were appa rently mounted on the back with two nails each, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2. At their top is a hole, through which goes the eye of another strip. These strips, broken off in all cas-es, were apparently mounted vertically on the back of the lid. Two iron hinges of OO 339.11 each consist of two partly folded iron strips, mounted with two iron nails; the vertical one goes with its central part around the hinge pin, the horizontal one does so with two side parts each. Two large bronze decorative nails with rectangu lar shafts and heavy flat-globular heads covered with silver decorative plates held the front holes of each horizontal hinge strip. A discussion of locks is to be found in Gáspár (1986, 40-58). Iron locks, mounted on the inside on the wood have been found in B 26.1, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. The shape of the keyhole in the bronze sheet mounting of B 26.1 and B 701.9, a narrow vertical slit with rounded ends, implies a turning lock in which the key was probably re-volved 360o. The iron lock of B 701.9 is pre-served, but neither this nor the hinges were in-

cluded in the 2001 restoration, since they were only located in the museum depot in 2002. The plate that was part of the lock on the inside of the chest is 10 cm high, and its width tapers from 6.7 at the top and 5 at the bottom. The iron lock consists of a strip han ging from the insi de of the front of the lid plus this internal lock plate nailed onto the wood and curved in such a way that the iron strip could slide between it and the wood. A square hole in the lock pla te has an up standing bronze pin at the bottom right corner, which would snap into a corres ponding hole in the strip. The (mis sing) key conceivably drew the strip to wards the wood and away from the bronze pin, thus allo wing the chest to open. Chest OO 339.11 has a keyhole of bearded shape. All three belong to Gáspár’s lock type VIII. Keys were found with chests OO 250.18 and OO 252.11. Key OO 250.18a is a turning key with partly hollow shaft, that must have fitted over the tongue of a lock of Gáspár’s type VIII. OO 252.11e is a slide key and presumably belongs to a lock of Gáspár’s Type III, variant 2. This key is put through the keyhole into the bolt, turned 90o and fitted under the tumbling pins that keep the bolt in its place. The key is then lifted together with the tumblers, after which the bolt is slid sidewards together with the key. Turning keys without a lock to which they belonged are the two iron ones B 140.7 and the bronze B stray 261. The small bronze object B 227.2 with rectangular hole and protrusions possibly is the bolt of a lock with a tumbler in the rectangular hole. The bronze sheet mountings were decorative and were fixed with bronze decorative nails, and/or, in the case of loose pieces with figures on them, a white substance; excavator Brunsting in his notes calls it gypsum, whereas restorer Kemp-kens, in the case of B 701.9, names it lead or tin with lead/tin disea se (Kempkens 2001, 1.7). Will-er (2000, 366) discus ses the alloy used for the bronze sheet of a comparable chest: 86% cop-per, 7% tin, 7% zinc, no lead. ‘This alloy would be named red brass nowadays, an alloy with good properties for forging, which makes a bloat-free cast possible, a necessary condition for ham-

356—

mering it out to a thin sheet.’ The complete scheme of bronze sheet mountings is known for four chests: B 26.1, B 701.9, OO 339.11 and B 293.4. The first three mentioned are decora ted according to the scheme of Gáspár group VI (1986, 55-56, fig. 44). These groups do not imply a chronology. B 293.4 was decorated in a scheme not depicted by Gáspár: two continuous corner mountings with three protruding and two indented com-partments; above them, on the corners of the lid, were mountings corresponding to the pro-truding compartments. These corner mountings of the lid and the protru ding compart ments un-derneath are decorated along their inward-pointing rims by cutting out seven semicircles and piercing two holes behind each semicir cle. B 293.4 also has a rectangular keyhole plate and above it, on the lid, a corresponding rectangular plate where the handle must have been. On OO 339.11 the thin un dec orated bronze sheet is mounted on the front corners in two groups of three horizontal strips with three small bronze nails each; two narrower corner strips were on the front corners of the lid. In the middle of the top rim is the keyho le plate. Above it, on the front of the lid, is a bronze sheet rectangle with two incised concentric circles be tween two bronze eyelets in which the handle hangs. The omega-shaped handle has bent profiled ends. On B 26.1, eight bronze sheet corner plates are placed on the front corners in such a way, that square fields with concen tric circles and five

decora tive nails decorate the front. Also, there are three pentagonal and four round plates decora ted in relief. The pentagonal ones have a rosette, which has a frontal human head in its centre, the round ones a winged Amor standing to the right under a tree. B 701.9: Six corner plates connect front and sides: two on the lid, four on the corners. The inside edges are notched with alterna ting triangles and rectangles; a keyhole-shaped hole is cut behind each triangle. Top and bottom edges of the cor-ner plates are punched with small diagonal crosses. On the middle of the top edge is the keyhole plate, decorated in the same way and mounted with decorative nails showing frontal lions’ heads in relief within a beading. On a loose rectangle to the left is a Christian representation: the chaste Susanna. On the middle, round plate a Medusa head with parted hair and a plait in the middle. Between the top corner plates and the keyhole plate are two vertical rectangular plates with Christian representations: on the left, Daniel in the lions’ den, to the right the raising of Lazarus. These three rectangu lar plates are the oldest known Christian representations in the Nether lands. They have the common theme ‘God saves from oppression’, a theme discussed by Van Laarho ven (1992, 20-27) as characte ristic of the earliest Christian iconography of biblical themes. The Medusa head, from pagan mythol-ogy, is conspicuous amidst the Christian repre-sentations but can be regarded as apotropaic. (Neuss 1933, 45-47, who also calls the lions’ heads apotropaic; Buschhau sen 1971, 9; Clauß-Thomas sen (1991) treats the famous bronze sheets from Mainz-Kastel with - far clearer - parallels for the Christi an imagery on B 701.9.) Steures (2004a) shows the Nijmegen and Mainz-Kastel parallels together. Of the other chests, the scheme is not completely known; corner and decorative plates were used here too. The following decorative bronze sheets deserve mention. OO 24.2: rectangle with cut-off corners and concave sides, along which oblique punched bows; in concentric circles, a decora tive nail with a thin silver plate on an thin bronze

B 701.9

357—

plate with Medusa head. A fragment of OO 250.18 shows a fragment of a punched round plate with a Medusa or lion’s head. The facettted green glass plate OO 250.14 was mounted on an iron nail and may have been part of chest OO 250.18. Where contents could be determined, they con-cern (apart from a coin in OO 339.11) female or-naments, perfumes, dressing acces sories, and repair sets. B 320.1: two bronze rings, a bronze buckle with incised tongue, a piece of bronze sheet, a strap end (V-shaped piece of bronze sheet with two rivets on it), a piece of bronze wire or bracelet. B 293.4: sewing-needle, silver pin. B 701.9: glass balsamarium, silver pin, two frag ments of a spiral-shaped bracelet, bone bracelet. Two other chests without preserved contents were accompanied by female orna-ments: with OO 250.18 necklace, earring, make-up (or jewelry) box and chain of beads; with OO 252.11 bracelets, balsamarium and pin. Pirling (1974, 92) mentions two chests in one grave, one of which, near the head, contained pins, and the other, in the foot end, contained beads, coins, a bracelet and a key. The presence of dress accessories suggests that the chest was used predomi nantly for the stor-age of veils and scarves (e.g. OO 250.20 is a piece of textile found in chest OO 250.18). In all cases where the contents told something about the gender of the deceased, five out of ten chests, this was a woman. Gáspár (1986, 39), who dis-cusses chests in Pannonia, however warns that the idea that chests are purely female is unten-able. The position of the chests in the graves was as follows. Once (B 26.1) above and east of the head; once (B 293.4) to the left of the head end; once (OO 339.11) to the right of the head; once (B 701.9) in a large niche to the right of the hip; once, in a child’s grave (B 320.1), ± 25 cm from the foot end on or in the coffin; twice (OO 24.1, OO 250.18) in the foot end of the coffin, and three times (B 207.6, OO 103.4, OO 252.11) out-side the coffin on the foot end; so in six out of ten cases near the foot end.

For the distribution of the chests, see Buschhausen (1971) and Böhme (1974, 49-50). About the chronology of the chests the following may be remar ked. Chest OO 339.11 contained a coin from AD 332-333 and so was deposited in or after those years. Pirling (1966, 126) mentions three chests from Gellep, to be dated c.AD 300, IVab and IVB. So they are to be dated to IVAB. Date: IVAB.

Iron shears: 2 examplesExamples: B 140.2, B 465.23. Discussion: Shears were found in one male (B 140, with a hinge fibula with long hinge arms and a melon bead, both soldiers’ attributes) and one female burial. Pirling (1966, 210) menti ons four shears from Gellep: one in a male burial, two in female burials, and one uncertain. Böhme (1974, 126-127) remarks that one-piece shears occur as often in Germanic male as in female burials, that they are often near the feet of the deceased, and sometimes near the head or right shoulder. In six instances it is combined with comb and razor within a case, which suggests that at least some of the shears were meant for hair and beard dressing. Finally, he remarks that they only occur in rich burials. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 417-8) points out that shears occur in burials that are different from the usual graves, e.g. as they were cremations in the middle of inhumations. This holds for our grave B 140; and the female inhu-mation B 465 is rich and late, in a time that most graves did not get grave goods anymore. Their final remark, that shears were probably German-ic rather than Roman, fits in with the mixed Ro-man and Germanic nature of the artefacts in B 465, especially the pectoral sugge sted in the re-mark to B 465. Date: IVa-Vb.

Ear-pick: 2 examplesExample: OO stray 52-3Discussion: Literature on ear-picks may be found via Cahn/Kaufmann-Heini mann (1984, 122, no. 39). Ear-picks not having been found in regular excavations in cemetery OO, it is doubtful

358—

whether these object do come from the Late Ro-man cemetery.

Bronze sewing-needles: 5 examplesExamples: B 293.5 (in wooden chest), B 465.19, B stray 196b, B stray 254. OO stray 51. Discussion: The presence of sewing-needle B 293.5 in a wooden chest shows that such chests could contain, apart from perso nal ornaments, also repair sets for textile. This suggests in its turn that the largest volume of the chests was used for the storage of clothing. (Böhme (1974, 48) mentions needle-cases with iron sewing-needles with threads attached, in the area to the right of the Rhine.) The other finds in B 293 date the grave to IVAB; those in B 465, to AD 434-450. Date: IVa-Vb.

Glass game counters: 2 examplesExamples: OO 12.3, OO 37.5. Both Nijmegen game counters come from fe-male burials. They are of opaque blue or black glass, are round, have a more or less flat under-side and a flattish convex top. These calculi were used in sets, both in board games (Rieche 1981), and on wooden abaci or calcula ting boards. Such a playing set is known from Gellep, where 24 decorated playing disks in two colour sets were found, which in view of their number will have been used in the ludus XII scripto rum (Pirling 1966, 125-126, colour plate B opposite p. 124). Giving a single calculus, useless for either calcula tion or gaming, seems to be a symbolic ritual referring to chance or fate, which play a great role both in games and in (early) death. The theme of board games with this symbolic meaning in graves is discussed by Vermeule (1979, 80-2) and Junker (2003, 11 and 36 n. 41). Both graves OO 12 and OO 37 are dated IVAB by many other finds. Date: IVAB.

Unique pieces in female burials

Bronze spatula: 1 exampleExample: OO 9.15Discussion: Only one drop-shaped end of a spatu-la was found.

Iron stilus: 1 exampleExample: OO 252.12Discussion: The complete iron stilus with point and erasing blade OO 252.12 was found in the top filling of a lady’s grave. It may be an intru-sion, or it may have been thrown in intentionally as the grave was being filled in. If so, it was a symbol of the literacy of the lady. Date: AD 350.

Tambourine sticks: 4 examples from one graveExample: B 620.15Discussion: Van Buchem (1958b) already noticed parallels for our four tambourine sticks from the sarcophagus of the Grut berg: at Heßloch and Kaiseraugst. Since then, eight more examples in the northwestern part of the Empire (between nor thern Italy and Nijmegen) from the third and fourth centuries have become known, all found in rich graves of girls or young women. They are discussed by Martin (1991, 51-57) as parallels for the tambourine sticks of Kaise raugst grave 814. These ten examples are: Nijme gen B 620 (this study; Fasti Arch. 12, 1957, no. 8280; Van Buchem 1958ab; Böhme 1974, 285, Taf. 84,10; Swinkels/Deckers-Hageman 1997, 31-34; Steures 2003),

B 620.15

359—

Samson grave 9 (Dasnoy 1968, 291), Eprave-Croix-Rouge (Dasnoy 1968, 300), Vermand-’Calvaire’ (Viollier 1911), Vil lers-sous-Erquerie (Baudon 1910), Gellep 552 (Pirling 1966, 127-128, Pl. 52, 1-4), Heßloch grave of 1934 (Biehn 1936), Koenigshoffen (Hatt/Thevenin 1968; Hatt 1970, 324-6; exhibiti on catalogue Besançon 1993, 25), Kaise raugst 814 (Martin 1991, 51-57, Taf. 52, 1-24) and San Pietro Incaria no (Beschi 1974/75). An eleventh example was found in Brunssum, some 100 km south of Nijmegen (Bogaers 1966). The Nijmegen tambourine sticks come from the grave of a young girl (8-10 years old, or even younger, dentists say who have seen her teeth in the museum). The sticks are made from pear or apple wood, still favou rite materials for making musical instruments such as recorders, because these materials are easily worked. The follo wing de scription is based on the recon struc tion draw-ing by the late J. Ypey; its correct ness appeared from observations by the author on the surviv-ing frag ments before two tambourine sticks were resto red by Jo Kempkens in 1998-1999 (Kempkens 1999, 20-20.2). Length 37.3 cm, di-ameter 3.5 cm. A symme trically profiled middle part serves as a handle. Two rectangu lar aper-tures, 1.9 x 8.4 cm, have been cut out on both sides of this handle. Somewhat beyond the mid-dle of each aperture, at 6.3 cm from each end of the stick, are two heavy bronze bowl-shaped rattles, their downturned rims directed away from each other (d 4.2-4.7 cm, h 0.75-0.9 cm) on a transverse iron rod (l 3.9, d. 0.4 cm) whose ends have been flattened into disks in order to keep the rod in its place. On both ends of each aperture are bronze sheet bands, ends over-lapping 1 cm, each kept in place by one bronze nail; width near the handle 1.2 cm, near the ends 1.7 cm. So there are four bands per tambourine stick. There are 13 frag ments of wood preserving the com plete diameter and bound by or showing impressions of the bronze sheet bands, plus two fragments showing impressi ons. So the (mini-mum) number of tambouri ne sticks from the sarcop hagus of the Grutberg is four. The number of preser ved rattles, six, i.e. three pairs, is stran-

ge, as there must have been eight pairs to four tam bourine sticks. Thic kness and weight of the jingles (100 grams per pair: Rimmer 1981, 240) preclude that the missing ones would have cor-roded away comple tely: the tambou rine sticks appear to have been destroy ed before their re-mains were put in the foot end of the sar-cophagus. This was confir med by the position of broken pieces of the sticks, and the position of one of the bronze sheet bands: near the knees. There are no indications that the four tambou-rine sticks would have been connected to one anot her; a small piece of textile clings to one of the bronze bands. Rimmer (1981, 240) remarks that the Nijmegen tambourine sticks are heavy and un-childish. It may be added that they weigh at least 300 grams apiece (100 grams per pair of rattles), so at least 1200 grams for the four sticks, and that they can only be handled with ease with one stick in each hand. The middle part is evidently meant as the grip. Holding two in one hand crossways is impracti cal even for the hand of an adult. The conclusion seems to be, that two adults played the instruments at the burial cer-emony. The junction into pairs with a short chain in the case of tambourine sticks found at Heßloch and Kaiser augst points in the same di-rection (and shows how they were handled: ver-tically or diagonally in two fists, some 10 cm apart). In view of this, the sug gestion of Martin (1991, 56) that the in stru ments were put in these graves becau se each of the decea sed girls liked to play them accom pa nying herself during a dance, may be rejected. Scipio Aemilia nus writes in frag ment Malcovati 30: vidi (..) puerum bullatum (..) cum crotalis saltare, quam saltati onem impudicus servulus honeste saltare non posset. (‘I saw a boy with a bulla [i.e. son of Roman citizens] dance with percussion instruments, a dance an impu-dent slave boy could not do with decency.’) In view of Scipio’s words it also is to be excluded that her parents or other family members from this elite would have handled them. The Copa, a poem in the Appendix Vergiliana, shows us a fe-male dancer of low esteem playing these

360—

tambouri ne sticks ad cubitum = to make people lie down in her brothel-like inn (Steures 2003). Looking at the Copa vs 3 (lasciva) and vs 33 (with an offer of sex) and Scipio Aemilianus’ frag ment, we may well under stand what the sound of tam-bourine sticks allu ded to: sex. In the Nijmegen case, the instruments were de-stroyed on purpo se before being put in the grave. So they seem to have been made espe-cially for the burial ceremony: hired dancers would not have allowed them to be destroyed if they were their own instruments. All matters considered, the other suggestion of Martin (1991, 56) seems to be more probable: that this kind of instrument played a role at a wedding feast, and that they would have been put in the graves of the deceased girls to make good for the wedding they would never have. This was common practice in antiquity, as with the statue of Phrasikleia (Boardman 1978, 73), with loutrophoroi (In ‘t Veld 1991, pace Kurtz/Boardman 1971, 152), and, in Late Roman cem-eteries, possibly dia dems (Martin 1991, 23-28).The subject of the ‘non-attained wedding’ is fur-ther discussed by Stefanie Martin-Kilcher (2000). I do not subscribe to her view (2000, 71) that such a tambourine stick is meant in Anthologia Palatina 280, where Timareta dedicates her ball, her dolls and τύμπαvα to Artemis. A τύμπαvov is a round in strument, either an all-metal kettle-drum or a tambourine with a drum-skin. Moreo-ver, the τύμπαvα in the poem, like the ball and the doll, are attribu tes of Timareta’s girl’s age and therefore dedicated the virgin goddess Ar-temis. Date: AD 317-318.

Boar’s tusk: 1 exampleExample: B 298.68. Discussion: NB This and the following paragraphs on miniature pair of scales and North Sea shells have been published sepa rately as Steures (2004b). B 298 is a female inhumation, as appears from ten bone pins and a chain of glass beads. It also contained two fine dark coloured beakers, a

miniatu re pair of scales, a series of 55 coins and a series of North Sea shells. Böhme (1974, 116-7) enumerates a number of boars’ tusks from graves between the river Elbe and the Loire as well as in England without interpre ting them. He does remark that boars’ tusk amulets probably had the same meaning as boar’s tusks on helmets. The same criticism can be made of Arends (1978, 149, 152-3, 163), who studied a number of amulet categories in the Alamannic area between AD 450 and 700. His only conclusi ons are: boar’s tusks figure in me-dium to poor graves in the sixth and seventh centuries, as frequent in male as in female gra-ves, and more often in pockets of the clothing than as pen dants. Three other authors do inter-pret boar insignia. Beck opens the first chapter of his monograph Das Ebersignum im Germanischen (Beck 1965, 4) by remarking that boar insignia are related to weapons both in literary tradition and in pre- and protohistoric finds; that, how-ever, belts, buckles and fibulae refer to the ch-thonic-vegetative aspect of the boar insignia. However, he ignores boar’s tusk amulets to the point of not even mentioning the word Amulett in his index. Pauli (1975, 129) points in the same two directions, by stating that boar’s tusks in Celtic weapon graves refer to power and pro-wess, and by adding that their more general meaning appears from their presence in chil-dren’s and women’s graves. That meaning might be growth and fertility: Fingerlin (1981) shows that lunate amulets made from two boar’s tusks belong to horse gear of Germanic tribes in both Early and Late Roman Imperial times. The same use has been found in the cases of a Roman and a modern amulet (Hansmann/Kriss-Rettenbeck 1977, 133, 245-6, figs. 522 and 542); this use of the amulets has been related to their lunate form with its associations of growth (waxing moon) and fertility (menstruation). A disadvan-tage of this interpretati on is, that such an amulet will be of no use, once the person who wore it dies. A possible better interpretation of the lunula can be found in Schade (2003, 14-15, Pl. 1.6-7.10, Pl. 2.1): some third-century empresses

361—

had themselves portray ed on coins in a lunula. She interprets this lunula as the icono graphic parallel of the corona radiata of their hus bands. The imperial couple thus became the bearers of the lux aeterna, and as Sol and Luna they symbol-ized the aeternitas domus divinae (the eternity of the divine house). So a lunula or a boar’s tusk in a grave possi bly means eternal life after death. And, of course, a boar’s tusk is a good symbol for aggression, or, putting it more positively, for energetic activity. It is argued below that the mollusks in the shells from the same grave were eaten at the initiation dinner of Sabazios worshippers. Boar’s meat is delicious and Apicius (8,1; 1,1-9; 7,7-8) gives many recipes. Like the shells and the chestnuts discussed below, the tusk may be a memento of this highly symbolic dinner. Date: AD 317-318.

Miniature bronze pair of scales: 1 example Example: B 298.69Discussion: Miniature bronze pair of scales: arm 6.5 cm with central suspen sion eye, and two eyes in disks of 0.8 cm at the ends (the central hole being higher than the side ones); upper side of arm serrated on one side; the scales, d 2.1 cm, each have three holes, in one of which a small leather thong; remains of a leather purse and a thread on the underside of one of the pans. The shortness of the arm of the pair of scales ex-cludes the possibility that it is a precision bal-ance: the longer the arm, the more precise the balan ce. Moreover, the central suspension hole must be on the same level as the side holes from which the scales are hung if the pair of scales is to be precise. Steuer (1987, 424) describes the Roman pairs of scales, of which our example is a rude miniature, as follows: “Oftmals weisen die Balken auf einer Armhälfte, selten auf beiden, eine skalenartige Einteilung durch Kerben oder Bohrun gen auf, die zum Ver-schieben eines zusätzlichen Differential ge-wichtes gedacht ist. Eichmög lich keit und Koppe-lung der glei char migen Waage mit den Vortei len

der Schnellwaage werden die Ursache für diese zusätzliche Ausrüstung sein. (...) Aus der ganzen Zeitspanne der Rö mischen Kaiserzeit werden Waagen in Kastellen und Siedlungen gefunden. Als Grabbeigabe sind sie aüßerst selten und ge-hören dann in die spätrömische Zeit.”The imitation of the serration excludes the pos-sibility that this miniature pair of scales is meant as a coin balance, even though a series of fifty-five coins from periods with diffe rent denomina-tions is present in the same grave. Steuer (1987, 425) writes about the group to which our mini-ature pair of scales belongs, as follows: “In der Gegend von Köln und Bonn konzen triert, mit wenigen Parallel len aus anderen Gebieten, so in Südengland [and now also in Nijme gen] findet sich aber als Grabbeigabe während des 3. und 4. Jahrhun derts eine Art Miniatur waage. Sie kommt meist zusammen vor mit Miniatu raus-führungen von Tieren und Werkzeu gen. Diese Waagen und Werkzeuge als Grabbeigaben sind mit dem Mithras-Kult in Zusammenhang ge-bracht worden.”These groups of so-called Mithraic symbols from rich female inhumations in Cologne and Bonn comprise three kinds of ob jects; in the classifica-tion of Manning (1966, 50): 1. minia ture agricultu ral tools; 2. animals (lizards, crested snakes, toads or frogs, once a tortoise, once a pair of oxen); 3. ‘symbols’ (oxen’s yokes, ladders, pairs of scales, keys). Cumont (1896, II 525-6) had already pointed out that these miniatures have nothing to do with Mithras: only the snake and the ladder belong to his iconography. Lehner (1915, 51) ag reed. Still, the name ‘Mithraic sym-bols’ (in parenthe ses) has stuck (Haberey 1949; Linfert-Reich 1974; Wamser et al. 2000, 358-9, cat.no. 87; Kiernan 2009, 195-210). Steuer (1987, 425-6) continues about the mini-ature pairs of scales: “Sie gehören als Grabbeigabe ausschließlich zu Frau engräbern, so daß u.U. auch die wenigen Frauengräber mit regulären Feinwaagen in diesem Zusammen hang gesehen werden müs-sen. Bei den Miniaturwaagen handelt es sich um bewußt nachgeahmte Feinwaagen, da bei eini-

362—

gen von Ihnen auch die Kerbenleiste für das ver-schiebbare Tariergewicht vergröbert mit abge-formt ist. Auffällig ist zudem, daß die Gräber mit Miniaturgerät, darunter die Waage, meist auch Münzen enthal ten. (...) Die Deutung dieses loka-len, auf die Kölner Gegend beschränkten Kult-brauches ist offen und hilft vorerst für die Bewertung der Münzwaagen nicht weiter.” Manning (1966, 53), who publishes the only group known then of these miniatu res with al-leged provenance outside Germania Secunda (‘a tumulus in Sussex’), interprets these miniatures as objects from the cult of Sabazios, on the basis of compari son with symbols on a bronze Sabazi-os hand in London (= Verma seren 1983, no. 75). Although Manning is not the first to call the Co-logne miniatures Sabazios symbols, he is the first to argue their connection to Sabazios. Hab-erey (1934, 277), writing on finds in the Late Ro-man cemetery near the Severin straße in Co-logne, calls them in passing ‘(Sabazios?-)Symbo le’. However, Habe rey did not repeat his suggesti on in several publications in which he reported the find of such miniatures (Haberey 1949, 1960, 1962) and even once expressly re-fused to name a god (Haberey 1949, 104). Sabazios is a Thraco-Phrygian god, known since the fifth century BC, but whose mystery cult be-came popular in Roman Imperial times. His cult is mainly known from bronze hands with many symbols on them. Agricultural tools are all but absent from the Sabazios hands (apart from a pruning knife and a shovel: Vermaseren 1983, nos 3, 15, 69?, 72). Manning’s interpretation of the agricul tural tools is based on two passages in Diodorus Siculus, 4,4,1 and 3,64,2. Sabazios is called a second Dionysos there, he has yoked oxen for the first time, and he has invented

many useful agricultural tools. Manning attributes the symbolic meaning of soul scales to the miniature pairs of scales. In this, he is in agreement with Lane (1989, 33), who discusses the pair of scales as a Sabazios symbol: “Another frequent symbol, occurring on 27 hands and three plaques, is the pair of scales. Here it would seem that the obvious interpretati on is that of weighing the worship-per’s merits, or conversely his sins. Perhaps a large and obvious pair of scales was kept in eve-ry Sabazius-sanctuary and used at some point in the ritual.” The authors of the corpus of Sabazios monu-ments (Lane 1980; Vermaseren 1983; Lane 1985; Lane 1989) refer to neither Man ning’s article nor the Cologne miniatures. But a statistical base for Manning’s interpretation can be given with the help of the index to the corpus of the Sabazios hands (Vermaseren 1983). There are 96 Sabazios hands in the corpus; 27 of these have on their backs a representation of a pair of scales and of animals. Table 13 gives the combination of representa tions of pairs of scales with those of animals on Sabazios-hands, in compari son with combinations of miniature pairs of scales with miniature animals, ladders and agricultural tools in the Cologne female inhumations (the latter on the basis of the table in Manning 1966, 56; stray finds in the Cologne Niessen Collection have not been counted (Loeschcke/Willers 1911); loose balance arms and pans have been counted as one pair of scales per grave). Linfert-Reich (1973) discusses the groups of Co-logne miniatu res as if they consist of agricultural tools only (and repti les mentioned in passing). She suggests that they were meant for working

Table 13: Combinations of pairs of scales with representations of animals, ladders and agricultural tools (oxen’s yokes included)

Scales +toad +lizard +snake +ladder +tools

Sabazios hands 27 18 16 20 2 -

Cologne miniatures 16 3 10 4 14 12

363—

the Elysean fields in the hereaft er, and ends with the sweeping statement: ‘Spekulationen mit dem Mithras- oder Sabazi-oskult, oder gar unbe kannten Kölnischen Sekten brauchen also für unsere Geräte nicht bemüht zu wer den.’ However, Linfert-Reich ignores much of the evi-dence and, furthermore, the Elysium has always been a paradise of meadows where work was out of the question, what ever the changes in the ideas on the hereafter. Manning is right in sug-gesting a connec tion between the Cologne groups of miniature scales, ladders, agricul tural tools and animals and the Sabazios cult. That Sabazios was worshipped in Cologne appears from the find of a Sabazios hand there (Verma-seren 1983, no. 50). It seems to be obvious to think of a Cologne var-iant of the Sabazios cult, because the agri cultural tools are lacking on the Sabazios hands. On the other hand, it seems to be exagge ra ted to call it a sect, because every thing in it can be tracked down to the icono graphy of and literature on Sabazios. I subscri be to the interpre tation put forward independently by Manning and Lane: the Nijmegen miniature pair of scales is to be interpre ted as an instrument to weigh the soul of the deceased lady and comes from the Co-logne variant of the Saba zios cult. After the above had been written, Mr L. Swinkels of Museum Het Valkhof, where the finds are kept, drew my attention to Ver hoe ven/Ector (1984). They publish two miniatures, a balance arm and a yoke, from Veldhoven (some 60 km southwest of Nijme gen), reach similar conclusions and also speak of a local Cologne variant of the Sabazios cult. They suggest a link between the date around 270-280 for many Cologne miniature groups and the court of the Gallic emperor Pos-tumus at Cologne (258/9-260), apparently lean-ing on Haberey (1962, 402). This relation seems improb able, for the following reasons. The bal-ances are found also in graves of the first half of the fourth century (see Table 14 in the section on North Sea shells below). From their own Table on p. 147 it appears that the largest and most

famous group of miniatures, from Roden-kirchen, dates from the time of Gratia n, AD 367-383. Moreover, at least two of the graves with pairs of scales have been brought in relation with large villae rusticae outside Cologne, not with an urban elite (Cologne-Lindenthal: Noelke 1984; Roden kirchen: Haberey 1949, 102). The miniature agri cultural tools are better under-standable in the context of a villa rustica than in that of an urban court elite. But above all: not hing in Postumus’ propa ganda par excellence, the coins, points in the direction of Sabazios, whereas he honours many other gods, amongst whom another god with a mystery cult, Serapis (RIC V II, 328-368, esp. 331). Mr Maarten Dolmans kindly drew my attention to the presence of Sabazios miniatures in the Municipal Museum of Roermond, some 75 km due south of Nijmegen. They come from a Ro-man cemetery near Roermond. Nijmegen and Roermond may now be added to the distribu-tion map of Sabazios miniatures in Verhoe ven/Ector (1984, 140). Their table on p. 147 shows the date of these miniatures: from Probus (coin of AD 276-282) to Gratian (coin of AD 370-380). Kiernan (2009, 195-210) discusses the Cologne miniatures under the name of the so-called “Mith-rassymbole” and sums up the interpretations put forward: as symbols of Mithras; as weights; as symbols of Sabazios (“This theory has most re-cently been adopted by Steures (2004b) in his discussion of the Nijmegen grave, and is current-ly the most popular interpretation of the Mith-rassymbole.”); a Germanic tradition as magical amulets and jewellery; as symbols of fertility and wealth; and some new ideas. In his conclusions on the Mithrassymbole he writes (p. 210): “These models are a very specific and localised type grave good, not votive offerings. The Mithassym-bole themselves have been something of an ar-chaeological puzzle for well over a century, and there is still no definitive explanation for them.”Date: AD 317-318.

364—

North Sea shells: 1 example (several species in one grave)Example: B 298.71-73Pullet carpet-shell (Venerupis pulla stra Monta gu, 1803; Dutch tapijt schelp; perhaps best known un-der its Italian name of vongola), 1 fragment of right valve; cockle (Cerastoderma (Cardium) edule Linnae us, 1758; Dutch kokkel), 6 fr of left valve, 5 fr of right valve, 3 fr undetermina ble; 1 common whelk, incomplete (Buccinum unda tum Linnaeus, 1758; German Wellhornschnecke, Dutch wulk). Discussion: The common whelk, the largest shell (4-10 cm) to be found on the North Sea beach, has been found in four or five female inhumati-ons from Cologne to Nijmegen from the second half of the third century and the first half of the fourth. It is always accompa nied by a coin series, in three cases by a miniature pair of scales, in one case by other miniatures, and in three cases by bivalve shells: see Table 14. The Cologne and Gellep graves are richly provided with grave goods. The positions in the graves where the shells were found are as follows. In Cologne, Von Werthstraße grave 6: together with coin series under the remains of a textile bag near the right hand. In Cologne-Lindenthal grave 2: just as the coin series not indicated on the other wise pre-cise grave plan on p. 379 Abb. 2; ‘die im Sarg entdeckte einzelne Wellhornschnecke’ (p. 413). Cologne, Severinstraße grave 2: no data; simply indica ted as Schneckenhaus. Gellep, grave 533: the

whelk (not a mediterra nean Turitel la, as Pirling writes (1966, 70, Pl. 48, 26)) was lying in the mid-dle of the grave; the other five shells under which a scallop (Pecten maximum or Jacobaeum) in the middle of the grave, next to the cremation remains. Nijme gen, B 298 = Lange Nieuwstraat grave 88: with bone pin s, boar’s tusk, miniatu re pair of scales, sweet chestnuts, nec klace and coin series on the right upper or lower arm. Though the whelk and the molluscs are edible and as such discussed in many cookery-books and lists of mollusc mer chants, it is never found as food on a plate. The position in a bag near the right hand in Cologne, Von Werthstraße grave 6, and in Nijmegen on the right arm suggests that the shells were empty when they were put into the graves and that they were very important to the deceased ladies. The only practical use whelk shells ever had for man is their function of horn, the predecessor of the fog-horn on the North Sea. This practical use is excluded here as the whelks still have their apex and therefore no mouthpiece to blow on (Von Werthstraße, Lindent hal, Gel lep). In view of their appea ring together with minia ture pairs of scales and coin series a symbo lic meaning seems to be the most probable. Three studies on amulets, one general and two archaeological, give no specific clues for North Sea shells (Hans mann/Kriss-Retten beck 1977, 136; Pauli 1975, 128; Arends 1978 discusses cowri shells in Alamannic graves).As the miniature pair of scales in the same

Table 14: Roman female inhumations with common whelk (Cw), shells (Sh), coin series (Cs: number and dates of earliest and latest coins), in some cases with miniature pair of scales (Sc) and miniature agricultural tools and animals (Mi).)

Place Grave Literature Cw Sh Cs Dates Sc Mi

Cologne V.Werthstr 6 Fremersdorf 1931 1 6 38 89-337 no no

Cologne Lindenthal 2 Noelke 1984 1 - 23 224-282 yes yes

Cologne Severinstr 2 Doppelfeld 1959 1? - 9 268-337 no no

Gellep 533 Pirling 1966, 70 1 5 17 161-311 yes no

Nijmegen B 298 this study 1 >7 55 10BC-319 yes no

365—

Nijmegen grave has above been tentatively in-terpreted as a soul balance from the mystery cult of Sabazios in its Cologne variant, a symbolic in-terpretation of the whelk and the bivalve shells in the same sphere seems to be the most attrac-tive. The aim of mystery cults was to approach the divine as near as possible via different levels of initiation (Kloft 1999, 8). Every horn-shaped snail shell with its clearly visible whorls one on top of the other can be used as a symbol for these levels of initiation, and most of all the largest one to be found in this region: the com-mon whelk. In the same vain it is written on the website of the Jabikspaad (a Frisian connection to the pilgrim’s route to Santiago de Compostela, with a common whelk as logo): ‘In the kabbalah (the Jewish secret doctrine) the horn-shaped shell is the image of the differ-ent levels in reali ty that are connected in the way of a snail shell. This symbolism can be applied to the pilgrim as follows: the lowest whorl is the bodily level. (...) The middle whorl is the moral level. (...) The topmost whorl is the spiritual lev-el. (...)’ (Translation D.St.)And the bivalve shells? Mystery cults knew the obligation for the initiates to keep silent to the uninitiated. I suggest that the bivalve shells are a symbol of this clamming up. (Kloft 1999, 7. The usual etymology of mystery given by Kloft, ibid., from μύω = to close the eyes, is wrong. If anything, mystery cults opened the eyes of the initiates, the highest level of initiation in Eleusis being έπoπτεία = watching. The associated verb is μυέω = to initiate.) As all the molluscs concerned are edible and Sabazios-worship pers held ritual dinners (Kloft 1999, 38 and figure on 39), it seems to be obvi-ous that these molluscs were eaten at the initia-tion dinner. Mystery cults offered their initiates the prospect of a happy hereafter, to the exclusion of the non-initiated (Kloft 1999, 30). In Aristopha nes’ Frogs, Dionysos descends into the under world; in verses 454-6 a choir of initiates in the under-world sings: ‘for us alone who have been initi-ated the sun, the holy light shines’. Gluck’s im-

mensely popular Dance of the blessed spirits from his Orfeo, another (mythical) descent into the un-derworld, perpetuates this idea. Peop le who be-lieve in this provide their deceased loved ones with a proof of initiation in order to guarantee their happi ness in the hereafter. Both from Di-onysiac and Orphic mystery contexts we know of graves containing gold tablets with texts in-scribed that were to serve as initiation certifi-cate, and as such as a passport giving entry to the realm of the happy few in the underworld (Kloft 1999, 30-31; Maddoli 1996, 497-8). Applied to the graves in Cologne, Gel lep and Nijme gen: the position of the shells toge ther with a coin series near the right hand or arm, and in Gellep next to the cremation remains, suggests that each lady believed she needed the shells in her hand luggage on the journey to the underworld. The shells, I suggest, as a passport that proved her initiati on, the coins for a long journey or for another purpose not understood yet. Date: AD 319-320.

Sweet chestnuts: 1 exampleExample: B 298.69bDiscussion: The above interpretations of the mini-ature scales, the shells and the coins in B 298 were already expounded in Steures (2004ab). Nothing was known then about a find of plant remains in the same grave: the three documen-tations on which the present find catalogue of cemetery B is based do not mention them. As a small leather thong was mentioned (and drawn with pencil) in the miniature scales B 298.69, Mr Ronny Meijers of Museum Het Valkhof had been asked in Septem ber 2002 to have a look at the scales. He answered that there was no thong re-maining, but that he saw impressions of plant remains and a twined thread on the underside of one of the scales. It was not until August 2007, that Prof. C.C. Bakels in a chance meeting told me that the ex-cavator, Prof. Brun sting, had given her plant re-mains from B 298; she did not know for sure what they were but thought of chestnuts. The same after noon, she handed me a (cigar) box

366—

containing a slip of paper in the handwriting of the late Prof. Brunsting. The slip contained a list of finds of grave LN 88 = B 298, ending with the words: ‘1 bronze pair of scales. By the proximity of the bronze, plant remains were preserved’ (transl. D.St.). Two days later, Prof. Bakels had written the present Chapter 9, Plant remains in B 298. The chestnuts were lying against the miniature pair of scales in its leather purse, so just like the shells they were not placed onto a plate or dish, and were most probably not meant as food for the deceased lady. Anyway, sweet chestnuts were not popular as food. Apicius (5,2,2) has no more than one recipe, in which they seem less important than the lentils they go with, and Ath-enaios’ Deipnosp histai (2,54c-d) even contest their edibili ty. So what do chestnuts mean in this symbolical context? Chestnut wood (always sweet chestnut or Castanea sativa Mill.: the horse-chestnut or Aes-culus hippcastaneum L. entered southern Europe

not before the 16th century) was known as weather, water and soil resistant (Theophrastos, Historia Planta rum 5,4,2; 5,4,4; 5,7,7) and there-fore popular as material for props in vineyards (Columella 4,33,1-5). Their charcoal was used for smelting iron ore (Theophr. o.c. 7,9,2). Enough material for symbolism around endurance and the four elements of air, water, earth and fire.

Conclusion of the last four sections: The miniature pair of scales is to be interpreted as a soul bal-ance from the mystery cult of Sabazios in its Co-logne variant. I suggest that the shells were put in the grave as a memento of the initiation din-ner and as a passport giving access to the happy part of the hereafter. As both scales and shells have parallels mainly in Cologne, I assume that the lady in the Nijmegen grave was a Sabazios-worshipper from Cologne, and that the same holds for the Gellep lady. As opposed to the rich graves of her fellow worshippers in Cologne and Gellep, the Nijmegen grave is not conspicuously

B 298 The miniature set of scales, the shells and the ornaments in grave B 298 show the deceased to be an eccentric lady from Cologne, who worshipped Sabazios.

367—

richly furnished. The boar’s tusk, without a par-allel in this context, is possibly to be inter preted as a symbol of life after death and/or energetic activity.

Priestess’ sceptre: 1 exampleExample: B 465.16 (a triple ring) and B 465.18 (bronze-sheet knob with mineralized wood in it). Discussion: The section on the three identical bronze-sheet pendants with pole idol (see above, section Pendants, B 465.25) ended with a question and its answer: ‘A last question to be considered is: why put these unique pendants from a men’s world into the grave of a woman? The only reasonable an-swer seems to be that the deceased lady was in-timately linked with that world in a personal way, rather than merely being the wife or daugh-ter of a Germanic leader.’ One more object from her grave has to be men-tioned here in order to suggest her position in that men’s world. Near the vanished right hand a bronze sheet knob filled with wood remains was found, consisting of a conical upper part closed with a disk at the top, and a cylindrical lower part (h 2.2 cm, d top 1.9-2.7 cm, d tube 1.8-2.0 cm; cf. Böhme 1974, Taf. 85, 5). It clearly is the decoration of the knob of a staff. The shape of the small knob with its sharp edge exclu des the possibili ty that it was a walking stick. It seems probable that the staff was held not at the knob, but in the middle part of the shaft. Staves are signs of dignity for priests, high officials and rulers. As the latter two possibi lities may be safely exclu ded, I suggest that the de-ceased lady was a pries tess of the idol shown on the pen dants. The triple ring B 465.16 with its inner diameter of 1.9 cm seems large for a lady’s finger. It may have been around the sceptre. The only parallels of wooden sceptres with end knobs and with metal parts around the middle known to me come from Britannia, especially sceptres known in the Gallo-Roman temple in Wanbo rough, Surrey: apparently priests’ attribu-tes (O’Connell/Bird 1994, 94-6, Pl. 11, 107-121; cf.

Henig 1984, 136-141, Pl. 62). The only (male) priest of such a pole idol we know of is that of the goddess Nerthus = Mother Earth, mentioned in Tacitus’ Germania 40. This priest sometimes drove the goddess in a chariot drawn by cows through many tribal territories. Somet hing similar happe ned as late as AD 369-372, when the Visigoth king Athanaric had an idol carried around through the settle ments of the Christianized Goths (Sozomenos hist. eccl. 6,37): such a priestess seems to be possible in the fifth century. Date: AD 440-450.

Silver agrafe with four hooks and christogram: 1 exam-pleExample: B 690.3. Discussion: Squarish silver plate, reconstructed l 2.3 cm, with originally four hooks bent down-wards and inwards extending from its four cor-ners. The two hooks on the right were partly (top) or completely (bottom) broken off. Its top surface (h 1.6, w 1.4) has an incised decoration of a christogram (liga ture of X and P) in a rectangle, in such a position that the christo gram stands when the hooks are on the left and right. It was found on top of the head, while next to the right temple there were two silver pins with polyhe-dral heads. The object has often been depicted

B 690.3

368—

because of the christogram and got different names: Brun sting 1969, 24 (‘hair ornament’), Van Es 1972, 202 fig. 47 (‘small bronze plat e’), Novioma gus 1979, 68 fig. 80 (‘silver pin’), Bloemers et al. 1981, 120 (idem), Van Es 1981, 261 fig. 203 (‘small silver plate’), Willems 1990, 84 (‘silver pin’: new photograph, which clearly shows the hooks on the left). The object itself got no attention, and the authors did not ask how this staple-like object could be fastened in the hair. The problem is treated in Steures 2004a and in the present section of this study. Four parallels are known: one with a christo-gram, one whose shape and decoration are simi-lar to B 690.3 but without a christogram, and two that correspond only in shape. The parallel with christogram is an unpublished tin-plated bronze agrafe with four hooks from Collection C.S. in Munich, which was shown at the exhibition on Constantine the Great at Trier in 2007 (Schmidt 2007). It probably comes from Spain and its date is given as IVA, probably for typological reasons, because it is compared to the labarum: double punched square, double punched circle, christogram in the centre (stand-ing when the hooks are above and below), and dot-and-circles in the four corners. The latter would then be rudimen tary imperi al portraits (imagines clipeatae), and the double circle a styl-ized laurel wreath, according to the recon struc ti-on of the labarum by W. Hahn (1999). The best parallel up to the year 2007 was found as find no. 6462 on the bottom of a funerary pit, a closed find to be dated around AD 350, near the Roman villa at Montmaurin (Hau te-Garonne, between Toulouse and the Pyre nees). The excava tor, G. Fouet, discusses this silver agrafe à quatre cro chets (‘agrafe with four hooks’) three times (Fouet 1958, 168 fig. 28; 1963, 285 fig. 5, 289-291; 1969, 184, Pl. XLIX, LVIII). No parallels are known to him. The decoration on its square middle part is partly punched, partly incised: in a cadre of four triangular pairs of horns there is a circle (d 0.9 cm) divided by a cross. The quad-rants have stylized symbols: crescents, possibly an axe, possibly a star. Fouet shows the striking

similarity of this decoration and that on the re-verse of coins of the Volcae Tectosages, who lived between Toulouse and Narbonne; and that of a circle divided by a cross on textless altars in the Pyrenees for a Jupiter-like god, one of which was found in the same villa (Fouet 1963, 285 fig. 5,6, 290). Fouet (1963, 292, note 51) considers his agrafe 6462 to be a particular form of the staple-like dress-hook known as agrafes à double crochet (double-hooked agrafes), the origin of which goes back to La Tène III in the first century BC. These occur red in the Gallo-Roman culture, e.g. four times in the same Montmaurin villa. The double-hooked agrafes have their most frequent appearance in Merovingian times, esp. in the 7th century, in an area Fouet describes as ‘from Bel-gium to Lyon and from Normandy to the Rhine are as’ (Fouet 1963, 277). Martin (1991, 78), howe-ver, thinks that the four-hooked agrafes are the forerunners of the double-hooked ones. Schulze-Dörlamm (2002, 137) writes that agrafes of Late Roman time were only worn by the provin cial Roman population of Gaul, and that they were used in the early middle ages exclu-sively by the Romanesque population of the Merovin gi an empire. Her opinion is untenable, as we also know of ex-amples from the Nether lands, three of which of unknown date and provenance in Nijmegen (Roes 1954a, Pl. XIX, 81 and 84 (84 should be 82); Roes 1954b, 331 fig. 140 bott om: Friesland; 332 fig. 141: Domburg). Audin (1955, 158) describes the distri bution area ‘from Frisia to Switzerland and the area around Lyon’. Gellep grave 1121 contains a brooch mounted on such an agrafe à double crochet, accompanied by a twined bracelet, datable IVc - Vab (Pirling 1966, 132, Taf. 91, 23abc). Audin (1955, 158-9) and Jeannet (1957, 151) made the objection that texti le and hook of the agrafe à double crochet would have ruined each other if someone would have worn it. On the ba-sis of his excavations in Lyon where he found ten agrafes, Audin (1955, 159) is convinced that they were used in order to close shrouds. The two other parallels for the Nijmegen agrafe

369—

with four hooks, from Abbe ville female burial 52 and from Yverdon ‘Pré-de-la-Cure’, are depicted by Schulze-Dörlamm (2002, 139, Abb. 3) after the original publications. In view of the Montmaurin parallel, which is firmly rooted in southern France, it seems prob-able that our Nijmegen example has the same date and provenance. Southern France was christi anized much earlier than the Nether lands: the Nijmegen lady may have come from that area. As the christogram was a decora tion on an ornament, it was meant to be seen: the lady pro-clai med that she was a Christian. That cannot have been a problem in the fourth century, in which all emperors were Christians (originally even Julian, who got his nickname the Apostate not for nothing). It is striking that the Nijmegen and the Montmaurin four-hooked agrafes both carry religious symbols, but from two very dif-ferent religions. In view of the likeness of the Nijmegen agrafe and its four parallels to the present-day bandage hooks of thin metal and elastic with which roller-bandages are fixed, it seems likely that they were applied in order to fix two layers of the same piece of textile that had been drawn firmly one over the other: the textile itself fixes the hook and one will not easily loose it. It is not necessary to suppose with Fouet (1963, 278; 1969, 184) that the agrafe was sewn to the edge of the textile: in that case two hooks would have been better replaced by sewing-holes. In view of the horizontal position of the Nijmegen agrafe three textile objects seem to be possible: bandage, head-shawl and headband. Bandage can be excluded: one does not leave pins under a bandage if they have angular heads, as there were two on the right temple. For the same reason a head-shawl may be excluded: the heads of the pins were meant to be seen as or-naments. Remains that the agrafe was used in order to fix the two ends of a headband on the front top side of the head (cf. Fouet 1963, 278). We know of more instances of headbands being closed there (e.g. Bianchi Bandinelli 1970, 33 fig. 38: Deme ter/Kore from Ariccia). So the lady wore

a head dress that was kept in its place with the two pins, a headband and the agrafe. The position of the Nijmegen agrafe on the top front of the head fits in with Schulze-Dörlamm’s supposition that a fifth-century example (of completely different shape and decoration) from Mainz was used in order to close a diadem on the forehead (2002, 138-140, Abb. 4). The Ab-beville agrafe was found on the middle of the breast: it closed clothes or a shroud. The Munich agrafe with four hooks and a christogram in ver-tical position cannot have been meant for a hori-zontal headband and must have closed a gar-ment in vertical direction, though it is not clear what kind of garment that was if not a bandage on the arm. Date: c.AD 350.

Small textile bag with handle: 1 example Example: B 185.4-6. Discussion: The small handbag with a handle B 185.4 was found in a girl’s grave, as appears from the dimensions of the coffin (140x55 cm) and the presence of bronze bell B 185.1. Three round links of an iron chain are visible, d 1 cm, on a heap of two textiles, now carbonized. Tex-tile 1 is folded, c.5x5 cm, and textile 2 consists of two card-weft bands, l 13 cm and 3.2 cm. It may have been a small bag with a band handle, hanging from a chain around the waist. The presence of textile bags or sacks, now com-pletely vanished, has been supposed in view of the position of shells, coins and bone pins in B 298. Also in B 298 there were remains of the leather case of miniature pair of scales B 298.69.

Miniature pantomime mask: 1 exampleExample: B 197.6. Discussion: The main text of the description in Van Boekel (1987, 798-9) is copied below; notes and detail description are left out. “Miniature mask of a woman with high onkos. The woman has an oval face, a rounded chin, a prominent curved nose, and full lips. The small mouth is closed. Eight thick curls frame the face and a thick curl (or ear-ring?) is visible on either

370—

side of the face near the cheeks. The relief on the woman’s skull is not sharp. Horizontal bands are ren dered by two rounded cavities encircled by ribbons above the hair-roll. The onkos is devided into two oblong parts with con cave fronts and rounded tops, reminiscent of animal ears. Two small suspen sion holes are pier ced in the skull behind the smooth back of the onkos. The mask’s back is concave. The mask is completely covered with white slip on which many small traces of elaborate painting remain. Green paint is visible on the front of the onkos. Traces of blue-brown and red-brown paint are found in the concave front of the left part of the onkos, the left cavity in the head-dress, and on the lips. The head-dress pre-serves traces of brown and brown-red paint (PCC Brown C and Brown/Red B5, respec tively. Yellow-brown paint (near PCC Yellow/Brown A3) is visible on the forehead and on the face along the left eye. Traces of brown paint (slightly dark-er than PCC Brown C6) are seen on the left part of the hair and head-dress, and on the left pro-truding lock (or ear-ring). The mask can be ascribed to the Trier-Süd ce-ramic centre (...) and is dated to AD IVA by the find-circumstances (...). Type I, A.” Van Boekel (1987, 790) interprets it as the depic-tion of a pantomime actor because of the closed mouth. About its functi on in the grave she writes (1987, 790): “The masks are a Dionysiac-Bacchic symbol and therefore have an eschato logical signifi-cance, namely, the guarantee that the deceased will be accepted in the Bacchic thiasos in the Un-derworld to lead a new, happy existence.” In 1996, she is more cautious and writes the fol-lowing caution before the same interpretation: ‘Perhaps a religious meaning may be connected with these grave finds.’ (Van Boekel 1996, 26). Her interpretation is supported by a similar one of the many miniature theatre masks from the Greek necro po lis of the island of Lipari, north of Sicily, from the fourth and third centuries BC (Bernabò Brea 1981, 21-5; Bernabò Brea/Cavalier 2001, 19-22).

Date: IVab.

Distaff?: 1 exampleExample: OO 12.11.Discussion: The thin round iron rod with wooden handle, pre served length 12.8, d 1 cm, from a fe-male burial possibly is a distaff, the stick on which wool was wound for spinning by hand, and that was held in the left hand by a right-handed spinner. There are two usual interpreta-tions for the symbolic deposition of distaffs in female inhumations. The first interpre tation, of so-cial standing, is discussed comprehensively by Elisabeth Trinkl (2000) and succinctly by Van Es (1981, 212). Trinkl’s most important sentence goes: “Vor allem im Sepulkralbereich werden die Geräte der Wollverar beitung ein Synonym für die domina, die zeitlebens ihren Pflichten nach-kam und alle Agenden im und um das Haus or-ganisierte.” Van Es discusses an amber distaff in an inhuma-tion at Esch (some 60 km west of Nijmegen) as an attribute of women of the propertied class: “Perhaps they managed not only the kitchen and the larder, but also they supervised textile production by the female staff. The amber dis-taff from a Cologne workshop could point in that direction. It does not look like a real tool, but rather like a symbol of the dignity of the mis-tress, just like the rank of the sergeant-major is underlined by his baton.” (Transl. D.St.) This use of a wand as the attribute of the matron as head of the household is indeed mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (14,6,17), who ridicules the habit of parading the entire household through the streets of Rome behind the matron hol ding a virga, as if she were at the head of an army.Generally, no spindle-whorls are found in graves with dis taffs: indeed a sign that the distaff is an attribute of the highest rank within the house-hold. The second interpretation, a transcendental one, is expressed by Renate Pirling (1976 = 1994, 85-89) in an article with the significant title Klothos Kun-

371—

kel (Clotho’s distaff): gagate and amber distaffs would be an allusion to the Parcae, the three godesses of destiny. Clotho is the one who spins our life’s thread. Two examples of a terracotta statuette of a woman with distaff are known from the Netherlands. Van Boekel (1987, 578-584) treats them under the heading Women with distaff/Parcae. The one in the Gallo-Roman tem-ple of Aarden burg attests to use in religious rites; the other in the Roman villa of Hoogeloon probably had a role in private domestic worship (Van Boekel 1987, 580). These two interpretations do not exclude one another and so may be applied at the same time. Date: IVAB.

ATTRIBUTES FOR BOTH GENDERS

Coins: 70 graves, 5 stray, 210 coinsExamples: see coin lists after Chapter 14. Discussion: Coins play an important role in dating the graves and the interpretation of the two cemeteries. As there are many different aspects, they are discussed in different chap ters of this study. In Chapter 3, Explanatory notes to the find catalogue, in the section titled First and second-cen-tury coins and fibulae: intrusions? (p. 12), it is argued that early coins (and fibulae) were put into the graves intention ally; in the section titled Assess-ing the dates of the graves in real years (p. 12-15), the way the coin periods were used for fairly exact dates is discus sed. In Chapter 12, Typology of dress accessories, the two eighth-century sceattas are discus sed in the section on Beads because of the association of one of them with eighth-century beads in grave B 661 (p. 307). Finally, coin peri-ods and mints are discus sed in Chapter 14, Inter-pretation, in the section titled Chronology - The be-ginning. After the final chapter, there are three coin lists:Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers; Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins; Coin list 3: per coin after its latest minting date.

Metal belt sets in different variants: 43 examplesExamples: listed below with each variant. General discussion: In his monograph on belts and their metal mountings of the fourth and fifth century AD in the Roman Empire, Sommer (1984, 4) presents a clas sificati on in two series. In series 1, buckle and strap end are the out most ends of the belt. In series 2, independent metal mountings form the outmost ends: small ribbed tubes (Astragaltüllen) and/or endpla tes; in that series, the buckle is mounted separately at some distance or made part of the endplate, while the strap end is mounted on a narrower elong ation belt, which is riveted onto the main belt. The terminology used below is: buckle frame (the curved part of the buckle, through which the belt is led), tongue (the movable pin that goes through a hole in the belt) and plate (the metal piece riveted to the belt; it may be connected to the buckle frame by means of a hinge, or may be fixed, i.e. cast in one piece with the buckle frame). If, on the other hand, the belt is riveted back to itself, it passes around a rod.

First-century soldier’s buckle: 1 exampleExample: OO 66.2. Discussion: The shape of the fragmentary buckle OO 66.2, which consists of a rod and a pelta-shaped bow, is known from first-century fortress contexts (Bishop/Coulston 1993, 97, fig. 59,15; Bishop/Coulston 2006, 108, fig. 62). It also occurs, however, in fourth-century Spain (Sommer 1984, Pl. 14,7), so it cannot be dated with certainty. Date: I-IV.

Buckle Sommer 1A with bag-shaped plate in variants a and c: 7 examplesExamples: Sommer 1Aa (with round D-shaped or oval bow): B 654.2, OO 242.5, OO 283.3 (silver), OO 368.1. Sommer 1Ac (with two animal heads biting inwards on the bow): OO 373.2a (1Ac3, dolphins’ or ducks’ heads), OO 402.1 (1Ac1, lion’s head, degenerated here to ribs). Deviating: OO 29.2a with two rudi men tary animals’ heads bit-ing outwards. Discussion: Sommer (1984) discusses the buckles

372—

with bag-shaped plate on p. 18-21 and depicts them on Pl. 1, nos 1, 4 and 7. He classifies them with his chrono logical group 1 (Sommer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the fifties of the fourth centu ry (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). The vari-ant represented by OO 29.2a, with bag-shaped plate combined with two rudimentary animals’ heads on the buckle frame biting outwards, does not occur in Sommer’s group 1, and finds a par-allel for the heads in Som mer’s series 2, variant 1c, dated AD 407-450. The coins found in grave OO 29 show that it indeed comes from the years in between: the latest coin is of Valenti nian II (378-383). OO 29.2a is therefore to be dated to IVd. Date: Sommer 1Aa and 1Ac: AD 310-360; OO 29.2a: IVd.

Buckle Sommer 1Cb, with rectangular plate and saddle-shaped to oval bow: 6 examples Examples: 1Cb1 with smooth buckle frame ends: B 14.3, B 14.4, B 132.2, B 167.1, OO 271.5; 1Cb4 with richly decorated plate: OO 366.1. Discussion: Sommer (1984) discusses these buck-les on p. 22-23 and depicts them on Pl. 2,6 and Pl. 3,4-6, repsectively. He classifies 1Cb1 with his chronological group 1 (Sommer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the fifties of the fourth cen-tury (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). On p. 62 he classifies 1Cb4 with his chronolo gical group 2, dated AD 364/70-407/8 for northern Gaul and the Rhine area. Date: Sommer 1Cb1: AD 310-360; Sommer 1Cb4: AD 364-408.

Buckle Sommer 2B, with open-work fence-like plate: 1 example Example: B 723.6. Discussion: Sommer (1984, 34) classifies these buckles in variants a-f, characterized by decora-tions; these are not present on B 723.6. He puts three of these in his chronologi cal group 1 (Som-mer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the fif-

ties of the fourth century (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). Date: AD 310-360.

Belt set Sommer series 2, variant 1, shape c: 1 example. Example: B 61.1. Discussion: This belt set, corresponding to Ypey’s BB1 (Ypey 1969, 113-114, fig. 18), is described in detail in the find catalogue. Ypey remarks on his distribution map (fig. 21), that his series B with loose buckle (as opposed to his series A, in which the buckle is part of the endplate) does not occur in the Danube area (cf. Sommer 1984, 110, map 7). Ypey (1969, 94) connects his type A with the campaigns against the Quadi beyond the Dan-ube of the years 373-380, in which many Frank-ish soldiers from northern Gaul took part. He concludes (Ypey 1969, 114) that belts of his series B did not yet exist at the time of those cam-paigns and therefore date after 375. Both his types A and B, he supposes, originated in north-ern Gaul and the Rhine area. Böhme 1974 (61-62, 285-286, 361; Pl. 84, 11-18) classifies this belt set with his type Vieuxville, which sometimes has three but usually two end plates with ribbed tubes (Astra galröhre) slipped onto them. On p. 155, he classifies his type Vieuxville with his phase II, c.AD 380-420. In a discussion on the problem, which Germanic groups (laeti established in the Empire or foederati crossing the border) had decisive influen ce on the material culture of the Roman area north of the Loire, Böhme (1974, 205) rejects the laeti on the grounds of chronology and status, and con-siders among others the Nijmegen grave with this belt set that of a Roman officer of Germanic origin. He suggests calling them foederati. In 1997, Böhme retracted this opinion: see below. Sommer (1984, 7-9) classifies belts with narrow end plates, on which ribbed tubes (Astra galröhre) have been slipped, with his series 2, variant 1, shape c, which his distribution map 7 (Sommer 1984, 110) shows to occur in northern Gaul, the Rhine area, and the north-west of Germania Lib-era. He does not date this series of belts as a whole (apart from the caption of his distribution map: chronological group 3); instead, he discus-

373—

ses buckle and strap end separately, and puts them in chronologi cal groups, which he subse-quently dates. The endplates with Astragaltüllen are, curiously enough, not further discussed. The buckle with animals’ heads biting out ward (rudi-mentarily present on our buckle) and the short fixed plate is Sommer’s shape 3, type f, appar-ently variant Haillot (although the charac teristic punched decoration is absent here; Sommer 1984, 39-40, 132, Pl. 17, 3-5). This kind of buckle is in his chro nological group 3, which Sommer dates AD 407-450 (Sommer 1984, 65, 78-79). The strap end belongs to Sommer’s shape B, type c, variant 2 (Sommer 1984, 49-53, Pl. 21, 1-6): amphora-shaped, no indication of handles, no end decora-tion; this is also in his chronological group 3, dat-ed 407-450 (Sommer 1984, 65, 78-79). A more precise date for the Nijmegen belt set can be derived from the reuse of two pieces, which show cut-out (Kerbschnitt) decoration on their back sides, which were invisible when the belt was worn: one of the endplates and one of the middle-sized belt stiffeners. Ypey (1969, 114) re-marks, that both pieces apparently were part of earlier belt sets and used as repair pieces in a time when Kerbschnitt was no longer in fashion. I therefore propose to date the Nijmegen belt set to Vb. On the use of belt sets of his series 2, variant 1, Sommer’s conclusion on p. 86 is negative: it can-not be assigned to a formal uniform correspond-ing to an official Roman dress code. So it is not possible to identify it with the cingulum militi ae known from ancient literature. Nevertheless, four tables of sites (e.g. Table 3 on p. 90: series 2, variant 1c) lead him to the conclusion that these belts were worn by frontier soldiers; which kind, is again impossible to say. But also barbarians wore this kind of belts: in 12 graves (=34%) with such belts barbarian attributes like comb, shears, tweezers and flint-and-steel were found; 43 graves between Elbe and Rhine, apparently of Germanic soldiers returned home after Roman service, contain this belt set (Sommer 1984, 101, notes 108 and 114). On the place of manufacture, finally, Sommer

(1984, 103) remarks that his map 7 on p. 110 shows that they were made in the provinces Ger-mania II and Gallia II. Böhme (1997, 101) retracts his 1974 opinion: he now rejects the name of foederati, and says that ‘most such grave finds’ in northern Gaul can be explained by the presence of Germanic peoples connected with military contingents and by groups of followers of headmen from the right bank of the Rhine, which came into Roman serv-ice and were completely integrated in the impe-rial army. ‘So these new troups were official Ro-man sol diers known as auxilia, not independent free groups of warri ors acting independently.’ Date: Vab.

Belt stiffeners: 3 examplesExamples: B 180.4 (butterfly-shaped), B 714.1 (propellor-shaped), OO 29.2ef (iron strips). Discussion: Belt stiffeners, both propellor-shaped and strips, belong to Sommer’s belts of series 1, variant 3 (Sommer 1984, 5-6). Sommer gives no date, apart from a depiction on the Arch of Con-stantine (AD 315) and a grave in Russia (c.AD 340). Grave B 180 is a female inhumation, as ap-pears from a bracelet and a bead, and to be dat-ed AD 316-318, as appears from two coins of the years 303-305 and 316-317. Iron belt sets like the strips OO 29.2ef are of barbaric origin, accor ding to Sommer (1984, 101). Fingerlin (2002) discus ses many propellor-shaped belt stiffeners. Date: IVab.

Strap ends of different shapes: 3 or 4 examplesExamples: B 143.6?, B 320.5, OO 29.2b (Sommer shape D type a), OO 248.2. Discussion: B 143.6 (bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), found at the height of the waist, may be a belt stiffener and a strap end; no paral-lels known. B 320.5 is a bent strip of bronze with two rivets, found, together with a buckle whose plate is not preserved, in a girl’s grave, which also contai ned a wooden chest. OO 248.2 is a smooth lancet-shaped thin piece of bronze without rivets or holes, vaguely resembling am-phora-shaped strap ends. Only OO 29.2b be-

374—

longs to a well-defined type: Sommer shape D type a (Sommer 1984, 55, Pl. 23,2-3), a strap end folded from bronze sheet with a tube-shaped fold, richly decorated with niello-filled engra-vings. Sommer (1984, 63) puts it in his chrono-logical group 2, dated AD 364/70-407/8 for nor-thern Gaul and the Rhine area. The strap end was found with a large iron buckle and two iron belt stiffeners, showing the grave to be German-ic (cf. Sommer 1984, 101). The latest coin in grave OO 29 is of Valen tinian II (378-383). Date: IVC.

Two rings against each other (belt fastening?): 2 or 4 exam plesExamples: B 180.7, B 320.2?, B 465.22, B 687.5?. Discussion: Three finds come from female inhu-mations. B 465.22 consists of a bronze and an iron ring against each other and was lying to the right of the hip. B 180.7 was lying in an unknown position and consists of a larger iron and a smaller bronze ring. These are possibly fasten-ings for textile belts (belt end passed through both rings and passed back between the two rings). Parallels from late antiquity are, however, unknown to me. Another possible belt fastening of this type is B 320.2: two rings in a wooden chest that con-tained other clothing accesso ries. The same may hold for the two rings B 687.5, found near the feet; they might be the faste ning of a belt lying at the feet. Alternatively, these may have been rings that connected the straps of a leather belt. Date: IVa-Vb.

Iron buckles: 6 examplesExamples: B 140.3 (female, barbarian), B 180.5 (fe-male), OO 29.2d (male), OO 60.2 (unkn own), OO 338.1 (unknown), OO 361.5 (unknown). Discussion: Sommer (1984, 101) calls iron belt sets barbarian. This is true for female grave B 140, in which shears were also found. There are, how-ever, no other barbarian attributes in female in-humation B 180, with coins of AD 303-5 and 316-7. The IVC belt set from grave OO 29 has been discussed above, in the section Strap ends.

The large oval buckle from grave OO 60 is dated to IVAB by the presence of a beaker Symonds 61. The D-shaped buckle from grave OO 338 is ac-companied by coins dated AD 330-after 340. The buckle from OO 361 dates to IVab, as appears from the pottery found with it. Date: IVabc.

Small rectangular bronze buckles: 2 examplesExamples: OO 287.2 (to the right of the feet, in the coffin), OO 371.1 (to the left of the waist). Discussion: The buckle near the right foot in OO 287 may belong to a separately deposited belt; it is dated by a Gellep 105 (IIId-IVB). The belt in OO 371 was accompanied by coins dating AD 330-341 and is therefore to be dated to IVB. There are no good parallels in Sommer (1984): those on Pls. 13-15 are clearly larger. Date: IVB.

Remaining buckles: 9 examplesExamples: B 54.6, B 143.5, B 180.6, B 320.3, B 465.17, B 704.10, OO 26.6, OO 30.4, OO 347.1. Discussion: B 143.5 is a D-shaped buckle of which no plate is preserved; it was lying to the right of the waist outside the coffin in a boy’s grave to-gether with a small iron axe (Sieg mund 1999 type FBA 2.3, AD 400-440). B 54.6 is a bronze ring, which had an iron tongue before it was re-stored; it was lying in a niche to the left of the waist and is dated IVab by pottery. B 320.3, the shape of whose plate cannot be recon structed, was in a wooden chest in a girl’s grave and was dated IVab by pottery. Bronze buckle B 465.17 with oval plate was lying to the right of the waist in the grave of a pries tess dated AD 434-450. It is to be dated to mid V (M. Erdrich, pers.comm.; parallel in Rhenen grave 356, dated to VB: Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). B 704.10 is a frag-mentary buckle, lying to the right of the head outside the coffin together with seven bronze rings; the high status of this grave appears from the plank-built chamber and a wooden bucket. OO 30.4 is a bronze (buckle?) mounting: strip, ends riveted toge ther; it is dated by pottery to IVab. OO 26.6 is lost; it was a bronze buckle, to

375—

the left of the feet; the grave, containing coins from AD 260-70, is dated by IVab pottery. Finally, OO 347.1 is a D-shaped buckle frame with careles sly incised decoration and an iron tongue, found in the middle of a grave otherwise with-out artefacts.

Belt pendant: 1 exampleExample: OO 373.2b. Discussion: No exact parallel is known to me for this folded strip-shaped strap end with dot-and-circles, one of which camouflages a rivet. Shape and decoration are reminiscent of two pendants from Liebenau grave II/230 (Böhme 1974, Pl. 29, 5-6), discussed at length by Werner (1964) as Donar amulets. It is dated by an accompanying buckle of type Sommer 1Ac3 with ducks’ heads and a Gellep 109 dated IVab. Date: AD 310-360.

Iron knives: 17 examplesExamples: B 59.8, B 140.1, B 143.7, B 180.10?, B 465.20, B 481.4, B 659.1, B 687.4, OO 101.9, OO 101.10, OO 144.9, OO 200.9, OO 271.6, OO 290.8, OO 366.2, OO 433.4, OO 478.5. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 123-4) lists fifteen iron knives from Gellep (three in male, three in fe-male burials, the rest not to be determined), most of them with short and wide trian gular blades, to be considered miniature models of butchers’ knives or sacrificial knives. She dates them throughout IV. Pirling (1974, 91) adds nine new examples (one in a male, one in a female burial). Again, triangular blades are predomi-nant, with long handles, she now adds. She dates three knives to IVB, and one to IVcd. Pirling (1979, 67-8) has two new knives, one dat-ed IVab, one IVB. Böhme (1974, 128-30) men-tions many different types of iron knives be-tween Elbe and Loire. The Nijmegen types with lancet-shaped blades occur mainly in northwest Germany and northern France (the latter in fe-male burials). The distribution according to gen-der in Nijmegen is: three male burials (B 143, OO 271, OO 366), four female (B 59, B 140, B 465, B 180), eight not to be determined.

It is difficult to recognize a pattern in the posi-tions of the iron knives in the Nijmegen graves. Two were lying near the left hand: B 465.20 (priestess), B 687.4. Near the upper legs: OO 366.2. In the middle of the grave: OO 433.4. In the foot end: B 481.4, OO 271.6 (male). Apart from other finds in a cremation: B 140.1. To the right outside the coffin: B 143.7. In a niche: OO 101.9 (at the hight of the waist, not known right or left, in a terra sigillata bowl which also con-tained bone remains). To the left of the head: OO 290.8. In an un known position: B 659.1, B 59.8, B 180.10, OO 478.5. The pattern seems to be: hanging from a belt or with a burial meal. The shapes of the knives are as follows. All blades end in a point; 16 out of 17 have two con-vex sides, asymmetrical in four cases, symmetri-cal in eight (and one unknown: B 180.10 possibly is the point of a blade). They cluster in three widths: wide, medium and narrow. A wide blade (ratio length:width = 1.9-2.4) have OO 290.8, OO 271.6, OO 433.4 and B 687.4. A medium blade (ratio l:w = 2.8-3.1) have B 481.4, B 143.7, B 659.1 and OO 366.2. A narrow blade (ratio length:width = 3.8-4.6) have B 140.1, B 59.8, B 465.20 and OO 101.9. OO 478.5 has a completely diffe rent shape, with a convex cutting edge and a concave back. No correlation can be found between position in the grave, (a)symmetry and width of blade. The question whether the four forms served differ-ent pur poses must remain open. Date: IVa-Vb.

Shoes: 14 examples (sometimes more than one find number per grave)Examples: B 59.11 (sole), B 59.12 (sole), B 183.7 (hobnailed sole), B 198.3 (hobnailed sole), B 316.1 (sole), OO 3.1 (c.30 hobnails), OO 63.5 (hob nails), OO 206.1 (c.40 strips of 3-5 heads of hobnails), OO 207.14 (hob nails), OO 283.5 (hobnails), OO 290.9a (leather remains) and 9b (hobnails), OO 323.1, OO 339.9, OO 371.5 (leather remains near the left foot), OO 382.9 (leather remains with small iron hobnails). Discussion: In the fourth century, shoes with hob-

376—

nails form a minority, so the absence of hobnails does not necessarily imply absence of shoes (Dr C. van Driel-Murray, pers. comm.). One male burial (OO 283) and five female ones (B 59, B 198, OO 217, OO 339, OO 382) have shoes; the gender in the eight other graves could not be determined. During the excavations, the pattern of the hobnails was never fixed by means of plaster or synthetic material. The pat-tern has been preserved in B 316.1: according to Groenman-Van Waateringe a marginal row along the entire sole, under the forefoot a sec-ond marginal row, a lozenge and three straight rows, under the heel two long rows and a short one. The positions in which the shoe remains were found are as follows. We do not know it in four cases (B 198.3, OO 3.1, OO 206.1, OO 283.5). The de ceased may have had the shoes on in two cas-es, although both are uncert ain: B 183.7 (near the feet, in the coffin) and B 59.11 and 10 (B 59.11 near left foot, B 59.12 near right foot). In two cases they were lying between the feet (OO 207.14 and OO 290.9a-b). In one case there were leather re-mains near the left foot (OO 371.5). In the last three cases the shoes were not near the feet: in or on a wooden chest (OO 339.9), in a large coarse pot Gellep 105 (OO 63.5) and under the coffin (B 316.1). So we know that the deceased did not have his shoes on in five out of eight known cases, and it may be six out of seven. Philpott (1991, 167) remarks that in Britannia there are few graves with hobnails in the civitas capitals and many in the country, where appar-ently the rite concerned occurred more often. Further, that it appears from a large series of inhuma tions in Lankhills in the period AD 310-410, that the shoes were not put near the feet in the beginning of IV, and that they were usually worn or put near the feet later on. On p. 173 he remarks that some have interpreted the pres-ence of shoes that were not worn by the de-ceased as an expression of the belief that the deceased needed the shoes in the hereaft er, probably even for the journey to the underworld (Cf. Driel-Murray 1999, 2001 and 2002). Philpott

himself prefers the idea that the grave was seen as a room the deceased lived in. Date: IVab.

Decorative nails and rivets: 9 examples Examples: B 198.2 (two bron ze rivets), B 364.2 (bronze decora tive nail), B 496.1 (bronze rivet), OO 9.17 (bron ze decorative nail), OO 144.10 (iron rivet with Medusa head), OO 168.12 (bron ze split pin), OO 207.13 (small bronze rivet with shaft), OO 302.2 (bronze rivet). Discussion: There is considerable variation in dec-orative nails and rivets not associated with wooden chests: iron nails about which nothing is known (OO 339.9); simple decorative bronze nails with flat-convex head (B 496.1) or convex-concave head (OO 9.17); a bronze rivet with hol-low profiled plate and square shaft (OO 302.2); a bronze ring with a split pin on it (OO 168.12, function unknown). Of three decorated nails, B 364.2 has a round profiled head and a square shaft, and the other two have a flat head with figurative decoration in a different metal. The bronze OO 207.13 with gold foil on it has a ro-sette within a profiled rim. The iron OO 144.2 has a bronze plate with raised rim and in the centre a Medusa head with globules to represent the hair (there is also a Medusa head on wooden chest in B 701). Date: IVAB.

Unique pieces

Bronze heart-shaped pendant: 1 exampleExample: OO 19.2. Discussion: The pendant, w 5.7, h 5.3 cm, with a profiled knob at its lower end and at its top a suspension strip that curves back to a hole in the middle where it forms a fastening by means of a rivet with curled end. This is a piece of horse gear. Pendants of this type occur on the same terrain of the Huner berg in Flavian pits in the ca-nabae (cf. e.g. Bishop/Coulston 1993, 106, fig. 65,2). It must be remarked that this grave only contained unique pieces: a crucible-shaped beaker further unknown in Nijmegen but

377—

present in Gellep (Gellep 496); and a small lead disk, possibly a spindle-whorl. So the pendant may have been put intentionally in the grave rather than being intrusive in the filling. Date: IC.

Bronze basin: 1 exampleSmall hemispherical basin with rounded base, h 4.3-4.7; d 15.5. The rim is thickened and rounded on the inside of the vessel. The basin has con-centric grooves from spinning on the lathe inside and out. Only the inside of the vessel is tinned. Soldered on the outside, 1.5 cm below the rim, is a lozenge-shaped escutcheon with an eye on the top, on which a ring ( 2) is hanging. Example: B 181.4. Discussion: Photograph by J. Cloos terman, 21 March 1978; Daalen et al. 2005, 31) in the right hand of its finder J.R.A.M. Thijssen. A silver bowl of about the same shape and dimen si ons occurs in Gellep grave 932 (Pirling 1966, catalogue 112 and Pl. 77, 2ab). Pirling (1966, 127) suggests it was meant for cult use. Pirling (1974, 80) men-tions a bronze plate, fashio ned from the base of a larger vessel and dates it IVB. The other finds in B 181 date that grave to IVAB. Baratte et al. (1984, 119-122, with further litera-ture) publishes a silvered pewter basin of similar form and somewhat larger dimensions in Chalon-sur-Saône, bearing a Christian inscrip-tion, and points out the popularity of the shape in pottery, glass and metal in IV and Va. Decora-tions on the shape may be pagan, secular or Christian, and a secular use of the Chalon basin, despite its Christian inscription, is quite possible. Date: IVAB.

Stone spindle whorl: 1 example, lostExample: B stray 255. Discussion: No data.

Cameo: 1 exampleExample: B stray 144. Discussion: Female head with diadem. Daniëls (1955, 252) refers to Verslag 1922, 10, no. 34c. No further data.

Lamps: 3 examplesExamples: B stray 55, B stray 241, OO stray 38. Discussion: B stray 55 is a lamp with two spouts and one handle of white pottery with a brownish black coating, h 5, w 7. Cf. Menzel 1969, nos. 485-7. B stray 241 is a lamp Loeschcke IV with volutes on the sides of the spout. Anchor and dolphins on its mirror could be inter preted in a Christi an sense, but this is improba ble. OO stray 38 is an open lamp Loeschcke XIB, dated by to I-III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 407-8) mentions five such lamps from Gellep, dated to II. They were used to burn tallow or wax.

Lead lamp: 1 example Example: B stray 259. Discussion: Lead open lamp. No further data.

Bronze statuette: 1 exampleStatuette of Hercules mingensExample: OO stray 46Discussion: The statuette was published in Za-doks/Peters/Witt eveen 1973, 10, no. 10.

Organic

Wooden plank: 2 examplesExample: B 410.4, B 829.2. Discussion: No data.

Textile remains: 15 examples (plus textile handbag B 185.4 treated above)Examples: on B 61.2, on B 162.1, B 185.3, many scraps in B 465 and B 620, OO 26.9, OO 29.11, OO 242.8, OO 250.20 (not analy sed), OO 271.10 (on buckle), OO 362.7, OO 366.3, OO 366.4 (on knife), OO 371.5, OO 400.5, OO 402.2, OO 433.5.Discussion: The condition of the textiles is poor. The frag ments are very brittle and are semi-car-bonized. The objects are of interest because they repre-sent various types of weaves and give an indica-tion of the type of textile technology to be found in the region at this time. There is no indication that these textiles were imported pieces (type of

378—

fibre, spin, weave, and so forth). Based on the finds from other contemporary and near-con-temporary Roman sites, it is clear that these pieces are representative parts of the textile ho-rizon of this area and date. The oldest find, B 620 (the sarcophagus of the Grutberg), was studied at the ROB in the sixties, most probably by J. Ypey. That description comes first. Three have been studied by G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood; her report follows after that on B 620. The other ones have not been studied. B 620 One textile remain clings to bracelet B 620.7, three to brace let B 620.9, called here B 620.9a-c; one to tutulus fibula B 620.14; one to a bronze sheet band of one of the tambourine sticks B 620.15.B 620.7: Fibre: vegetable (flax?). Size: not noted down; very small. Spin: z/z. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.16 in the presumed warp, c.11 in the presumed weft. Weave: tabby. Use: no indi-cation. B 620.9a: Fibre: unknown. Size: not noted down; very small. Spin: z/z? Twist: not noted down. Count: c.20 in the presumed warp, c.25 in the presumed weft. Weave: tabby. Use: no indica-tion. B 620.9bc: Presumably the same length of cloth. Fibre: un known. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: z/z. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.11 in the presumed warp, c.13 in the presumed weft. Weave: tabby. Use: no indication. B 620.14: Three layers of presumably the same length of cloth. Fibre: vegetable, presumably flax. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: s/s. Twist: unknown. Count: c.24 in the presumed warp, 26-30 in the presumed weft; one of the fragments has c.16 thicker threads in the pre-sumed warp, c.24 finer threads in the presumed weft. Weave: tabby; one of the frag ments shows doubling of the presumed warp and was pre-sumably part of the selved ge. Use: no indication. B 620.15: Fibre: unknown. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: s/s. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.10 in the presumed warp, c.8 in the pre-

sumed weft. Weave: tabby. Use: no indica tion. B 185.3 The only facts noted down are as follows. Size: pieces of 0.4-0.6 cm. Weave: twill. OO 366.3The find is made up of two textiles, the first tex-tile (a) is a large fragment made up of several layers of cloth. The second textile (b) is some-what smaller and was apparently resting on the first piece. It would appear that they are from the same length of cloth. The cloth is now car-bonized. There are areas of green on the mate-rial which would appear to be a copper deposit from another object, rather than indicating the use of a dye or pigment. Fibre: animal?. Size: (a) 7.7 x 3.5 (b) 3.8 x 2.3 cm. Spin: z/z (some paired threads, this may reflect a weaving fault rather than the deliberate use of paired thre ads). Twist: medium/medium. Count: 24 in the presu med warp; 16 in the presumed weft. Weave: 1/2 twill (it should be noted that no selvedges are present so it is not clear whether it is actual ly a 1/2 or a 2/1 twill. Nevertheless, the presence of plied threads in one direction indi-cates that this was the weft, and thus a 1/2 twill form. In one area of the web there is eviden ce of the use of thicker thread (S,3?z) which appears to turn back on itself. However, due to the poor condition of the cloth at this point, this detail is not clear. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used. OO 366.4This find is made up of a single textile which is now a light brown in colour. There is no indica-tion of any colour or decoration. The size of the object makes it very difficult to draw any conclu-sions about the nature of this find. Fibre: animal? Size: 2.0 x 1.8 cm. Spin: z/z. Twist: loose. Count: c.12 in the presumed warp; 22 in the presumed weft. Weave: weft(?)-faced tabby weave. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used.

Animal bones, not on plates: 2 examplesExamples: B 182.9 (two bones, chicken?), B 497.intr. (bone frgms, cow?); B 497.intr. (sheep/goat).

379—

Discussion: B 182 is a cremation grave, in which there is a demonstrable earlier intrusi on: B 182.intr. is a wall fragment of a first-century Belgian beaker. The animal bones B 182.9 may therefore be an intrusion as well. The bones in B 497 were in unknown position, so probably they too are an intrusi on in the filling of the grave.

Cow’s molar: 3 examplesExamples: B 504.intr., B 505.1, OO 319.2. Discussion: The only interpretation in ancient lit-erature of teeth as amulets is found in Pliny NH 28, 257/8 and Julian Or. 7, 206. They tell that teeth of horse and wolf were used as an amulet for small children in order to alleviate the erup-tion of their teeth (RAC sv Amulett A VII). This seems a strange meaning for an amulet in a grave. Moreover, grave B 505 measu res 200 cm, B 504 155 cm. Their interpretati on must remain open, if they are not intrusi ons.

Deteriorated organic remains: 2 examplesExamples: OO 242.5a, OO 373.2. Discussion: OO 242.5a is made up of four larger and several small lumps of carbonized organic material. On one piece there are traces of what appears to be a weave, but under a micro scope, it would appear that it is an organic material which has deterio rated in narrow strips (leath-er?).

Leather remains: 4 examplesExamples: OO 12.12, OO 271.9, OO 366.1a, OO 381.1?.Discussion: No data.

Shapeless metal

Shapeless lead: 8 examplesExamples: OO 19.3 (small flat round lead disk), OO 122.2 (lead, no data), OO 195.5 (lead, flat piece), OO 223.2 (puddle of lead), OO 249.4 (folded lead strip), OO 249.5 (strip), OO 271.8+11 (fragments of lead sheet), OO 359.1 (drop of lead). Discussion: All lead was found in cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO). The puddle of lead OO

223.1 (outside the coffin, to the left of the head) and the drop of lead OO 359.1 (to the left of the head, no trace of a coffin), if they are not simply intrusi ons, suggest that lead was molten during both inhumation ceremonies, but the reason re-mains unknown. Disk OO 19.3, d 2.4, th 0.2, may have had a central hole: spindle whorl or amu-let? OO 122.2 was outside the coffin, to the right of the head, but its shape and function are un-known. The torn piece of lead OO 195.5 was ly-ing on the middle of the upper body and may have been put there intenti onally. OO 223.1 (out-side the coffin) and 2 (on the waist) were folded pieces of lead sheet. They were folded open in the laboratory of Museum Het Valkhof in order to look for graffiti. There were none; hammer trac-es are visible. That lead may be intrusive in the (top) filling of the graves is proven by OO 249.5, where it is wrapped around the flint of a modern rifle or pistol. For the ancient use of lead, cf. Der Neue Pauly s.v. Defixio. The special use of lead for curse tablets, some-times put into graves with the implicit request to the deceased to hand them to the underworld deities (Gager 1992), was reason for opening the folded lead sheet OO 223.1-2; there was no text. A rolled strip of lead with punched text and sym-bols, repor tedly found in a Marie nburg grave in 1998 and depicted in Van Enckevort et al. (2002a, 106: drawing; 2002b, 24: photographs) is called a curse tablet there. It turned out to be a forgery, after the present author had written an unpublis hed paper in 2002 to voice his mistrust of this and other christograms reportedly found in and near Nijmegen in the years 1995-1999 (Toebosch 2005, Horssen 2006). All the others appeared to be forgeries as well (Holle man 2000 presents them as genuine finds in a Dutch news-paper; Meijers et al. 2005 technically proves them to be forge ries; Horssen 2006 combines the argu ments of the present author with the scientific proof).

Shapeless bronze: 27 examplesExamples: B 139.3 (bronze remains), B 143.6

380—

(bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), B 180.coffi n (two irregu lar strips of bronze), B 196.8 (pieces of bronze sheet), B 198.4 (tube: spring tube of a fibula?), B 205.intr. (bronze slag), B 256.intr. (folded strip of bronze sheet), B 312.1 (bronze wire), B 320.4 (bronze sheet with rivet), B 320.6 (piece of profiled bronze wire or brace-let, bent out of shape), B 486.1 (piece of bronze), B 620.20 (bronze knob), B 706.5 (small bronze tube in a split pin), B 778.9 (bronze tube, possi-bly a bead), OO 9.16 (bronze plate, no data), OO 49.2, OO 101.12 (scrap of bronze mounting), OO 107.1 (shapeless piece of bronze sheet), OO 144.11 (curved lid or corner reinforcement of bronze sheet), OO 144.14 (drop of bronze), OO 176.14 (frag ment of bronze), OO 208.1 (piece of bronze), OO 229.1, OO 247.1 (scrap of bronze sheet), OO 366.5, OO 404.1 (shapeless piece of bronze), OO 473.6 (bronze sheet folded double). Discussion: Further comment is relevant for the following. B 143.6 (bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), found at the height of the waist, may be a belt stiffener and a strap end. B 620.20 is a knob found at the neck of the young girl in the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. B 320.4 was in a wooden chest with a strap end: a clothing ac-cessory? B 320.6 is a piece of bronze wire, pos-sibly a bracelet. The mysterious small tube B 706.5 in a split pin was the only metal object in a niche and had been put there intentionally. The tube B 778.9 was lying in a bottle together with beads and pendants and probably is a bead. B 180.coffin are mountings for a wooden object. OO 144.11, a curved lid or corner reinforcement of bronze sheet, is, apart from the sapropelite box discussed above, the only indicati on we have for a round box of perishable material.

Shapeless iron: 13 examplesExamples: B 465.12 (two halves of a bent iron rod with textile bands around it in two places), B 465.21 (bent iron rod), B 741.7, OO 71.4 (flat disk d 7.0), OO 88.5, OO 90.2, OO 94.3, OO 223.1, OO 250.16, OO 271.12, OO 283.6-8, OO 307.1, OO 339.13, OO 352.1 (link?), OO 415.2, OO 428.1, OO 469.3 (scrap of iron sheet).

Discussion: Further comment is only necessary for the follo wing. In the case of B 465.12 and B 465.21 one should take into account that this grave with its many unique pieces has been identified as that of a pries tess. The two iron objects may be part of her pontificals, but cannot be identified with cer-tainty. B 465.21 might be the broken-off bend of bent rod B 465.12, which was kept in a bent posi-tion by textile bands wrapped around it in two places. The symbolic meaning might be: soft powers overcome hard power. The breaking-off must have taken place when the textile bands were already being mineralized. OO 311.7 possibly is a bracelet. OO 415.2 is an iron object, bent and with a square nail hole, found on or above the lower body of a person who wore a crossbow fibula on the right shoulder.

381—

Niches: a minimum of 137 graves and a maximum of 146 had a niche (9 graves uncertain), 8 of which, all in cemetery B, certainly with an empty one, indicated below with (e). Italics: graves with certain orientation and one niche with certain relation to the body; these data have been used in drawing up Tables 15 and 16. The details of each grave may be looked up in the find cata-logue in Chapters 5 and 6; the age and gender of the deceased (wherever known), in Chapter 7. Examples: 92 graves with one niche, on the N: B 7 (e), B 13, B 67, B 85, B 86, B 150, B 151, B 176, B 177, B 186, B 189, B 191, B 207, B 211, B 216, B 217, B 218, B 219, B 221, B 234, B 241, B 248, B 292, B 319, B 381, B 383, B 387, B 395, B 410, B 421, B 423, B 435, B 451, B 470, B 471, B 564 (e), B 619 (e), B 643 (e), B 676, B 681, B 686, B 687, B 701, B 702, B 705, B 706, B 726, B 728, B 734, B 742, B 746 (e ), B 760, B 764, B 766, B 803, B 809, B 812, B 818, B 820, OO 13, OO 20, OO 22, OO 30, OO 44, OO 99 (e?), OO 102, OO 135, OO 161, OO 164, OO 181, OO 196, OO 200, OO 248, OO 287, OO 316, OO 317, OO 319, OO 322, OO 340, OO 349, OO 351, OO 354, OO 356, OO 361, OO 362, OO 382, OO 383, OO 395 (e?), OO 400, OO 413, OO 440 (e?), OO 472; 30 graves with one niche, on the S: B 54, B 69 (e), B 122, B 181, B 512, B 581 (e), B 677, B 741, B 743, B 763, B 810, B 814, B 815, B 821, B 827, OO 26, OO 37, OO 59, OO 78, OO 98, OO 101, OO 106, OO 143 (e?), OO 152, OO 153, OO 176, OO 232, OO 250, OO 290, OO 473;4 graves with one niche, on the W: B 708, OO 19, OO 109, OO 186;3 graves with one niche, on the E: B 183, B 236, OO 348; 5 graves with two niches: B 723 (2xN), B 819 (1 N, 1 S, one empty), OO 144 (1 N, 1 S), OO 243 (2xN, one empty?), OO 323 (1 N, 1 S, both empty?);3 graves where the niche was the only part of the grave found and its orientation therefo re unknown: B 817, OO 168, OO 188;9 graves where the presence of a niche is uncertain: B 184, B 358, B 566, B 805, OO 162, OO 278, OO 393, OO 447, OO 482.

Discussion: A niche is a hole dug horizontally from the side of the grave trench. It usually is some 50 cm higher than the floor of the grave (varying from 10 cm lower than the grave floor up to 88 cm above it). Many Nijmegen niches seem to be level with the grave floor; seem, because they are not well docu mented. Most niches contai ned grave goods, i.e. drinks and/or meals. An old article on niches in Late Roman inhuma-tion graves is Haberey (1934). He reports that many niches in the Severinstraße Late Roman cemetery in Cologne were subdivi ded by wood-en planks into different levels (not a trace of that custom in Nijmegen); that 31 out of 210 graves had niches (i.e. 15%; the percentage in Nijmegen is 10-11%); that they usually measure some 40x50 cm (25x35 up to 70x70); that they were also found in Cologne graves in clay and in grav-el soils; and that their distribution area includes Worms, Ehrang and Bregenz. We may conclude that this area is the Roman northwest on the continent. Haberey consi ders graves with niches to be miniature chamber tombs. There is a striking difference here between Co-logne and Nijmegen on the one hand and Gellep on the other. In Nijmegen, 137 out of 1323 graves have niches, i.e. 10.3%; at the time of Haberey’s article, Cologne had 15%. In Gellep, no more than 39 graves out of 1258 inhumations had niches, i.e. 3.1% (Pirling/Siepen (2006, 13-4). The ratio behind the Nijmegen niches comes out best when they are sorted accor ding to three cri-teria: 1. is the head of the deceased to the east (an E-W grave) or to the west (a W-E grave)?; 2. is the niche to the left or the right of the body?; 3. at the height of which body part is the niche? Table 15 shows, e.g., that the niche is to the right of the head in 17 E-W graves, i.e. in 28% of the total of 61 E-W graves with one niche each; and that one E-W grave, i.e. 2%, has a niche to the left of the head. Tables 15 and 16 show that the preferred side of the grave is the north (81% in E-W graves, 70% in W-E graves). This means that the niches were mostly made where the gravedigger could see what he was doing, the daylight falling in from the south; and that the

13 Typology of the graves

382—

position to the right or left of the deceased was less important. As to the dates, no Nijmegen niche is later than AD 367 or more probably AD 355: they all fall within the first pottery period, defined in Chap-ter 14. This first pottery period is characterized by abundance, and the niches were meant to stow away this abundance. The second pottery period is characterized by scarcity, so niches were no longer needed.

Iron nails: in 628 graves (407 in cemetery B, 221 in OO)Examples: B 1, B 5 (probably of a wooden chest 56x48) -7, B 10, B 12-6, B 20-3, B 27, B 30, B 33, B 41, B 43, B 47, B 48 (many), B 52, B 54, B 62, B

64-5 (one), B 67, B 69-71, B 74, B 76-7, B 80-3, B 86-91, B 93-4, B 97-101, B 103-5, B 107, B 110-2, B 114-7, B 121-38, B 140, B 142, B 144, B 146-7, B 149-52, B 155-6, B 158-9, B 161-8, B 170-6, B 231-2, B 234, B 239, B 241-2, B 244-52, B 255, B 259, B 262, B 264, B 268, B 271, B 275-6, B 279, B 291 (many) -303, B 305-6, B 312, B 315-23, B 325-6, B 328-9, B 331 (clamps under coffin), B 333-5, B 338-40, B 342-7, B 350-1, B 370, B 372, B 374-9, B 381, B 383-7, B 391-3, B 395-7, B 399, B 401-2 (nails in museum depot; not in finds note), B 403, B 410 (in a long object to the left of the coffin, hammered in from both sides), B 412-4, B 416-23, B 426-32, B 434-6, B 438-9, B 443-9, B 451-3, B 455-7, B 465-7, B 470, B 474, B 479, B 481-2, B 486-7, B 489 (two outside coffin), B

Table 15: Positions of niches in relation to the body in E-W graves with one niche each (N=61)

N = right

3x 1x 2x 2x 11x 9x 4x 17x

5% 2% 3% 3% 18% 15% 7% 28%

W feet shins legs thighs waist torso shoulders head E

1x - 2x - 4x 3x - 1x

2% - 3% - 7% 5% - 2%

S = left

Table 16: Positions of niches in relation to the body in W-E graves with one niche each (N=13)

N = left

- - - 4x 1x 1x - 3x

- - - 31% 8% 8% - 23%

W head shoulders torso waist thighs legs shins feet E

1x - - - - 2x - 1x

8% - - - - 15% - 8%

S = right

383—

492, B 494-6, B 578-9, B 581-91, B 595-6 (one), B 598 (one) -9, B 600, B 602-4, B 606-7, B 609-10, B 613-7, B 619 (one), B 621-4, B 626 (not preser-ved), B 628-31, B 635-8, B 640, B 644-6, B 648-50, B 652, B 654-5, B 661-3, B 665-6, B 670-6, B 682-6, B 688, B 690-2, B 694, B 696-706 (B 704 some nails), B 710, B 714, B 717-28, B 730-5, B 737, B 739-49, B 751-6, B 759-64, B 766-72, B 775-7, B 780-1, B 784, B 786-7, B 790-1, B 795, B 798-9, B 828, B 831 (one), B 832 (two), B 834; OO 2-5, OO 9, OO 12-3, OO 19-20, OO 24, OO 26, OO 28-9, OO 31, OO 32, OO 36-7, OO 40, OO 48-9, OO 53-4, OO 56-60, OO 63, OO 65-6, OO 70-2, OO 74-5, OO 78, OO 82-4, OO 88, OO 90, OO 96-9, OO 101-112, OO 116, OO 118, OO 120, OO 122, OO 127-9, OO 131-2, OO 134-5, OO 142, OO 144-5, OO 147-153, OO 157, OO 161, OO 164, OO 168-70, OO 173-8, OO 180-1, OO 186, OO 193-5, OO 196, OO 198-201, OO 203, OO 205, OO 207-10, OO 223, OO 228, OO 231, OO 241-3, OO 248, OO 250-2, OO 255-6, OO 259 (one), OO 269, OO 271-5, OO 278-9, OO 283, OO 289-90, OO 292, OO 294, OO 304, OO 307, OO 314-5, OO 317-27, OO 333, OO 335, OO 337-40, OO 342-52, OO 354-6, OO 358, OO 360-2, OO 366, OO 368-73, OO 375-7, OO 381-3, OO 387, OO 393-4, OO 396-7, OO 400-2, OO 404-6, OO 408, OO 411-3, OO 415, OO 419-26, OO 430-5, OO 437-8, OO 440-1, OO 444, OO 446, OO 473 (38 nails), OO 476. Discussion: Nails with square shaft and flattish head occur so often that their pres ence was tak-en for granted by the excavators. They were general ly not counted by the excava tors, but 32 graves got the remark ‘no nails’. This is surpris-ing, as 407 out of 834 graves in cemetery B con-tained nails, i.e. 49%, and 221 out of 489 graves in cemetery OO, i.e. 45%. What was considered the normal amount of nails appears from remarks on devia tions, men-tioned above in parenthe ses: six times 1 nail, twice 2, once ‘some’, twice ‘many’, once 38): the unconscious norm is an unspecified number be-tween 2 and ‘many’; 38 is clearly noted as an excepti onal case. After having excavated 190 graves in cemetery

OO, the excavators decided to study the number and positions of the nails in the remaining graves and started, from trench 211 in 1981, mak-ing excavation drawings with special attention to nails. Counts on these drawings and bar dia-grams (not shown here) of these counts show two main and two sub-groups. Main group 1: twenty-five graves have 1-11 nails, the mean in that group being 2-6. Main group 2: eleven graves have 13-17 nails, with a mean of 13. Sub-group 1: two graves with 19-20 nails. Sub-group 2: two graves with 23-24 nails. In many cases, the presence of nails is the only indication of a coffin. The remark ‘no trace of coffin, but nails are present’ occurs 28 times out of 162 graves without coffin trace. The models of the coffins reconstructed from the nail patterns are discus sed in the next para-graph but one.

Remaining iron parts of coffins: 7 examplesExamples: B 138.1 (iron mountings), B 670.coffin (large nail), OO 273.4 (iron mounting strip), OO 273.5 (nail with square shaft, l 7.5), OO 278.1 (long iron nail), OO 305.1 (two iron cramps). Discussion: There are two enormous nails: B 670.coffin and OO 278.1 OO 278.1 resembles a ship’s nail in the Romano-Celtic shipbuilding tradition: bent twice into the model of the hooked nail (Marsden 1994, 13 fig. 3). Could part of a ship have been in grave OO 278? At Oosterbeintum in Frisia and on many places in Scandinavia, ship’s nails were found in early medieval cremations: parts of demolished ships were apparently used in pyres there (Oosterbeintum graves 335, 393, 433: Knol et al. 1996, 44; Scandina via: pers.comm. Dr R. Bockius). This possibi lity can safely be excluded for inhumation grave OO 278 with its clear coffin trace. The only possibility remain-ing is that someone familiar with shipbuilding made this coffin: no surprise in a city on a river.

Coffins: 864 examples by P.A.M. ZoetbroodGeneral discussion: In 583 graves of cemetery B and in 281 of cemetery OO, coffins were recogni-zed. The following text on coffin types focuses

384—

on cemetery OO, where in 136 graves the coffin construction has been studied (see Chapter 2, Introducti on to cemetery Nijmegen-East (cemetery OO), section Ways of excavating).Alt hough the wood of the coffins had comple-tely decayed, apart from very few fragments near iron ob jects, a clear outline could be recogni zed in most cases. The presen ce of nails, in most cases in clear relation to coffin traces, affirmed the use of coffi ns. In the other graves of cemetery OO there is not a trace of a coffin, be it discolora tion or nails. Relation to the grave. Generally, the grave is not much larger than the space needed for the cof-fin. In 82% of the graves originally recognized, the trench was 10-70 cm longer than the coffin. Also 82% of the graves originally recognized have a width between 20 and 75 cm more than that of the coffin. In almost all graves, the coffin, if any, was placed in the middle of the grave, also in the larger graves. In six graves only, the coffin was put against the long side of the grave (OO 148: in N half; OO 57: against SE side; OO 90: against the N side; OO 288: against the E side). It appears that the grave diggers sometimes did not know the size of the coffin to be expected: a sign that grave digging was a craftsman’s work. Graves without a trace of a coffin were smaller and shal-lower than those with coffin. Shape. The information in 64 graves was too in-complete to determine the shape of the coffin. Most of these were incom pletely exca vated or distur bed. Some of those 64 did have nails. For 266 graves two coffin shapes can be distin-guished: rectangular (75%) and tapering (6%); 18% had no trace of a coffin. In seven graves, there were clear coffin traces but no nails (OO 36, OO 100, OO 130, OO 306, OO 310, OO 311, OO 418). A relation between the shape of the grave and that of the coffin could not be established. Length, width, height: Table 17 puts the data of length and width together.

There is of course a relation between length and width of the coffins. Coffins shorter than 160 cm usually have a width under 45 cm and mostly near 30 cm. In the majority of the coffins, the length of 160/165 up to 220 cm corresponds to a width between 40 and 55 cm. As against length and width of coffins, which can be measured fairly precisely from the discolora-tions caused by the peris hed wood, the original height of the coffins cannot be taken with any confidence. The remaining heights of the discolorati ons lies between 5 and 55 cm. Construction. There were traces of wooden coffins in 281 gra ves of cemetery OO. The wood itself has perished completely, apart from fragments in direct contact with metal objects. As a rule, a fairly clear outline was recogni zed. In the major-ity iron nails were found, vary ing from a few up to dozens, found in clear relation to the line of the coffin. As opposed to the discolorations, their positions do give some informati on about the construction of the coffins. Firstly we must conclude that wood junctions were used, as we have coffin traces without any nail (OO 100, OO 125, OO 229, OO 288, OO 306, OO 311, OO 379, OO 418). In a number of graves, no nails were used for sides and bott om, but some were found at a higher altitude: for the lid? (at both ends: OO 75 and OO 277; at one end: OO 275, OO 309 and OO 312). The small number of nails in many graves shows that there too wood junctions must have been used, and nails only where needed. Only in the graves with excavation numbers 192-327 (see Appen dix 1b for their numbers in the present catalogue), the posi tions of the nails

Table 17: Lengths and widths of coffins in cemetery OO

Length (N=193) Width (N=214)

Domain 56-240 cm 33-55 cm

Most are between 160-220 cm -

Peak between 180-210 cm 40-50 cm

385—

were noted in three dimensions. Only for 50 of these graves five types of junctions (types 1-5) between bottom and sides can be distinguished; the other 86 graves contained no coffin traces or no nails, or did not permit a reconstruction even though both were present. For the other graves, with excavation numbers 1-189 and 901-919, there is no certainty, as the altitude of the nails is unknown. Still, patterns can be recognized in the distribution of the nails, which either suggest or exclude that a grave be-longs to the five types of construction: the uncert ain exam ples treated with each type.

Coffin type 1: 19 examples + 8 uncertain onesExamples: OO 24, OO 74, OO 128, OO 132, OO 156, OO 186, OO 196, OO 216, OO 222, OO 223, OO 240, OO 241, OO 242, OO 246, OO 274, OO 279, OO 335, OO 341, OO 360. Uncertain examples: OO 3, OO 5, OO 96, OO 101, OO 255, OO 314, OO 345, OO 400. Discussion: Coffins whose sides are nailed against the bottom board with single nails in the long sides roughly oppo site each other. In a majority of these cases, the corner is formed by nailing the long sides to the end side of the short side boards. In some cases, also the short side board is nailed against the bottom board. Oblique hor-izontal nails in corners are a slipshod (some-times extra) way of joining long and short sides. No vertical nails were found in the lower half of the grave. Discussion of the uncertain examples: The single nails in the long sides are roughly opposite each oth-er; nails in the short sides also in the cases of OO 3, OO 5, OO 101, and OO 314. This group looks like coffin type 1, but it does not contain coffins where nails were found at all corners. Anyway, they do not belong to types 2-5.

Coffin type 2: 14 examples + 13 uncertain onesExamples: OO 72, OO 122, OO 164, OO 194, OO 232, OO 243, OO 244, OO 248, OO 278, OO 283, OO 287, OO 340, OO 363, OO 387. Uncertain examples: OO 4, OO 31, OO 325, OO 326, OO 333, OO 346, OO 349, OO 371, OO 381, OO

383, OO 401, OO 423, OO 434. Discussion: Coffins whose long sides are nailed against the bottom board in one, two or three pairs opposite each other. This distribu tion in pairs suggests that the bottom board was car-ried by clamps. In cemetery OO, there is no cer-tain eviden ce for such clamps, but graves B 318, B 331, B 481, B 595 and possibly B 397 do have them. Like in group 1, in a majority the corner is formed by nailing the long sides to the end side of the short side boards. In some cases, also the short side board is nailed against the bottom

Table 18: Certain coffins of type 1

Long

against

short

Short

against

bottom

Oblique

horizontal

in corner

OO 24 2 sides 2 sides -

OO 74 2 sides - x

OO 128 - - -

OO 132 1 side - -

OO 156 - - -

OO 186 1 side 1 side -

OO 196 - - x

OO 216 - - -

OO 222 - 1 side -

OO 223 2 sides 2 sides x

OO 240 - - -

OO 241 1 side - x

OO 242 2 sides - x

OO 246 2 sides 1 side x

OO 274 - - -

OO 279 2 sides - x

OO 335 2 sides - x

OO 341 2 sides - -

OO 360 2 sides - -

386—

board. No vertical nails were found in the lower half of the grave. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Nails in four corners and one, two or three pairs of nails in the long sides; nails in the short sides hardly oc-cur: one pair in OO 4, OO 31, OO 326, OO 333, OO 346, OO 371, OO 383, and OO 401; two pairs in OO 349, OO 381, and OO 423; three pairs in OO 325 and OO 434. OO 326 and OO 346 have one nail in a short side each. This group of coffins looks like type 2 and anyway not like types 1 or 3-5. But, as the altitude of the nails is not known, the ‘pairs’ may not be pairs at all.

Coffin type 3: 9 examples + 8 uncertain onesExamples: OO 89, OO 90, OO 94, OO 112, OO 161, OO 210, OO 338, OO 361, OO 362. Uncertain examples: OO 26, OO 53, OO 98, OO 104, OO 107, OO 208, OO 318, OO 347. Discussion: Coffins whose bottom board is nailed onto longitu dinal beams from the top down. Vertical nails with their points down show that the bottom board is nailed onto the beams on both sides and some times also in between. In the majority of these coffi ns, the long sides are nailed against the beam and/or the beams; in half the cases, the short side is also nailed against bottom board or beam. In one case only the long side is nailed in the corner against the short one. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Nails are found in the four corners and in the long sides. Nails in the short sides hardly occur; a nail in a short side at OO 26, OO 53, and OO 104. This group cannot belong to types 2-5; similarity to type 1 is possi-ble only if no corner nails were used near the bottom board.

Coffin type 4: 6 examples + 7 uncertain onesExamples: OO 71, OO 231, OO 249, OO 272, OO 339, OO 386. Uncertain examples: OO 30, OO 58, OO 63, OO 102, OO 148, OO 153, OO 198.Discussion: Coffins whose bottom board is nailed from below onto the long and short sides: verti-cal nails pointing up wards. In this group of six coffins there are two pairs of similar con struc-tion: OO 272 and OO 249 as against OO 339 and OO 386. The outline of the coffin of OO 231 is uncert ain, but there are four nails pointing up-wards. OO 71 has two such nails. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Only in the four corners there were nails that joined the long sides against the short ones.

Coffin type 5: 2 examplesExamples: OO 131, OO 280. Discussion: Two small coffins have one nail poin-ting upwards in each corner.

Table 19: Certain coffins of type 2

Long

against

short

Short

against

bottom

Oblique

horizontal

in corner

One pair

OO 72 2 sides - -

OO 164 2 sides - x

OO 194 - - -

OO 244 2 sides - -

OO 278 2 sides - -

OO 287 - 1 side x

Two pairs

OO 122 2 sides - x?

OO 248 - 2 sides -

OO 283 1 side - x

OO 363 2 sides 1 side -

OO 387 2 sides - x?

Three pairs

OO 243 - - x

OO 340 2 sides - -

At least one

pair

OO 232 - - x

387—

Stone: 20 examplesExamples: B 6.1 (tufa), B 43.2, B 48.2, B 94, B 395.4-5 (flat pieces), B 402.5 (stone at foot end), B 421.2, B 435.4-5, B 504.1 (piece of white limesto ne), B 504.2 (Namur crino idal limestone also known as stink ing limestone), B 536.2 (building fragment: block of com posite stone), B stray 306 (flat frag ment of sandsto ne), B 537.intr. (limestone fragment 16x10x4.5 with ridge), B 699.0 (slate-stone slab), B 701.7, B 702.7, OO 186.8, OO 232.4. Discussion: It should be remarked that stone, apart from the fine layers of gravel in the ice-pushed ridge, does not naturally occur in or near Nijmegen, so all stone was brought here by man. B 48.2, B 43.2, B 395.4-5, B 701.7 and B 702.7 are flat pieces of stone that covered pottery vessels (to the existence of B 43.2 has been conclu ded because beaker B 43.1 was empty; it was not no-ticed for itself). B 421.2 is a flat piece of stone that was lying next to cooking-pot B 421.1, which it had apparently covered originally. In grave B 94 a field stone together with two tile fragments covered all grave goods. B 402.5 was a ‘rather large oblong piece of stone’ against the foot

end, counter part of complete tile B 402.4 against the head end. B 699.0 is a unique piece: a slate-stone slab 101x73x10 cm, on which the coffin (84x35 cm) of a girl stood. B 504.1 and 2 are large blocks of white limestone and grey so-called stinking limestone, which were found along the long south edge of the grave, together with a tegula fragment with cement on it: reused build-ing-materials. The same holds for B 537.1 and B 536.2.

Brick: 24 examplesExamples: B 20, B 29.1-2 (two complete imbrices), B 57.2a (fragment of imbrex), B 57.4 (two tegula fragments), B 94, B 233 (two tiles), B 402.4 (com-plete tegula), B 409.2 (im brex frag ments), B 504.3 (tegula frag ment), B 547.intr. (im brex frag-ment), B 622, B 650, B 663, B 681.3-4, B 689, B 702.6 (com plete im brex), B 759.intr., B 794.intr., B 795.2-6 (imbri ces), OO 62.4-5 (eight fitting im-brex fragments and one non-fitting), OO 150.1, OO 203.3, OO 366.6, OO 431.1 (tile fragment), OO stray 16 (an apparently complete tegula with stamp LXG; not found in museum). Discussion: Brick can have four functions in the graves: covering a group of grave goods, cover-ing individual grave goods, covering the grave or the inhumati on, and lateral limit of the grave. Covering a group of grave goods: In B 94 two fitting

Table 20: Certain coffins of type 3

Long

against

short

Short

against

bottom

Long

against

bottom/

beam

Oblique

horizontal

in corner

OO 89 - x x -

OO 90 - x x -

OO 94 - x x x

OO 112 - - x -

OO 161 - x x -

OO 210 - - x x

OO 338 - - - -

OO 361 2 sides - - x

OO 362 - - - x

Table 21: Certain coffins of type 4

Long

against

short

Short

against

bottom

Long

against

bottom/

beam

Oblique

horizontal

in corner

OO 71 - - - x?

OO 231 - - - -

OO 249 - - x x

OO 272 - 1 side x x

OO 339 2 sides - - -

OO 386 2 sides - - -

388—

fragments of an imbrex and two tegula frag-ments together with a field stone covered all grave goods in the western (foot) end. The com-plete imbrex B 702.6 covered four out of five grave goods in a niche (in the northwest, to the left of the feet). Covering individual grave goods: Individual grave goods were covered by imbrex fragments in the case of OO 62.4-5 and OO 203.2. In B 681 three tegula fragments each covered an individual grave good in a niche on the north side. One of these has a fragmentary brick stamp: (branch) G. This must be a stamp of Legio X Gemina, which occupied Nijmegen AD 71-104; to be precise: one of the stamps 68, 69, 70 and 74, in Brunsting/Steures 1995 and 1997, all of which have a branch before the G. Covering the grave or the inhumation: Complete im-brices B 29.1-2 covered a very small grave of 70x20 cm. They possibly did not serve as grave marker above the ground, as they were still complete; see also the find circum stance of B 795.2-6 below. A marker underground, in case one would like to dig a new grave in the same plot? In the case of B 795.2-6 three complete and several fragmentary imbrices were lying on the longitudinal axis of the coffin. As a beaker was found on a higher level, they cannot have served as grave marker above ground. The three fitting imbrex fragments B 409.2, whose posi-tion in the grave was not clear, will have covered something in the grave but it remains unclear what. Lateral limit of the grave: Grave B stray ff consisted completely of tegulae. Complete tegula B 402.4 was standing against the head end of the grave, and was a counterpart of a rather large oblong stone against the foot end. OO 431.1 was a tegula fragment at the head end. Two identical tiles had been placed against the long north side of B 233. There was cement on B 504.3: reused building material, just like the two stone fragments B 504.1-2, put against the long south side of the grave. Unclear remains the function of the brick frag-ments in B 20, B 663, B 650, B 622, B 689, B 759

(in grave filling, so probably intrusions), B 794, and B 547. The most probable solution is that these are all intrusions, which got accidentally into the graves when they were being filled in.

Stone sarcophagi: 8 examples Examples: B 458.1, B 536.1, B 580.1, B 601.1, B 620.0, B 627.1, B stray 156, B stray 280, Remain-der stray 17. (NB B stray 280 and Remainder stray 17 are earlier sarcophagi, as appears from their grave goods.)Discussion: Table 22 summarizes what we know about the sarcophagi from the documen tation. In the second longest sarcophagus found during the excavati ons, the one from the Grut berg, a young girl (8-10 years or younger) was laid to rest. All other sarcophagi were (as good as) empty when found. We may safely assume that all five smaller sarcophagi were also meant for children. The largest one, only 10 cm longer than that of the Grutberg, was probably also meant for a child. All sarcophagi are rectangular and un dec orated inside and out. Two sarcop hagi have notches at their tops for a lever that would have helped to put the lid in its place: B 580.1 two notches on a long side, B 620.0 one on a short side. There are three types of sarcophagus lids. For B 580.1 a flat slab is certain; B 620 has a high roof model with four oblique curved planes; B stray 131 had a similar lid, which got lost when it was lifted before it could have dried. The lid of B 458, which was apparently lost when it was tried to lift it, had a flat undersi de, side planes h 10 (at corners) and 15 (under the rib), two slightly con-cave top planes along the rib. It is shown on a photograph but was not drawn in the object drawing. (Two other drawings have its shape wrong: the detailed drawing of B 456-8 and the overall drawing of Brun sting’s excavation in area LN.) The sarcophagus of the Grutberg (= B 620.0) is dated by its grave goods and coins to AD 317-318; B stray 156, possibly to VI or IVd. As to the distribution of these simple sarcopha-gi, they are all but absent from Gellep (a single sarcophagus: Pirling/Siepen 2006, 13) but

389—

present in Cologne (Haberey 1934) and Worms (Grünewald 1990, 21). Both in Cologne and in Worms a bed of chalk in the sarcophagi was attested (Haberey 1934, 276-7; Grünewald 1990, 38), probably put there to accelerate the decomposi tion of the body. Noth-ing like it was attested in the two Nijmegen intact sarcop hagi, which were both emptied in the Nijmegen Museum G.M. Kam, i.e. under ideal cir-cumstances (Oude Graafse weg and Grutberg: Buchem 1951 and 1958a; in the present study: Re-mainder stray 17-21 and grave B 620). The report, written by Brunsting on the day the Grutberg sar-cophagus was opened, 14 October 1957, does not mention such a chalk layer, nor do the five photo-graphs of the contents show a white layer (two of them published in Swinkels/Deckers-Hageman 1997, 32). The only white substance Brunsting mentions was on the forehead, tentatively inter-preted by him as an unction: see remark to grave B 620. Date: IVa-VI/IVd.

Table 22: Stone sarcophagi

number drawn l w h lid stone age artefac ts

B 458.1 yes 100 45 30 low tufa child no

B 536.1 no 105 63 ? ? ? <7 no

B 580.1 yes 107 61 41 slab ? ? no

B 601.1 yes 120 50 60 lost limestone ? no

B 620.0 yes 160 66 58 high tufa f <8 yes

B 627.1 yes 126 37 52 lost tufa ? no

There is a marked difference in measurements with the stray finds of sarcophagi, dated ?, IIIa and AD 270-280, respectively.

The sarcophagi found in the excavations were all meant for children; the stray sarcophagi of earlier date, for adults:

B stray 156 no 170 59 46 high sandstone ? yes

B stray 280 no 232 85 40 ? tufa ? yes

Rem.str. 17 no 280 80 62 ? tufa <40 yes

390—

Time

Before: was there a ‘gap of Nijmegen’ AD 270-313?The present-day city of Nijmegen, on a bend of the river Waal, partly on an ice-pushed ridge in the SE and partly on the low bank of the river in the NW, has a long range of Roman sites. From E to W: on the ice-pushed ridge Kops Pla teau, Hun-erberg and Valkhof; and on the low S bank of the river the Roman town of Ulpia Noviomagus. The town of Ulpia Noviomagus is usually dated with the help of coins and pottery in its cemetery (Brunsting 1937) to AD 70-270. The latest coin in the tiny excavated part of its town-moat is an an-toninianus of Gallienus and dates from AD 259-260 (RIC V/1, 44 (C); Bogaers/Haalebos 1986, 3, 10 n. 12). Though the causes are guessed at in the litera-ture, it is not clear how its end came (Brunsting 1937, 210; Novio magus 1979, 62; Van Es 1981, 156; Willems 1990, 72; Van Encke vort et al. 2000a, 84; Haal ebos/Willems in: Willems et al. 2005, 52; Wil-lems/Van Enckevort 2009, 27-8, 74 (‘The end of the urban settlement, as a result of the Germanic raids, may be dated to c.260/270’), 79). Even less clear is, what happened to the populati on be-tween the end of Ulpia Novio magus and the begin ning of the settle ment on the Valkhof and its Late Roman cemete ries, which are subject of the pre sent study. Also around 260/270, communis opinio has it, the auxiliary fortresses of the limes in the Dutch part of Germania Inferior were abandoned and the fron-tier collap sed (Van Es 1981, 47; Bechert/Wil lems 1995, 26-7). The Franks had newly formed (Pan-egyrici Latini 11.5.4; 7.2) from the Germanic tribes on the right border of the Rhine (Amsiva rii, Bruct-eri, Chamavi, Chattuarii, possibly the Chatt i) and from AD 260 onward they invaded the Roman Empire many times, as far as southern Gaul and Hispania. Trier fell AD 275/6. Bechert/Wil lems (1995, 26-7) writes: ‘Earlier on, it was suppo sed that with the inva-

sions of the Franks in the second half of the third century, part of the fortresses on the limes of lower Germany, especi ally those west of

Nijmegen, were demolished and given up. Nowadays, however, we have come to the con clusion that this was perhaps an oversimpli fication. In princi ple, it seems to be correct that the fortres ses on the lower Rhine, between the bifurca tion of the river Waal and the coast, were abando ned, at the latest dur-ing the fall of the Gallic Empire (274) and the inva sion of the Franks c.275. On the other hand, the evidence is accumu lating that at least some of the fortresses, such as Meiners-wijk, Utrecht and Valkenburg, were again put into use in the fourth centu ry.’ (Transl. D.St.)

The authors are silent on what happened in Nijme gen, just behind the limes, between AD 270 and 313, when the Late Roman cemeteries be-gan. Such reticence is not present in the more recent lite ra ture. Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 9) shows a blank between AD 270 and 300 in a graph of the occupation history of Nijme gen and writes on the town of Ulpia Noviomagus, to the west of the Valkhof (84): ‘.. activities of craftsmen. Around the middle of the third century, they came to a (temporary) end. In the fourth century, Frankish colonists seem to have been squatt ing in the ruins of the town.’ (Transl. D.St.). In 2003, Van Encke vort and Thijssen write: ‘Just after the middle of the 3rd century these activities came to an end. Nijmegen, like other parts of the Low-er Rhine area, was aban doned around AD 260/270’ (in: Wilson (ed.) 2003, 70-1). It should be noted that this latter quotation is about en-tire present-day Nijme gen with its long range of Roman sites, not only about its town of Ulpia Novio magus. Willems et al. (2005, 111) repeats the message of Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 9). Driessen’s (2007, 167, 170) thesis on the topogra-phy, settlement continuity and monumentality of Roman Nijmegen is again silent on the end of Ulpia Noviomagus and so glosses over the two problems of settlement continui ty: before and after the Late Roman cemeteries. Willems/van Enckevort 2009, the redrafted English version of the study in Dutch Willems et al. 2005, is unclear about a gap of Nijmegen, as the following three

14 Interpretation

391—

quotes show: ‘At the start of the 4th c., Constan-tine succeeded in re-establishing Roman control of the Lower Rhine after some decades of chaos.’ (27) ‘However, the shift of the centre of habita-tion to the Valkhof and surroundings does not mean that Ulpia Noviomagus was entirely de-serted in this period. There are various indica-tions now that there was some habitation in the Late Roman period.’ (28) ‘Like other places in the Lower Rhine area, Nijmegen was largely aban-doned around 270 under the pressure of recur-ring attacks by Germanic tribes. Under Constan-tine the Great Nijmegen became a significant settlement once again, but Ulpia Noviomagus was not rebuilt, although there are indications that Frankish colonists lived amidst the ruins.’ (79) The same study (99) and Koster (2010, 4) sum up the evidence: some crossbow fibulae, terra sigillata with roller stamp decoration and some fourth-century coins. So, if indeed these fourth-century inhabitants of Ulpia Noviomagus were Frankish, they exclusively used things Ro-man and cannot be recognised as Frankish; a motif we shall see recurring below, in the section Excursus 1: Cemetery OO Frankish?!There is enough evidence to show that this ‘gap of Nijmegen’, even for Ulpia Noviomagus itself, does not exist: coins, pottery, literary evidence, and, to be discussed below, the population size of Ulpia Noviomagus and the Valkhof settle-ment.

CoinsFirstly, our own cemeteries do have coins from the period (see Coin list 3): two antoniniani from AD 270, one from 277-290, one from 276-282, and two folls from 295; moreover, the nine coins from the first fourth-century coin period (AD 298-307) all fall within the time of this supposed gap of Nijmegen. Secondly, a recent study of the coins from the Kops Plateau has twelve coins dating to AD 270-300, eleven of which barba ric imita tions (Van der Vin 2002, 200, nos. 4348-59): 4x Divus Claudius II, AD 270-290; 3x Tetricus I, AD 270-273 (one of which an offi cial coin, RIC 82-84); 2x Tetricus I,

AD 270-280, 1x Victo rinus/Tet ricus c.270-290; 1x late third century, c.270-290; 1x late third cen-tury, c.290-300. They must have been used and lost on the Kops Plateau during the suppo sed ‘gap of Nijme gen’. A similar situation in Cuijk on the river Maas, a few kilome ters south of Nijme gen, prompts Van der Vin to write (in: Van Encke vort/Thijs sen 2002, 78): ‘Very recent numismatic research has shown

that the (nume rous) barba ric imitations of the antoniniani of the Gallic Empire in Northern Gaul (the S of the Netherlands, Belgium and the N of France) remained in circulation until the early fourth century. With that, we reach a linkup with the earliest emissions of Constan-tine the Great (between AD 306 and 310), and that way the hypothe sis of continuity in the occupation gains more and more probability. The absence of ‘official’ coins in those years remains however remarkable.’ (Transl. D.St.)

The absence of official coins is not remarkable: it is the cause of the presence of these barbaric imi-tations. The so-called barbaric imitations of the late third century have nothing to do with bar-barians. They are emergency money, especially small change, issued by inventive private and semi-official Roman workshops in times when official emissions did not reach these regions (Brulet 1990, 14-5; Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 82; Kropff/Van der Vin 2003, 58; Gilles in: Grüßinger 2007, I.3.7,31,33,34). In other words: they repre-sent a coura ge ous attempt of local people to keep the economy going in hard times. Kropff/Van der Vin (2003), the article Van der Vin alludes to in the above quotation, speaks of local copies instead of barbaric imitati ons. The abstract of this article is as follows (p. 55): ‘The coin series from sites in the Dutch River

area show a break during the last decades of the third century and the first decade of the fourth century AD. Coins minted for Aurelian and his successors to the throne up to Constanti ne I are very scarce for all sites. The break has been interpreted to indicate the end of occupation of castella and settlements

392—

around AD 275. When the site finds from the Dutch River area are presented in the form of an adap ted histogram however, the coin series show a striking similarity to site finds from Ro-man Britain, where, on the whole, continuity was safeguarded during the third centu ry. The article argues that this gap in the coin series - detectable all over the western part of the Roman Empire - is caused by the special char-acter of coin circulation during this period in the west and does not indicate the end of ac-tivities on the site that provided the coins. Coin finds even seem to suggest continuity during this period for a number of sites in the Dutch River area.’

The special character of coin circulation during this period in the west is explained as follows (p. 59): ‘The coins of the Gallic Empire [AD 260-274] (...) The coins minted for Tetricus I (whose rule

started in November 271) and Tetricus II (co-ruler with his father from the beginning of 273 on) formed the most important component of Gallic circulation. An enormous number of late third-century hoards in the west close with a coin of one of the Tetrici. These coins and their local copies dominated circulation in the west for a long period (Schulzki 1989, 60).’

One particular feature of coin circulation in the west the article discusses (p. 58-9) con cerns the coins of Gallienus (emperor AD 253-268), whose coin minted AD 259-260 was the latest datable one in the town moat of Ulpia Noviomagus: ‘The hoards show that relatively few coins

minted for Gallienus (produced before AD 268) and Claudius II (AD 270) penetrated coin circu-lation in the Gallic Empire before AD 274 (Mat-tingly 1951, 282-3; Schulzki 1989, 51). Large scale influx started only after the end of the Gallic Empire in that year. The coins of Gal-lienus and Claudius II reached their zenith in the coin circulation of the former Gallic Empire in the second half of the seventies and in the eighties of the third century (Van Heesch 1998, 139) and dominated circulation in that area up to AD 294 (Schulzki 1989, 51).’

So the the chances are that our Gallienus coin, minted AD 259-60, only landed in the town moat of Ulpia Noviomagus between AD 276 and 294. The conclusion for Nijmegen and other places is (p. 79): ‘.. the histograms of, notably, Grave, Cuijk,

Maurik, Nijmegen and also Heerlen and Maas-tricht strongly indicate continuity of coin circu-lation during the last three decades of the third century and the first decades of the fourth century.’

Also in other recent publications we find signs of continuity in the Dutch river area. Aarts (2007) writes about the site of Tiel-Paasewaaij that it is clear that all emission periods from Augustus up to the beginning of the fourth century are repre-sented.

PotteryThe other cause that made it difficult to detect activities in Nijmegen or rather Ulpia Novioma-gus in this period is stated as follows (Kropff/Van der Vin 2003, 56): ‘Dating finds from this period proves to be a

problem. In the west, a lot of ceramics and other artifacts from the late third and the early fourth century cannot be dated exactly (Curnow 1988, 61; Willems 1989, 36).’

That may be as it is, but firstly we do have a Trier beaker dating to AD 270-280 in the Oude Graaf-seweg sarcophagus. The sarcophagus (find cata-logue: Re mainder stray 17-21) was found well within the built-up area of present-day Nijmegen. It is dated to AD 270-280 by the pres-ence of a beauti ful fine dark colou red beaker from Trier, of Künzl’s chronolo gical group IIIc (photo: Steures 2009, 200, fig. 5). The find report contains the suggestion ‘the grave of a magis-trate of Ulpia Novio magus near his suburban vil-la?’ (Van Buchem 1951, 8). The lines of commerce with Trier (for the beaker) and the Eifel (for the sarcophagus) were open for people with money.Secondly, in his 1937 study of the cemetery of Ulpia Noviomagus, Brunsting himself mentions no less than 18 pieces of fourth-century pottery

393—

and then explains them away, so it is worthwile to look at these pieces and at his explanation. First the pottery. Numbers 1-5: colour-coated Trier beakers of Brunsting’s type 8c belong to the fourth-century types Symonds 61 and Künzl 1.4.1 (Brunsting 1937, 202, 80-1, Pl. 3, 8c1-2; find num-bers WW 74, KL 140-1, WW 133, Leiden e 1909/4.24). Numbers 6-8 are fourth-century smooth jugs with painted brown bands (202, 83 no 16). Number 9 is a fourth-century terra sigillata bowl with roller stamp decoration (202, 35, WW 17). Number 10: a terra sigillata bowl is compared to a IIId shape (202, 51 no d, WW 4). Numbers 11-12: two coarseware cooking pots without handle may be fourth-century (202, 144 no 3b, WW 21 & 92, ‘probably to be dated c.AD 300’). Numbers 13-16: four coarse cooking pots with handle are fourth-century (202, 150 no 12b, WW 57 & 90 and two unnamed ones). Numbers 17-18: two coarse dented beakers are even of the late fourth cen-tury (202, 157-8 no 28, WW 5 & 6). Then the explaining away, with which Brunsting safeguards his early end date of AD 260 for the cemetery (Brunsting 1937, 202). We must keep in mind that hardly any archaeological excavations had taken place in the Ulpia Noviomagus cem-etery: both there and in cemetery OO, pothunters had been active in the beginning of the twentiest century, who daily sold their finds to the collector G.M. Kam. Brunsting tells that most of the pieces concerned belong to the less reliable find groups WW and Leiden B, which comprise both first-cen-tury and fourth-century pieces (1937, 8, 202). Now there is a terrain in cemetery OO, its easternmost point, where it overlaps with the first-century grave group O, which is part of cemetery CC-E-O-S (see fig. 2 in the present study). The origin of the unreliable find groups, according to Brunst-ing, must have been mistaken: what the pothunt-ers reported as finds from the Ulpia Noviomagus cemetery must really have been found in OO. This supposition can however not be reconciled with Brunsting’s own remark, that the harvest of the day was immediately sold to Mr Kam (1937, 6). The pothunters could not have forgotten where the pots came from and had nothing to win from

not telling the truth. Brunsting himself sees that something is wrong with his end date of AD 260: his own find 21 is dated by himself to AD 280 (1937, 182-3); two of his fourth-century Trier beakers come from his find group KL, which he does find reliable. For that reason, he publishes drawings of them, as opposed to most other fourth-century pottery (1937, Pl. 3, 8c1-2).

Literary evidenceThere even is contemporary literary evidence, admittedly an argumentum e silentio, that a Ro-man settlement of some accep table sort was in existence in the Nijmegen area AD 293, when Constantius Chlorus campaigned in Batavia, and AD 306, when his son Constantine held the first of his two expeditions against the Franks. The literary evidence of these expeditions is found in the Panegy rici Latini (Pan.; all translations from Nixon/Rodgers 1994) and Eusebius’ Life of Constantine (translation Came ron/Hall 1999).

Constantius Chlorus’ campaign AD 293About Constantius Chlorus’ expedition AD 293 we have the following texts, among which a striking description of the soft Dutch soil: ‘He cleared Batavia and expelled the foreign enemy’ (Pan. 12.25.2); ‘he rid of every enemy the land of Batavia, which was occupied by diverse tribes of Franks un der the leadership of a former native of the place [Carausius]’ (Pan. 6.5.3); ‘Many thou-sands of Franks who had invaded Batavia and other lands on this side of the Rhine he slaugh-tered, drove out, captured or deported.’ (Pan. 7.4.2); ‘During the whole of this period, however, you [Constantius Chlorus] never ceased to de-stroy those ene mies whom terra firma permitted you to approach, although that region which was liberated and purged of the enemy by your divine campaigns, Caesar, through which the Scaldis [Scheldt] flows with its meandering chan-nels and which the Rhine embra ces with its two arms [the south one being the river Waal], is hardly land at all, if I may hazard the expression. It is so thoroughly soaked and drenched with waters that not only where it is obviously

394—

marshy does it yield to the pressure and engulf the foot which treads it, but even where it seems a little firmer it shakes when subjected to the tramp of feet and attests by its movement that it feels the weight from afar. Thus the fact that this land swims on what underlies it and, suspended there, trembles so extensive ly that one might claim with justification that such terrain existed to give soldiers practice in naval warfare.’ (Pan. 8.7.4-8.3). Kropff/Van der Vin (2003, 82-3) comments on this passage as follows: ‘Reading the panegyric in detail, one gets the

impression the soldiers were troubled more by the high water level than by hostilities in the River area, about which the text is not so ex-plicit. This seems strange, for it is in the nature of the Panegyrici Latini to give a detailed de-scription of even relatively insignificant mili-tary victories.

The author does mention however, that while preparing for the campaign against the British usurpers, the River delta was cleared of en-emies (7.4, 8.1). (...) All this seems to allude to a rather mild kind of pacification, not to a dif-ficult campaign to restore a collapsed border.’

So, Kropff/Van der Vin argues that the border in the Dutch River area was indeed not collapsed under inroads of the Franks (p. 80-1): ‘Taking into account the fact that the Dutch

river area does not give quick access to the heart of Gaul and consi dering that this area did not show a fully developed urbanization or an accumulation of rich villas, it does not seem probable that the River area suffered from in-roads of the magnitude seen in Gaul. The main attacks seem to have been aimed at the mid-dle and upper Rhine (Ziegler 1983, 83-4; Cüp-pers 1990, 125), not at the lower Rhine. (...)

With some caution, the conclusion may be drawn that large-scale devastation and disrup-tion as a result of inroads of the Franks around AD 275 is not to be expected on the lower Rhine. There is no compelling reason to as-sume a significant break in continuity as a di-rect result of inroads around this time.’

Constantine’s first Frankish campaign AD 306The evidence for Constantine’s own expedition against the Franks AD 306 is the following. ‘Moreover, from the very beginning you fol-lowed your father’s brave example’ (Pan. 7.4.2); ‘And so, son of an Emper or (and a very great one at that), and one who has so felici tously ob-tained command, how have you begun to de-fend the State? You have visited with punish-ment for their rash ness, I believe, some contemptible band of barbarians who tested the very beginnings of your reign with a sudden at-tack and unex pected brigandage. You did not hesitate to punish with the ultimate penalty the kings of Francia themselves, who took the opportu nity of your father’s absence to violate the peace, and were not at all afraid of the per-petual hatred of that race and their implacable fury’ (Pan. 6.10.1-2); ‘Once he was established in imperial power, he first attended to the needs of his father’s portion, super vising with loving care all the provinces which had previously been al-lotted to his father’s government; if any barbar-ian tribes living beside the River Rhine and the Western Ocean dared to rebel, he subdued them all and turned their savagery to gentleness, while others he repulsed and chased of his terri-tory like wild beasts, when he saw that they were incura bly resistant to change to a gentle life’ (Eusebius, Life of Constantine 1.25.1). The orator who held Panegyricus Latinus 12 in Trier AD 313 tells that Con stantine, after beating the Franks AD 306, left three quarters of his army in defence of the entire Rhine (Pan. 12.2.6; 12.3.3). The orator calls it the Praetori an Guard, which since then kept watch over Rhine and Danube (Pan. 12.21.3). Below, it will be made clear that the Nijmegen cemeteries began AD 313 after Constantine’s second Frankish campaign of that year. Constantine, who took care of the entire Rhine zone, apparently had seen no reason to leave troops in Nijmegen AD 306. The cause must be that Ulpia Novi omagus still existed.

395—

ConclusionTo round off: people lived on in Ulpia Novioma-gus up to AD 313, certainly bought pottery from Trier and probably from the Eifel, and as yet did not need milita ry assistan ce. The re is no ‘gap of Nijmegen’ between AD 270 and AD 313, when the people got a new haven in the forti fied Valkhof settlement, doubtlessly also called Novi-omagus (Brunsting 1937, 210-1), and the Late Ro-man cemete ries began. We shall see below how the first generation of the Valkhof settlement showed their att achment to their former city in the west.

The beginning: AD 313Still, the relief must have been enormous, also in the sense of money coming in from London and Trier, as was the increase in living standard. Some of the ear liest graves are particu larly rich and one of the most expen sive kinds of pottery, that from Trier, helps us to pinpoint the begin-ning. There are two indications that both Nijmegen Late Roman ceme teries were first used just be-fore AD 315: firstly, one kind of pottery, and sec-ondly, their coin statistics. Firstly, the use of white and some yellow barbo-tine on only six pieces out of hundreds of fine dark colou red pottery from Trier: bott le B stray 128, beaker B stray 240, beaker OO stray 181, jug OO 4.1, beaker OO 78.1, beaker OO 130.1. These belong to Künzl’s chronological group IV, dated AD 280-315: see Künzl (1997, 53-77) and the sec-tion on chro nology of the Trier bea kers in Chap-ter 11 of the present study. Not only cemete ry OO had graves with this early pottery: the presence of the two intact stray pieces in ceme tery B, both found during works on diffe rent places near the town hall, shows that at least two graves there would have been dated just as early, had they been excavated properly. Secondly, the coin statistics. Table 23, which I owe to Dr Fleur Kemmers and her sharp eyes, shows the distributi on of fourth-century coins accor-ding to mint and the eight coin periods into which the fourth centu ry has been subdi vided

ever since the basic study of Carson, Hill and Kent (1960). She drew up this table in 2005. It has been adapted to R.W. Reijnen’s revision and update of the coin identifications of 2011, but her comments remain valid. In an email of 31st March 2005, Fleur Kemmers wrote as a comment on her table: ‘For fourth-century coins, there is the rule of

thumb that they were in circulation for a short time. As there are so many periods, it is likely that coins of a period were delivered in Nijmegen in that same period. London ap-pears to have a strong presence in the years 307-318 (fair enough: after that its mint was closed). (…) In the peri ods after that, Trier is abso lu tely domi nant, except in period 7, when Arles takes over. That too was to be expec ted, as it is the trend in the whole of northwestern Europe. That trend has peaks in periods 4 and 7. The good represen ta tion of periods 1-3 in Nijmegen is therefore remarkable, something I have never seen before. Something special must have been going on in Nijmegen. My im-mediate associati on is with the fortress on the Valkhof. As it is, coins were delivered to the army; how they got in the hands of the civilian popula tion, was the population’s pro blem, not that of the authorities. [She repeated this state ment in an article (Kemmers 2007, 208); see also Kropff 2008, 11 with further literature.]

Bronze curren cy was stron gly regio na li zed in the fourth centu ry. This means that the supply by the autho rities determines the picture, and that hardly any coin slips in from elsewhere. As London is rela tively close and its mint was working in that period, supply from London (and Trier) will have been chosen: they were the two nearest mints. The London mint closed down soon after wards.’ (Transl. D.St.)

A closer look at Coin list 3: per coin after its latest min ting date elsewhere in this study shows that the supply from London begins with one coin minted AD 303-305, continues with four coins minted AD 310, one of AD 310-313, one of AD 312-313, and starts in earnest with eight coins minted AD 313-315, after which it eases off to

396—

three coins of AD 316-317 and one from AD 318, and ends with one coin of AD 323-324. Apart from coin OO 382.8, minted AD 318, all London coins were found in cemetery B.The coin supply from Trier began with a steady trickle of five coins between AD 295 and 305-307, and exploded with no less than 30 coins in the second coin period, AD 307-318. There are five coins whose last minting year was AD 313, one that was minted only in that year, and nine that began to be minted AD 313. Conclusion: pottery and coins together indicate that both Nijmegen cemete ries began to be used just before AD 315, most probably AD 313. It is taken here to be the year in which both cemeter-ies began to be used.

That was a year after Con stantine the Great had defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge out-side Rome and had become the sole augustus of the west. After his meeting with the augustus of the east, Licini us, in Milan AD 313, where they drew up the document known as the Edict of Mi-lan, Constantine returned to our region in order to reside in Trier and to subdue the Franks, just as he had done AD 306. Now Constantine was a proli fic lawgi ver (Liebs in: De mandt/Enge mann 2007, 190-6, esp. 196) and laws were dated and mentioned the place where they had been drawn up, so that we can follow his wherea-bouts. His second expedition against the Franks took place in Ju ne/July 313 (Pan. 12.21.5): on June 15th, he was still in Trier, on July 1st and 27th he

Table 23: Coins of the Late Roman Nijmegen cemeteries per known mint and per fourth-century coin period: see Coin list 3. N=125. Latin names of the mint places: Arelate, Carthago, Londi-

nium, Lugdu num, Roma, Siscia (Pannonia), Ticinum, Augusta Treverorum.

Period Arles Carthage London Lyon Rome Sisak Ticino Trier Totals

1 298-307 - 1 1 2 - - 1 3 8

2 307- 318 1 - 19 - - - - 30 50

3 318-330 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 3

4 330-341 4 - - 7 1 - - 25 37

5 341-348 - - - - - - - 3 3

6 348-361 1 - - - - 1 - 4 6

7 364-378 7 - - 5 - 1 - 1 14

8 378-402 - - - 1 - - - 3 4

Totals 13 1 21 15 1 3 1 70 125

397—

was in Cologne, on July 15 and 20 he held the Ludi Francici for the first time, and August 3rd he was back in Trier, where Panegyricus 12 was de-livered (Seeck 1919, 161; Pan. 12.1.1: hic rursus = on your return here; Pan. 12.24.2: trucem Francum = the grim Frank; Nixon/Rodgers 1994, 289, 294 n. 1, 329 n. 146; Filocalus’ Calendar of AD 354, July 15 and 20). We may assume that he took the initi-ative to reestablish Nijme gen as a strong hold against the Franks in those months, to be pre-cise: in the second half of June or the first half of July AD 313.

Appen dix 4, overview of the dated graves, shows that AD 325 or earlier is the terminus ante quem for graves B 22, B 140, B 176, B 180, B 297, B 298, B 620, OO 4, OO 78, OO 130, OO 149, OO 159, OO 161, OO 176, OO 209, OO 234, and stray finds B stray 128, B stray 240 and OO stray 181. By AD 325, the use of both cemeteries was in full swing. Amongst these graves, there are two rich ones that have drawn attention in the litera ture be-

fore: B 298 is the grave inter preted both here and in ear lier arti cles by the author as that of a female Sabazios worshipper from Colog ne (Steures 2004ab). B 620 is the sarcop hagus from the Grut berg with its tambourine sticks: see lit-erature in Chapters 5 and 12.

Two pottery periodsThere are two pottery periods in the Nijmegen cemeteries. The first one is characterized by abundance and niches for grave goods, the sec-ond by shorta ge. Pottery period 1 comprises the first two-thirds of the fourth centu ry. Pirling dates the Trier beakers to this time, i.e. up to AD 367. If she is right, which may well be, there was a twelve-year-long retardati on, in which beakers already arrived in Nijmegen were still being used as grave goods. For AD 353-355 was the period of disasters. Magnentius had himself hailed as augustus AD 351 and had seized power in Gaul. His brother and caesar Decentius besieged Trier AD 353

B 298 The miniature set of scales, the shells and the ornaments in grave B 298 show the deceased to be an eccentric lady from Cologne, who worshipped Sabazios.

398—

(Amm.Marc. 15,6,4). Goethert (in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 402) suggests that this siege caused the demolition of the potteries before the city wall on the bank of the Moselle. This sounds more probable to me than Suzanna Kün-zl’s (1997, 118, 129) opinion that competition by the Argonnes terra sigillata caused the end of the fine dark coated beakers from Trier. In 355, the military commander Silvanus (Amm.Marc. 15,5) rose in Cologne against court intrigues, and the power vacuum after he was murdered caused a devastating incursion of Frankish and Alamannic hordes. Cologne was devast ated and Trier was for a time over run. For Cologne we have an ancient report: Amm.Marc. 15,8,19. There are no cert ain an cient reports about devastati ons in Trier, but it is gene rally taken for granted that the two devastated cities that Ju-lian saw AD 356 according to Libanius or.18,46 are Colog ne and Trier. For the region around Trier, Schwinden (1984) has listed the archaeo-logical reports of devastations of AD 355. The production of the Trier beakers came to an end, and the un certainty of the times prevented the potters from resuming their work. Sud denly, there was a menace from across the Rhine and the flow of pro ducts from Cologne and Trier stopped. As for pottery and glass vessels, cemete ry OO only participa tes in pottery period 1. The possi-ble cause will be treated below in the section The roads: the road from the Valkhof to the east seems to have been closed. Potte ry period 2 is flimsy: just a few graves in cem-etery B with terminus post quem of AD 376 and later, half the time covered by the present study (see end of Appen dix 4), have Argonnes terra sigillata and the coarse ware from the Eifel, which was now to dominate the market up to the high Middle Ages (Redknap 1999). The reason why people stopped giving grave goods may well have been shortage of pottery and food. Van Es (1968, 11) already said and wrote: ‘The abolishing of grave goods, possibly con-

sidered a mea nin gless - but costly! - conven-

tion by the population, is noticed also in non-Christian circles.’ (Transl. D.St.)

The present study follows Pirling for the date of the undeco rated Trier beakers, up to AD 367, and in the same time Künzl’s AD 355 (1997, 69-74) for the decorated ones. The line between pottery periods 1 and 2 may be nearer to the earlier date. There are no dated graves between AD 367, the year to which grave B 726 had to be dated be-cause of the presence of two vessels of IVAB and IVC date, and AD 376, the terminus post quem for graves B 114, B 135 and B 480, which all con-tain artefacts of IVd date.

Pottery period 1: AD 313-355/367The vast majority of the graves in both cemeter-ies is by no means as sharply dated as the ones mentioned above in the section The beginning, as appears from the following statis tics. The find catalogue of cemetery B contains 834 graves, that of cemetery OO, 489. Out of these 1323 graves, 502 (= 38%) are dated in some way. Out of these 502 dated graves, 406 (=81%) have both a terminus post quem (tpq) and a terminus ante quem (taq); 52 (=10%) only have a tpq, and 44 (=9%) only have a taq. 38 graves (=8%) with only an early tpq could not be used in the overview of the dated graves in Appendix 4. So Appendix 4 contains 464 dated graves, which is more than one-third (35%) of the grand total of 1323. In other words, the first problem is, that almost two-thirds of the graves cannot be dated. Next problem: most of the potte ry types of the fourth century chan ged litt le, and can be dated no more precisely than to either the first half or the first two-thirds of the century: AD 313-350 or AD 313-367. Some types even occurred throug-hout the fourth centu ry, so many graves get the dates AD 313-400. This shows, by the way, how stable the Late Roman flouris hing-period was. As a conse quence, however, many graves get one of these three sets of dates. That is not a good start ing point for chronolo gical analy sis: the number of graves with dates in the years 313, 350, 367 and 400 dwarfs everyt hing else. But we can make a virtue of necessity and use those

399—

years as referen ce dates. They are used in Ap-pendix 4 to show the mini mum density of the ceme teries AD 350, 367 and 400. Two important changes in grave ritual took place in this potte ry period 1, but they did not coincide and therefore have had different reasons. First, most graves were E-W, i.e. with the head to the east; at the end of period 2, most graves were W-E; then, the custom of giving a meal or a drink to the dead died out. We may be sure that burial with head W came first: Table 24 shows that there are 22 W-E graves in cemetery B with pot-tery and/or glass vessels, and 14 in cemetery OO. It will be clear that the end of giving grave goods came after the disasters of AD 355. The vexed question of the E-W and the W-E graves will be treated below in the section Orien tations.

Pottery period 2: AD 355/367-500Both cemeteries seem to end with isolated dat-ed inhumations, after decades without any graves with artefacts. But isolated in what sense?: the only graves, or the only graves with arte facts? In cemetery OO, these isolated graves are OO 366, dated to AD 364-408 by a large decorated buckle with associated strap end of type Som-mer 1Cb4; OO 29, with its latest coin minted AD 378-383, and dated to AD 378 according to the rules of coin datings set out in Chapter 3, Explan-atory notes to the find catalogue; and OO 345, dated to AD 376-400 because of the brick-red colour of some of its beads. We may safely assume that cemetery OO went out of use in IVd, possibly as early as AD 378. When does the custom of a meal or just a drink for the dead stop? Now when we look at the list of dated graves in Appendix 4, we see that the bulk of graves with grave goods, i.e. with meals and/or drinks, are those with a terminus ante quem up to AD 367, i.e. the first two-thirds of the fourth century. The latest dated graves in this Appendix, the fifteen in cemetery B with a terminus post quem of AD 376-440, comprise no more than five graves with pottery or glass grave goods, the last one

dated to AD 400 (B 114, B 135, B 137, B 480, B 143). When the priestess in B 465 was buried be-tween AD 434 and 450, she received a ‘good old Roman’ meal in her grave, the first one after more than thirty years. In cemetery B, the present find catalogue has six graves with a tpq of AD 400 or later: B 61, B 143, B 353, B 365, B 465, and B 798. The latest two of these are B 465, the priestess’ grave, dated AD 434-450, and the warrior’s grave B 61, dated AD 440-450: his type of axe does not occur before AD 440. There ends the Roman period of ceme tery B: a lady of complete ly mixed Germanic-Roman cul-ture, with large Germanic hairpins, a Germanic dish fibula with the Roman motif of an inter-laced Star of David, the Germanic preference for old silver Roman coins already noted by Tacitus (Germania 5; year of appearan ce: AD 98), Preß-blech pen dants inspired by a barba ric version of a Roman medallion, and good old Roman fashion of Roman pottery and glass grave goods, i.e. a meal for the deceased, long after this had stopped in the two Nijmegen cemete ries. Every inch a Germanic lady, she still may have felt also every inch a Roman one. The military man in grave B 61 and the priestess in B 465 are proudly upholding Roman values, most probably both in the 440’s. They proclaim themselves represen tants of Rome, and seem to have no idea that Rome’s times were ending. These are the last dated Roman graves of the present study of two cemete ries, where not a single sign of violence can be found. And the Nijmegen peaceful transition from Roman to medieval times is not inci dental. This has been argued for the whole of Germania Secunda by Dr Michael Er drich, in his inau gural speech as profes sor of provincial Roman archaeology at Nijme gen Univer sity (Erdrich 2003). Not for nothing, the Mayen coarse potte ry, so dominant ly present in the Nijmegen cemete ries and on early medieval sites in the Ne therlands (and from Basel to Kent), continued to be pro-duced up to the fourteenth century, making it diffi cult to distin guish between Late Roman and

400—

Table 24: W-E graves (W=2700) with pottery or glass grave goods, ordered according to ce-metery and orientation. A=jug B=beaker C=plate D=bowl E=cook ing-pot F=coarse dish G=bottle

H=glass bowl or beaker Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem

No Grave ° A B C D E F G H Tpq Taq

1 B 680 245° 1 1 1 334 400

2 B 749 247° 1 313 350

3 B 734 249° 1 1 313 367

4 B 90 258° 1 1 313 350

5 B 14 259° 1 1 350 360

6 B 169 262° 1 1 313 350

7 B 480 264° 1 376 400

8 B 143 265° 1 2 400 400

9 B 456 266° 1 1 1 313 350

10 B 227 270° 1? - -

11 B 180 276° 1 316 318

12 B 697 282° 3 1 1 313 350

13 B 704 283° 2 1 2 3 334 367

14 B 250 286° 1 1 313 400

15 B 676 286° 1 1 1 313 367

16 B 151 289° 1 1 1 313 367

17 B 13 293° 1 313 350

18 B 198 293° 1 313 367

19 B 702 297° 4 1 355 360

20 B 760 297° 1 1 1 313 350

21 B 465 301° 1 3 1 1 434 450

22 B 220 305° 1 313 350

A B C D E F G H

23 OO 231 278° 1 313 367

24 OO 426 279° 1 330 367

25 OO 26 285° 1 1 3 313 367

26 OO 446 285° 1 351 400

27 OO 28 290° 2 1 313 355

28 OO 76 291° 1 313 367

29 OO 349 294° 1 1 313 367

401—

early medieval coarse pottery (Redknap 1999). The trans latio imperii, the transfer of the empire from Rome to Germanic kingdoms, was actually under way in the fifth century. It was pro-nounced in the prologue of the Lex Salica, c.AD 500: the Imperium remains but the bearer changes (Demandt in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 42). The phrase itself seems to have been coined not earlier than the twelfth century, by the histo rian Otto of Freising, in order to legiti-mate the Staufi an emperors of his time, in his Chro nicon, sive Historia de duabus civitatibus 14, 104ff and 138ff (Wood 1997; Kunst 2002). But, avant la lettre, it was already working in the fifth century. And so our region quietly slips from late Antiq-uity into early Middle Ages. As Derek Williams puts it in the last paragraph of his Romans and Barbari ans: ‘Perhaps not surprisingly the view of Rome as

a noble flame, quenched by barbarism, is no longer in fashion. The ‘Dark Ages’ have been replaced by a creative merger in which Roman and barbarian combine with unexpec ted ease and ... proceed with relative calm into the ‘post-Roman’ or ‘sub-Roman era’. ... Romano-barbarian mergers of the 5th century made Euro pe.... (Williams 1999, 212)

And therefore, cemetery B kept on being used. Van Enckevort et al. (2000b, 27) shows later finds of recent excavations, to be published by his Ar-chaeological Bureau of the municipality of Nijmegen, in two photographs, of the two peri-ods AD 440-485 and AD 485-530. One photo-graph shows four iron axes of Sieg mund’s (1998)

phase 2, AD 440-485, type FBA 1.1, and an iron lance point of his phase 3, 485-530, type Sieg-mund Lan 1.5. The other photograph (see also Swinkels/Koster 2005, 82 for a clea rer one) shows three grave goods from the same phase 3: a pointed glass beaker of Sieg mund’s type Gla 7.1, a glass bowl of type Gla 1.4, and a pottery jug of type Kan 1.12 (Siegmund 1998, 204-5, fig. 81). I agree with the dates propo sed in the capti ons of these two photographs: around the year 500, and end of the fifth centu ry, respectively. And there, around AD 500, cemetery B ends. It should be repea ted here what was said in Chap-ter 11, Typology of the pottery and glass vessels: the presence of complete Fran kish carinated vessels in area G is tantalizing. They come from Sieg-mund’s phases 3 up to 9, the latter being dated AD 640-670. There may have been Fran kish graves there, but none was found during careful excavati on. The alter native is that they come from one or more votive deposits. For these rea-sons, they cannot be used for the demographic calculation below, which includes the number of years the cemetery was used. It looks as though a group of Franks just settled there, without any conti nui ty with the former settle ment or cem-etery. Just outside cemetery B, on the Valkhof itself, there is a small seventh-century Frankish cemetery: six skeletons, dated AD 620-680, were excavated by J.J. Weve AD 1910-11 (Bloem-ers/Thijssen 1990, 143; Thijssen 1983, 13; Ypey 1983).

30 OO 433 296° 1 1 1 313 367

31 OO 20 297° 1 1 313 350

32 OO 56 300° 1 1 1 313 367

33 OO 94 303° 1 1 313 367

34 OO 135 303° 1 313 355

35 OO 90 304° 1 313 367

36 OO 12 309° 1 313 367

A B C D E F G H

402—

After: continuity between Roman and Caroling-ian Nijmegen?Finally, B 661 is the only grave to be dated much later, AD 701-750. It may be an accidental late grave, or it may, much less probably, be part of a continuity that we cannot prove. The present list of Siegmund’s types cannot be used on its own to prove conti nuity between Ro-man and Carolingian Nijme gen: firstly because all Frankish pieces treated here are stray finds; secondly because Sieg mund phase 7, AD 585-610, is not represented; thirdly and most impor-tantly, because there is a gap of 130 years be-tween the latest Siegmund phase repre sen ted, phase 9, AD 640-670, and Charlemagne’s coro-nation year AD 800. The question of archaeo-logical continuity is treated by Brunsting (1955) and by Bloemers/Thijssen (1990).The develop ment of the name of the city does suggest such continuity: Noviómagus, Númaga, Níjmegen, with the stress on the syllable before the letter m.

Space

The fortressThe gap between cemeteries B in the west and OO in the east is caused by the settlement itself: the fortress on the Valk hof. Its northern edge is the steep slope of the ice-pushed ridge of Nijmegen, which was also used that way by all preceding Roman fortresses to its east (from east to west and from early to late: Kops Plateau with Drusus’ headquarters and auxilia ry units (Peterse 2005; Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 35-43), Huner berg with the Augustan and Flavian legiona ry fortresses, and Traja nusplein with an auxiliary fortress: Willems et al. 2005, 55-93 with further literature; Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 41). According to Willems/Van Enckevort (2009, 95) the Constantinian fortress on the Valkhof was built in wood; in the years AD 368-9 under Val-entinian, they say (2009, 97), it was rebuilt in stone.

As the ice-pushed ridge slopes gently down southwards, the south side of the fourth-century fortress on the Valkhof was defended with two dry moats: see Fig. 22 and the reconstruction drawing in Straten/Swinkels (2004, 7). These have been found on (and are nowa days indicat-ed in the pavement of) the square in front of Museum Het Valkhof, where the more spectacu-lar finds of both cemete ries are exhi bited. The position of the moats is nowadays made un clear by the presence of a medieval hollow road, the Voer weg, which was cut between them and the Valkhof in order to allow traffic from the low lands near the river Waal to enter the high city and vice versa. Willems/Van Enckevort (2009, 100) describe these lines of defense: “The inner premises were protected by a heavy

wall and two parallel ditches, the second line of defense (…). The outer ditch was c.12.5 m wide and at least 4 m deep. The inner ditch was over 10 m wide and over 3.5 m deep. Be-tween the two was a ravelin, a bank of c.15 m. The outer edge of the double ditch was locat-ed c.45 m from the demolished castellum wall (a robber trench c.1.5 m wide, filled with mortar and small pieces of tuff). This wall probably formed the outside face of an earthen wall constructed under Constantine I. The outside face was not added to the wall until the reign of Valentinian I. (…) The inner or second line of defence (…) was complemented by a first line farther out from the fort; it too consisted of a double ditch, parts of which have been exca-vated on the Eiermarkt and the St. Josephhof.”

The fourth and fifth-century fortress itself was on such a strate gic spot, that, possibly apart from a half-round tower still standing on the steep slope below the St Nicholas cha pel (no of-ficial publications; suggestion in Nijmegen newspa pers and in a leaflet of a walk through Nijmegen in 2005), nothing was found of it: it was crushed by the success of its own spot. Whoever posses ses the Valkhof overlooks (and can shoot at) the brid ge(s) over the river Waal. Charle magne built an imperial palace on top of the remains of the Roman for tress. It was largely

403—

demolished by Barbarossa, who built a new cas-tle, which was finally demolis hed after the French Revolu ti on, when no autho rity was able to pay for its mainte nance. In World War II, the German army built a bunker on the edge of the Valkhof. Like almost all German bunkers, it is proof against demoliti on and its top is now in use as a pano ramic platform.

The roadsRoman cemeteries always align with the main road through the settlement and are outside it. The main direction of the Roman road through Nijmegen is ESE-WNW, following the edge of the ice-pushed ridge on whose north western end most of the city is situa ted. Both cemeteries be-gin to be used AD 313. We may therefore consi-der the two Nijme gen Late Roman ceme teries as one, belon ging to the same sett le ment: the Late Roman fortress on the Valk hof. The main direc-tion of the graves, be it generally E-W or W-E (the first point of the compass indicating the directi on of the head of the deceased, as always in this study), aligns with the Roman road paral-lel to the ridge, nowa days followed by the Barbaros sa straat and the Ubbergse veldweg in the east (cemete ry OO) and the Burcht straat in the west (ceme tery B). The Roman S-N roads are usually reconstructed as follows (Daniëls 1955, 44-6, 271-83; not de-scribed in Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, who do show the roads on maps: 20, fig. 4; 25, fig. 7; 28, fig. 8). Main road: Cuijk on the river Maas - watchtower Heumensoord (Daniëls 1955, 296-9; Be chert/Willems 1995, 72) - Driehui zerweg - Heyendaalseweg - Hertog straat (formerly Heersteeg, i.e. mili tairy road: Daniëls 1955, 44) - Valkhof. West branch, partly along erosion val-leys: Zie kerstraat (formerly possibly also Hersteeg: Daniëls 1955, 279) - Broer straat - Grotestraat - river Waal. Thus, cemetery B is en-closed by three Roman roads: in the N by the Burchtstraat, in the S and W by the Ziekerstraat - Broer straat, and in the E by the Hertogstraat. We may even see the paths between different quarters of cemetery B. Fig. 4 gives a helicopter

view of all graves excavated in cemetery B be-tween 1947 and 1976. In area LN, top right, there is a zone seemingly without graves, running SW-NE, joined at its north end by a an area running NW-SE. Comparison with Fig. 11, the detailed map of area LN, shows that the areas do have disturbances of recent or medieval wells and cel-lars, but that the absence of graves is real in the areas in between where the virgin soil could be reached. The paths separate quarters of cem-etery B with different densities: in the north, an area of low density with orderly rows of graves with niches; in the west, an area of higher den-sity; in the east, a swarm of high density. In the section on status below it will appear that the north area with its orderly rows has high status, expressed by numbers of grave goods. To its east, there is a group of graves of different ori-entation, separated by a zone with no graves, as appears from Fig. 11. The reason for both the earlier ending of ceme-tery OO and the change to a north-south direc-tion as followed by the latest dated grave B 61, must be that the S-N road along the river Maas became more impor tant in the later years of the fourth century. The pre sence of the fortress at Cuijk, some 12 km S of Nijmegen on the left bank of the river Maas, founded by Constantine I and restored by Valentinian I, testifies to its impor-tance (Bechert/Willems 1995, 72-3; Brulet 1995, 108-9; Van der Heijden 2002, 44-5; Van Driel-Murray 2006, 44). By then that road, conti nued by the pre sent-day Hertogstraat and Broer-straat, was the second fron tier be tween the Ro-man Empire and free Germa nia, called the Barbari cum on Viatorinus’ tomb stone from Deutz (CIL 13, 08274). It is sugge sted that the road from the Valk hof for tress to the east lost its importance and the east cemetery OO was no longer used for that reason. The zone along the Rhine between Castra Herculis (Arn-hem-Meinerswijk near Nijmegen: Bechert/Wil-lems 1995, 77) and Vingo (Bingen near Mainz) was not in Roman hands for a time, as is im plied by Ammianus Marcellinus’ remark that Julian recove red the area AD 359 (18,2,3-4).

404—

Growth of the cemeteriesCemetery OOOnly the map of cemetery OO betrays immedi-ately how the ceme tery grew. Graves from the first years, dated between AD 313 and 325, are to be found in a zone 70 m wide to the south of and paral lel with the Roman road, nowadays followed by the Barbarossa straat (graves OO 4, 78, 130, 149, 159, 161, 176, 209, 234). This zone remained in use between AD 326 and 350 (graves OO 9, 20, 42, 58, 63, 71, 88, 101, 103, 106, 109, 151, 152, 168, 169, 170, 186, 197, 199, 201, 207, 250, and 252). Most graves of that quarter-century, however, are to be foun d in a next zone with remarkable similar orientation, which is 35 m wide (graves OO 244, 249, 270, 271, 273, 276, 277, 283, 288, 290, 304, 316, 320, 338, 339, 351, 354, 355, 361, 362, 370, 371, 382, 383, 396, 400, 415). A southernmost zone, 15 m wide, con tains graves of later terminus ante quem (graves OO 426, 433). Grave OO 447 probably is the southernmost grave of the cemete ry OO in the main excavation area. The isolated group to its south, numbered here continuously OO 448-456, may after all not be part of cemetery OO. These graves yield no data as to date, gender, orientati on, grave type, and artefacts; in other words, they remain blank in any analysis. Below, the group will be left out-side the calculation of the number of graves in the entire cemetery.

Cemetery BThe growth of the west cemetery B is much more difficult to follow, probably because it be-gan to be used within the junc tion of the E-W road near the edge of the ice-pushed ridge, nowa days followed by Ubbergsevel dweg, Barba ros sastraat and Burcht straat, with the W branch of the S-N road, nowadays the Broer-straat. The oldest two pieces of pottery, with barbotine on them, were found just there; they have been discussed above, in the section Chronolo gy, The beginning. The identi fiable graves of the first quarter century, i.e. AD 313-325, are

few and far be tween, from N via E to S: in area D, graves B 22, 140 and 176; in area LN, graves B 180, 297 and 298; in area G, the sarcop hagus of the Grutberg, numbered B 620; and none in area M. These seven oldest graves are widely scat-tered within a square with sides of some 150 m and its NW corner at the junction Broer straat-Burcht straat. Graves with later terminus ante quem are to be found in this entire square. Apart from the one late grave B 798, area M only has graves with terminus ante quem between AD 350 and AD 367. Finally, the few identifiable graves of the follow-ing 75 years, between AD 376 and 450, seem in-deed to follow the N-S road, today the Broer-straat: graves B 61, 91, 114, 135, 137, 143, 353, 365, 465, and 480, are all in the west half of the ceme tery. But one grave adds another zone in the east, near the southe ast corner of the already en-larged squa re, grave B 798. But it should be stressed that the easternmost grave, the undat-ed B 800, is even some 20 m fur ther east than B 798, and that new excavati ons between the years 1998 and 2000, to be published by the Bu-reau of Archaeo logy of the municipality of Nijmegen, went 30 m further east and discov-ered hundreds of graves. All this adds up to a rectangle with sides of some 200x230m. And if southernmost graves B 829 and 830, not shown on any other map, were in-deed Late Roman ones, that would add another zone of 40 m in the south. However, their nature is so unclear (see find catalogue) that they can-not be used in the calcula ti ons of the total number of graves, to be performed below.

Family plotsThe growth of cemetery OO (Figure 21) makes it possible to discern three certain and three pos-sible plots where the oldest graves are lying in the middle and the later graves keep a respectful distance. The certain examples are those where OO 159-161, OO 149 and 176, and OO 207 and 209 are the oldest nuclei. The three possible nu-clei of such plots are OO 4, OO 78, and OO 129-

405—

130. Things are different around the early grave OO 234, which is part of an isolated cluster. The two rich ladies’ graves OO 250 and 252 are sur-rounded by empty space. Similar plots can be recognized in cemetery B: around B 176 and around B 40 in area D (Figure 8), around B 297 and 298 in area LN (Figure 11), and around B 620 in area M (Figure 16). It is suggested that all these are family plots. The cuts between graves possibly are due to cramped space in such plots. The other suggest-ed reason for the cuts is: graves can hardly have been visible above ground; no markers what-soever were found.

Population size

The number of burials

Cemetery OOBoth Willems (1990, 82) and Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 107) put the total number of burials in cemetery OO at a maximum of 850. Looking at the map of cemetery OO (Fig. 21), we perform the calculations ourselves. The nor thern, west-ern and southern boundaries of the cemetery can be discerned. The northern boundary is a curved line between graves OO 15 and OO 6 in the main excavation area and OO 457 in the Hugo de Groot straat. (Graves OO 5 and 6 are north of the southern ditch of an older Roman road.) The western boundary runs from graves OO 15 to OO 385; and the southern boundary, from OO 385 via OO 447 in the main exca va ti on area to OO 489 in the Hugo de Groot straat (we leave the group OO 448-456 out for the reasons given above). This sout hern boun da ry runs along the southern most grave in a recent excava tion trench of the Nijmegen Municipal Bureau for Archae olo gy, to be pu blished later. We need an area east of the Hugo de Groot straat, becau se that is the eponymous terrain OO, where the first stray finds turned up in great numbers in the early 1900’s. No fourth-centu ry graves or grave goods have ever come to light to the east

of this buil ding block. This curved end gives a pear shape to cemete ry OO (Fig. 22). The area of virgin soil excavated of the cemetery itself is 4,800 m2 (not coun ting the empty areas of the excava tion south of graves OO 385 an OO 447), to be divi ded by the 480 graves excavated (not counting the southern group OO 448-456), neatly 10 m2 per grave. The total area of cem-etery OO, 15,900 m2, divided by 10, gives a stagge ring total of 1,590 graves for cemetery OO, assuming the concentration is the same overall. Below, it is calculated that cemetery B has a higher density, of one grave per 7 m2. The obvi-ous reason is, that cemetery B remained in use for another 120 years after cemetery OO stop ped being used.

Cemetery BHow many burials could have taken place in cemetery B? This number can be estimated in two steps: dividing the area investigated by the number of graves found = 1 grave per X m2.Secondly, by dividing the total area of the cem-etery by X. Reality is more complicated here. First, we calcu-late the total surface of the virgin soil that was found with Late Roman graves in it, i.e. by subtrac ting the surface of the later disturbances from the total area of the excavati on trenches. This is the inner city of Nijmegen, with much more later building activity than on cemetery OO. Smetius’ motto of our book discusses just that. In area D, some 822 m2 of virgin soil are visible on the map, in area LN, 3,200 m2, in area G 323 m2, and in area M 1,462 m2, adding up to 5,787 m2. These 5,787 m2 of virgin soil divided by the 833 graves found in it gives 1 grave per almost 7 m2. If the area of the rectangle with sides of 230x200 m = 46,000 m2 was comple tely and evenly filled with graves, one per almost 7 m2, then there were originally 6,621 graves in cemetery B. As the map of area M shows that the west corner of the rectangle of cemetery B is empty, we round off at 6,500 burials. This is lower than the unex-

406—

plained estimate of 7,500-10,000 given by Van Enckevort et al. (2000b, 26), but considerably higher than the estimate of 1,400-1,500 (Wynia in: Noviomagus 1979, 66; Willems 1990, 82), giv-en before the 1998-99 excavations. The total estimated amount of graves in the two cemeteries of the Valk hof settlement is there-fore 1,590 for cemetery OO plus 6,500 for cem-etery B = 8,090 graves.

Calculations, results and comparisonsHow large was the community that used the two cemeteries? The formula to calculate this is

D x e00

P = k + , t

where P is what we are looking for: the average size of the living popula tion, k is a correction fac-tor of 10% of the fraction number in order to compensate for the general under-representa-tion of children (Dollhopf 2002), D is the esti-mated total number of dead (= 8,090), e0

0 is the life expec tancy at birth, and t is the number of years during which the cemetery was used (AD 313-500 = 188 years; formula from Acsádi/Nemeskéri 1970, 65-6; amply discus sed in Steures 1988, 94-8). Two values for e0

0 will be used here: the value of 28.03 years for cemetery OO found in Chapter 7, The living poulation, and a theo reti cal one. The theoretical value of 21.11 years for e0

0 in the Ro-man Empire was extrapola ted by A.J. Coale (19832) from Ulpian’s life table (Ulpian, cited by Aemilius Macer, Dig. 35,2,68pr). Bruce Frier (1982) has eloquently defen ded Coale’s value against criti cism. More recent litera ture on this value is found in Scheidel (1996, 117, n. 62).This completes the values to be fed into the formu la. So, assuming that the population was stable from beginning to end, the lower esti-mate, using the value of 21.11 for e0

0, is

8,090 x 21.11 Population = 91 + = 999 persons, 188

and the higher estima te, using the value of 28.03 for e0

0 found in Chapter 7, The living population, is

8,090 x 28.03 Population = 121 + = 1,327 per sons. 188

The lower estimate agrees perfectly with the edu-cated guess of a maximum of 1,000 in the fourth century, by Straten and Swinkels (2004, 7). Bloemers (1990, 76; cited by Buijtendorp 2003, 207, n.11) calculates a population of 675-1,200 people for the first-century Early Roman settle-ment on the same Valkhof. Buijtendorp (pers.comm.) estimates a population of 1,000 people for se cond-century Forum Hadriani, the Roman town near The Hague. Recent voluminous stud-ies of the limes on Dutch territory (Colen brander 2005) and of Forum Hadriani (Jonge et al. 2006) are silent on population size. A much higher estimate is the number of 3,000 for the popula tion of Ulpia Noviomagus, the Ro-man town to the W of the Valkhof, calculated from its ceme tery by Brun sting (1937, 17; not 5,000 as in Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 74, n. 35), who assumes its number of graves to be 12,500 and the years of use 170 (AD 70-240; Brunsting 1937, 3). Had he been able to use this formula and Coale’s life expec tancy at birth of 21.11, he would have arrived at 1,707. Had he moreover used the lifespan for Ulpia Novioma-gus found in the more recent literature, AD 70-270 (Novioma gus 1979, 57, 62; Willems 1990, 63, 70; Willems et al. 2005, 104; Willems/van Enck-evort 2009, 74), the number would have even gone down to 1,451. And now that it has been argued above that Ulpia Noviomagus existed AD 70-313, its population could be estimated be-tween 1.189 (for a life expectancy at birth of 21.11) and 1.580 (for the value of 28.03). However, it has become clear in recent years that

407—

what Brunsting published in 1937 was only the south part of the Ulpia Noviomagus cemetery west of the present-day railway line to Arnhem, and that the cemetery, and so also the living population, was much larger (Brunsting himself was aware of finds farther east: 1937, 11; Willems et al. 2005, 48, fig. 19 no 6; Willems/van Enck-evort 2009, 25, fig. 7 no 6). Koster (2010, 11) de-scribes the area as follows: ‘.. the cemetery of Noviomagus extended over a length of 450 m between the two roads to the south (...) and along the road to the east, on both sides 150-200 m over a length of c.1 km. On that base, the area of the cemetery of Noviomagus may be es-timated at c.40 hectares’ (= 400,000 m2). This results in her estimates of 40,000 graves if the density was, as Brunsting estimated, 1 grave per 10 m2; and 30,000 with a density of 1 grave per 13 m2, as was the case in more recently excavated parts. Her values for t, the number of years dur-ing which the cemetery was used, are 200 if Ul-pia Noviomagus existed AD 70-270, and 245 if it lasted AD 70-315. Her margins for life espectancy at birth being 20 and 40 years, the maximum in every of her four results is twice the minimum, and her population estimates for Ulpia Novi-omagus vary as widely as 2,700 up to 8,800. In order to narrow this down to one estimate, I assume the following values for the above for-mula. D = 30,000; e0

0 = 28.03, as calculated above for Late Roman times; t = 243, as argued above. This brings my estimate for the popula-tion of Ulpia Noviomagus to 4,350. I hasten to add Koster’s reservation (2010, 11): for lack of data, it must be presumed that the population remained more or less constant; this will certain-ly not have been the case in reality. It has been argued above that some use of set-tlement and cemetery of Ulpia Noviomagus re-mained in the fourth century, by people of Ro-man material culture, at least up to Valentinian times. Their number will not have exceeded some tens. The conclusion is, that the population of Ulpia Noviomagus had shrunk to some 1,100 by AD 313, when the large majority was resettled on the

Valkhof on the occasion of Constantine’s second Frankish campaign of June and July that year. This tallies with the estimate in Willems/van Enckevort (2009, 124), that the total population in Late Roman times was only 25% of that in the mid-Roman.

Estimates without calculations Estimates not based on demographic calcula-tions give the following numbers for Novioma-gus: ‘probably never surpassing 5,000’ (Bogaers, Noviomagus 1979, 61); ‘the total population may have counted some 10,000, half of them sol-diers’ (Willems 1990, 71, taking Noviomagus and the legionary fortress of Legio X Gemina (AD 71-104) toge ther). Willems et al. (2005, 180) do not mention a number for Noviomagus, but quote esti mates for the entire Batavian population, whose capital Novio magus was: 40,000 up to an improba ble 120,000. The same numbers are given by Willems/van Enckevort (2009, 114-5).Finally, the same calculation as above, on the as-sumption that the only dated eighth-century grave B 661 was part of a conti nuity (i.e. that the cemetery stayed in use during the 438 years be-tween AD 313 and 750), gives a living population of at least 429 and at most 570 people. These low numbers show how impro bable such a con-tinuity is. B 661 must be an isolated eighth-cen-tury inhumation in the midst of a cemetery that had been out of use for centuries.

Graves and their contents

Graves, niches and coffinsPossible correlations between the shape of the graves and other factors were tested by means of making bar dia grams, but none were found. An exception is the pre sen ce of a niche, which is of course correlated with the presence of grave goods, though not in all 137 certain cases. There were seven certainly empty niches in cemetery B, which was excava ted by hand, and four pos-sibly so in ceme tery OO, where the planes were made by mechanical digger: they may either

408—

have contai ned comple tely perishable goods or may have been empty, with a practical or sym-bolic meaning that escapes us. The certainly empty niches of cemete ry B were in graves B 7, B 69, B 564, B 581, B 619, B 643, B 746; the possi-bly empty niches of cemetery OO were in OO 99, OO 143, OO 395, OO 440. Moreover, there are nine graves where the presen ce of a niche is un-certain, listed in the section on niches in Chapter 13. It was hoped that the lengths of the grave trenches would correlate with gender and age, and that their bar diagrams would show four peaks correla ted with girls, boys, women and men. They did not and are not shown here. Nor is the length of the grave trench a predictor of the presence of grave goods: every length has the same chance. It was expected that the depths of the grave trench-es would correlate with the presence of grave goods, but also every depth has the same chance. It must be remarked that the depth of shaft grave 217 in Cologne Jacobsstraße, 270 cm, not trea ted as exceptional by Haberey (1934), is never equalled by the graves in Nijme gen, al-though the Cologne graves have the same nich-es, pottery and sarcophagi as Nijmegen. The study of a possible relation between the lengths of the coffins and gender, which in itself again had a negative result, unexpectedly yield-ed the positive result for a diffe rent factor in both cemeteries. Both bar diagrams, shown in Graphs 3 (for cemetery B) and 4 (for cemetery OO), have two distinct cur ves: a low curve from the smallest coffins up to 160 cm, and a high one above 160 cm. We see clearly that the deviding line between coffins for children and those for juveniles/adults is at 160 cm. Coffin length should not be confused with body length: 160 cm is not much below the avera ge length of adults of the time. So the two positive but unsurprising results are: a niche will contain grave goods in most cases; coffins up to 160 cm are for children.

Grave goodsAt first sight, there seems to be no standard lay-out within the graves for the combinati on of grave goods, i.e. vessels, mostly pottery and some glass, for food and drink for the dead. Ta-ble 25, howe ver, tells a different tale for the large-scale layout of grave goods in the cem-eteries as a whole. Grave goods are transla ted there into dishes (in the sense of courses of a meal) and drinks: bea kers, bottles and jugs (and glass splin ters, assu med to be of bott les or bea-kers) into drinks; pla tes, dishes, jars, bowls and cooking-pots, into dishes, presented either like on a dinner table in fine wares, or as coming di-rectly from the kitchen in coarse ware. Follo wing Pirling, it is assu med that Gellep 57 is a jar not a beaker. Table 25 shows a baffl ing parallel lism between cemete ries B and OO both in percen-tages and numbers. It is as if the num bers of drinks and dishes reflect a strict, almost military hierarchy. The Valkhof was after all a forti fied settlement and not without soldiers with their crossbow fibulae. The implications have been analysed with the use of distribution maps. They lead us to the subject of status within the community.

Excursus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?!It has been repeatedly suggested recently that the Roman ceme tery OO would belong to a suppo sed Fran kish settle ment on the corner of the St Canisius singel and the Berg en Dalseweg, the eviden ce being an unpublished building of 4x2.5 m excavated there in 1990 (excavation photo: Enckevort et al. 2000a, 106; Willems et al. 2005, 136, fig. 56; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 101, fig. 34). The barn was declared Fran kish be-cause it is a sunken-floored buil ding, the re-maining depth being 1 m (cf. for such Germanic buildings Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 127, fig. 27; Car-roll 2001, 143-7, fig. 59). It contai ned pieces of burnt daub, inter preted as remains of an oven for baking bread, and Roman coins, dated either c.330-335 AD or IVbc. It is appa rently part of a larger sett lement, of which unspeci fied building traces and several hun dreds of fourth-century

409—

Roman coins came to light in the Gerard Noodt-straat, likewise unpu blished. “It was probably inhabited by Franks, settled here by the Roman autho rities in order to defend the northern fron-tier of the Empire” (van Encke vort et al. 2000a, 103-5, 108). “Just as in the cemetery of the inner city, the bronze belt sets and heavy crossbow fibulae are typical of Frankish sol diers” (Van Encke vort et al. 2005, 137, 218-9; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 100, 126, 146). My arguments against these interpretations are the following. Firstly, a single barn built in a Germanic way does not make an entire unexcavated settle-ment Frankish. Not a single Fran kish sherd was

Table 25: The grave goods in the Late Ro-man cemeteries trans lated into dishes and drinks. 198 graves in cemetery B (= 24% of 834 in the

catalogu e), 152 in OO (= 31% of 489).

Number of

graves

cemetery B

Number of

graves

cemetery OO

Only drinks:

1 drink 48 37

2 drinks 12 7

3 drinks 4 2

4 drinks 2 1

5 drinks 1 -

Subtotals per cemetery 67 47

Percentages per cemetery 34% 31%

Only food:

1 dish 21 16

2 dishes 7 5

3 dishes 3 5

5 dishes - 1

Subtotals per cemetery 31 27

Percentages per cemetery 16% 18%

Food ánd drink:

1 dish, 1 drink 25 13

1 dish, 2 drinks 19 19

1 dish, 3 drinks 3 2

1 dish, 4 drinks 2 -

1 dish, 5 drinks 1 -

2 dishes, 1 drink 20 20

2 dishes, 2 drinks 5 7

2 dishes, 3 drinks 5 2

2 dishes, 4 drinks - 1

2 dishes, 5 drinks 1 1

2 dishes, 7 drinks 1 -

3 dishes, 1 drink 1 1

3 dishes, 2 drinks 4 3

3 dishes, 3 drinks 3 -

3 dishes, 4 drinks - 1

3 dishes, 6 drinks 1 1

4 dishes, 1 drink 2 -

4 dishes, 2 drinks - 1

4 dishes, 3 drinks 2 -

4 dishes, 4 drinks 1 -

5 dishes, 1 drink 1 -

5 dishes, 2 drinks 2 1

5 dishes, 3 drinks - 2

5 dishes, 7 drinks - 1

6 dishes, 1 drink - 1

6 dishes, 3 drinks 1 -

8 dishes, 2 drinks - 1

Subtotals per cemetery 100 78

Percentages per cemetery 51% 51%

Totals per cemetery 198 152

Total percentages per cemetery 100% 100%

410—

found, and the barn burnt down long before Frankish times. Secondly, if indeed the users of ceme tery OO were indi genous people, they did not take on an indigenous material identity, but they used ex-clusively things Roman, and so they were Ro-mans to all intents and purposes. An example: bronze belt sets and crossbow fibulae, used along the entire northern frontier of the Late Ro-man Empire, are definitely Roman not Frankish (Ypey 1969, Swift 2000). Consular diptychs show crossbow fibulae being proudly worn by the highest officials in Rome (Buchem 1966). Moreo-ver, the authors assume wrongly, that all cross-bow fibulae are to be dated to the second half of the fourth century (Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 126). It has been shown in Chapter 12 that they were present right from the start of both cem-eteries: ten out of fourteen can only be dated to the first half of the century or up to AD 355; the other four are present from AD 330 onward. Thirdly and most importantly, the similarity of the cemeteries B and OO shows that they belong to the same Roman settlement on the Valkhof. They both began to be used AD 313 and eve ry-thing is identical: the exclusi vely Roman vessel typolo gy, the dress accessories, the shape of the graves, the food on the plates, and the distribu-tion of food and drink, of Roman coins, and of status, OO overall even being slightly higher in status than B: see below. Last but not least, the idea of Roman soldiers defending the fron tier, but living in an unforti-fied peasant village, runs counter to everything we know about Roman military history and the ubi quitous fourth-century Roman fortifications. Cemetery OO is definitely Roman and belongs to the fortress on the Valkhof.

StatusIn a cemetery, status is equal to the amount of capital des troyed during burial. Social control will help to bring aspi red status in a cemetery in balance with actual status within the commu-nity, which is determined by the percentage of the commu nity ‘equal to’ and ‘below’ one; in

other words, by the status percentile score. For the investigation of status, first three partial analyses will be discussed below: the number of dishes, the number of drinks, and the number of glass vessels. Then the distribution of two obviously expen-sive ways of burying is discus sed: stone sarcoph-agi and outer coffins giving the impres sion of a cham ber tomb. Then, obviously expensive objects are shortly touched: for women, tutulus fibulae and wood-en chests; for men, crossbow fibulae. Finally, an overall analysis of all graves was made. The criteria for that analysis are discussed below. For each of these analyses, distribution maps were made of both cemeteries. These maps are not shown here; instead, the images they give are described. Overall status distribution maps are however given in Figs. 23 and 24.

Number of dishesIn cemetery B, there are 706 graves without any food (85% of 834 graves); 70 graves (8%) with 1 dish each; 38 graves (4.6%) with 2 dishes; 12 graves (1.4%) with 3; 4 graves (0.5%) with 4; 3 graves (0.4%) with 5 dishes; and 1 grave (0.1%) with 6 dishes. Clear ly, 1-2 dishes amount to some food, 3-6 dishes to much food. So, some food was found in 12.6% of the graves, and much food in 2.4%. In pottery period 1, there are two areas in cemetery B of graves with much food. The first is the NW corner of the cemetery, i.e. the corner between the pre sent-day W-E Burcht-straat and the N-S Broer straat, the sites of the former Broer kerk with its clois ter and the area just E of the town hall (Figs. 8, 11): 13 graves with much food: B 54 (with 4 dishes), B 86 (with 3), B 90 (3), B 150 (4), B 176 (5), B 177 (3), B 182 (4), B 183 (3), B 184 (3), B 189 (5), B 207 (3), B 216 (4), B 234 (with 3 dishes). The site of the town hall it-self belonged to this rich area, as appears from the abun dance of stray pieces found there: B stray 77-127. The smaller second area with much food is around the Mari ënburg cha pel, with 4 graves

411—

(Fig. 18; B 674 (with 3 dishes), B 715 (with 3), B 764 (6), B 779 (with 3 dishes)). There is an area in the middle of the cemetery without any food: the south of area LN, espe-cially trench 142 (Fig. 7) and the entire area G (Fig. 16). The rest of cemetery B shows a homogeneous spread of graves of pottery period 1 with some food. In pottery period 2, two graves in the same NW area have some food (B 135 with 2 dishes, B 137 with 1). The unique late grave B 465 has no less than 4 dishes and is in the area that had no food at all in pottery period 1. In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of pottery period 1, there are 395 graves without any food (81% of 489 graves); 50 graves (10%) with 1 dish each; 36 graves (7.4%) with 2 dishes; 11 graves (2.2%) with 3; 1 grave (0.2%) with 4; 5 graves (1.0%) with 5; 1 grave (0.2%) with 6 dishes; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 8 dishes. Here too, 1-2 dishes amount to some food, 3-8 dishes to much food. So, some food was found in 17.4% of the graves, and much food in 2.9%. Here, a large central area has 15 graves with much food: OO 101 (with 6 dishes), OO 133 (with 3), OO 144 (5), OO 161 (3), OO 168 (8), OO 170 (3), OO 176 (5), OO 186 (5), OO 200 (5), OO 249 (3), OO 250 (3), OO 322 (3), OO 339 (3), OO 354 (4), and OO 361 (with 3 dishes). Moreover, there are two outliers in the NW area with much food: OO 26 (with 5 dishes), OO 71 (with 3); and two out-liers in the E area of the Hugo de Groot straat: OO 472 (with 3 dishes), and OO 476 (with 3). The rest of cemetery OO shows a homogeneous spread of graves, all of pottery period 1, with some food.Comparison: there is a higher percentage of graves in cemetery OO with some food (17.4%, as against 12.6% in cemetery B) and those with much food (2.9%, as against 2.4%). A slight sta-tus difference to the advantage of cemetery OO between the two cemeteries can be detected in the number of dishes in the graves.

Number of drinksIn cemetery B, there are 673 graves without any drinks (81% of 834 graves); 92 graves (11%) with 1 drink each; 42 graves (5%) with 2 drinks; 17 graves (2%) with 3; 5 graves (0.4%) with 4; 3 graves (0.4%) with 5; 1 grave (0.1%) with 6; and 1 grave with 7 drinks (0.1%). Clear ly, 1-2 drinks amount to some drinks, 3-7 drinks to many drinks. So, some drinks were found in 16% of the graves, and many drinks in 3%. In pottery period 1, the same two areas in cemetery B of graves with much food also have graves with many drinks: the NW corner and area M around the Mariënburg chapel. The NW corner of the cemetery (Figs. 8, 11) has 10 graves with many drinks: B 16 (with 3 drinks), B 59 (with 5), B 150 (3), B 177 (3), B 182 (4), B 183 (3), B 196 (3), B 197 (4), B 216 (3), and B 218 (with 6 drinks). Again, the site of the town hall be-longed to this rich area, as appears from the abun dance of stray pieces found there: B stray 77-127. The second area, with no less than sixteen graves with many drinks, is around the Marië-nburg cha pel: B 674 (with 3 drinks), B 680 (with 4), B 686 (3), B 697 (5), B 701 (3), B 702 (4), B 704 (7), B 705 (3), B 706 (4), B 708 (3), B 723 (3), B 728 (3), B 741 (5), B 742 (3), B 751 (3), and B 764 (with 3 drinks). In between, there is one grave with many drinks: B 512 (with 3 drinks). The rest of cemetery B shows a homogeneous spread of graves of pottery period 1 with some drinks. This time, area G does take part in this spread, whereas it does not have any graves with food. It is as if giving food was not done in the part of the community using area G and the south of area LN, whereas giving drinks was done. In pottery period 2, four graves in the same NW corner have drinks: B 114 (with 1 drink), B 135 (with 1), B 137 (1), B 143 (with 3 drinks); and two graves in the S of area LN have drinks: B 465 (with 1 drink) and B 480 (with 1). In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of pottery

412—

period 1, there are 364 graves without any drinks (74.4% of 489 graves); 72 graves (14.7%) with 1 drink each; 39 graves (8.0%) with 2 drinks; 8 graves (1.6%) with 3; 3 graves (0.6%) with 4; 1 grave (0.2%) with 5; 1 grave (0.2%) with 6 drinks; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 7 drinks. Here too, 1-2 drinks amount to some drinks, 3-8 drinks to many drinks. So, some drinks were found in 22.7% of the graves, and many drinks in 1.2%. Here, the same large central area we saw in the preceding section has nine graves with many drinks: OO 144 (with 3 drinks), OO 151 (with 3), OO 176 (7), OO 200 (3), OO 242 (3), OO 250 (6), OO 252 (4), OO 290 (5), and OO 339 (with 4 drinks). Moreover, there is one outlier in the N area with many drinks: OO 9 (with 3 drinks); and there is a second area of four graves with many drinks in the E area of the Hugo de Grootstraat: OO 463 (with 3 drinks), OO 467 (with 3), OO 478 (4), OO 481 (with 3 drinks). Comparison: there is a higher percentage of graves in cemetery OO with some drinks (22.7%, as against 16% in cemetery B); but cemetery B has a higher percentage of graves with many drinks than cemetery OO (3%, as against 1.2%). These two statistics cancel each other: no status diffe rence between the two ceme teries can be detec ted in the number of drinks in the graves.

Number of glass vesselsGlass vessels, being much rarer than pottery, must have had a higher price. In cemetery B, there are 780 graves without any glass vessels (93.5% of 834 graves); 40 graves (4.8%) with 1 glass vessel each; 10 graves (1.2%) with 2 vessels; 3 graves (0.4%) with 3; and 1 grave (0.1%) with 5 glass vessels. Clear ly, 1 glass vessel amounts to just a glass ves-sel, 2-5 to many glass ves sels. So, just a glass vessel was found in 4.8% of the graves, and many ves-sels in 1.7%. In pottery period 1, the same two areas in cemetery B of graves with many vessels emerge as in the two preceding secti ons: the NW corner and area M around the Mariënburg chapel. This time, the latter one takes the lead.

The NW corner of the cemetery (Figs. 8, 11) has 3 graves with many glass vessels: B 150, B 197 and B 218, with 2 glass vessels each. The leading area of (eleven) graves with many glass vessels is around the Marië nburg cha pel: B 663 (with 2 glass vessels), B 674 (with 2), B 680 (3), B 697 (3), B 701 (3), B 704 (5), B 705 (2), B 706 (2), B 726 (2), B 728 (2), and B 763 (with 2 glass vessels). The remaining area of cemetery B has a homo-geneous spread of graves with just a glass ves-sel. In pottery period 2, only the hard core of the NW area has three graves with one or more glass vessels; and the unique late grave has one: B 135 (with 1 glass vessel), B 137 (with 1), B 143 (with 3); and B 465 (with 1 glass vessel). In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of pottery period 1, there are 463 graves without any glass vessels (94.7% of 489 gra ves); 18 graves (3.7%) with 1 vessel each; 4 graves (0.8%) with 2 ves-sels; 3 graves (0.6%) with 3; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 4. Here too, 1 glass vessel amounts to just a glass vessel, 2-4 to many glass ves sels. So, just a glass vessel was found in 3.7% of the graves, and many in 1.6%. Here, the same large central area we saw in the prece ding sections has six graves with many glass vessels: OO 242 (with 2 glass vessels), OO 250 (with 3), OO 252 (3), OO 290 (3), OO 339 (2), OO 400 (with 2 glass vessels). Moreover, there is one outlier in the N area with many glass ves sels: OO 9 (with 4); and there is one grave with many glass vessels in the E area of the Hugo de Groot straat: OO 473 (with 2). The remaining area of cemetery OO has a homo-geneous spread of graves with just a glass ves-sel. Comparison: there is a somewhat higher percent-age of graves in cemetery B with just a glass ves-sel (4.8%, as against 3.7% in cemetery OO); the percentage of graves with many glass vessels is all but the same: 1.7% in B, 1.6% in OO. No status diffe rence between B and OO can be detected.

413—

Expensive ways of buryingSarcophagiStone sarcophagi, however crudely made, must represent a great amount of money for material, labour and transport costs. They are only found in the middle area of cemetery B, exactly the zone where it was not done to put food in the graves: the south of area LN and the whole of area G. They are found in no more than six children’s graves: B 458, B 536, B 580, B 601, B 620, B 627. The two stray sarcop hagi in the area of cemetery B (B stray 156, B stray 280) probably do not be-long to that cemetery and were meant for adults.

Outer wooden coffinsOuter coffins have the same purpose as niches (Haberey 1934, 278): to give the grave the ap-pearance of a miniature chamber tomb. There is only one grave with outer coffin in cem-etery B, in area M, which also has much food, many drinks and many glass vessels: B 704. It repre sents 0.2% of the 834 graves of ceme te ry B. Cemetery OO, on the other hand, has no less than 7 graves (1.4% of 489) with outer coffins: OO 101, OO 103, OO 144, OO 161, OO 231, OO 250, and OO 354. They are all lying in the large central area that has graves with much food, many drinks, and many glass vessels.

Expensive objectsFor womenTutulus fibulaeConspicuous silver tutulus fibulae were found in graves B 620 (1), B 798 (1 or 2), and OO 362 (1).

Wooden chestsThere are five ladies’ graves in cemetery B with a wooden chest (0.6% of 834 graves): B 26, B 207, B 293, B 320, and B 701. They were all found in areas we already know as areas with rich graves: the first five in the NW area, the last in area M. In cemetery OO, there are nine ladies’ graves with wooden chests (1.8% of 489 graves): OO 24, OO 103, OO 144, OO 250, OO 252, OO 301, OO 305, OO 339 and OO 361. Eight of these graves are in the large central area with rich gra ves, OO 24 be-ing an out lier in the NW.

For menCrossbow fibulaeOf the crossbow fibulae found in four graves of cemetery B (0.5% of 834 graves: B 167, B 345, B 409, B 782), two come from the NW area with rich graves, and the other two from otherwise undistinguished areas. Numerically and in percenta ge, they are in contrast to those from nine graves in cemetery OO (1.8% of 489 graves: OO 161, OO 248, OO 271, OO 283, OO 415, OO 426, OO 437, OO 461, OO 467). Seven are in an

Complete inventory of grave OO161. The presence of the large crossbow fibula OO 161.6 suggest that it was in the grave of a military officer.

Inventory of grave OO 271. The presence of the large cross-bow fibula OO 271.4 and bronze buckle OO 271.5 suggest they were in the grave of a military officer.

414—

area to the S and W of the central area with rich graves, two from the N of the E area of the Hugo de Groot straat.

Unique piecesHaving something that no one else in town has gives status. The unique pieces are not only those that are thus named in Chapter 12, but also all well-known types that occur only in one grave each.

Overall status analysis: calculations and resultsFor the overall analysis, a system of status marks was devi sed. For every vessel, a grave gets one mark, plus an extra one for every glass vessel. For each object, mostly orna ments, made of bron ze, bone, glass or iron, one mark was given, plus two extra ones for a crossbow fibula and for an axe. For a silver or saprope lite object, two marks were given, plus two extra ones for a tu-

The young girl in the sarcophagus of the Grutberg B 620 be-longed to the upper class and may well have been the daugh-ter of the civil administrator of Late Roman Nijmegen.In front: two reconstructed tambourine sticks and two ori-ginal ones.

Skull of the young girl in the sarcophagus B 620 with gol-den earrings, silver hairpins, amber bead and tutulus fi-bula.

OO 250, the richest grave of all, in the more military ceme-tery OO, may be that of the military commander’s wife.

415—

tulus fibu la. For a gold ornament, four marks were given (a set of ear-rings gets four marks, one gold ear-ring gets two). For a set of small precious stones, three marks. For each bead or-nament, one mark. For a wooden chest, three marks. For a coin, either without or with small money value at the time of burial, 0.2 mark was given. For every other ob ject, one mark apiece. For each unique piece, not only those treated under that name in Chap ter 12 but also well-known types occurring only in one grave, an ex-tra mark per object was given. Pottery types oc-curring once were not coun ted as unique pieces because of their low value: tomb robbers in anti-quity did not deign to take pottery away. As for expensive ways of burying, a sarcop hagus gets ten marks, an outer coffin four, and a niche one. 448 graves in pottery period 1 got status marks, and 17 graves in period 2. The outcome of this overall status analysis is shown in Tables 26 and 27: a strongly hierarchical socie ty. These tables do not show the 1323-(448+17)=858 graves that did not get any mark. In pottery period 1 (Table 26), the distri bution of graves with 1 up to 11 marks dwindles from 121 down to 7 graves. Beyond the demar cation line of 11 marks, there are only very low numbers of graves. The highest grave but two, B 298 of the Sabazios worshipper, owes its high position of 31 marks large ly to 4 unique pieces, 10 bone hairpins

and 55 coins. Way up beyond that, two graves are at the top: the Grutberg sarcopha gus B 620 with 44.2 marks and the lady’s grave OO 250 with 45.2. The lady and the girl represent the absolute top of the community. I tend to see the lady in OO 250 as the command-er’s wife (the grave of her husband, the praepositus as his title would have been in Constantinian times, probably lying in the small unexcavated area to the imme diate west of her grave), and the girl in B 620 as the daughter of the top civil admi-nistator. Their families had good reason to com-pete, as we will see below: they probably came from two quite different areas. In pottery period 2 (Table 27), only a shadow of this strati fication remains, the warrior in B 61 end-ing in second place with 25.2 marks and the priestess in B 465 with 35.2 in first.

B 61. The so-called Germanic warrior of grave B 61 wore a Roman belt set, given to him in an un-Roman grave ritual. This Germanic warrior may have felt every inch a Roman.

B 465 The Germanic priestess in grave B 465 got a good Roman meal in Roman pottery, decades after the last meal had been placed in a grave. Every inch a Germanic lady, she may have felt every inch Roman as well.

416—

Table 26: Status in pottery period 1. The system of the status marks, indicated in the left hand column,

is explained in the text and is simplified in this column. 46 stands for 45.2-46 marks, and so on. N = 448.

46 Upper class OO 250 Commander’s wife?45 B 620 Daughter of civil administrator?......333231 B 298 Lady with religious bric à brac30292827 B 704 Caddish social climber26252423 Second class B 5922 OO 33921 B 701 OO 9 OO 14420 OO 101 OO 252191817 Third class B 18016 B 680 OO 17615 OO 20714 B 218 OO 168 OO 29013 B 197 OO 12 OO 1611211 Fourth class B 764 OO 103 OO 186 OO 200 OO 283 OO 354 OO 36210 B 150 B 196 B 458 B 536 B 580 B 601 B 627 OO 271 OO 361 OO 3829 B 140 B 176 B 207 B 216 B 293 B 320 B 723 OO 242 OO 4738 B 182 B 183 B 674 B 687 B 690 B 697 B 706 B 728 B 741 B 834 OO 26 OO 37 OO 4137 B 14 B 54 B 86 B 177 B 189 B 204 B 219 B 686 B 702 B 705 OO 311 OO 338 OO 400 OO 4676 B 5 B 67 B 122 B 181 B 198 B 234 B 345 B 512 B 663 B 726 B 742 B 795 B 812 OO 133 OO 170 OO 243 5 B 16 B 172 B 206 B 381 B 410 B 481 B 708 B 743 B 751 B 763 B 766 B 778 OO 19 OO 30 OO 62 OO 63 OO 98 OO 102 OO 129 OO 153 OO 195 OO 231 OO 248 OO 316 OO 349 OO 356 OO 383 OO 426 OO 433 OO 461 OO 463 OO 478 4 B 13 B 57 B 81 B 94 B 151 B 167 B 185 B 191 B 203 B 221 B 227 B 248 B 292 B 319 B 367 B 372 B 383 B 395 B 402 B 409 B 423 B 435 B 451 B 470 B 592 B 676 B 681 B 734 B 760 B 779 B 810 B 818 B 819 B 820 OO 20 OO 24 OO 44 OO 59 OO 71 OO 78 OO 88 OO 109 OO 131 OO 134 OO 152 OO 164 OO 188 OO 196 OO 232 OO 273 OO 322 OO 340 OO 351 OO 373 OO 415 OO 423 OO 472 OO 475 OO 481 OO 483 OO 484 3 B 7 B 26 B 41 B 47 B 58 B 80 B 85 B 88 B 90 B 98 B 139 B 154 B 165 B 184 B 212 B 217 B 387 B 427 B 456 B 471 B 482 B 504 B 606 B 677 B 707 B 715 B 730 B 733 B 744 B 745 B 747 B 782 B 809 B 827 B 828 OO 13 OO 25 OO 40 OO 42 OO 48 OO 56 OO 58 OO 66 OO 94 OO 106 OO 108 OO 145 OO 149 OO 151 OO 169 OO 181 OO 201 OO 203 OO 240 OO 249 OO 277 OO 287 OO 299 OO 301 OO 305 OO 323 OO 437 OO 469 OO 476 2 B 27 B 63 B 105 B 125 B 128 B 132 B 169 B 186 B 199 B 201 B 211 B 215 B 222 B 233 B 236 B 244 B 250 B 257 B 299 B 334 B 344 B 357 B 364 B 392 B 421 B 486 B 581 B 608 B 654 B 661 B 664 B 719 B 722 B 724 B 725 B 740 B 749 B 762 B 773 B 792 B 801 B 803 B 805 B 814 B 815 B 817 B 821 B 824 OO 28 OO 49 OO 60 OO 69 OO 87 OO 90 OO 92 OO 99 OO 122 OO 135 OO 136 OO 171 OO 197 OO 209 OO 223 OO 234 OO 288 OO 302 OO 304 OO 308 OO 317 OO 319 OO 320 OO 321 OO 348 OO 355 OO 371 OO 412 OO 468 OO 479 OO 480 OO 482 1 B 6 B 11 B 22 B 43 B 48 B 62 B 69 B 73 B 87 B 100 B 106 B 108 B 112 B 144 B 162 B 164 B 166 B 171 B 179 B 200 B 208 B 213 B 214 B 220 B 226 B 228 B 231 B 232 B 238 B 241 B 243 B 258 B 281 B 291 B 301 B 316 B 328 B 355 B 414 B 416 B 460 B 520 B 522 B 564 B 619 B 633 B 643 B 659 B 660 B 682 B 683 B 685 B 699 B 714 B 717 B 746 B 754 B 757 B 786 B 787 B 811 B 823 B 829 OO 2 OO 3 OO 4 OO 22 OO 31 OO 43 OO 50 OO 54 OO 65 OO 76 OO 83 OO 96 OO 112 OO 116 OO 130 OO 132 OO 143 OO 147 OO 150 OO 156 OO 167 OO 180 OO 194 OO 198 OO 199 OO 206 OO 212 OO 215 OO 229 OO 230 OO 244 OO 247 OO 274 OO 276 OO 289 OO 307 OO 314 OO 324 OO 332 OO 334 OO 341 OO 347 OO 352 OO 359 OO 368 OO 395 OO 396 OO 402 OO 404 OO 411 OO 424 OO 428 OO 431 OO 438 OO 440 OO 443 OO 446 OO 466

417—

Table 27: Status in pottery period 2. The system of the status marks, indicated in the left hand column,

is explained in the text and is simplified in this column. 36 stands for 35.2-36 marks, and so on. N = 17.

4645444342414039383736 B 465 Pole idol priestess3534333231302928272625 B 61 Warrior with belt and axe2423222120191817161514 B 14313121110 OO 299 B 79887 OO 366654 B 1353 B 137 B 288 B 353 B 67021 B 114 B 365 B 480 B 651 B 781 OO 345

418—

Status and spaceCemetery B is divided in three E-W status zones, whereas cemetery OO has a central area of high-er status. In cemetery B (Fig. 23), the first E-W status zone is formed by areas D and the north half of area LN with the following graves of nine marks or more: B 176 (9 marks), B 150 (10), B 59 (22.4), B 180 (16.4), B 196 (10), B 197 (13), B 216 (9), B 218 (13.2), B 293 (9), B 320 (9), and B 298 (31 marks, mainly due to coins and religious bric à brac). The second E-W status zone, to the south of the first one, is formed by the south half of area LN and the whole of area G. Here, the top grave B 620, the sarcophagus of the Grutberg (44.2 marks) is lying in splendid isolati on. The other graves with many marks are all empty sarcopha-gi: B 458, B 536, B 580, B 610 and B 627. This is the area where no food was given in the gra ves. The third and southernmost status zone is to the north and west of the Mariënburg chapel in area M with the following graves of nine marks or more: B 680 (16 marks), B 701 (21), B 704 (27), B 723 (9), and B 764 (11). The undisputed centre of cemetery OO (Fig. 24) is the triangle of the rich graves OO 250 (45.2 marks), OO 252 (20) and OO 290 (14 marks). This centre is however not exclusive: it also contains graves OO 251, 291 and 292, each without any mark. Around this cen tre, the following relatively rich graves are lying in an irregular rectangle,

clockwise: OO 101 (20 marks), OO 103 (11), OO 186 (11), OO 382 (9.2), OO 354 (11), OO 362 (10.2), OO 361 (10), OO 339 (21.2), OO 271 (9.2), OO 161 (13), OO 168 (13.2), and OO 144 (21 marks). This wide central area also contains many graves with fewer marks or none at all. Two groups of graves with no marks at all are conspicu ously near the rich centre: to its north OO 224-8, and to its east OO 253-7, 293-8 and 325-8. The con-clusion must be that status does not play an ex-clusive role in the division of space in cemetery OO. What does this all mean? The sarcophagus of the Grutberg shows that the middle status zone of cemetery B, with the sarcopha gus of the Grut-berg B 620 with its tambourine sticks having top status, was used by a small group of rich people who came from the southeast: the distri bution area of the sarcophagi, apart from Nijmegen it-self, lies between Bregenz on the Lake of Kon-stanz and Cologne; the distribution area of tam-bourine sticks is from northern Italy to Gellep. In the middle status zone, W-E inhumations were the rule right from the start; giving food was not done. Two well-off groups competed with each other in the north and south status zones. They started

Terra sigillata plate and restored wooden bucket from grave B 704. The grave chamber, the barrel-shaped bucket and the many glass vessels in the grave give a caddish social-climber impression of a Romanized Germanic man.

B 680

419—

with E-W graves, but later on they made W-E graves. In cemetery OO, there was a small rich centre, around which there was a wider, more or less rectangular zone of rich graves. These two con-centric areas were, however, also used by people who did not leave a trace of status in the graves they dug. The fact that almost four times as many graves as in cemetery B contained cross-bow fibulae suggests that the mili tary felt more attracted to cemetery OO as their place of burial. One more fact points into the same direction: a glance at Table 26, which gives the status distri-bution in both cemeteries, shows what would happen when one of the two ceme teries were eliminated from it. The status table for cemetery OO would still give the same picture, with four distinct classes or rather ranks, as if it shows a real military hier archy; whereas that for cem-etery B would show gaps in both the second class or rank (at the value of 22 marks) and in the third (at the value of 15 marks). The percentage of wooden chests (1.8% in OO, 0.6% in B), crossbow fibulae (1.8% in OO, 0.5% in B), outer coffins (1.4% in OO, 0.2% in B) point to an overall somewhat higher status of cem-etery OO, with the exception of course of the posh sarcophagus area in cemetery B. It is suggested that cemetery OO, as long as it lasted, was used by the military, and cemetery B first by civilians, and, after OO was closed down, by both civilians and military.

Orientations

The traditional viewThe traditional view on orientations in the Late Roman cemete ries of Nijmegen is prudently ex-pressed by J.E. Bogaers in Noviomagus (1979, 66): ‘The part of the cemetery excavated in the

Nieuwstraat shows particularly well that the W-E graves are later than the E-W ones. A clear stratigraphical division can be seen here. Many W-E inhumations cut E-W ones; only in a lim-ited number the opposite is the case. It should

be said, howe ver, that often nothing was left of the skeleton, so that the orientation of the inhumation could not be ascertai ned. Moveover, grave goods are as good as always found in E-W graves; the W-E graves have in general no grave goods.’ (Transl. D.St.)

The present Figure 13 shows the stratigraphy discussed here. After all that was written above, it will be clear that even this prudent way of putting it is a sim-plification: many E-W graves do not have grave goods, and 36 W-E graves do have them (Table 24). These 36 graves amount to 2.7% of all 1323 gra ves, and to 7.8% of the 464 datable graves listed in the present Appendix 4, and to 12% of the 299 W-E graves.

The factsThe bar diagrams of Graphs 5 and 6 show all Nijmegen graves of known orien tation, i.e. where we know in which direction the head of the deceased pointed. Both bar diagrams have two clear peaks: E-W graves and W-E ones. They also show considerable variation within these groups. E-W graves cluster around 90° and vary from 53°-143° in cemetery B, and from 87°-147° in cemetery OO. W-E graves cluster around 270° and vary from 242°-320° in cemetery B, and from 260°-319° in cemetery OO. The difference in variation of these two groups in cemete ries B and OO is enough to show that there was not an astrono mical, or, for that matter, astrological reason for precise orienta ti on of the graves: the spread in the two cemeteries would have been equal in that case. The variation seems to be due to chance.

Relative chronology: cuts between gravesAn approach to find an answer to the question of the reason for the opposition between E-W and W-E graves is: dra wing up a table of all cases where a grave is cut by anot her one (called a cut below), and where in both cases the orienta ti on of the decea sed is known. 110 cuts between a total of 179 graves fulfill these conditi ons: many graves cut, or are cut by, more than one grave;

420—

otherwise, there would have been 220 graves on 110 cuts. 94 cuts are in cemetery B, 16 in OO. As we are looking for the opposi tion between E-W and W-E graves, we subdivide Table 28 in five groups of increasing size. Group 1: in each cut, at least one of the graves neither is E-W nor W-E (11 cuts = 10%). Group 2: cuts in which both graves are E-W (15 cuts = 14%). Group 3: cuts in which an E-W grave cuts, and so is later than, a W-E grave (16 cuts = 15%). Group 4: cuts in which a W-E grave cuts, and so is later than, an E-W grave (30 cuts = 27%). Group 5: cuts in which both graves are W-E (38 cuts = 35%).

What is to be deduced from this large Table 28 on orientati on? A general increase, as time goes on, in the percentage of graves without grave goods, from 40% in the earlier graves of group 2, to 100% in the later graves of group 5. The results are presented succinctly in Table 29. Group 1, which does not play a role in the opposi-tion between E-W and W-E graves, shows an equal number of earlier and later graves without and with grave goods, 8 and 3, respectively. The average number of grave goods is lower in the later graves that do have them: 1 as against 2.7 in the ear lier graves (in the two columns on the right in Table 29, the graves without grave goods are not taken into account). Group 2 consists entirely of E-W graves. The per-cen tage of graves without grave goods within this group 2 increa ses from 40% in the earlier graves to 67% in the later ones. The avera ge number of grave goods in those graves that do have them is 1.6 in the earlier graves, as against 1.8 in the later ones. Group 3 shows the first real opposition between E-W and W-E graves. 94% of the earlier graves there, all W-E, are without grave goods, as against 38% of the later graves, all E-W. The av-erage number of grave goods in the later graves that do have them increa ses here to 2.9 per grave. We see old-fashio ned people reac ting to the modernism of the W-E graves without grave

goods, stressing their good old habits by giving some extra grave goods in their old-fashioned E-W graves. In group 4, where the earlier graves are E-W and the later ones W-E, the percentage of earlier graves without grave goods rises further to 47%, but the average number of grave goods in those E-W graves that do have them stays at 2.9. Of the later, W-E graves, 90% is without grave goods. Finally, in group 5, entirely consisting of W-E graves, 95% of the earlier graves is without grave goods, as against 100% of the later graves. The old-fashioned people of E-W graves and grave goods have died out.

When did the custom of W-E graves start? Right from the start of the cemeteries. Certainly early W-E graves: B 620 and B 180 have a terminus ante quem (taq) of AD 318; they are at 275° and 276°, respectively. B 99, at 278°, has a taq of AD 330. Probably early W-E graves: It is probable that the undated W-E graves in the same cluster as the early B 620 are early as well (Fig. 16: B 615, B 621, B 628, B 631, B 632; in clusters nearby: B 564, B 566, B 582, B 584, B 588, B 593, B 611). Possibly early W-E graves: Looking at Appendix 4, we see that there are three W-E graves with pot-tery and/or glass vessels with a terminus post quem (tpq) of AD 330 or 334: B 680, B 704 and OO 426. Eight graves with taq AD 350 (B 13, B 90, B 169, B 220, B 456, B 697, B 749, B 760, and OO 20) and thirteen graves with taq AD 367 (B 151, B 198, B 676, B 734, OO 12, OO 26, OO 56, OO 76, OO 90, OO 94, OO 231, OO 349, and OO 433) give no certainty whatsoe ver: they may be early; there is no way to tell. The same holds for all W-E graves with taq AD 367, as far as they are not involved in the stratigraphical cuts referred to by Bogaers and shown in Table 28.

Possible causesWhat caused the division of the graves into E-W and W-E ones? Below, we shall investigate status, gender and

421—

Table 28, Group 1: in each cut, at least one of the graves is neither E-W nor W-E (11 cuts = 10%). °=orientation,

i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number

of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man

Earlier grave Later grave

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga

B 248 3270 313 350 3 - B 249 910 313 - - -

B 392 1170 313 367 2 - B 390 2110 313 - - -

B 669 2810 - 400 - - B 659 2160 313 400 1 -

B 670 390 313 400 - f B 660 2170 - - - -

B 350 1600 - - - - B 333 2630 - - - -

B 350 1600 - - - - B 348 2660 - - - -

B 147 30 - - - - B 146 2770 - - - -

OO 3 3040 - 367 - - OO 2 200 313 367 1 -

OO 223 150 - - - - OO 222 980 - - - -

OO 312 1020 - - - - OO 311 1900 313 367 1 F

OO 28 2900 313 355 3 - OO 29 3550 375 378 - -

Table 28, Group 2: cuts in which both graves are E-W (15 cuts = 14%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the

head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress

accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gen der & age F=woman f=girl M=man

Earlier grave Later grave

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga

B 27 1050 313 367 1 - B 28 550 - - - -

B 735 1050 313 - - - B 736 670 - - - -

B 27 1050 313 367 1 - B 25-6 900 313 367 1 F

B 20 1020 - - - - B 21 1020 - - - -

B 733 800 313 367 1 - B 735 1050 313 - - -

B 747 350 313 367 2 - B 735 1050 313 - - -

B 232 1310 313 367 1 - B 231 1090 313 - - -

B 67 1150 313 355 4 - B 68 1180 313 - 4 -

B 300 610 - 367 - - B 301 1300 313 367 1 -

OO 355 940 313 367 1 - OO 356 920 313 367 - -

OO 211 1150 313 - - - OO 210 1070 - - - -

OO 345 1130 313 400 - f OO 344 1130 313 400 - -

OO 58 1140 313 350 2 - OO 60 1170 313 367 1 -

OO 132 1200 313 355 1 - OO 131 1180 313 355 2 -

OO 388 1320 - - - - OO 389 1300 - - - -

Table 28: Horizontal stratigraphy of the Late Roman cemete ries of Nijmegen. Every line re-

presents one of the 110 cases, cuts, where an earlier grave of known orientation (the left-hand group of co-

lumns) is cut by a later grave (the right-hand group of columns), also of known orientation. The evidence is

presented in five groups, and per group according to cemetery and orientations of the later graves.

422—

Table 28, Group 3: cuts in which an E-W grave cuts a W-E grave (16 cuts = 15%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction

of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods

(dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gen der & age F=woman f=girl M=man

Earlier grave Later grave

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga

B 442 2700 - - - - B 443 920 - - - -

B 99 2780 - 330 - - B 98 940 334 367 2 -

B 162 2550 348 361 - - B 163 980 348 - - -

B 734 2490 313 367 2 - B 735 1050 313 - - -

B 388 2480 - 355 - - B 387 1130 313 355 - -

B 134 2650 - 400 - - B 135 1140 376 400 3 -

B 310 2870 - - - - B 316 1170 - - - -

B 380 2670 - 350 - - B 381 1200 313 350 3 -

B 382 2750 - 350 - - B 381 1200 313 350 3 -

B 205 2890 - 350 - - B 206 1230 313 350 4 -

B 323 2540 - 350 - - B 319 1280 313 350 3 -

B 302 2510 - 450 - - B 299 1280 313 450 1 -

B 322 2830 - 350 - - B 319 1280 313 350 3 -

OO 166 3000 - 367 - - OO 133 1240 313 367 5 -

OO 47 3190 - 367 - - OO 48 1350 313 367 2 -

OO 370 3040 - 400 - - OO 396 1370 313 400 - f

423—

Table 28, Group 4: cuts in which a W-E grave cuts an E-W grave (30 cuts = 27%). °=orientation, i.e. the direc-

tion of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave

goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gen der & age F=woman f=girl M=man

Earlier grave Later grave

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga

B 296 1260 - - - - B 295 2460 - - - -

B 427 1170 313 350 3 - B 426 2560 313 - - -

B 421 1070 313 - 1 - B 422 2590 313 - - -

B 423 1180 313 355 3 - B 422 2590 313 - - -

B 165 920 313 348 3 - B 164 2600 348 361 - -

B 188 970 - 350 - - B 189 2600 313 350 6 -

B 427 1170 313 350 3 - B 428 2610 313 - - -

B 342 1250 - - - - B 341 2630 - - - -

B 482 1200 334 367 3 - B 480 2640 376 400 1 -

B 481 1070 313 350 4 - B 480 2640 376 400 1 -

B 395 1150 313 367 4 - B 394 2650 313 - - -

B 313 1220 - - - - B 315 2660 - - - -

B 313 1220 - - - - B 314 2660 - - - -

B 350 1600 - - - - B 351 2770 - - - -

B 443 920 - - - - B 444 2680 - - - -

B 316 1170 - - - - B 317 2690 - - - -

B 423 1180 313 355 3 - B 424 2700 313 - - -

B 416 1230 - - - - B 412 2700 - - - -

B 334 1180 313 350 2 - B 337 2730 313 - - -

B 674 940 334 400 6 - B 675 2740 334 - - -

B 334 1180 313 350 2 - B 335 2760 313 - - -

B 383 1430 313 350 3 - B 384 2790 313 - - -

B 492 980 - - - - B 493 2860 - - - -

B 494 1050 - - - - B 495 2870 - - - -

B 451 1090 313 367 3 - B 450 2890 313 - - -

B 283 1100 - - - - B 285 2900 - - - -

B 345 1190 313 350 2 M B 330 2900 313 - - -

B 328 1310 313 367 1 - B 329 2950 313 - - -

OO 367 1370 - 360 - - OO 368 2760 313 360 - -

OO 178 1090 - - - - OO 179 2810 - - - -

424—

Table 28, Group 5: cuts in which both graves are W-E (38 cuts = 35%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the

head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress

accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gen der & age F=woman f=girl M=man

Earlier grave Later grave

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga

B 303 2630 - 450 - - B 302 2510 - 450 - -

B 361 2600 - - - - B 360 2610 - - - -

B 331 2810 - - - - B 333 2630 - - - -

B 304 2630 - 351 - - B 303 2630 - 351 - -

B 621 2790 317 - - - B 628 2640 - - - -

B 446 2910 - - - - B 447 2640 - - - -

B 426 2560 313 - - - B 425 2650 - - - -

B 430 2790 - - - - B 431 2650 - - - -

B 315 2660 - - - - B 314 2660 - - - -

B 349 2660 - - - - B 348 2660 - - - -

B 310 2870 - - - - B 315 2660 - - - -

B 142 2660 - - - - B 141 2660 - - - -

B 417 2660 - - - - B 418 2680 - - - -

B 625 2690 - - - - B 624 2690 - - - -

B 628 2640 - - - - B 626 2700 - - - -

B 488 2910 - - - - B 487 2700 - - - -

B 425 2650 - - - - B 424 2700 313 - - -

B 343 3030 - - - - B 396 2700 - - - -

B 323 2540 - 350 - - B 324 2700 - - - -

B 397 2990 - - - - B 396 2700 - - - -

B 411 2420 - - - - B 412 2700 - - - -

B 560 2980 - - - - B 559 2710 - - - -

B 337 2730 313 - - - B 335 2760 313 - - -

B 620 2750 317 318 5 f B 621 2790 317 - - -

B 516 2860 - - - - B 521 2810 - - - -

B 331 2810 - - - - B 332 2810 - - - -

B 333 2630 - - - - B 332 2810 - - - -

B 453 2620 - - - - B 454 2820 - - - -

B 560 2980 - - - - B 515 2830 - - - -

B 364 2560 313 367 1 - B 365 2830 376 450 - F

B 604 2740 - - - - B 603 2850 - - - -

B 399 2650 - - - - B 400 2860 - - - -

B 309 2870 - - - - B 310 2870 - - - -

B 287 2580 - - - - B 286 2900 - - - -

B 399 2650 - - - - B 398 2910 - - - -

B 343 3030 - - - - B 397 2990 - - - -

B 567 2510 - - - - B 566 3010 - - - -

OO 110 2950 - - - - OO 111 3000 - - - -

425—

age as possible causes and come to the conclu-sion that none of them was the cause. We shall see that religion is a probable factor, but that it is improbable that Christianity had anything to do with it. Origin will be proposed below as the rea-son for burying people in E-W graves, and pagan religion for the W-E ones.

Do status, sex or age explain orientations?A glance at the map of the clearest area, LN, in Figure 13 shows that the W-E graves are gener-ally later. It has already been argued above that some W-E inhumations are early and that others may be so. If the opposition between E-W and W-E graves was caused by a fac tor like gender/age, status or ideo logy, which was it? Gender is deduced from dress accessories, age from the length of the coffin (up to 160 cm for children; over 160 cm for juveniles/adults). I have chosen sharply dated graves (up to one-third century between terminus post and ante quem) of known orien tati on, of E-W and W-E orientations. Table 30 gives the data.

The first observation on Table 30 is, that neither the termi nus ante quem nor the terminus post quem correlates with the orientation: when a time column has been ordered, the orienta tion column is in chaos, and vice versa. The reason

must be the imprecise nature of dates for fourth-century artefacts, although time does play a role, as will be shown below. The same holds for number of grave goods, dress acces-sories and coins: status is no reason for the dif-ference between E-W and W-E graves. Another conclusion to be drawn from this table is again a negative one: gender and age do not explain the orientation. The two girls are at 117° and 275°. The eleven detec table women are ly-ing at 58°, 78°, 100°, 102°, 103°, 107°, 115°, 122°, 135°, 260°, and 276°. Boys are not detec table in these Roman cemeteries, as opposed to con-temporaneous Germanic cemete ries (Groot 1991; Böhme 1974, 164). The four men in Table 30 are lying at 124°, 279°, 297° and 304°. It might seem from this small sample that women were preferably buried heading E and men heading W. The com plete list, however, of the 58 graves where we know orientati on and gender/age on archaeological evi dence, shows no such tenden-cy: see Table 31. Final conclusion on gender and age: they do not correlate with orientation.

W-E graves: a Christian orientation?A person lying supine with his head to the west is looking towards the east. That is the position of the deceased during a Roman Catholic funeral service: head to the west, feet towards the east, where the altar is. The priest there, with the ris-

Table 29: Tendencies in cuts of graves

Group N % cuts

Head points... in

% without grave goods in

Mean num-ber of grave goods in

early graves late graves early graves late graves early graves late graves

1 11 10% elsewhere elsewhere 88% 88% 2.7 1.0

2 15 14% east east 40% 67% 1.6 1.8

3 16 15% west east 94% 38% 2.0 2.9

4 30 27% east west 47% 90% 2.9 2.7

5 38 35% west west 95% 100% 1.0 0.0

110 100%

426—

Table 30, The orientation, artefact content, and where possi ble gender and age of the deceased of sharply

dated E-W and W-E graves. The table is ordered according to cemetery and terminus ante quem. Tpq=ter minus

post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=num ber of grave goods Nd=number of dress accessories

Nc=number of coins

Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Nd Nc Gender/age

B 180 2760 316 318 3 6 2 woman

B 620 2750 317 318 7 19 6 girl

B 298 1350 317 318 7 11 55 woman

B 226 2680 320 341 0 0 1

B 122 1170 323 341 2 1 1 girl

B 697 2820 313 350 5 0 0

B 686 1030 313 350 4 0 0

B 690 580 350 350 0 3 0 woman

B 167 2970 337 360 0 2 0 man

B 164 2600 348 361 0 0 1

B 162 2550 348 361 0 0 1

B 743 780 313 367 2 1 0 woman

B 482 1200 334 367 3 0 0

B 480 2640 367 400 1 0 0

B 798 2600 400 401 0 4 0 woman

B 651 3040 388 402 0 0 1

OO 130 1200 313 315 1 0 0

OO 176 1310 313 318 11 0 1

OO 161 1240 313 320 5 1 0 man

OO 320 1150 316 330 1 0 2

OO 250 1220 317 330 11 5 1 woman

OO 382 1030 318 330 4 3 1 woman

OO 106 1330 313 333 1 0 1

OO 338 1200 341 341 0 1 29

OO 88 1020 317 341 0 3 0 woman

OO 371 2960 337 348 1 1 3

OO 199 1100 347 348 0 0 5

OO 362 1070 334 348 5 3 1 woman

OO 9 1000 313 350 8 6 0 woman

OO 252 1150 313 350 9 3 0 woman

OO 152 1200 313 350 3 0 0

OO 101 1060 313 350 11 1 0

OO 242 1140 352 352 4 1 2

OO 144 1160 300 355 12 0 0

OO 131 1180 313 355 2 0 0

OO 412 3000 334 367 0 1 0

OO 426 2790 330 367 2 1 0 man

OO 287 1120 334 367 1 1 0

OO 366 3040 364 408 3 1 0 man

427—

ing sun in his back, preaches resurrection. It has been often sugge sted, always in short remarks not in argu mentation, that the Nijmegen W-E graves re flect Christian belief of the deceased and those who buried them: the head to the WNW, in order to ‘look’ to the ESE, where the sun of Christ rises, or where Christ is supposed to appear on the clouds at the end of times (VRGK 1947, 72; VRGK 1949, 94-5; VRGK 1950, 104; NKNOB 3 (1950) no 3, p. 9; ROB Annual Re-port 1950, 29; VRGK 1951, 116; VRGK 1952, 129; Brun sting 1952b, 11-12; Brun sting 19692, 24; Hu-brecht 1972, 14; Willems 1990, 83; Van Enckevort 2000b, 25; Van Enckevort et al. in Willems et al. 2005, 196-8; scep tical ly: Van Es 1972, 202 = Van Es 1982, 261; contra: Wynia in Noviomagus 1979, 68). Similar remarks on late W-E graves in Krefeld were made by Pirling (e.g. 1994, 83). The question in general is elaborately treated in Van Es (1968), partly after Van Doorselaer (1967) and Nierhaus (1959). Van Es con tests the auto-matic Christian interpreta tion. There are four ar-guments, he writes, which are always used to argue that Late Roman W-E graves are Christian ones: 1 inhumation super sedes crema tion; 2 W-E inhumation becomes the usual orientati on; 3 the custom of giving grave goods dies out; 4 where grave goods remain in use, they may carry Chris-tian symbols.

Van Es’ counter-argumentsThe counter-argu ments of Van Es are the follo-wing. Against 1: The practice of inhumation comes from the eastern provinces and is part of the orientali-sation of Rome and the western provinces. The superseding of cremation by inhumation began in the second century AD and was completed in the third, before Christianity began to take root in the West. Against 2: W-E orien tation of graves has no bibli-cal back ground. There is no place in the bible that predicts that Christ will appear in the east at the end of times. There are W-E inhumations from the beginning of the Roman Empire. In the second and third centu ries, inhumations could

be N-S, S-N, W-E and E-W and anything in be-tween: their direc tion was apparent ly mea-ningless. So the start of W-E inhumati ons is not Chris tian. We know Chris tian N-S inhumati ons from Cologne and Strasbourg. Against Nierhaus (1959, 34), who writes that W-E inhumation is the preeminently Christian burial practice from AD 350 onwards, Van Es writes: ‘It seems to go too far to suppose that the W-E orientation would have been the exclusive right of the Chris-tians in the fourth century. This is cert ainly the case in Nijmegen, where very different directions of the graves are found at the end of the fourth century. So the W-E direction of an individual grave is, even at the end of Roman times, not an absolutely certain criterium of Christia nity.’ (Transl. D.St.) Against 3: Long before the fourth century, there are many graves without grave goods. Graves with other directions than W-E are also without grave goods. (Van Es assumes that a majority of the population found the giving of grave goods a useless but costly custom. The five kiln wasters in Nijmegen grave B 176 do nothing to under-mine this assumption.)Against 4: There are unmistakably Christian graves with grave goods, and unmistakably pa-

Table 31: Known gender and orientation

E-W W-E Other Totals

Cemetery B

Girls 2 1 4 7

Girls/women 2 2 - 4

Women 11 7 1 19

Men - 2 2 4

Cemetery OO

Girls 2 - - 2

Women 11 4 1 16

Men 3 3 - 6

Totals 31 19 8 58

428—

gan graves with Christian symbols on the grave goods (Haillot graves 7, 12 and 14: Breuer et al. 1957, 300); unmistakably pagan settlements in the Frisian region also used pottery with Chris-tian symbols. Van Es (1968, 12) concludes: ‘When we draw up the balance, having arrived at the end of the Ro-man period, we must conclu de that the archae-ologist for this period possesses (as yet?) no reli-able criteria to identify an individual grave as Chris tian. Inhuma tion instead of cremation, W-E orientation, the absence of grave goods, or, the other way round, the presence of grave goods, even if these grave goods show traces of Chris-tian influence, all these characteristics form nei-ther apart nor in combination watertight proof.’ (Transl. D.St.)

More counter-argumentsThe following paragraphs may be added to Van Es’ arguments. It must be admitted that it was indeed believed in the Middle Ages that Christ would appear in the East. The last chapter (182) of Jacobus de Voragine’s Legenda Aurea, pub-lished AD 1260, treats the dedication of a church and cites John of Damascus (AD 650-?), Book IV chapter 5, who gives three rea sons for orienting a church. The third is: ‘and when he [Christ] ascen ded, he was borne towards the East, and thus the apostles adored him, and he will come again as they saw him going into heaven. There-fore we too pray to him facing the East, awaiting his coming.’ (Voragine 1995, II 387). But it should again be stressed: there is nothing about the East in the texts on Ascension in the bible (Matthew 16,19; Luke 24,50-2; Acts 1,9-12; cf. Daniel 7,13).And praying toward the East was not a Christian prerogative. It figures also in Roman literature on temples and is mentio ned as the habit of a Langobard pagan king. Vitruvius 4,5,1 prescribes the orientation of temples as follows: ‘The quarter toward which temples of the im-mortal gods ought to face is to be de termined on the principle that, if there is no reason to hinder and the choice is free, the temple and the

statue placed in the cella should face the west-ern quarter of the sky. This will enable those who ap proach the altar to face the direction of the sunri se in facing the statue in the temple, and thus those who are undertaking vows look toward the quarter from which the sun comes forth, and likewise the sta tues themselves appear to be coming forth out of the east to look upon them as they pray and sacrifi ce.’ (Transl. Morris Hic key Morgan; my italics)According to the Legenda Aurea, ch. 181, the Longo bard king Alboin (c.AD 560-572), who had sworn he would kill all Chris tians, was accus-tomed to pray each morning facing the East (Vo-ragine 1995, II 368-9; cf. Paulus Diaconus Histo ria Longo bardorum II 27). If single W-E graves cannot be identified as Christian, it will be clear that the same holds for groups of W-E graves found in contexts where no positive sign of Christianity is present.

Nijmegen and Van Es’ counter-argumentsThere is overwhelming evidence in the Nijmegen cemeteries that Van Es is right: 1 the variation of orientation of the W-E graves, 2 the pre sen ce of grave goods according to pagan rite in W-E graves, 3 the scarcity of actual Chris tian signs, and 4 the orientation of the only recognizable Christi an in the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Firstly, the variation of orientation of the W-E graves. Ceme tery B has its W-E group between 242° and 320°, i.e. between WSW and NW; the W-E group of ceme tery OO is between 260° and 319°, i.e. between W by S and NW. In other words: the variati on is much larger than just WNW-ESE (292 °30’). Especi ally of the graves be-tween 242° and 260° it must be said that the symbolic eyes of the deceased are facing NE, rather than SE where the sun rises. Secondly, the pre sen ce of grave goods according to pagan rite in W-E graves. There are many W-E graves in both cemeteries that do have pottery or glass grave goods, i.e. a meal, accor ding to pagan rite: see Table 24. Their numbers amount to the follo wing. In ceme tery B, 22 out of 240

429—

W-E graves (= 9%) have grave goods; in ceme-tery OO, this is 14 out of 59 W-E graves (= 24%). Overall, 36 out of 299 W-E graves (= 12%) have grave goods. Thirdly, the scarcity of actual Christian signs. There is only one person in the Nijmegen cem-eteries who pro claims to be a Christian: the lady in grave B 690 with a christo gram (the mono-gram of the Greek letters Chi (X) and Rho (P), the first letters of the name of Christ) on the agrafe on her forehead. Pro clai ming Chris tiani ty cannot have been a problem in the fourth century: all fourth-century emperors were Chris tians, origi-nally even Julian (361-363), who became the Apo-sta te. In Chapter 12 (and in Steures 2004a), the two real parallels for the Nijmegen agrafe are discussed: one was found, and is firmly rooted in, the extreme south of Gaul; the other, with a christogram on it, supposedly even comes from Spain. The Nijme gen lady with the agrafe may have come from there. The south of Gaul knew Christian communities as early as the second century. There are two other Chris tian symbols in the cemeteries: a chest with Christian pictures of biblical sto ries, belonging to a pagan lady, and three coins of Magnentius and Decentius with large christograms on their reverses, found in two cert ainly pagan graves. The Chris tian pictu res on chest 9 in the richly furnished and therefore pagan grave B 701 have a pagan Medusa head between them, meant to forbid anyone else but the owner to open it. It was her perso nal arca, and its contents were ar-cana: hidden, con cea led, secret, private things. She needed a mythological, i.e. pagan monster to keep other people out. The rich grave goods in grave B 701 make it highly impro bable that it contai ned a Christian per son. This was apparent-ly a time when it was thought that Christia nity could be incorpora ted in the poly theistic system (Steures 2007). As a parallel, it may be men-tioned that a female follower of the god Sabazi-os in Colog ne had a similar chest with a Christian picture of the Three in the Fiery Furnace (Daniel 3; Fremers dorf 1931, Steu res 2004b).

Coins of the usurper Magnentius (350-353) and his caesar Decentius (350-353) have large christo-grams on their reverses. Two were found in grave OO 242, one in OO 480 (Meijers et al. 2005, 131, Fig. 1). The pagan Mag nentius had po-litical reasons to put christo grams on his coins: he wanted the support of the catholic Christians against his rival Constantius II, who was devoted to Arianism (Engemann in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 206). The coins were duely thrown in pa-gan graves, as appears from their grave goods. If the throwers believed in Christ, they believed in Charon at the same time. Fourthly, the grave of the only recognizable Chris-tian, B 690, did not have the supposed Christian orientation: it was at 58°, i.e. with her head to NE by E, so ‘looking’ to SW by W.

Three argumenta e silentio against ChristianityThough every university teacher will tell his stu-dents that an argumentum e silentio is not decisive, I shall present three here. Firstly, there are no Christian grave inscriptions known in Nijmegen, as opposed to the other Dutch Late Roman cemetery of Maastricht, some 110 km south of Nijmegen, which does have them (Boppert 1986). Although the distri-bution map pu blished by Boppert (1986, 64; re-peated in Steures 2009, 201, Fig. 7) shows an iso-lated Christi an inscription in Xanten, the southernmost city of the Nether lands, Maas-tricht, clearly is (together with Tongeren and Co-logne) the nor thern boun dary of Chris tendom in late Antiquity. Secondly, no roller-stamps (molettes) with Chris-tian motifs on fifth-century terra sigillata are known from Nijmegen (Dijkman 1992). The dis-tribution map of such roller-stamps in graves (Dijkman 1992, 157, Fig. 25) shows about the same area as that of the Christian grave inscrip-tions mentioned above. The map of all such roll-er-stamps in NW Europe (Dijkman 1992, 169, Fig. 36; repeated in Steures 2009, 202, Fig. 8) shows seven examples from three places near Nijmegen: one unpu blished stamp in Ubbergen, just east of Nijmegen; two from Cuyk, 12 km

430—

south of Nijmegen; four from Gennep, 18 km southeast of Nijmegen. That is far less than the 27 northern most examples from four certainly pagan sites in the province of Friesland (Frisia) in the northeast of the Netherlands (cf. Van Es 1968, 12). The 33 examples from southernmost Maastricht do not come from graves, but from settlement excavations just around the first church of Maastricht, below the present-day church of the Virgin Mary; similar situations were found in Auxerre, Rouen and Metz (Dijk-man 1992, 157). There should have been many around a supposed Late Roman church on the Valkhof (Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 104). Thirdly, no Christian legends from late Antiquity are connec ted with Nijmegen. Even nearby Xan-ten, only 60 km away, where only one Christian grave stone is known, has a name that is derived from the Latin name Ad Sanctos, i.e. Near the Saints: the medieval town developed around the memorial chapel of St Victor, now succeeded by the St Victor cathedral, on one of the Roman cemeteries of Colonia Ulpia Traiana.

Excursus 2: Christianity near Late Roman Nijmegen?Apart from the lady in grave B 690 with the christogram on her agrafe, there is hardly a sign of any Chris tian or Chris tiani ty in or near Late Roman Nijme gen. Smetius jr (1678, 63 = 2004, 46) concludes after many pages of discussion (1678, 33-63 = 2004, 29-46) of two gems with Christian symbols, stray finds allegedly from Nijmegen, that on the island and in the city of the Batavians a pure Christianity had always been confessed from the beginning of the glad tidings of the New Testa-ment. A lamp with christogram from Oosterhout, op-posite Nijmegen across the river Waal, has been shown twice recently as an illustra tion in articles on supposed Christianity in Late Roman Nijmegen (Meijers et al. 2005, 130, Fig. 3; Wil-lems et al. 2005, 197, Fig. 83). The lamp is not discussed in these articles. It is a fourth-century African lamp of a type pu blished by Ennabli

(1976). As lamps disappear from the materi al culture in the Netherlands after the third century (L. Swinkels, pers.com.) and other African lamps are not known from the Netherlands, it would be highly surprising when a Roman in Ooster-hout would have owned it. Moreover, the lamp is a stray find, mentioned by Willems (1985, 106, site 154, find f) and cannot be used in any dis-cussion on the question. Stray finds of lamps can lead to strange results. A good warning is Groenen dijk (2006). In a discus sion after a lec-ture by the author in 2006, prof. Michael Erdrich told the follo wing story: Six cases are known of Roman lamps, found near settle ments in Ger-mania Libera. All six appeared to come from nine teenth-century collections of local clergy-men. The Late Roman army in the Netherlands, how-ever, did use badges with christograms on their ‘ridge helmets’ on the front of the crest, as shown on the famous AD 315 silver medallion of Constantine (Demandt/Engemann 2007, 206, Fig. 15; Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.3.120). Three or four of these have turned up as stray finds in re-cent years: in the Betuwe (ancient Batavia), the area of the Netherlands between the Rhine and Waal river, but no further details are available (Driel-Murray 2000); ‘somew here in the Meuse valley’ (Dutch Limburg: Driel-Murray 2000, Prins 2000; Altringer et al. 2006, 46-7 with colour photo graph; De mandt/Engemann 2007, 235 fig. 6; Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.13.121); Wijchen, to the immedi ate SW of Nijmegen, and Ech teld, some 30 km W of Nijme gen; this one might be identi-cal with the first one. ‘Taken toge ther with a sil-ver agrafe with Chi-rho symbol found on the skull of a female burial in Nijme gen (Steures 2004, 7, fig. 3) these badges seem to sug gest widespread Christian influence in the second half of the fourth century in the Lower Rhine area.’ (Driel-Murray 2005) However, the Roman army went away, and as far as we know now, Christianity went with it. Apart from southern most Maastricht, Christianity had to wait to take root in the Ne therlands until the advent of the missi ona ries of the Nether lands,

431—

Willi brord (AD 690-739) and Boniface (c.675-755), from the Bri tish Isles. As Van Es (1968, 7) put it: ‘So broadly speaking there are two peri ods in

which the population of the sout hern part of our country was brought under Christian influ-ence: in the fourth century and then, so to say all over again, in the seventh and the begin-ning of the eight century.’ (Transl. D.St.)

The research question for the years to come should therefore not be whether there was a Christian community in Late Roman Nijmegen and what its size or nature was. Had there been such a community, it would have left traces in the 1323 Late Roman graves published in the present study. The question should be: how can it be that Late Roman Nijme gen, so close to christia nized Tongeren, Maastricht and the Rhineland, re-mained both staun chly Roman and staunchly pagan? (Tongeren: Creemers 2007; Maastricht: Boppert 1986; Rhineland: Altringer et al. 2006, Ristow 2006)

Excursus 3: Recent remarks on Christianity in the northwestThis is the place to discuss recent remarks on the role of Christianity in the Late Roman Empire (Willems et al. 2005, 196-8; Willems/van Enck-evort 2009, 135-6): ‘That change in orientation was accompanied

by an almost total disappearance of grave goods. These changes have been considered the result of a ‘Christian’ habit, though Van Es correctly notes that the lacks of grave goods need not by definition indicate a religious (Christian) background but might be related to changes in the NW provinces by which reli-gious customs would adapt to what was cus-tomary. The preferential orientation for burials was decreed by the Milan Edict of 313, after which the W-E direction gradually, and from c.350 almost exclusively, became the Christian way. Whether this symbolism goes back to the earliest period of Christianity is rather doubt-ful, according to Van Es; in his view, this should

be seen more as an effect of the central au-thority, is this case Constantine, who pro-claimed Christian belief as the State religion’.

These remarks were partly borrowed from Van Es (1968, 10), who im plies that other aut hors think that Christianity had become the State reli-gion after the Edict of Milan. However, this pas-sage is part of a five-page-long argumentation by Van Es against automatic Christian interpre-tation of Late Roman W-E inhumati ons without grave goods. It should be stressed that the word transla ted here by ‘state religion’, staatsgods dienst, means ‘offi cial ly proclaimed religion in any empire that one should profess in order to be able to be-come a state official’ (Dutch dictionary Van Dale 2005, s.v.; transl. D.St.). The facts are the following. In AD 311, the pros-ecutor Galeri us, out of imperial generosity (clementia) allowed the Chris tians, though he found them stupid (stultitia), the right to exercise their religion (Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum 34,4). Constan tine and Licinius renewed this per-mission in the rescript (answer of the emperor to a governor) known as Edict of Milan of AD 313. There is no official law text of the Edict of Milan, but we do have the Latin text in Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum 48,2-12 and the Greek trans lation of a slightly different redaction, as promulga ted by Licinius in the east, in Euse bius’ Histo ria Ecclesiastica 10,5,2-14. There is nothing in this rather short letter (some 530 words of Latin) that refers to inhuma tion, nor, for that matter, to orientati on. Moreover, it is clear that it lays down no more than tole rance for Chris tian and any other religion: ut dare mus Christia nis et omnibus liberam potestatem se quendi religi onem quam quisque voluis set = ‘so that we might grant both to Chris tians and to all men freedom to follow whatever religion each one wis hed’. The two augusti retracted ear lier re-scripts against the Chris tians, deman ded that former property of the Church be handed back immediately, unconditi onally and free of charge, and ordered the governors of the eastern prov-inces to publish their re script as an edict, so that

432—

everyone would be able to read it. With the Edict of Milan, Christi anity became an officially recog-nized religion not the state religion (cf. Van Es 1972, 202 = 1981, 261). No earlier than AD 380 Theodosi us made Chris-tianity a not the cult of the state: he apparently still permitt ed pagan religi on for both the elite and the rustic populati on, where it was deeply rooted (Cod. Theod. 16,1,2); only AD 392, he forba de the old Roman religion, so that Christi-anity became the esta blished cult of the Roman Empire (Cod. Theod. 16,10,12). It will be clear that there is not a shred of evi-dence that the Edict of Milan or Constantine had anything to do with the orientation of graves in the far northwest, or that they proclaimed Chris-tianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.

The Nijmegen opposition is uniqueComparison to the nearest two large Late Ro-man cemeteries, Maastricht and Krefeld-Gellep, shows the Nijmegen opposition of E-W and W-E graves to be unique. Maastricht knows only W-E graves, the lower stratum being with grave goods, the upper one without (Van Es 1968, 13). In Gellep, 360 out of 1258 inhumations were N-S, 444 W-E, and the rest had orientations somew here in between. Pirling specifies: where it could be ascert ained, 95 of the ‘N-S’ graves were actually S-N, and 65 were N-S; 134 of the ‘W-E’ graves were actually W-E, and 74 were E-W (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 13-5). As Fleur Kem-mers already remarked on her Table 23 at the beginning of the present chapter, something very special was going on in Nijmegen.

A new look at the orientationsNow that it has been established that the prefer-ence for burial with the head to the west of the later Nijmegen graves has nothing to do with status, age, gender or Christia nity, and that the Nijmegen opposition is unique, it is time for a comple tely new look on the opposition between the E-W and the W-E Nijmegen graves. Not the turning of the later graves toward the west is the problem. The sun rises in the east and therefore

Roman and barba rian pagans and Christi ans all prayed (and Christians still pray) toward the east. Who lies with his head to the west is look ing to-wards the east. It is therefore only natural that graves should be oriented, i.e. that the dead should be lying with the feet to the east and the head to the west. This is also shown by the Maastricht graves, which are all W-E, both in the deeper stratum with and the upper stratum without grave goods. The question, like the graves, should be turned the other way round: what brought the people who dug the generally earlier Nijmegen E-W graves to bury their beloved with their heads to the east, so that they ‘looked towards the west’? If a group does so col lective ly, there must be an ideological reason. After the argumentation at the beginning of this chapter, that there is no ‘gap of Nijmegen’ and that Ulpia Noviomagus, to the west of the Valkhof settlement, existed right up to AD 313, the following simple hypothe sis will come as no surprise. The people buried in E-W graves are the first generation of the Valkhof settlers and had grown up in Ulpia Noviomagus.

There is one fact to support this hypothe sis: the girl in the early (AD 317-8) and richest grave but one B 620, the sarcop hagus of the Grutberg, was lying with her head almost due west, at 275°. She and her family did not come from Ulpia Noviomagus, as the distribution areas of the two most conspi cu ous arte facts in her grave show. Not counting Nijmegen itself, such sarcop hagi are found from Bregenz to Cologne; and tam-bourine sticks, again not counting Nijmegen it-self, are found from northern Italy up to Epraves and Samson in Belgium and Gellep in Germany. Not coming from Ulpia Noviomagus they had no reason for an E-W burial and followed the reli-gious reason for W-E burial that was later to be-come the norm in the cemeteries of Late Roman Nijmegen.

433—

Who were they?

Local peopleAnthropologically, they probably were of local origin. Cultu rally, they were completely Roman. And culture is what matters in the percepti on of one’s own identi ty and in archaeology. The con-trast to their Germanic neighbours comes out best by two positive facts and a negative one. The negative fact is that boys’ graves cannot be recognized in the Nijme gen cemeteries. In cul-turally Germanic cemeteries nearby and of the same period, boys are positively marked by their attri butes (Groot 1991; Böhme 1974, 164). The first positive fact is their use of almost ex-clusively Roman pottery and glass vessels, the footed bowls Gellep 273 and 274 being the only case of a mixed Roman-Germanic pottery type (Typo logy plates, Figures 114 and 115). The May-en coarse pottery, the Argonnes terra sigillata and the coated Trier beakers, so frequent in Nijmegen, are, with a few exceptions, absent from the area N and E of the Rhine (Erdrich 2003, 10). The second posi tive fact is their use of crossbow fibulae, which are frequent in the Roman areas south of the Rhine and the Danube, and almost absent from the Germanic areas to the north of those frontier rivers (Böhme 1974, 160; Swift 2000, passim). These were proudly worn in actual life (Demandt/Enge mann 2007, Figs. on p. 77 and 95) and in icono graphy by Roman top of-ficials and other members of the elite (Buchem 1966). Nijmegen has many more crossbow fibu-lae than the fifteen published in this study (Buchem 1966); these have not been included becau se their find spots are unknown. Did they give themselves an ethnic name? We are not to know, because what we have in writ-ing from fourth-century Nijmegen is limited to the one graffito OLATENEBIBE on B stray 140. But we may have an educated guess. Nijmegen was a city with many names in Roman times, but all of them mention the Batavi ans: Batavodu-rum, Oppidum Batavorum, Ulpia Noviomagus Batavo rum, and, from c.AD 150 on wards, Muni-

cipium Batavorum (Bogaers 1960-1; Steures 1995, 16-19; Derks in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 56). Nijmegen was the city of the Civitas Batavorum, which is mentioned only once, on the altar dedica ted by Flavus, son of Vihirmas, summus magistratus civitatis Batavorum (= the hig hest magistate of the district of the Batavians; CIL XIII 8771; Byvanck 1935, 98-9, no 91; Derks in: Swin-kels (ed.) 2004, 68). This altar is dated as early as the first half of the first century by Bogaers (1960-1, 268-71). The latest inscriptions in which Batavians figure date to the third century AD (Derks in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 56, 66-69). In lit-erature, the name disappears after it is men-tioned by Cassius Dio, who lived AD 155-235 (55.24.7), but it makes a comeback at the begin-ning of the fourth century. The area between the rivers Rhine and Waal, now named Betuwe, is called Batavia AD 306 and AD 365 (Panegyrici Lati-ni 7.4.2; 2.5.2). Batavian troops of the fourth century are mentio ned many times by Ammi-anus Mar celli nus, always as staunch allies of the Romans, though with varying success (summed up by Teitler in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 36-7). We have seen that the archaeologi cal evi dence sug-gests that the inha bi tants of Nijmegen were staunchly Roman up to the latest graves publis-hed in the present study, i.e. up to AD 450. So we may surmise that they still called themselves Batavi, i.e. Batavians, as long as their cemeteries remained in use. As for the troops in the Valkhof settlement, we have no evi dence about the name of their unit. Late Roman brick stamps known from near the Valkhof mention the Numerus Urs ariensium, which is known from Qualburg and elsewhere along the Rhine in the mid-third century, and Le-gio XXII, which stayed from AD 92/3 in Mainz (Noviomagus 1979, 65, Figs. 72-3; Bogaers/Rüger 1974, 96; Bechert/Willems 1995, 63-4, 106). But we do have a clue where they came from: the first generation being buried in E-W graves both in the more civilian cemetery B and in the more military cemetery OO, these troops had been re-cruited in Ulpia Noviomagus itself.

434—

Newco mersIn the times of Augustus, the tribe of the Batavi-ans was formed by the Romans by importing nobility from the Chatti around present-day Frankfurt and giving them the local population as clientela (Roymans 1998). Constantine, it is suggested, did the same: he brought in a civil admini strator from Cologne. The civil administrator was, it is suggested, the father of the 7-year-old upper class girl in the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. In view of the rude sarcopha gi of the middle status zone of cem-etery B, he probably came from Cologne, which has them, rather than from Trier, which doesn’t. He may, in the old-fashioned Roman way, have paid himself for the rebuil ding of Nijmegen in the shape of the Valkhof for tress. It is far less probable that he was a burden on the small community of the type Lactantius com plains about (de mortibus persecutorum 7,4): in terms of money, the Nijmegen people of the period immedia tely before the cemeteries had nothing but their emergency money. The third and most probable possibi lity is that Con stantine or the state paid for this stronghold against the Franks because of the security of the Empire.The supposed civil administrator was not the only one from Cologne. An eccentric lady who worshipped Sabazios also came from there. Apart from persons, there was an influence from Cologne: we saw that the percentage of niches in the Nijme gen cemeteries reminds of that in Co-logne rather than that of Gellep. There were a few other newcomers. The only rec-ognizable Chris tian in Nijmegen, the lady in B 690 with her agrafe with christo gram from the south of Gaul or even from Hispania, probably married into the well-off family that had its burial plot on the hillock to the northwest of the Mariënburg chapel. Some Sarmatians with their glittering bar-barian sheet fibulae mingled with the populati on.

What was it like to live in Late Roman Nijmegen?Originally, there must have been an enormous re-lief when the Valkhof fortress was built AD 313. Its cemeteries reflect prosperity up to the disaster

year AD 355. But already before that year, there must have been some anxie ty. The Nijmegen pagans were confronted with emperors who had suddenly switched from pagan to Christi an religion. In coin period 4, AD 330-341, they were flooded by impe-rial propaganda with contradictory messages. The legend Urbs Roma told them that Rome remained the only Urbs of the empire, but the Con-stantinopolis coins made it clear that the real capi-tal had moved away to the east, far out of reach of westerly Nijmegen. Reading the eminent historian of the fourth cen-tury, Ammianus Marcellinus, helps us to imagine the anxieties of the times for the inhabitants of Nijmegen. At the same time, we can under stand that the pagan cousin of Constantine, Julian (331-363, emperor 361-3), must have been their hero. The surviving books 14-31 cover the years AD 353-378. By AD 355, Franks, of all people, were numerous and influenti al in the palace (15,5,11). In the same year, Colog ne was destroyed (15,8,19). But Julian recovered Cologne from the Franks a year later (16,3,1-3). AD 357-8, Franks plundered Germania Secunda, which comprised Cologne, Tongeren and Nijme gen (17,2,1-2; cf. 15,7). But again, Julian came and rescued the population by starving the Franks into surrender (17,2,3-4). Salian Franks and Chamavi surrendered to him (17,8,3-5). AD 358, he restored three Roman fortresses on the Meuse/Maas (17,9,1). AD 357-9, many disasters shook neighbouring Belgica Secunda (17,3,6). AD 359, Julian restored town walls along the Rhine and built granaries for corn supplies from Britannia (18,2,3) and recovered the area along the Rhine from Arnhem near Nijmegen to Bingen near Mainz (18,2,4). AD 360, he attac ked the Atthuarian Franks, crossing the Rhine near Tricensima, the Late Roman fortress of Roman Xanten, some 60 kilometers from Nijmegen (20,10). In these hard times, the Nijmegen population must have taken heart from the visits of other top officials. AD 365, Theodo sius the Elder was active between the rivers Rhine and Waal in the area of Bata via, which was worn out by infantry battles

435—

(Panegyrici Latini 2.5.2). Emperor Valentinian’s visit to Nijmegen on 20 September 368 must have made them very proud (Seeck 1919, 234; Stolte 1966). And, if nothing of Valentini an’s fortifica-tions along the Rhine has been found yet in Nijmegen, it has been found as near by as in Cuijk, some 12 km away (see Chapter 12, section Pen-dants). The anxiety of the Nijmegen population about life comes out in the three cases we have of religion (apart from the proud priestess in grave B 465 and the generally pagan ritual of depositing grave goods), where a major concern was a good per-sonal after li fe: the Dionysiac mask B 197.6 and the Sabazi os attributes in grave B 298, both signs of mystery cults; and the Christian lady in B 690 must have hoped for a place in heaven (Steures 2004a; see also the relevant sections in Chapter 12 of the present study). The Nijmegen popu lation saw the uphea val caused by the sack of Cologne and Trier AD 355 and the sudden stop of the im-port from there of their most popular pottery, the fine dark colou red ware. They saw the breach of the Roman frontier by Germanic hordes near Mainz in AD 406 (Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 110). But they remained staunchly Roman, as appears from grave B 61, with its axe and un-Roman grave ritual of giving a Roman belt set (Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 110), dated AD 440-450. And they remained staunchly pagan, wit ness the pries tess of the pole idol in the other latest dated Roman gra ve in this study, B 465.

436—

Coins play an important role in dating the graves and the interpretation of the two cemeteries. As there are many different aspects, they are dis-cussed in different chapters of this study. In chapter 3, Explanatory notes to the find catalogue, in the section titled First and second-century coins and fibulae: intrusions? (p. 000-000), it is argued that these were put into the graves intentionally; in the section titled Assessing the dates of the graves in real years (p. 000-000), the way the coin periods are used for fairly exact dates is discussed. In chapter 12, Typology of dress accessories, the two eighth-century sceattas are discussed in the sec-tion on Beads because of the association with eighth-century beads in grave B 661 (p. 000). Coin periods and mints are discussed in chapter 14, Interpretation, in the section titled Time - The beginning: AD 313.

The coin identifications were originally made by H. Enno van Gelder (1876-1960) for cemetery B and by Jeanette Raap (under supervision of prof. J.S. Boersma) for cemetery OO. In 2011, R.W. Reijnen revised and updated the identifications; coins missing then (see column remarks) keep their original identifications. After the final chapter, there are three coin lists:Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the

grave numbers; Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their

latest coins; Coin list 3: per coin after its latest mint-

ing date. In column remarks, missing = not found in muse-um depot in 2011. Abbreviations in column location: b = body; l = left (of); m = middle; r = right (of).

Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers (70 graves, 15 stray, 210 coins)

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? hybrid: plated? in mouth

RIC 343ff Diva Faustina

RIC 64 Anton. Pius

B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b l knee

B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 countermark m body

CAESAR

B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270/300 Barb. r upper leg

B 61.4 fourth cent. follis/aes III decayed; in skull

missing

B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: disturbed

VRBS ROMA

/GLORIA

EXERCITVS

2 standards

B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554

B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369

B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543

B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537

B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593

B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11

B 64.8 Helena follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55

437—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91

B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a foot-end

B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome l waist

B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 l waist

B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist

B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 crema tion

B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw

B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw

B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’

B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a ‘loose’

B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) unknown

B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? GENIO POP ROM or unknown

SOLI INVICTO COMITI

B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b body

B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly

B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 for Tiberius waist

B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 feet

B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 with hole unknown

B 281.1 Domitian as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 m trench

B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 BRGK 1975, r arm; hand

399-401:

B 298.1-55

B 298.2 Tiberius as 22-37(-64)Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus

B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161

B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 notched

B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 ff.

B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628

B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K)

438—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K)

B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K)

B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.?

Rhineland for Tetricus II

B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian.

B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian.

B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?)

B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206

B 298.15 Maximin. Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a

B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826

B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73

B 298.18 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

B 298.19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

B 298.20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var.

B 298.21 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

B 298.22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var.

B 298.24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897

B 298.25 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.26 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.27 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.28 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.29 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.30 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.31 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.32 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.33 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277

B 298.36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40

B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10

B 298.38 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

B 298.39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var.

B 298.42 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var.

B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var.

B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76

B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92

B 298.48 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

B 298.49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

439—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132

B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 with silver

B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99

B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213

B 319.4 Frisian (?) sceatta (8) 710-775 Metcalf 296t. bronze copy filling

/BMC 166

B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 unknown

B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 unknown

B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 filling

B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 r r foot

B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome RIC 712 for Faustina II in jaw

missing

B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 halved unknown

B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germani c. unknown

B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 feet

B 581.1 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist

B 581.2 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist

B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 missing r hand

B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier missing

B 633.1 Const.I & sons follis 335-340 ? GLORIA

EXERCITVS unknown

1 standard

B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier RIC 98(c) unknown

B 660.1 Constans follis 337-360 Barb. GLORIA teeth

EXERCITVS

1 standard

440—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 661.2 Frisian(?) sceatta c.690-750 BMC 2b(?) copper top soil?

B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 in beaker

B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles RIC 319/323var. in bottle

B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) with hole

B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 Siscia RIC 198/209

B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA with hole

ROMANORVM

B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole

REIPVBLICAE

B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier RIC 65(c) unknown

B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 unknown

B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15

B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a)

B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var.

B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230

B stray 133 Vespasian sestertius 71 Lyon RIC2 1137

B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82

B stray 138 Domitian denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. for Julia; plated?

or Becker-copy?

B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a)

B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b)

B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d)

B stray 189 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16

B stray 197 Aduatuci quadrans? 20 BC- Lower Scheers 217 missing

10 AD Rhine

B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199

B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59

B stray 297 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

441—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B stray 298 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III 330-402 ?

B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 countermark

VAR

OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 filling?

OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 Rome RIC 256 (K) l foot-end

OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 261 (K)

OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var.

OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b)

OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a)

OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a)

OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. foot-end

OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85

OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a)

OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown

OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 95 ff. (obv)/ unknown

(Aug.) 230ff. (rev)

OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? missing unknown

OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. l femora

OO 134.4 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Lyon RIC 164a for Constantius II unknown

OO 167.1 first cent. coin/aes? missing unknown

OO 168.11 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

OO 171.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing unknown

OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b for Galerius r waist

Maximian.

442—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 l waist

OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist

OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist

OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist

OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower body

OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100 missing

OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 missing cremation

OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 m waist

OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 319/324 for Decentius m waist

OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. worn l waist

60 AD

OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 missing r waist

OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 missing m waist

OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II

OO 277.2 Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206type barb.? east end

OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 for Constantius II r upper b.

OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 l shoulder

OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273

OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 waist

OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing

OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360?

OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360?

clipped

OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA c.360?

EXERCITVS

2 standards

OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 543

OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 368

OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360?

443—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360?

OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 for Constantine II

OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans

OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 for Constantius II

OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 for Constans

OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11

OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 l feet

OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

PAX PVBLICA

OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91

OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.22 Const. I & sons follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340?

OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. Trier, 332-333?

OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

VRBS ROMA

obverse

OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 in chest

OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist

OO 371.2 Claudius I dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 countermarks l waist

PRO/PROB

and BON

444—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome RIC 24/26

OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l foot

OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 r waist

OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 missing cremation

445—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

* The only coin in the grave is from the first century BC (5 graves, 2 stray, 7 coins)

B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 filling

B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 r r foot

B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 halved unknown

B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 feet

B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 countermark

VAR

B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230

OO 171.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing unknown

* The only coin in the grave is from the first century AD (13 graves, 4 stray, 17 coins)

B stray 197 Aduatuci quadrans? 20 BC- Lower Scheers 217 missing

10 AD Rhine

OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown

B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 for Tiberius waist

B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germani c. unknown

OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. l femora

B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 crema tion

OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 95 ff. (obv)/ unknown

(Aug.) 230ff. (rev)

OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100 missing

OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 filling?

OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. worn l waist

60 AD

B stray 133 Vespasian sestertius 71 Lyon RIC2 1137

B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199

Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins (italics: date of the latest coin)

446—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 281.1 Domitian as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 m trench

B stray 138 Domitian denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. for Julia; plated?

or Becker-copy?

OO 167.1 first cent. coin/aes? missing unknown

OO 168.11 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

OO 134.4 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

* The only coin in the grave is from the second century (4 graves, 4 coins)

B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome l waist

B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? hybrid: plated? in mouth

RIC 343ff Diva Faustina

RIC 64 Anton. Pius

B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a foot-end

B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome RIC 712 for Faustina II in jaw

missing

* The latest/only coin is from the second half of the third century (5 graves, 1 stray, 8 coins)

B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) unknown

B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 countermark m body

CAESAR

B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270/300 Barb. r upper leg

OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 Rome RIC 256 (K) l foot-end

OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 261 (K)

B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59

OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 missing m waist

B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b body

* The latest/only coin is from the first 4th-century coin period, 298-307 (4 graves, 4 coins)

B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b l knee

447—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b for Galerius r waist

Maximian.

OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Lyon RIC 164a for Constantius II unknown

OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 missing cremation

* The latest/only coin is from the second 4th-century coin period, 307-318 (6 graves, 13 coins)

B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 l waist

OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 waist

OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing

B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’

B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a ‘loose’

OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 missing r waist

OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 r waist

B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 missing r hand

B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier missing

* The latest/only coin is from the third 4th-century coin period, 318-330 (5 graves, 59 coins)

B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 BRGK 1975, r arm;

399-401 = hand

B 298.1-55

B 298.2 Tiberius as 22-37(-64) Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus

B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161

B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 notched

B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 ff.

B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628

B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K)

B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K)

B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K)

B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.?

Rhineland for Tetricus II

448—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian.

B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian.

B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73

B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?)

B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206

B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var.

B 298.42-43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897

B 298.25-34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277

B 298.38-39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

B 298.15 Maximin. Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a

B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826

B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10

B 298.20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var.

B 298.21-22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var.

B 298.36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40

B 298.18-19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

B 298.44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var.

B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76

B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99

B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 with silver

B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var.

B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92

B 298.48-49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132

B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213

B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? GENIO POP ROM or unknown

SOLI INVICTO COMITI

B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly

B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist

OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? missing unknown

* The latest/only coin is from the fourth 4th-century coin period, 330-341 (9 graves, 2 stray, 52 coins)

OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 for Constantius II r upper b.

449—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 in chest

B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 feet

B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 with hole unknown

OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist

OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 l shoulder

OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273

OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360?

OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360?

clipped

OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA c.360?

EXERCITVS

2 standards

OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 543

OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 368

OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360?

OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360?

OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 for Constantine II

OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans

OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 for Constantius II

OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 for Constans

OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11

OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 l feet

OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

PAX PVBLICA

OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91

OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

450—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 338.22 Const. I & sons follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340?

OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. Trier, 332-333?

OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

VRBS ROMA

obverse

B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82

OO 371.2 Claudius I dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 countermarks l waist

PRO/PROB

and BON

OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome RIC 24/26

OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l foot

B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: disturbed

VRBS ROMA

/GLORIA

EXERCITVS

2 standards

B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554

B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369

B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543

B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537

B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593

B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11

B 64.8 Helena follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55

B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91

B stray 189 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16

B 633.1 Const.I & sons follis 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown

EXERCITVS

1 standard

451—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

* The latest/only coin is from the fifth 4th-century coin period, 341-348 (3 graves, 1 stray, 9 coins)

B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 in beaker

OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 l waist

OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist

OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist

OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist

OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower

body

OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II

OO 277.2 Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206 barb.? east end

* The latest/only coin is from the sixth 4th-century coin period, 348-361 (5 graves, 6 coins)

B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw

B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw

B 660.1 Constans follis 337-360 Barb. GLORIA teeth

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 missing cremation

OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 m waist

OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 319/324 for Decentius m waist

* The latest/only coin is from the seventh 4th-century coin period, 364-378 (2 graves, 4 stray, 13 coins)

B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b)

B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a)

B stray 297 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

B stray 298 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 unknown

B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15

B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a)

B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var.

452—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles RIC 319/323var. in bottle

B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) with hole

B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 Siscia RIC 198/209

B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA with hole

ROMANORVM

B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole

REIPVBLICAE

* The latest/only coin is from the eighth 4th-century coin period, 378-402 (3 graves, 1 stray, 12 coins)

B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier RIC 65(c) unknown

OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var.

OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b)

OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a)

OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a)

OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. foot-end

OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85

OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a)

B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d)

B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier RIC 98(c) unknown

B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 unknown

* The only coin is from the fourth century but cannot be identified (3 graves, 1 stray, 5 coins)

B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III 330-402 ?

B 61.4 fourth cent. follis/aes III decayed; in skull

missing

B 581.1 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist

B 581.2 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist

B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 unknown

* There is an eighth-century sceatta in the grave (2 graves, 2 coins)

B 319.4 Frisian (?) sceatta (8) 710-775 Metcalf 296t. bronze copy filling

/BMC 166

B 661.2 Frisian (?) sceatta c.690-750 BMC 2b(?) copper top soil?

453—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

* First century BC (10 coins)

B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 with hole unknown

B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 countermark m body

CAESAR

B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 BRGK 1975 r arm;

hand

B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 filling

B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 r r foot

B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 halved unknown

B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 feet

B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230

B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 countermark

VAR

OO 171.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing unknown

* First century AD (22 coins)

B stray 197 Aduatuci quadrans? 20 BC- Lower Scheers 217 missing

10 AD Rhine

OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown

B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 for Tiberius waist

B 298.2 Tiberius as 22-37(-64) Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus

B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 crema tion

B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germani c. unknown

OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. l femora

OO 371.2 Claudius I dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 countermarks l waist

PRO/PROB

and BON

OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. worn l waist

60 AD

OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 95 ff. (obv)/ unknown

(Aug.) 230ff. (rev)

OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100type missing

OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing

OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 filling?

B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161

B stray 133 Vespasian sestertius 71 Lyon RIC2 1137

B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199

B 281.1 Domitian as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 m trench

B stray 138 Domitian denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. for Julia; plated?

or Becker-copy?

B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 notched

OO 167.1 first cent. coin/aes? missing unknown

OO 168.11 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

OO 134.4 first cent. coin/aes? missing filling

Coin list 3: per coin after its latest minting date

454—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

* Second century (6 coins)

B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 ff.

B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628

B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome l waist

B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a foot-end

B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? hybrid: plated? in mouth

RIC 343ff Diva Faustina

RIC 64 Anton. Pius

B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome RIC 712 for Faustina II in jaw

missing

* Second half of third century (12 coins)

OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 Rome RIC 256 (K) l foot-end

B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K)

B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) unknown

B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59

B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K)

OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 261 (K)

B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K)

OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 missing m waist

B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.?

Rhineland for Tetricus II

B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270/300 Barb. r upper leg

B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b body

B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian.

* Fourth century, first 4th-century coin period, 298-307 (9 coins)

B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b l knee

OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b for Galerius r waist

Maximian

OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Lyon RIC 164a for Constantius II unknown

OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 missing cremation

B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian.

B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a ‘loose’

B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73

B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?)

B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206

455—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

* Fourth century, second 4th-century coin period, 307-318 (50 coins)

B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var.

B 298.42 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a

B 298.24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897

B 298.25 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.26 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.27 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.28 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.29 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.30 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.31 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.32 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.33 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 298.34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899

B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 missing r hand

B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 l waist

B 298.15 Maximin. Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a

B 298.38 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

B 298.39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873

B 298.35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277

B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826

B 298.20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var.

B 298.21 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

B 298.22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3

B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10

B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var.

B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing

B 298.36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40

B 298.18 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

B 298.19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121

B 298.44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var.

B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76

B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102

B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 with silver

B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99

B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier missing

B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var.

B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92

B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’

456—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132

B 298.48 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

B 298.49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135

OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 waist

OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 missing r waist

B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing

OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 r waist

* Fourth century, third 4th-century coin period, 318-330 (5 coins)

B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? GENIO POP ROM or unknown

SOLI INVICTO COMITI

B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213

B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly

B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist

OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? missing unknown

* Fourth century, fourth 4th-century coin period, 330-341, with copies up to 360 (58 coins)

OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 for Constantius II r upper b.

OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 l shoulder

OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529

OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360?

OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360?

clipped

OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 368

OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360?

OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360?

B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369

B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543

B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537

OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 543

OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 in chest

OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist

OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II

OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans

OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 for Constantine II

B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 feet

OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA c.360?

EXERCITVS

2 standards

457—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554

OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 for Constans

B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593

OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 for Constantius II

B 633.1 Const.I & sons follis 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown

EXERCITVS

1 standard

B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11

B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82

B 64.8 Helena follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55

B stray 189 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16

OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var.

OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 l waist

OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist

OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist

OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11

OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 l feet

OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91

OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome RIC 24/26

OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l foot

B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91

OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273

OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist

B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: disturbed

VRBS ROMA

/GLORIA

EXERCITVS

2 standards

OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340?

OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340?

OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb.

OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

VRBS ROMA

obverse

OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. Trier, 332-333?

B 660.1 Constans follis 337-360 Barb. GLORIA teeth

EXERCITVS

1 standard

458—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.22 Const. I & sons follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA

EXERCITVS

1 standard

OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid:

head emperor/

PAX PVBLICA

* Fourth century, fifth 4th-century coin period, 341-348, with copies up to 360 (3 coins)

B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 in beaker

OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower

body

OO 277.2 Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206type barb.? east end

* Fourth century, sixth 4th-century coin period, 348-361 (7 coins)

B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw

B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw

B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 Siscia RIC 198/209

OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 missing cremation

OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 m waist

OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 319/324 for Decentius m waist

B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles RIC 319/323var. in bottle

* Fourth century, seventh 4th-century coin period, 364-378 (16 coins)

B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a)

B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a)

B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b)

OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b)

OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a)

B stray 298 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

459—

grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location

B stray 297 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c)

B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 unknown

B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15

B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) with hole

OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. foot-end

B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var.

B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA with hole

ROMANORVM

B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole

REIPVBLICAE

OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a)

OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a)

* Fourth century, eighth 4th-century coin period, 378-402 (5 coins)

B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier RIC 65(c) unknown

OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85

B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d)

B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier RIC 98(c) unknown

B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 unknown

* Fourth century, not to be identified further (5 coins)

B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III 330-402 ?

B 61.4 fourth cent. follis/aes III decayed; in skull

missing

B 581.1 fourth cent. follis/aes III missing waist

B 581.2 fourth cent. follis/aes III missing waist

B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 unknown

* Eighth century (2 coins)

B 319.4 Frisian (?) sceatta (8) 710-775 Metcalf 296t. bronze copy filling

/BMC 166

B 661.2 Frisian(?) sceatta c.690-750 BMC type2b? copper top soil?

460—

Cemetery Bin the inner cityLegend

In Brunsting’s excavations:

D .................................... Dominican ‘Broerkerk’

G ........................................................... Grutberg

LN ........................................ Lange Nieuwstraat

M ......................................................Mariënburg

In Bloemers’ excavations:

nn ......................................................no number

~ ...................................................................near

B 1 ............................................................... D 179

B 2 ................................................................ D 32

B 3 ................................................................D 30

B 4 .................................................................D 31

B 5 ...................................................................D 1

B 6 .................................................................. D 2

B 7 .................................................................. D 3

B 8 ..................................................................D 6

B 9 ..................................................................D 4

B 10 ................................................................. D 5

B 11 ..............................................................D 147

B 12 ............................................................. D 146

B 13 ............................................................. D 142

B 14 ..............................................................D 143

B 15 ............................................................... D 19

B 16 ............................................................. D 144

B 17 ...............................................................D 20

B 18 .................................................................D 9

B 19 ................................................................. D 7

B 20 ................................................ D 14 bottom

B 21 .........................................................D 14 top

B 22 ................................................................D 8

B 23 ...............................................................D 21

B 24 .............................................................. D 34

B 25 ...............................................................D 17

B 26 .............................................................. D 18

B 27 ...............................................................D 15

B 28 .............................................................. D 16

B 29 ............................................................D 22a

B 30 ..............................................................D 22

B 31 ...............................................................D 28

B 32 .............................................................. D 23

B 33 ............................................................... D 27

B 33 ........................................141/21=XIX (= D27)

B 34 ............................................................D 25a

B 35 ..............................................................D 25

B 36 ............................................................D 26a

B 37.............................................................D 26b

B 38 ............................................................ D 26c

B 39 ............................................................D 26d

B 40 ..............................................................D 24

B 41 .............................................................D 24a

B 42 ............................................................D 24b

B 43 ..............................................................D 29

B 44 ............................................................... D 11

B 45 ............................................................. D 11a

B 46 .............................................................D 12a

B 47 ...............................................................D 12

B 48 ...............................................................D 13

B 49 .............................................................. D 37

B 50 ..............................................................D 38

B 51 ...............................................................D 39

B 52 .............................................................D 152

B 53 ............................................................ D 145

B 54 .............................................................D 141

B 55 .............................................................. D 33

B 56 .............................................................. D 35

B 57 .......................................................... 135/1=I

B 58 ........................................................ 135/2=II

B 59 ........................................................135/3=III

B 60 ............................................................ D 158

B 61 ............................................................. D 159

B 62 .............................................................D 155

B 63 ............................................................ D 156

B 64 .............................................................D 157

B 65 .............................................................D 153

B 66 ............................................................ D 150

B 67 ............................................................ D 154

B 68 ..........................................................D 154A

B 69 .............................................................D 118

B 70 ............................................................ D 162

B 71 ..............................................................D 161

B 72 ............................................................ D 160

B 73..............................................................D 135

B 74 .............................................................D 139

B 75 ............................................................ D 140

B 76 .............................................................D 138

B 77 .............................................................D 137

B 78 .............................................................D 136

Appendix 1a: from catalogue grave number to excavation grave number

461—

B 79 .............................................................D 132

B 80 .............................................................D 175

B 81 ............................................................. D 176

B 82 .............................................................D 177

B 83 ............................................................ D 178

B 84 ....................................................... 135/7=IV

B 85 .............................................................D 116

B 86 ............................................................. D 117

B 87 ............................................................ D 107

B 88 ............................................................ D 109

B 89 ............................................................ D 108

B 90 ............................................................ D 106

B 91 ............................................................. D 102

B 92 .............................................................D 101

B 93 ............................................................ D 100

B 94 .............................................................D 119

B 95 .............................................................D 114

B 96 ............................................................. D 112

B 97 .............................................................. D 73

B 98 .............................................................D 134

B 99 .............................................................D 133

B 100 ........................................................... D 131

B 101 ............................................................D 130

B 102........................................................... D 129

B 103 ........................................................... D 128

B 104 .......................................................... D 170

B 105......................................................... D 170A

B 106 ...........................................................D 172

B 107 ............................................................ D 121

B 108 ........................................................ D 122B

B 109 ........................................................ D 122A

B 110 ........................................................... D 120

B 111 .............................................................D 123

B 112 ............................................................ D 115

B 113 ............................................................D 110

B 114 ............................................................D 103

B 115 ........................................................... D 104

B 116 ........................................................... D 105

B 117 .............................................................D 96

B 118 ............................................................ D 113

B 119 .............................................................D 111

B 120.............................................................D 97

B 121 .............................................................D 65

B 122 ............................................................. D 72

B 123 ..............................................................D 71

B 124 .............................................................D 68

B 125 .............................................................D 64

B 126.............................................................D 63

B 127 .............................................................D 62

B 128.............................................................D 60

B 129.............................................................D 70

B 130 .............................................................D 69

B 131 .............................................................D 55

B 132 ............................................................. D 57

B 133 ............................................................. D 61

B 134 .............................................................D 59

B 135 .............................................................D 58

B 136 .............................................................D 67

B 137 .............................................................D 66

B 138 .............................................................D 49

B 139 .............................................................D 56

B 140 ............................................................D 50

B 141 ..............................................................D 51

B 142 .............................................................D 52

B 143 .............................................................D 47

B 144 ............................................................ D 41

B 145 .............................................................D 48

B 146 ............................................................D 45

B 147 .............................................................D 46

B 148 ............................................................D 93

B 149 ............................................................ D 43

B 150.............................................................D 85

B 151 .............................................................D 87

B 152 .............................................................D 88

B 153 ............................................................D 163

B 154 .............................................................D 86

B 155 .............................................................D 76

B 156............................................................. D 75

B 157 .............................................................D 78

B 158............................................................. D 77

B 159.............................................................D 74

B 160 ............................................................D 83

B 161 .............................................................D 84

B 162.............................................................D 79

B 163 .............................................................D 82

B 164 ............................................................D 80

B 165............................................................. D 81

B 166 ............................................................D 92

B 167 .............................................................D 89

B 168 ............................................................ D 91

B 169 ............................................................D 36

B 170 ........................................................... D 164

462—

B 171 ........................................................... D 165

B 172 ........................................................... D 167

B 173 ........................................................... D 166

B 174 ........................................................... D 169

B 175 ........................................................... D 168

B 176 ....................................................D 17 niche

B 177 .........................................................134/1=I

B 178 ....................................................... 134/5=V

B 179 ............................................................134/4

B 180 ........................................................141/3=I

B 181 ......................................................131/7=VII

B 182......................................................... 131/21?

B 183 .................................................... 131/8=VIII

B 184 ......................................................131/6=VI

B 185........................................................131/5=V

B 186 ......................................................131/9=IX

B 187 .......................................................131/4=IV

B 188 ..................................................... 131/10=X

B 189 .....................................................131/11=XI

B 190 ...................................................... 131/3=III

B 191 ................................................... 131/13=XIII

B 192.................................................... 131/12=XII

B 193 ........................................................141/4=II

B 194 ..................................................141/nn=XX

B 195.......................................................141/5=III

B 196 ................................................. 141/18=XIV

B 197 ....................................................134/12=XII

B 198 ................................................. 134/19=XIX

B 199 .....................................................134/6=VI

B 200 ...................................................134/8=VIII

B 201......................................................134/10=X

B 202 .................................................... 134/11=XI

B 203 .................................................. 131/17=XVI

B 204 ............................................... 131/36=XXIV

B 205 .............................................. 131/47=XXXII

B 206 .............................................131/54=XXXIX

B 207 .............................................131/40=XXVI II

B 208 .............................................131/48=XXXI II

B 209 ................................................... 131/15=XV

B 210...................................................131/14=XIV

B 211 ........................................131/1=I plane 1&2

B 212 ..................................................131/37=XXV

B 213 ................................................. 131/45=XXX

B 214 .................................................131/19=XVIII

B 215 ........................................................131/2=II

B 216..................................................131/18=XVII

B 217 .................................................. 131/20=XIX

B 218................................................ 131/38=XXVI

B 219...............................................131/39=XXVII

B 220 ...........................................131/53=XXXVIII

B 221 .............................................131/52=XXXVII

B 222 ...............................................131/46=XXXI

B 223 ............................................ 131/49=XXXIV

B 224 ..............................................131/50=XXXV

B 225 ............................................. 131/51=XXXVI

B 226 ..................................................131/32=XXI

B 227 ...................................................131/23=XX

B 228 .....................................................134/9=IX

B 229 .................................................. 134/15=XV

B 230 ................................................. 134/16=XVI

B 231 ........................................................... LN 23

B 232 ..........................................................LN 24

B 233.................................................. 134/14=XIV

B 234 ...........................................................LN 21

B 235 ..................................................134/13=XIII

B 236 ...................................................... 134/2=II

B 237 ...............................................134/18=XVIII

B 238 ................................................ 134/17=XVII

B 239 .......................................................... LN 34

B 240 ..........................................................LN 44

B 241 ...........................................................LN 45

B 242 ........................................................LN 45A

B 243 .......................................................... LN 32

B 244 ...........................................................LN 33

B 245 .......................................................... LN 27

B 246 .............................................................LN 1

B 247 ............................................................ LN 2

B 248 ................................................. LN 7 (child)

B 249 ................................................LN 6 (adult)

B 250 ...........................................................LN 31

B 251 ........................................................... LN 25

B 252 ..........................................................LN 26

B 253 ....................................131/58=XXIX pl 1&2

B 254 ........................................................ LN 327

B 255 ........................................................ LN 325

B 256 ............................................... 131/35=XXIII

B 257 ................................................ 131/34=XXII

B 258 ........................................................ LN 330

B 259 ......................................................... LN 311

B 260 .........................................................LN 312

B 261..........................................................LN 314

B 262 .........................................................LN 313

463—

B 263 ........................................................ LN 322

B 264 .........................................................LN 323

B 265 .........................................................LN 315

B 266 ........................................................ LN 329

B 267 .........................................................LN 321

B 268 .........................................................LN 316

B 269 .........................................................LN 317

B 270 ........................................................ LN 307

B 271 .........................................................LN 306

B 272 ........................................................ LN 305

B 273 ........................................................LN 309

B 274 ........................................................LN 304

B 275 ........................................................ LN 303

B 276 ........................................................LN 308

B 277 ........................................................ LN 302

B 278 .........................................................LN 301

B 279 .........................................................LN 310

B 280 .............................................. 133/nn=XXIV

B 281......................................................133/11=XI

B 282 ..................................................... 133/9=IX

B 283 ...................................................133/12=XII

B 284 .....................................................133/10=X

B 285 ..................................................133/13=XIII

B 286 ..................................................... 133/6=VI

B 287 .................................................... 133/7=VII

B 288 .......................................................133/5=V

B 289 .............................................. 133/nn=XXVI

B 290 ...................................................133/8=VIII

B 291........................................................... LN 35

B 292 ..........................................................LN 66

B 293 ..........................................................LN 65

B 294 ..........................................................LN 68

B 295 ..........................................................LN 69

B 296 .......................................................... LN 70

B 297 ..........................................................LN 98

B 298 ..........................................................LN 88

B 299 ...........................................................LN 41

B 300 ..........................................................LN 42

B 301 ........................................................... LN 36

B 302 .......................................................... LN 37

B 303 ...............................................LN 39 (west)

B 304 ................................................LN 39 (east)

B 305 ..........................................................LN 64

B 306 .......................................................... LN 38

B 307 .......................................................... LN 63

B 308 .......................................................... LN 73

B 309 ........................................................LN 75A

B 310 ........................................................... LN 75

B 311 ........................................................... LN 53

B 312 ...........................................................LN 46

B 313 .........................................................LN 72B

B 314 ........................................................... LN 72

B 315 .........................................................LN 72A

B 316 ........................................................... LN 77

B 317 ........................................................... LN 78

B 318 ........................................................... LN 74

B 319 ................................................. LN 4 (adult)

B 320 .................................................LN 5 (child)

B 321 ............................................................. LN 3

B 322 ...........................................................LN 12

B 323............................................................LN 13

B 324 ...........................................................LN 14

B 325 ...........................................................LN 15

B 326 .......................................................... LN 57

B 327 ...........................................................LN 16

B 328 ...........................................................LN 18

B 329 ...........................................................LN 17

B 330 ...........................................................LN 10

B 331 ...........................................................LN 60

B 332...........................................................LN 59

B 333 ...........................................................LN 58

B 334 .......................................................... LN 52

B 335 ........................................... LN 51 (bottom)

B 336 ..................................................LN 51 (top)

B 337 ...........................................................LN 50

B 338 .......................................................... LN 47

B 339 ..........................................................LN 48

B 340 ..........................................................LN 49

B 341 ........................................................... LN 55

B 342 ..........................................................LN 56

B 343 ..........................................................LN 82

B 344 ............................................................LN 8

B 345 ........................................................... LN 11

B 346 ............................................................LN 9

B 347 ..........................................................LN 9a

B 348 .................................................LN 19 (NW)

B 349 ................................................... LN 19 (SE)

B 350 ...........................................................LN 61

B 351 ...........................................................LN 62

B 352 .............................................. 141/nn=XVIII

B 353 ...................................................141/12=VIII

B 354 ....................................................141/15=XI

464—

B 355 .................................................141/20=XVI

B 356 ...................................................141/16=XII

B 357 ..................................................141/17=XIII

B 358 ................................................141/nn=XVII

B 359 ...................................................141/19=XV

B 360 ...................................................133/15=XV

B 361 ................................................ 133/18=XVIII

B 362 ................................................. 133/16=XVI

B 363 ..................................................133/19=XIX

B 364 ................................................133/nn=XVII

B 365 ................................................. 133/14=XIV

B 366 ...............................................133/nn=XXIII

B 367 ..................................................133/21=XXI

B 368 .................................................. 133/20=XX

B 369 ................................................ 133/22=XXII

B 370 ..........................................................LN 111

B 371 ..........................................................LN 110

B 372 .........................................................LN 119

B 373 .......................................................... LN 113

B 374 ..........................................................LN 89

B 375 ..........................................................LN 90

B 376 ...........................................................LN 91

B 377 ...........................................................LN 99

B 378 ........................................................ LN 100

B 379 ........................................................ LN 102

B 380 .........................................................LN 101

B 381 ...........................................................LN 94

B 382 .........................................................LN 103

B 383 ........................................................ LN 104

B 384 ........................................................ LN 105

B 385 ......................................................... LN 112

B 386 ........................................................ LN 106

B 387 .........................................................LN 107

B 388 .........................................................LN 114

B 389 .......................................................... LN 79

B 390 ..........................................................LN 80

B 391 ...........................................................LN 92

B 392 ...........................................................LN 81

B 393 .......................................................... LN 93

B 394 ..........................................................LN 95

B 395 ..........................................................LN 96

B 396 ..........................................................LN 84

B 397 ..........................................................LN 85

B 398 .......................................................... LN 83

B 399 ..........................................................LN 86

B 400 .......................................................... LN 87

B 401 .......................................................... LN 97

B 402 ........................................................ LN 109

B 403 ........................................................ LN 108

B 404 .................................................... 141/13=IX

B 405 ....................................................141/10=VI

B 406 .....................................................141/14=X

B 407 ...................................................... 141/9=V

B 408 ................................................... 141/11=VII

B 409 ..................................................... 141/8=IV

B 410 .........................................................LN 233

B 411 ......................................................... LN 216

B 412 ..........................................................LN 215

B 413 ..........................................................LN 116

B 414 ......................................................... LN 117

B 415 ..........................................................LN 118

B 416 .........................................................LN 214

B 417 ..........................................................LN 213

B 418 .........................................................LN 212

B 419 ......................................................... LN 211

B 420 ........................................................ LN 234

B 421 .......................................................... LN 121

B 422 ......................................................... LN 115

B 423 ........................................................ LN 120

B 424 ......................................................... LN 131

B 425 .........................................................LN 132

B 426 .........................................................LN 133

B 427 .........................................................LN 136

B 428 .........................................................LN 135

B 429 .........................................................LN 134

B 430 ........................................................ LN 210

B 431 .........................................................LN 209

B 432 ........................................................ LN 227

B 433 ........................................................LN 229

B 434 ........................................................LN 228

B 435 .........................................................LN 125

B 436 .........................................................LN 127

B 437 ........................................................ LN 128

B 438 ........................................................ LN 126

B 439 .........................................................LN 137

B 440 .........................................................LN 130

B 441 ........................................................ LN 129

B 442 .........................................................LN 138

B 443 .........................................................LN 139

B 444 ........................................................ LN 140

B 445 ........................................................LN 208

B 446 ........................................................LN 207

465—

B 447 ........................................................LN 206

B 448 ........................................................LN 205

B 449 .........................................................LN 122

B 450 .........................................................LN 123

B 451 ..........................................................LN 124

B 452 .........................................................LN 142

B 453 .........................................................LN 141

B 454 .........................................................LN 143

B 455 ........................................................LN 204

B 456 ........................................................ LN 203

B 457 ........................................................LN 202

B 458 ........................................................ LN 201

B 459 ...................................................133/nn=IV

B 460 .......................................................133/2=II

B 461 ................................................133/nn=XXV

B 462 ................................................... 133/nn=III

B 463 ........................................................ 133/1=I

B 464 ........................................................LN 254

B 465 ........................................................LN 246

B 466 ........................................................ LN 247

B 467 ........................................................LN 248

B 468 ........................................................ LN 253

B 469 ........................................................LN 249

B 470 ........................................................ LN 235

B 471 ......................................................... LN 239

B 472 ........................................................LN 245

B 473 ........................................................LN 242

B 474 ........................................................ LN 243

B 475 .........................................................LN 241

B 476 ........................................................LN 244

B 477 .........................................................LN 251

B 478 ........................................................ LN 252

B 479 ........................................................LN 250

B 480 ........................................................ LN 236

B 481 ........................................................ LN 238

B 482 ........................................................ LN 237

B 483 ........................................................LN 240

B 484 ........................................................ LN 230

B 485 .........................................................LN 221

B 486 ....................................................... LN 218

B 487 ........................................................ LN 222

B 488 ........................................................ LN 223

B 489 .........................................................LN 217

B 490 .........................................................LN 231

B 491 ........................................................ LN 232

B 492 ........................................................ LN 219

B 493 ........................................................LN 220

B 494 ........................................................ LN 225

B 495 ........................................................LN 224

B 496 ........................................................LN 226

B 497 .................................................142/18=XIV

B 498 ........................................................ 142/nn

B 499 ........................................................ 142/nn

B 500 ........................................................ 142/nn

B 501..........................................................142/10

B 502 .................................... plane 1:142/nn~XV

B 502 ...........................................pl 2: 142/9=XIII

B 503 ..........................................pl 1: 142/nn~XV

B 503 .......................................... pl 2: 142/17=XV

B 504 ....................................................142/7~XV

B 505 ...................................................142/5~XVI

B 506 ................................................. 142/nn~VII

B 507 ................................................. 142/nn~VII

B 508 ..................................................142/32~VII

B 509 .................................................. 142/33=VII

B 510...................................................142/35~VII

B 511 ..................................................142/14=VIII

B 512 ..................................................142/43~VIII

B 513 ..................................................142/37~VIII

B 514 .....................................................142/11~IX

B 515 .................................................. 142/nn=XII

B 516.................................................. 142/15=XVI

B 517 ................................................142/16=XVIII

B 518...............................................142/nn~XVIII

B 519....................................................142/25~IX

B 520 ................................................142/23~XVII

B 521 .................................................142/19=XVII

B 522 ...................................................142/42=IX

B 523 ...................................................142/nn~IX

B 524 ...................................................142/39~IX

B 525 ...................................................142/38~IX

B 526 ...................................................142/44=VI

B 527 ....................................................142/nn=V

B 528 .................................................. 142/nn~IV

B 529 ...................................................142/40~IV

B 530 .................................................. 142/nn=IV

B 531 ................................................... 142/nn~IV

B 532 ........................................................ 142/nn

B 533 ......................................................... 142/nn

B 534 ..............................................142/nn~XXIII

B 535 ..............................................142/nn=XXIII

B 536 .............................................. 142/45~XXI II

466—

B 537 .............................................. 142/30~XXI II

B 538 ...............................................142/nn=XXV

B 539 ...............................................142/31=XXIV

B 540 ................................................. 142/nn~XX

B 541 ................................................. 142/13=XXII

B 542 .................................................. 142/12~XX

B 543 ................................................ 142/nn~XXI

B 544 ................................................ 142/29=XXI

B 545 ..................................................142/28~XX

B 546 ................................................ 142/nn~XIX

B 547 ....................................................142/6~XX

B 548 ....................................................142/4=XX

B 549 ...................................................142/3~XIX

B 550 ................................................... 142/27~IX

B 551 ....................................................142/2=XIX

B 552 ................................................ 142/nn~XIX

B 553 ...................................................142/nn~III

B 554 ...................................................142/24~III

B 555 ...................................................142/26=III

B 556 .................................................... 142/22=II

B 557 .....................................................142/nn=I

B 558 .....................................................142/nn~I

B 559 ....................................................142/nn=X

B 560 ................................................... 142/21=XI

B 561...........................................................G 439

B 562 ..........................................................G 434

B 563 ..........................................................G 438

B 564 .......................................................... G 437

B 565 ..........................................................G 436

B 566 .......................................................... G 433

B 567 .......................................................... G 432

B 568 ...........................................................G 431

B 569 ..........................................................G 430

B 570 .......................................................... G 435

B 571 ...........................................................G 429

B 572 .......................................................... G 423

B 573 ..........................................................G 428

B 574 ..........................................................G 424

B 575 ..........................................................G 425

B 576 .......................................................... G 427

B 577 ..........................................................G 426

B 578 .......................................................... G 273

B 579 .......................................................... G 272

B 580 ..........................................................G 269

B 581............................................................G 271

B 582 ..........................................................G 267

B 583 ..........................................................G 262

B 584 ..........................................................G 260

B 585 ..........................................................G 259

B 586 ..........................................................G 258

B 587 ..........................................................G 422

B 588 ...........................................................G 421

B 589 ..........................................................G 420

B 590 .......................................................... G 419

B 591............................................................G 130

B 592 ...........................................................G 127

B 593 .......................................................... G 129

B 594 .......................................................... G 128

B 595 .......................................................... G 126

B 596 ...........................................................G 124

B 597 ...........................................................G 123

B 598 ...........................................................G 122

B 599 ........................................................... G 121

B 600 .......................................................... G 120

B 601 ...........................................................G 118

B 602 ............................................................ G 72

B 603 ........................................................... G 113

B 604 ............................................................ G 63

B 605 .............................................................G 71

B 606 ............................................................G 64

B 607 ............................................................G 65

B 608 ........................................................LN 340

B 609 ..........................................................G 265

B 610 ..........................................................G 264

B 611 ........................................................... G 263

B 612...........................................................G 440

B 613 ............................................................G 411

B 614 .......................................................... G 410

B 615........................................................... G 401

B 616 ..........................................................G 402

B 617 ...........................................................G 409

B 618 ...........................................................G 133

B 619 ..........................................................G 403

B 620 ..........................................................G 405

B 621...........................................................G 404

B 622 ..........................................................G 407

B 623 ...........................................................G 417

B 624 ...........................................................G 415

B 625 .......................................................... G 414

B 626 .......................................................... G 416

B 627 ..........................................................G 406

B 628 .......................................................... G 418

467—

B 629 ..........................................................G 408

B 630 ...........................................................G 413

B 631 ............................................................G 412

B 632 ...........................................................G 132

B 633 .........................................................G 131A

B 634 ........................................................... G 131

B 635 ...........................................................G 116

B 636 ...........................................................G 114

B 637 ........................................................... G 115

B 638 ............................................................ G 70

B 639 ............................................................G 68

B 640 ............................................................ G 67

B 641 ............................................................G 69

B 642 ............................................................G 66

B 643 ............................................................ G 73

B 644 ........................................................... G 112

B 645 ...........................................................G 125

B 646 ............................................................G 111

B 647 ............................................................G 24

B 648 ............................................................G 28

B 649 ............................................................ G 27

B 650 ............................................................G 26

B 651............................................................. G 25

B 652 .............................................................G 31

B 653 ............................................................G 29

B 654 ............................................................ G 30

B 655 ............................................................ G 32

B 656 ...............................................................G 1

B 657 .............................................................. G 2

B 658 .............................................................. G 3

B 659 ............................................................G 4A

B 660 ..............................................................G 8

B 661 .............................................................. G 7

B 662 .............................................................G 12

B 663 ............................................................. G 11

B 664 ...........................................................G 11A

B 665 .............................................................G 13

B 666 .............................................................G 14

B 667 .............................................................G 16

B 668 .............................................................G 15

B 669 ..............................................................G 4

B 670 .............................................................. G 5

B 671 ...............................................................G 6

B 672 ..............................................................G 9

B 673 .............................................................G 10

B 674 ............................................................M 35

B 675 ........................................................... M 34

B 676 ............................................................M 33

B 677 ........................................................... M 36

B 678 ........................................................... M 38

B 679 ............................................................M 37

B 680 ............................................................M 53

B 681 ........................................................... M 52

B 682 ............................................................M 61

B 683 ........................................................... M 56

B 684 ........................................................... M 55

B 685 ........................................................... M 43

B 686 ...........................................................M 44

B 687 ........................................................... M 45

B 688 ...........................................................M 46

B 689 ........................................................... M 50

B 690 ........................................................... M 58

B 691 ........................................................... M 59

B 692 ...........................................................M 60

B 693 ........................................................... M 83

B 694 ...........................................................M 84

B 695 ........................................................... M 82

B 696 ...........................................................M 80

B 697 ........................................................... M 76

B 698 ........................................................... M 79

B 699 ........................................................... M 78

B 700 ............................................................M 77

B 701 .............................................................M 81

B 702 ...........................................................M 86

B 703 ........................................................... M 85

B 704 ...........................................................M 94

B 705 ........................................................... M 87

B 706 ...........................................................M 88

B 707 ........................................................... M 95

B 708 .......................................................... M 93

B 709 ............................................................M 91

B 710 ............................................................M 89

B 711 ............................................................ M 92

B 712 ............................................................M 90

B 713 ............................................................M 96

B 714 ............................................................ M 97

B 715 ..........................................................M 258

B 716 .......................................................... M 109

B 717 ............................................................M 99

B 718 ...........................................................M 105

B 719 ............................................................M 98

B 720 ......................................................... M 104

468—

B 721 ...........................................................M 102

B 722 ..........................................................M 103

B 723 .......................................................... M 101

B 724 ......................................................... M 100

B 725 .......................................................... M 110

B 726 ......................................................... M 108

B 727 ..........................................................M 107

B 728 ......................................................... M 106

B 729 ........................................................... M 75

B 730 ........................................................... M 74

B 731 ..........................................................M 205

B 732 ........................................................... M 42

B 733 .............................................................M 41

B 734 ........................................................... M 23

B 735 ............................................................M 21

B 736 ........................................................... M 20

B 737 .............................................................M 19

B 738 ............................................................M 18

B 739 ........................................................... M 62

B 740 ...........................................................M 49

B 741 ............................................................ M 47

B 742 ............................................................M 51

B 743 ...........................................................M 48

B 744 .........................................................M 204

B 745 .........................................................M 206

B 746 ..........................................................M 233

B 747 ....................................................M 22/234

B 748 ......................................................... M 232

B 749 .........................................................M 229

B 750 ..................................................M 235/224

B 751 .............................................................M 17

B 752 .........................................................M 256

B 753 .........................................................M 208

B 754 ......................................................... M 207

B 755 ..........................................................M 213

B 756 .........................................................M 209

B 757 ......................................................... M 225

B 758 .........................................................M 226

B 759 .......................................................... M 211

B 760 ..........................................................M 210

B 761 ...........................................................M 212

B 762 ..........................................................M 214

B 763 ..........................................................M 216

B 764 ......................................................... M 215

B 765 ......................................................... M 222

B 766 ..........................................................M 217

B 767 ..........................................................M 218

B 768 ..........................................................M 219

B 769 .........................................................M 220

B 770 ..........................................................M 201

B 771 ..........................................................M 202

B 772 ..........................................................M 221

B 773 .......................................................... M 223

B 774 .................................................................. -

B 775 ......................................................... M 203

B 776 .........................................................M 228

B 777.......................................................... M 227

B 778 .........................................................M 259

B 779 ......................................................... M 254

B 780 ......................................................... M 236

B 781 ...........................................................M 237

B 782 ......................................................... M 242

B 783 ......................................................... M 247

B 784 ......................................................... M 238

B 785 .................................................................. -

B 786 .........................................................M 240

B 787 ......................................................... M 239

B 788 ..........................................................M 241

B 789 .........................................................M 244

B 790 ......................................................... M 243

B 791 ..........................................................M 248

B 792 .........................................................M 246

B 793 ......................................................... M 252

B 794 .........................................................M 250

B 795 ......................................................M 245/9

B 796 ......................................................... M 253

B 797 ......................................................... M 257

B 798 ..........................................................M 251

B 799 ......................................................... M 255

B 800 ..........................................................M 261

B 801 .......................................................... 97/27

B 802 ...........................................................97/17

B 803 ............................................................97/9

B 804 ...........................................................97/19

B 805 ...........................................................97/10

B 806 ...........................................................97/13

B 807 .......................................................... 97/22

B 808 ............................................................97/8

B 809 .......................................................... 97/23

B 810 ...........................................................97/18

B 811 ............................................................. 97/7

B 812............................................................97/15

469—

B 813 .............................................................97/6

B 814 ..........................................................97/26

B 815...........................................................97/24

B 816 ............................................................ 97/3

B 817 ............................................................97/21

B 818 ...........................................................97/16

B 819 .............................................................97/1

B 820 ............................................................ 97/5

B 821............................................................ 97/11

B 822 ..........................................................97/20

B 823 ............................................................ 97/2

B 824 ............................................................97/4

B 825 ...........................................................97/14

B 826 ...........................................................97/12

B 827 .......................................................... 97/25

B 828 ..........................................................M 231

B 829 ...........................................................104/1

B 830 ..............................................................10B

B 831 ..........................................................M 260

B 832 .........................................................M 262

B 833 .......................................................(M 263)

B 834 ...............................................Kelfkensbos

Cemetery OOin Nijmegen-East

Graves without excavation number have been identified

by H. van Enckevort during analysis of the excavation

records.

- ..................................................................... 206

OO 1 .................................................................... -

OO 2 ...............................................................169

OO 3 ...............................................................186

OO 4 ...............................................................166

OO 5 ............................................................... 167

OO 6 ................................................................... -

OO 7 ................................................................... -

OO 8 ................................................................... -

OO 9 ...............................................................164

OO 10 .............................................................168

OO 11 .................................................................. -

OO 12..............................................................165

OO 13 .............................................................. 163

OO 14 ................................................................. -

OO 15............................................................. 248

OO 16 ................................................................. -

OO 17 .................................................................. -

OO 18 ................................................................. -

OO 19 ............................................................ 242

OO 20 ............................................................ 246

OO 21.................................................................. -

OO 22 ................................................................. -

OO 23 ................................................................. -

OO 24 ............................................................ 249

OO 25 .............................................................189

OO 26 ............................................................. 183

OO 27 ................................................................. -

OO 28 .............................................................149

OO 29 .............................................................148

OO 30 ..............................................................151

OO 31 ..............................................................180

OO 32 ............................................................. 181

OO 33 ............................................................. 181

OO 34 .............................................................253

OO 35 ................................................................. -

OO 36 ............................................................ 250

OO 37 ............................................................. 251

OO 38 ................................................................. -

OO 39 .............................................................247

OO 40 .............................................................243

OO 41 .............................................................243

OO 42 .............................................................252

OO 44 .............................................................182

OO 45 ................................................................. -

OO 46 ................................................................. -

OO 47 ............................................................. 134

OO 48 .............................................................120

OO 49 ............................................................. 119

OO 50 ..............................................................121

OO 51.............................................................. 122

OO 52 ................................................................. -

OO 53 ............................................................. 173

OO 54 ............................................................. 125

OO 55 ................................................................. -

OO 56 ............................................................. 174

OO 57 ............................................................. 127

OO 58 ............................................................. 179

OO 59 .............................................................185

OO 60 ............................................................. 178

OO 61 ................................................................. -

OO 62 ............................................................. 175

OO 63 ............................................................. 172

470—

OO 64 ................................................................. -

OO 65 ............................................................. 152

OO 66 .............................................................150

OO 67 ................................................................. -

OO 68 ................................................................. -

OO 69 ............................................................. 147

OO 70 ............................................................ 259

OO 71 ..............................................................257

OO 72 ............................................................ 256

OO 73 ................................................................. -

OO 74 ............................................................ 258

OO 75 ............................................................ 254

OO 76 .............................................................255

OO 77 ................................................................. -

OO 78 ............................................................ 260

OO 79 ............................................................ 244

OO 79 ................................................................. -

OO 80 ............................................................ 244

OO 82 ............................................................ 245

OO 83 .............................................................219

OO 84 ............................................................ 220

OO 85 ............................................................. 221

OO 86 ................................................................. -

OO 87 .............................................................225

OO 88 ............................................................ 226

OO 89 .............................................................267

OO 90 ............................................................ 266

OO 91 ............................................................ 264

OO 92 ............................................................ 265

OO 93 ................................................................. -

OO 94 .............................................................263

OO 95 ................................................................. -

OO 96 ............................................................. 103

OO 97 ............................................................. 118

OO 98 ............................................................. 116

OO 99 ..............................................................117

OO 100 ........................................................... 123

OO 101 ............................................................126

OO 102 ...........................................................124

OO 103 ........................................................... 177

OO 104 ........................................................... 176

OO 105 ............................................................171

OO 106 ...........................................................145

OO 107 ........................................................... 170

OO 108 ...........................................................146

OO 109 ...........................................................144

OO 110 ............................................................142

OO 111 ............................................................. 143

OO 112 ............................................................261

OO 113 ........................................................... 262

OO 114 ................................................................ -

OO 115 ............................................................216

OO 116 ............................................................ 217

OO 117 ................................................................ -

OO 118 ............................................................218

OO 119 ................................................................ -

OO 120 ............................................................... -

OO 121 ........................................................... 224

OO 122 ...........................................................214

OO 123 ............................................................223

OO 124 ............................................................... -

OO 125........................................................... 228

OO 126 ...........................................................227

OO 127 ............................................................232

OO 128 ........................................................... 231

OO 129 ...........................................................230

OO 130 .......................................................... 229

OO 131 ................................................................ -

OO 131 ............................................................234

OO 132 ............................................................235

OO 133 ............................................................236

OO 134............................................................239

OO 135 ............................................................241

OO 135 ................................................................ -

OO 136 ........................................................... 187

OO 137 ............................................................109

OO 138 ...........................................................106

OO 139 ............................................................... -

OO 140 ...........................................................108

OO 141 ................................................................ -

OO 142 ............................................................... -

OO 143............................................................ 107

OO 144 ...........................................................105

OO 145 ...........................................................104

OO 146 ............................................................... -

OO 147 ............................................................115

OO 148 ...........................................................128

OO 149 ............................................................141

OO 150 ........................................................... 136

OO 151 ............................................................188

OO 152.............................................................133

OO 153 ............................................................ 132

471—

OO 154 ............................................................... -

OO 155................................................................ -

OO 156 ........................................................... 215

OO 157 ........................................................... 209

OO 158 ............................................................... -

OO 159 ............................................................... -

OO 160 ............................................................... -

OO 161 ............................................................233

OO 162 ...........................................................210

OO 163 ............................................................211

OO 164 ........................................................... 213

OO 165 ............................................................... -

OO 165 .......................................................... 240

OO 166 ...........................................................237

OO 167 ...........................................................203

OO 168 ...........................................................238

OO 169 ............................................................ 111

OO 170 ........................................................... 110

OO 171 ................................................................ -

OO 172 ................................................................ -

OO 173 .............................................................112

OO 174 ............................................................113

OO 175 .............................................................114

OO 176 ...........................................................140

OO 177 ............................................................ 139

OO 178 ........................................................... 138

OO 179 ........................................................... 137

OO 180 ...........................................................158

OO 181 ............................................................162

OO 182 ............................................................... -

OO 183 ............................................................... -

OO 184 ............................................................... -

OO 185 ............................................................... -

OO 186 ........................................................... 197

OO 187 ............................................................... -

OO 188 .......................................................... 202

OO 189 ........................................................... 212

OO 190 ............................................................... -

OO 191 ................................................................ -

OO 192 ............................................................... -

OO 193 .......................................................... 208

OO 194 .......................................................... 204

OO 195 .......................................................... 205

OO 196 ...........................................................207

OO 197 ...........................................................154

OO 198 ........................................................... 155

OO 199 ........................................................... 161

OO 200 ........................................................... 153

OO 201 ........................................................... 157

OO 202 ............................................................... -

OO 203 ...........................................................156

OO 204 ...........................................................159

OO 205 ...........................................................160

OO 206 ...........................................................184

OO 207 ............................................................131

OO 208 ...........................................................129

OO 209 ........................................................... 130

OO 210 ...........................................................194

OO 211 ............................................................195

OO 212 ...........................................................195

OO 213 ................................................................ -

OO 214 ............................................................... -

OO 215............................................................196

OO 216 ...........................................................199

OO 217 ................................................................ -

OO 218 ............................................................... -

OO 219 ...........................................................201

OO 220 ............................................................... -

OO 221 ............................................................... -

OO 222 .......................................................... 286

OO 223 .......................................................... 285

OO 224 ............................................................... -

OO 225 ............................................................... -

OO 226 ............................................................... -

OO 227 ............................................................... -

OO 228 ............................................................ 96

OO 229 .............................................................97

OO 230 ............................................................... -

OO 231 ............................................................192

OO 232 ........................................................... 193

OO 233 ............................................................... -

OO 234 ........................................................... 191

OO 235 ............................................................... -

OO 236 ............................................................... -

OO 237 ............................................................... -

OO 238 ............................................................... -

OO 239 ............................................................... -

OO 240 .......................................................... 200

OO 241 ...........................................................287

OO 242 .......................................................... 288

OO 243 ........................................................... 271

OO 244 ...........................................................272

472—

OO 245 ............................................................... -

OO 246 ...........................................................270

OO 247 .......................................................... 269

OO 248 .......................................................... 268

OO 249 ............................................................311

OO 250 ............................................................ 92

OO 251..............................................................93

OO 252 ............................................................ 98

OO 253 ............................................................... -

OO 254 ............................................................... -

OO 255 ............................................................ 95

OO 256 ............................................................ 94

OO 257 ............................................................... -

OO 258 ............................................................... -

OO 259 ...........................................................198

OO 260 ............................................................... -

OO 261 ............................................................... -

OO 262 ............................................................... -

OO 263 ............................................................... -

OO 264 ............................................................... -

OO 265 ............................................................... -

OO 266 ............................................................... -

OO 267 ...........................................................293

OO 268 .......................................................... 292

OO 269 ...........................................................291

OO 270 ...........................................................283

OO 271 ........................................................... 282

OO 272 .......................................................... 290

OO 273 .......................................................... 294

OO 274 .......................................................... 289

OO 275 ...........................................................278

OO 276 ...........................................................273

OO 277 ...........................................................274

OO 278 ...........................................................275

OO 279 ...........................................................276

OO 280 ...........................................................277

OO 281 ............................................................... -

OO 282 ............................................................... -

OO 283 ...........................................................281

OO 284 ...........................................................279

OO 285 .......................................................... 280

OO 286 ........................................................... 315

OO 287 ........................................................... 310

OO 288 ........................................................... 312

OO 289 .............................................................77

OO 290 .............................................................75

OO 291 .............................................................76

OO 292 .............................................................91

OO 293 ............................................................... -

OO 294 ............................................................ 82

OO 295 ............................................................... -

OO 296 ............................................................... -

OO 297 ............................................................... -

OO 298 ............................................................... -

OO 299 ...........................................................102

OO 300 ............................................................... -

OO 301 ............................................................... -

OO 302 ........................................................... 101

OO 303 ............................................................... -

OO 304 .......................................................... 298

OO 305 ...........................................................297

OO 306 .......................................................... 296

OO 307 .......................................................... 284

OO 308 .......................................................... 295

OO 309 ........................................................... 316

OO 310 ............................................................313

OO 311 ............................................................ 317

OO 312 ............................................................ 318

OO 313 ............................................................ 314

OO 314..............................................................55

OO 315 ..............................................................57

OO 316 ............................................................ 58

OO 317 ..............................................................52

OO 318 .............................................................74

OO 319 ............................................................ 59

OO 320 .............................................................73

OO 321 ..............................................................78

OO 322 ............................................................ 80

OO 323 .............................................................79

OO 324 .............................................................81

OO 325 ............................................................ 86

OO 326 ............................................................ 84

OO 327 .............................................................83

OO 328 ............................................................... -

OO 329 ...........................................................100

OO 330 ............................................................... -

OO 331 ................................................................ -

OO 332 ............................................................... -

OO 333............................................................. 99

OO 334 ............................................................... -

OO 335 ........................................................... 301

OO 336 ...........................................................302

473—

OO 337 .......................................................... 300

OO 338 .......................................................... 299

OO 339 ...........................................................307

OO 340 .......................................................... 308

OO 341............................................................ 319

OO 342 ............................................................ 29

OO 343 .............................................................30

OO 344 ............................................................. 31

OO 345 .............................................................32

OO 346 .............................................................33

OO 347 .............................................................53

OO 348 ............................................................ 56

OO 349 .............................................................54

OO 350 ............................................................ 50

OO 351 .............................................................. 51

OO 352 ............................................................ 49

OO 353 ............................................................ 60

OO 354 .............................................................61

OO 356 ............................................................ 85

OO 356 ............................................................... -

OO 357 ............................................................ 88

OO 358 ............................................................ 89

OO 359 .......................................................... 304

OO 360 ...........................................................303

OO 361 .......................................................... 306

OO 362 .......................................................... 309

OO 363 ...........................................................320

OO 364 ........................................................... 321

OO 365 ...........................................................322

OO 366 .............................................................25

OO 367 ............................................................ 26

OO 368 .............................................................27

OO 369 ............................................................ 28

OO 370 .............................................................23

OO 371 ..............................................................34

OO 372 .............................................................35

OO 373 .............................................................37

OO 374 ............................................................... -

OO 375 .............................................................36

OO 376 .............................................................41

OO 377 .............................................................42

OO 378 ............................................................ 62

OO 379 ............................................................ 46

OO 380 ............................................................... -

OO 381 .............................................................63

OO 382 .............................................................72

OO 383 .............................................................87

OO 384 ............................................................ 90

OO 385 ............................................................... -

OO 386 ...........................................................323

OO 387 ...........................................................305

OO 388 ...........................................................324

OO 389 ...........................................................327

OO 390 ...........................................................326

OO 391 ...........................................................325

OO 392 ............................................................... -

OO 393 ............................................................. 14

OO 394 .............................................................22

OO 395 .............................................................. 9

OO 396 .............................................................24

OO 397 .............................................................38

OO 398 ............................................................... -

OO 399 ............................................................... -

OO 400 ........................................................... 40

OO 401 .............................................................39

OO 402 .............................................................43

OO 403 .............................................................47

OO 404 ........................................................... 48

OO 405 ............................................................... -

OO 406 ........................................................... 64

OO 407 ............................................................... -

OO 408 ........................................................... 69

OO 409 .............................................................. -

OO 410 ............................................................... -

OO 411 .............................................................. 71

OO 412 ............................................................. 13

OO 413................................................................3

OO 414 ............................................................... -

OO 415 .............................................................10

OO 416 ............................................................... -

OO 417 ............................................................... -

OO 418 .............................................................. 8

OO 419 ............................................................ 44

OO 420 .............................................................45

OO 421 .............................................................67

OO 422 ............................................................ 68

OO 423 ............................................................ 66

OO 424 .............................................................70

OO 425 ..............................................................11

OO 426 ...............................................................5

OO 427 ............................................................... -

OO 428 ...............................................................4

474—

OO 429 ............................................................... -

OO 430 ...............................................................2

OO 431................................................................ 1

OO 432 ............................................................. 15

OO 433 .............................................................. 6

OO 434 ............................................................. 21

OO 435 ............................................................ 65

OO 436 ............................................................... -

OO 437 ............................................................. 12

OO 438 .............................................................18

OO 439 ............................................................... -

OO 440 ..............................................................7

OO 441 ............................................................ 20

OO 442 ............................................................... -

OO 443 ............................................................. 17

OO 444.............................................................16

OO 445 ............................................................... -

OO 446 ............................................................19

OO 447 ............................................................... -

OO 448 .............................................................. -

OO 449 .............................................................. -

OO 450 ............................................................... -

OO 451 ............................................................... -

OO 452 ............................................................... -

OO 453 ............................................................... -

OO 454 ............................................................... -

OO 455 ............................................................... -

OO 456 ............................................................... -

OO 457 ............................................................... -

OO 458 ............................................................... -

OO 459 ............................................................... -

OO 460 .............................................................. -

OO 461 ...........................................................919

OO 462 ............................................................... -

OO 463 ...........................................................918

OO 464 .............................................................. -

OO 465 ............................................................... -

OO 466 ..........................................................916

OO 467 ...........................................................917

OO 468 ..........................................................915

OO 469 ..........................................................914

OO 470 ............................................................... -

OO 470 ...........................................................912

OO 471 ............................................................... -

OO 472 ........................................................... 913

OO 473 ...........................................................910

OO 473 ........................................................... 911

OO 474 ............................................................... -

OO 475 ............................................................... -

OO 476 ..........................................................909

OO 477 ............................................................... -

OO 478 ..........................................................909

OO 479 ..........................................................908

OO 480 ......................................................... 907

OO 481 ..........................................................906

OO 482 .......................................................... 905

OO 483 ..........................................................904

OO 484 ......................................................... 903

OO 485 ............................................................... -

OO 486 ......................................................... 902

OO 487 ............................................................... -

OO 488 .............................................................. -

OO 489 ..........................................................901

475—

Cemetery Bin the inner city

Excavations 1947-1963

under the direction of

H. Brunsting

Legend

Italics ...............................................location year

(Italics) ........................................daily supervisor

Areas in cemetery B

D ...................................... Dominican Broerkerk

G ........................................................... Grutberg

LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat

M ......................................................Mariënburg

Kerkegasje 1949

(H. Brun sting)

D 1 .................................................................. B 5

D 2 .................................................................. B 6

D 3 .................................................................. B 7

D 4 .................................................................. B 9

D 5 .................................................................B 10

D 6 .................................................................. B 8

D 7 .................................................................B 19

D 8 ................................................................ B 22

D 9 .................................................................B 18

D 10 ...................................................B stray 297

D 11 ...............................................................B 44

D 11a ............................................................. B 45

D 12a ............................................................B 46

D 12 .............................................................. B 47

D 13 ...............................................................B 48

D 14 bottom ................................................ B 20

D 14 top.........................................................B 21

D 15 .............................................................. B 27

D 16 .............................................................. B 28

D 17............................................................... B 25

D 17 niche....................................................B 176

D 18 .............................................................. B 26

D 19 ...............................................................B 15

D 20 ...............................................................B 17

D 21 ...............................................................B 23

D 22a ............................................................ B 29

D 22 .............................................................. B 30

D 23 ...............................................................B 32

D 24 ..............................................................B 40

D 24a .............................................................B 41

D 24b ........................................................... B 42

D 25a ............................................................ B 34

D 25 ...............................................................B 35

D 26a ............................................................ B 36

D 26b ............................................................B 37

D 26c ............................................................ B 38

D 26d ........................................................... B 39

D 27 ...............................................................B 33

D 28 ...............................................................B 31

D 29 .............................................................. B 43

D 30 .................................................................B 3

D 31 ................................................................. B 4

D 32 ................................................................ B 2

Kerkegasje 1950

(H. Brun sting)

D 33 .............................................................. B 55

D 34 .............................................................. B 24

D 35 .............................................................. B 56

D 36 ............................................................ B 169

Town hall 1951

(H. Brun sting)

D 37 ..............................................................B 49

D 38 .............................................................. B 50

D 39 ...............................................................B 51

Broerkerk 1951

(G. Plug)

D 41 .............................................................B 144

D 43 ............................................................ B 149

D 45 ............................................................ B 146

D 46.............................................................B 147

D 47 .............................................................B 143

D 48.............................................................B 145

D 49.............................................................B 138

D 50 ............................................................ B 140

D 51 ............................................................. B 141

D 52 .............................................................B 142

D 55 ..............................................................B 131

D 56 .............................................................B 139

D 57 .............................................................B 132

Appendix 1b: from excavation grave number to catalogue grave number

476—

D 58 .............................................................B 135

D 59 .............................................................B 134

D 60.............................................................B 128

D 61 ............................................................. B 133

D 62 .............................................................B 127

D 63 .............................................................B 126

D 64.............................................................B 125

D 65 ............................................................. B 121

D 66............................................................. B 137

D 67 .............................................................B 136

D 68.............................................................B 124

D 69.............................................................B 130

D 70 .............................................................B 129

D 71..............................................................B 123

D 72 .............................................................B 122

D 73 .............................................................. B 97

D 74 .............................................................B 159

D 75 .............................................................B 156

D 76 .............................................................B 155

D 77 ............................................................ B 158

D 78 .............................................................B 157

D 79 .............................................................B 162

D 80.............................................................B 164

D 81 .............................................................B 165

D 82 .............................................................B 163

D 83 .............................................................B 160

D 84............................................................. B 161

D 85 .............................................................B 150

D 86.............................................................B 154

D 87 ............................................................. B 151

D 88.............................................................B 152

D 89.............................................................B 167

D 91 .............................................................B 168

D 92 .............................................................B 166

D 93 .............................................................B 148

D 96..............................................................B 117

D 97 .............................................................B 120

D 100 ............................................................ B 93

D 101 ............................................................. B 92

D 102 .............................................................B 91

D 103 ........................................................... B 114

D 104 ........................................................... B 115

D 105 ........................................................... B 116

D 106 ............................................................B 90

D 107 ............................................................ B 87

D 108 ............................................................B 89

D 109 ............................................................B 88

D 110 .............................................................B 113

D 111 ............................................................ B 119

D 112 .............................................................B 96

D 113 ............................................................ B 118

D 114 ............................................................. B 95

D 115 ............................................................ B 112

D 116 ............................................................. B 85

D 117 .............................................................B 86

D 118 .............................................................B 69

D 119 .............................................................B 94

D 120 ........................................................... B 110

D 121 ............................................................B 107

D 122B .........................................................B 108

D 122A .........................................................B 109

D 123 .............................................................B 111

Broerkerk 1952

(G. Plug)

D 128 ...........................................................B 103

D 129 ...........................................................B 102

D 130 ........................................................... B 101

D 131 ............................................................B 100

D 132 ............................................................. B 79

D 133 .............................................................B 99

D 134 ............................................................B 98

D 135 ..............................................................B 73

D 136 ............................................................ B 78

D 137 ..............................................................B 77

D 138 ............................................................ B 76

D 139 ............................................................ B 74

D 140 ............................................................ B 75

D 141 ............................................................. B 54

D 142 .............................................................B 13

D 143 .............................................................B 14

D 144 .............................................................B 16

D 145 .............................................................B 53

D 146 .............................................................B 12

D 147 ............................................................. B 11

D 150 ............................................................B 66

D 152 ............................................................ B 52

D 153 ............................................................. B 65

D 154 ............................................................ B 67

D 154A ..........................................................B 68

D 155 ............................................................ B 62

D 156 ............................................................ B 63

477—

D 157.............................................................B 64

D 158 ............................................................B 60

D 159 .............................................................B 61

D 160 ............................................................ B 72

D 161 ..............................................................B 71

D 162 ............................................................ B 70

D 163 ...........................................................B 153

Broerkerk 1953

(G. Plug)

D 164 ...........................................................B 170

D 165 ........................................................... B 171

D 166 ........................................................... B 173

D 167 ...........................................................B 172

D 168 ...........................................................B 175

Kerkegasje 1956

(G.J. de Vries)

D 169 ...........................................................B 174

D 170 .......................................................... B 104

D 170A .........................................................B 105

D 172 .......................................................... B 106

D 175.............................................................B 80

D 176 .............................................................B 81

D 177 ............................................................. B 82

D 178 ............................................................ B 83

Halve Trom 1950

(G.J. de Vries)

D 179 ...............................................................B 1

Oude Stadsgracht 1952

(G. Plug)

G 1 ...............................................................B 656

G 2 .............................................................. B 657

G 3 ..............................................................B 658

G 4A............................................................B 659

G 4 ..............................................................B 669

G 5 ..............................................................B 670

G 6 ...............................................................B 671

G 7 .............................................................. B 661

G 8 ..............................................................B 660

G 9 .............................................................. B 672

G 10 ............................................................ B 673

G 11 ............................................................. B 663

G 11A ...........................................................B 664

G 12.............................................................B 662

G 13 .............................................................B 665

G 14 ............................................................B 666

G 15.............................................................B 668

G 16 ............................................................B 667

Houtmarkt 1952

(G. Plug)

G 24 ............................................................B 647

G 25 .............................................................B 651

G 26 ............................................................B 650

G 27 ............................................................B 649

G 28 ............................................................B 648

G 29 ............................................................ B 653

G 30 ............................................................B 654

G 31 ............................................................. B 652

G 32 ............................................................ B 655

Houtmarkt 1952

(G. Plug)

G 63 ............................................................B 604

G 64 ............................................................B 606

G 65 ............................................................B 607

G 66 ............................................................B 642

G 67 ............................................................B 640

G 68 ............................................................ B 639

G 69 ............................................................ B 641

G 70 ............................................................ B 638

G 71 .............................................................B 605

G 72 ............................................................B 602

G 73 ............................................................ B 643

Grutberg, Oude Stadsgracht 1952

(G. Plug)

G 111 ............................................................B 646

G 112 ...........................................................B 644

G 113 ........................................................... B 603

G 114 ........................................................... B 636

G 115 ........................................................... B 637

G 116 ........................................................... B 635

G 118 ........................................................... B 601

G 120 ..........................................................B 600

G 121 ...........................................................B 599

G 122 ..........................................................B 598

G 123 ........................................................... B 597

G 124 ..........................................................B 596

478—

G 125...........................................................B 645

G 126 .......................................................... B 595

G 127 ........................................................... B 592

G 128 ..........................................................B 594

G 129 .......................................................... B 593

G 130 ...........................................................B 591

G 131A ..........................................................B 633

Pauwelstraat 1952

(G. Plug)

G 131 ........................................................... B 634

G 132 ........................................................... B 632

G 133 ............................................................B 618

Grutberg 1955

(A. van Per nis)

G 258 ..........................................................B 586

G 259 .......................................................... B 585

G 260 ..........................................................B 584

G 262 .......................................................... B 583

G 263 ........................................................... B 611

G 264 ...........................................................B 610

G 265 ..........................................................B 609

G 267 .......................................................... B 582

G 269 ..........................................................B 580

G 271 ............................................................B 581

G 272 .......................................................... B 579

G 273 .......................................................... B 578

Pauwelstraat 1957

(H.F. Wijnman)

G 401 ...........................................................B 615

G 402 ...........................................................B 616

G 403 ...........................................................B 619

G 404 ..........................................................B 621

G 405 ..........................................................B 620

G 406 ......................................................... B 627

G 407 .......................................................... B 622

G 408 .........................................................B 629

G 409 ..........................................................B 617

G 410 ...........................................................B 614

G 411 ............................................................B 613

G 412 ...........................................................B 631

G 413........................................................... B 630

G 414 .......................................................... B 625

G 415 ..........................................................B 624

G 416 ..........................................................B 626

G 417 .......................................................... B 623

G 418 ..........................................................B 628

G 419 ..........................................................B 590

G 420 ..........................................................B 589

G 421 ..........................................................B 588

G 422 .......................................................... B 587

Grutberg 1955

(A. van Per nis)

G 423 .......................................................... B 572

G 424 .......................................................... B 574

G 425 .......................................................... B 575

G 426 ...........................................................B 577

G 427 .......................................................... B 576

G 428 ...........................................................B 573

G 429 ...........................................................B 571

G 430 ..........................................................B 569

G 431...........................................................B 568

G 432 .......................................................... B 567

G 433 ..........................................................B 566

G 434 .......................................................... B 562

G 435 .......................................................... B 570

G 436 .......................................................... B 565

G 437 ..........................................................B 564

G 438 .......................................................... B 563

G 439 ...........................................................B 561

G 440 ..........................................................B 612

St Josephhof 1952

(G. Plug)

Kelfkensbos ............................................... B 834

Lange Nieuwstraat 1957

(H.F. Wijnman)

LN 1 .............................................................B 246

LN 2 ............................................................ B 247

LN 3 .............................................................B 321

LN 4 (adult) .................................................B 319

LN 5 (child) ................................................. B 320

LN 6 (adult) ................................................B 249

LN 7 (child) .................................................B 248

LN 8 ............................................................ B 344

LN 9 ............................................................ B 346

LN 9a .......................................................... B 347

LN 10 .......................................................... B 330

479—

LN 11 ........................................................... B 345

LN 12........................................................... B 322

LN 13 ............................................................B 323

LN 14 .......................................................... B 324

LN 15........................................................... B 325

LN 16 ...........................................................B 327

LN 17 ........................................................... B 329

LN 18 .......................................................... B 328

LN 19 (NW) ................................................. B 348

LN 19 (SE) ................................................... B 349

LN 21........................................................... B 234

LN 23 ...........................................................B 231

LN 24 .......................................................... B 232

LN 25 ...........................................................B 251

LN 26 .......................................................... B 252

LN 27 .......................................................... B 245

LN 31 ........................................................... B 250

LN 32 .......................................................... B 243

LN 33 ..........................................................B 244

LN 34 .......................................................... B 239

LN 35 ...........................................................B 291

LN 36 ...........................................................B 301

LN 37 .......................................................... B 302

LN 38 .......................................................... B 306

LN 39 (west) ............................................... B 303

LN 39 (east) ................................................ B 304

LN 41 ..........................................................B 299

LN 42 .......................................................... B 300

LN 44 ..........................................................B 240

LN 45 ...........................................................B 241

LN 45A ....................................................... B 242

LN 46 ...........................................................B 312

LN 47 .......................................................... B 338

LN 48 .......................................................... B 339

LN 49 .......................................................... B 340

LN 50 ...........................................................B 337

LN 51 (bottom) ...........................................B 335

LN 51 (top) ................................................. B 336

LN 52 ...........................................................B 334

LN 53 ............................................................B 311

LN 55 ...........................................................B 341

LN 56 .......................................................... B 342

LN 57 .......................................................... B 326

LN 58 ...........................................................B 333

LN 59 ...........................................................B 332

LN 60 ........................................................... B 331

LN 61 .......................................................... B 350

LN 62 ...........................................................B 351

LN 63 .......................................................... B 307

LN 64 .......................................................... B 305

LN 65 .......................................................... B 293

LN 66 .......................................................... B 292

LN 68 ..........................................................B 294

LN 69 .......................................................... B 295

LN 70 ..........................................................B 296

LN 72B ......................................................... B 313

LN 72 ...........................................................B 314

LN 72A .........................................................B 315

LN 73 .......................................................... B 308

LN 74 ...........................................................B 318

LN 75A ........................................................ B 309

LN 75 ...........................................................B 310

LN 77 ...........................................................B 316

LN 78 ........................................................... B 317

LN 79 .......................................................... B 389

LN 80 .......................................................... B 390

LN 81 .......................................................... B 392

LN 82 ...........................................................B 343

LN 83 .......................................................... B 398

LN 84 .......................................................... B 396

LN 85 .......................................................... B 397

LN 86 .......................................................... B 399

LN 87 ..........................................................B 400

LN 88 ..........................................................B 298

LN 89 .......................................................... B 374

LN 90 ...........................................................B 375

LN 91 .......................................................... B 376

LN 92 ...........................................................B 391

LN 93 .......................................................... B 393

LN 94 ...........................................................B 381

LN 95 .......................................................... B 394

LN 96 .......................................................... B 395

LN 97 ...........................................................B 401

LN 98 .......................................................... B 297

LN 99 ...........................................................B 377

LN 100 ........................................................ B 378

LN 101 ......................................................... B 380

LN 102 ........................................................ B 379

LN 103 ........................................................ B 382

LN 104 .........................................................B 383

LN 105 ........................................................ B 384

LN 106 ........................................................ B 386

480—

LN 107 ........................................................ B 387

LN 108 ........................................................ B 403

LN 109 ........................................................B 402

LN 110 .......................................................... B 371

LN 111 .......................................................... B 370

LN 112 ......................................................... B 385

LN 113 ..........................................................B 373

LN 114 ......................................................... B 388

LN 115 ......................................................... B 422

LN 116 ..........................................................B 413

LN 117 ..........................................................B 414

LN 118 ..........................................................B 415

LN 119 ..........................................................B 372

LN 120 ........................................................ B 423

LN 121 ..........................................................B 421

LN 122 ........................................................B 449

LN 123 .........................................................B 450

LN 124 .........................................................B 451

LN 125......................................................... B 435

LN 126 ........................................................ B 438

LN 127 ......................................................... B 436

LN 128 .........................................................B 437

LN 129 .........................................................B 441

LN 130 ........................................................B 440

LN 131 .........................................................B 424

LN 132 ......................................................... B 425

LN 133 .........................................................B 426

LN 134.........................................................B 429

LN 135 .........................................................B 428

LN 136 ........................................................ B 427

LN 137 ......................................................... B 439

LN 138 ........................................................B 442

LN 139 ........................................................ B 443

LN 140 ........................................................B 444

LN 141 ......................................................... B 453

LN 142 ........................................................ B 452

LN 143 ........................................................B 454

Lange Nieuwstraat 1960-1961

(H.F. Wijnman)

LN 201 ........................................................B 458

LN 202 ....................................................... B 457

LN 203 ........................................................B 456

LN 204 ........................................................ B 455

LN 205 ........................................................B 448

LN 206 ........................................................ B 447

LN 207 ........................................................B 446

LN 208 ........................................................B 445

LN 209 .........................................................B 431

LN 210 ........................................................ B 430

LN 211 ......................................................... B 419

LN 212 ........................................................ B 418

LN 213 ..........................................................B 417

LN 214 ........................................................ B 416

LN 215..........................................................B 412

LN 216 ......................................................... B 411

LN 217 .........................................................B 489

LN 218 ........................................................B 486

LN 219 ........................................................B 492

LN 220 ........................................................ B 493

LN 221 ........................................................B 485

LN 222 ........................................................B 487

LN 223 ........................................................B 488

LN 224 ........................................................B 495

LN 225 ........................................................B 494

LN 226 ........................................................B 496

LN 227 ........................................................ B 432

LN 228 ........................................................ B 434

LN 229 .........................................................B 433

LN 230 ........................................................B 484

LN 231 .........................................................B 490

LN 232 ........................................................ B 491

LN 233 ........................................................ B 410

LN 234 ........................................................B 420

LN 235 ........................................................B 470

LN 236 ........................................................B 480

LN 237 ........................................................B 482

LN 238 ........................................................ B 481

LN 239 .........................................................B 471

LN 240 ........................................................ B 483

LN 241 ........................................................ B 475

LN 242 ........................................................ B 473

LN 243 ........................................................ B 474

LN 244 ........................................................B 476

LN 245 ........................................................ B 472

LN 246 ........................................................B 465

LN 247 ........................................................B 466

LN 248 ........................................................B 467

LN 249 ........................................................B 469

LN 250 ........................................................B 479

LN 251......................................................... B 477

LN 252 ........................................................B 478

481—

LN 253 ........................................................B 468

LN 254 ........................................................B 464

Burchtstraat ‘St. Louis’ 1947

(H. Brunsting)

LN 301 ........................................................ B 278

LN 302 .........................................................B 277

LN 303 ........................................................ B 275

LN 304 ........................................................ B 274

LN 305 ........................................................ B 272

LN 306 .........................................................B 271

LN 307 ........................................................ B 270

LN 308 ........................................................ B 276

LN 309 .........................................................B 273

LN 310 ........................................................ B 279

Burchtstraat ‘St. Louis’ 1950

(H. Brunsting)

LN 311 ......................................................... B 259

LN 312 .........................................................B 260

LN 313 ......................................................... B 262

LN 314..........................................................B 261

LN 315 ......................................................... B 265

LN 316 ........................................................B 268

LN 317 .........................................................B 269

Emaushof 1956

(G.J. de Vries)

LN 321 ......................................................... B 267

LN 322 ........................................................ B 263

LN 323 ........................................................B 264

LN 325 ........................................................ B 255

LN 327 ........................................................ B 254

LN 329 ........................................................B 266

LN 330 ........................................................ B 258

Oude Stadsgracht 1952

(G. Plug)

LN 340 ........................................................B 608

Mariënburg 1952

(G. Plug)

M 17 .............................................................B 751

M 18 ........................................................... B 738

M 19 ............................................................B 737

M 20 ........................................................... B 736

M 21 .............................................................B 735

M 22/234 .................................................... B 747

M 23 ........................................................... B 734

M 33............................................................B 676

M 34 ........................................................... B 675

M 35 ...........................................................B 674

M 36 ........................................................... B 677

M 37 ...........................................................B 679

M 38 ...........................................................B 678

M 41.............................................................B 733

M 42 ............................................................B 732

M 43 ...........................................................B 685

M 44 ...........................................................B 686

M 45 ...........................................................B 687

M 46 ...........................................................B 688

M 47 ............................................................B 741

M 48 ............................................................B 743

M 49 ........................................................... B 740

M 50 ...........................................................B 689

M 51 ............................................................ B 742

M 52 ............................................................B 681

M 53 ...........................................................B 680

M 55 ...........................................................B 684

M 56 ........................................................... B 683

M 58 ...........................................................B 690

M 59 ............................................................B 691

M 60 ...........................................................B 692

M 61 ...........................................................B 682

M 62 ........................................................... B 739

M 74 ........................................................... B 730

M 75 ........................................................... B 729

M 76 ........................................................... B 697

M 77 ........................................................... B 700

M 78 ...........................................................B 699

M 79 ...........................................................B 698

M 80 ...........................................................B 696

M 81 ............................................................B 701

M 82 ...........................................................B 695

M 83 ........................................................... B 693

M 84 ...........................................................B 694

M 85 ........................................................... B 703

M 86 ........................................................... B 702

M 87 ........................................................... B 705

M 88 ........................................................... B 706

M 89 ............................................................B 710

M 90 ............................................................B 712

482—

M 91 ........................................................... B 709

M 92 .............................................................B 711

M 93 ........................................................... B 708

M 94 ........................................................... B 704

M 95 ........................................................... B 707

M 96 ............................................................ B 713

M 97 ............................................................B 714

M 98 ............................................................B 719

M 99 ............................................................ B 717

M 100 ......................................................... B 724

M 101 ...........................................................B 723

M 102 ..........................................................B 721

M 103 .......................................................... B 722

M 104 ......................................................... B 720

M 105 ..........................................................B 718

M 106 ......................................................... B 728

M 107...........................................................B 727

M 108 ......................................................... B 726

M 109 ..........................................................B 716

M 110 .......................................................... B 725

Mariënburg 1963

(A. van Pernis)

M 201 ......................................................... B 770

M 202 ..........................................................B 771

M 203 ..........................................................B 775

M 204 ......................................................... B 744

M 205 .......................................................... B 731

M 206 ......................................................... B 745

M 207 ......................................................... B 754

M 208 ..........................................................B 753

M 209 ......................................................... B 756

M 210 .........................................................B 760

M 211 .......................................................... B 759

M 212 ...........................................................B 761

M 213 .......................................................... B 755

M 214 ......................................................... B 762

M 215 ..........................................................B 764

M 216 ......................................................... B 763

M 217 ..........................................................B 766

M 218 ......................................................... B 767

M 219 .........................................................B 768

M 220 .........................................................B 769

M 221 ...........................................................B 772

M 222 ......................................................... B 765

M 223 ..........................................................B 773

M 225 ..........................................................B 757

M 226 ......................................................... B 758

M 227 ..........................................................B 777

M 228 ......................................................... B 776

M 229 .........................................................B 749

M 231 ..........................................................B 828

M 232 .........................................................B 748

M 233 .........................................................B 746

M 235/224 .................................................. B 750

M 236 .........................................................B 780

M 237 ..........................................................B 781

M 238 .........................................................B 784

M 239 ......................................................... B 787

M 240 .........................................................B 786

M 241 .........................................................B 788

M 242 ......................................................... B 782

M 243 .........................................................B 790

M 244 .........................................................B 789

M 245/9 ..................................................... B 795

M 246 ......................................................... B 792

M 247 ......................................................... B 783

M 248 ..........................................................B 791

M 250 .........................................................B 794

M 251 ..........................................................B 798

M 252 ......................................................... B 793

M 253 .........................................................B 796

M 254 ......................................................... B 779

M 255 .........................................................B 799

M 256 ......................................................... B 752

M 257 ......................................................... B 797

M 261 .........................................................B 800

Observations Mariënburg ‘63

(S.L. Wynia)

M 258 ..........................................................B 715

M 259 ......................................................... B 778

M 260 ..........................................................B 831

M 262 ......................................................... B 832

M 263 ......................................................... B 833

- .................................................................. B 785

483—

Excavations 1976,

under the direction of

W.J.H. Willems

Legend

trench/trace

97/1 ............................................................. B 819

97/2 ............................................................ B 823

97/3 ............................................................ B 816

97/4 ............................................................B 824

97/5 ............................................................B 820

97/6 .............................................................B 813

97/7 ............................................................. B 811

97/8 ............................................................B 808

97/9 ............................................................ B 803

97/10 ..........................................................B 805

97/11 ............................................................B 821

97/12...........................................................B 826

97/13 ...........................................................B 806

97/14 .......................................................... B 825

97/15............................................................B 812

97/16 .......................................................... B 818

97/17 ...........................................................B 802

97/18 .......................................................... B 810

97/19 ..........................................................B 804

97/20 .......................................................... B 822

97/21............................................................B 817

97/22 ..........................................................B 807

97/23 ..........................................................B 809

97/24 ...........................................................B 815

97/25 .......................................................... B 827

97/26 .......................................................... B 814

97/27 .......................................................... B 801

Excavations 1978,

under the direction of

J.H.F. Bloemers

Legend

trench/trace=grave (trace

in Arabic, grave in Roman

numerals)

pl ................................................................ plane

nn ......................................................no number

~ ...................................................................near

131/1=I/pl 1 ................................................... B 211

131/1=I/pl 2 .................................................. B 211

131/2=II ........................................................B 215

131/3=III .......................................................B 190

131/4=IV ......................................................B 187

131/5=V ........................................................B 185

131/6=VI ......................................................B 184

131/7=VII ...................................................... B 181

131/8=VIII ....................................................B 183

131/9=IX ......................................................B 186

131/10=X ......................................................B 188

131/11=XI ......................................................B 189

131/12=XII ....................................................B 192

131/13=XIII ................................................... B 191

131/14=XIV ...................................................B 210

131/15=XV ...................................................B 209

131/17=XVI .................................................. B 203

131/18=XVII .................................................B 216

131/19=XVIII ................................................B 214

131/20=XIX ..................................................B 217

131/21? .........................................................B 182

131/23=XX ................................................... B 227

131/32=XXI.................................................. B 226

131/34=XXII ................................................ B 257

131/35=XXIII ............................................... B 256

131/36=XXIV ...............................................B 204

131/37=XXV .................................................B 212

131/38=XXVI ................................................B 218

131/39=XXVII ...............................................B 219

131/40=XXVI II ............................................ B 207

131/44=XXIX/pl 1 .........................................B 253

131/45=XXX .................................................B 213

484—

131/46=XXXI ............................................... B 222

131/47=XXXII .............................................. B 205

131/48=XXXI II ............................................B 208

131/49=XXXIV .............................................B 223

131/50=XXXV .............................................. B 224

131/51=XXXVI ............................................. B 225

131/52=XXXVII.............................................B 221

131/53=XXXVIII ........................................... B 220

131/54=XXXIX .............................................B 206

131/58=XXIX/pl 2 ........................................B 253

133/nn=III ...................................................B 462

133/nn=IV ...................................................B 459

133/nn=XVII ............................................... B 364

133/nn=XXIII .............................................. B 366

133/nn=XXIV ..............................................B 280

133/nn=XXV ................................................B 461

133/nn=XXVI ..............................................B 289

133/1=I ........................................................ B 463

133/2=II.......................................................B 460

133/5=V ......................................................B 288

133/6=VI .....................................................B 286

133/7=VII .................................................... B 287

133/8=VIII ...................................................B 290

133/9=IX ..................................................... B 282

133/10=X .....................................................B 284

133/11=XI .....................................................B 281

133/12=XII ................................................... B 283

133/13=XIII .................................................. B 285

133/14=XIV ................................................. B 365

133/15=XV ................................................... B 360

133/16=XVI ................................................. B 362

133/18=XVIII ................................................B 361

133/19=XIX ................................................. B 363

133/20=XX .................................................. B 368

133/21=XXI.................................................. B 367

133/22=XXII ................................................ B 369

134/1=I .........................................................B 177

134/2=II ...................................................... B 236

134/4/ ..........................................................B 179

134/5=V .......................................................B 178

134/6=VI ..................................................... B 199

135/7=IV .......................................................B 84

134/8=VIII ..................................................B 200

134/9=IX ..................................................... B 228

134/10=X .....................................................B 201

134/11=XI .................................................... B 202

134/12=XII ...................................................B 197

134/13=XIII ................................................. B 235

134/14=XIV ..................................................B 233

134/15=XV .................................................. B 229

134/16=XVI ................................................. B 230

134/17=XVII ................................................ B 238

134/18=XVIII ................................................B 237

134/19=XIX ................................................. B 198

135/1=I .......................................................... B 57

135/2=II ........................................................ B 58

135/3=III ....................................................... B 59

141/3=I ........................................................ B 180

141/4=II .......................................................B 193

141/5=III ......................................................B 195

141/8=IV .....................................................B 409

141/9=V ......................................................B 407

141/10=VI....................................................B 405

141/11=VII ...................................................B 408

141/12=VIII...................................................B 353

141/13=IX ....................................................B 404

141/14=X .....................................................B 406

141/15=XI .................................................... B 354

141/16=XII................................................... B 356

141/17=XIII ...................................................B 357

141/18=XIV ................................................. B 196

141/19=XV .................................................. B 359

141/20=XVI ................................................. B 355

141/21=XIX(=D27) .........................................B 33

141/nn=XVII ............................................... B 358

141/nn=XVIII .............................................. B 352

141/nn=XX .................................................. B 194

142/nn=I ..................................................... B 557

142/nn~I ..................................................... B 558

142/22=II .................................................... B 556

142/26=III ................................................... B 555

142/nn~III .................................................. B 553

142/24~III ................................................... B 554

142/nn=IV .................................................. B 530

142/nn~IV ...................................................B 531

142/nn~IV .................................................. B 528

142/40~IV .................................................. B 529

142/nn=V ................................................... B 527

142/44=VI .................................................. B 526

142/33=VII ..................................................B 509

142/32~VII ..................................................B 508

142/35~VII ...................................................B 510

485—

142/nn~VII .................................................B 506

142/nn~VII ................................................. B 507

142/14=VIII .................................................. B 511

142/37~VIII ..................................................B 513

142/43~VIII .................................................B 512

142/42=IX ................................................... B 522

142/11~IX .....................................................B 514

142/25~IX ....................................................B 519

142/27~IX ................................................... B 550

142/38~IX ................................................... B 525

142/39~IX ................................................... B 524

142/nn~IX .................................................. B 523

142/nn=X.................................................... B 559

142/21=XI ...................................................B 560

142/nn=XII ..................................................B 515

142/9=XIII .................................................. B 502

142/18=XIV .................................................B 497

142/17=XV .................................................. B 503

142/7~XV ....................................................B 504

142/nn~XV ................................................. B 502

142/nn~XV ................................................. B 503

142/15=XVI ..................................................B 516

142/5~XVI .................................................. B 505

142/19=XVII .................................................B 521

142/23~XVII ............................................... B 520

142/16=XVIII ...............................................B 517

142/nn~XVIII ...............................................B 518

142/2=XIX....................................................B 551

142/3~XIX ...................................................B 549

142/nn~XIX ................................................B 546

142/nn~XIX ................................................ B 552

142/4=XX ...................................................B 548

142/nn~XX .................................................B 540

142/6~XX ................................................... B 547

142/12~XX .................................................. B 542

142/28~XX ................................................. B 545

142/29=XXI ................................................B 544

142/nn~XXI ................................................ B 543

142/13=XXII .................................................B 541

142/nn=XXIII .............................................. B 535

142/nn~XXIII .............................................. B 534

142/30~XXI II ...............................................B 537

142/45~XXI II .............................................. B 536

142/31=XXIV .............................................. B 539

142/nn=XXV ............................................... B 538

142/10 ..........................................................B 501

142/nn ........................................................B 498

142/nn ........................................................B 499

142/nn ........................................................B 500

142/nn .........................................................B 532

142/nn .........................................................B 533

- .................................................................. B 774

10B ............................................................. B 830

CEMETERY OOIN NIJMEGEN-EAST

Excavations 1980-1983,

under the direction of

J.H.F. Bloemers

Graves without excavation

numbers have been identified

by H. van Enckevort during analysis of the excavation

records.

- ....................................................................OO 1

- ...................................................................OO 6

- ................................................................... OO 7

- ...................................................................OO 8

- .................................................................. OO 11

- ..................................................................OO 14

- ..................................................................OO 16

- ..................................................................OO 17

- ..................................................................OO 18

- ..................................................................OO 21

- ................................................................. OO 22

- ................................................................. OO 23

- ................................................................. OO 27

- ................................................................. OO 35

- ................................................................. OO 38

- .................................................................OO 45

- .................................................................OO 46

- ................................................................. OO 52

- ................................................................. OO 55

- ..................................................................OO 61

- .................................................................OO 64

- ................................................................. OO 67

- .................................................................OO 68

- ................................................................. OO 73

- ................................................................. OO 77

486—

- ................................................................. OO 79

- .................................................................OO 86

- ................................................................. OO 93

- .................................................................OO 95

- ................................................................OO 114

- ................................................................ OO 117

- ................................................................OO 119

- ............................................................... OO 120

- ............................................................... OO 124

- ................................................................ OO 131

- ................................................................OO 135

- ................................................................OO 139

- ................................................................OO 141

- ............................................................... OO 142

- ............................................................... OO 146

- ............................................................... OO 154

- ................................................................OO 155

- ............................................................... OO 158

- ............................................................... OO 159

- ............................................................... OO 160

- ............................................................... OO 165

- ................................................................ OO 171

- ................................................................OO 172

- ............................................................... OO 182

- ................................................................OO 183

- ............................................................... OO 184

- ............................................................... OO 185

- ................................................................OO 187

- ............................................................... OO 190

- ................................................................OO 191

- ............................................................... OO 192

- ...............................................................OO 202

- ................................................................OO 213

- ............................................................... OO 214

- ................................................................OO 217

- ............................................................... OO 218

- ...............................................................OO 220

- ................................................................OO 221

- ...............................................................OO 224

- ...............................................................OO 225

- ...............................................................OO 226

- ............................................................... OO 227

- ...............................................................OO 230

- ............................................................... OO 233

- ............................................................... OO 235

- ...............................................................OO 236

- ............................................................... OO 237

- ...............................................................OO 238

- ...............................................................OO 239

- ...............................................................OO 245

- ............................................................... OO 253

- ...............................................................OO 254

- ............................................................... OO 257

- ...............................................................OO 258

- ...............................................................OO 260

- ............................................................... OO 261

- ...............................................................OO 262

- ...............................................................OO 263

- ...............................................................OO 264

- ...............................................................OO 265

- ...............................................................OO 266

- ............................................................... OO 281

- ...............................................................OO 282

- ...............................................................OO 293

- ...............................................................OO 295

- ...............................................................OO 296

- ...............................................................OO 297

- ...............................................................OO 298

- ...............................................................OO 300

- ................................................................OO 301

- ............................................................... OO 303

- ...............................................................OO 328

- ...............................................................OO 329

- ............................................................... OO 330

- ................................................................OO 331

- ............................................................... OO 332

- ............................................................... OO 334

- ...............................................................OO 356

- ............................................................... OO 374

- ...............................................................OO 380

- ...............................................................OO 385

- ...............................................................OO 392

- ...............................................................OO 398

- ...............................................................OO 399

- ...............................................................OO 405

- ...............................................................OO 407

- ...............................................................OO 409

- ............................................................... OO 410

- ............................................................... OO 414

- ............................................................... OO 416

- ................................................................OO 417

- ...............................................................OO 427

487—

- ...............................................................OO 429

- ...............................................................OO 436

- ...............................................................OO 439

- ...............................................................OO 442

- ...............................................................OO 445

- ...............................................................OO 447

- ...............................................................OO 448

- ...............................................................OO 449

- ...............................................................OO 450

- ............................................................... OO 451

- ...............................................................OO 452

- ............................................................... OO 453

- ...............................................................OO 454

- ...............................................................OO 455

- ...............................................................OO 456

- ...............................................................OO 457

- ...............................................................OO 458

- ...............................................................OO 459

- ...............................................................OO 460

- ...............................................................OO 462

- ...............................................................OO 464

- ...............................................................OO 465

- ...............................................................OO 470

- ................................................................OO 471

- ...............................................................OO 474

- ...............................................................OO 475

- ............................................................... OO 477

- ...............................................................OO 485

- ...............................................................OO 487

- ...............................................................OO 488

1 ................................................................OO 431

2...............................................................OO 430

3 ................................................................OO 413

4 ..............................................................OO 428

5...............................................................OO 426

6 .............................................................. OO 433

7 ...............................................................OO 440

8 .............................................................. OO 418

9 .............................................................. OO 395

10 ..............................................................OO 415

11..............................................................OO 425

12 ............................................................. OO 437

13 ..............................................................OO 412

14 ............................................................. OO 393

15 ............................................................. OO 432

16 .............................................................OO 444

17 .............................................................OO 443

18 .............................................................OO 438

19 .............................................................OO 446

20 ............................................................ OO 441

21 .............................................................OO 434

22 ............................................................OO 394

23 ............................................................. OO 370

24 ............................................................OO 396

25 ............................................................OO 366

26 ............................................................ OO 367

27 .............................................................OO 368

28 ............................................................OO 369

29 ............................................................ OO 342

30 ............................................................ OO 343

31 .............................................................OO 344

32 ............................................................. OO 345

33 .............................................................OO 346

34..............................................................OO 371

35 ............................................................. OO 372

36 ............................................................ OO 375

37 ..............................................................OO 373

38 ............................................................ OO 397

39 ............................................................ OO 401

40 ............................................................OO 400

41 ............................................................. OO 376

42 .............................................................OO 377

43.............................................................OO 402

44 ............................................................ OO 419

45 ............................................................OO 420

46 ............................................................ OO 379

47 ............................................................OO 403

48 ............................................................OO 404

49 ............................................................ OO 352

50 ............................................................ OO 350

51 ..............................................................OO 351

52 .............................................................OO 317

53 ............................................................. OO 347

54 ............................................................OO 349

55 .............................................................OO 314

56 ............................................................OO 348

57 ..............................................................OO 315

58 .............................................................OO 316

59 .............................................................OO 319

60 ............................................................ OO 353

61 ............................................................. OO 354

62 ............................................................ OO 378

488—

63 .............................................................OO 381

64 ............................................................OO 406

65 ............................................................ OO 435

66 ............................................................ OO 423

67 ............................................................ OO 421

68 ............................................................OO 422

69 ............................................................OO 408

70 ............................................................OO 424

71 ..............................................................OO 411

72 .............................................................OO 382

73 .............................................................OO 320

74 .............................................................OO 318

75 .............................................................OO 290

76 ............................................................ OO 291

77 .............................................................OO 289

78 .............................................................OO 321

79 ............................................................ OO 323

80 ............................................................ OO 322

81 ............................................................. OO 324

82 ............................................................OO 294

83 ............................................................ OO 327

84 ............................................................OO 326

85 ............................................................OO 356

86 ............................................................ OO 325

87 ............................................................ OO 383

88 ............................................................ OO 357

89 ............................................................OO 358

90 ............................................................OO 384

91 .............................................................OO 292

92 ............................................................OO 250

93 .............................................................OO 251

94 ............................................................OO 256

95 ............................................................ OO 255

96 ............................................................OO 228

97 ............................................................OO 229

98 ............................................................OO 252

99 .............................................................OO 333

100 ...........................................................OO 329

101 ...........................................................OO 302

102 ...........................................................OO 299

103 .............................................................OO 96

104 ........................................................... OO 145

105 ........................................................... OO 144

106 ............................................................OO 138

107 ............................................................OO 143

108 ........................................................... OO 140

109 ............................................................OO 137

110 ............................................................OO 170

111 ............................................................ OO 169

112.............................................................OO 173

113 .............................................................OO 174

114 ............................................................OO 175

115.............................................................OO 147

116 .............................................................OO 98

117 ..............................................................OO 99

118 .............................................................OO 97

119 .............................................................OO 49

120 .............................................................OO 48

121..............................................................OO 50

122 ..............................................................OO 51

123 ........................................................... OO 100

124 ........................................................... OO 102

125 .............................................................OO 54

126 ............................................................OO 101

127 ............................................................. OO 57

128 ........................................................... OO 148

129 ...........................................................OO 208

130 ...........................................................OO 209

131 ............................................................OO 207

132 ............................................................OO 153

133 ............................................................OO 152

134 ............................................................. OO 47

136 ........................................................... OO 150

137 ............................................................OO 179

138 ............................................................OO 178

139 ............................................................OO 177

140 ............................................................OO 176

141 ........................................................... OO 149

142 ............................................................OO 110

143 .............................................................OO 111

144 ........................................................... OO 109

145 ........................................................... OO 106

146 ........................................................... OO 108

147 .............................................................OO 69

148 .............................................................OO 29

149 .............................................................OO 28

150 .............................................................OO 66

151.............................................................. OO 30

152 .............................................................OO 65

153 ...........................................................OO 200

154 ............................................................OO 197

155 ........................................................... OO 198

489—

156 ...........................................................OO 203

157 ........................................................... OO 201

158 ........................................................... OO 180

159 ...........................................................OO 204

160 ...........................................................OO 205

161 ........................................................... OO 199

162 ............................................................OO 181

163 ..............................................................OO 13

164 ...............................................................OO 9

165 ..............................................................OO 12

166 ...............................................................OO 4

167 ............................................................... OO 5

168 ..............................................................OO 10

169 ............................................................... OO 2

170 ............................................................OO 107

171 ............................................................ OO 105

172 ............................................................. OO 63

173 ............................................................. OO 53

174 .............................................................OO 56

175 .............................................................OO 62

176 ........................................................... OO 104

177 ............................................................OO 103

178 .............................................................OO 60

179 .............................................................OO 58

180 ..............................................................OO 31

181 ............................................................. OO 32

181 ..............................................................OO 33

182 .............................................................OO 44

183 .............................................................OO 26

184 ...........................................................OO 206

185 .............................................................OO 59

186 ............................................................... OO 3

187 ............................................................OO 136

188 ............................................................ OO 151

189 ............................................................. OO 25

191 ........................................................... OO 234

192 ............................................................OO 231

193 ........................................................... OO 232

194 ........................................................... OO 210

195 ............................................................OO 212

196 ............................................................OO 215

197 ........................................................... OO 186

198 ...........................................................OO 259

199 ........................................................... OO 216

200 ..........................................................OO 240

201 ........................................................... OO 219

202 .......................................................... OO 188

203 ...........................................................OO 167

204 .......................................................... OO 194

205 .......................................................... OO 195

206 ..................................................................... -

207 .......................................................... OO 196

208 ...........................................................OO 193

209 ...........................................................OO 157

210 ........................................................... OO 162

211.............................................................OO 163

212 ........................................................... OO 189

213 ........................................................... OO 164

214 ............................................................OO 122

215 ........................................................... OO 156

216 ............................................................ OO 115

217 ............................................................OO 116

218 ............................................................OO 118

219 ............................................................. OO 83

220 ............................................................OO 84

221 .............................................................OO 85

223 ............................................................OO 123

224 ........................................................... OO 121

225 ............................................................OO 87

226 ............................................................OO 88

227........................................................... OO 126

228 ...........................................................OO 125

229 ...........................................................OO 130

230 .......................................................... OO 129

231 ........................................................... OO 128

232 ............................................................OO 127

233 ............................................................OO 161

234 ........................................................... OO 131

235 ............................................................OO 132

236 ...........................................................OO 133

237 ........................................................... OO 166

238 .......................................................... OO 168

239 ...........................................................OO 134

240 .......................................................... OO 165

241 ............................................................OO 135

242 ............................................................ OO 19

243 ............................................................OO 40

243 .............................................................OO 41

244 ............................................................OO 79

244 ............................................................OO 80

245 ............................................................OO 82

246 ............................................................OO 20

490—

247 ............................................................ OO 39

248 .............................................................OO 15

249 ............................................................OO 24

250 ............................................................ OO 36

251 ............................................................. OO 37

252 ............................................................OO 42

253 ............................................................. OO 34

254 ............................................................ OO 75

255 ............................................................OO 76

256 ............................................................ OO 72

257..............................................................OO 71

258 ............................................................ OO 74

259 ............................................................OO 70

260 ............................................................OO 78

261 ............................................................ OO 112

262 ........................................................... OO 113

263 ............................................................OO 94

264 ............................................................ OO 91

265 ............................................................OO 92

266 ............................................................OO 90

267 ............................................................OO 89

268 ..........................................................OO 248

269 ..........................................................OO 247

270 ..........................................................OO 246

271 ........................................................... OO 243

272...........................................................OO 244

273 ...........................................................OO 276

274 .......................................................... OO 277

275...........................................................OO 278

276 ..........................................................OO 279

277 ...........................................................OO 280

278 .......................................................... OO 275

279 ..........................................................OO 284

280 ..........................................................OO 285

281 ...........................................................OO 283

282 ...........................................................OO 271

283 ..........................................................OO 270

284 .......................................................... OO 307

285 .......................................................... OO 223

286 ..........................................................OO 222

287 .......................................................... OO 241

288 ..........................................................OO 242

289 ..........................................................OO 274

290 .......................................................... OO 272

291 ...........................................................OO 269

292 ..........................................................OO 268

293 ..........................................................OO 267

294 .......................................................... OO 273

295 ..........................................................OO 308

296 ..........................................................OO 306

297 ..........................................................OO 305

298 ..........................................................OO 304

299 .......................................................... OO 338

300 ...........................................................OO 337

301 ........................................................... OO 335

302 .......................................................... OO 336

303 ...........................................................OO 360

304 ..........................................................OO 359

305 .......................................................... OO 387

306 ...........................................................OO 361

307........................................................... OO 339

308 ..........................................................OO 340

309 ..........................................................OO 362

310 ...........................................................OO 287

311 ............................................................OO 249

312 ...........................................................OO 288

313 ............................................................OO 310

314 ............................................................OO 313

315 ...........................................................OO 286

316 ...........................................................OO 309

317 ............................................................ OO 311

318 ............................................................OO 312

319 ............................................................OO 341

320 .......................................................... OO 363

321 ...........................................................OO 364

322 ...........................................................OO 365

323 ...........................................................OO 386

324 ..........................................................OO 388

325 ............................................................OO 391

326 ..........................................................OO 390

327 ...........................................................OO 389

Excavations 1975,

under the direction of

J.H.F. Bloemers

901 ...........................................................OO 489

902 ..........................................................OO 486

903 ..........................................................OO 484

904 ..........................................................OO 483

905 ..........................................................OO 482

491—

906 .......................................................... OO 481

907 ..........................................................OO 480

908 ..........................................................OO 479

909 ..........................................................OO 476

909 ..........................................................OO 478

910 ........................................................... OO 473

911 ........................................................... OO 473

912 ......................................................... OO 470?

913 ........................................................... OO 472

914 ...........................................................OO 469

915 ...........................................................OO 468

916 ...........................................................OO 466

917 ...........................................................OO 467

918 ...........................................................OO 463

919 ........................................................... OO 461

492—

Legend

Cemeteries

B ...........................................................Inner city

OO .............................................. Nijmegen-East

Areas of cemetery B

Brk .......................................................Broerkerk

Broerstr ............................................ Broerstraat

Gr.......................................................... Grutberg

Grutb .................................................... Grutberg

KeBr ...................................Kerkegas/Broerkerk

KG ......................................................... Kerkegas

LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat

Ma ....................................................Mariënburg

Other abbreviations

coff .............................................................coffin

intr ........................................................ intrusion

Cemetery B, stray finds

B stray 1 ................................................BE.IV.236

B stray 2 ................................................ BB.VI.87

B stray 3 ...............................................BB.III.461

B stray 3a .............................................. 11.1957.7

B stray 4 .................................................5.1952.5

B stray 5 .................................................5.1952.6

B stray 6 .................................................5.1952.8

B stray 6a ...............................................5.1952.7

B stray 7 .................................................5.1952.9

B stray 8 ................................................BB.IV.211

B stray 9 ................................................BB.II.355

B stray 10 ............................................. BB.II.356

B stray 11 ............................................. BB.III.360

B stray 12 ..............................................BB.III.361

B stray 13 ............................................. BB.III.362

B stray 14 .............................................BB.III.363

B stray 15 ............................................. BB.III.364

B stray 16 ............................................ BB.IV.602

B stray 17 ............................................. BB.IV.603

B stray 18 .............................................. BB.V.109

B stray 19 ...............................................BB.V.110

B stray 20 ................................................BB.V.111

B stray 21 ............................................... BB.VI.62

B stray 22 .............................................BB.VII.131

B stray 23 ............................................ BB.VII.132

B stray 24 ............................................ BB.VIII.34

B stray 25 ............................................BB.XI.368

B stray 26 ............................................BB.XI.369

B stray 27 .............................................BE.IV.229

B stray 28 .......................................... BE.XV.1242

B stray 29 ............................................. BE.III.145

B stray 30 .............................................BB.III.441

B stray 31 .............................................BB.III.442

B stray 32 ............................................ BB.III.443

B stray 33 .............................................BB.VII.171

B stray 34 .............................................. 5.1948.4

B stray 35 .............................................. 5.1948.5

B stray 36 .............................................. 5.1948.6

B stray 37 ...............................................5.1948.7

B stray 38 .............................................. 5.1948.8

B stray 39 .............................................. 5.1948.9

B stray 40 .............................................5.1948.10

B stray 41 ............................................. 5.1948.11

B stray 42 .............................................5.1948.12

B stray 43 ...............................................7.1949.1

B stray 44 ...............................................7.1949.2

B stray 45 ...............................................7.1949.3

B stray 46 .............................................BB.II.448

B stray 47 .............................................. BB.VI.88

B stray 48 .............................................BB.III.103

B stray 49 ................................................ BB.VI.4

B stray 50 .............................................. BB.XI.82

B stray 51 .............................................. BB.IV.212

B stray 52 ...............................................BB.VI.33

B stray 53 .............................................. BB.XI.83

B stray 54 ............................................... BE.IV.61

B stray 55 .............................................. BB.X.115

B stray 56 ...............................................BB.VI.74

B stray 57 ...............................................BB.VI.91

B stray 58 ............................................ BB.III.455

B stray 59 ............................................BB.III.456

B stray 60 ............................................ BB.VII.177

B stray 61 ............................................BB.XI.465

B stray 62 ............................................BB.XI.466

B stray 63 ............................................BB.III.454

B stray 64 ............................................ BB.XI.463

B stray 65 ............................................BB.XI.464

B stray 66 ............................................BB.XI.460

B stray 67 ............................................BB.VII.176

Appendix 2a: from catalogue numbers to numbers on the objects

493—

B stray 68 ............................................. BB.II.472

B stray 69 ............................................BB.III.462

B stray 70 ............................................ BB.XI.473

B stray 71 ................................................8.1953.8

B stray 72 ...............................................8.1953.9

B stray 73 .............................................8.1953.10

B stray 74 ..............................................8.1953.11

B stray 75 ............................................. 8.1953.12

B stray 76 ............................................. 8.1953.13

B stray 77 ............................................. BB.II.439

B stray 78 .............................................BB.III.414

B stray 79 .............................................BB.III.415

B stray 80 .............................................BB.III.416

B stray 81 .............................................BB.III.417

B stray 82 .............................................BB.III.418

B stray 83 .............................................BB.III.419

B stray 84 ............................................BB.III.420

B stray 85 .............................................BB.III.421

B stray 86 ............................................ BB.III.422

B stray 87 ............................................ BB.III.423

B stray 88 ............................................ BB.III.424

B stray 89 ............................................ BB.III.425

B stray 90 .............................................BB.IV.728

B stray 91 .............................................BB.IV.729

B stray 92 .............................................BB.IV.730

B stray 93 ..............................................BB.IV.731

B stray 94 .............................................BB.IV.732

B stray 95 ...............................................BB.V.147

B stray 96 .............................................. BB.V.148

B stray 97 .............................................. BB.V.149

B stray 98 .............................................. BB.V.150

B stray 99 ...............................................BB.VI.77

B stray 100 .............................................BB.VI.78

B stray 101 ..............................................BB.VI.78

B stray 102 .............................................BB.VI.79

B stray 103............................................. BB.VI.80

B stray 104 .............................................BB.VI.81

B stray 105 ............................................ BB.VI.82

B stray 106 ..........................................BB.VII.149

B stray 107 ..........................................BB.VII.150

B stray 108 ...........................................BB.VII.151

B stray 109 ..........................................BB.VII.152

B stray 110 ........................................... BB.VII.153

B stray 111 ............................................BB.VII.154

B stray 112 ...........................................BB.VII.155

B stray 113 ...........................................BB.VII.156

B stray 114 ........................................... BB.VII.157

B stray 115 ...........................................BB.VII.158

B stray 116 ...........................................BB.VII.159

B stray 117 ...........................................BB.VII.160

B stray 118 ............................................BB.XI.431

B stray 119 ........................................... BB.XI.432

B stray 120 ...........................................BB.XI.433

B stray 121 ........................................... BB.XI.434

B stray 122........................................... BB.XI.435

B stray 123 ........................................... BB.XI.436

B stray 124 .......................................... BB.XI.439

B stray 125.............................................. BC.I.134

B stray 126 ..............................................BC.I.135

B stray 127 .............................................. BC.I.136

B stray 128 ........................................... 12.1984.7

B stray 129 ..........................................BB.XI.462

B stray 130............................................BB.XI.461

B stray 131 .......................................................... -

B stray 132 .......................................................... -

B stray 133 ..............................................XXII.637

B stray 134 ............................................ XXII.1595

B stray 135 .............................................BB.III.96

B stray 136............................................ BB.IV.717

B stray 137 .............................................BB.III.98

B stray 138.........................................BE.XV.194*

B stray 139............................................ BA.VI.13a

B stray 140 ...........................................BB.III.257

B stray 141 .................................................. I.h.97

B stray 142 ......................................................... -

B stray 143 ..........................................................-

B stray 144 ........................................... BA.VII.86

B stray 145 .......................................... BB.IV.568

B stray 146 .......................................... BB.III.436

B stray 147........................................... BB.III.437

B stray 148 ........................................... BB.II.430

B stray 149 .......................................... BB.III.106

B stray 150 ...........................................BB.III.107

B stray 151 ........................................... BB.III.108

B stray 152........................................... BB.III.109

B stray 153 ........................................... BB.III.439

B stray 154 .......................................... BB.III.438

B stray 155...........................................BB.III.440

B stray 156 ................................................ BA.V.2

B stray 157 .............................................BB.III.99

B stray 158 ...........................................BE.XV.771

B stray 159 ..........................................BE.XV.789

494—

B stray 160 ......................................... BE.XV.820

B stray 161 ............................................. BB.III.97

B stray 162 .............................................BB.VI.36

B stray 163..............................................BB.VI.37

B stray 164 .............................................BC.I.47a

B stray 165 .............................................BC.I.47b

B stray 166 ............................................. BC.I.47c

B stray 167 ...........................................BB.IV.775

B stray 168 .......................................... BB.IV.205

B stray 169 ............................................BB.XI.86

B stray 170 ...............................................BB.VI.5

B stray 171 ............................................BB.III.377

B stray 172 ............................................. BB.VI.66

B stray 173 ...........................................BB.VII.144

B stray 174..........................................................-

B stray 175 ..........................................................-

B stray 176 ........................................... BB.III.331

B stray 177 ............................................BB.III.332

B stray 178 ...........................................BB.III.333

B stray 179 ...........................................BB.III.334

B stray 180 ...........................................BB.III.335

B stray 181 .............................................BE.IV.118

B stray 182 .......................................... BB.IV.204

B stray 183............................................BB.III.339

B stray 184 .............................................BB.VI.55

B stray 185 ...........................................BB.VII.113

B stray 186 .......................................... BB.XI.330

B stray 187 ........................................... BB.XI.331

B stray 188 .........................................................-

B stray 189 ..........................................BE.XV.707

B stray 190 .......................................... BB.IV.208

B stray 191 .............................................BB.XI.84

B stray 192 .............................................BC.I.47d

B stray 193..............................................BC.I.47e

B stray 194 ........................................... BC.II.38b

B stray 195 ...........................................BE.III.54a

B stray 196 ...........................................BE.III.54a

B stray 197 ...........................................BE.III.54a

B stray 198 ...........................................BE.III.54a

B stray 199 ...........................................BE.III.54a

B stray 200 .............................................XXII.547

B stray 201 ............................................XXII.1361

B stray 202 ........................................... BB.II.442

B stray 203 .............................................BB.VI.83

B stray 204 ..........................................BB.III.429

B stray 205 .......................................... BB.VII.161

B stray 206 ........................................... BB.II.443

B stray 207 ..........................................BB.VII.166

B stray 208 ............................................ BB.VI.84

B stray 209 .......................................... BB.III.430

B stray 210 ..............................................BC.I.137

B stray 211 ............................................. BB.VI.85

B stray 212............................................BB.II.444

B stray 213 ...........................................BB.XI.444

B stray 214 ............................................ BB.V.154

B stray 215..............................................BB.V.153

B stray 216 ...........................................BB.IV.718

B stray 217 ..............................................BB.VI.53

B stray 218 ............................................ BB.VI.54

B stray 219 ...........................................BB.VII.111

B stray 220 .......................................... BB.VII.112

B stray 221.............................................BB.II.441

B stray 222 ..........................................BB.XI.440

B stray 223 ...........................................BB.XI.441

B stray 224 ..........................................BB.XI.442

Tile grave ff ..............................................BB.I.63

B stray 225 ........................................... 10.1953.3

B stray 226 ............................................10.1953.1

B stray 227 ........................................... 10.1953.2

B stray 228 ........................................ e 1946/12.1

B stray 229 ........................................e 1946/12.2

B stray 230 ........................................e 1946/12.3

B stray 231 .........................................e 1946/12.4

B stray 232 ......................................... e 1947/4.5

B stray 233 ......................................... e 1947/4.6

B stray 234 ..........................................e 1947/4.7

B stray 235 .......................................... e 1951/8.1

B stray 236 ..........................................e 1951/8.2

B stray 237 .......................................... BB.XI.472

B stray 238 ..........................................e 1962/6.1

B stray 239 ............................................ 11.1957.1

B stray 240 ............................................11.1957.2

B stray 241 ............................................11.1957.6

B stray 242 ...........................................5.1958.77

B stray 243 ..........................................e 1946/3.1

B stray 244 ......................................... e 1946/3.2

B stray 245 ...............................................BC.I.42

B stray 246 ..............................................BB.II.61

B stray 247 ............................................BB.VII.53

B stray 248 ...........................................12.1948.8

B stray 249 ........................................... 12.1948.7

B stray 250 ...........................................5.1948.15

495—

B stray 251............................................5.1948.14

B stray 252 ............................................ 6.1947.4

B stray 253 .......................................... BB.IV.209

B stray 254 ........................................... BE.XI.15a

B stray 255 ...........................................BA.VI.19b

B stray 256 ........................................... BB.IV.719

B stray 257 .......................................... BB.XI.520

B stray 259 .......................................... e 1951/8.3

B stray 260 .............................................BB.V.167

B stray 261 ............................................BE.VII.57

B stray 262 ........................................... BB.IV.781

B stray 263 ...........................................BB.III.100

B stray 264 ........................................... BB.III.101

B stray 265 ............................................ BB.XI.85

B stray 266 ........................................... BB.VI.114

B stray 267 ............................................ BB.V.180

B stray 268 ..........................................BB.XI.498

B stray 269 ...........................................BB.XI.521

B stray 270 ..............................................1.1965.1

B stray 271 .............................................. BB.XI.13

B stray 272 ...........................................BB.IV.216

B stray 273 ........................................... BB.IV.217

B stray 274 ...........................................BB.IV.218

B stray 275 ........................................... BB.IV.213

B stray 276 ...........................................BB.IV.214

B stray 277 ........................................... BB.IV.215

B stray 278 ........................................LN 1957/29

B stray 279 .............................................BB.X.117

B stray 280 ................................................BA.V.8

B stray 281 ...............................................BC.I.92

B stray 282 ...............................................BC.I.93

B stray 283 ...............................................BC.I.94

B stray 284 ...............................................BC.I.95

B stray 285 ...............................................BE.V.61

B stray 286 ......................................................... -

B stray 287 ..........................................e 1952/6.1

B stray 288 ......................................... e 1952/6.2

B stray 289 ..........................................e 1952/6.3

B stray 290 ......................................... e 1952/6.4

B stray 291 ......................................... e 1952/6.5

B stray 292 ......................................... e 1952/6.6

B stray 293 ..........................................e 1952/6.7

B stray 294 ......................................... e 1952/6.8

B stray 295 ......................................... e 1952/6.9

B stray 296 ........................................... BE.III.172

B stray 297 ........................................-(find D 10)

B stray 298 ......................................................... -

B stray 299 ......................................................... -

B stray 300 .......................................... BB.IV.784

B stray 301.......................................................... -

B stray 302 .......................................... BB.XI.529

B stray 303 ...........................................BE.IV.265

B stray 304 ...........................................BE.IV.264

B stray 305 .......................................Ma 1963/60

B stray 306 .............................................BA.VI.35

B stray 307 .......................................... BB.III.522

B stray 309 ........................................... Br.1952/-

B stray 310......................................... Grutb 1955

B stray 311 .................................. Grutb 1955/261

B stray 312 .................................Grutb 1955/339

B stray 313 ......................................... Grutb 1955

B stray 314 ..................................Grutb 1955/344

B stray 315 ..................................Grutb 1955/344

B stray 316................................................. 131/28

B stray 317 ............................................BE.IV.263

B stray 318............................................................

B stray 319............................................................

B stray 320 .............................................2008.25

B stray 321 ..............................................2008.24

Cemetery OO, stray finds

OO stray 1 ................................................. IV.d.11

OO stray 2 ...................................................I.h.41

OO stray 3 ...................................................I.h.13

OO stray 4 .................................................... I.h.2

OO stray 5 ...................................................I.b.15

OO stray 6 ...................................................I.b.16

OO stray 7 ..................................................IX.l.73

OO stray 8 ................................................. XIV.39

OO stray 9 ..................................................VII.f.8

OO stray 10 ...........................................VII.d.149

OO stray 11 ............................................VII.d.150

OO stray 12 ............................................VII.d.151

OO stray 13.............................................XX.a.161

OO stray 14 .............................................XX.a.58

OO stray 15 ...........................................dropped

OO stray 16 ........................................ BB.I:X/170

OO stray 17 ............................................BB.XI.19

OO stray 18 ........................................... BB.XI.20

OO stray 19 ............................................BB.XI.18

496—

OO stray 20 .......................................... BB.XI.161

OO stray 21 ..........................................BB.III.183

OO stray 22 ......................................... BB.XI.325

OO stray 23 ......................................... BB.III.250

OO stray 24 ............................................ BB.VI.31

OO stray 25 .............................................BB.V.90

OO stray 26 ............................................. BB.V.91

OO stray 27 ......................................... BB.XI.324

OO stray 28 ..........................................BB.III.214

OO stray 29 ..........................................BB.III.215

OO stray 30 ..........................................BB.III.216

OO stray 31...........................................BB.III.217

OO stray 32 ............................................. BB.V.77

OO stray 33 ............................................BB.VI.22

OO stray 34 ............................................BB.VI.23

OO stray 35 ........................................... BB.VI.24

OO stray 36 ............................................BB.VI.25

OO stray 37 ........................................... BB.IX.28

OO stray 38 ...........................................BB.X.154

OO stray 39 .........................................BB.XI.306

OO stray 40 ........................................ BB.XI.307

OO stray 41 .........................................BB.XI.308

OO stray 42 ......................................... BB.XI.374

OO stray 43 ..........................................BB.XI.471

OO stray 44......................................... BB.XI.502

OO stray 45 .............................................BC.I.131

OO stray 46 .............................................BE.I.94

OO stray 47 ..........................................BE.III.105

OO stray 48 ..................................... BE.III.106

OO stray 49 ..........................................BE.VI.115

OO stray 50 ...........................................BE.VI.116

OO stray 51 ............................................BE.XI.35

OO stray 52 ...........................................BE.XII.35

OO stray 53 ...........................................BE.XII.36

OO stray 54 ........................................BE.XIII.41b

OO stray 55 ................................................ I.h.92

OO stray 56 ...................................................I.b.1

OO stray 57 .................................................. I.b.2

OO stray 58 ................................................VII.f.2

OO stray 59 ........................................... VII.d.138

OO stray 59a ............................................. VII.n.1

OO stray 60 .......................................... XX.a.192

OO stray 61 ...........................................BB.II.418

OO stray 62 .........................................BB.III.459

OO stray 63 ..........................................BB.IV.756

OO stray 64 ........................................BB.XI.469

OO stray 65 .........................................BB.III.460

OO stray 66 .........................................BB.III.519

OO stray 67 .......................................... 12.1964.3

OO stray 68 .........................................9.1964.17

OO stray 69 .........................................9.1964.12

OO stray 70 ............................................BB.II.211

OO stray 71 ..........................................BB.III.184

OO stray 72 ............................................BB.XI.14

OO stray 73 ................................................I.h.90

OO stray 74 .................................................I.h.91

OO stray 75 ................................................I.h.49

OO stray 76 .................................................. I.e.5

OO stray 77 .................................................. I.e.6

OO stray 78 ................................................ I.h.79

OO stray 79 ................................................I.h.80

OO stray 80 ............................................... I.h.82

OO stray 81 ................................................I.h.89

OO stray 82 .................................................I.h.16

OO stray 83 ................................................ I.h.83

OO stray 84 ...............................................I.h.84

OO stray 85 ................................................ I.h.85

OO stray 86 ...............................................I.h.86

OO stray 87 ................................................ I.h.87

OO stray 88 ...............................................I.h.88

OO stray 89 ................................................I.h.81

OO stray 90 ..................................................I.h.1

OO stray 91 ................................................ I.h.74

OO stray 92 ................................................ I.c.98

OO stray 93 .................................................. I.b.4

OO stray 94 ................................................. I.b.7

OO stray 95 .................................................. I.b.9

OO stray 96 ................................................I.b.10

OO stray 97 ................................................. I.b.11

OO stray 98 ................................................I.b.13

OO stray 99 ................................................I.b.14

OO stray 100 .............................................. I.b.43

OO stray 101 ................................................I.b.12

OO stray 102 ................................................ I.b.6

OO stray 103 ................................................ I.b.8

OO stray 104 .............................................. I.c.99

OO stray 105 ............................................ IV.d.38

OO stray 106 ............................................ IV.d.20

OO stray 107 .............................................IV.d.21

OO stray 108 ............................................ IV.d.22

OO stray 109 .............................................IV.d.23

OO stray 110 ............................................. IV.d.62

497—

OO stray 111 ............................................. IV.d.63

OO stray 112 ...............................................IX.l.18

OO stray 113 ...............................................IX.l.19

OO stray 114 .............................................. IX.l.47

OO stray 115 ................................................ IX.l.8

OO stray 116 ................................................ IX.l.9

OO stray 117 ...............................................IX.l.17

OO stray 118 .............................................. IX.l.20

OO stray 119 ............................................... IX.l.11

OO stray 120 ............................................ IV.d.47

OO stray 121 ...............................................IX.l.14

OO stray 122 ............................................IX.l.122

OO stray 123.............................................. IX.l.26

OO stray 124 ............................................. IX.l.27

OO stray 125 ............................................. IX.l.42

OO stray 126 ............................................. IX.l.43

OO stray 127 ............................................. IX.l.44

OO stray 128 .............................................IX.l.49

OO stray 129 ............................................. IX.l.50

OO stray 130 ............................................. IX.l.53

OO stray 131 .............................................. IX.l.54

OO stray 132.............................................. IX.l.55

OO stray 133 .............................................. IX.l.57

OO stray 134 ............................................. IX.l.58

OO stray 135.............................................. IX.l.63

OO stray 136 ................................................IX.l.1

OO stray 137 ................................................ IX.l.2

OO stray 138 ............................................... IX.l.4

OO stray 139 ............................................... IX.l.5

OO stray 140 ..............................................IX.l.10

OO stray 141 ...............................................IX.l.21

OO stray 142 ............................................. IX.l.24

OO stray 143 ............................................. IX.l.25

OO stray 144 ............................................. IX.l.29

OO stray 145 ............................................. IX.l.30

OO stray 146 ............................................. IX.l.32

OO stray 147 ..............................................IX.l.33

OO stray 148 ............................................. IX.l.34

OO stray 149 ..............................................IX.l.37

OO stray 150 ..............................................IX.l.41

OO stray 151 .............................................. IX.l.45

OO stray 152 .............................................IX.l.48

OO stray 153.............................................. IX.l.52

OO stray 154 ............................................. IX.l.59

OO stray 155 .............................................IX.l.60

OO stray 156 ............................................. IX.l.62

OO stray 157 ............................................ IX.l.137

OO stray 158 ............................................. IX.l.28

OO stray 159 ............................................. IX.l.31

OO stray 160 ............................................. IX.l.35

OO stray 161 .............................................. IX.l.36

OO stray 162 ............................................. IX.l.38

OO stray 163 .............................................IX.l.46

OO stray 164 ..............................................IX.l.51

OO stray 165 ............................................. IX.l.56

OO stray 166 ..............................................IX.l.61

OO stray 167 .............................................IX.l.40

OO stray 168 ............................................... IX.l.3

OO stray 169 ............................................IX.l.138

OO stray 170 ..............................................IX.l.13

OO stray 171 ...............................................IX.l.15

OO stray 172 ..............................................IX.l.16

OO stray 173 ..............................................IX.l.68

OO stray 174 .............................................IX.l.69

OO stray 175 ............................................. IX.l.70

OO stray 176 ............................................. IX.l.85

OO stray 177...............................................IX.l.12

OO stray 178 .............................................IX.l.64

OO stray 179 ............................................. IX.l.65

OO stray 180 .............................................IX.l.66

OO stray 181 .............................................. IX.l.79

OO stray 182 ............................................. IX.l.23

OO stray 183 ............................................. IX.l.67

OO stray 184 ..............................................IX.l.71

OO stray 185 ............................................. IX.l.72

OO stray 186 ............................................ IV.d.39

OO stray 187 ............................................. IX.l.22

OO stray 188 .............................................IV.d.18

OO stray 189 .............................................IV.d.17

OO stray 190 ...........................................IV.d.159

OO stray 191 ..............................................IV.d.12

OO stray 192 ............................................. IV.d.13

OO stray 193 .............................................IV.d.14

OO stray 194 .............................................IV.d.10

OO stray 195 .............................................IV.d.15

OO stray 196 .............................................IV.d.16

OO stray 197 .............................................IV.d.19

OO stray 198 ............................................... V.b.4

OO stray 199 ............................................ IV.d.24

OO stray 200 ..........................................IV.e.103

OO stray 201 ............................................. IV.c.18

OO stray 202 ............................................. IV.c.15

498—

OO stray 203 ............................................. IV.c.16

OO stray 204 ............................................ IV.c.19

OO stray 205 .............................................IV.c.20

OO stray 206 ............................................ IV.c.21

OO stray 207 .............................................IV.c.22

OO stray 208 ........................................... IV.c.69

OO stray 209 .......................................... IV.c.122

OO stray 210 ............................................. IV.c.17

OO stray 211 .................................................. XI.7

OO stray 212 ...........................................VII.b.37

OO stray 213.............................................IX.p.28

OO stray 214 ............................................ IX.p.27

OO stray 215 ............................................ VII.h.2

OO stray 216 .........................................dropped

OO stray 217 .............................................VII.k.5

OO stray 218 ............................................... XIV.5

OO stray 219 .............................................XIV.29

OO stray 220 ............................................. XIV.30

OO stray 221 ............................................. XIV.32

OO stray 222 ..............................................XIV.37

OO stray 223 ..............................................XIV.31

OO stray 224 ..............................................XIV.33

OO stray 225 ............................................. XIV.34

OO stray 226 ............................................. XIV.35

OO stray 227 ............................................. XIV.36

OO stray 228 ............................................. XIV.38

OO stray 229 .............................................VII.g.4

OO stray 230 ...............................................XIII.9

OO stray 231.............................................. XIII.10

OO stray 232 ..............................................VII.f.4

OO stray 233 ..............................................VII.f.5

OO stray 234 ..............................................VII.f.6

OO stray 235 ..............................................VII.f.7

OO stray 236 .............................................. VII.f.3

OO stray 237 .......................................... VII.f.107

OO stray 238 .........................................dropped

OO stray 239 .........................................dropped

OO stray 240 ............................................VII.n.2

OO stray 241 .............................................VII.n.4

OO stray 242 .............................................VII.n.5

OO stray 243 .............................................VII.n.6

OO stray 244 ............................................VII.n.7

OO stray 245 .............................................VII.n.8

OO stray 246 ............................................VII.n.9

OO stray 247 ...........................................VII.n.10

OO stray 248 ........................................ VII.d.139

OO stray 249 ........................................VII.d.140

OO stray 250 ..........................................VII.d.141

OO stray 251 .........................................VII.d.142

OO stray 252 ......................................... VII.d.143

OO stray 253 .........................................VII.d.144

OO stray 254 .........................................VII.d.145

OO stray 255 .......................................... XVIII.58

OO stray 256 .......................................... XVIII.59

OO stray 257 ...............................................XV.12

OO stray 258 ...............................................XV.13

OO stray 259 ............................................VII.n.11

OO stray 260 ........................................ XX.a.136

OO stray 261 ..........................................XX.a.135

OO stray 262 ......................................... XX.a.201

OO stray 263 .........................................XX.a.202

OO stray 264 ........................................XX.a.203

OO stray 265 .........................................XX.a.204

OO stray 266 ........................................XX.a.205

OO stray 267 .........................................XX.a.220

OO stray 268 ........................................XX.a.225

OO stray 269 ..........................................XX.a.88

OO stray 270 .............................................XX.a.4

OO stray 271 ............................................... X.a.6

OO stray 272 ............................................XX.a.13

OO stray 273 ........................................... XX.a.14

OO stray 274 ......................................... XX.a.148

OO stray 275 .........................................XX.a.247

OO stray 276 .........................................XX.a.282

OO stray 277 .........................................XX.a.287

OO stray 278 ........................................... XX.b.41

OO stray 279 ........................................ XX.a.404

OO stray 280 ........................................XX.a.427

OO stray 281 ......................................... XX.a.179

OO stray 282 ......................................... XX.a.180

OO stray 283 ..........................................XX.a.181

OO stray 284 ........................................ XX.a.106

OO stray 285 ..........................................XX.a.101

OO stray 286 ..........................................XX.a.40

OO stray 287 ...........................................XX.a.47

OO stray 288 ........................................XX.a.296

OO stray 289 ........................................XX.a.348

OO stray 290 .........................................XX.a.134

OO stray 291 ....................................... XXXI.a.24

OO stray 292 ............................................IX.l.132

OO stray 293 ....................................... BB.III.205

OO stray 294 ..........................................BC.II.52

499—

OO stray 295 ........................................BE.III.100

OO stray 296 ........................................BE.III.101

OO stray 297 ........................................ BE.IV.237

OO stray 298 ....................................... BE.IV.72a

OO stray 299 .......................................BE.IV.255

OO stray 300 .........................................11.1956.3

OO stray 301 .........................................11.1956.4

OO stray 302 .........................................11.1956.5

OO stray 303 ........................................ 11.1956.6

OO stray 304 ........................................ 11.1956.8

OO stray 305 ........................................ 11.1956.9

OO stray 306 .......................................11.1956.10

OO stray 307 ........................................11.1956.11

OO stray 308 ....................................... 11.1956.12

OO stray 309 ....................................... 11.1956.13

OO stray 310 ....................................... 11.1956.17

OO stray 311 ........................................11.1956.18

OO stray 312........................................ 11.1956.21

OO stray 313 ................................................203/1

OO stray 314 ............................................BC.I.49

OO stray 315................................................198/-

OO stray 316 .......................................... 196/199

OO stray 317 .......................................................?

OO stray 318 ......................................................?

OO stray 319 ...............................................71/57

OO stray 320 ......................................... 215-2-12

OO stray 321..........................................XX.a.200

OO stray 322 ......................................... XX.a.218

OO stray 323 ............................................BC.I.90

Remainder, stray finds

Rem. stray 1 ...................................... VII.h.1

Rem. stray 2 ..............................................VII.h.7

Rem. stray 3 ............................................VII.h.10

Rem. stray 4 ..............................................IX.f.14

Rem. stray 5 ............................................ IX.l.108

Rem. stray 6 ............................................ IX.l.110

Rem. stray 7 ..............................................IX.l.111

Rem. stray 8 ............................................ IX.l.112

Rem. stray 9 ............................................IX.l.120

Rem. stray 10 ............................................. VI.d.1

Rem. stray 11 .............................................. VI.d.1

Rem. stray 12 ........................................... IV.c.49

Rem. stray 13 ........................................11.1956.2

Rem. stray 14 ............................................IX.l.84

Rem. stray 15 ......................................... IX.l.143?

Rem. stray 16 ............................................IV.d.10

Rem. stray 17 ........................................... BA.V.11

Rem. str 17.bones ....................................BD.IV.1

Rem. stray 18 ...................................... BB.III.457

Rem. stray 19 ........................................ BB.VI.92

Rem. stray 20 ........................................ BC.I.142

Rem. stray 21 ........................................ BB.V.169

Cemetery B,

excavation finds

B 5.1 .....................................................BB.III.444

B 5.2 ....................................................BB.III.445

B 5.3 .......................................................BB.V.161

B 5.bones .........................................KeBr 1949/1

B 6.1 ....................................................................-

B 6.2 ...................................................... BB.VI.90

B 7.1 ........................................................ BC.I.139

B 11.1. .................................................... BB.II.467

B 13.1. .................................................. BB.IV.764

B 13.2. ..............................................Brk 1951/142

B 13.3. ..............................................Brk 1951/142

B 13.bones ......................................Brk 1951/142

B 14.1. ..................................................BB.XI.484

B 14.2. ......................................................BC.I.153

B 14.3-4 ...........................................Brk 1951/143

B 14.5 ..................................................................-

B 16.1. ..................................................BB.XI.485

B 16.2...................................................BB.XI.486

B 16.3. .................................................. BB.III.479

B 16.4. .................................................... BC.I.154

B 16.bones ......................................Brk 1951/144

B 24.bones ....................................KeBr 1949/30

B 26.1......................................Kerkegas 1949/18

B 27.1 ......................................................BC.I.140

B 29.1....................................Kerkegas 1949/22a

B 41.1 ...................................................BB.XI.450

B 41.2 ....................................................BB.XI.451

B 41.3 ...................................................BB.III.448

B 43.1 ...................................................BB.III.446

B 47.1 ................................................... BB.III.447

B 47.2 ..................................................BB.VII.172

B 47.3 .................................................... BB.V.162

500—

B 48.1 .................................................. BB.IV.744

B 48.2 .............................................KeBr 1949/13

B 54.1 ................................................... BB.XI.483

B 54.2. ................................................. BB.III.478

B 54.3. .................................................BB.VII.186

B 54.4. .................................................BB.VII.187

B 54.5. ................................................... BB.VI.98

B 54.6. ............................................. Brk 1951/141

B 57.1. .......................................................... 135/1

B 57.2. ......................................................... 135/1

B 57.3. ......................................................... 135/1

B 57.4. ................................................................-

B 58.1...........................................................135/2

B 58.2. .........................................................135/2

B 59.1........................................................... 135/3

B 59.2 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.3 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.4 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.5 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.6 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.7 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.8 .......................................................... 135/3

B 59.9 ........................................................ 135/3a

B 59.10 ......................................................135/3b

B 59.11 ......................................................... 135/3

B 59.12. ..............................................................-

B 59.13 ......................................................... 135/3

B 59.14 ........................................................ 135/3

B 59.15 ........................................................ 135/3

B 59.intr ...................................................... 135/3

B 61.1. ............................................ BE.VI.160-171

B 61.2.................................................BC.II.69-70

B 61.2.................................................... BE.III.155

B 61.2.................................................... BE.XIV.31

B 61.3. ...................................................BE.VI.168

B 61.4. ................................................................-

B 62.1...............................................Brk 1951/155

B 64.1-9. ............................................................-

B 67.1. ..................................................BB.III.480

B 67.2. ..................................................BB.III.481

B 67.3. ..................................................BB.II.468

B 67.4. .................................................BB.VII.188

B 67.5. ................................................................-

B 73.1. .................................................. BB.III.477

B 74.bones ......................................Brk 1951/139

B 76.bones ......................................Brk 1951/138

B 80.1. .................................................BB.XI.500

B 80.2. ..................................................BB.III.515

B 80.3. ..................................................BB.III.516

B 81.1. ...................................................BB.XI.501

B 81.2....................................................BB.III.517

B 81.3. ...................................................BB.III.518

B 81.4. .................................................. BB.II.476

B 85.1................................................... BB.III.473

B 85.2. .................................................BB.VII.183

B 86.1. ..................................................BB.XI.481

B 86.2. ..................................................BB.IV.763

B 86.3. .................................................BB.VII.184

B 86.4. .................................................BB.VII.185

B 86.5. ..................................................BB.IV.762

B 86.6. ................................................................ -

B 86.bones ......................................Brk 1951/117

B 87.1. .................................................. BB.III.470

B 87.bones ......................................Brk 1951/107

B 88.1. .................................................BB.XI.480

B 88.2. ..................................................BB.III.471

B 88.3. ....................................................BB.VI.97

B 90.1-3 ...........................................Brk 1951/106

B 90.bones .....................................Brk 1951/106

B 92.bones...................................... Brk 1951/101

B 94.1.. ................................................BB.XI.482

B 94.2. .................................................. BB.II.465

B 94.3. ................................................................ -

B 94.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/119

B 95.bones...................................... Brk 1951/114

B 97.bones ........................................Brk 1951/73

B 98.1. ................................................. BB.III.476

B 98.2. ..................................................BB.II.466

B 98.3. ................................................................ -

B 100.1 ................................................. BB.III.475

B 103.bones ....................................Brk 1951/128

B 104.bones ........................................KG 1956/2

B 105.1 .................................................. BB.III.513

B 105.2 .................................................BB.III.514

B 105.bones ........................................ KG 1956/1

B 106.1 ................................................ KG 1956/4

B 107.bones .................................... Brk 1951/121

B 108.1 ................................................. BB.III.474

B 112.1 .................................................. BB.III.472

B 113.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/110

B 114.1 ..................................................BB.III.469

B 121.bones ...................................... Brk 1951/65

501—

B 122.1 .................................................. BB.IV.761

B 122.2 .................................................BB.III.465

B 122.3 ...................................................BE.III.151

B 122.4................................................................ -

B 122.bones ......................................Brk 1951/72

B 125.1 .....................................................BC.I.151

B 126.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/63

B 128.1 .................................................... BC.I.150

B 132.1 .................................................. BE.IV.261

B 132.2 .................................................. BE.III.150

B 135.1 .................................................BB.III.464

B 135.2 ....................................................BB.V.176

B 135.3 ....................................................BC.I.149

B 137.1.................................................. BB.XI.478

B 137.2 .................................................. BC.I.152a

B 137.intr .............................................. BC.I.152b

B 138.coffin ...................................... Brk 1951/49

B 139.1 ....................................................BB.V.175

B 139.2 ............................................. Brk 1951/56

B 139.3 ................................................................-

B 140.1 .............................................. Brk 1951/50

B 140.2 ............................................. Brk 1951/50

B 140.3..................................................BE.III.148

B 140.4 ............................................. Brk 1951/50

B 140.5 .................................................BE.IV.260

B 140.6 ...............................................................-

B 140.7 ............................................. Brk 1951/50

B 142.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/52

B 143.1 .................................................... BC.I.147

B 143.2 .............................................. Brk 1951/47

B 143.3 ....................................................BC.I.148

B 143.4 ..................................................BE.IV.259

B 143.5 .................................................. BE.III.147

B 143.6.............................................. Brk 1951/47

B 143.7 .............................................. Brk 1951/47

B 143.8.............................................. Brk 1951/47

B 144.1 ................................................. BB.III.463

B 144.bones ......................................Brk 1951/41

B 150.1 ................................................. BB.III.467

B 150.2 .................................................. BB.VI.96

B 150.3 ................................................. BB.VII.181

B 150.4 ...................................................BB.V.177

B 150.5 .................................................. BB.VI.95

B 150.6 ....................................................BE.II.30

B 150.7 .............................................Brk 1951/21a

B 151.1 ..................................................BB.XI.479

B 151.2 .................................................BB.III.468

B 151.3 ..................................................BB.II.464

B 151.bones ...................................... Brk 1951/87

B 154.1 .................................................. BE.III.152

B 154.2.................................................. BE.III.153

B 154.bones .....................................Brk 1951/86

B 160.intr ......................................... Brk 1951/83

B 160.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/83

B 162.1 ................................................................-

B 162.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/79

B 164.1 ................................................................-

B 164.bones .....................................Brk 1951/80

B 165.1 .................................................BB.III.466

B 165.2 .................................................. BB.VI.94

B 165.3 .................................................BB.VII.180

B 165.bones ......................................Brk 1951/81

B 166.1 .................................................BB.VII.182

B 167.1 .................................................. BE.III.154

B 167.2 ..................................................BE.IV.262

B 167.bones .....................................Brk 1951/89

B 168.bones ......................................Brk 1951/91

B 169.1 ..................................................BB.IV.745

B 169.2 .......................................... KeBr 1950/36

B 171.1 ..................................................BB.III.482

B 172.1 ................................................................-

B 172.2 .................................................... BC.I.155

B 172.3 ...................................................BE.III.173

B 176.1 ................................................. BB.XI.447

B 176.2 .................................................BB.XI.448

B 176.3 .................................................BB.XI.449

B 176.4 .................................................. BB.VI.89

B 176.5 ................................................... BB.V.159

B 176.6 .................................................. BB.V.160

B 176.7 .................................................... BC.I.138

B 177.1 ......................................................... 134/1

B 177.2 ......................................................... 134/1

B 177.3 ......................................................... 134/1

B 177.4 ......................................................... 134/1

B 177.5 ......................................................... 134/1

B 177.6 ......................................................... 134/1

B 179.1 .........................................................134/4

B 180.coff .................................................... 141/3

B 180.1 ......................................................... 141/3

B 180.2 ...................................................... 141/3a

B 180.3 ...................................................... 141/3b

B 180.4 ........................................................ 141/3

502—

B 180.5 ........................................................ 141/3

B 180.6 ........................................................ 141/3

B 180.7 ........................................................ 141/3

B 180.8.9 ..................................................... 141/3

B 180.10 ....................................................... 141/3

B 180.11 ....................................................... 141/3

B 180.12 ....................................................... 141/3

B 180.intr .................................................... 141/3

B 181.1...........................................................131/7

B 181.2 ..........................................................131/7

B 181.3 ..........................................................131/7

B 181.4 ..........................................................131/7

B 182.1. ...............................................................-

B 182.2 ...............................................................-

B 182.3.. ..............................................................-

B 182.4 ...............................................................-

B 182.5. ..............................................................-

B 182.6 ...............................................................-

B 182.7. ...............................................................-

B 182.8 ...............................................................-

B 182.9.. .............................................................-

B 182.intr ............................................................-

B 183.1 ......................................................... 131/8

B 183.2 ......................................................... 131/8

B 183.3 ......................................................... 131/8

B 183.4......................................................... 131/8

B 183.5 ......................................................... 131/8

B 183.6 ........................................................ 131/8

B 183.7 ......................................................... 131/8

B 184.1 ......................................................... 131/6

B 184.2 ........................................................ 131/6

B 184.3......................................................... 131/6

B 185.1 ......................................................... 131/5

B 185.2 ........................................................ 131/5

B 185.3 ................................................................-

B 185.4 ........................................................ 131/5

B 185.5 ........................................................ 131/5

B 185.6 ........................................................ 131/5

B 186.1 ......................................................... 131/9

B 189.1 .........................................................131/11

B 189.2 ........................................................131/11

B 189.3 ........................................................131/11

B 189.4 ........................................................131/11

B 189.5 ........................................................131/11

B 189.6 ........................................................131/11

B 191.1......................................................... 131/13

B 191.2 ........................................................ 131/13

B 191.3 ........................................................ 131/13

B 196.1 ....................................................... 141/18

B 196.2 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.3 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.4 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.5 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.6 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.7 ...................................................... 141/18

B 196.8 ...................................................... 141/18

B 197.1 ....................................................... 134/12

B 197.2 ....................................................... 134/12

B 197.3 ....................................................... 134/12

B 197.4 ...................................................... 134/12

B 197.5 ....................................................... 134/12

B 197.6 ...................................................... 134/12

B 197.7 ....................................................... 134/12

B 197.8 ...................................................... 134/12

B 198.1 ....................................................... 134/19

B 198.2 ...................................................... 134/19

B 198.3 ...................................................... 134/19

B 198.4 ...................................................... 134/19

B 198.5 ...................................................... 134/19

B 199.1 .........................................................134/6

B 199.2 ........................................................134/6

B 200.1 ........................................................134/8

B 201.1 ....................................................... 134/10

B 201.2 ...................................................... 134/10

B 203.1 ........................................................ 131/17

B 203.2 ....................................................... 131/17

B 203.3 ....................................................... 131/17

B 203.4 ....................................................... 131/17

B 204.1 ...................................................... 131/36

B 204.2 ...................................................... 131/36

B 204.3 ...................................................... 131/36

B 204.4 ...................................................... 131/36

B 204.5 ...................................................... 131/36

B 205.intr .................................................. 131/47

B 206.1 ...................................................... 131/54

B 206.2 ...................................................... 131/54

B 206.3 ...................................................... 131/54

B 206.4 ...................................................... 131/54

B 207.1 ....................................................... 131/40

B 207.2 ...................................................... 131/40

B 207.3 ...................................................... 131/40

B 207.4 ...................................................... 131/40

503—

B 207.5 ...................................................... 131/40

B 207.6 ...................................................... 131/40

B 208.1 ...................................................... 131/48

B 211.1 .................................................................-

B 212.2 ........................................................131/37

B 212.3 ........................................................131/37

B 213.1 ....................................................... 131/45

B 214.1 ........................................................131/19

B 215.1 ......................................................... 131/2

B 215.2 ......................................................... 131/2

B 216.1 ........................................................131/18

B 216.2 .......................................................131/18

B 216.3 ........................................................131/18

B 216.4 .......................................................131/18

B 216.5 .......................................................131/18

B 216.6 .......................................................131/18

B 216.7 ........................................................131/18

B 217.1 ....................................................... 131/20

B 217.2 ....................................................... 131/20

B 218.1 ....................................................... 131/38

B 218.2 ...................................................... 131/38

B 218.3 ....................................................... 131/38

B 218.4 ...................................................... 131/38

B 218.5 ...................................................... 131/38

B 218.6 ...................................................... 131/38

B 218.7 ....................................................... 131/38

B 218.8. ..................................................... 131/38

B 218.9 ...................................................... 131/38

B 218.10 ..................................................... 131/38

B 218.11...................................................... 131/38

B 219.1 ....................................................... 131/39

B 219.2 ...................................................... 131/39

B 219.3 ....................................................... 131/39

B 219.4 ...................................................... 131/39

B 219.5 ...................................................... 131/39

B 219.6 ...................................................... 131/39

B 220.1 .......................................................131/53

B 221.1 ....................................................... 131/52

B 221.2 ....................................................... 131/52

B 222.1 ....................................................... 131/46

B 222.2 ...................................................... 131/46

B 226.1 .......................................................131/32

B 227.1 ........................................................131/23

B 227.2 .......................................................131/23

B 227.3 .......................................................131/23

B 227.4 .......................................................131/23

B 228.1 ........................................................134/9

B 231.intr ..............................................BE.IV.266

B 231.bones ...................................... LN 1957/23

B 232.1 ................................................. BB.XI.507

B 234.1 ................................................. BB.XI.505

B 234.2 ................................................BB.XI.506

B 234.3 ................................................ BB.III.526

B 234.4 ................................................ BB.III.525

B 234.5 ................................................. BB.II.482

B 236.1 .........................................................134/2

B 238.1 ....................................................... 134/17

B 241.1 .................................................BB.VII.219

B 241.bones .................................... LN 1957/45

B 243.1 ................................................. BB.III.527

B 244.1 ...............................................................-

B 245.bones...................................... LN 1957/27

B 246.bones ........................................LN 1957/1

B 247.bones ........................................ LN 1957/2

B 248.1 .................................................. BB.V.186

B 248.2 ................................................ BB.III.524

B 248.3 .................................................. BB.V.185

B 249.bones .......................................LN 1957/6

B 248-9.bones ................................LN 1957.6-7

B 250.1 ................................................BB.XI.508

B 250.2 ................................................. BB.II.483

B 250.bones.......................................LN 1957/31

B 251.bones ...................................... LN 1957/25

B 255.bones ........................................KG 1956/5

B 256.intr ...........................................................-

B 256.intr ...........................................................-

B 257.1 ..................................................... 131/34a

B 257.2 .................................................... 131/34b

B 258.1 ..................................................BB.II.481

B 281.1 ........................................................ 133/11

B 288.1 ........................................................ 133/5

B 291.1 ................................................. BB.III.528

B 292.1 .................................................BB.III.531

B 292.2 ................................................ BB.III.530

B 292.3 ............................................... BB.VII.220

B 293.1 .................................................BB.XI.509

B 293.2 ................................................ BB.III.529

B 293.3 ................................................. BB.II.485

B 293.4 ...............................................................-

B 293.5 ................................................. BE.III.174

B 293.6 ................................................. BE.III.175

B 293.bones ......................................LN 1957/65

504—

B 298.1-55 ..........................................................-

B 298.56.............................................. BB.III.534

B 298.57 ...............................................BB.III.535

B 298.58-70 ......................................LN 1957/88

B 298.71-73 ........................................................-

B 299.intr ...........................................................-

B 299.1 .................................................. BB.V.188

B 300.bones......................................LN 1957/42

B 301.1 ..................................................BB.II.484

B 302.bones ...................................... LN 1957/37

B 303/4.bones .................................. LN 1957/39

B 310.bones ...................................... LN 1957/75

B 312.intr ...........................................LN 1957/46

B 312.bones ......................................LN 1957/46

B 316.1 ............................................... LN 1957/77

B 319.1 ..................................................BB.III.523

B 319.2 ................................................... BB.V.184

B 319.3 .................................................. BB.II.479

B 319.intr ............................................................-

B 320.1 ................................................................-

B 320.2-6 ............................................ LN 1957/5

B 322.bones ..................................... LN 1957/12

B 323.bones .......................................LN 1957/13

B 327.bones ...................................... LN 1957/16

B 328.1 ..................................................BB.III.533

B 328.bones ...................................... LN 1957/18

B 329.bones .......................................LN 1957/17

B 330.bones ...................................... LN 1957/10

B 331.bones .......................................LN 1957/60

B 332.bones ......................................LN 1957/59

B 333.bones ......................................LN 1957/58

B 334.1 .................................................. BB.VI.116

B 334.2 .................................................. BB.V.189

B 334.bones ...................................... LN 1957/52

B 335.bones .......................................LN 1957/51

B 337.bones ......................................LN 1957/50

B 339.bones ......................................LN 1957/48

B 341.bones ...................................... LN 1957/55

B 343.teeth .......................................LN 1957/82

B 344.1 ..................................................BB.II.486

B 344.2 ...................................................BB.V.187

B 344.bones ........................................LN 1957/8

B 345.1 .................................................BB.VII.218

B 345.2 ............................................................... -

B 345.3 ............................................... LN 1957/11

B 345.bones ....................................... LN 1957/11

B 346.bones........................................LN 1957/9

B 348-9.bones .................................. LN 1957/19

B 350.bones ...................................... LN 1957/61

B 353.1 ........................................................141/12

B 355.1 .......................................................141/20

B 357.1 ........................................................141/17

B 364.1........................................................133/17

B 364.2 .......................................................133/17

B 365.1 ........................................................133/14

B 367.1 ........................................................133/21

B 367.2 .......................................................133/21

B 367.3 .......................................................133/21

B 367.4 .......................................................133/21

B 372.1 ..................................................BB.XI.512

B 372.2 .................................................BB.XI.513

B 372.3 ................................................. BB.III.543

B 372.4 ................................................. BB.VI.118

B 381.1 ..................................................BB.XI.510

B 381.2 ................................................. BB.III.536

B 381.3 ....................................................BC.I.184

B 383.1 .................................................. BB.XI.511

B 383.2 ................................................ BB.III.538

B 383.3................................................. BB.III.539

B 386.teeth ..................................... LN 1957/106

B 387.1 ..................................................BB.III.541

B 387.2 ................................................BB.III.540

B 391.teeth ........................................LN 1957/92

B 392.1 ..................................................BB.III.532

B 392.2 ................................................BB.VII.221

B 395.1 ..................................................BB.III.537

B 395.2 ..................................................BB.VI.117

B 395.3 ............................................... BB.VII.222

B 395.4-5 ......................................... BA.VI.37-38

B 401.teeth .......................................LN 1957/97

B 402.1-5 ......................................... LN 1957/109

B 403.teeth ..................................... LN 1957/108

B 409.1 ........................................................141/8

B 409.2 ........................................................141/8

B 410.1 ..................................................BB.XI.515

B 410.2 ............................................... BB.VII.226

B 410.3................................................ BB.VII.225

B 410.4 ...............................................................-

B 414.1 ................................................. BB.III.542

B 416.1 ................................................................-

B 421.1 ..................................................BB.II.480

B 421.2....................................................BA.VI.39

505—

B 423.1 .................................................BB.III.544

B 423.2 ................................................ BB.III.545

B 423.3 ................................................BB.VII.223

B 427.1 .................................................BB.XI.499

B 427.2 .................................................BB.IV.783

B 427.3 ................................................ BB.VII.211

B 435.1 ..................................................BB.XI.514

B 435.2 ................................................ BB.III.547

B 435.3 .................................................BB.IV.782

B 435.4-5 .........................................BA.VI.40-41

B 449.teeth ......................................LN 1957/122

B 451.1 .................................................BB.III.546

B 451.2................................................... BB.V.190

B 451.3 ................................................ BB.VII.224

B 456.1 ................................................BB.III.548

B 456.2 ................................................. BB.VI.119

B 456.3 ...................................................BB.V.191

B 458.1 ................................................ LN 1960/1

B 460.1 ........................................................ 133/2

B 465.1. .....................................LN1960-1/46/25

B 465.2. ....................................LN 1960-1/46/23

B 465.3. ....................................LN 1960-1/46/24

B 465.4. ....................................LN 1960-1/46/22

B 465.5. ....................................... LN 1960/46/18

B 465.6 ....................................... LN 1960-1/46/1

B 465.7 .......................................LN 1960-1/46/2

B 465.8 .......................................LN 1960-1/46/3

B 465.9 .......................................LN 1960-1/46/4

B 465.10 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/5

B 465.11 ......................................LN 1960-1/46/6

B 465.12 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/7

B 465.13 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/8

B 465.14 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/9

B 465.15 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/10

B 465.16 ....................................LN 1960-1/46/11

B 465.17 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/12

B 465.18 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/13

B 465.19 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/14

B 465.20 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/15

B 465.21 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/16

B 465.22 .................................. LN 1960-1/46/17

B 465.23 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/19

B 465.24 .................................. LN 1960-1/46/20

B 465.25 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/21

B 470.1 .................................................BB.XI.518

B 470.2 .................................................BB.XI.517

B 470.3 .................................................BB.XI.516

B 471.1 ...............................................LN 1960/39

B 480.1 ...............................................................-

B 481.1 ..................................................BB.XI.519

B 481.2 ................................................ BB.III.550

B 481.3...............................................LN 1960/38

B 481.4 ..............................................LN 1960/38

B 482.1 ................................................BB.III.549

B 482.2 .................................................BB.II.488

B 482.3 ................................................. BB.II.487

B 484.intr ..........................................LN 1960/30

B 486.1 ...............................................................-

B 486.2 ...............................................................-

B 496.intr ...........................................................-

B 497.intr ...........................................................-

B 497.intr ..................................................142/18

B 503.intr .................................................. 142/17

B 504.1 ...............................................................-

B 504.2 ...............................................................-

B 504.3 ........................................................142/7

B 504.intr ....................................................142/7

B 505.intr ....................................................142/5

B 512.1 .......................................................142/43

B 512.2 .......................................................142/43

B 512.3 .......................................................142/43

B 517.1 .......................................................142/16

B 520.1 ......................................................142/23

B 522.1 ...................................................... 142/42

B 536.1 ................................................................-

B 536.2 ..................................................... 142/45

B 537.intr...................................................142/30

B 547.intr ................................................... 142/6

B 580.1 .....................................................BA.V.15

B 592.1 ....................................................BC.I.171

B 592.2 ................................................. BE.III.163

B 592.3 .................................................BE.III.164

B 601.1 ......................................................BA.V.12

B 606.1 .............................................Ma 1952/64

B 606.2.............................................Ma 1952/64

B 608.1 .............................................Ma 1952/40

B 608.2................................................BB.VII.217

B 612.1 ..................................................BB.IV.781

B 620.0.....................................................BA.V.13

B 620.0.....................................................BD.IV.3

B 620.1 .............................................. BE.XV.2201

B 620.2.5 .......................................BE.XV.2202-4

506—

B 620.3.4.6................................... BE.XV.2206-8

B 620.7 ...............................................................-

B 620.8...............................................................-

B 620.9...............................................................-

B 620.10 ..................................................BC.II.72

B 620.11 ................................................ BE.III.176

B 620.12 ................................................BE.III.177

B 620.13 ........................................BE.III.178-179

B 620.14 ...............................................BE.IV.267

B 620.15 ........................................BE.VI.178-180

B 620.16 .................................................... BD.I.6

B 620.17 ................................................. BC.I.185

B 620.18 ............................................................. -

B 620.19 ................................................BE.III.181

B 620.20................................................BE.III.181

B 620.bones ..................................Grutb 1957/5

B 625.bones................................. Grutb 1957/14

B 627.1 ......................................................BA.V.14

B 628.bones ................................ Grutb 1957/18

B 633.1 ................................................................ -

B 633.bones ............................Pauwelst 1952/1a

B 651.1 ................................................................ -

B 654.1 ................................................ BB.XI.487

B 654.2 ............................................. Ma 1952/30

B 659.1 ........................................Ma/Gr 1952/4a

B 660.1 ............................................................... -

B 661.1 ................................................ Ma 1952/7

B 661.intr ........................................................... -

B 663.1 ................................................... BC.I.156

B 663.2 ....................................................BC.I.157

B 663.3 .............................................. Ma 1952/11

B 663.4 ............................................................... -

B 664.1 ....................................................BC.I.175

B 670.1 ............................................... Ma 1952/5

B 670.2 ............................................... Ma 1952/5

B 670.coff .......................................................... -

B 674.1 ................................................BB.XI.488

B 674.2 ................................................BB.XI.489

B 674.3 ................................................BB.XI.490

B 674.4 .................................................BB.II.469

B 674.5 ...................................................BC.I.160

B 674.6 ................................................... BC.I.159

B 676.1 ................................................BB.III.488

B 676.2 .................................................. BB.VI.99

B 676.3 ................................................BB.VII.194

B 677.1 ..................................................BB.IV.765

B 677.2 .................................................BB.VI.100

B 680.1 .................................................BB.VI.105

B 680.2................................................... BC.I.162

B 680.3 ............................................ Ma 1952/53

B 680.4 .................................................. BC.I.176

B 680.5-6 ......................................BE.III.157-158

B 680.7 ................................................. BE.III.159

B 681.1 ................................................. BB.III.497

B 681.2 .................................................BB.VI.104

B 681.teeth ...................................... Ma 1952/52

B 682.1 ................................................ BB.IV.768

B 682.teeth ...................................... Ma 1952/61

B 683.1 .............................................Ma 1952/56

B 685.1 ................................................BB.III.490

B 686.1 ............................................... BB.XI.491

B 686.2................................................BB.XI.492

B 686.3 ................................................. BB.VI.101

B 686.4 ...............................................BB.VII.195

B 686.5 ...............................................................-

B 687.1 .................................................BB.III.491

B 687.2 .................................................BB.VI.102

B 687.3 ....................................................BC.I.161

B 687.4 .............................................Ma 1952/45

B 687.5 .............................................Ma 1952/45

B 690.1 .............................................Ma 1952/58

B 690.2.............................................Ma 1952/58

B 690.3 .............................................Ma 1952/58

B 690.4 ............................................Ma 1952/58

B 690.bones ....................................Ma 1952/58

B 692.intr ...........................................................-

B 696.bones ....................................Ma 1952/80

B 697.1 ................................................BB.III.498

B 697.2 ................................................ BB.IV.769

B 697.3 ...................................................BC.I.164

B 697.4 ................................................... BC.I.163

B 697.5 ....................................................BC.I.177

B 697.teeth ......................................Ma 1952/76

B 699.0 ................................................. BA.VIII.6

B 699.1 ..........................................BE.III.167-168

B 699.teeth ......................................Ma 1952/78

B 700.intr ............................................... BC.I.178

B 701.1 .................................................BB.III.499

B 701.2 ..................................................BB.IV.770

B 701.3 .................................................BB.VII.197

B 701.4 ................................................... BC.I.179

B 701.5 ....................................................BC.I.166

507—

B 701.6.. ................................................. BC.I.167

B 701.7 ....................................................BA.VI.32

B 701.8 ................................................... BC.I.165

B 701.9 ..................................................BE.VI.157

B 701.9 ................................................. BE.VI.176

B 701.10 .................................................BE.III.161

B 701.11 .................................................BE.III.160

B 701.12 ................................................BE.III.169

B 701.13 .................................................. BD.II.19

B 701.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/81

B 702.1 ................................................... BB.VI.111

B 702.2 .................................................BB.VI.109

B 702.3 .................................................BB.VI.107

B 702.4 ................................................. BB.VI.110

B 702.5 .................................................BB.VI.108

B 702.6 .............................................Ma 1952/86

B 702.7 ...................................................BA.VI.33

B 702.bones .....................................Ma 1952/86

B 704.1 ................................................BB.XI.495

B 704.2 ................................................BB.III.504

B 704.3 ................................................. BB.IV.771

B 704.4 ....................................................BC.I.181

B 704.5 ...............................................................-

B 704.6 ...............................................................-

B 704.7 ...............................................................-

B 704.8. .................................................. BC.I.172

B 704.9 ................................................. BE.VI.158

B 704.9 ................................................. BE.VI.159

B 704.9 .................................................BF.1; BH.1

B 704.10 .........................................BE.III.170-171

B 705.1 .................................................BB.III.500

B 705.2 ................................................BB.VII.198

B 705.3 ...............................................................-

B 705.4 ...............................................................-

B 705.intr (5x) ..................................Ma 1952/87

B 706.1 .................................................BB.III.501

B 706.2 ................................................ BB.III.502

B 706.3 ...............................................................-

B 706.4 ...................................................BC.I.168

B 706.5 .............................................Ma 1952/88

B 707.1 ................................................. BB.III.505

B 707.2 ................................................... BC.I.182

B 708.1 ................................................ BB.III.503

B 708.2 ..................................................BB.VI.112

B 708.3 ...................................................BC.I.180

B 714.1 ...................................................BE.VI.177

B 715.1 ..................................................BB.XI.533

B 715.2 ..................................................BB.II.496

B 715.3 ................................................... BB.V.195

B 717.1 ................................................. BB.III.520

B 719.1 ..............................................Ma 1952/98

B 721.bones ................................... Ma 1952/102

B 722.1 .................................................BB.XI.504

B 722.2 .................................................BB.III.510

B 723.1 ................................................. BB.III.507

B 723.2 .......................................................... lost

B 723.3 ..................................................BB.IV.772

B 723.4 ...............................................BB.VII.200

B 723.5 ................................................BB.VII.162

B 723.6 .................................................BE.III.162

B 723.intr...............................................BB.II.471

B 723.bones ....................................Ma 1952/101

B 724.1 .................................................BB.III.506

B 724.2 ................................................BB.VII.199

B 725.1 ..................................................BB.III.521

B 725.2 ................................................BB.VII.216

B 726.1 ................................................ BB.VII.203

B 726.2 ................................................... BC.I.170

B 726.3 ........................................... BC.I.169+183

B 728.1 ...................................................BB.VI.115

B 728.2 ................................................BB.VII.201

B 728.3 ............................................... BB.VII.202

B 728.4 ...............................................Ma 1952/6

B 728.5 ...............................................................-

B 730.1 ..................................................BB.VI.106

B 730.2 ................................................. BB.II.470

B 730.3 ...................................................BB.V.179

B 733.1 .................................................BB.III.489

B 733.2 ................................................................-

B 734.1 .................................................BB.VII.193

B 734.2 ...............................................................-

B 734.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/23

B 735.bones ......................................Ma 1952/21

B 737.teeth ....................................... Ma 1952/19

B 739.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/63

B 740.1 ......................................... BE.III.165-166

B 740.2 .................................................... BC.II.71

B 741.1 ................................................. BB.XI.493

B 741.2 .................................................BB.III.494

B 741.3 .................................................BB.III.492

B 741.4................................................. BB.III.493

B 741.5 .................................................. BB.VI.103

508—

B 741.6 ................................................ BB.IV.766

B 741.7 ................................................................ -

B 742.1 .................................................BB.XI.494

B 742.2 ................................................BB.III.496

B 742.3 .................................................BB.IV.767

B 742.4 ............................................................... -

B 743.1 .................................................BB.III.495

B 743.2 ................................................BB.VII.196

B 743.3 ................................................. BE.III.156

B 744.1................................................. BB.XI.522

B 744.2 ................................................ BB.III.552

B 744.3 .................................................BB.III.551

B 745.1 ..................................................BB.XI.523

B 745.2 ............................................................... -

B 747.1 ................................................. BB.III.555

B 747.2 ................................................... BC.I.158

B 749.1 .............................................Ma 1963/29

B 749.teeth ......................................Ma 1963/29

B 751.1 .................................................BB.III.486

B 751.2 .................................................BB.III.485

B 751.3 ................................................. BB.III.487

B 751.4 ...............................................Ma 1952/17

B 754.1 ..................................................BB.IV.785

B 754.bones .................................Ma 1963/(20)7

B 757.1 .................................................. BB.II.492

B 757.bones ..................................... Ma 1963/25

B 758.bones .....................................Ma 1963/26

B 760.1 .................................................BB.VI.120

B 760.2 .................................................BB.II.489

B 760.3 ................................................BB.VII.227

B 762.1 ................................................................ -

B 762.intr(2x) ....................................Ma 1963/14

B 763.1 ................................................ BB.VII.229

B 763.2 ...................................................BC.I.186

B 763.3 ............................................................... -

B 764.1 ................................................ BB.XI.525

B 764.2 ................................................ BB.XI.524

B 764.3 ................................................ BB.XI.526

B 764.4 .................................................BB.III.553

B 764.5 ..................................................BB.VI.121

B 764.6 .................................................BB.II.490

B 764.7 .................................................. BB.V.192

B 764.8 ............................................... BB.VII.228

B 764.9 ............................................................... -

B 766.1 ................................................ BB.XI.527

B 766.2 ................................................ BB.III.554

B 766.3 ..............................................Ma 1963/17

B 773.1 ................................................. BB.XI.528

B 773.2...................................................BB.II.491

B 776.bones .....................................Ma 1963/28

B 778.1 ..................................................BB.VI.122

B 778.2 ...............................................................-

B 778.3 ...............................................................-

B 778.4 ...............................................................-

B 778.5 ...............................................................-

B 778.6 ...............................................................-

B 778.7-10 ........................................Ma 1963/59

B 779.1 ................................................. BB.XI.532

B 779.2 .................................................BB.XI.531

B 779.3 .................................................. BB.V.194

B 779.4 ................................................. BB.II.495

B 781.1 ................................................................-

B 782.1 ..............................................Ma 1963/42

B 786.1 ................................................. BB.II.493

B 787.1 ................................................................-

B 787.2 ...............................................................-

B 787.3 ...............................................................-

B 787.4 ...............................................................-

B 788.bones .................................... Ma 1963/41

B 789.bones ....................................Ma 1963/44

B 792.1 ................................................. BB.XI.530

B 792.2 .................................................BB.II.494

B 795.1 ...................................................... AA.152

B 795.2-6 ...........................................................-

B 798.1-4 ...........................................Ma 1963/51

B 798.bones .....................................Ma 1963/51

B 801.1 ........................................................ 97/27

B 801.2 ....................................................... 97/27

B 803.1 .........................................................97/9

B 805.1 ....................................................... 97/10

B 809.1 ....................................................... 97/23

B 809.2....................................................... 97/23

B 810.1 ........................................................ 97/18

B 810.2 ....................................................... 97/18

B 810.3 ....................................................... 97/18

B 811.1........................................................... 97/7

B 812.1 .........................................................97/15

B 812.2 ........................................................97/15

B 812.3 .........................................................97/15

B 812.4 ........................................................97/15

B 814.1 ........................................................97/26

B 815.1 ........................................................97/24

509—

B 817.1 .........................................................97/21

B 818.1 ........................................................ 97/16

B 818.2 ....................................................... 97/16

B 819.1 ...........................................................97/1

B 819.2 ..........................................................97/1

B 820.1 ......................................................... 97/5

B 820.2 ......................................................... 97/5

B 820.3 ......................................................... 97/5

B 821.1 ......................................................... 97/11

B 823.1 .......................................................... 97/2

B 824.1 .........................................................97/4

B 827.1 ........................................................ 97/25

B 827.2 ....................................................... 97/25

B 828.1 ...................................................BB.V.193

B 828.2 ...............................................................-

B 829.1 ...............................................................-

B 829.2 ...............................................................-

B 834.1................................................. BB.III.483

B 834.2 ................................................BB.III.484

B 834.3 ...................................................BB.V.178

B 834.4 ................................................BB.VII.189

B 834.5 ................................................BB.VII.190

B 834.6 ................................................ BB.VII.191

B 834.7 ...............................................................-

B 834.8 ................................................BB.VII.192

Cemetery OO,

excavation finds

OO 2.1....................................................... 209/61

OO 2.bones ..............................................209/62

OO 3.1 ...................................................... 209/64

OO 3.bones ....................................... 209/64-65

OO 4.1 ......................................................209/32

OO 5.bones ........................................209/46-47

OO 5.bones ........................................ 209/49-51

OO 9.1 ...................................................... 209/10

OO 9.2 ........................................................209/5

OO 9.3 ........................................................209/9

OO 9.4. ..................................................... 209/18

OO 9.5. .....................................................209/53

OO 9.6 ................................................................-

OO 9.7 ................................................................-

OO 9.8 .......................................................209/11

OO 9.9 ...................................................... 209/14

OO 9.10 .................................................... 209/15

OO 9.11 ..................................................... 209/12

OO 9.12 ..............................................................-

OO 9.13 .....................................................209/11

OO 9.14 .................................................... 209/17

OO 9.15 ..............................................................-

OO 9.16 .....................................................209/11

OO 9.17 ......................................................209/4

OO 9.bones ............................... 209/8+48-48A

OO 10.bones ......................................209/57-58

OO 12.1 ..................................................... 209/16

OO 12.2 ....................................................209/24

OO 12.2 .................................................... 209/21

OO 12.3 .....................................................209/24

OO 12.4-9 ................................................209/22

OO 12.10 ...................................................209/23

OO 12.11....................................................209/26

OO 12.12 ...................................................209/27

OO 12.13 ...................................................209/25

OO 12.bones ......................................209/19+29

OO 13.1 ....................................................... 209/1

OO 13.2 .......................................................209/2

OO 19.1. ...................................................... 242-1

OO 19.2. .....................................................242-6

OO 19.3. .....................................................242-2

OO 20.1. .................................................... 246-4

OO 20.2. .....................................................246-5

OO 20.3. .....................................................246-3

OO 24.1. .................................................... 249-9

OO 24.2. ...................................................249-12

OO 25.1........................................................210/3

OO 25.2 ...................................................... 210/4

OO 25.3 .......................................................210/5

OO 26.1 .................................................... 210/44

OO 26.2 .................................................... 210/48

OO 26.3 .................................................... 210/45

OO 26.4 .................................................... 210/46

OO 26.5 .....................................................210/47

OO 26.6 .................................................... 210/56

OO 26.7.8 ..................................................210/57

OO 26.bones ........................................... 210/54

OO 28.1 ......................................................204/9

OO 28.2 .................................................... 204/10

OO 28.bones ...................................... 204/11+15

OO 29.1 ...................................................... 204/3

OO 29.2a .................................................... 204/3

510—

OO 29.2b....................................................204/5

OO 29.2c .................................................... 204/3

OO 29.2d....................................................204/5

OO 29.2e-f .................................................204/5

OO 29.3. .....................................................204/6

OO 29.4-10 .......................................... 204/2a-g

OO 29.9 ......................................................204/6

OO 29.11 .....................................................204/5

OO 29.12 ............................................................ -

OO 29.bones .............................................204/7

OO 30.1 .................................................... 204/18

OO 30.2 .................................................... 204/16

OO 30.3 .....................................................204/17

OO 30.4 ....................................................204/24

OO 30.bones............................................204/23

OO 31.1 .....................................................209/70

OO 31.bones ........................................... 209/69

OO 34.bones ....................................... 216/253-3

OO 37.1. .......................................................251-3

OO 37.2. ......................................................251-1

OO 37.3. ..................................................... 251-2

OO 37.4. ....................................................251-14

OO 37.5. ....................................................251-19

OO 37.6. ....................................................251-18

OO 40.1. ................................................... 243-10

OO 40.2. .....................................................243-7

OO 40.3. .....................................................243-8

OO 42.1 ......................................................252-2

OO 42.2. ..................................................... 252-3

OO 42.3. .................................................... 252-1

OO 44.1 .................................................... 210/49

OO 44.2 .................................................... 210/50

OO 44.3 .....................................................210/51

OO 47.bones ........................................... 202/19

OO 48.1 ....................................................202/20

OO 48.2 .................................................... 202/21

OO 48.3 ......................................................202/8

OO 48.bones ...........................................202/22

OO 49.1 .................................................... 202/12

OO 49.bones ......................................202/13+15

OO 50.1 .................................................... 202/14

OO 54.1 ....................................................202/49

OO 56.1 .................................................... 210/20

OO 56.2 .....................................................210/21

OO 56.3 .................................................... 210/22

OO 58.1 .................................................... 210/42

OO 58.2 .....................................................210/41

OO 58.bones ............................................210/41

OO 59.1 .......................................................210/1

OO 59.2 .......................................................210/2

OO 59.3 ...................................................... 210/6

OO 59.bones ........................................... 210/52

OO 60.1 .................................................... 210/38

OO 60.2 .....................................................210/33

OO 60.bones ........................................... 210/39

OO 62.1 .....................................................210/27

OO 62.2 .................................................... 210/25

OO 62.3 .................................................... 210/26

OO 62.4.5 ................................................. 210/26

OO 62.bones ........................................... 210/24

OO 63.1 .....................................................210/16

OO 63.2 ..................................................... 210/17

OO 63.3 .....................................................210/18

OO 63.4 .....................................................210/14

OO 63.5 .....................................................210/14

OO 65.1 ....................................................204/22

OO 65.bones ...........................................204/20

OO 66.1 ......................................................204/8

OO 66.2 ......................................................204/8

OO 66.bones ........................................... 204/12

OO 69.1 ....................................................204/25

OO 69.2 ....................................................204/25

OO 71.1. .................................................... 257-16

OO 71.2. .................................................... 257-15

OO 71.3. .....................................................257-17

OO 71.4. .....................................................257-5

OO 72.bones ...................................... 216/256-8

OO 76.1. ..................................................... 255-1

OO 78.1. ...................................................260-17

OO 78.2. ...................................................260-18

OO 78.3. ...................................................260-19

OO 83.1. ......................................................214/7

OO 83.bones........................................214/219-1

OO 85.bones .......................................214/221-1

OO 87.1. ..................................................... 225-1

OO 87.2. .................................................... 225-2

OO 88.1. .................................................... 226-6

OO 88.2. .................................................... 226-6

OO 88.3 ..............................................................-

OO 88.4. ............................................................-

OO 88.5. .................................................... 226-8

OO 90.1 .................................................... 266-13

511—

OO 90.2 ..............................................................-

OO 92.1 ...................................................... 265-1

OO 92.2 ......................................................265-2

OO 94.1 .................................................... 263-19

OO 94.2 .................................................... 263-18

OO 96.1 .....................................................201/21

OO 96.bones ........................................... 201/22

OO 97.bones ........................................202/9+11

OO 98.1 .....................................................202/17

OO 98.2 .................................................... 202/16

OO 98.3 .................................................... 202/18

OO 98.4 ......................................................202/1

OO 98.bones ......................................202/32-33

OO 99.1 ....................................................202/29

OO 99.bones .....................................202/25-28

OO 100.bones ................................... 202/38+44

OO 101.1 ...................................................202/56

OO 101.2 ...................................................202/50

OO 101.3 ................................................... 202/51

OO 101.4 ...................................................202/52

OO 101.5 ................................................... 202/53

OO 101.6 ...................................................202/54

OO 101.7 ...................................................202/55

OO 101.8 ...................................................202/59

OO 101.9.10 ..............................................202/56

OO 101.11 ..................................................202/45

OO 101.12 .................................................202/59

OO 102.1 ...................................................202/42

OO 102.2 ..................................................202/40

OO 102.3 .................................................. 202/41

OO 102.4 ..................................................202/48

OO 103.1 ....................................................210/35

OO 103.2 ................................................... 210/31

OO 103.3 ....................................................210/32

OO 103.4 ...................................................210/34

OO 103.bones ...........................................210/37

OO 105.bones ............................................210/11

OO 106.1 ...................................................203/46

OO 106.2 ...................................................203/41

OO 106.bones ................................... 203/44+46

OO 107.1 ....................................................210/15

OO 108.1 ................................................... 203/47

OO 108.2 ..................................................203/49

OO 108.3 ..................................................203/48

OO 109.1 ................................................... 203/34

OO 109.2 ..................................................203/29

OO 109.3 ..................................................203/28

OO 109.bones ................................. 203/36A+25

OO 110.bones ...........................................203/31

OO 111.bones ........................................... 203/38

OO 112.1.....................................................261-10

OO 112.bones.....................................216/261-12

OO 116.1 ...................................................... 217-1

OO 118.bones .....................................214/218-4

OO 121.bones...................................... 214/224-1

OO 122.1 ..................................................... 214-7

OO 122.2 .................................................... 214-4

OO 122.bones ....................................214/214-15

OO 122.bones ....................................214/215-12

OO 127.bones ................................... 214/232-77

OO 129.1 .....................................................230-4

OO 129.2 ................................................ 230-5/8

OO 129.3 .................................................... 230-3

OO 130.1 ..................................................... 229-1

OO 130.bones ................................. 214/229-2-3

OO 131.1 ...................................................... 234-3

OO 131.2 .....................................................234-2

OO 131.3 ..................................................... 234-1

OO 131.bones ......................................214/234-6

OO 132.1 ..................................................... 235-7

OO 132.bones ................................214/235-2+11

OO 133.1 ..................................................... 236-1

OO 133.2 .....................................................236-4

OO 133.3 ..................................................... 236-3

OO 133.4 .....................................................236-2

OO 133.5 .....................................................236-5

OO 134.1 .....................................................239-4

OO 134.2..............................................214/239-4

OO 134.3 ..............................................214/239-4

OO 134.4 .................................................... 239-1

OO 135.1 ......................................................241-1

OO 135.bones .....................................214/241-6

OO 136.1 ................................................... 210/64

OO 136.2 .................................................. 210/62

OO 140.bones .....................................201/27-28

OO 144.1 ..................................................... 201/6

OO 144.2 .....................................................201/3

OO 144.3 .................................................... 201/4

OO 144.4 .....................................................201/5

OO 144.5 .....................................................201/7

OO 144.6 .................................................... 201/9

OO 144.7 .................................................... 201/8

512—

OO 144.8 ...................................................201/10

OO 144.10 ..................................................201/11

OO 144.11 ...................................................201/11

OO 144.13 ........................................................... -

OO 144.14........................................................... -

OO 144.bones ......................................201/12-15

OO 145.1 ....................................................201/23

OO 145.2 .................................................. 201/24

OO 145.bones .......................................... 201/29

OO 147.1 .................................................... 201/51

OO 147.bones ...........................................201/52

OO 149.1 .................................................201A/29

OO 149.2 ................................................201A/28

OO 149.3 ............................................... 201A/30

OO 150.1 .............................................................-

OO 150.bones ...................................201A/21-24

OO 151.1...................................................201A/31

OO 151.2 ..................................................201A/31

OO 151.3 ................................................. 201A/32

OO 152.1 ....................................................203/15

OO 152.2 .................................................. 203/16

OO 152.3 ....................................................203/14

OO 152.bones ..........................................203/20

OO 153.1 ....................................................203/21

OO 153.2 ................................................... 203/22

OO 153.3 ................................................... 203/23

OO 153.4....................................................203/17

OO 153.bones .......................................... 203/27

OO 156.1 ..................................................... 215-4

OO 156.bones ....................................214/215-13

OO 157.bones .................................... 214/209-4

OO 161.1 ..................................................... 233-4

OO 161.2 ......................................................233-1

OO 161.3 ..................................................... 233-2

OO 161.4 ..................................................... 233-3

OO 161.5 ..................................................... 233-5

OO 161.6 ...................................................233-40

OO 161.bones ................................... 214/233-52

OO 164.1 ......................................................213-3

OO 164.2 ..................................................... 213-1

OO 164.3 .....................................................213-2

OO 164.bones ...............................214/213-19-21

OO 165.bones .....................................214/240-1

OO 166.bones ......................................214/237-1

OO 167.1 .............................................. 214/203-1

OO 168.1 .....................................................190-2

OO 168.2 .................................................... 190-3

OO 168.3 .....................................................190-1

OO 168.4 ....................................................190-4

OO 168.5 ....................................................190-9

OO 168.6 ....................................................190-5

OO 168.7 ....................................................190-6

OO 168.8 .................................................... 190-7

OO 168.9 ....................................................190-8

OO 168.10 ................................................ 190-10

OO 168.11 ...................................................238-9

OO 168.12 ................................................... 238-1

OO 168.bones .....................................214/238-8

OO 169.1 ....................................................201/33

OO 169.2 ...................................................201/34

OO 169.3 ...................................................201/35

OO 170.1 ....................................................201/37

OO 170.2 ...................................................201/32

OO 170.3 ................................................... 201/36

OO 170.4 .................................................. 201/44

OO 170.5 .................................................. 201/36

OO 170.bones .......................................... 201/38

OO 174.bones .......................................... 201/48

OO 175.bones .................................... 201/49-50

OO 176.1 ........................................... 201A/8

OO 176.2 .................................................201A/17

OO 176.3 ................................................. 201A/18

OO 176.4 ................................................. 201A/11

OO 176.5 .................................................201A/12

OO 176.6 ..................................................201A/6

OO 176.7 .................................................. 201A/5

OO 176.8 ................................................ 201A/10

OO 176.9 .................................................201A/13

OO 176.10 .................................................201A/9

OO 176.11 ................................................. 201A/7

OO 176.12 ............................................... 201A/16

OO 176.13 ...............................................201A/20

OO 176.14 ...............................................201A/20

OO 179.bones .......................................201A/2-3

OO 180.1 ...................................................206/27

OO 181.1 ................................................... 206/33

OO 181.2 ...................................................206/34

OO 186.1 ......................................................197-3

OO 186.2 ...................................................197-33

OO 186.3 .................................................... 197-2

OO 186.4 .................................................... 197-7

OO 186.5 .................................................... 197-4

513—

OO 186.6 .................................................... 197-5

OO 186.7 .................................................... 197-6

OO 186.8 ............................................................-

OO 186.9 .....................................................197-1

OO 186.10 .................................................. 197-8

OO 186.bones ..............................211/197-34+38

OO 188.1 ..................................................... 202-1

OO 188.2 ....................................................202-2

OO 188.3 ............................................................-

OO 193.bones ................................... 214/208-11

OO 194.1 .....................................................204-7

OO 194.bones .................................... 214/204-6

OO 195.1 .....................................................205-4

OO 195.2 ....................................................205-5

OO 195.3-4 ................................................ 205-8

OO 195.5 .................................................... 205-1

OO 195.bones .................................214/205-4-7

OO 196.1 ..................................................... 207-1

OO 196.2 ....................................................207-2

OO 196.3 ....................................................207-3

OO 196.bones ...................................214/207-18

OO 197.1 .....................................................206/5

OO 197.2 ....................................................206/4

OO 198.1 ...................................................206/20

OO 199.1 ................................................. 206/21a

OO 199.2 ............................................... 206/22b

OO 199.3 ................................................206/21b

OO 199.4 ................................................206/22a

OO 199.5 ..................................................206/23

OO 199.bones ....................................206/24-26

OO 200.1 .................................................... 206/1

OO 200.2............................................................-

OO 200.3 .................................................. 206/19

OO 200.4 ........................................ 206/9

OO 200.5....................................................206/3

OO 200.6 ...................................................206/2

OO 200.7 ....................................................206/6

OO 200.8 .................................................206/32

OO 200.9 ........................................................... -

OO 200.bones ......................................... 206/14

OO 209.bones ......................................... 206/14

OO 201.1 ...................................................206/44

OO 201.2 ..................................................206/43

OO 203.1 ...................................................206/11

OO 203.2 .................................................. 206/10

OO 203.3 ............................................................ -

OO 206.1 ................................................. 209/66

OO 207.1 ....................................................203/6

OO 207.2 .................................................... 203/4

OO 207.3 .................................................... 203/5

OO 207.4 ....................................................203/8

OO 207.5 ....................................................203/8

OO 207.6 ....................................................203/8

OO 207.7 ....................................................203/8

OO 207.8 ....................................................203/8

OO 207.9-11 ...............................................203/8

OO 207.12 ..................................................203/8

OO 207.13...................................................203/8

OO 207.14 .................................................203/10

OO 207.bones .......................................... 203/11

OO 208.1 ............................................................ -

OO 208.bones ................................... 203/25-26

OO 209.1 ....................................................203/9

OO 209.bones ........................................... 203/2

OO 210.bones ....................................211/194-16

OO 212.1 .....................................................211/18

OO 215.1 ......................................................196-1

OO 216.bones ..................................... 211/199-9

OO 219.bones ...................................211/201-1-3

OO 222.bones ..................................219/286-16

OO 223.1 ............................................................. -

OO 223.2 ....................................................285-2

OO 223.bones ...................................219/285-18

OO 229.bones ..........................................197/35

OO 231.1 ..................................................... 192-5

OO 231.bones .................................... 211/192-16

OO 232.1 ......................................................193-3

OO 232.2 .....................................................193-1

OO 232.3 .................................................... 193-2

OO 234.1...................................................... 191-1

OO 234.2 ...............................................211/191-1

OO 240.1 ....................................................200-1

OO 240.2 ....................................................200-2

OO 240.3 ....................................................200-3

OO 240.bones ...............................211/200-7-10

OO 242.1 ..................................................288-19

OO 242.2 ..................................................288-23

OO 242.3 ................................................. 288-24

OO 242.4 ..................................................288-19

OO 242.5 ................................................. 288-21

OO 242.6 ................................................. 288-22

OO 242.7 ................................................. 288-20

514—

OO 242.bones ................................. 219/288-25

OO 243.1......................................................271-7

OO 243.2 .................................................... 271-8

OO 243.3 .................................................... 271-9

OO 243.4 ............................................219/271-16

OO 243.bones..............................219/271-20-21

OO 244.1 .................................................. 272-15

OO 246.bones ................................... 219/270-8

OO 247.1 ....................................................269-3

OO 248.1 ..................................................268-12

OO 248.2 ....................................................268-1

OO 248.bones ..............................219/268-2+13

OO 249.1 ................................................... 311-16

OO 249.2 ................................................... 311-18

OO 249.3 ....................................................311-17

OO 249.4 .....................................................311-1

OO 249.5 ................................................... 311-10

OO 250.1 .................................................... 197/9

OO 250.2 ....................................................197/11

OO 250.3 ...................................................197/14

OO 250.4 ................................................... 197/12

OO 250.5 ...................................................197/16

OO 250.6................................................... 197/13

OO 250.7 ................................................... 197/15

OO 250.8...................................................197/10

OO 250.9............................................................-

OO 250.10 ..........................................................-

OO 250.11 ................................................. 197/20

OO 250.12 ................................................ 197/24

OO 250.13 .................................................197/25

OO 250.14 .................................................197/22

OO 250.15 .................................................197/23

OO 250.16 ..........................................................-

OO 250.17 ................................................. 197/21

OO 250.18a .............................................. 197/24

OO 250.18b-e .......................................... 197/24

OO 250.18f-i ............................................ 197/24

OO 250.19 ..........................................................-

OO 250.20..........................................................-

OO 250.bones ..........................................197/19

OO 251.bones .......................................... 197/28

OO 252.1 .................................................. 197/42

OO 252.2 ...................................................197/41

OO 252.3 .................................................. 197/40

OO 252.4 ...................................................197/43

OO 252.5. ..................................................197/57

OO 252.6 .................................................. 197/50

OO 252.7. ..................................................197/55

OO 252.8 .................................................. 197/49

OO 252.9. .................................................. 197/51

OO 252.10 ................................................ 197/49

OO 252.11a-d ........................................... 197/44

OO 252.11e ............................................... 197/44

OO 252.12 ................................................ 197/45

OO 255.bones ..........................................198/13

OO 256.bones ..........................................198/12

OO 269.bones .................................... 219/291-3

OO 271.1 ................................................... 282-21

OO 271.2 ...................................................282-22

OO 271.3 ...................................................282-23

OO 271.4 ................................................. 282-20

OO 271.5. ................................................. 282-24

OO 271.6 ..................................................282-19

OO 271.7. ................................................. 282-24

OO 271.8+11 .........................................282-3+18

OO 271.9. .................................................282-25

OO 271.10 ................................................ 282-24

OO 271.12. ..................................................282-7

OO 272.bones ...................................219/290-18

OO 273.1 .................................................... 294-8

OO 273.2 ................................................... 294-9

OO 273.3 ..................................................294-12

OO 273.4 ....................................................294-2

OO 274.1 ..................................................289-10

OO 274.bones ............................... 219/289-8-9

OO 276.1 .....................................................273-1

OO 277.1 .....................................................274-7

OO 277.2 ....................................................274-5

OO 277.3-4.............................................274-1+6

OO 278.1 ....................................................275-9

OO 278.bones ....................................219/275-9

OO 283.1 ...................................................281-14

OO 283.2 ................................................... 281-11

OO 283.3 .................................................... 281-7

OO 283.4 ....................................................281-8

OO 283.5 ...................................................281-15

OO 283.6-8 ............................................ 281-1+6

OO 284.bones ....................................219/279-4

OO 287.1 .....................................................310-1

OO 287.2 ...................................................310-17

OO 288.1 ..................................................... 312-1

OO 288.2-4 .................................................312-2

515—

OO 289.1 .................................................. 194/20

OO 290.1 ...................................................194/12

OO 290.2................................................... 194/13

OO 290.3 ...................................................194/16

OO 290.4 ..................................................194/17

OO 290.5...................................................194/14

OO 290.6 ..................................................194/15

OO 290.7 ...................................................194/18

OO 290.8 ..................................................194/16

OO 290.9a ............................................... 194/25

OO 290.9b ............................................... 194/26

OO 290.bones ......................................... 194/24

OO 294.bones ........................................195/4-6

OO 299.1 .................................................. 198/30

OO 299.2.................................................. 198/32

OO 299.3 ...................................................198/31

OO 299.bones ..........................................198/33

OO 302.1 ......................................... 198/43

OO 302.2 .................................................. 198/34

OO 302.bones ..........................................198/35

OO 304.1 ................................................... 298-6

OO 304.2 ................................................... 298-6

OO 304.bones ................................219/298-5-6

OO 305.1 ...............................................219/297-

OO 305.bones ....................................219/297-3

OO 306.bones ....................................219/296-1

OO 307.1 .....................................................284-2

OO 307.bones .....................................219/284-7

OO 308.1 .................................................... 295-1

OO 308.2 .................................................... 295-1

OO 308.bones .................................... 219/295-1

OO 311.1 .......................................................317-4

OO 311.2 ......................................................317-5

OO 311.3 ......................................................317-3

OO 311.4 ...................................................... 317-1

OO 311.5 ......................................................317-2

OO 311.6 ......................................................317-2

OO 311.7 ......................................................317-2

OO 314.1 ....................................................192/35

OO 314.bones .................................... 192/34+36

OO 315.bones .....................................192/39-42

OO 315.bones .....................................192/45-47

OO 316.1 ....................................................192/83

OO 316.2 .................................................. 192/86

OO 316.3 ................................................... 192/82

OO 316.4 .................................................. 192/84

OO 316.bones .......................................... 192/85

OO 317.1 ..................................................... 192/4

OO 317.bones ............................................192/11

OO 319.1 ................................................... 192/48

OO 319.2 ............................................................ -

OO 319.bones ...........................................192/53

OO 320.1 .................................................... 194/2

OO 320.2 .....................................................194/7

OO 321.1 ....................................................195/14

OO 321.2 ....................................................195/18

OO 321.bones ..................................... 195/15+17

OO 322.1 .................................................... 195/12

OO 322.2 ...................................................195/10

OO 322.3 ....................................................195/11

OO 322.bones ...........................................195/16

OO 323.1 ....................................................195/22

OO 323.bones ..................................... 195/19+21

OO 324.1......................................................195/3

OO 326.bones ..........................................195/35

OO 327.bones .......................................... 195/40

OO 329.bones ......................................... 198/27

OO 333.bones .............................................199/1

OO 338.1 ....................................................299-11

OO 338.2-30 ...................................219/299-17a

OO 338.bones ............................. 219/299-14+17

OO 339.1 ...................................................307-30

OO 339.2 .................................................. 307-35

OO 339.3 .......................................... 307-31

OO 339.4 .................................................. 307-32

OO 339.5 ..................................................307-40

OO 339.6 ..................................................307-36

OO 339.7 ............................................ 307-42-43

OO 339.7 ............................................ 307-37-39

OO 339.8. .................................................307-42

OO 339.9 .................................................. 307-41

OO 339.11a .................................................307-9

OO 339.11b-g .............................................307-9

OO 340.1 ................................................... 308-8

OO 340.2 ....................................................308-7

OO 340.3 ................................................... 308-9

OO 341.1 ......................................................319-7

OO 342.bones.......................................... 189/28

OO 343.bones ...........................................189/37

OO 345.1................................................... 189/54

OO 345.bones.......................................... 189/53

OO 346.bones .........................................189/46

516—

OO 347.1 ................................................... 192/30

OO 347.bones .....................................192/29+31

OO 348.1 .................................................... 192/8

OO 349.1 ...................................................192/19

OO 349.2 .................................................. 192/20

OO 349.3 .................................................. 192/20

OO 350.bones ..........................................192/15

OO 351.1 ....................................................192/23

OO 351.2 ....................................................192/21

OO 351.3 ................................................... 192/22

OO 351.bones .....................................192/26-27

OO 352.1 ..................................................... 192/6

OO 354.1....................................................192/61

OO 354.2 .................................................. 192/63

OO 354.3 ...................................................192/73

OO 354.4 .................................................. 192/58

OO 354.5 .................................................. 192/60

OO 354.6 .................................................. 192/62

OO 354.bones...........................................192/72

OO 355.1 ....................................................195/41

OO 356.1 ...................................................195/27

OO 356.2 .................................................. 195/30

OO 356.3 .................................................. 195/29

OO 356.4 .................................................. 195/28

OO 356.bones .................................... 195/37-38

OO 359.1 .................................................... 304-1

OO 360.bones .................................. 219/303-14

OO 361.1 ....................................................306-11

OO 361.2 ..................................................306-10

OO 361.3 ................................................... 306-12

OO 361.4 .................................................. 306-13

OO 361.5 ..................................................306-16

OO 361.6 ............................................................-

OO 362.1 ....................................................309-2

OO 362.2 .................................................... 309-1

OO 362.3 .................................................. 309-21

OO 362.4 ................................................. 309-28

OO 362.5 ..................................................309-27

OO 362.6 ................................................. 309-20

OO 362.7 ............................................................-

OO 366.1 ............................................ 189/26, 22

OO 366.2 .................................................. 189/25

OO 366.3 .................................................. 189/22

OO 366.4 .................................................. 189/25

OO 366.5 ............................................................-

OO 366.6............................................................-

OO 366.7 .................................................. 189/26

OO 366.bones ......................................... 189/24

OO 367.bones ...........................................189/16

OO 368.1 ...................................................189/15

OO 368.bones .................................... 189/13+15

OO 369.bones ....................................189/34-35

OO 370.bones ............................................ 189/8

OO 371.1 ................................................... 189/42

OO 371.2 ................................................... 189/38

OO 371.3 ................................................. 189/39b

OO 371.4 ................................................. 189/39a

OO 371.5 ................................................... 189/39

OO 371.bones ..........................................189/40

OO 372.bones ...........................................189/51

OO 373.1 ...................................................189/68

OO 373.2a ................................................189/64

OO 373.2b ................................................189/64

OO 375.bones .......................................... 189/56

OO 377.bones ...........................................191/28

OO 378.bones .....................................192/52-57

OO 379.bones ........................................... 191/35

OO 381.1 ................................................... 192/74

OO 382.1 ...................................................193/30

OO 382.2 .................................................. 193/28

OO 382.3 .................................................. 193/29

OO 382.4 ................................................... 193/31

OO 382.5 ...................................................193/38

OO 382.6 ...................................................193/38

OO 382.7 ...................................................193/38

OO 382.8 ...................................................193/38

OO 382.9 ...................................................193/39

OO 382.bones ..................................193/36-37A

OO 383.1 ......................................................196/3

OO 383.2 .................................................... 196/2

OO 383.3 .....................................................196/1

OO 383.4 .................................................... 196/6

OO 383.bones ............................................ 196/5

OO 394.bones ........................................... 189/7

OO 395.bones ..........................................184/32

OO 396.1 .................................................... 189/6

OO 397.bones .......................................... 189/76

OO 400.1 ................................................ 189/72d

OO 400.2 ............................................... 189/72b

OO 400.3 .................................................189/72c

OO 400.4 ............................................... 189/72a

OO 400.5 ................................................. 189/79

517—

OO 400.bones ....................................189/77-78

OO 402.1 ....................................................191/13

OO 402.2 ............................................................ -

OO 402.bones ........................................... 191/11

OO 404.1 ................................................... 191/19

OO 404.bones ..........................................191/20

OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/22

OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/27

OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/30

OO 406.bones ............................................193/4

OO 411.1 ....................................................193/25

OO 411.bones ...........................................193/26

OO 412.1 ....................................................184/41

OO 412.bones .......................................... 184/42

OO 413.1 ..................................................... 184/5

OO 413.2..................................................... 184/4

OO 413.3 ..................................................... 184/4

OO 413.4 .................................................... 184/4

OO 413.5..................................................... 184/4

OO 413.6 .................................................... 184/4

OO 415.1 ................................................... 184/34

OO 415.2 ............................................................ -

OO 415.3............................................................. -

OO 415.bones ...........................................184/35

OO 418.bones .......................................... 184/26

OO 419.bones .............................................191/8

OO 420?.bones ........................................ 191/23

OO 420.bones .......................................... 191/25

OO 421.bones ........................................... 193/18

OO 422.bones .......................................... 193/17

OO 423.1.................................................... 193/10

OO 423.2 ....................................................193/11

OO 423.3 .....................................................193/9

OO 423.bones...........................................193/43

OO 424.1 ...................................................193/22

OO 426.1 ................................................... 184/13

OO 426.2 ...................................................184/12

OO 426.3 ...................................................184/15

OO 426.bones ..........................................184/14

OO 428.1 .................................................... 184/6

OO 428.bones ........................................... 184/8

OO 431.1 ..................................................... 184/9

OO 431.bones .............................................184/7

OO 432.bones.......................................... 184/47

OO 433.1 .................................................... 184/17

OO 433.2 ...................................................184/16

OO 433.3 ...................................................184/19

OO 433.4 ...................................................184/21

OO 434.bones ......................................... 184B/7

OO 437.1 ................................................... 184/50

OO 438.bones ........................................ 184A/11

OO 440.bones ......................................... 184/25

OO 441.bones ..........................................184B/6

OO 443.bones ......................................... 184A/7

OO 444.bones .........................................184A/8

OO 446.1 .................................................184A/13

OO 446.bones ....................................... 184A/14

OO 461.1 ................................................... 71/71-1

OO 461.2 ..................................................71/71-2

OO 461.3 ..................................................71/71-3

OO 463.1 ...................................................71/66-

OO 463.2 .................................................71/66-2

OO 463.3 .................................................71/66-3

OO 463.4 .................................................71/66-4

OO 463.5 .................................................71/66-5

OO 466.1 .................................................... 71/68

OO 467.1 ................................................. 71/62-1

OO 467.2 ...................................................71/62-

OO 467.3 .....................................................71/62

OO 467.4...................................................71/62-

OO 467.5 .....................................................71/62

OO 468.1 ..................................................71/61-1

OO 468.2 .................................................71/61-1

OO 469.1 .................................................... 71/60

OO 469.2 ................................................71/60-2

OO 469.3 .................................................71/60-3

OO 472.1 ................................................. 71/56-1

OO 472.2 .................................................71/56-2

OO 472.3 ................................................. 71/56-3

OO 473.1 ...................................................71/54-1

OO 473.2 .................................................71/54-2

OO 473.3 .................................................71/54-2

OO 473.4 .................................................71/54-4

OO 473.5 ...................................................71/54-

OO 473.6 .................................................71/54-4

OO 475.1 ............................................................-

OO 475.2 .....................................................71/52

OO 475.3 .....................................................71/52

OO 475.4 .................................................71/52-4

OO 476.1 ................................................. 71/50-1

OO 476.2 .................................................71/50-2

OO 476.3 ................................................. 71/50-3

518—

OO 478.1 .................................................71/45-2

OO 478.2 ..................................................71/45-1

OO 478.3 ................................................. 71/45-3

OO 478.4.................................................71/45-4

OO 478.5 .............................................71/45-5+6

OO 479.1 ................................................. 71/46-1

OO 479.2 .................................................71/46-2

OO 480.1 ................................................. 71/40-1

OO 480.2 ...........................................................-

OO 481.1 ...................................................71/33-1

OO 481.2 ................................................. 71/33-4

OO 481.3 ..................................................71/33-3

OO 481.4 ..................................................71/33-2

OO 482.1 ................................................. 71/27-2

OO 482.2 ..................................................71/27-1

OO 483.1 ................................................. 71/28-3

OO 483.2 .................................................71/28-4

OO 483.3 .................................................71/28-2

OO 483.4 ................................................. 71/28-1

OO 484.1 ................................................. 71/23-2

OO 484.2 .................................................71/23-3

OO 484.3 ..................................................71/23-1

Unsolved problems

? ...................................................................71/57

OO stray 313 .......................................................?

OO stray 317 .......................................................?

519—

Objects without number written on have been left out. They may

be found via Appendix 2a.

Legend

Cemeteries

B .......................................................... Inner City

OO .............................................. Nijmegen-East

Areas of cemetery B

Brk .......................................................Broerkerk

Broerstr ............................................ Broerstraat

Gr.......................................................... Grutberg

Grutb .................................................... Grutberg

KeBr ...................................Kerkegas/Broerkerk

KG ......................................................... Kerkegas

LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat

Ma ....................................................Mariënburg

Other abbreviations

intr ........................................................ intrusion

coff .............................................................coffin

NIJMEGEN, MUSEUM HET VALK HOF

Collection Kingdom of the

Netherlands, acquired stray finds

Legend

month.year.number

6.1947.4 ............................................ B stray 252

5.1948.4 .............................................. B stray 34

5.1948.5 .............................................. B stray 35

5.1948.6 .............................................. B stray 36

5.1948.7 .............................................. B stray 37

5.1948.8 .............................................. B stray 38

5.1948.9 .............................................. B stray 39

5.1948.10 .............................................B stray 40

5.1948.11 ..............................................B stray 41

5.1948.12 .............................................B stray 42

5.1948.14 ............................................B stray 251

5.1948.15 ...........................................B stray 250

12.1948.7 ...........................................B stray 249

12.1948.8 ...........................................B stray 248

7.1949.1 ............................................... B stray 43

7.1949.2 ..............................................B stray 44

7.1949.3 ...............................................B stray 45

5.1952.5 .................................................B stray 4

5.1952.6 ................................................ B stray 5

5.1952.7 ...............................................B stray 6a

5.1952.8 ................................................B stray 6

5.1952.9 ................................................ B stray 7

8.1953.8 ...............................................B stray 71

8.1953.9 .............................................. B stray 72

8.1953.10 ............................................. B stray 73

8.1953.11 .............................................. B stray 74

8.1953.12 ............................................. B stray 75

8.1953.13 .............................................B stray 76

10.1953.1 ............................................B stray 226

10.1953.2 ........................................... B stray 227

10.1953.3 ........................................... B stray 225

11.1956.2 ....................................... Rem. stray 13

11.1956.3 .........................................OO stray 300

11.1956.4 ........................................ OO stray 301

11.1956.5.........................................OO stray 302

11.1956.6 ........................................ OO stray 303

11.1956.8 ........................................OO stray 304

11.1956.9 ........................................OO stray 305

11.1956.10 .......................................OO stray 306

11.1956.11........................................OO stray 307

11.1956.12 .......................................OO stray 308

11.1956.13 .......................................OO stray 309

11.1956.17 ....................................... OO stray 310

11.1956.18 ........................................ OO stray 311

11.1956.21 ........................................OO stray 312

11.1957.1 ............................................ B stray 239

11.1957.2 ............................................B stray 240

11.1957.6 .............................................B stray 241

11.1957.7 .............................................. B stray 3a

5.1958.77 ...........................................B stray 242

9.1964.12 ..........................................OO stray 69

9.1964.17 ..........................................OO stray 68

12.1964.3 ..........................................OO stray 67

1.1965.1..............................................B stray 270

12.1984.7 ........................................... B stray 128

Appendix 2b: from numbers on the objects to catalogue numbers

520—

ROB excavation numbers

Legend

area year/find

Brk 1951/21a .............................................B 150.7

Brk 1951/41 ......................................B 144.bones

Brk 1951/47 ......................................B 143.2, 6-8

Brk 1951/49 ......................................B 138.coffin

Brk 1951/50 .......................................... B 140.1-7

Brk 1951/52 ..................................... B 142.bones

Brk 1951/56 ..............................................B 139.2

Brk 1951/63 ..................................... B 126.bones

Brk 1951/65 ......................................B 121.bones

Brk 1951/72 ..................................... B 122.bones

Brk 1951/73........................................B 97.bones

Brk 1951/79 ..................................... B 162.bones

Brk 1951/80 .....................................B 164.bones

Brk 1951/81 ...................................... B 165.bones

Brk 1951/83 ..........................................B 160.intr

Brk 1951/83 .....................................B 160.bones

Brk 1951/86 ..................................... B 154.bones

Brk 1951/87 ......................................B 151.bones

Brk 1951/89 ..................................... B 167.bones

Brk 1951/91 ......................................B 168.bones

Brk 1951/101 ......................................B 92.bones

Brk 1951/106 ..........................................B 90.1-3

Brk 1951/106 .....................................B 90.bones

Brk 1951/107 ......................................B 87.bones

Brk 1951/110 ..................................... B 113.bones

Brk 1951/114 ......................................B 95.bones

Brk 1951/117 ......................................B 86.bones

Brk 1951/119 ......................................B 94.bones

Brk 1951/121 .................................... B 107.bones

Brk 1951/128.................................... B 103.bones

Brk 1951/138 ......................................B 76.bones

Brk 1951/139 ......................................B 74.bones

Brk 1951/141 ..............................................B 54.6

Brk 1951/142 ............................................B 13.2-3

Brk 1951/143 ........................................... B 14.3-4

Brk 1951/143 ...................................... B 14.bones

Brk 1951/144 ..................................... B 16.bones

Brk 1951/155 ...............................................B 62.1

Br. 1952/- ..........................................B stray 309

Grutb 1955 .........................................B stray 310

Grutb 1955 ......................................... B stray 313

Grutb 1955/261 .................................. B stray 311

Grutb 1955/339 ..................................B stray 312

Grutb 1955/344..................................B stray 314

Grutb 1955/344..................................B stray 315

Grutb 1957/5 .................................. B 620.bones

Grutb 1957/14 .................................B 625.bones

Grutb 1957/18 ................................ B 628.bones

KeBr 1949/1.........................................B 5.bones

KeBr 1949/13 .............................................B 48.2

KeBr 1949/30 ....................................B 24.bones

KeBr 1950/36 .......................................... B 169.2

Kerkegas 1949/18 ......................................B 26.1

Kerkegas 1949/22a ....................................B 29.1

KG 1956/1 ........................................ B 105.bones

KG 1956/2 .......................................B 104.bones

KG 1956/4 ................................................B 106.1

KG 1956/5 .......................................B 255.bones

LN 1957/1.........................................B 246.bones

LN 1957/2 ........................................B 247.bones

LN 1957/5 (5x) ..................................... B 320.2-6

LN 1957/6 ........................................B 249.bones

LN 1957/6-7 ................................B 248-9.bones

LN 1957/8 ........................................B 344.bones

LN 1957/9 ........................................B 346.bones

LN 1957/10 ......................................B 330.bones

LN 1957/11 ............................................... B 345.3

LN 1957/11 .......................................B 345.bones

LN 1957/12.......................................B 322.bones

LN 1957/13 ....................................... B 323.bones

LN 1957/16 ...................................... B 327.bones

LN 1957/17 .......................................B 329.bones

LN 1957/18 ......................................B 328.bones

LN 1957/23 .......................................B 231.bones

LN 1957/27 ......................................B 245.bones

LN 1957/29 ........................................B stray 278

LN 1957/31 .......................................B 250.bones

LN 1957/37 ......................................B 302.bones

LN 1957/39 .................................. B 303/4.bones

LN 1957/42 ......................................B 300.bones

LN 1957/45 ...................................... B 241.bones

LN 1957/46 ........................................... B 321.intr

LN 1957/46 .......................................B 312.bones

LN 1957/48 ......................................B 339.bones

LN 1957/50 ...................................... B 337.bones

LN 1957/51....................................... B 335.bones

521—

LN 1957/52 ......................................B 334.bones

LN 1957/55 ...................................... B 341.bones

LN 1957/58 ...................................... B 333.bones

LN 1957/59 ...................................... B 332.bones

LN 1957/60 .......................................B 331.bones

LN 1957/61 ......................................B 350.bones

LN 1957/65 ......................................B 293.bones

LN 1957/75 ...................................... B 310.bones

LN 1957/77 ............................................... B 316.1

LN 1957/82 ........................................B 343.teeth

LN 1957/88 ......................................B 298.58-70

LN 1957/92 ........................................B 391.teeth

LN 1957/97 ........................................B 401.teeth

LN 1957/106 ..................................... B 386.teeth

LN 1957/108 ..................................... B 403.teeth

LN 1957/109 .........................................B 402.1-5

LN 1957/122 .....................................B 449.teeth

LN 1960/30 .........................................B 484.intr

LN 1960/1 ................................................ B 458.1

LN 1960/38 ..............................................B 481.3

LN 1960/38 ............................................. B 481.4

LN 1960/39 .............................................. B 471.1

LN 1960-1/46/1 .......................................B 465.6

LN 1960-1/46/2 .......................................B 465.7

LN 1960-1/46/3 .......................................B 465.8

LN 1960-1/46/4 ......................................B 465.9

LN 1960-1/46/5 ..................................... B 465.10

LN 1960-1/46/6 .....................................B 465.11

LN 1960-1/46/7 ..................................... B 465.12

LN 1960-1/46/8 .....................................B 465.13

LN 1960-1/46/9 .................................... B 465.14

LN 1960-1/46/10 ................................... B 465.15

LN 1960-1/46/11 .................................... B 465.16

LN 1960-1/46/12 ....................................B 465.17

LN 1960-1/46/13 ................................... B 465.18

LN 1960-1/46/15 ...................................B 465.20

LN 1960-1/46/16 ................................... B 465.21

LN 1960-1/46/17 .....................................B 465.5

LN 1960-1/46/18 ...................................B 465.22

LN 1960-1/46/19 .................................. B 465.23

LN 1960-1/46/20 ..................................B 465.25

LN 1960-1/46/21 .....................................B 465.9

LN 1960-1/46/22 .....................................B 465.4

LN 1960-1/46/23 .....................................B 465.2

LN 1960-1/46/24 .................................... B 465.3

LN 1960-1/46/25 ..................................... B 465.1

Ma 1952/5 ................................................B 670.1

Ma 1952/5 ...............................................B 670.2

Ma 1952/6 ...............................................B 728.4

Ma 1952/7 ................................................B 661.1

Ma 1952/11 .............................................. B 663.3

Ma 1952/17 ...............................................B 751.4

Ma 1952/19 .......................................B 737.teeth

Ma 1952/21 ..................................... B 735.bones

Ma 1952/30 .............................................B 654.2

Ma 1952/40 ............................................. B 608.1

Ma 1952/45 .............................................B 687.4

Ma 1952/45 .............................................B 687.5

Ma 1952/52 ...................................... B 681.teeth

Ma 1952/53 .............................................B 680.3

Ma 1952/56 ..............................................B 683.1

Ma 1952/58 ......................................... B 690.1-4

Ma 1952/58 .................................... B 690.bones

Ma 1952/61 ......................................B 682.teeth

Ma 1952/63 .....................................B 739.bones

Ma 1952/64 (2x) .....................................B 606.2

Ma 1952/76 ......................................B 697.teeth

Ma 1952/78 ......................................B 699.teeth

Ma 1952/80 .................................... B 696.bones

Ma 1952/81 ..................................... B 701.bones

Ma 1952/86 .............................................B 702.6

Ma 1952/86 ...................................... B 702.teeth

Ma 1952/87 (5x) .................................. B 705.intr

Ma 1952/88 .............................................B 706.5

Ma 1952/98 .............................................. B 719.1

Ma 1952/101 .................................... B 723.bones

Ma 1952/102 ................................... B 721.bones

Ma 1963/7 .......................................B 754.bones

Ma 1963/14 (2x) .................................. B 762.intr

Ma 1963/17 .............................................. B 766.3

Ma 1963/25 .....................................B 757.bones

Ma 1963/26 .....................................B 758.bones

Ma 1963/28 .....................................B 776.bones

Ma 1963/29 ...................................... B 749.teeth

Ma 1963/29 ..............................................B 749.1

Ma 1963/41 .....................................B 788.bones

Ma 1963/42 ..............................................B 782.1

Ma 1963/44 .....................................B 789.bones

Ma 1963/51 ..........................................B 798.1-4

Ma 1963/51 .....................................B 798.bones

Ma 1963/59 ........................................B 778.7-10

Ma 1963/60 ....................................... B stray 305

522—

Ma/Gr 1952/4a ....................................... B 659.1

Pauwelst 1952/1a ............................B 633.bones

ROB excavation numbers

Legend

trench/grave-find

71/23-1 ..................................................OO 484.3

71/23-2 ................................................. OO 484.1

71/23-3 .................................................OO 484.2

71/27-1 ..................................................OO 482.2

71/27-2 ................................................. OO 482.1

71/28-1 .................................................OO 483.4

71/28-2 ................................................. OO 483.3

71/28-3 ................................................. OO 483.1

71/28-4 .................................................OO 483.2

71/33-1 ...................................................OO 481.1

71/33-2 ................................................. OO 481.4

71/33-3 .................................................. OO 481.3

71/33-4 ................................................. OO 481.2

71/40-1 ................................................. OO 480.1

71/45-1 .................................................OO 478.2

71/45-2 ................................................. OO 478.1

71/45-3 .................................................OO 478.3

71/45-4 .................................................OO 478.4

71/45-5+6 ............................................OO 478.5

71/46-1 ................................................. OO 479.1

71/46-2 .................................................OO 479.2

71/50-1 ................................................. OO 476.1

71/50-2 .................................................OO 476.2

71/50-3 .................................................OO 476.3

71/52 .....................................................OO 475.2

71/52 ..................................................... OO 475.3

71/52-4 .................................................OO 475.4

71/54- ................................................... OO 473.5

71/54-1 ..................................................OO 473.1

71/54-2 ................................................. OO 473.2

71/54-2 ................................................. OO 473.3

71/54-4 ................................................. OO 473.4

71/54-4 .................................................OO 473.6

71/56-1 ..................................................OO 472.1

71/56-2 .................................................OO 472.2

71/56-3 ................................................. OO 472.3

71/57 ............................................... OO stray 319

71/60 .................................................... OO 469.1

71/60-2 .................................................OO 469.2

71/60-3 .................................................OO 469.3

71/61-1 .................................................. OO 468.1

71/61-1 ..................................................OO 468.2

71/62- ...................................................OO 467.2

71/62.....................................................OO 467.3

71/62- ...................................................OO 467.4

71/62.....................................................OO 467.5

71/62-1 ................................................. OO 467.1

71/66- ................................................... OO 463.1

71/66-2 .................................................OO 463.2

71/66-3 ................................................. OO 463.3

71/66-4.................................................OO 463.4

71/66-5 .................................................OO 463.5

71/68 .................................................... OO 466.1

71/71-1 ...................................................OO 461.1

71/71-2 .................................................. OO 461.2

71/71-3 .................................................. OO 461.3

ROB excavation numbers

Legend

trench/find

97/1 ...........................................................B 819.1

97/1 .......................................................... B 819.2

97/2 ..........................................................B 823.1

97/4 ......................................................... B 824.1

97/5 ......................................................... B 820.1

97/5 .........................................................B 820.2

97/5 .........................................................B 820.3

97/7 ...........................................................B 811.1

97/9 ..........................................................B 803.1

97/10 ....................................................... B 805.1

97/11 ......................................................... B 821.1

97/15......................................................... B 812.1

97/15.........................................................B 812.2

97/15.........................................................B 812.3

97/15........................................................ B 812.4

97/16 ........................................................B 818.1

97/16 ....................................................... B 818.2

97/18 ........................................................B 810.1

523—

97/18 ....................................................... B 810.2

97/18 ........................................................B 810.3

97/21......................................................... B 817.1

97/23 ....................................................... B 809.1

97/23 .......................................................B 809.2

97/24 ........................................................ B 815.1

97/25 ........................................................B 827.1

97/25 ....................................................... B 827.2

97/26 ........................................................B 814.1

97/27 ........................................................B 801.1

97/27 ....................................................... B 801.2

131/2 ......................................................... B 215.1

131/2 .........................................................B 215.2

131/5 ......................................................... B 185.1

131/5 .........................................................B 185.2

131/5 ........................................................ B 185.4

131/5 .........................................................B 185.5

131/5 ........................................................ B 185.6

131/6 .........................................................B 184.1

131/6 ........................................................ B 184.2

131/6 .........................................................B 184.3

131/7 ..........................................................B 181.1

131/7 ......................................................... B 181.2

131/7 ......................................................... B 181.3

131/7 .........................................................B 181.4

131/8 ......................................................... B 183.1

131/8 .........................................................B 183.2

131/8 .........................................................B 183.3

131/8 .........................................................B 183.4

131/8 .........................................................B 183.5

131/8 .........................................................B 183.6

131/8 .........................................................B 183.7

131/9 .........................................................B 186.1

131/11 ........................................................B 189.1

131/11 ....................................................... B 189.2

131/11 ........................................................B 189.3

131/11 ....................................................... B 189.4

131/11 ....................................................... B 189.5

131/11 ....................................................... B 189.6

131/13 .........................................................B 191.1

131/13 ........................................................ B 191.2

131/13 ........................................................ B 191.3

131/17 ........................................................B 203.1

131/17 ....................................................... B 203.2

131/17 ....................................................... B 203.3

131/17 ....................................................... B 203.4

131/18 ........................................................ B 216.1

131/18 ........................................................B 216.2

131/18 ........................................................B 216.3

131/18 ....................................................... B 216.4

131/18 ........................................................B 216.5

131/18 ....................................................... B 216.6

131/18 ........................................................B 216.7

131/19 ........................................................ B 214.1

131/20 ....................................................... B 217.1

131/20 .......................................................B 217.2

131/23 .......................................................B 227.1

131/23 ...................................................... B 227.2

131/23 .......................................................B 227.3

131/23 ...................................................... B 227.4

131/28 .................................................B stray 316

131/32 .......................................................B 226.1

131/34a .....................................................B 257.1

131/34b .................................................... B 257.2

131/36 ...................................................... B 204.1

131/36 ......................................................B 204.2

131/36 ...................................................... B 204.3

131/36 ......................................................B 204.4

131/36 ......................................................B 204.5

131/37 ........................................................B 212.2

131/37 ........................................................B 212.3

131/38 ....................................................... B 218.1

131/38 .......................................................B 218.2

131/38 .......................................................B 218.3

131/38 ...................................................... B 218.4

131/38 .......................................................B 218.5

131/38 ...................................................... B 218.6

131/38 .......................................................B 218.7

131/38 ...................................................... B 218.8

131/38 ...................................................... B 218.9

131/38 .....................................................B 218.10

131/38 ......................................................B 218.11

131/39 ....................................................... B 219.1

131/39 .......................................................B 219.2

131/39 ..................................................... B 219.3

131/39 .......................................................B 219.4

131/39 .......................................................B 219.5

131/39 ...................................................... B 219.6

131/40 .......................................................B 207.1

131/40 ...................................................... B 207.2

131/40 ...................................................... B 207.3

131/40 ...................................................... B 207.4

524—

131/40 ...................................................... B 207.5

131/40 ......................................................B 207.6

131/45 ........................................................B 213.1

131/46 .......................................................B 222.1

131/46 ...................................................... B 222.2

131/47 .................................................. B 205.intr

131/48 ...................................................... B 208.1

131/52 ....................................................... B 221.1

131/52 .......................................................B 221.2

131/53 .......................................................B 220.1

131/54 ...................................................... B 206.1

131/54 ......................................................B 206.2

131/54 ...................................................... B 206.3

131/54 ......................................................B 206.4

133/2 ........................................................ B 460.1

133/5 ........................................................ B 288.1

133/11 ........................................................ B 281.1

133/14 .......................................................B 365.1

133/17 ........................................................B 364.1

133/17 ....................................................... B 364.2

133/21 .......................................................B 367.1

133/21 ...................................................... B 367.2

133/21 .......................................................B 367.3

133/21 ...................................................... B 367.4

134/1 ..........................................................B 177.1

134/1 .........................................................B 177.2

134/1 ......................................................... B 177.3

134/1 .........................................................B 177.4

134/1 ......................................................... B 177.5

134/1 .........................................................B 177.6

134/2 .........................................................B 236.1

134/4......................................................... B 179.1

134/6 ........................................................B 199.1

134/6 ....................................................... B 199.2

134/8 ....................................................... B 200.1

134/9 ........................................................B 228.1

134/10 ....................................................... B 201.1

134/10 .......................................................B 201.2

134/12 ....................................................... B 197.1

134/12 .......................................................B 197.2

134/12 .......................................................B 197.3

134/12 .......................................................B 197.4

134/12 .......................................................B 197.5

134/12 .......................................................B 197.6

134/12 .......................................................B 197.7

134/12 .......................................................B 197.8

134/17 .......................................................B 238.1

134/19 .......................................................B 198.1

134/19 ...................................................... B 198.2

134/19 .......................................................B 198.3

134/19 ...................................................... B 198.4

134/19 ...................................................... B 198.5

135/1 ...........................................................B 57.1

135/1 .......................................................... B 57.2

135/1 ...........................................................B 57.3

135/2 ...........................................................B 58.1

135/2 .......................................................... B 58.2

135/3 ...................................................... B 59.intr

135/3 ...........................................................B 59.1

135/3 .......................................................... B 59.2

135/3 .......................................................... B 59.3

135/3 ..........................................................B 59.4

135/3 .......................................................... B 59.5

135/3 ..........................................................B 59.6

135/3 .......................................................... B 59.7

135/3 ..........................................................B 59.8

135/3 ......................................................... B 59.11

135/3 .........................................................B 59.13

135/3 ........................................................ B 59.14

135/3 .........................................................B 59.15

135/3a ........................................................B 59.9

135/3b ...................................................... B 59.10

141/3 .....................................................B 180.intr

141/3 ....................................................B 180.coff

141/3 .........................................................B 180.1

141/3 ........................................................ B 180.4

141/3 ........................................................ B 180.5

141/3 ........................................................ B 180.6

141/3 .........................................................B 180.7

141/3 .......................................................B 180.10

141/3 ....................................................... B 180.11

141/3 .......................................................B 180.12

141/3 .....................................................B 180.8.9

141/3a ...................................................... B 180.2

141/3b .......................................................B 180.3

141/8 ........................................................ B 409.1

141/8 ........................................................B 409.2

141/12 ....................................................... B 353.1

141/17 ........................................................ B 357.1

141/18 .......................................................B 196.1

141/18 ...................................................... B 196.2

141/18 .......................................................B 196.3

525—

141/18 ...................................................... B 196.4

141/18 ...................................................... B 196.5

141/18 ...................................................... B 196.6

141/18 .......................................................B 196.7

141/18 ...................................................... B 196.8

141/20 .......................................................B 355.1

142/5 ................................................... B 505.intr

142/6 ................................................... B 547.intr

142/7 ....................................................B 504.intr

142/7 ........................................................ B 504.3

142/16 ....................................................... B 517.1

142/17 .................................................. B 503.intr

142/18 ................................................. B 497.intr

142/23 .......................................................B 520.1

142/30 ..................................................B 537.intr

142/42 ......................................................B 522.1

142/43 ...................................................... B 512.1

142/43 ......................................................B 512.2

142/43 ......................................................B 512.3

142/45 ..................................................... B 536.2

184/4 .....................................................OO 413.2

184/4 .....................................................OO 413.3

184/4 .................................................... OO 413.4

184/4 .....................................................OO 413.5

184/4 .................................................... OO 413.6

184/5 ..................................................... OO 413.1

184/6 .................................................... OO 428.1

184/7 ............................................ OO 431.bones

184/8 ........................................... OO 428.bones

184/9 ..................................................... OO 431.1

184/12 ...................................................OO 426.2

184/13 ................................................... OO 426.1

184/14 .......................................... OO 426.bones

184/15 ...................................................OO 426.3

184/16 ................................................... OO 433.2

184/17 ....................................................OO 433.1

184/19 ................................................... OO 433.3

184/21 ................................................... OO 433.4

184/25 ......................................... OO 440.bones

184/26 ..........................................OO 418.bones

184/32 ..........................................OO 395.bones

184/34 ...................................................OO 415.1

184/35 ..........................................OO 415.bones

184/41 ....................................................OO 412.1

184/42 ..........................................OO 412.bones

184/47 ..........................................OO 432.bones

184/50 ...................................................OO 437.1

184A/7 ......................................... OO 443.bones

184A/8 ......................................... OO 444.bones

184A/11 ........................................ OO 438.bones

184A/13................................................. OO 446.1

184A/14 ....................................... OO 446.bones

184B/6 ..........................................OO 441.bones

184B/7 ......................................... OO 434.bones

189/77-78 ....................................OO 400.bones

189/6 .................................................... OO 396.1

189/7 ........................................... OO 394.bones

189/8 ............................................OO 370.bones

189/13 .......................................... OO 368.bones

189/15 ................................................... OO 368.1

189/15 .......................................... OO 368.bones

189/16...........................................OO 367.bones

189/22 ..................................................OO 366.3

189/24 ......................................... OO 366.bones

189/25 ..................................................OO 366.2

189/25 ..................................................OO 366.4

189/26 ..................................................OO 366.7

189/26, 22 ............................................ OO 366.1

189/28 ........................................ OO 342.bones

189/34-35 .................................... OO 369.bones

189/37 ..........................................OO 343.bones

189/38 ...................................................OO 371.2

189/39 ...................................................OO 371.5

189/39a .................................................OO 371.4

189/39b ................................................. OO 371.3

189/40 .......................................... OO 371.bones

189/42 ................................................... OO 371.1

189/46 ..........................................OO 346.bones

189/51 ...........................................OO 372.bones

189/53 ..........................................OO 345.bones

189/54 ...................................................OO 345.1

189/56 ..........................................OO 375.bones

189/64 .................................................OO 373.2a

189/64 ................................................ OO 373.2b

189/68 ................................................... OO 373.1

189/72a ............................................... OO 400.4

189/72b ................................................OO 400.2

189/72c .................................................OO 400.3

189/72d ................................................ OO 400.1

189/76 ..........................................OO 397.bones

189/79 ..................................................OO 400.5

191/8 .............................................OO 419.bones

526—

191/11 ........................................... OO 402.bones

191/13 .................................................... OO 402.1

191/19 ................................................... OO 404.1

191/20 .......................................... OO 404.bones

191/22 .......................................... OO 404.bones

191/23 .........................................OO 420?.bones

191/25 .......................................... OO 420.bones

191/27 .......................................... OO 404.bones

191/28 ...........................................OO 377.bones

191/30 .......................................... OO 404.bones

191/35 ...........................................OO 379.bones

192/4 ..................................................... OO 317.1

192/6 .....................................................OO 352.1

192/8 .................................................... OO 348.1

192/11 ........................................... OO 317.bones

192/15 ...........................................OO 350.bones

192/19 ................................................... OO 349.1

192/20 ..................................................OO 349.2

192/20 .................................................. OO 349.3

192/21 ....................................................OO 351.2

192/22 ...................................................OO 351.3

192/23.................................................... OO 351.1

192/26-27..................................... OO 351.bones

192/29-31 .....................................OO 347.bones

192/30 ...................................................OO 347.1

192/34-36 ..................................... OO 314.bones

192/35 .................................................... OO 314.1

192/39-42 .................................... OO 315.bones

192/45-47 .................................... OO 315.bones

192/48 ................................................... OO 319.1

192/52-57 .....................................OO 378.bones

192/53 ........................................... OO 319.bones

192/58 ..................................................OO 354.4

192/60 .................................................. OO 354.5

192/61 ....................................................OO 354.1

192/62 ..................................................OO 354.6

192/63 .................................................. OO 354.2

192/72 ..........................................OO 354.bones

192/73 ................................................... OO 354.3

192/74 ................................................... OO 381.1

192/82 ...................................................OO 316.3

192/83 ................................................... OO 316.1

192/84 .................................................. OO 316.4

192/85 .......................................... OO 316.bones

192/86 ...................................................OO 316.2

193/4 ...........................................OO 406.bones

193/9 .................................................... OO 423.3

193/10 ....................................................OO 423.1

193/11 ....................................................OO 423.2

193/17 .......................................... OO 422.bones

193/18 ...........................................OO 421.bones

193/22................................................... OO 424.1

193/25 .................................................... OO 411.1

193/26 ...........................................OO 411.bones

193/28 ..................................................OO 382.2

193/29 .................................................. OO 382.3

193/30....................................................OO 382.1

193/31 ...................................................OO 382.4

193/36-37A ...................................OO 382.bones

193/38...................................................OO 382.5

193/38...................................................OO 382.6

193/38................................................... OO 382.7

193/38...................................................OO 382.8

193/39...................................................OO 382.9

193/43 ...........................................OO 423.bones

194/2 .....................................................OO 320.1

194/7 ....................................................OO 320.2

194/12 ................................................... OO 290.1

194/13 ...................................................OO 290.2

194/14 ...................................................OO 290.5

194/15 .................................................. OO 290.6

194/16 ...................................................OO 290.3

194/16 .................................................. OO 290.8

194/17 ...................................................OO 290.4

194/18 ...................................................OO 290.7

194/20 .................................................. OO 289.1

194/24 ......................................... OO 290.bones

194/25 ............................................... OO 290.9a

194/26 ............................................... OO 290.9b

195/3 ......................................................OO 324.1

195/4-6 ....................................... OO 294.bones

195/10 ................................................... OO 322.2

195/11 ................................................... OO 322.3

195/12 ....................................................OO 322.1

195/14 .................................................... OO 321.1

195/15+17 ..................................... OO 321.bones

195/16 ...........................................OO 322.bones

195/18 ....................................................OO 321.2

195/19+21 ....................................OO 323.bones

195/22 ...................................................OO 323.1

195/27 ...................................................OO 356.1

195/28 ..................................................OO 356.4

527—

195/29 .................................................. OO 356.3

195/30 ..................................................OO 356.2

195/35 ...........................................OO 326.bones

195/37-38 .....................................OO 356.bones

195/40 ..........................................OO 327.bones

195/41 ....................................................OO 355.1

196/1 ..................................................... OO 383.3

196/2 .................................................... OO 383.2

196/3 .....................................................OO 383.1

196/5 ............................................OO 383.bones

196/6 ....................................................OO 383.4

196/199 .......................................... OO stray 316

197/9 .................................................... OO 250.1

197/10 ...................................................OO 250.8

197/11....................................................OO 250.2

197/12 ...................................................OO 250.4

197/13 ...................................................OO 250.6

197/14 ...................................................OO 250.3

197/15 ...................................................OO 250.7

197/16 ...................................................OO 250.5

197/19 .......................................... OO 250.bones

197/20 .................................................OO 250.11

197/21 ................................................. OO 250.17

197/22 ................................................ OO 250.14

197/23 ................................................. OO 250.15

197/24 ................................................ OO 250.12

197/24 .............................................. OO 250.18a

197/24 .......................................... OO 250.18b-e

197/24 ............................................ OO 250.18f-i

197/25 .................................................OO 250.13

197/28 .......................................... OO 251.bones

197/35 .......................................... OO 229.bones

197/40 .................................................. OO 252.3

197/41 ...................................................OO 252.2

197/42 ...................................................OO 252.1

197/43...................................................OO 252.4

197/44 ........................................... OO 252.11a-d

197/44 ...............................................OO 252.11e

197/45 .................................................OO 252.12

197/49 ..................................................OO 252.8

197/49 ................................................ OO 252.10

197/50 ..................................................OO 252.6

197/51 ...................................................OO 252.9

197/55................................................... OO 252.7

197/57 ...................................................OO 252.5

198/- ................................................OO stray 315

198/12 .......................................... OO 256.bones

198/13 ...........................................OO 255.bones

198/27 ..........................................OO 329.bones

198/30 .................................................. OO 299.1

198/31 ...................................................OO 299.3

198/32 ..................................................OO 299.2

198/33................................ OO 299.bones

198/34 .................................................. OO 302.2

198/35 ..........................................OO 302.bones

198/43 ...................................................OO 302.1

199/1 ............................................. OO 333.bones

201/3 ..................................................... OO 144.2

201/4 .....................................................OO 144.3

201/5 .................................................... OO 144.4

201/6 .....................................................OO 144.1

201/7..................................................... OO 144.5

201/8 .................................................... OO 144.7

201/9 .................................................... OO 144.6

201/10 ................................................... OO 144.8

201/11 ..................................................OO 144.10

201/11 .................................................. OO 144.11

201/12-15 ......................................OO 144.bones

201/21 ..................................................... OO 96.1

201/22 ........................................... OO 96.bones

201/23....................................................OO 145.1

201/24 .................................................. OO 145.2

201/27-28.....................................OO 140.bones

201/29 ..........................................OO 145.bones

201/32....................................................OO 170.2

201/33 ....................................................OO 169.1

201/34 .................................................. OO 169.2

201/35 ................................................... OO 169.3

201/36 ...................................................OO 170.3

201/36 ...................................................OO 170.5

201/37 .................................................... OO 170.1

201/38 .......................................... OO 170.bones

201/44 .................................................. OO 170.4

201/48 .......................................... OO 174.bones

201/49-50 .................................... OO 175.bones

201/51 .................................................... OO 147.1

201/52 .......................................... OO 147.bones

201A/2-3....................................... OO 179.bones

201A/5 ...................................................OO 176.7

201A/6 .................................................. OO 176.6

201A/7 ..................................................OO 176.11

201A/8 ................................................... OO 176.1

528—

201A/9 .................................................OO 176.10

201A/10 ................................................ OO 176.8

201A/11 ................................................. OO 176.4

201A/12..................................................OO 176.5

201A/13 ................................................. OO 176.9

201A/16 ...............................................OO 176.12

201A/17 ..................................................OO 176.2

201A/18 .................................................OO 176.3

201A/20 ............................................... OO 176.13

201A/20 ...............................................OO 176.14

201A/21-24 ...................................OO 150.bones

201A/28 ................................................ OO 149.2

201A/29 .................................................OO 149.1

201A/30 ................................................ OO 149.3

201A/31 ...................................................OO 151.1

201A/31 .................................................. OO 151.2

201A/32 ................................................. OO 151.3

202/1 ......................................................OO 98.4

202/8 ......................................................OO 48.3

202/9+11 ........................................OO 97.bones

202/12 .................................................... OO 49.1

202/13+15 ...................................... OO 49.bones

202/14 .................................................... OO 50.1

202/16 ....................................................OO 98.2

202/17 .................................................... OO 98.1

202/18 ....................................................OO 98.3

202/19 ............................................OO 47.bones

202/20 .................................................... OO 48.1

202/21 ....................................................OO 48.2

202/22 ........................................... OO 48.bones

202/25-28 ..................................... OO 99.bones

202/29 .................................................... OO 99.1

202/32-33 ...................................... OO 98.bones

202/38+44 ...................................OO 100.bones

202/40 ................................................. OO 102.2

202/41 ...................................................OO 102.3

202/42 ...................................................OO 102.1

202/45 ..................................................OO 101.11

202/48 ................................................. OO 102.4

202/49 ................................................... OO 54.1

202/50 ...................................................OO 101.2

202/51 ................................................... OO 101.3

202/52 ...................................................OO 101.4

202/53 ...................................................OO 101.5

202/54 ...................................................OO 101.6

202/55 ...................................................OO 101.7

202/56 ................................................... OO 101.1

202/56 ..............................................OO 101.9.10

202/59 ...................................................OO 101.8

202/59 ................................................. OO 101.12

203/1 ................................................OO stray 313

203/2 ........................................... OO 209.bones

203/4 ....................................................OO 207.2

203/5 .................................................... OO 207.3

203/6 .................................................... OO 207.1

203/8 ....................................................OO 207.4

203/8 ....................................................OO 207.5

203/8 ....................................................OO 207.6

203/8 ....................................................OO 207.7

203/8 ....................................................OO 207.8

203/8 ............................................... OO 207.9-11

203/8 .................................................. OO 207.12

203/8 ...................................................OO 207.13

203/9 .................................................... OO 209.1

203/10 ................................................ OO 207.14

203/11 ...........................................OO 207.bones

203/14 ...................................................OO 152.3

203/15 .................................................... OO 152.1

203/16 ...................................................OO 152.2

203/17 ....................................................OO 153.4

203/20 .......................................... OO 152.bones

203/21.................................................... OO 153.1

203/22 .................................................. OO 153.2

203/23 ...................................................OO 153.3

203/25-26 ................................... OO 208.bones

203/27 .......................................... OO 153.bones

203/28 .................................................. OO 109.3

203/29 .................................................. OO 109.2

203/31 ........................................... OO 110.bones

203/34 ...................................................OO 109.1

203/36A+25 .................................OO 109.bones

203/38 ........................................... OO 111.bones

203/41 .................................................. OO 106.2

203/44+46 ...................................OO 106.bones

203/46 ...................................................OO 106.1

203/47 ...................................................OO 108.1

203/48 .................................................. OO 108.3

203/49 .................................................. OO 108.2

204/2a-g .......................................... OO 29.4-10

204/3 ...................................................... OO 29.1

204/3 ....................................................OO 29.2a

204/5 ....................................................OO 29.2b

529—

204/3 .................................................... OO 29.2c

204/5 ....................................................OO 29.2d

204/5 .................................................OO 29.2e-f

204/5 .....................................................OO 29.11

204/6......................................................OO 29.3

204/6......................................................OO 29.9

204/7 ............................................. OO 29.bones

204/8...................................................... OO 66.1

204/8......................................................OO 66.2

204/9...................................................... OO 28.1

204/10 ....................................................OO 28.2

204/11+15 ...................................... OO 28.bones

204/12 ........................................... OO 66.bones

204/16 ....................................................OO 30.2

204/17 .................................................... OO 30.3

204/18 .....................................................OO 30.1

204/20 .......................................... OO 65.bones

204/22 .................................................... OO 65.1

204/23 ............................................OO 30.bones

204/24....................................................OO 30.4

204/25 .................................................... OO 69.1

204/25 ....................................................OO 69.2

206/1 .................................................... OO 200.1

206/2 ................................................... OO 200.6

206/3 ....................................................OO 200.5

206/4.................................................... OO 197.2

206/5 .....................................................OO 197.1

206/6 ...................................................OO 200.7

206/9 ...................................................OO 200.4

206/10 ..................................................OO 203.2

206/11 ....................................................OO 203.1

206/14 ......................................... OO 200.bones

206/19 ..................................................OO 200.3

206/20 ..................................................OO 198.1

206/21a .................................................OO 199.1

206/21b ................................................ OO 199.3

206/22a ................................................ OO 199.4

206/22b ............................................... OO 199.2

206/23 .................................................. OO 199.5

206/24-26 ....................................OO 199.bones

206/27 ...................................................OO 180.1

206/32 ..................................................OO 200.8

206/33 ....................................................OO 181.1

206/34 ...................................................OO 181.2

206/43 .................................................. OO 201.2

206/44 ..................................................OO 201.1

209/1 ....................................................... OO 13.1

209/2 .......................................................OO 13.2

209/4.......................................................OO 9.17

209/5 ........................................................OO 9.2

209/8 ...............................................OO 9.bones

209/9 ....................................................... OO 9.3

209/10 .......................................................OO 9.1

209/11 .......................................................OO 9.8

209/11 ......................................................OO 9.13

209/11 ..................................................... OO 9.16

209/12 .....................................................OO 9.11

209/14 ......................................................OO 9.9

209/15 .................................................... OO 9.10

209/16 ..................................................... OO 12.1

209/17 .................................................... OO 9.14

209/18 ......................................................OO 9.4

209/19 ............................................ OO 12.bones

209/21 .....................................................OO 12.2

209/22 .................................................OO 12.4-9

209/23 ...................................................OO 12.10

209/24 ....................................................OO 12.2

209/24 ....................................................OO 12.3

209/25 ................................................... OO 12.13

209/26 ...................................................OO 12.11

209/27 ................................................... OO 12.12

209/29 ........................................... OO 12.bones

209/32 .......................................................OO 4.1

209/46-47........................................OO 5.bones

209/48-48A .....................................OO 9.bones

209/49-51 ........................................OO 5.bones

209/53 ......................................................OO 9.5

209/57-58 ......................................OO 10.bones

209/61 .......................................................OO 2.1

209/62 .............................................OO 2.bones

209/64 ......................................................OO 3.1

209/64-65 .......................................OO 3.bones

209/66 ................................................. OO 206.1

209/69 ........................................... OO 31.bones

209/70 ..................................................... OO 31.1

210/1 ....................................................... OO 59.1

210/2 ......................................................OO 59.2

210/3 ........................................................OO 25.1

210/4 ...................................................... OO 25.2

210/5 ...................................................... OO 25.3

210/6 ...................................................... OO 59.3

210/11 ...........................................OO 105.bones

530—

210/14 .................................................... OO 63.4

210/14 .....................................................OO 63.5

210/15 ....................................................OO 107.1

210/16 ......................................................OO 63.1

210/17 .....................................................OO 63.2

210/18 ..................................................... OO 63.3

210/20 .................................................... OO 56.1

210/21 .....................................................OO 56.2

210/22 ....................................................OO 56.3

210/24 ........................................... OO 62.bones

210/25 ....................................................OO 62.2

210/26 ....................................................OO 62.3

210/26 .................................................OO 62.4.5

210/27 .................................................... OO 62.1

210/31 ....................................................OO 103.2

210/32....................................................OO 103.3

210/33 .....................................................OO 60.2

210/34 .................................................. OO 103.4

210/35 .................................................... OO 103.1

210/37 ........................................... OO 103.bones

210/38 .................................................... OO 60.1

210/39 ........................................... OO 60.bones

210/41 .....................................................OO 58.2

210/41 ............................................ OO 58.bones

210/42 .................................................... OO 58.1

210/44 .................................................... OO 26.1

210/45 ....................................................OO 26.3

210/46 ....................................................OO 26.4

210/47 ....................................................OO 26.5

210/48 ....................................................OO 26.2

210/49 .................................................... OO 44.1

210/50 ....................................................OO 44.2

210/51 .....................................................OO 44.3

210/52 ........................................... OO 59.bones

210/54 ........................................... OO 26.bones

210/56 ....................................................OO 26.6

210/57 .................................................OO 26.7.8

210/62 ...................................................OO 136.2

210/64 ................................................... OO 136.1

211/18 .................................................... OO 212.1

211/191-1 ...............................................OO 234.2

211/192-16 .................................... OO 231.bones

211/194-16 ....................................OO 210.bones

211/197-34+38..............................OO 186.bones

211/199-9 .....................................OO 216.bones

211/200-7-10 ............................... OO 240.bones

211/201-1-3 ...................................OO 219.bones

214/7 ........................................................OO 83.1

214/203-1 ..............................................OO 167.1

214/204-6 ....................................OO 194.bones

214/205-4-7 .................................OO 195.bones

214/207-18 ...................................OO 196.bones

214/208-11 ................................... OO 193.bones

214/209-4 .................................... OO 157.bones

214/213-19-21...............................OO 164.bones

214/214-15 .................................... OO 122.bones

214/215-12 .................................... OO 122.bones

214/215-13 ....................................OO 156.bones

214/218-4 ..................................... OO 118.bones

214/219-1........................................OO 83.bones

214/221-1 ....................................... OO 85.bones

214/224-1 ......................................OO 121.bones

214/229-1-2 ................................. OO 130.bones

214/232-77 ................................... OO 127.bones

214/233-52 ................................... OO 161.bones

214/234-6......................................OO 131.bones

214/235-2+11 ................................ OO 132.bones

214/237-1......................................OO 166.bones

214/238-8 ....................................OO 168.bones

214/239-4..............................................OO 134.2

214/240-1 .....................................OO 165.bones

214/241-6 ..................................... OO 135.bones

214/239-4..............................................OO 134.3

215-2-12 .........................................OO stray 320

216/253-3 .......................................OO 34.bones

216/256-8 ......................................OO 72.bones

216/261-12 ....................................OO 112.bones

219/268-2+13 .............................. OO 248.bones

219/270-8 ................................... OO 246.bones

219/271-20-21 ..............................OO 243.bones

219/271-16 ............................................OO 243.4

219/275-9 .....................................OO 278.bones

219/279-4 ................................... OO 284.bones

219/284-7 ....................................OO 307.bones

219/285-18 ...................................OO 223.bones

219/286-16...................................OO 222.bones

219/288-25 ................................. OO 242.bones

219/289-8-9 ................................OO 274.bones

219/290-18...................................OO 272.bones

219/291-3 .................................... OO 269.bones

219/295-1 .................................... OO 308.bones

219/296-1 .................................... OO 306.bones

531—

219/297- ................................................OO 305.1

219/297-3 .....................................OO 305.bones

219/298-5-6 ............................... OO 304.bones

219/299-14+17 .............................OO 338.bones

219/299-17a-z ............................... OO 338.2-30

219/303-14 .................................. OO 360.bones

ROB grave numbers

Legend

grave-find

190-1 .................................................... OO 168.3

190-2 .....................................................OO 168.1

190-3 .................................................... OO 168.2

190-4 ....................................................OO 168.4

190-5 ....................................................OO 168.6

190-6 .................................................... OO 168.7

190-7 ....................................................OO 168.8

190-8 ....................................................OO 168.9

190-9 .................................................... OO 168.5

190-10 .................................................OO 168.10

191-1 ......................................................OO 234.1

192-5 ..................................................... OO 231.1

193-1 ..................................................... OO 232.2

193-2 .................................................... OO 232.3

193-3 .....................................................OO 232.1

196-1 ..................................................... OO 215.1

197-1 .....................................................OO 186.9

197-2 .................................................... OO 186.3

197-3 .....................................................OO 186.1

197-4 .................................................... OO 186.5

197-5 ....................................................OO 186.6

197-6 .................................................... OO 186.7

197-7 .................................................... OO 186.4

197-8 ...................................................OO 186.10

197-33................................................... OO 186.2

200-1 .................................................... OO 240.1

200-2 ...................................................OO 240.2

200-3....................................................OO 240.3

202-1 .....................................................OO 188.1

202-2.................................................... OO 188.2

204-7.....................................................OO 194.1

205-1 .................................................... OO 195.5

205-4 ....................................................OO 195.1

205-5 .................................................... OO 195.2

205-8 ................................................OO 195.3-4

207-1 .....................................................OO 196.1

207-2 .................................................... OO 196.2

207-3 .................................................... OO 196.3

213-1 ..................................................... OO 164.2

213-2 .................................................... OO 164.3

213-3 ......................................................OO 164.1

214-4 .....................................................OO 122.2

214-7 ..................................................... OO 122.1

215-4 .....................................................OO 156.1

217-1 .......................................................OO 116.1

225-1 .......................................................OO 87.1

225-2 ......................................................OO 87.2

226-6 ..................................................... OO 88.1

226-6 .....................................................OO 88.2

226-8 .....................................................OO 88.5

229-1 ..................................................... OO 130.1

230-3 .....................................................OO 129.3

230-4 .....................................................OO 129.1

230-5/8 ................................................ OO 129.2

233-1 ......................................................OO 161.2

233-2 ..................................................... OO 161.3

233-3 .....................................................OO 161.4

233-4 ......................................................OO 161.1

233-5 .....................................................OO 161.5

233-40 ...................................................OO 161.6

234-1 ......................................................OO 131.3

234-2 ..................................................... OO 131.2

234-3 ......................................................OO 131.1

235-7 ..................................................... OO 132.1

236-1 ..................................................... OO 133.1

236-2 .....................................................OO 133.4

236-3 ..................................................... OO 133.3

236-4 .....................................................OO 133.2

236-5 .....................................................OO 133.5

238-1 ...................................................OO 168.12

238-9................................................... OO 168.11

239-1 .................................................... OO 134.4

239-4 ..................................................... OO 134.1

241-1 ...................................................... OO 135.1

242-1 .......................................................OO 19.1

242-2 .......................................................OO 19.3

242-6 ..................................................... OO 19.2

243-7 ......................................................OO 40.2

532—

243-8 ......................................................OO 40.3

243-10 .................................................... OO 40.1

246-3 ......................................................OO 20.3

246-4 ..................................................... OO 20.1

246-5 .....................................................OO 20.2

249-9 ..................................................... OO 24.1

249-12 ....................................................OO 24.2

251-1 ....................................................... OO 37.2

251-2 .......................................................OO 37.3

251-3 .......................................................OO 37.1

251-14 ..................................................... OO 37.4

251-18 ..................................................... OO 37.6

251-19 ..................................................... OO 37.5

252-1 ...................................................... OO 42.3

252-2 ...................................................... OO 42.1

252-3 ......................................................OO 42.2

255-1 .......................................................OO 76.1

257-5 .......................................................OO 71.4

257-15 .....................................................OO 71.2

257-16 ..................................................... OO 71.1

257-17 .....................................................OO 71.3

260-17 .....................................................OO 78.1

260-18 ....................................................OO 78.2

260-19 .................................................... OO 78.3

261-10 ....................................................OO 112.1

263-18 ....................................................OO 94.2

263-19 .................................................... OO 94.1

265-1 ...................................................... OO 92.1

265-2......................................................OO 92.2

266-13 .................................................... OO 90.1

268-1 ....................................................OO 248.2

268-12 .................................................. OO 248.1

269-3.....................................................OO 247.1

271-7......................................................OO 243.1

271-8 ....................................................OO 243.2

271-9 .................................................... OO 243.3

272-15 .................................................. OO 244.1

273-1 ..................................................... OO 276.1

274-1+6 .............................................OO 277.3-4

274-5 .................................................... OO 277.2

274-7 .....................................................OO 277.1

275-9 .....................................................OO 278.1

281-1+6 ............................................OO 283.6-8

281-7 .................................................... OO 283.3

281-8 ....................................................OO 283.4

281-11 ...................................................OO 283.2

281-14 ...................................................OO 283.1

281-15 ...................................................OO 283.5

282-3+18 ......................................... OO 271.8+11

282-7 ................................................... OO 271.12

282-19 .................................................. OO 271.6

282-20 ..................................................OO 271.4

282-21 ................................................... OO 271.1

282-22...................................................OO 271.2

282-23 ...................................................OO 271.3

282-24 ..................................................OO 271.5

282-24 ..................................................OO 271.7

282-24 ................................................OO 271.10

282-25.................................................. OO 271.9

284-2 ....................................................OO 307.1

285-2.................................................... OO 223.2

288-19 .................................................. OO 242.1

288-19 ..................................................OO 242.4

288-20 .................................................OO 242.7

288-21 ..................................................OO 242.5

288-22 .................................................OO 242.6

288-23..................................................OO 242.2

288-24 .................................................OO 242.3

289-10 ...................................................OO 274.1

294-2 ................................................... OO 273.4

294-8 ....................................................OO 273.1

294-9 ................................................... OO 273.2

294-12 ...................................................OO 273.3

295-1 .................................................... OO 308.1

295-1 ....................................................OO 308.2

298-6 ................................................... OO 304.1

298-6 ...................................................OO 304.2

299-11 ...................................................OO 338.1

304-1 .....................................................OO 359.1

306-10 ...................................................OO 361.2

306-11 .................................................... OO 361.1

306-12 ...................................................OO 361.3

306-13 .................................................. OO 361.4

306-16 ...................................................OO 361.5

307-9 ................................................. OO 339.11a

307-9 ............................................. OO 339.11b-g

307-30 ...................................................OO 339.1

307-31................................................... OO 339.3

307-32 ..................................................OO 339.4

307-35 .................................................. OO 339.2

307-36 ..................................................OO 339.6

307-37-39 ............................................ OO 339.7

533—

307-40 ................................................. OO 339.5

307-41 ..................................................OO 339.9

307-42 ..................................................OO 339.8

307-42-43 ............................................ OO 339.7

308-7 ....................................................OO 340.2

308-8 ................................................... OO 340.1

308-9 ................................................... OO 340.3

309-1 .................................................... OO 362.2

309-2.....................................................OO 362.1

309-20 .................................................OO 362.6

309-21 .................................................. OO 362.3

309-27 .................................................. OO 362.5

309-28 .................................................OO 362.4

310-1 ......................................................OO 287.1

310-17 ...................................................OO 287.2

311-1......................................................OO 249.4

311-10 ...................................................OO 249.5

311-16 ................................................... OO 249.1

311-17 ....................................................OO 249.3

311-18 ...................................................OO 249.2

312-1 ..................................................... OO 288.1

312-2 ................................................OO 288.2-4

317-1 ...................................................... OO 311.4

317-2 ...................................................... OO 311.5

317-2 ...................................................... OO 311.6

317-2 ...................................................... OO 311.7

317-3 .......................................................OO 311.3

317-4 ......................................................OO 311.1

317-5 ...................................................... OO 311.2

319-7 ..................................................... OO 341.1

Collection Municipality ofNijmegen

Handmade pottery

AA.152 ......................................................B 795.1

Stone sarcophagi

BA.V.2 .................................................B stray 156

BA.V.8 ................................................B stray 280

BA.V.11 ........................................... Rem. stray 17

BA.V.12......................................................B 601.1

BA.V.13 .....................................................B 620.0

BA.V.14 .....................................................B 627.1

BA.V.15 ..................................................... B 580.1

Stone objects

BA.VI.13a ............................................B stray 139

BA.VI.19b ........................................... B stray 255

BA.VI.32 ....................................................B 701.7

BA.VI.33 ................................................... B 702.7

BA.VI.35 .............................................B stray 306

BA.VI.39 ...................................................B 421.2

BA.VI.37-38 ......................................... B 395.4-5

BA.VI.40-41 ..........................................B 435.4-5

Gem

BA.VII.86 ........................................... B stray 144

Stone building fragment

BA.VIII.6 B 699.0

Tile grave ff (mentioned after B stray 224)

BB.I.63 ..............................................................ff

Brick stamp

BB.I:X/170 ........................................ OO stray 16

Roman pottery: pots

BB.II.61 ..............................................B stray 246

BB.II.211 ...........................................OO stray 70

BB.II.355................................................B stray 9

BB.II.356 ............................................. B stray 10

BB.II.418........................................... OO stray 61

BB.II.430 ........................................... B stray 148

BB.II.439 ............................................. B stray 77

BB.II.441 .............................................B stray 221

BB.II.442 ...........................................B stray 202

BB.II.443 ...........................................B stray 206

BB.II.444 ............................................B stray 212

BB.II.448 .............................................B stray 46

BB.II.464 ...................................................B 151.3

BB.II.465 ...................................................B 94.2

BB.II.466 ...................................................B 98.2

BB.II.467 .....................................................B 11.1

BB.II.468 ................................................... B 67.3

BB.II.469 .................................................B 674.4

BB.II.470 ................................................. B 730.2

BB.II.471 ...............................................B 723.intr

BB.II.472 .............................................B stray 68

BB.II.476 ................................................... B 81.4

534—

BB.II.479 ..................................................B 319.3

BB.II.480 .................................................. B 421.1

BB.II.481...................................................B 258.1

BB.II.482 ................................................. B 234.5

BB.II.483 .................................................B 250.2

BB.II.484 .................................................. B 301.1

BB.II.485 ................................................. B 293.3

BB.II.486 ..................................................B 344.1

BB.II.487 ................................................. B 482.3

BB.II.488 .................................................B 482.2

BB.II.489 .................................................B 760.2

BB.II.490 .................................................B 764.6

BB.II.491...................................................B 773.2

BB.II.492 ..................................................B 757.1

BB.II.493 ..................................................B 786.1

BB.II.494 ................................................. B 792.2

BB.II.495 ................................................. B 779.4

BB.II.496 ..................................................B 715.2

Roman pottery: beakers

BB.III.96 .............................................B stray 135

BB.III.97 .............................................B stray 161

BB.III.98 .............................................B stray 137

BB.III.99 .............................................B stray 157

BB.III.100 ....................................... B stray 263

BB.III.101 ...........................................B stray 264

BB.III.103 .............................................B stray 48

BB.III.106 .......................................... B stray 149

BB.III.107 ........................................... B stray 150

BB.III.108 ........................................... B stray 151

BB.III.109 ...........................................B stray 152

BB.III.183 .......................................... OO stray 21

BB.III.184 ..........................................OO stray 71

BB.III.205 .......................................OO stray 293

BB.III.214 ..........................................OO stray 28

BB.III.215 ..........................................OO stray 29

BB.III.216..........................................OO stray 30

BB.III.217 ...........................................OO stray 31

BB.III.250 ......................................... OO stray 23

BB.III.257 .......................................... B stray 140

BB.III.331 ............................................B stray 176

BB.III.332 ............................................B stray 177

BB.III.333 ............................................B stray 178

BB.III.334 ...........................................B stray 179

BB.III.335 ........................................... B stray 180

BB.III.339 ...........................................B stray 183

BB.III.360 ............................................. B stray 11

BB.III.361 ..............................................B stray 12

BB.III.362 .............................................B stray 13

BB.III.363 .............................................B stray 14

BB.III.364 .............................................B stray 15

BB.III.377 ............................................ B stray 171

BB.III.414 ............................................B stray 78

BB.III.415 .............................................B stray 79

BB.III.416 ............................................B stray 80

BB.III.417 ............................................. B stray 81

BB.III.418 ............................................B stray 82

BB.III.419 ............................................ B stray 83

BB.III.420 ............................................B stray 84

BB.III.421 .............................................B stray 85

BB.III.422 ............................................B stray 86

BB.III.423 ............................................B stray 87

BB.III.424 ............................................B stray 88

BB.III.425 ............................................B stray 89

BB.III.429 ..........................................B stray 204

BB.III.430 ..........................................B stray 209

BB.III.436 .......................................... B stray 146

BB.III.437 ...........................................B stray 147

BB.III.438 ...........................................B stray 154

BB.III.439 ...........................................B stray 153

BB.III.440 ...........................................B stray 155

BB.III.441 ............................................ B stray 30

BB.III.442 .............................................B stray 31

BB.III.443 ............................................ B stray 32

BB.III.444 .....................................................B 5.1

BB.III.445 .................................................... B 5.2

BB.III.446 ...................................................B 43.1

BB.III.447 ...................................................B 47.1

BB.III.448 ...................................................B 41.3

BB.III.454 ............................................ B stray 63

BB.III.455 ............................................B stray 58

BB.III.456 ............................................B stray 59

BB.III.457 ......................................Rem. stray 18

BB.III.459 .........................................OO stray 62

BB.III.460 .........................................OO stray 65

BB.III.461 .............................................. B stray 3

BB.III.462 ............................................B stray 69

BB.III.463 ................................................. B 144.1

BB.III.464 ..................................................B 135.1

BB.III.465 .................................................B 122.2

BB.III.466 ................................................. B 165.1

BB.III.467 ................................................. B 150.1

535—

BB.III.468 ................................................. B 151.2

BB.III.469 ..................................................B 114.1

BB.III.470 ...................................................B 87.1

BB.III.471 ...................................................B 88.2

BB.III.472 ..................................................B 112.1

BB.III.473 ...................................................B 85.1

BB.III.474 .................................................B 108.1

BB.III.475 .................................................B 100.1

BB.III.476 ...................................................B 98.1

BB.III.477 ................................................... B 73.1

BB.III.478 .................................................. B 54.2

BB.III.479 ...................................................B 16.3

BB.III.480 ...................................................B 67.1

BB.III.481 .................................................. B 67.2

BB.III.482 ..................................................B 171.1

BB.III.483 .................................................B 834.1

BB.III.484 ................................................ B 834.2

BB.III.485 .................................................B 751.2

BB.III.486 ..................................................B 751.1

BB.III.487 ................................................. B 751.3

BB.III.488 .................................................B 676.1

BB.III.489 ................................................. B 733.1

BB.III.490 ................................................ B 685.1

BB.III.491 .................................................B 687.1

BB.III.492 .................................................B 741.3

BB.III.493 .................................................B 741.4

BB.III.494 .................................................B 741.2

BB.III.495 .................................................B 743.1

BB.III.496 ................................................ B 742.2

BB.III.497 .................................................B 681.1

BB.III.498 .................................................B 697.1

BB.III.499 ................................................. B 701.1

BB.III.500 .................................................B 705.1

BB.III.501 ..................................................B 706.1

BB.III.502 ................................................B 706.2

BB.III.503 .................................................B 708.1

BB.III.504 ................................................ B 704.2

BB.III.505 .................................................B 707.1

BB.III.506 .................................................B 724.1

BB.III.507 ................................................. B 723.1

BB.III.510 ................................................. B 722.2

BB.III.513 .................................................. B 105.1

BB.III.514 ..................................................B 105.2

BB.III.515 .......................................... B 80.2

BB.III.516 ................................................... B 80.3

BB.III.517 ....................................................B 81.2

BB.III.518 ....................................................B 81.3

BB.III.519 ..........................................OO stray 66

BB.III.520 ..................................................B 717.1

BB.III.521 ..................................................B 725.1

BB.III.522 .......................................... B stray 307

BB.III.523 ................................................. B 319.1

BB.III.524 ................................................B 248.2

BB.III.525 ................................................ B 234.4

BB.III.526 ................................................ B 234.3

BB.III.527 .................................................B 243.1

BB.III.528 ................................................. B 291.1

BB.III.529 ................................................ B 293.2

BB.III.530 ................................................B 292.2

BB.III.531 ..................................................B 292.1

BB.III.532 .................................................B 392.1

BB.III.533 ..................................................B 328.1

BB.III.534 ..............................................B 298.56

BB.III.535 ..............................................B 298.57

BB.III.536 .................................................B 381.2

BB.III.537..................................................B 395.1

BB.III.538 ................................................ B 383.2

BB.III.539 .................................................B 383.3

BB.III.540 ................................................ B 387.2

BB.III.541 ..................................................B 387.1

BB.III.542 .................................................B 414.1

BB.III.543 .................................................B 372.3

BB.III.544 .................................................B 423.1

BB.III.545 ................................................ B 423.2

BB.III.546 ................................................. B 451.1

BB.III.547 ................................................ B 435.2

BB.III.548 ................................................ B 456.1

BB.III.549 ................................................ B 482.1

BB.III.550 ................................................ B 481.2

BB.III.551 ................................................. B 744.3

BB.III.552 ................................................B 744.2

BB.III.553 ................................................B 764.4

BB.III.554 ................................................B 766.2

BB.III.555 .................................................B 747.1

Roman pottery:

double-handled jugs

BB.IV.204 .......................................... B stray 182

BB.IV.205 .......................................... B stray 168

BB.IV.208 .......................................... B stray 190

BB.IV.209 .......................................... B stray 253

BB.IV.211 ................................................B stray 8

536—

BB.IV.212 ..............................................B stray 51

BB.IV.213 ........................................... B stray 275

BB.IV.214 ...........................................B stray 276

BB.IV.215 ........................................... B stray 277

BB.IV.216 ........................................... B stray 272

BB.IV.217 ........................................... B stray 273

BB.IV.218 ........................................... B stray 274

BB.IV.568 ....................................... B stray 145

BB.IV.602 ............................................ B stray 16

BB.IV.603 .............................................B stray 17

BB.IV.717 ............................................B stray 136

BB.IV.718 ........................................... B stray 216

BB.IV.719 ...........................................B stray 256

BB.IV.728 ............................................B stray 90

BB.IV.729 ............................................ B stray 91

BB.IV.730 .............................................B stray 92

BB.IV.731 ............................................. B stray 93

BB.IV.732 .............................................B stray 94

BB.IV.744 .................................................. B 48.1

BB.IV.745 .................................................B 169.1

BB.IV.756 .........................................OO stray 63

BB.IV.761 .................................................. B 122.1

BB.IV.762 ..................................................B 86.5

BB.IV.763 ...................................................B 86.2

BB.IV.764 ....................................................B 13.1

BB.IV.765 .................................................B 677.1

BB.IV.766 .................................................B 741.6

BB.IV.767................................................. B 742.3

BB.IV.768 ................................................ B 682.1

BB.IV.769 ................................................B 697.2

BB.IV.770..................................................B 701.2

BB.IV.771 ................................................. B 704.3

BB.IV.772 ..................................................B 723.3

BB.IV.775 ............................................B stray 167

BB.IV.781 ...........................................B stray 262

BB.IV.781 .................................................. B 612.1

BB.IV.782 ................................................ B 435.3

BB.IV.783 ................................................. B 427.2

BB.IV.784 ..........................................B stray 300

BB.IV.785 .................................................B 754.1

Roman pottery: bowls

BB.V.77 ............................................. OO stray 32

BB.V.90 .............................................OO stray 25

BB.V.91 .............................................OO stray 26

BB.V.109 .............................................. B stray 18

BB.V.110 ............................................... B stray 19

BB.V.111................................................B stray 20

BB.V.147 ..............................................B stray 95

BB.V.148 ..............................................B stray 96

BB.V.149 ..............................................B stray 97

BB.V.150 ..............................................B stray 98

BB.V.153 ..............................................B stray 215

BB.V.154 .............................................B stray 214

BB.V.159 ...................................................B 176.5

BB.V.160 ...................................................B 176.6

BB.V.161 ........................................................B 5.3

BB.V.162 .................................................... B 47.3

BB.V.167 ............................................B stray 260

BB.V.169 ........................................ Rem. stray 21

BB.V.175 .................................................... B 139.1

BB.V.176 ...................................................B 135.2

BB.V.177 ................................................... B 150.4

BB.V.178 ........................................... B 834.3

BB.V.179 ...................................................B 730.3

BB.V.180 ............................................ B stray 267

BB.V.184 ...................................................B 319.2

BB.V.185 .................................................. B 248.3

BB.V.186 ...................................................B 248.1

BB.V.187 .................................................. B 344.2

BB.V.188 .................................................. B 299.1

BB.V.189 ...................................................B 334.2

BB.V.190 ...................................................B 451.2

BB.V.191 ................................................... B 456.3

BB.V.192 .................................................. B 764.7

BB.V.193 .................................................. B 828.1

BB.V.194 ...................................................B 779.3

BB.V.195 ................................................... B 715.3

Roman pottery: jugs

BB.VI.4 ................................................B stray 49

BB.VI.5 ...............................................B stray 170

BB.VI.22 ........................................... OO stray 33

BB.VI.23 ............................................OO stray 34

BB.VI.24 ........................................... OO stray 35

BB.VI.25 ...........................................OO stray 36

BB.VI.31 ............................................OO stray 24

BB.VI.33 ............................................... B stray 52

BB.VI.36 .............................................B stray 162

BB.VI.37 ..............................................B stray 163

BB.VI.53 ..............................................B stray 217

BB.VI.54 .............................................B stray 218

537—

BB.VI.55 ............................................ B stray 184

BB.VI.62 ...............................................B stray 21

BB.VI.66 .............................................B stray 172

BB.VI.74 ..............................................B stray 56

BB.VI.77 ...............................................B stray 99

BB.VI.78 ............................................ B stray 100

BB.VI.78 .............................................B stray 101

BB.VI.79 .............................................B stray 102

BB.VI.80 .............................................B stray 103

BB.VI.81 ............................................. B stray 104

BB.VI.82 .............................................B stray 105

BB.VI.83 ............................................ B stray 203

BB.VI.84 ............................................B stray 208

BB.VI.85 ............................................. B stray 211

BB.VI.87 ................................................ B stray 2

BB.VI.88 .............................................. B stray 47

BB.VI.89 ...................................................B 176.4

BB.VI.90 ...................................................... B 6.2

BB.VI.91 ............................................... B stray 57

BB.VI.92 ........................................Rem. stray 19

BB.VI.94 ...................................................B 165.2

BB.VI.95 ...................................................B 150.5

BB.VI.96 ...................................................B 150.2

BB.VI.97 .................................................... B 88.3

BB.VI.98 .................................................... B 54.5

BB.VI.99 ..................................................B 676.2

BB.VI.100................................................. B 677.2

BB.VI.101 .................................................B 686.3

BB.VI.102 .................................................B 687.2

BB.VI.103 ..................................................B 741.5

BB.VI.104 ................................................. B 681.2

BB.VI.105 ................................................. B 680.1

BB.VI.106..................................................B 730.1

BB.VI.107 ................................................. B 702.3

BB.VI.108................................................. B 702.5

BB.VI.109................................................. B 702.2

BB.VI.110 .................................................B 702.4

BB.VI.111 ...................................................B 702.1

BB.VI.112 .................................................B 708.2

BB.VI.114 ...........................................B stray 266

BB.VI.115 ..................................................B 728.1

BB.VI.116 ..................................................B 334.1

BB.VI.117 .................................................. B 395.2

BB.VI.118 ................................................. B 372.4

BB.VI.119 .................................................B 456.2

BB.VI.120 ..................................................B 760.1

BB.VI.121 .................................................B 764.5

BB.VI.122 ..................................................B 778.1

Roman pottery:

plates and dishes

BB.VII.53............................................ B stray 247

BB.VII.111 ........................................... B stray 219

BB.VII.112 ..........................................B stray 220

BB.VII.113........................................... B stray 185

BB.VII.131............................................. B stray 22

BB.VII.132 ............................................ B stray 23

BB.VII.144...........................................B stray 173

BB.VII.149 ......................................... B stray 106

BB.VII.150 ...........................................B stray 107

BB.VII.151 .......................................... B stray 108

BB.VII.152 .......................................... B stray 109

BB.VII.153 ...........................................B stray 110

BB.VII.154 ............................................B stray 111

BB.VII.155 ........................................... B stray 112

BB.VII.156 ........................................... B stray 113

BB.VII.157 ...........................................B stray 114

BB.VII.158 ........................................... B stray 115

BB.VII.159 ...........................................B stray 116

BB.VII.160 .......................................... B stray 117

BB.VII.161 ..........................................B stray 205

BB.VII.162 .................................................B 723.5

BB.VII.166 .........................................B stray 207

BB.VII.171 .............................................B stray 33

BB.VII.172 .................................................. B 47.2

BB.VII.176 ............................................B stray 67

BB.VII.177 ............................................B stray 60

BB.VII.180 ................................................B 165.3

BB.VII.181 .................................................B 150.3

BB.VII.182 .................................................B 166.1

BB.VII.183 .................................................. B 85.2

BB.VII.184 ................................................. B 86.3

BB.VII.185 ..................................................B 86.4

BB.VII.186 ................................................. B 54.3

BB.VII.187 ..................................................B 54.4

BB.VII.188 .................................................B 67.4

BB.VII.189 ...............................................B 834.4

BB.VII.190 ............................................... B 834.5

BB.VII.191 ................................................B 834.6

BB.VII.192. ...............................................B 834.8

BB.VII.193 .................................................B 734.1

BB.VII.194 ............................................... B 676.3

538—

BB.VII.195 ................................................B 686.4

BB.VII.196 ............................................... B 743.2

BB.VII.197 .................................................B 701.3

BB.VII.198 ............................................... B 705.2

BB.VII.199 ............................................... B 724.2

BB.VII.200 ............................................... B 723.4

BB.VII.201 ................................................ B 728.2

BB.VII.202 ............................................... B 728.3

BB.VII.203 ................................................B 726.1

BB.VII.211 ................................................ B 427.3

BB.VII.216 ................................................ B 725.2

BB.VII.217 ................................................B 608.2

BB.VII.218 .................................................B 345.1

BB.VII.219 ................................................. B 241.1

BB.VII.220 ............................................... B 292.3

BB.VII.221 ................................................ B 392.2

BB.VII.222 ............................................... B 395.3

BB.VII.223 ............................................... B 423.3

BB.VII.224 ................................................B 451.3

BB.VII.225 ................................................B 410.3

BB.VII.226 ............................................... B 410.2

BB.VII.227 ............................................... B 760.3

BB.VII.228 ...............................................B 764.8

BB.VII.229 ................................................B 763.1

Roman pottery: mortarium

BB.VIII.34 ............................................B stray 24

Roman pottery: varia

BB.IX.28 ........................................... OO stray 37

Roman pottery: lamps

BB.X.115 .............................................. B stray 55

BB.X.117 ............................................B stray 279

BB.X.154 ...........................................OO stray 38

Roman pottery:

terra sigillata

BB.XI.13 ..............................................B stray 271

BB.XI.14 ............................................OO stray 72

BB.XI.18............................................ OO stray 19

BB.XI.19.............................................OO stray 17

BB.XI.20 ........................................... OO stray 18

BB.XI.82 ..............................................B stray 50

BB.XI.83 .............................................. B stray 53

BB.XI.84 .............................................B stray 191

BB.XI.85 ............................................B stray 265

BB.XI.86 ............................................ B stray 169

BB.XI.161 ..........................................OO stray 20

BB.XI.306 .........................................OO stray 39

BB.XI.307 .........................................OO stray 40

BB.XI.308 ......................................... OO stray 41

BB.XI.324 ......................................... OO stray 27

BB.XI.325 .........................................OO stray 22

BB.XI.330 .......................................... B stray 186

BB.XI.331 ............................................B stray 187

BB.XI.368 ............................................ B stray 25

BB.XI.369 ............................................B stray 26

BB.XI.374 .........................................OO stray 42

BB.XI.431 ............................................B stray 118

BB.XI.432 ...........................................B stray 119

BB.XI.433 ...........................................B stray 120

BB.XI.434 ........................................... B stray 121

BB.XI.435 ...........................................B stray 122

BB.XI.436 ...........................................B stray 123

BB.XI.439 ...........................................B stray 124

BB.XI.440 .......................................... B stray 222

BB.XI.441 .......................................... B stray 223

BB.XI.442 ..........................................B stray 224

BB.XI.444 ...........................................B stray 213

BB.XI.447 ................................................. B 176.1

BB.XI.448 .................................................B 176.2

BB.XI.449 .................................................B 176.3

BB.XI.450 ................................................... B 41.1

BB.XI.451....................................................B 41.2

BB.XI.460 ............................................B stray 66

BB.XI.461 ...........................................B stray 130

BB.XI.462 ...........................................B stray 129

BB.XI.463 ............................................B stray 64

BB.XI.464 ............................................B stray 65

BB.XI.465 .............................................B stray 61

BB.XI.466 ............................................B stray 62

BB.XI.469 .........................................OO stray 64

BB.XI.471 ..........................................OO stray 43

BB.XI.472 .......................................... B stray 237

BB.XI.473 ............................................ B stray 70

BB.XI.478 ..................................................B 137.1

BB.XI.479 ..................................................B 151.1

BB.XI.480 ...................................................B 88.1

BB.XI.481 ...................................................B 86.1

BB.XI.482 ...................................................B 94.1

BB.XI.483 ...................................................B 54.1

539—

BB.XI.484 ................................................... B 14.1

BB.XI.485 ................................................... B 16.1

BB.XI.486 ...................................................B 16.2

BB.XI.487 .................................................B 654.1

BB.XI.488 .................................................B 674.1

BB.XI.489 ................................................ B 674.2

BB.XI.490 ................................................ B 674.3

BB.XI.491 ................................................ B 686.1

BB.XI.492 ................................................B 686.2

BB.XI.493 ................................................. B 741.1

BB.XI.494 .................................................B 742.1

BB.XI.495 ......................................... B 704.1

BB.XI.498 ..........................................B stray 268

BB.XI.499 .................................................B 427.1

BB.XI.500 .................................................. B 80.1

BB.XI.501.................................................... B 81.1

BB.XI.502 .........................................OO stray 44

BB.XI.504 .................................................B 722.1

BB.XI.505 .................................................B 234.1

BB.XI.506 ................................................ B 234.2

BB.XI.507 .................................................B 232.1

BB.XI.508 .................................................B 250.1

BB.XI.509 .................................................B 293.1

BB.XI.510.................................................. B 381.1

BB.XI.511 ..................................................B 383.1

BB.XI.512 .................................................. B 372.1

BB.XI.513 ..................................................B 372.2

BB.XI.514..................................................B 435.1

BB.XI.515 ..................................................B 410.1

BB.XI.516................................................. B 470.3

BB.XI.517 .................................................B 470.2

BB.XI.518..................................................B 470.1

BB.XI.519..................................................B 481.1

BB.XI.520 .......................................... B stray 257

BB.XI.521 ...........................................B stray 269

BB.XI.522 .................................................B 744.1

BB.XI.523 .................................................B 745.1

BB.XI.524 ................................................B 764.2

BB.XI.525 .................................................B 764.1

BB.XI.526 ................................................ B 764.3

BB.XI.527 .................................................B 766.1

BB.XI.528 ................................................. B 773.1

BB.XI.529 .......................................... B stray 302

BB.XI.530 .................................................B 792.1

BB.XI.531 ................................................. B 779.2

BB.XI.532 .................................................B 779.1

BB.XI.533.................................................. B 715.1

Roman glass

BC.I.42 ...............................................B stray 245

BC.I.47a ............................................. B stray 164

BC.I.47b ............................................ B stray 165

BC.I.47c ............................................. B stray 166

BC.I.47d ............................................ B stray 192

BC.I.47e ..............................................B stray 193

BC I 49 ............................................ OO stray 314

BC.I.90 ........................................... OO stray 323

BC.I.92............................................... B stray 281

BC.I.93 ...............................................B stray 282

BC.I.94 .............................................. B stray 283

BC.I.95...............................................B stray 284

BC.I.131 .............................................OO stray 45

BC.I.134 ..............................................B stray 125

BC.I.135 ............................................. B stray 126

BC.I.136 ..............................................B stray 127

BC.I.137.............................................. B stray 210

BC.I.138 ....................................................B 176.7

BC.I.139 ....................................................... B 7.1

BC.I.140 ......................................................B 27.1

BC.I.142 ........................................ Rem. stray 20

BC.I.147 .................................................... B 143.1

BC.I.148 ....................................................B 143.3

BC.I.149 .................................................... B 135.3

BC.I.150 .................................................... B 128.1

BC.I.151 ..................................................... B 125.1

BC.I.152a .................................................. B 137.2

BC.I.152b .............................................. B 137.intr

BC.I.153 ......................................................B 14.2

BC.I.154 ..................................................... B 16.4

BC.I.155 ....................................................B 172.2

BC.I.156 ....................................................B 663.1

BC.I.157 ...................................................B 663.2

BC.I.158 ................................................... B 747.2

BC.I.159 ...................................................B 674.6

BC.I.160 ...................................................B 674.5

BC.I.161.................................................... B 687.3

BC.I.162 ...................................................B 680.2

BC.I.163 ...................................................B 697.4

BC.I.164 ................................................... B 697.3

BC.I.165 ....................................................B 701.8

BC.I.166 ....................................................B 701.5

BC.I.167 ....................................................B 701.6

540—

BC.I.168 ...................................................B 706.4

BC.I.169 ................................................... B 726.3

BC.I.170 ................................................... B 726.2

BC.I.171 .....................................................B 592.1

BC.I.172 ...................................................B 704.8

BC.I.175 ................................................... B 664.1

BC.I.176 ...................................................B 680.4

BC.I.177 ...................................................B 697.5

BC.I.178 ............................................... B 700.intr

BC.I.179 ....................................................B 701.4

BC.I.180 ................................................... B 708.3

BC.I.181....................................................B 704.4

BC.I.182 ................................................... B 707.2

BC.I.183 ................................................... B 726.3

BC.I.184 ....................................................B 381.3

BC.I.185 ................................................. B 620.17

BC.I.186 ................................................... B 763.2

Glass and amber beads

BC.II.38b ........................................... B stray 194

BC.II.52 ...........................................OO stray 294

BC.II.71 ....................................................B 740.2

BC.II.72 .................................................. B 620.10

BC.II.69-70 ................................................B 61.2

Bone object

BD.I.6 .................................................... B 620.16

Bone dress accessory

BD.II.19 .................................................. B 701.13

Human skeletal material

BD.IV.1 ....................................Rem. str 17.bones

BD.IV.3 ....................................................B 620.0

Figurative metal object

BE.I.94..............................................OO stray 46

Flattened glass bowl, mis taken for a bronze mir ror

BE.II.30 .................................................... B 150.6

Metal jewelry

BE.III.54a ...........................................B stray 195

BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 196

BE.III.54a ...........................................B stray 197

BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 198

BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 199

BE.III.100 ........................................OO stray 295

BE.III.101 ........................................OO stray 296

BE.III.105 ..........................................OO stray 47

BE.III.106 ..........................................OO stray 48

BE.III.145 .............................................B stray 29

BE.III.147 ..................................................B 143.5

BE.III.148 ..................................................B 140.3

BE.III.150 ..................................................B 132.2

BE.III.151 ...................................................B 122.3

BE.III.152 .................................................. B 154.1

BE.III.153 ..................................................B 154.2

BE.III.154 .................................................. B 167.1

BE.III.155 ....................................................B 61.2

BE.III.156 ..................................................B 743.3

BE.III.157 .................................................B 680.5

BE.III.158 .................................................B 680.6

BE.III.159 .................................................B 680.7

BE.III.160 .................................................B 701.11

BE.III.161 ................................................B 701.10

BE.III.162 ................................................. B 723.6

BE.III.163 ................................................. B 592.2

BE.III.164 ................................................. B 592.3

BE.III.165 ..................................................B 740.1

BE.III.166 ..................................................B 740.1

BE.III.167 ................................................. B 699.1

BE.III.168 ................................................. B 699.1

BE.III.169 ................................................ B 701.12

BE.III.170 ............................................... B 704.10

BE.III.171 ................................................ B 704.10

BE.III.172 ...........................................B stray 296

BE.III.173. ................................................. B 172.3

BE.III.174 ................................................. B 293.5

BE.III.175 ................................................. B 293.6

BE.III.176 ................................................B 620.11

BE.III.177 ............................................... B 620.12

BE.III.178 ................................................B 620.13

BE.III.179 ................................................B 620.13

BE.III.181 ............................................... B 620.19

BE.III.181 ...............................................B 620.20

Metal fibulae, accessories

BE.IV.61 ...............................................B stray 54

BE.IV.72a ........................................OO stray 298

BE.IV.118 .............................................B stray 181

BE.IV.229 ............................................. B stray 27

541—

BE.IV.236 ................................................B stray 1

BE.IV.237 ........................................OO stray 297

BE.IV.255 ........................................OO stray 299

BE.IV.259 ..................................................B 143.4

BE.IV.260 ................................................ B 140.5

BE.IV.261 ...................................................B 132.1

BE.IV.262 ..................................................B 167.2

BE.IV.263 ............................................B stray 317

BE.IV.264...........................................B stray 304

BE.IV.265 ........................................... B stray 303

BE.IV.266 ............................................. B 231.intr

BE.IV.267 ............................................... B 620.14

Metal instr. domesticum

BE.V.61 ...............................................B stray 285

Metal decoration pieces

BE.VI.115 ...........................................OO stray 49

BE.VI.116 ...........................................OO stray 50

BE.VI.157 ..................................................B 701.9

BE.VI.158 .................................................B 704.9

BE.VI.159 .................................................B 704.9

BE.VI.168 ....................................................B 61.3

BE.VI.160-171 ............................................. B 61.1

BE.VI.176 ..................................................B 701.9

BE.VI.177................................................... B 714.1

BE.VI.178-180 ........................................ B 620.15

Metal key

BE.VII.57 ............................................ B stray 261

Metal toilet gear

BE.XI.15a ...........................................B stray 254

BE.XI.35 ............................................ OO stray 51

Metal medical instruments

BE.XII.35 ...........................................OO stray 52

BE.XII.36 .......................................... OO stray 53

Metal weights and scales

BE.XIII.41b .......................................OO stray 54

Metal weapons

BE.XIV.31 ....................................................B 61.2

Coins

BE.XV.194* .........................................B stray 138

BE.XV.707 .......................................... B stray 189

BE.XV.771 .......................................... B stray 158

BE.XV.789 ......................................... B stray 159

BE.XV.820 ......................................... B stray 160

BE.XV.2201 .............................................. B 620.1

BE.XV.2202-4 .......................................B 620.2.5

BE.XV.2206-8 ...................................B 620.3.4.6

BE.XV.1242 ..........................................B stray 28

Wood

BF.1; BH.1.................................................B 704.9

Collection State of theNetherlands: former collect ion G.M. Kam

Terra sigillata:

rimmed plates

I.b.1 ...................................................OO stray 56

I.b.2 ..................................................OO stray 57

I.b.4 ..................................................OO stray 93

I.b.6 ................................................ OO stray 102

I.b.7 ..................................................OO stray 94

I.b.8 ................................................ OO stray 103

I.b.9 ..................................................OO stray 95

I.b.10 ................................................OO stray 96

I.b.11 .................................................OO stray 97

I.b.12 ................................................OO stray 101

I.b.13 .................................................OO stray 98

I.b.14 ................................................OO stray 99

I.b.15 ...................................................OO stray 5

I.b.16 ..................................................OO stray 6

I.b.43 ..............................................OO stray 100

Terra sigillata: flat pla tes

I.c.98 ................................................OO stray 92

I.c.99 .............................................. OO stray 104

Terra sigillata: conical bowls

I.e.5 ..................................................OO stray 76

I.e.6 .................................................. OO stray 77

Late terra sigillata

I.h.1 ...................................................OO stray 90

542—

I.h.2 ....................................................OO stray 4

I.h.13 ................................................... OO stray 3

I.h.16 ................................................OO stray 82

I.h.41...................................................OO stray 2

I.h.49 ................................................OO stray 75

I.h.74 ................................................ OO stray 91

I.h.79 ................................................OO stray 78

I.h.80 ................................................OO stray 79

I.h.81 ................................................OO stray 89

I.h.82 ................................................OO stray 80

I.h.83 ................................................OO stray 83

I.h.84 ................................................OO stray 84

I.h.85 ................................................OO stray 85

I.h.86 ................................................OO stray 86

I.h.87 ................................................OO stray 87

I.h.88 ................................................OO stray 88

I.h.89 ................................................ OO stray 81

I.h.90 ................................................ OO stray 73

I.h.91 ................................................OO stray 74

I.h.92 ................................................OO stray 55

I.h.97 .................................................. B stray 141

Double-handled jugs

IV.c.15 .............................................OO stray 202

IV.c.16 .............................................OO stray 203

IV.c.17 ............................................. OO stray 210

IV.c.18 ............................................. OO stray 201

IV.c.19 .............................................OO stray 204

IV.c.20.............................................OO stray 205

IV.c.21 .............................................OO stray 206

IV.c.22 .............................................OO stray 207

IV.c.49 ........................................... Rem. stray 12

IV.c.69 ............................................OO stray 208

IV.c.122 ...........................................OO stray 209

Late Roman jugs

IV.d.10 ...........................................Rem. stray 16

IV.d.10 ............................................ OO stray 194

IV.d.11 ..................................................OO stray 1

IV.d.12 ..............................................OO stray 191

IV.d.13 ............................................. OO stray 192

IV.d.14............................................. OO stray 193

IV.d.15 ............................................. OO stray 195

IV.d.16 ............................................ OO stray 196

IV.d.17 ............................................. OO stray 189

IV.d.18 ............................................ OO stray 188

IV.d.19 ............................................ OO stray 197

IV.d.20 ............................................ OO stray 106

IV.d.21 ............................................. OO stray 107

IV.d.22 ............................................ OO stray 108

IV.d.23 ............................................ OO stray 109

IV.d.24 ............................................ OO stray 199

IV.d.38 ............................................ OO stray 105

IV.d.39 ............................................ OO stray 186

IV.d.47 ............................................ OO stray 120

IV.d.62 .............................................OO stray 110

IV.d.63 ..............................................OO stray 111

IV.d.159 .......................................... OO stray 190

Jug

IV.e.103 ...........................................OO stray 200

Smooth beaker

V.b.4 ............................................... OO stray 198

Jug with stopper

VI.d.1 .............................................Rem. stray 10

VI.d.1 ..............................................Rem. stray 11

Coarse pots

VII.b.37 ........................................... OO stray 212

Coarse plates and dishes

VII.d.138 ...........................................OO stray 59

VII.d.139 .........................................OO stray 248

VII.d.140 .........................................OO stray 249

VII.d.141 .........................................OO stray 250

VII.d.142 ......................................... OO stray 251

VII.d.143 .........................................OO stray 252

VII.d.144 ......................................... OO stray 253

VII.d.145 .........................................OO stray 254

VII.d.149 ........................................... OO stray 10

VII.d.150 ............................................OO stray 11

VII.d.151 ............................................ OO stray 12

Coarse bowls

VII.f.2 ................................................OO stray 58

VII.f.3 ..............................................OO stray 236

VII.f.4 .............................................. OO stray 232

VII.f.5 .............................................. OO stray 233

VII.f.6 ..............................................OO stray 234

VII.f.7 .............................................. OO stray 235

543—

VII.f.8 ..................................................OO stray 9

VII.f.107 .......................................... OO stray 237

Coarse lid

VII.g.4 .............................................OO stray 229

Coarse red pottery

VII.h.1 .............................................. Rem. stray 1

VII.h.2 ............................................. OO stray 215

VII.h.7 ..............................................Rem. stray 2

VII.h.10 ............................................Rem. stray 3

Coarse pot

VII.k.5 ..............................................OO stray 217

Coarse bowls with inturned lip

VII.n.1 .............................................OO stray 59a

VII.n.2 .............................................OO stray 240

VII.n.4............................................. OO stray 241

VII.n.5 .............................................OO stray 242

VII.n.6 ............................................OO stray 243

VII.n.7 .............................................OO stray 244

VII.n.8 ............................................OO stray 245

VII.n.9 ............................................OO stray 246

VII.n.10 ...........................................OO stray 247

VII.n.11 ............................................OO stray 259

Colour coated pottery

IX.f.14 ..............................................Rem. stray 4

Colour coated beakers

IX.l.1 ................................................ OO stray 136

IX.l.2 ................................................OO stray 137

IX.l.3 ...............................................OO stray 168

IX.l.4 ............................................... OO stray 138

IX.l.5 ............................................... OO stray 139

IX.l.8 ................................................OO stray 115

IX.l.9 ................................................OO stray 116

IX.l.10 ............................................. OO stray 140

IX.l.11 ...............................................OO stray 119

IX.l.12 ...............................................OO stray 177

IX.l.13 .............................................. OO stray 170

IX.l.14 ..............................................OO stray 121

IX.l.15 ............................................... OO stray 171

IX.l.16 ..............................................OO stray 172

IX.l.17 ............................................... OO stray 117

IX.l.18 ..............................................OO stray 112

IX.l.19 .............................................. OO stray 113

IX.l.20 ..............................................OO stray 118

IX.l.21 ...............................................OO stray 141

IX.l.22 ............................................. OO stray 187

IX.l.23 ............................................. OO stray 182

IX.l.24 ............................................. OO stray 142

IX.l.25 ............................................. OO stray 143

IX.l.26 ..............................................OO stray 123

IX.l.27 ............................................. OO stray 124

IX.l.28 ............................................. OO stray 158

IX.l.29 ............................................. OO stray 144

IX.l.30 ............................................. OO stray 145

IX.l.31 .............................................. OO stray 159

IX.l.32 ............................................. OO stray 146

IX.l.33 ............................................. OO stray 147

IX.l.34 ............................................. OO stray 148

IX.l.35 .............................................OO stray 160

IX.l.36 ..............................................OO stray 161

IX.l.37 ............................................. OO stray 149

IX.l.38 ............................................. OO stray 162

IX.l.40 ............................................. OO stray 167

IX.l.41 ............................................. OO stray 150

IX.l.42 ............................................. OO stray 125

IX.l.43 ............................................. OO stray 126

IX.l.44 ..............................................OO stray 127

IX.l.45 ..............................................OO stray 151

IX.l.46 ............................................. OO stray 163

IX.l.47 ..............................................OO stray 114

IX.l.48 ............................................. OO stray 152

IX.l.49 ............................................. OO stray 128

IX.l.50 ............................................. OO stray 129

IX.l.51 .............................................. OO stray 164

IX.l.52 ..............................................OO stray 153

IX.l.53 ............................................. OO stray 130

IX.l.54 .............................................. OO stray 131

IX.l.55 ..............................................OO stray 132

IX.l.56 ............................................. OO stray 165

IX.l.57 ..............................................OO stray 133

IX.l.58 ............................................. OO stray 134

IX.l.59 ............................................. OO stray 154

IX.l.60 ............................................. OO stray 155

IX.l.61 ............................................. OO stray 166

IX.l.62 ............................................. OO stray 156

IX.l.63 ..............................................OO stray 135

IX.l.64 ............................................. OO stray 178

544—

IX.l.65 ............................................. OO stray 179

IX.l.66 ............................................. OO stray 180

IX.l.67 ............................................. OO stray 183

IX.l.68 ..............................................OO stray 173

IX.l.69 ............................................. OO stray 174

IX.l.70 ..............................................OO stray 175

IX.l.71 .............................................. OO stray 184

IX.l.72 ............................................. OO stray 185

IX.l.73 ................................................. OO stray 7

IX.l.79 ..............................................OO stray 181

IX.l.84 ............................................ Rem. stray 14

IX.l.85 ............................................. OO stray 176

IX.l.108 ............................................Rem. stray 5

IX.l.110 .............................................Rem. stray 6

IX.l.111 ..............................................Rem. stray 7

IX.l.112 .............................................Rem. stray 8

IX.l.120 ............................................Rem. stray 9

IX.l.122 ............................................ OO stray 122

IX.l.132 ............................................OO stray 292

IX.l.137 .............................................OO stray 157

IX.l.138 ............................................ OO stray 169

IX.l.143? ......................................... Rem. stray 15

Colour coated indented beakers

IX.p.27 ............................................ OO stray 214

IX.p.28 .............................................OO stray 213

Candle-stick

XI.7 ..................................................OO stray 211

Pottery bottles

XIII.9 ...............................................OO stray 230

XIII.10 ..............................................OO stray 231

Pots with handles

XIV.5 ............................................... OO stray 218

XIV.29 ............................................. OO stray 219

XIV.30 .............................................OO stray 220

XIV.31 .............................................. OO stray 223

XIV.32 ............................................. OO stray 221

XIV.33 .............................................OO stray 224

XIV.34 .............................................OO stray 225

XIV.35 .............................................OO stray 226

XIV.36 .............................................OO stray 227

XIV.37 .............................................OO stray 222

XIV.38 .............................................OO stray 228

XIV.39 .................................................OO stray 8

Mortaria

XV.12 ...............................................OO stray 257

XV.13 ...............................................OO stray 258

Various pottery

XVIII.58 ..........................................OO stray 255

XVIII.59 ..........................................OO stray 256

Glass vessels

XX.a.4 .............................................OO stray 270

XX.a.6 ..............................................OO stray 271

XX.a.13 ............................................OO stray 272

XX.a.14 ........................................... OO stray 273

XX.a.40...........................................OO stray 286

XX.a.47 ...........................................OO stray 287

XX.a.58 ............................................. OO stray 14

XX.a.88 ..........................................OO stray 269

XX.a.101 ..........................................OO stray 285

XX.a.106 .........................................OO stray 284

XX.a.134 .........................................OO stray 290

XX.a.135.......................................... OO stray 261

XX.a.136 .........................................OO stray 260

XX.a.148 .........................................OO stray 274

XX.a.161 .............................................OO stray 13

XX.a.179 ......................................... OO stray 281

XX.a.180 .........................................OO stray 282

XX.a.181 ..........................................OO stray 283

XX.a.192 ...........................................OO stray 60

XX.a.200 .........................................OO stray 321

XX.a.201 .........................................OO stray 262

XX.a.202 .........................................OO stray 263

XX.a.203 .........................................OO stray 264

XX.a.204 ........................................OO stray 265

XX.a.205 .........................................OO stray 266

XX.a.218 ......................................... OO stray 322

XX.a.220 .........................................OO stray 267

XX.a.225 .........................................OO stray 268

XX.a.247 .........................................OO stray 275

XX.a.282 .........................................OO stray 276

XX.a.287 ......................................... OO stray 277

XX.a.296 ........................................OO stray 288

XX.a.348 .........................................OO stray 289

XX.a.404 ........................................OO stray 279

XX.a.427 .........................................OO stray 280

545—

Glass balsamarium

XX.b.41 ...........................................OO stray 278

Coins

XXII.547 .............................................B stray 200

XXII.637 ..............................................B stray 133

XXII.1361 ............................................ B stray 201

XXII.1595 ............................................B stray 134

Frankish pottery

XXXI.a.24 ....................................... OO stray 291

Unsolved problems

? .......................................................OO stray 317

? ...................................................... OO stray 318

LEIDEN, RIJKSMUSEUM VAN OUDHEDEN (NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES)e 1946/3.1 .......................................... B stray 243

e 1946/3.2 .........................................B stray 244

e 1946/12.1 ........................................B stray 228

e 1946/12.2 ........................................B stray 229

e 1946/12.3 ........................................ B stray 230

e 1946/12.4 ........................................B stray 231

e 1947/4.5 ......................................... B stray 232

e 1947/4.6 ......................................... B stray 233

e 1947/4.7 ......................................... B stray 234

e 1951/8.3 ..........................................B stray 259

e 1951/8.1 .......................................... B stray 235

e 1951/8.2 .......................................... B stray 236

e 1952/6.1 ..........................................B stray 287

e 1952/6.2 .........................................B stray 288

e 1952/6.3 .........................................B stray 289

e 1952/6.4 .........................................B stray 290

e 1952/6.5 ......................................... B stray 291

e 1952/6.6 .........................................B stray 292

e 1952/6.7 ......................................... B stray 293

e 1952/6.8 .........................................B stray 294

e 1952/6.9 .........................................B stray 295

e 1962/6.1 .......................................... B stray 238

546—

Figures will be found on the typology plates; dis-

cussion of the types in Ch. 11, Typology of the pot-

tery and glass ves sels, under the figure number.

Centuries AD are indicated in Roman numerals,

their parts in letters: quarter-centuries are indi-

cated with lower case letters a-d, thirds of cen-

turies are indicated with capitals A-C. Legend:

( ) = This earlier type from the Oude Graafseweg

sarcophagus is not discussed in Ch. 11, Typology of

the pottery and glass vessels, but at the end of Ch. 4,

Catalogue of the stray finds; for legend of the ad-

ditions to Symonds’ groups, see the end of this

appendix.

Type

figure Name No. From To

124 Alzei 26 IVd Vab

109 Brunsting 36b IB Vb

37 Chenet 301 IVc -

23 Chenet 302 III IVB

32 Chenet 304b IVa VB

31 Chenet 306 IVAB -

33 Chenet 313 IVAB -

34 Chenet 313i IVAB -

20 Chenet 314b IVa Va

22 Chenet 319a IV Va

25 Chenet 320 IVa Va

17 Chenet 324c small IVAB -

26 Chenet 324c large IVAB -

6 Chenet 333 IVBC -

38 Chenet 333h IVd -

117 Chenet 333j IVcd Va

1 Chenet 334c IVc -

5 Chenet 335a IVAB -

7 Chenet 337 IVAB -

10 Chenet 343a III IVB

11 Chenet 343c III IVB

12 Chenet 345b III IVB

13 Chenet 348 real ts IVab -

40 Chenet 348 imitat IVa IVd

29 Dragendorff 18/31 IB IIC

Type

figure Name No. From To

15 Drag. 27 Ia IId

35 Drag. 32 IId IIIB

14 Drag. 33 IIa IVb

23 Drag. 40 III IVB

2 Gellep 14 IVAB -

3 Gellep 15 IV -

5 Gellep 16 IVAB -

6 Gellep 17 IVBC -

9 Gellep 20 IIId IVa

16 Gellep 24 IIId -

17 Gellep 25 IVAB -

18 Gellep 26 IVab -

20 Gellep 27 IVa Va

21 Gellep 29 IVAB -

22 Gellep 30 IV Va

23 Gellep 31 III IVB

24 Gellep 32 IIId IVb

25 Gellep 34 IVa Va

26 Gellep 35 IVAB -

27 Gellep 36 IVAB -

29 Gellep 37 IB IIC

30 Gellep 38 IIId IVB

31 Gellep 39 IVAB -

32 Gellep 40 IVa VB

33 Gellep 41 IVAB -

39 Gellep 42 IVAB -

40 Gellep 43 IVa IVd

41 Gellep 45 355 360

116 Gellep 52-53 IVd Va

46 Gellep 56 IIIcd IVab

47 Gellep 57 IVab -

70 Gellep 65 IVab -

146 Gellep 66 IVAB -

72 Gellep 67 IVAB -

73 Gellep 68 IVab -

74 Gellep 69 IIIcd IVab

76 Gellep 70 IVab -

79 Gellep 71 IVab -

80 Gellep 72 IVab -

86 Gellep 75 IVab -

87 Gellep 77 IIIcd IVd

90 Gellep 79 IVab -

91 Gellep 80 IVab -

Appendix 3: index to vessel types & short typochronology

547—

Type

figure Name No. From To

92 Gellep 81/82 IVab -

94 Gellep 83a IVab -

95 Gellep 83b IVab -

97 Gellep 84a IIId IVB

98 Gellep 84b IIId IVB

99 Gellep 85a IVAB -

102 Gellep 87 IVcd -

103 Gellep 89 IVab -

100 Gellep 91 IVAB -

110 Gellep 96 IVab -

111 Gellep 97 IVcd -

113 Gellep 98 IV -

125 Gellep 100 IVBC -

126 Gellep 101 IVBC -

127 Gellep 102 IVAB -

128 Gellep 103 IVBC -

129 Gellep 104 IVd V

130 Gellep 105 IIId IVB

131 Gellep 106 IVAB -

135 Gellep 108 330 V

136 Gellep 109 IV -

137 Gellep 110 IVcd -

138 Gellep 111 IVd -

144 Gellep 115 IVa Va

149 Gellep 120 II IVB

150 Gellep 121 IVAB -

151 Gellep 122 IVab -

153 Gellep 126 IVAB -

156 Gellep 128 IVAB -

167 Gellep 178 IIIc Vb

168 Gellep 179 IIIc Vb

169 Gellep 180 IIIc Vb

170 Gellep 181 IVab Vb

171 Gellep 182 III Va

177 Gellep 183 IVAB -

178 Gellep 184 IIId IVab

179 Gellep 185 IVBC -

180 Gellep 187 II IVa

172 Gellep 189 IIIC IVab

174 Gellep 190 IVd Vcd

181 Gellep 193? IVab -

183 Gellep 194 IVab -

185 Gellep 195 IVAB -

Type

figure Name No. From To

188 Gellep 197 IVAB -

190 Gellep 198 III Va

191 Gellep 199 IVa-d -

197 Gellep 202 IVab -

194 Gellep 203? III IVB

213 Gellep 212 IVad -

211 Gellep 213 IVBC -

205 Gellep 217 III Va

206 Gellep 218 IIId IVB

196 Gellep 219 IVab -

216 Gellep 221 IVc 440

217 Gellep 222 IVB -

219 Gellep 224 IV Va

174 Gellep 236 IVd Vcd

173 Gellep 238 IVcd Vab

7 Gellep 246 IVAB -

15 Gellep 248 Ia IId

28 Gellep 249 IVAB -

78 Gellep 261 IVab -

93 Gellep 263 IVAB -

114 Gellep 273 IVcd -

115 Gellep 274 IVa VId

184 Gellep 294 IVAB -

176 Gellep 296 IV -

189 Gellep 298 IVC -

209 Gellep 301 Ib IVa

200 Gellep 302 Ib IV

210 Gellep 333 IV -

121 Gellep 378 IV -

84 Gellep 408 I IVB

85 Gellep 411 IVab -

88 Gellep 422 IIIcd IVd

89 Gellep 423 IIcd IIIab

108 Gellep 438 IIIab -

101 Gellep 441 Ic IId

134 Gellep 483 ? -

141 Gellep 496 IIIA IVC

157 Gellep 497 IVab -

155 Gellep 513 IIa IIIB

187 Gellep 521 IVab -

195 Gellep 523 IVab -

214 Gellep 538 IVAB -

218 Gellep 541 IIIcd IVb

548—

Type

figure Name No. From To

14 Gellep 550 IIa IVb

36 Gellep 563 IId IIIb

105 Gellep 637 IVa -

158 Gellep 666 IVAB -

142 Gellep 673 IId IIIa

193 Gellep 698 IIIB -

166 Gellep 700 Ic IV

201 Gellep 708 IIIab -

204 Gellep 713 II Va

78 Gellep 742 IVab -

107 Gellep 766 IVab -

165 Gellep 802 IB III

185 Gellep 845 Ic IIId

143 (Gose 512 190 260)

145 Gose 516-7 IId IVB

139 Gose 545 IVA -

133 Gose 564 IVAB -

159-64 Handmade - IVa Va

184 Isings 35 IVAB -

214 Isings 42b IVAB -

200 Isings 50a Ib IV

200 Isings 50b Ic IIId

209 Isings 51a Ib IVa

212 Isings 61 Ib IVab

165 Isings 67a I IIIB

166 Isings 68 I IIIB

199 Isings 78a IVab -

195 Isings 83 IVab -

203 Isings 88c IIcd IV

210 Isings 89 IV -

167-9 Isings 96 IIIc Vb

171 Isings 96a III Va

172 Isings 96b IIIC IVab

173 Isings 96b IVcd Vab

218 Isings 97 IIIcd IVb

204 Isings 99 II Va

190 Isings 101 III Va

198 Isings 102a IId IVab

189 Isings 104a IVC -

188 Isings 104b IVAB -

196 Isings 105 IVab -

179 Isings 106b1-c2 IVBC -

177 Isings 106b2 IVAB -

Type

figure Name No. From To

219 Isings 113 IV Va

187 Isings 114b IVab -

217 Isings 116ab IVB -

216 Isings 117 IVc 440

205 Isings 120b III Va

202 Isings 121a IV -

207 Isings 122 IVb Va

208 Isings 124a IIId IV

211 Isings 128 IVBC -

213 Isings 129 IVad -

176 Isings 131 IV -

54 (Künzl 1.3.1 270 280)

55 Künzl 1.4.1m 300 355

- Künzl 1.4.2 300 355

56 Künzl 1.4.1d 300 355

57 Künzl 1.6.1 300 355

58 Künzl 1.6.2 300 355

68 Künzl 7.4 IVAB -

69 Künzl 7.5 IVAB -

64 Künzl 12.1.3 300 355

65 Künzl 12.2.1 300 355

66 Künzl 12.3.1 300 355

59 Künzl 14.1.1 280 315

60 Künzl 14.2.2 300 355

61 Künzl 14.3.1 300 355

62 Künzl 14.4.1 300 355

63 Künzl 14.5 300 355

35 Ludowici Ta IId IIIB

36 Niederb 5b IId IIIb

16 Niederb 8a IIId -

9 Niederb 27 IIId IVa

46 Niederb 32c IIIcd IVab

45 Niederb 33c IIIa IIId

71 (Niederb 38 190 260)

108 Niederb 69a IIIab -

143 (Niederb 98 190 260)

152 Niederb 103 IVab -

4 Nijmegen 4 IVAB -

8 Nijmegen 8 IIId IVab

19 Nijmegen 19 ? -

42 Nijmegen 42 355 360

67 Nijmegen 67 300 355

549—

Type

figure Name No. From To

75 Nijmegen 75 IVab -

77 Nijmegen 77 IVab -

81 Nijmegen 81 IVab -

82 Nijmegen 82 IVab -

83 Nijmegen 83 IVab -

96 Nijmegen 96 III IVab

104 Nijmegen 104 IIIcd IVab

106 Nijmegen 106 IVab -

112 Nijmegen 112 IIIcd IVab

122 Nijmegen 122 300 355

123 Nijmegen 123 ? -

132 Nijmegen 132 ? -

140 Nijmegen 140 IVAB -

147 Nijmegen 147 IVab -

148 Nijmegen 148 IVa VId

154 Nijmegen 154 IVAB -

175 Nijmegen 175 ? -

182 Nijmegen 182 IVab -

186 Nijmegen 186 IVa -

192 Nijmegen 192 IIIC IVab

215 Nijmegen 215 ? -

223 Nijmegen 223 530 555

232 Nijmegen 232 ? -

233 Nijmegen 233 ? -

234 Nijmegen 234 ? -

220 Siegmund KWT 1.11 485 530

221 Siegmund KWT 1.22 530 555

222 Siegmund KWT 2.21 530 555

226 Siegmund KWT 2.22 610 640

224 Siegmund KWT 2.31 555 570

227 Siegmund KWT 2.43 610 640

225 Siegmund KWT 3.11 570 585

225 Siegmund KWT 3.12 570 585

228 Siegmund KWT 3.21 610 640

231 Siegmund KWT 4.3 640 670

229 Siegmund KWT 4.11 610 640

230 Siegmund WWT 2.1 610 640

101 Stuart 151A Ic IId

43 Symonds 14 IIIcd -

44 Symonds 32 or 61s? IVAB -

45 Symonds 35 IIIa IIId

50 Symonds 61g IVAB -

Type

figure Name No. From To

49 Symonds 61i IVAB -

51 Symonds 61ig IVAB -

52 Symonds 61i&g IVAB -

44 Symonds 61s or 32? IVAB -

48 Symonds 61s IVAB -

118 Symonds 61tn IV -

53 Symonds 62 IVAB -

119 Symonds 62tn IVd Va

120 Symonds 65tn IV -

216 Trier 28 IVc 440

167-9 Trier 49a IIIc Vb

177-8 Trier 52b IVAB -

179 Trier 53a IVBC -

181 Trier 58a IVab -

176 Trier 62a IVab -

197 Trier 71 IVab -

190 Trier 79a III Va

187 Trier 96 IVab -

189 Trier 101a IVC -

188 Trier 101b IVAB -

198 Trier 109a IId IVab

208 Trier 117a IIId IV

203 Trier 117b IIcd IV

210 Trier 121 IV -

204 Trier 123b II Va

202 Trier 123c IV -

207 Trier 128 IVb Va

211 Trier 142 IVBC -

213 Trier 144 IVad -

235 ‘Ubbergen’ - ? -

236 ‘Ubbergen’ - ? -

Legend of the additions to Symonds’ groups

g grooved

i incised

ig incised grooves

i&g incised and grooved

s smooth

tn in terra nigra

550—

Legend:

taq = terminus ante quem

tpq = terminus post quem

The find catalogue of cemetery B contains 834

graves; that of cemetery OO, 489. Out of these

1323 graves, 502 (= 38%) are dated in some way.

Out of these 502 dated graves, 406 (= 81%) have

both tpq and taq; 52 (= 10%) only have only a

tpq, and 44 (= 9%) only have a taq. 38 graves (=

8%) with only an early tpq could not be used in

this overview. So this overview contains 464

dated graves, which is more than one-third

(35%) of the grand total of 1323. Moreover, three

stray finds with the earliest available taq of AD 315

have been added at the beginning: fine dark coat-

ed pottery from Trier with barbo tine decoration.

The tpq of both cemeteries having been estab-

lished (in Chapter 14, Interpretation) at AD 313, the

lowest tpq for every grave is AD 313 here. This

differs from the dates given in the find catalogue

on the base of the artefacts, most fourth-centu-

ry types being dated from AD 301 onward. Strati-

graphically dated graves, however, remain vis-

ible here by the presence of a question mark,

which takes the place of the missing tpq or taq.

The graves and three stray finds are given ac-

cording to 1. their cemeteries, 2. their taq’s, 3.

their tpq’s, and 4. their grave numbers.

At the end of the appendix, however, the latest

dated graves are identified by putting them the

other way round: according to 2. their tpq’s (run-

ning from AD 375 to 440 in cemetery B, and from

AD 364 to 383 in cemetery OO), and 3. their taq’s.

Beginning: taq AD 315-325

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

Bstray128 313 315 OOstray181 313 315

Bstray240 313 315 OO 4 313 315

B 297 ? 318 OO 78 313 315

B 22 313 318 OO 130 313 315

B 180 316 318 OO 149 313 318

B 620 317 318 OO 176 313 318

B 298 319 320 OO 234 313 318

B 176 313 325 OO 159 ? 320

B 140 313 325 OO 161 313 320

OO 209 313 325

Growth: taq AD 330-348

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 218 313 330 OO 88 317 330

B 98 330 330 OO 320 317 330

B 99 ? 330 OO 250 317 330

B 345 313 340 OO 382 318 330

B 226 320 341 OO 106 313 333

B 122 323 341 OO 207 333 334

B 63-64 337 341 OO 415 313 340

B 165 313 348 OO 461 313 340

B 257 330 348 OO 467 313 340

OO 338 337 341

OO 371 337 341

OO 288 330 348

OO 283 332 348

OO 339 332 348

OO 362 334 348

OO 199 347 348

OO 277 347 348

Appendix 4: overview of dated graves

551—

Minimum density AD 350: taq AD 350

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 188 ? 350 OO 270 ? 350

B 205 ? 350 OO 9 313 350

B 322 ? 350 OO 20 313 350

B 323 ? 350 OO 42 313 350

B 380 ? 350 OO 58 313 350

B 382 ? 350 OO 71 313 350

B 457 ? 350 OO 101 313 350

B 691 ? 350 OO 103 313 350

B 5 313 350 OO 109 313 350

B 13 313 350 OO 151 313 350

B 48 313 350 OO 152 313 350

B 54 313 350 OO 168 313 350

B 86 313 350 OO 169 313 350

B 88 313 350 OO 170 313 350

B 90 313 350 OO 186 313 350

B 139 313 350 OO 197 313 350

B 150 313 350 OO 201 313 350

B 169 313 350 OO 243 313 350

B 171 313 350 OO 244 313 350

B 172 313 350 OO 249 313 350

B 177 313 350 OO 252 313 350

B 183 313 350 OO 290 313 350

B 184 313 350 OO 316 313 350

B 189 313 350 OO 351 313 350

B 191 313 350 OO 354 313 350

B 196 313 350 OO 355 313 350

B 197 313 350 OO 361 313 350

B 201 313 350 OO 383 313 350

B 206 313 350 OO 400 313 350

B 207 313 350 OO 475 313 350

B 212 313 350 OO 479 313 350

B 215 313 350 OO 63 320 350

B 216 313 350 OO 271 325 350

B 219 313 350 OO 482 334 350

B 220 313 350

B 222 313 350

B 248 313 350

B 292 313 350

B 319 313 350

B 320 313 350

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 334 313 350

B 344 313 350

B 367 313 350

B 381 313 350

B 383 313 350

B 410 313 350

B 427 313 350

B 435 313 350

B 456 313 350

B 481 313 350

B 608 313 350

B 612 313 350

B 677 313 350

B 681 313 350

B 682 313 350

B 686 313 350

B 687 313 350

B 697 313 350

B 708 313 350

B 715 313 350

B 723 313 350

B 730 313 350

B 741 313 350

B 749 313 350

B 754 313 350

B 760 313 350

B 764 313 350

B 779 313 350

B 803 313 350

B 809 313 350

B 810 313 350

B 812 313 350

B 821 313 350

B 834 313 350

B 701 334 350

B 690 350 350

552—

Minimum density AD 364: taq AD 355-364

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 388 ? 355 OO 32 ? 355

B 57 313 355 OO 33 ? 355

B 67 313 355 OO 138 ? 355

B 73 313 355 OO 13 313 355

B 106 313 355 OO 28 313 355

B 199 313 355 OO 31 313 355

B 234 313 355 OO 40 313 355

B 236 313 355 OO 69 313 355

B 387 313 355 OO 92 313 355

B 423 313 355 OO 98 313 355

B 706 313 355 OO 102 313 355

B 722 313 355 OO 108 313 355

B 751 313 355 OO 131 313 355

B 167 325 355 OO 132 313 355

B 409 325 355 OO 134 313 355

B 81 330 355 OO 135 313 355

B 512 334 355 OO 143 313 355

B 132 313 360 OO 144 313 355

B 654 313 360 OO 147 313 355

B 14 350 360 OO 171 313 355

B 702 355 360 OO 188 313 355

B 664 ? 361 OO 215 313 355

B 660 335 360 OO 240 313 355

B 663 347 364 OO 289 313 355

OO 314 313 355

OO 324 313 355

OO 478 313 355

OO 481 313 355

OO 248 325 355

OO 44 350 355

OO 480 350 355

OO 367 ? 360

OO 399 ? 360

OO 368 313 360

OO 373 313 360

OO 402 313 360

OO 242 352 364

Minimum density AD 367: taq AD 367

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 40 ? 367 OO 3 ? 367

B 42 ? 367 OO 36 ? 367

B 45 ? 367 OO 47 ? 367

B 178 ? 367 OO 77 ? 367

B 300 ? 367 OO 166 ? 367

B 415 ? 367 OO 300 ? 367

B 739 ? 367 OO 312 ? 367

B 7 313 367 OO 410 ? 367

B 11 313 367 OO 470 ? 367

B 26 313 367 OO 2 313 367

B 27 313 367 OO 12 313 367

B 41 313 367 OO 24 313 367

B 43 313 367 OO 25 313 367

B 47 313 367 OO 26 313 367

B 58 313 367 OO 30 313 367

B 59 313 367 OO 37 313 367

B 80 313 367 OO 48 313 367

B 85 313 367 OO 54 313 367

B 87 313 367 OO 56 313 367

B 94 313 367 OO 59 313 367

B 105 313 367 OO 60 313 367

B 108 313 367 OO 62 313 367

B 112 313 367 OO 65 313 367

B 144 313 367 OO 66 313 367

B 151 313 367 OO 76 313 367

B 154 313 367 OO 87 313 367

B 166 313 367 OO 90 313 367

B 179 313 367 OO 94 313 367

B 181 313 367 OO 96 313 367

B 182 313 367 OO 112 313 367

B 185 313 367 OO 116 313 367

B 186 313 367 OO 129 313 367

B 198 313 367 OO 133 313 367

B 200 313 367 OO 136 313 367

B 203 313 367 OO 145 313 367

B 208 313 367 OO 153 313 367

B 211 313 367 OO 156 313 367

B 213 313 367 OO 164 313 367

B 214 313 367 OO 180 313 367

B 217 313 367 OO 181 313 367

553—

B 221 313 367 OO 194 313 367

B 228 313 367 OO 195 313 367

B 232 313 367 OO 196 313 367

B 241 313 367 OO 198 313 367

B 243 313 367 OO 200 313 367

B 291 313 367 OO 203 313 367

B 293 313 367 OO 212 313 367

B 301 313 367 OO 231 313 367

B 328 313 367 OO 232 313 367

B 355 313 367 OO 274 313 367

B 372 313 367 OO 299 313 367

B 392 313 367 OO 301 313 367

B 395 313 367 OO 302 313 367

B 414 313 367 OO 308 313 367

B 421 313 367 OO 311 313 367

B 451 313 367 OO 317 313 367

B 470 313 367 OO 319 313 367

B 471 313 367 OO 321 313 367

B 676 313 367 OO 322 313 367

B 683 313 367 OO 348 313 367

B 685 313 367 OO 349 313 367

B 699 313 367 OO 356 313 367

B 705 313 367 OO 411 313 367

B 707 313 367 OO 413 313 367

B 717 313 367 OO 423 313 367

B 719 313 367 OO 424 313 367

B 724 313 367 OO 433 313 367

B 725 313 367 OO 468 313 367

B 728 313 367 OO 469 313 367

B 733 313 367 OO 476 313 367

B 734 313 367 OO 483 313 367

B 740 313 367 OO 484 313 367

B 742 313 367 OO 426 330 367

B 743 313 367 OO 472 330 367

B 744 313 367 OO 287 334 367

B 747 313 367 OO 463 351 367

B 763 313 367

B 766 313 367

B 801 313 367

B 811 313 367

B 814 313 367

B 818 313 367

B 819 313 367

B 820 313 367

B 823 313 367

B 827 313 367

B 402 330 367

B 482 334 367

B 592 334 367

B 704 334 367

B 726 367 367

Minimum density AD 500: taq AD 375-500

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 162 348 378 OO 304 313 375

B 164 348 378 OO 370 ? 400

B 778 367 378 OO 19 313 400

B 787 367 378 OO 83 313 400

B 134 ? 400 OO 122 313 400

B 669 ? 400 OO 273 313 400

B 671 ? 400 OO 276 313 400

B 793 ? 400 OO 341 313 400

B 204 313 400 OO 341 313 400

B 250 313 400 OO 344 313 400

B 659 313 400 OO 396 313 400

B 757 313 400 OO 473 325 400

B 773 313 400 OO 466 334 400

B 786 313 400 OO 446 351 400

B 792 313 400 OO 437 330 410

B 817 313 400 OO 340 325 425

B 125 334 400 OO 412 334 467

B 674 334 400

B 680 334 400

B 824 334 400

B 16 351 400

B 100 351 400

B 782 330 410

B 136 ? 425

B 6 313 425

B 815 313 425

B 606 351 425

B 302 ? 450

B 303 ? 450

B 304 ? 450

B 128 313 450

B 299 313 450

B 497 313 450

554—

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 805 313 450

B 828 313 450

B 745 330 450

B 258 330 500

Latest dated graves: tpq AD 375-440

& 364-383, respecti vely

Cemetery B Cemetery OO

Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq

B 137 375 450 OO 366 364 408

B 91 376 ? OO 345 376 400

B 114 376 400 OO 29 383 402

B 135 376 400

B 480 376 400

B 670 376 450

B 781 378 402

B 288 383 408?

B 364 383 450

B 651 388 402

B 353 400 ?

B 143 400 400

B 798 400 401

B 365 401 450

B 465 434 450

B 61 440 450

Isolated eighth-century grave: tpq AD 690

Cemetery B

Grave tpq taq

B 661 690 750

555—

Type numbers

Type numbers consist of a name or abbreviation followed by a number. In the case of site public-ations, the name is that of the site. In the case of studies of categories of archaeological material, it is that of the author. In the latter kind of studies, the authors’ names are in some cases replaced by an abbreviation. The number that follows is that of the type in the study cited. The names and ab-breviations refer to the following studies, to be found in the bibliographical references.

Alzei Unverzagt 1916BMC Mattingly/Carson 1923bBMCJ Marshall 1911Böhme Böhme 1974Brunsting Brunsting 1937Buchem Buchem 1941C Cohen 1880-1892Chenet Chenet 1941CK Carson/Hill/Kent 1960 Vol. IICohen Cohen 1880-1892Gellep In typological & numerical

order: Pirling 1966: types 1-239 Pirling 1974: types 240-311 Pirling 1979: types 312-340 Pirling 1989: types 341-543 Pirling 1997: types 544-717 Pirling 2003: types 718-869 In typological order: Pirling/Siepen 2006: all typesGose Gose 1950Haltern Loeschcke 1909HK Carson/Hill/Kent 1960 Vol. IHübener Hübener 1968Isings Isings 1957K Künzl 1997Keller Keller 1971Kent Kent 1957Koch Koch 1997Künzl Künzl 1997Nijmegen New types in present study (see ch. 11, section Nijmegen types not in Gellep)

PE Siegmann 1997, 2002-2005Pröttel Pröttel 1988RIC Mattingly et al. 1923-Riha Riha 1990Siegmund Siegmund 1998Sommer Sommer 1984Swift Swift 2000Symonds Symonds 1992TM Tempelmann-Maczynska

1985Weerd Weerd 1944

Dutch bibliographical abbreviations

BROB Berichten Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemon der zoek

JROB Jaarverslag van de Rijks-dienst voor het Oudheid-kundig Bo dem onder zoek

NKNOB Nieuwsbulletin van de Konin klijke Nederlandse Oudheid kundi ge Bond

OMRO Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijks-museum van Oud heden te Leiden

Verslag Verslag van de Commissie ter ver zekering eener goede bewaring van gedenk-stukken van geschie de nis en kunst te Nijmegen

VRGK Verslagen Rijksmusea Geschie de nis en Kunst

Other bibliographical abbreviations

RAC Realenzyklopädie für Antike und Christentum

References

556—

Bibliographical references

Aarts, J.G., 2002: Coins or money? Exploring the moneti zation and functions of Ro man coinage in Belgic Gaul and Lower Germany 50 BC - AD 450. Thesis VU, Amsterdam

Aarts, J.G., 2007: Ritueel en markt in een Bataafse gemeen schap. In: N. Roymans/T. Derks/S. Heeren (eds.), Een Bataafse gemeenschap in de wereld van het Romeinse Rijk. Opgravingen te Tiel-Passewaaij, 115-130. Utrecht.

Abeleven, Th.H.A.J./C.G.J. Bijleveld, 18954: Cata-lo gus van het Museum van Oudheden te Nijmegen. Nijmegen.

Acsády, Gy./J. Nemeskéri, 1970: History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Buda pest.

Almgren, O., 19232: Studien über nordeuropäische Fibel formen. Leipzig.

Altringer, L./Th. Otten/S. Ristow/W. Schmitz, 2006: Von den Göttern zu Gott. Frühes Christentum im Rheinland. Bonn.

Arends, U., 1978: Aus gewählte Gegenstände des Frühmittelalters mit Amu lettcharakter. Thesis Hei-delberg.

Audin, A., 1955: Destination des agrafes à double cro chet, RAE 6, 158-159.

Aufleger, M., 1997: Holzar beiten und Holzbearbei-tung, in: A. Wieczorek et al. 1997, 599-604. Ber-lin-Mainz.

Bakker, L., 2007: “Argonnen-Terra-sigillata”: die spätrömische Feinkeramik. In: Grüßinger 2007, IV.1.53.

Baratte, Fr./L. Bonnamour/J.-P. Guillaumet/S. Tassinari, 1984 : Vases antiques de métal au Musée de Châlon-sur-Saône. Dijon.

Barkóczy, L., 1972: Spätrömische Glasbecher mit aufgelegten Nuppen aus Pan nonien, FolA 32, 69-94.

Barrière-Flavy, M.C., 1901: Les arts industriels des peuples de la Gaule du V au VIIIme siècle. Paris-Toulou se.

Baudon, Th., 1910: Étude sur le cimetière gallo-ro-main de Villers-sous-Erquerie.

Bechert, T., 1982: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania Inferior. München.

Bechert, T./W.J.H. Willems (eds.), 1995: De Ro-meinse rijks grens tussen Moezel en Noordzeekust = Die römische Reichsgren ze zwischen Mosel und Nord-seeküste. Utrecht/Stuttgart.

Beck, H., 1965: Das Ebersig num im Germanischen. Ein Beitrag zur germanischen Tier-Symbolik. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der germa nischen Völker, Neue Folge 16 (140). Berlin.

Bemman, J./D. Quast, 2008: Rom und die Barbaren. Europa zur Zeit der Völkerwanderung. Bonn.

Bernabò Brea, L., 1981: Me nandro e il teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi. Roma.

Bernabò Brea, L./Madeleine Cavalier, 2001: Maschere e perso naggi del teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi. Roma.

Beschi, L., 1974/75: Aqui lNost 45/46, 445ff, fig. 1.11.

Betouw, J. In de, 1785: J. Smetius’ Chronijk van Nijme gen. Nijmegen.

Betouw, J. In de, 1797: Lot gevallen van den Burgt. Nij megen.

557—

Betouw, J. In de, 1805/1806: Nijmegen verdeeld in wijken. Nijmegen.

Bianchi Bandinelli, R., 1970: Rome, the Centre of Power. Roman Art to AD 200. London.

Biehn, H., 1936: Römische Holzgerätschaften aus einem Grabfund bei Heßloch (Rhh.), MainzZ 31, 14-15.

Bishop, M.C./J.C.N. Coulston, 1993, 20062: Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. Oxford.

Bloemers, J.H.F., 1986: Nij megen. R.O.B. Excava-tions 1980-1983: The 4th Century, in: Studien zu den Militärgren zen Roms, III: 13. Interna tionaler Limeskongress, Aa len 1983. FBerBadWürt 20, 122-126. Stuttgart.

Bloemers, J.H.F., 1990: Lo wer Germany: plura consilio quam vi: Proto-urban Settle ments and the Integration of Native Society, in Blagg, T.F.C./M. Millett (eds.), 1990: The Early Roman Em-pire in the West. Oxford.

Bloemers, J.H.F./L.P. Louwe Kooymans/H. Sar-fatij, 1981: Verleden Land. Archeologi sche opgravingen in Neder land. Amsterdam.

Bloemers, J.H.F./H. Sarfa tij, 1976: A Roman Settle ment at De Woerd, Valkenburg (South Hol-land), I, The Pott ers’ Stamps. BROB 26, 133-161 (stamps identified by B.R. Hartley and B.M. Dic-kinson).

Bloemers, J.H.F./J.R.A.M. Thijssen, 1990: Facts and reflecti ons on the conti nuity of settlement at Nij megen between AD 400 and 750, in: J.C. Besteman/J.M. Bos/H.A. Heidinga (eds.), Medieval Archaeology in the Netherlands. Studies presen ted to H.H. van Regteren Altena, 133-50. Assen-Maas tricht.

Boardman, J., 1978: Greek Sculpture, the Archaic Peri od. London.

Böhme, H.W., 1974: Germani sche Grabfunde des 4. bis 5.Jahrhun derts zwischen un terer Elbe und Loire. Stu-dien zur Chronologie und Bevölkerungsge schich te. MünchBeitrVFG 19. München.

Böhme, H.W., 1997: Söldner und Siedler im spätan-tiken Nordgal lien, in: A. Wieczorek et al. 1997, 90-101.

Böhme, H.W., 1999: Ethnos und Religion der Be-wohner Westfa lens. Methodische und histor-ische Problematik, in: Chr. Stiege mann/M. Wem-hoff, Kunst und Kultur der Kar olingerzeit, Beiträge zum Katalog der Ausstellung Pa derborn 1999, 237-245.

Böhner, K., 1958: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Trie-rer Landes. Germanische Denkmäler der Völkerwande rungszeit, Serie B Band 1. Text und Tafelband.

Boekel, Georgette M.E.C. van, 1987: Roman Ter-racotta Figurines and Masks from the Netherlands. Groningen.

Boekel, Georgette M.E.C. van, 1996: Romeinse Terra cotta’s. Museumstuk ken VI. Nijmegen.

Bös, P., 1958: Aufschriften auf rheinischen Trink-gefäßen der Römerzeit, KölnJb 3, 20-25.

Boeselager, Dela von, 1989: Zur Datierung der Gläser aus zwei Gräbern an der Luxem burger Strasse in Köln. KölnJb 22, 25-35.

Bogaers, J.E., 1960-1: Civi tas en stad van de Ba-taven en Canninefaten, BROB 10-11, 263-317.

Bogaers, J.E., 1966: Lim burg: Brunssum. BKNOB 1966, *102-*104.

Bogaers, J.E./J.K. Haalebos, 1986: Aan de grens van Ulpia Noviomagus. Opgravingen in Nijmegen-west (Bronsgeest straat, Dijkstraat, 1985). Numaga 33, 1-10.

558—

Bogaers, J.E./C.B. Rüger, 1974: Der niedergerma-nische Limes. Materialien zu seiner Geschichte. Köln.

Boldetti, M., 1720: Osserva zioni sopra i cimiteri de’Santi Martiri, ed antichi cristiani di Roma. Roma.

Boone, W.J. de, 1954: De Franken van hun eerste op-treden tot de dood van Chil derik. Groningen.

Boppert, W., 1971: Die frühchristlichen Inschriften des Mittelrheingebietes. Mainz.

Boppert, W., 1986: Die frühchristlichen Grabin-schriften aus der Servatius kirche in Maastricht. In: C.G. de Dijn (ed.), Sint-Servatius, bisschop van Ton geren en Maastricht. Het vroegste Christendom in het Maasland, 65-96. Kunst en Oudheden in Lim-burg 28. Bor gloon-Rijkel.

Bouby, L./ Ph. Marinval, 2004: Fruits and seeds from Roman cremations in Limagne (Massif Central) and the spatial varia bility of plant offer-ings in France. JASc 31, 77-86.

Bouts, W.H.M./Tj. Pot, 1989: Computerized re-cording and analysis of excavated human dental remains. In: C.A. Roberts/ F. Lee/J. Bintliff (eds.), Burial Archaeology. Current Re search, Methods and Developments, 113-128. BAR British Series 211.

Brailsford, J.W., 1947: The Mildenhall Treasure: a Pro visio nal Handbook. London.

Breuer, J./H. Roosens, 1957: Le cimetière franc de Hail lot. Brussels.

Brothwell, D.R., 1981: Dig ging up Bones. The Excavati on, Treatment and Study of Human Remains. 3rd ed. Ox ford.

Brulet, R., 1990: La Gaule septentrionale au Bas-Empi re. Occupation du sol et défense du territoire dans l’arrière-pays du Limes aux IVe et Ve siècles. Nordgal lien in der Spätantike. TrZ Beiheft 11. Trier.

Brulet, R., 1995: Das spätrömische Verteidigungs-system zwi schen Mosel und Nordseeküste/Het laat-Ro-meinse verdedigings systeem tussen Moezel en Noordzee kust, in: Bechert/Willems 1995, 102-119.

Brulet, R./Fabienne Vilvorder/R. Delage/D. Ladu-ron, 20122: La céramique romaine en Gaule du nord. Dictionnaire des céramiques. La vaiselle à large diffu-sion. Turnhout.

Brunsting, H., 1937: Het grafveld onder Hees bij Nij megen. Een bijdrage tot de kennis van Ulpia Novi-omagus. Archeologisch-historische Bijdragen 4. Amsterdam.

Brunsting, H., 1952a: De ring van de Gouden En-gel?, De Gelder lander, 7 november 1952, 7.

Brunsting, H., 1952b: Laat-Romeins grafveld onder mid deleeuwse kerk, Nijmegen (prov. Gelderland), BROB 3, 9-12.

Brunsting, H., 1953: Gouden sieraden uit een 4e eeuws graf te Nijmegen (Gelder land), BROB 4, 10-13, Pl. II,1.

Brunsting, H., 1955: Continuïteit van bewoning te Nijme gen. Numaga, Gedenknummer, 59-64.

Brunsting, H., 19692: 400 jaar romeinse bezetting van Nijme gen. Nijmegen.

Brunsting, H./D.C. Steures, 1995: De baksteen-stempels van Romeins Nijmegen, I. Opgravingen castra 1950-1967, opgravingen Kops Pla teau c.a. 1986-1994. OMRO 75, 85-117.

Brunsting, H./D.C. Steures, 1997: The brick stamps and the occupation history of the legion-ary fortress at Nijmegen. In: W. Groenman-van Waateringe/B.L. van Beek/W.J.H. Willems/S.L. Wynia, Roman Fron tier Stu dies 1995. Oxbow Mono-graph 91. Oxford.

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1941: De fibulae van Nijmegen. Deel I, Inleiding en kataloog. Nijmegen.

559—

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1951: Oude grafkist te Nijmegen opgegra ven. Prelecta (staff magazi ne of the Provincial Elec tricity Department of Geld erland) 8 no. 4 (December 1951), 6-8. Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1958a: Opening van sarko-faag in het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, Numaga 5, 12-17.

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1958b: Nieuws over de sarkofaag van de Grutberg. Numaga 5, 51-53.

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1966: De gouden speld van Julianus. Numaga 13, 49-104.

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1973: Bemerkungen zu den Drei knopffibeln des vierten Jahrhunderts, BABesch 48, 143-157.

Buchem, H.J.H. van, 1975: Bügelknopffibeln in Nimwe gen. BABesch 50, 251-264.

Buitendorp, T., 2003: Lugdu num en Batavodu-rum - twee proto-urbane nederzettingen. Wes-terheem 52, 190-210.

Bursche, A. 1999: Die Rolle römischer Goldmedail-lone in der Spätantike. In: W. Sei pel 1999, 39-53.

Buschhausen, H., 1971: Die spätrömischen Me-tallscrinia und frühchristlichen Reli quiare. I.Teil: Kata-log. Wiener Byzanti nische Studien IX.

Byvanck, A.W., 1931, 1935, 1947: Excerpta Romana. De bronnen der Romein sche ge schiedenis van Neder-land, I-III. ‘s-Gravenha ge.

Byvanck, A.W., 1943: Neder land in den Romeinschen tijd. Leiden.

Cahn, H.A./A. Kaufmann-Hei nimann (eds.), 1984: Der spät römische Silberschatz von Kaiseraugst. Basler Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 9. Derendin gen.

Cameron, A./S.G. Hall, 1999: Eusebius, Life of Constanti ne, translated with Intro duction and Com-mentary. Ox ford.

Cannegieter, H., 1758: De mutata Romanorum nom-inum ratione, Monumentum Dodewer dense expositum. Trajecti ad Rhenum.

Carroll, Maureen, 2001: Ro mans, Celts and Ger-mans. The German Provinces of Rome. Stroud.

Carson, R.A.G./Hill, P.V./J.P.C. Kent, 1960: Late Ro-man Bronze Coinage A.D. 324-498. Part I: The Bronze Coinage of the House of Con stantine A.D. 324-346, by Hill and Kent. Part II: Bronze Roman Imperial Coina ge of the Later Empire, A.D. 346-498, by Carson and Kent. London.

Charleston, R.J., 1955: Ro man Pottery. London.

Chenet, G., 1941: La cérami que gallo-romaine d’Ar-gonne du IVe siècle et la terre sigillée a la molette. Fouilles et docu ments d’archéologie antique en France I. Macon.

Clarke, G., 1979: The Roman Cemetery at Lankhills. Win chester Studies 3. Oxford.

Clason, Anneke T., 1977: Jacht en veeteelt. Haarlem.

Clason, Anneke T./Wietske Prummel, 1977: Col-lecting, sieving and archaeolozool ogical re-search. JASc 4, 171-5.

Clason, Anneke T./Wietske Prummel/D.C. Brinkhuizen 1979: Vogelen en vissen. Een glimp van de Nederlandse vogel- en viswereld uit het verleden. Westerheem 28, 9-23.

Clauß-Thomas sen, E.J., 1991: Fragmente eines Kästchenbeschla ges, in: Engemann/Rüger 1991, 305-312.

Coale, A.J. et al., 19832: Regional model Life Tables and Stable Populations. New York-London etc.

560—

Cohen, H., 1880-1892: Déscription historique des monnaies frappés sous l’em pire romain etc. I-IX. Pa ris-Londres.

Colenbrander, B. (ed.), 2005: Limes Atlas. Rotter-dam.

Collingwood, R.G./R.P. Wright 1994: The Roman In scriptions of Britain, II, Instrumentum Domesti-cum, fasc. 6. Stroud.

Constandse-Westermann, Tri nette S., 1997: Age estima tion by dental attrition in an independ-ently controlled early 19th century sample from Zwolle, The Nether lands. Human Evolution 12, 269-285.

Cool, Hillary E.M., 2003: Sex and the cemetery. New light on glass vessels in Romano-British graves. Current Ar chaeology 186, 247-8.

Cool, Hillary E.M., 2004: The Roman Cemetery at Brougham, Cumbria: Excavations 1966-67. London.

Cool, Hillary E.M./M.J. Bax ter, 2005: Cups for gentle men. Annales du 16e congrès de l’Association internatio nale pour l’histoire du ver re (London 2003), 127-130. London.

Creemers, G., 2007: Ton gern - Eine nördliche Basti on des Glaubens. AW 38, 47-52.

Cüppers, H. (ed.), 1990: Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz. Stutt gart.

Cumont, F., 1896: Textes et monuments figurés rela-tifs aux mystères de Mithra. Bruxelles.

Curle, A.O., 1923: The Trea sure of Traprain. A Scottish Hoard of Roman Silver Plate. Glasgow.

Curnow, P., 19882: Coin lists: some problems of the smaller site. In: P.J. Ca sey/R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeolo gist. Lon don.

Czysz, W., 1982: Der Sigil lata-Geschirrfund von Cambo dunum-Kempten. Ein Beitrag zur Techno-lo gie und Handels kunde mittel kaiserzeitlicher Kera mik. BerRGK 62, 281-348.

Daalen, J.J. van/A. Hen driks/J. Jansen/M. Pen-nings/J. Thijs sen, 2005: Een maaltijd van kruimels. Ama teur-archeologie in Nijme gen. Nijmegen.

Dalton, O.M., 1901: Catalo gue of the Early Christian Antiqui ties in the British Museum. London.

Dahmlos, U., 1977: Francisca - bipennis - securis. Bemer kungen zu archäologischem Befund und schriftlicher Überlieferung. Germania 55, 141-165.

Dale, Van, 200514: Groot woordenboek van de Neder-landse taal.

Daniëls, M.P.M., 1955: Novio magus. Romeins Nij me gen. Nijmegen.

Daniëls, M.P.M./H. Brunsting, 1955: De monumen-ten van steen. Beschrijving van de verzamelingen in het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen IV. Leiden = OMRO 36 (1955) 21-72.

Dasnoy, A., 1968: La nécropole de Samson, (IVe-Ve siècles), ASAN 54, 277-333.

Déchelette, J., 1904: Les vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine. Paris.

Demandt, A./J. Engemann (eds.), 2007: Imperator Cae sar Flavius Constantinus. Konstantin der Grosse. Aus stellungskatalog. Trier-Mainz.

Derksen, J.J.V.M., 2001: Abacus: een Romeinse reken machine, in: Imago 2001, kalender van het Nederlands Klassiek Verbond, september. Alkmaar.

Dinkler-von Schubert, E., 1980: Arca und Scrini-um. JbAChr 23 (1980), 141-157.

561—

Dollhopf, K-D., 2002: Die verschwundenen Kin-der. Be merkungen zum Kinderdefizit bei Bestat-tungen auf frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldern. Archäologi sches Korrespondenzblatt 32, 151-157.

Domburg, K. Marlous van/H. Anouk P. Veldman, 2002: Nij megen-Oost Gefragmenteerd. Fysisch An-thropologisch on derzoek van een laat-Romeins grafveld. Unpublished paper, University of Am-sterdam.

Doorselaer, A. van, 1964: Repertorium der römerzeitli chen Gräber in Nord-Gallien. II. Deutschland, France, Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, Nederland. Centre national de recherches arché ologiques en Belgique, Sér.C,I. Brus sels.

Doorselaer, A. van, 1967: Les nécropoles d’époque ro maine en Gaule septentriona le. Bruges.

Doppelfeld, O., 1959: Der Muschelpokal von Köln. BJ 159, 152-166.

Doppelfeld, O. (ed.), 1967: Römer am Rhein. Köln.

Dragendorff, H., 1895: Terra Sigillata. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen und römischen Keramik, BJ 46, 18-155.

Dressel, H./K. Regling, 1972: Die Römischen Medail-lone des Münzkabinetts der Staatlichen Museen zu Ber-lin. Dublin/Zürich.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 1999: And did those feet in ancient time... Feet and shoes as material pro-jection of the self. In: P. Baker/C. Forcey/S. Jundi/R. Witcher (eds.), TRAC 98. Procee dings of the Eighth Annual Theore tical Roman Archaeology Con-ference, Leicester 1998, 131-140. Oxford.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2000: More so-called ‘litur gical brooches’ from the Netherlands. In-strumentum 11, 22.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2001: Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear. Britannia 32, 185-197.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2002: Roman shoes for the dead. Ar chaeo logical leather group newsletter 16 (autumn 2002), 1-2.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2003: Ethnic Soldiers: The Experience of the Lower Rhine Tribes, in: T. Grünewald/S. Seibel (eds.), Kontinuität und Dis-kon tinu ität. Germania Inferior am Beginn und am Ende der römischen Herrschaft, 200-217. Berlin.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2005: More Christian badges from the Netherlands. In strumentum 22, 16-17.

Driel-Murray, Carol van, 2006: Een spookrijder in het veen: de reconstructie van een depotvondst. In: J.H. Pouls/H.J.G. Crompvoets (eds.), De Gouden Helm uit de Peel. Feiten en Visies. Meijel.

Dries, F.M.A. van den, 2007: Breekbaar verleden. Romeins glas in de Lage Landen. Utrecht.

Driessen, M., 2007: Bouwen om te blijven. De topogra fie, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Ro meins Nijmegen. Rapportage Archeologische Monumenten zorg 151. Amersfoort.

Druijnen, J.W. van, n.d.: Vervolg der Kronijk van Nij megen, 1819-1840. Manuscript in the Nijmegen Municipal Archive (Coll. Aanwinsten vóór 1994, no. 44)

Dijkman, W., 1992: La terre sigillée décorée à la molett e à motifs chrétiens dans la stratigraphie maastricht oise (Pays-Bas) et dans le nord-ouest de l’Europe. Gal lia 49, 129-72.

Enckevort, H. van/J.K. Haal ebos/J. Thijssen, 2000a: Nijmegen. Legerplaats en stad in het achter-land van de Romeinse limes. Archeolo gische Berich-ten Nijmegen 3. Nijmegen.

Enckevort, H. van/J. Thijs sen, 2000b: Graven op Mariënburg. Archeologisch onderzoek in het centrum van Nijmegen. Archeolo gische Berichten Nijmegen 4. Nijme gen.

562—

Enckevort, H. van/J. Thijs sen (eds.), 2002: Cuijk - Een regionaal centrum in de Romeinse tijd. Utrecht.

Engemann, J./Chr.B. Rüger (eds.) 1991: Spätantike und frühes Mittelalter. Aus gewählte Denkmäler im Rhei nischen Landesmu seum. Köln-Bonn.

Ennabli, A., 1976: Lampes chrétiennes de Carthage (Musée du Bardo et de Cart hage). Paris.

Erdrich, M., 1998: Terra Nigra Fußschalen wie Chenet 342 oder Gellep 273: eine salisch-fränk-ische Keramik gattung. Germania 76, 875-83.

Erdrich, M., 2003: Spel zon der grenzen? Een speur-tocht naar de Limes in de late Oudheid. Inaugural speech, Nijmegen.

Es, W.A. van, 1968: Grafri tueel en kerstening. Inaugu ral speech at the Free Uni versity of Am-sterdam. Bus sum.

Es, W.A. van, 19721: De Ro meinen in Nederland. Haar lem.

Es, W.A. van, 19812: De Ro meinen in Nederland. Haar lem.

Es, W.A. van/J. Ypey, 1977: Das Grab der Prinzessin von Zweeloo und seine Bedeutung im Rahmen des Gräberfeldes. In: Studien zur Sachsenfor schung 1, 97-126. Hildes heim.

Es, W.A. van/Annnette Wag ner, 2000: Gevonden voorwer pen. Rotterdam Papers 11, 116-141. Rotter-dam.

Evelein, M.A., 1930: Gids van het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen. ‘s-Gravenhage.

Evison, V.I., 1955: Anglo-Saxon Finds near Rain-ham, Essex, with a Study of Glass Drinking Horns. Archaeologia 96, 159-195.

Evison, V.I., 1975: Germanic Glass Drinking Horns. JGS 17, 74-87.

Exhibition Catalogue Be sançon, 1993: Le carnyx et la lyre. Exhibition Catalogue Moroc co, 2004: Morocco, 5000 ye ars of culture. Amsterdam.

Fellmann, R., 1952: Mayener-Eifelkeramik aus den Befes tigungen des spätrömischen Rhein-limes in der Schweiz. JahrbSchwUr gesch. 42, 161-173.

Fiedler, M./Constanze Höpken, 2007: Spardosen und Miniatur-Spardosen - Neufun de aus dem römischen Apulum (Rumänien). In: Keramik auf Sonderwegen. Außergewöhnli che Formen und Funktio nen. Beiträge des 37. Internatio nalen Hafnereisymposiums, Herne 19.9 bis 25.9.2004. Denkmalpflege und Forschung in Westfalen 44, 95-99.

Fingerlin, G., 1981: Eber zahnhänger aus Dangstett en. FBe rBadWürt 6, 417-432.

Fingerlin G., 2002: Im Blickfeld von Kaiseraugst: Der Herten berg, eine neu entdeckte Höhensied-lung der Völkerwanderungs zeit im westlichen Hochrhein tal. ANachBad 66, 13-20.

Follmann-Schulz, A.B., 1988: Die römischen Gläser aus Bonn. BJb Beiheft 46. Köln-Bonn.

Fouet, G., 1958: Puits funéraires d’Aquitaine. Gal-lia 16, 115-196.

Fouet, G., 1963: Agrafes à double crochet du IVème siècle dans la Villa de Montmaurin (Haute-Ga-ronne). Celticum VI, 277-292.

Fouet, G., 1969: La villa gallo-romaine de Montmau-rin (Haute-Garonne). Gallia XXe Suppl.

Freeden, U. von/A. Wieczorek (eds.) 1997: Perlen - Archäolo gie, Techniken, Ana lysen. Akten des Internatio nalen Perlensym posiums in Mannheim vom 11. bis 14. November 1994. Bonn.

563—

Fremersdorf, F., 1931: Kas tenbeschlag mit chris-tlicher Dar stellung aus Köln, Germa nia 15, 169-175.

Fremersdorf, F., 1962: Die römischen Gläser mit aufge legten Nuppen. Denkmäler des römischen Köln 7. Köln.

Fremersdorf, F./Edeltraud Polonyi-Fremersdorf, 1984: Die Farblosen Gläser der Frühzeit in Köln: 2. und 3. Jahrhundert. Denkmäler des römischen Köln 9. Köln-Bonn.

Friedhoff, U., 1991: Der römische Friedhof an der Ja-kobstraße zu Köln. Kölner Forschungen 3. Mainz.

Frier, B., 1982: Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian’s Eviden ce. Harvard Studies in Clas sical Philology 86, 213-251.

Gager, J.G., 1992: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. Ox ford.

Gandert, F.O., 1953: Die Säugetier- und Vogel-reste aus den Gräbern von Leuna, in: W. Schulz, Leuna, ein germanischer Bestattung splatz der spätrö-mischen Kaiserzeit. Berlin.

Gáspár, Dorottya, 1986: Römische Kästchen aus Pannonien. An taeus 15.

Geiberger, Michaela/A. Stu te/A. Hofmann (eds.), 2005: Imperium Romanum. Römer, Christen, Alaman-nen - Die Spätantike am Oberrhein. Karlsruhe.

Gerhardt, K./R.A. Maier, 1964: Norische Gräber bei Hörafing im Chiemgau. BayVgBl 29, 119-77.

Germanović, A./D. Srepvić/O. Velimović, 1965: La nécropo le romaine à Duklje (Doclea) près de Tito grad en Montene gro. Inventaria Archaeologi ca, Jugo slavia fasc. 8.

Glob, P.V., 1969: The Bog People. London.

Goethert-Polaschek, Karin, 1977: Katalog der rö-mischen Gläser des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier. Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen, IX. Mainz am Rhein.

Goethert, Karin, 2007a: Trierer Glasproduktion. In: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 386-395.

Goethert, Karin, 2007b: Keramikproduktion in Trier. In: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 396-403.

Gorecki, J., 1975: Studien zur Sitte der Münzbeigabe in römerzeitlichen Körpergraber etc. BerRGK 56, 179-467.

Gose, E., 1950: Gefässtypen der römischen Keramik im Rhein land. BJb, Beiheft 1 (reprint Köln-Bonn 1984).

Gose, E., 1958: Katalog der frühchristlichen Inschriften in Trier. Trier.

Graeven, H., 1901: Die thönerne Sparbüchse im Al tertum. JdI 16, 160-189.

Groenendijk, H.A., 2006: Ter leringh: olielampjes uit de Laudermarke (Gr.). Paleo-Aktueel 17, 141-4.

Groenman-van Waateringe, W., 1967: Romeins lederwerk uit Valkenburg Z.H. Nederlandse Oudh-eden 2. Groningen.

Groot, H.L. de, 1991: Een levensteken uit de vijfde eeuw. Het grafveld aan het Pieterskerkhof. Utrecht.

Grünewald, Mathilde, 1990: Der römische Nord-friedhof in Worms. Funde von der Mainzer Strasse. Worms.

Grünewald, Chr., 1995: Aus grabungen in Beelen - Neue Er kenntnisse zur Frühgeschichte im östli-chen Münsterland, in: H.-G. Horn et al. (eds.), Ein Land macht Ge schichte. Archäologie in Nordrhein-Westfalen, 289-294. Köln.

564—

Grüßinger, R./Elisabeth Adams/Ina Boike/Ste-fanie Schips (eds.), 2007: Impera tor Caesar Flavius Constan tinus. Konstan tin der Gros se. Cd-rom in: De-mandt/Enge mann 2007.

Guido, M., 1978: The Glass Beads of the Prehistoric and Roman Periods in Britain and Ireland. London.

Haalebos, J.K., 1986: Fibu lae uit Maurik. OMRO Suppl. 65 (1984-85).

Haberey, W., 1934: Wandni schen in spätrö-mischen Erdgräbern zu Köln, Germania 18, 274-279, Taf. 30.

Haberey, W., 1942: Spätanti ke Gläser aus Gräbern von Mayen, BJb 147, 249-284, Taf. 28-40.

Haberey, W., 1949: Gravierte Glasschale und sogenannte Mi thras symbole aus einem spätrö-mischen Grabe von Ro denkirchen bei Köln, BJb 149, 94-104.

Haberey, W., 1960: Römische Brandgräber-gruppe an der Ecke Adolfstraße - Im Kraus feld zu Bonn. BJb 160, 285-300.

Haberey, W., 1962: Spätrömische Gräber in Brühl. BJb 162, 397-406.

Hänninen, K./C. Vermeeren, 1997: Exotische of-fers, bo tanisch onderzoek aan een kuil uit de Ro-meinse Fortu natempel op het Maasplein te Nijmegen. BIAXiaal 51.

Härke, H., 1980: Die Grabung des Jahres 1976 auf dem Münster platz in Neuss, BJb 180, 493-587.

Hahn, W., 1999: Im Zeichen Christi. Römische Münzen der Constantinischen Ära. Mit-teilungenblatt des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldge schichte 19, 6.

Hansmann, Liselotte/Lenz Kriss-Rettenbeck, 1977: Amu lett und Talisman. Erschei nungsform und Geschichte. München.

Harden, D.B., 1960: The Wind Hill Hunting Bowl and Rela ted Glasses. JGS 2, 44-81.

Harden, D.B./H. Hellenkem per/K. Painter/D. Whitehou se, 1987: Glass of the Cae sars; 1988: Glas der Caes aren. Milano, Cor ning, Lon don, Köln.

Harter, Gabriele, 1999 : Römische Gläser des Lan des-museums Mainz. Wiesbaden.

Hatt, J.-J., 1970: Circon scription d’Alsace, Gallia 28, 317-343.

Hatt, J.-J./A. Thevenin, 1968: Trouvailles de tom-bes gallo-romaines à Koenigshoffen. Cahiers alsa-ciens d’archéo logie, d’art et d’histoire 12, 31-38.

Haupt, D., 1984: Römischer Töpfereibezirk bei Soller, Kreis Düren. Bericht über eine alte Aus-grabung. In: Beiträge zur Archäologie des Römischen Rheinlandes 4. Rhein. Ausgr. 23. Köln-Bonn.

Hayes, J.W., 1997: Handbook of Mediterranean Ro-man Pott ery. London.

Heesch, J. van, 1998: De muntcirculatie tijdens de Romeinse tijd in het noord westen van Gallia Belgica. Brussels.

Heijden, P. van der, 2002: Het wegennet rond Cuijk, in: H. van Enckevort/J. Thijs sen, Cuijk. Een regionaal centrum in de Romeinse tijd, 42-7. Utrecht.

Henig, M., 1984: Religion in Roman Britain. London.

Hettner, F., 1883: Führer durch das Provinzial-Muse-um zu Trier. Trier.

565—

Hiddink, H.A., 2003: Het grafritueel in de Late IJ-zertijd en Romeinse tijd in het Maas-Demer-Scheldege-bied, in het bijzon der van twee grafvelden bij Weert. Zuidnederlandse Archeologi sche Rapporten 11. Amster dam.

Höpken, Constanze, 2001: Melon bead produc-tion in the naval base of Cologne. Instrumentum 13, 42.

Höpken, Constanze, 2003: Untersuchungen zur Herstellung quarzkeramischer Melonenperlen in einem römischen Militärlager: Terminolgie, Techno logie, Befund. Xantener Berichte 13, 353-363.

Höpken, Constanze, 2008: Römische Spardosen aus Köln. Kölner Museumsbulletin.

Holleman, Th., 1994: Romein se brug weer boven water. NRC Handelsblad 17 februari.

Holleman, Th., 2000: Inge krast christendom. Oudste chi-rho-monogrammen komen uit Nijmegen. NRC Handels blad 2 december, 47.

Holwerda, J.H., 1936: Het laat-Grieksche en Romein-sche ge bruiksaardewerk uit het Middellandse-Zee-ge-bied in het Rijks museum van Oudheden te Leiden. ‘s-Gravenha ge.

Holwerda, J.H., 1941: De Belgische waar in Nijmegen.’s Gravenhage.

Horssen, W. van, 2006: Ver valsing van Nijmeegse chris togrammen bewezen. Uit de hand gelopen grap of wraak actie? Westerheem 55, 73-79.

Hubrecht, A.V.M., 19722: Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, museum van Romeins Nijmegen. N.p.

Hübener, W., 1968: Eine Stu die zu spätrömischer Rädchensigil lata (Argonnensigillata). BJb 168 (1968), 241-298.

Hübener, W., 1980: Eine Stu die zu den Beilfor-men der Merowin gerzeit. ZfAMittelalter 8, 65-127.

Huiskes, B., 2011: Eeuwige rust op de Donderberg. Een groot vroegmiddeleeuws grafveld bij Rhenen. Lei-den.

Hussong, L., 1936: Frühmitt elalterliche Keramik aus dem Trierer Bezirk. TrZ 11, 75-89.

Isings, C., 1957: Roman Glass from Dated Finds. Gro-ningen.

Isings, C., 1970: Glazen tonnetjes. Antiek 5, 137-149.

Isings, C.,/S.M.E. van Lith, 1992: Romeins glas. Museum stukken III. Nijmegen.

Jeannet, A., 1957: Les agra fes à double crochet de l’époque mérovingienne. RAE 8, 149-151.

Jobst, W., 1975: Die römischen Fiblen aus Lauria cum. Forschun gen in Lauria cum 10. Linz.

Jonge, W. de/J. Bazelmans/D. de Jager (eds.), 2006: Forum Hadriani. Van Romeinse stad tot monu-ment. Utrecht.

Junker, K., 2003: Pseudo-Homerica. Kunst und Epos im spätar chaischen Athen. 141. Winkelmanns-programm der Archäo logischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. Berlin.

Jurriaans-Helle, G. (ed.), 1999: Mensen, mythen en mu ziek, een expositie over muziek in de oud-heid. Mede delingenblad APM Amsterdam, 75-76.

Kaufmann, B., 1976: Die anthropologische Untersu chung der Leichenbrände aus dem rö-mische Friedhof von Courroux im Berner Jura, in: Martin-Kilcher, Stefanie, Das römische Gräber feld von Courroux im Berner Jura, 207-31. Basler Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, 2. Derendingen.

566—

Kaufmann-Heinimann, Annema rie/A.R. Furger, 1984: Der Silber schatz von Kaiseraugst. Augst.

Kazanski, M., 1986: Un témoignage de la pré-sence des Alano-Sarmates en Gaule: la sépulture de la Fosse Jean-Fat à Reims. Arch. Médiévale 16 (1986), 33vv.

Keller, E., 1971: Die spätrömischen Grabfunde in Süd-bayern. MünchBeitrVFG 14. Veröff. Komm. zur arch. Erforsch. des spätröm. Rae tien der Bayer. Akad. der Wiss. 8. München.

Kellner, H.-J., 1965: Das erste römische Brand-grab von Eining. BayVgbl 30, 272-7.

Kemmers, Fleur, 2007: Porta Ianvm clvsit...: Idealen en de harde werkelijkheid in Nero’s muntpoli-tiek. ET¨VT 26, 202-10.

Kempkens, J., 1999: Restora tion Report Museum Het Valkhof 1999. Unpu blished. Haelen.

Kempkens, J., 2001: Restau ratie in de archeologie. Reconstruc tie Romeins houten kistje met bronsbeslag. Mu seum Het Valkhof Nijmegen. Restor ation Report MVN 2001. Unpublished; to be consulted in Mu-seum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen. Haelen.

Kent, J.P.C., 1957: The Patt ern of Bronze Coinage under Constantine I. NumChron 6th Series 17, 16-77.

Kessler, P.T., 1927: Ein frührömisches Brandgrab aus Weisenau bei Mainz, Germania 11, 44-50.

Kisa, A., 1899: Die antiken Gläser der Frau Maria vom Rath geb. Stein zu Köln. Bonn.

Klein-Pfeuffer, M., 1993: Merowingerzeitliche Fibeln und Anhänger aus Preßblech. Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 14. Mar burg.

Kloft, H., 1999: Mysterien kulte der Antike. Götter, Menschen, Rituale. München.

Klumbach, H., 1939: Bron zebüste von Marnheim in Speyer. Germa nia 23, 114-119.

Knol, E./W. Prummel/H.T. Uytterschout/M.L.P. Hoog land/W.A. Casparie/G.J. de Langen/E. Kramer/J. Schel vis, 1996: Het vroeg-middel eeuwse grafveld van Ooster beintum. Jaarverslagen van de Vereniging voor Terpenon derzoek 73-74 (1989-1990). Groningen.

Koch, U., 1977: Das Rei hengräberfeld bei Schretzheim. Germani sche Denkmäler der Völkerwande-rungszeit XIII. Berlin.

Koch, U., 1987: Der Runde Berg bei Urach VI - Die Glas- und Edelsteinfunde aus den Plangrabun-gen 1967-1983. Kommission für Alamannische Altertumskunde Schriften 12. Heidelberg.

Koch, U., 1997: Polychrome Perlen in Württem-berg/Nord baden. In: Freeden-Wieczorek 1997, 143-148.

Kroha, P., 1939: Sparbüchsen aller Zeiten. Herausge-geben von Günther Wagner Verpac kungswerke. Hannover.

Kropff, A., 2008: De mili taire context van Forum Had riani. Wester heem 57 (2008) 2-15.

Kropff, A./J.P.A. van der Vin, 2003: Coins and conti nuity in the Dutch River area at the end of the third century AD, European Journal of Archaeol-ogy 6, 55-87.

Kubitschek, W., 1909: Aus gewählte römische Me-daillons der kaiserlichen Münzen sammlung in Wien. Wien.

Künzl, Susanna, 1997: Die Trierer Spruchbecher-keramik. TrZ Beiheft 21. Trier.

Küster, H.-J., 1992: Post glaziale Vegetationsge-schichte Südbayerns, Akad. Verl. Berlin.

567—

Kurtz, Donna C./J. Boardman, 1971: Greek Burial Customs. London.

Kunst, Christiane, 2002: Lemma ‘Sacrum Imper-ium’ in: Der Neue Pauly 15/2, col. 1034-1039.

Laarhoven, J. van, 1992: De beeldtaal van de christelij ke kunst. Geschiedenis van de ikonografie. Nijmegen.

La Baume, P., 1961/62: Die Sarkofage von der Königin Luise-Schule in Köln, KölnJb 5, 85-90.

La Baume, P., 19832: Römisches Kunstgewerbe zwi-schen Chris ti Geburt und 400. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber. Braunschweig/München.

La Baume, P./J.W. Salomon son, n.d. (1976): Rö-mische Klein kunst. Sammlung Karl Löffler. Wissen-schaftliche Kataloge des Römisch-Germa nischen Museums Köln III. Köln.

Lamarcq, D./M. Rogge, 1996: De taalgrens. Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen. Leu ven.

Lane, E.N., 1980: Towards a Definition of the Iconograp hy of Sabazius. Numen 27, 9-33.

Lane, E.N., 1985: Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii II. The other Monuments and Literary Evidence. Leiden.

Lane, E.N., 1989: Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii III. Conclusi ons. Leiden.

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., 1983 (1986): A Meal for the Dead. Animal Bone Finds in Roman Graves. Palaeohistoria 25, 183-193.

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., 1988: Animals in Roman Times in the Dutch Eastern River Are a. Nederlandse Oudh-eden 12. Project Oostelijk Rivieren gebied 1.

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., 1993: Bird Remains in Ro-man Gra ves. Archaeofauna 2, 75-82.

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., 1999: Dierlijke bijgaven uit enke le laat-Romeinse graven van de grafvelden ‘Bin-nenstad’ en ‘Margriet’ uit Nijmegen (1949; 1951; 1978; 1980-1983). (Intern Verslag Ar cheozoölogie/ROB, 24 Februa ry 1999), with a supplement written 17 March. Amers foort.

Leemans, C., 1842: Romeinsche steenen doodkisten, bij Nijmegen in den zomer van 1840 opgedolven, en thans, met de daarin gevonden voorwerpen, be waard in het Museum van Oudheden te Leyden. Arnhem.

Lehner, H., 1915: Führer durch das Provinzialmuseum Bonn. I. Band: Die antike Abteilung. Bonn.Lengyel, I.A., 1975: Paleos erology: Blood Typing with the Fluorescent Antibody Method. Budapest.

Lengyel, I.A.: 1984: ABO blood typing of the hu-man skeletal remains in Hungary. American Jour-nal of Physical Anthropology 63, 283-90.

Lindenschmit, L., 1880-1889: Die Alterthümer der Merovingi schen Zeit. Handbuch der deutschen Al-thertumskunde 1. Braunschweig.

Linfert-Reich, Daniela, 1974: Spielzeug der Seligen. Kölner Römer Illustrierte 1, 170. Köln.

Lith, Sophia M.E. van, 1994: Die römischen Glä-ser aus Neuss. Gesamtkatalog der Ausgrabungen 1955-1978. BJb 194 (1994) 205-340.

Lloyd-Morgan, G., 1981: The Mirrors: including a De-scription of the Roman Mir rors found in the Nether-lands, in other Dutch Mu seums. Description of the Collections in the Rijksmu seum G.M. Kam at Nijmegen, 9. Rijswijk.

Loeschcke, S., 1909: Ausgrabungen bei Haltern. Die keramischen Funde. Mitteilungen der Alter tums- Kommission für Westfalen 5. Münster.

Loeschcke, S./H. Willers, 1911: Beschreibung rö-mischer Al tertümer gesammelt von Carl Anton Niessen I-II. Köln.

568—

Luff, R.-M., 1982: A Zooar chaeological Study of the Roman North-western Provin ces. BAR International Se ries 137. Oxford.

Maaskant-Kleibrink, Marian ne, 1986: The En-graved Gems: Roman and non-Roman. Be schrijving van de verzame lingen van het Museum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen, 10. Nijme gen.

Mackensen, M., 1973: Ein Fibelgrab von Regensburg-Großprü fe ning. BayVgbl 38, 57-79.

Mackensen M., 1978: Das römische Gräberfeld auf der Keckwiese in Kempten. Mate rialheft e Bay-er. Vorgesch. A 34, 183-192.

Maddoli, G., 1996: Cults and Religious doctrines of the Western Greeks, in: G. Pug liese Carratelli (ed.), The Western Greeks, 481-98. Ve nezia.

Manning, W.H., 1966: A Group of Bronze Models from Sussex in the British Museum, AntJ 46, 50-59.

Márk, L., 2002: The Osteo chemical Analyses of Paleoanthropolo gical Remains from Hungary. In: 33rd international sym posium on archaeometry, edi-ted by Henk Kars. Amsterdam.

Márk, L./A. Marcsik, 2004: New perspectives of sex and age determination of paleo-anthropological remains. In: 14th congress of the Europe an Anthropological Associa tion. Komotini.

Marsden, P., 1994: Ships of the Port of London, first to eleventh centuries AD. En glish Heritage Archaeologi cal Report 3. London.

Marshall, F.H., 1911: Cata logue of the Jewelry, Greek, Etrus can, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiqui-ties, British Museum. London.

Martin, M., 1976: Das spätrömisch-frühmittelalter-liche Gräber feld von Kaise raugst, Kt. Aargau. Teil B: Katalog und Tafeln. Basler Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 5B. Derendin gen-Solothurn.

Martin, M., 1991: Das spätrömisch-frühmittelalter-liche Gräber feld von Kaise raugst, Kt. Aargau. Teil A: Text. Basler Beiträ ge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 5A. Derendingen-Solothurn.

Martin, M., 2000: Späte Völkerwanderungszeit und Merowinger zeit auf dem Kontinent, in: H. Beck (ed.), Fibel und Fibel tracht, Berlin-New York, 131 (541) - 172 (582).

Martin-Kilcher, Stefanie, 1976: Das römische Gräber feld von Courroux im Berner Jura. Basler Bei-träge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, 2. Derendin-gen.

Martin-Kilcher, Stefanie, 2000: Mors immatura in the Roman world - a mirror of society and tradi-tion. In: Pearce, J./M. Millet/Manuela Struck (eds.), Burial, So ciety and Context in the Roman World, 63-77.

Matterne, Véronique/Marie Derreumaux, 2008: A Franco-Italian investigation of funerary rituals in the Ro man world, “les rites et la mort à Pom-pei”, the plant part: a preliminary report. Vegeta-tion History and Ar chaeobotany 17, 105-112.

Mattingly, H., 1951: The Clash of the Coinages circa 270-296. In: P.R. Coleman-Norton (ed.), Studies in Roman Economic and Social history in Honor of Allan Chester Johnson, 275-89. Princeton.

Mattingly, H. et al. 1923a-: The Roman Imperial Coinage. London.

Mattingly, H./R.A.G. Carson, 1923b: Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Mu seum, 1-6. London.

569—

Meering, Astrid .O.J., 1992: Lead Objects, in: M. Gnade, The Southwest Necropolis of Satricum. Excava-tions 1981-1986. Scrinium IV. Satricum II. Amster-dam 1992, 109-113.

Megaw, J.V.S., 1970: Art of the European Iron Age. A Study of the Elusive Image. Bath.

Menzel, H., 1969: Antike Lampen im Römisch-Germani schen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz. Mainz.

Mertens, J./L. van Impe, 1971: Het laat-Romeins graf veld van Oudenburg. Archaeo logica Belgica 135. Brussel.

Metcalf, D.M., 1993-1994: Thrymsas and Sceattas in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford. Oxford.

Meyer, F., 1994: Evidence of food plants of an-cient Pom peii and other vesuvian si tes In: Moe D./J.H. Dick son/P.-M. Jorgensen (eds), Garden history: garden plants , species, forms and varieties from Pompeii to 1800. PACT 42, 19-23.

Meijers, R./Ineke Joosten/H. van Enckevort, 2005: ‘Kun je bewijzen dat ze vals zijn?’ Vijf Christusmonogrammen op archeologische ob-jecten. Numaga Jaarboek 2005, 130-141.

Millet, M./D. Graham 1986: Excavations on the Ro-mano-British small town at Neat ham, Hampshire, 1969-1979. Hants Field Club monograph 3. Gloucester.

Mioulet, J./C. Barten, 1994: De Romeinse brug tus-sen Cuijk en Middelaar. Utrecht.

Morin-Jean (J. Morin), 1913: La verrerie en Gaule sous l’Empi re Romain. Paris.

Murphy, P. 2003, Plant ma crofossils. In: Germany M., Excavati on at Great Holts Farm, Bo reham, Essex. East Anglian Archaeo logy 105, 204-215.

Nenquin, J.A., 1953: La nécropole de Furfooz. Dis-sertationes Archaeologicae Gandenses 1. Bruges.

Neuss, W., 1933: Die Anfänge des Christentums im Rhein lande. Rheinische Neu jahrsblätter 2. Bonn.

Nierhaus, R., 1959: Das römische Brand- und Körper-gräberfeld “Auf der Steig” in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Die Ausgrabungen im Jahre 1955. Stuttgart.

Nixon, C.E.V./Barbara Saylor Rodgers, 1994: In Praise of the Later Roman Emperors. The Panegyrici Latini. In troduction, Translation, and Historical Com-mentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors. Berke-ley-Los Ange les-Oxford.

Noelke, P., 1984: Reiche Gräber von einem rö-mischen Gutshof in Köln. Germania 62, 373-423.

Noll, R., 1974: Eine goldene “Kaiserfibel” aus Niederem mel vom Jahre 316, BJb 174, 221-244.

Noviomagus 19792: J.H.F. Bloemers/ J.E. Bogaers/ J.K. Haal ebos/ S.L. Wynia, Novio magus. Op het spoor der Ro meinen in Nijmegen. Nijme gen.

O’Connell, M.G./Joanna Bird, 1994: The Roman Temple at Wanbo rough, excavation 1985-1986. Surrey Archaeological Col lecti ons 82, 1-168.

Oelmann, F., 1914: Die Kera mik des Kastells Niederbie ber, Materia lien zur römisch-germa-nischen Keramik I. Frankfurt am Main (reprint Bonn, 1976).

Overbeck, J./A. Mau, 1884: Pompeji in seinen Ge-bäuden, Al therthümern und Kunstwerken. Leipzig.

Patek, Erzsébet (von), 1942: A Pannoniai fibulatipu-sok elter jedése és eredete. Ver breitung und Herkunft der römischen Fibeltypen in Pan nonien. Dissertationes Pan nonicae II 19. Budapest.

Pauli, L., 1975: Keltischer Volksglaube: Amulette und Sonder bestattungen am Dürnberg bei Hallein und im eisenzeitlichen Mitteleuro pa. MünchBeitrVFG 28. München.

570—

Perizonius, W.R.K., 1983: Reconstructing the Living from the Dead. Some Human Osteological Observa-tions. Diss. Utrecht.

Peterse, K., 2005: Luxury Living in the Praetorium on the Kops Plateau in Nijme gen: Quotations of Mediter ranean Principles in Roman Provincial Architecture. BABesch 80, 163-198.

Petrikovits, H. von, 1937: Jahresbericht 1936: Schnep penbaum (Kreis Kleve), BJb 142, 325-339.

Philpott, R., 1991: Burial Practices in Roman Britain. A survey of grave treatment and furnishing. A.D. 43-410. BAR British Series 219.

Pilloy, V., 1886-1912: Études sur d’anciens lieux de sépultu res dans l’Aisne. Saint-Quentin. Pirling, Renate, 1966: Das römisch-fränkische Gräber feld von Krefeld-Gellep. Germanische Denk-mäler der Völkerwan derungs zeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Al tertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 2. Text und Tafelband. Berlin.

Pirling, Renate, 1974: Das römisch-fränkische Gräber feld von Krefeld-Gellep 1960-1963. Germani-sche Denkmäler der Völker wan de rungszeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 8. Text und Tafelband. Berlin.

Pirling, Renate, 1979: Das römisch-fränkische Gräber feld von Krefeld-Gellep 1964-1965. Germa-nische Denkmäler der Völker wan de rungszeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 10. Ber lin.

Pirling, Renate, 1976: Klo thos Kunkel, in: Fest-schrift für Waldemar Haberey heraus gegeben von Thea Elisabeth Haevernick und Axel von Sal dern, 101-109. Mainz.

Pirling, Renate, 1988: Ein sarmatischer Spiegel aus Krefeld-Gellep. Germania 66, 2, 455-464.

Pirling, Renate, 1989: Das römisch-fränkische Gräber feld von Krefeld-Gellep 1966-1974. Germa-nische Denkmäler der Völkerwan de rungszeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 13. Stutt gart.

Pirling, Renate, 1994: Beiträge zur römisch-fränk-ischen Geschichte des Niederrheins. Festschrift für Re-nate Pirling zum 24. August 1994. Gesammelte Auf-sätze der Jahre 1959 bis 1990. Krefeld.

Pirling, Renate, 1997: Das römisch-fränkische Gräber feld von Krefeld-Gellep 1975-1982. Germa-nische Denkmäler der Völkerwan de rungszeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 17. Stutt gart.

Pirling, Renate/Margareta Siepen, 2006: Die Funde aus den Römischen Gräbern von Krefeld-Gellep. Germanische Denkmäler der Völkerwan de-rungszeit, Serie B: Die fränkischen Altertümer des Rheinlan des, Band 20. Stutt gart.

Polak, M., 2000: South Gau lish Terra Sigillata with Potters’ Stamps from Vech ten. ReiCretAct Supple-mentum 9. Nijmegen.

PRE = G. Wissowa et al. (eds.), Pauly’s Real-encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Neue Bearbeitung, 1893-1980.

Prins, J., 2000: The ‘fortu ne’ of a late Roman of-ficer. A hoard from the Meuse val ley (Nether-lands) with hel met and gold coins. BJb 200, 309-328.

Pröttel, P.M., 1988: Zur Chronologie der Zwiebel-knopffibeln. JbRGZM 35, 347-372.

Radnóti, A., 1957: Möbel- und Kästchenbe-schläge, Schlösser und Schlüssel. Intercisa II. Ge-schichte der Stadt in der Römer zeit. ArchHung XXXVI 241-363. Bu dapest.

571—

Redknap, M., 1999: Die römischen und mittelalterli-chen Töpfer eien in Mayen, Kreis Mayen-Koblenz. Berich te zur Archäologie an Mitt elrhein und Mo-sel = TrZ Beiheft 24, 11-397.

Regling, K., 1928: Ein Gold medaillon von 48 soli-di. Berichte aus den Preussi schen Kunstsammlungen 49, 67-70. Berlin.

Reichstein, H., 1980: Tier knochen als Reste von Toten speisen in römischen Gräbern aus Neuss (Münsterplatz), BJb 180, 578-81.

Rieche, Anita, 1981: So spielten die Alten Römer. Rö-mische Spiele im Archäolo gischen Park Xanten. Köln.

Riha, E., 1990: Der römische Schmuck aus Augst und Kaise raugst. Forschungen in Augst 10. Augst.

Rimmer, J., 1981: An archae o-organological sur-vey of the Netherlands, WorldA 12, 233-245.

Ristow, S., 2006: Frühes Christentum im Rheinland. Die Zeug nisse der archäolo gischen und historischen Quellen an Rhein, Maas und Mosel. Jahrbuch 2006 des Rheinischen Vereins für Denkmalpflege und Land schatsschutz e.V. Köln.

Roes, Anne, 1954a: Les trou vailles de Dombourg (Zélan de). BROB 5, 65-69.

Roes, Anne, 1954b: Agrafes du haut Moyen Age à double crochet. RAE 5, 330-334.

Roymans, N., 1998: De Ro meinse frontierpolitiek en de ethnoge nese van de Bata ven. Inaugural speech at the Free University of Amster dam.

Salin, B., 19352: Die altger manische Thierornamentik. Typolo gische Studie über germanische Metallge-genstände aus dem VI. bis IX. Jahrhundert, nebst einer Studie über irische Ornamen tik. Stock holm.

Schade, Kathrin, 2003: Frau en in der Spätanti ke - Sta tus und Repräsentation. Eine Untersuchung zur rö-mischen und frühbyzan tini schen Bild niskunst. Mainz am Rhein.

Scheers, S., 1977: Traité de numismatique celtique II. La Gaule Belgique. Paris.

Scheidel, W., 1996: Measu ring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire. JRA Sup pl Series 21.

Schevichaven, H.D.J. van, n.d.: Res Romanae. Unpublis hed notes present in Archae ological Centre G.M. Kam, Nijmegen.

Schmidt, C., 2007: Be satzstück mit XP-Christo-gramm. In: Grüßinger et al. (eds.) 2007, II.1.116.

Schmitz, W., 1991: Grabin schriften aus Kobern-Gon-dorf, in: Engemann/Rüger 1991, 73-92.

Schönberger, H./H.-G. Simon, 1983: Die Kastelle in Altenstadt. Limesforschungen 22. Ber lin.

Schulze-Dörlamm, Mechthild, 2002: Verschol-lene Schmuckstücke aus dem spätrömischen und karolingi schen Mainz. AKorrbl 32, 137-149.

Schulzki, H.J., 1989: Die Fundmünzen der römischen Strassen station Flerzheim. Köln.

Schwinden, L., 1984: Das römische Trier seit der Mitt e des 4. Jahrhunderts. In: Trier - Kaiserresidenz und Bischofssitz. Exhibition catalogue Trier 1984, 34-48. Mainz.

Seeck, O., 1919: Regesten der Kaiser und Päpste für die Jahre 311 bis 476 n.Chr. Vorarbeit zu einer Prosopo-graphie der christlichen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart.

Seipel, W. (ed.), 1999: Bar barenschmuck und Römer-gold. Der Schatz von Szilágysom lyó. Wien.

572—

Siegmann, M., 1997: Die Per len des frühmittelalterli chen Gräberfel des von Liebe nau, Kr. Nienburg/Weser (Niedersachsen), in: Free-den, U. v./A. Wieczorek (eds.), Perlen - Archäolo gie, Techniken, Aanalysen: Akten des Internationalen Perlensymposi ums in Mannheim vom 11. bis 14. No-vember 1994, 133-143. Bonn.

Siegmann, M., 2002-2005: Bunte Pracht. Die Perlen der frühmitt elalterlichen Gräberfelder von Liebenau, Kreis Nienburg/We ser, und Dörverden, Kreis Verden/Al ler, 1-4. Langweissbach.

Siegmund, F., 1998: Merowin gerzeit am Niederrhein. Die frühmittelalterlichen Funde aus dem Regierungs-bezirk Düssel dorf und dem Kreis Heins berg. Köln.

Simon-Hernard, Dominique, n.d.: Verres d’époque romai ne. Poitiers.

Smetius, J., 1644: Oppidum Batavorum. Amster-dam. Dutch intro duction and trans lation: Nijmegen, Stad der Bataven. Nijmegen 1999.

Smetius, J. (jr), 2004: Nijmeegse Oudheden. Anti-quitates Neomagenses. Tilburg. Translation of Anti-quitates Neomagenses of 1678.

Smits, Elisabeth 2006a: Die Ergebnisse der anthro-po logischen Unter suchung der Leichen brände aus Krefeld-Gellep. In: Pir ling/Siepen 2006, 571-89.

Smits, Liesbeth, 2006b: Le ven en sterven langs de Li mes. Het fysisch-anthropolo gisch onderzoek van vier grafveldpopulaties uit de noordelijke grenszone van Germania inferior in de Vroeg- en Midden-Romeinse tijd. Diss. Amsterdam.

Sommer, M., 1984: Die Gürtel und Gürtelbeschläge des 4. und 5. Jahrhunderts im Römischen Reich. Bon-ner Heft e zur Vorgeschich te 22. Bonn.

Steuer, H., 1987: Gewichts geldwirtschaften im frühgeschichtli chen Europa: Feinwaagen und Gewichte als Quellen zur Währungs ge schichte. Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Teil IV, Der Handel der Kar olinger- und Wikingerzeit. AbhGöttin gen Dritte Folge nr. 156, 405-527.

Steures, D.C., 1988: Monte Finocchito Revisited. Part 2: Seriation and Demography. PhD Thesis Amster-dam.

Steures, D.C., 1995: Gelett erde Nijmegenaren. Museum stukken V. Nijmegen.

Steures, D.C., 2002a: Late Roman Thirst. How Dark Co loured Drinking Sets from Trier were used. BABesch 77, 175-179.

Steures, D.C., 2002b: Germa nic Pendants and a Roman Medallion. Fifth-century Pendants from the Late Roman Cemetery in the Inner City of Nijmegen. BABesch 77, 181-185.

Steures, D.C., 2003: Appen dix Vergiliana Copa 4: Mate rial Culture, Words and Sen tence. Mne-mosyne series 4, 56, 213-217. Steures, D.C., 2004a: Gods diensten in laat-Ro-meins Nijmegen. Vereersters van Dionysos, Sabazios, Christus en een paalidool. Westerheem 53, 2-16.

Steures, D.C., 2004b: Shells and Scales. A Female Sabazios-worshipper from Cologne in Nijmegen. BABesch 79, 201-207.

Steures, D.C., 2007: De scription of chest B 701.9 in: Grüßin ger 2007, II.4.43.

Steures, D.C., 2009: Aardewerk, continuïteit en oriëntatie in laat-Romeins Nijmegen. Westerheem 58, 194-207.

573—

Stolte, B.H., 1966: Driemaal Noviomagus. Numaga 13, 233-235.

Straten, Odette/L. Swinkels, 2004: Het Valkhof en omge ving van prehistorie tot nu. Nijmegen.

Stuart, P., 1963: Gewoon aardewerk uit de Romeinse legerplaats en de bijbeho rende grafvelden te Nijme gen. Beschrijving van de verzamelingen in het Rijks-museum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen, VI. Leiden.

Stuart, P., 1977: Een Ro meins grafveld uit de eerste eeuw te Nijmegen. Onversier de terra sigillata en gewoon aardewerk. Beschrijving van de verzamelingen van het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam te Nij megen, VIII. N.p.

Studien zur Sachsenfor schung 1, 1977: [Herrn Dr. Albert Genrich zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet] hrsg. von H.-J. Hässler. Hildesheim.

Sulimirski, T., 1970: The Sarmatians. Ancient Peoples and Places 73. London.

Swift, Ellen, 2000: Regiona lity in Dress Accessories in the late Roman West. Mono graphies instrumentum 11. Montagnac.

Swinkels, L.J.F. (ed.), 2004: De Bataven. Verhalen van een verdwenen volk. Am sterdam-Nijmegen.

Swinkels, L.J.F./M.G.M. Dec kers-Hageman, 1997: Een pracht vol exemplaar. Vijfen zeventig jaar Museum G.M. Kam 1922-1997. Museumstukken VII. Nijmegen.

Swinkels, L.J.F./Annelies Koster, 2005: Nijmegen, oud ste stad van Nederland. Nij megen.

Symonds, R.P., 1992: Rhenish Wares. Fine Dark Col-oured Pottery from Gaul and Germa ny. Oxford Univer-sity Com mittee for Archae ology, Mo nograph 23. Oxford.

Tempelmann-Maczynska, M., 1985: Die Perlen der römischen Kaiserzeit und der frühen Phase der Völkerwan derungszeit im mitteleu ropäischen Bar ba ricum. RGF 10. Mainz.

Theuws, F./M. Alkemade, 2000: A Kind of Mirror for Men. Sword Depositions in Late Antique Northern Gaul, in: F. Theuws/J.L. Nelson (eds.), Rit-uals of Power from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. The Transformation of the Roman World, 8. Leiden.

Thijssen, J.R.A.M., 1980: Graven op het Valkhof, in: G. Lemmens (ed.), Het Valkhof te Nijmegen (Catalogi van Kunstbezit van de Gemeente Nijmegen 3), 10-3. Nijmegen.

Toebosch, Th., 2005: Alle maal vals. Archeologen be treuren valse christogram men. NRC Handelsblad 10 De cember, 55.

Tomašević, T./ M. Hartmann, 1972: Die Grabungen an der alten Zürcherstraße in Brugg, 1963 und 1971. JberProVindon 1971-1972, 7-35.

Toorians, L, 1995: From a ‘red post’ to San-draudiga and Zundert, OMRO 75 (1995) 131-136.

Trinkl, Elisabeth, 2000: Die spinnen, die Römerinnen, in: Altmodische Archäologie. Fest schrift für Friedrich Brein, Forum Archaeo logiae 14/III/2000.

Ubelaker, D.H., 1984: Human Skeletal Development. Exca vation, Analysis, Interpre tation. (Rev. ed.). Washing ton.

Unverzagt, W., 1916: Die Keramik des Kastells Alzei. Materia lien zur römisch-ger manischen Keramik II. Frank furt a.M.

Unverzagt, W., 1919: Terra sigillata mit Rädchenverzie rung. Materialien zur römisch-ger-manischen Keramik III. Frankurt a.M.

574—

Vallet, Françoise, 19972: Weibliche Mode im Westteil des merowingischen Königrei ches, in: Wieczorek et al. 19972, 684-690.

Veld, M. In ‘t, 1991: De ontijdige dood. Loutro-phoroi als graftekens. Hermeneus 63, 20-26.

Verhoeven, A./F. Ector, 1984: Sabazius in Noord-Bra bant? Brabants Heem 36, 138-149.

Vermaseren, M.J., 1983: Cor pus Cultus Iovis Sabazii I. The Hands. Leiden.

Vermeule, Emily, 1979: As pects of Death in Early Greek Art and poetry. Sather Classical Lectures 46. Ber keley, Los Angeles, London.

Vermeulen, W.G.J.R., 1932: Een Romeinsch graf-veld op den Hunerberg te Nijmegen. Amster-dam.

Verslag: Verslag van de Com missie ter verzekering een-er goede bewaring van gedenk stukken van geschiedenis en kunst te Nijmegen.

Vierck, H, 1974: Werke des Eligius, in: G. Kossack/G. Ulbert (eds.), Studien zur vor- und früh-geschichtlichen Archäologie, Festschrift für Joachim Werner zum 65. Ge burtstag, II 309-380. München.

Vin, J.P.A. van der, 2002: Die Fundmünzen der rö-mischen Zeit in den Niederlanden III,1. Nijmegen-Kops Pla teau. Mainz.

Viollier, D., 1911: Un cu rieux ornament de tête de l’époque barbare. Revue Charlemagne 1911, 15ff.

Voetter, O., 1921: Katalog Sammlung Paul Gerin. Wien.

Vons-Comis, S., 1988: Een nieuwe reconstructie van de kleding van de ‘Prinses van Zweeloo’, Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 105, 151-187.

Voragine, Jacobus de, 19955: The Golden Legend. Readings on the Saints. Translated by William Granger Ryan. New York.

Waele, F.J. de, 1931: Novio magus Batavorum (Ro-meinsch Nijme gen). Nijmegen-Utrecht.

Waele, F.J. de, 1936: lemma Noviomagus 10 in: PRE XVII 1, 1204ff.

Wagner, Annette/J. Ypey†, 2011: Das Gräberfeld auf dem Donderberg bei Rhenen. Katalog. Leiden.

Wahl, J./M. Kokabi, 1987: Osteologische Untersu chungen an den im Rosgartenmuseum aufbewahrten spätrömischen Skelettresten aus Konstanz, FuBer BadWürt 12, 456-61.

Wahl, J./M. Kokabi, 1988: Das römische Gräberfeld Stettfeld I; Osteologische Untersuchungen der Knochen-reste aus dem Gräber feld. Stuttgart.

Wamser, L. (ed.). 20002: Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nord meer. Düsseldorf.

Werner, J., 1935: Münzdatierte austrasische Grab-funde. Germa nische Denkmäler der Völkerwande rungszeit, Serie A, 3. Ber lin.

Werner, J., 1954: Waage und Geld in der Me-rowingerzeit. Sitz.ber. Bayer. Akad. Wis sensch., Phil.-hist. Klasse, 1954, 3-40. München.

Werner, J., 1958: Krie gergräber aus der ersten Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts zwischen Schelde und Weser, BJb 158, 372-413.

Werner, J., 1964: Herkules keule und Donar-Amu-lett. JbRGZM 11, 176-197. Weve, J.J., 1902-3: De Romeinsche begraafplaats aan den Berg-en-Dalschen weg bij Nijmegen. BKNOB 1903, 196-8.

Wieczorek, A./P. Périn/K. von Welck/W. Menghin (eds.), 19972: Die Franken, Wegberei ter Europas. I-II. Mainz.

575—

Willems, W.J.H., 1985: Ro mans and Batavians. A Regio nal Study in the Dutch Eas tern River Area. Am-ersfoort.

Willems, W.J.H., 1990: Ro meins Nijmegen. Vier eeu-wen stad en centrum aan de Waal. Utrecht.

Willems, W.J.H./H. van Enc kevort/J.K. Haalebos/J. Thijssen (eds.), 2005: Nij megen. Geschiedenis van de oudste stad van Nederland. Vol. 1, Prehistorie en Oud-heid. Wormer.

Willems, W.J.H./H. van Enckevort, 2009: Ulpia Noviomagus. Roman Nijmegen. The Batavian Capital at the Imperial Frontier. JRA, Suppl. Series 73. Port-smouth, Rhode Island.

Willemsen, A., 2003: Romeins speelgoed. Kindertijd in een wereldrijk. Zutphen.

Willer, F., 2000: Zur Res taurierung des merowinger zeitlichen Holzkästchens mit Metall-beschlägen und einer fränkischen Goldscheibenfi bel, in: H.-G. Hom et al. (eds.), Millionen Jahre Geschichte, Fundort Nordrhein-Westfa-len, 366-368. Köln.

Willerding, U., 1978: Die Pflanzenreste. In: Mack-ensen M., Das römische Gräberfeld auf der Keck-wiese in Kemp ten. Materialheft e Bayer. Vorgesch. A 34, 183-192.

Williams, D., 19992: Romans and Barbarians. New York.

Wilson, P. (ed.), 2003: The Archaeology of Roman Towns. Studies in Honour of John S. Wacher. Oxford.

Wood, I., 1997: Die Franken und ihr Erbe - “Translatio Imperi i”, in: Wieczorek et al. 1997, 358-364.

Wynia, S.L., 1963: Nijmegen. BKNOB *227-8.

Wynia, S.L., 1966: Nijmegen. BKNOB *84. Re-peated in Numa ga 14 (1967) 74-75.

IJzereef, G.F., 1981: Bronze Age Animal Bones from Boven kar spel, the Excavations at ‘Het Valkje’. Neder-landse Oudheden 10. Amersfoort.

Ypey, J., 1969: Zur Tragwei se frühfränkischer Gürtel garnituren auf Grund nie derländischer Be-funde. BROB 19, 89-127, Taf. IX-XVIII.

Ypey, J., 1980: Contributi ons nos 226-227 in: Gal-lien in der Spätantike von Kaiser Constantin zu Frank-enkönig Childerich, 154-157. Mainz.

Ypey, J., 1983: Twee saxen uit frankische graven op het Valkhof te Nijmegen (c.620-680), Numaga 30, 32-4.

Zach, B., 2002: Vegetable offerings on the Ro-man sa crificial site in Mainz, Germany – a short report on the first results. Vegetati on History and Archaeobotany 11, 101-106.

Zadoks-Josephus Jitta, A.N., 1961: Nijmegen 1957. Jaar boek voor Munt- en Penning kunde 48, 95-7.

Zadoks-Josephus Jitta, A.N./W.J.T. Peters/A.M. Witt eveen, 1973: The Figural Bronzes. Description of the Collections in the Rijksmu seum G.M. Kam at Nijmegen VII. Nijmegen.

Zadoks-Josephus Jitta, A.N./A.M. Witteveen, 1977:

Roman Bronze Lunulae from the Netherlands,

OMRO 58, 167-195.

Ziegler, R., 1983: Der Schatzfund von Brauweiler. Köln

- Bonn.

576—

Postscript: Parallels in the Rhenen cemetery and a study of Roman pottery in northern Gaul

As the present study was ready to be printed, the catalogue of the Rhenen cemetery (Va-VIIIb), some 25 km NW

of Nijmegen, was published in December 2012 (Wagner/Ypey 2011 (sic)). Exact parallels with objects in the latest

Nijmegen graves can now be given for Rhenen: Table 32. The detailed study of the Rhenen cemetery is the sub-

ject of Annette Wagner’s future dissertation (Wagner/Ypey 2011, 31 n. 5). The impression is that of a quiet, con-

tinuous and wealthy community (Huiskes 2011, 41).

As to the pro duc tion places of ts plates Gellep 38 and 40, Brulet et al. 20122, 229, 235, 247, 258 shows them to

have been produced in Avocourt 3, Allieux, Pont-des-Quatre-Enfants, and Trier.

Table 32: Parallels between the Rhenen and Nijmegen cemeteries

Legend: M/F = gender; tpq = terminus post quem of the type; taq = terminus ante quem of the type

Rhenen Nijmegen

Object Number p. fig. M/F Object Number M/F tpq taq

Iron axe Rh 76B 88 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Cooking pot Rh 78F 90 F Gellep 108 330 500

Iron axe Rh 102A 113 M? Iron axe B 143.8 M 400 440

Iron axe Rh 302A 226 36 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Footed bowl Rh 312B,A 230 Gellep 274 300 600

Dish fibulae Rh 356Aab 262 68 F Dish fibula B 465.13 F 434 467

Long pin Rh 356B 262 69 F Long pin B 798.4 F 400 500

Iron axe Rh 475C 345 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Cooking pot Rh 554A 398 M? Gellep 108 330 500

Iron axe Rh 593B 418 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Iron shears Rh 668C 468 M Iron shears B 465.23 F 300 450

Iron shears Rh 802A 566 86 Iron shears B 465.23 F 300 450

Iron axe Rh 807B 569 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Iron axe Rh 809B 572 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Iron axe Rh 819C 583 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

Iron shears Rh 819H 583 M Iron shears B 465.23 F 300 450

Footed bowl Rh 819L 583 M Gellep 274 300 600

Dish fibulae Rh 822Aabc 586 F Dish fibula B 465.13 F 434 467

Dish fibulae Rh 823Aab 588 F Dish fibula B 465.13 F 434 467

Long pin Rh 825B 590 F Long pin B 465.6 F 380 450

Armbrust fibula Rh 823Aab 590 F Armbrust fibula

B 465.8.11 F 334 467

Long pin Rh 828A 593 F Long pin B 465.6 F

Lunula pendant Rh 829C 594 M Lunula pen-dant

B 465.9 F - -

Belt set Rh 829E 595 M Belt set B 61.1 M 400 450

Footed bowl Rh 829H 597 M Gellep 274 300 600

Dish fibulae Rh 832Aab 598 F Dish fibula B 465.13 F 434 467

Iron shears Rh 832C 599 F Iron shears B 465.23 F 300 450

Iron axe Rh 833B 600 M Iron axe B 143.8 M 400 440

577—

Table 32 (continued): Parallels between the Rhenen and Nijmegen cemeteries

Legend: M/F = gender; tpq = terminus post quem of the type; taq = terminus ante quem of the type

Rhenen Nijmegen

Ts bowl Rh 833K 601 M Gellep 34, Hübener group 7

395 425

Buckle Rh 834A 605 M? Belt set B 61.1 M 400 450

Tweezers Rh 834D 605 M? Tweezers B 61.3 M - -

Belt set Rh 835AB 606 M Belt set B 61.1 M 400 450

Glass beaker Rh 839F 612 93 M Glass bea-ker

B 465.5 F 376 500

Cooking pot Rh 839G 612 M Gellep 108 330 500

Belt set Rh 842D 616 42 M Belt set B 61.1 M 400 450

Tweezers Rh 842J4 617 M Tweezers B 61.3 M - -

Bone comb Rh 842K 618 M Bone comb B 620.16 F - -

Cooking pot Rh 844 623 F Gellep 108 330 500

Glass beaker Rh 844D 623 F Glass bea-ker

B 465.5 F 376 500

Dish fibula Rh 844A 623 F Dish fibula B 465.13 F 434 467

Box of horn Rh 844D 623 F Sapropelite box

OO 250.17 F 313 333

Iron axe Rh 846B 627 M Iron axe B 61.2 M 440 485

The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen

Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983

NederlandseOudheden 17

RAM

209Cold case in het stuifzand

The Late Roman Cem

eteries of Nijm

egenN

O 17

In the second decade of the 4th century AD two cemeteries were started to the west and the east of the Late

overlooking the river Waal.

When the infrastructural works of water, sewerage and electricity began in the second half of the 19th century,

bombardment of Nijmegen, excavations were carried out from 1947 until 1963 during its rebuilding, and again in the years 1975-1976.This cemetery turned out to be the largest of the 4th century in the Netherlands.

works in 1975, followed by large-scale excavations in the years 1980-1983.

and both series of excavations. The cemetery in the east ceased to be used by the end of the 4th century, whereas the cemetery in the town centre lasted until c.AD 500.

The Cultural Heritage Agency provides knowledge and advice to give the future a past.

Text

D.C. Steures