THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRACT SEAGEGRASS ROOT

(Imperata cylindrica) AS ALLELOPATHY TO THE GROWTH

OF GREEN GABBAGE (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis

L)

Submitted for Biology Research

By :

XII IPA 2

Rahma Atikah Okdiza Putri

Shinta Nurlitasari

Syahid Muhammad Ridho

Tandry Syawaluddin

Tengku Fatwa

Yayu Maria Ulfah

DINAS PENDIDIKAN PROVINSI BANTEN

BALAI PELAYANAN PENDIDIKAN KHUSUS PROVINSI BANTEN

SMAN CAHAYA MADANI BANTEN BOARDING SCHOOL

Jalan Raya Labuan KM. 3 Kuranten Pandeglang Banten

Tlp. (0253)5210114/5210110 201

A. Background

Indonesia is an archipelago which is the confluence

of two great oceans (the Pacific Ocean and

SamudraHindia) and flanked by broad land (the

continent of Asia and Australia). It affects the

natural conditions, so a lot of leverage sea winds

bring in a lot of rain but that Indonesia has a summer

climate that is climate influenced by monsoon winds

that are blowing once in every 6 months changing

direction. This causes the dry season and rainy season

in Indonesia. This situation caused many plants

flourish in this country, and led to many wild plants

found along the ground. One of the wild plants that

grow is Seagerass.

Seagerass (Imperata cylindrical) is a kind of sharp-

leaved grasses, which often become weeds in

agriculture. Scientific name is Imperata cylindrica, and

placed in the child's tribe Panicoideae. Known in

English as bladygrass, cogongrass, speargrass,

seagegrass, silver-spike or satintail generally

1

called, refers to the flower panicles of white hair

smooth.

Chronic with long grass shoots and scaly, creeping

underground. End (top) shoots that emerge in the land

of sharp pointy, like mine thorns. Short rods, looming

up on the ground and bloom, most often (red) in

purple, often with a bouquet of hair below the book.

Height 0.2 to 1.5 m, in other places may be more.

Leaf blade-shaped line (long ribbons) pointed

lancet, the base narrowed and gutter-shaped, 12-80 cm

long, very rough and jagged edged sharp, long-haired

at base, with large bones and pale leaves in the

middle. Bouquet of flowers in panicles, 6-28 cm long,

with long-haired boy grains (white) lk. 1 cm, As a

floating grain fruit when ripe.

In general, the reeds are used to protect open lands

are easily eroded. Speed of growth, braided reed

rhizomes under the ground, and the leaves cover the

meeting, giving it the benefit of protection required.

Rhizome and roots of the weeds is often used as

traditional medicine, to shed the urine (diuretics),

treatment of fever and others.

Reed can reproduce rapidly, with the seeds quickly

spread with the wind, or through the rhizome which

quickly penetrate the loose soil. Contrary to popular

belief, the weeds do not like to grow in poor soils,

arid or rocky. This grass is pleased with the land was2

fertile, many sunny to slightly shady, damp or dry

conditions. In wet soils or submerged, or are always

shaded, reed did not want to grow. Weed control is

immediately damaged former forest land and open, the

former fields, dry fields, roadsides and others. In

such places the weeds can grow dominant and cover

large areas. The development very fast, because the

production power – either through generative also

vegetatif – very efficient.

B. Problem Statement

How the influence of allelopathy substance at

extract of seagegrass’s root to the growth of green

cabbage.

C. Research Purpose

1. Knowing the effect of giving a solution of extract

of roots of the seagegrass on plant growth green

cabbage.

2. Knowing the difference in green cabbage plant growth

with the effect of differences in volume seagegrass

extracts are given.

D. Research Benefit

3

1. To determine the effect of giving a solution of

seagegrass root extract on the growth of green

cabbage.

2. Can tell the difference with the effect of plant

growth green cabbage volume differences seagegrass

extract given.

E. Theory

1.Green CabbageGreen cabbage (Brassica few convar. Parachinensis;

interest-sawian mustard or Brassicaceae) is a type of

vegetable is quite popular. Also known as caisim,

caisin, or mustard meatballs, vegetables are easily

grown and can be eaten fresh (usually withered by hot

water) or processed into sauerkraut (less common).

These vegetables are easy to grow in lowland and

highland. When grown at cool temperatures will rapidly

flowering plants. Because the typically harvested

throughout the body (except the root), is less

desirable properties. Mustard breeding aimed at one of

them to reduce the sensitivity to these temperatures.

Herbaceous annuals are easy to grow.

Perkecambahannya epigeal. When the young grow weak,

but after the third leaf and so will form a half

rosette with stems thick enough, but not woody. Leaves

4

elliptical, with the tip usually blunt. Fresh green

color, usually not hairy.

Towards the flowering nature rosetnya somewhat

disappeared, exposing the trunk. The flowers are

small, rocky compound composed. Crown of yellow

flowers, numbered 4 (typical Brassicaceae). Stamens 6,

surrounds the pistil. The fruit resembles a pod but it

has two leaves and the fruit is called siliqua.

Because it is easy to grow and responsive to the

changing environment, green cabbage often used as an

experimental plant for fertilization, crop fertility,

disturbance from inadequate nutrient, and

bioremediation.

Benefits of green mustard, known to contain lots of

fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin B2, vitamin B6,

vitamin C, potassium, phosphorus, copper, magnesium,

iron, and protein. With abortion, the green cabbage

efficacious for preventing cancer, hypertension, and

heart disease, help the health of the digestive

system, prevent and treat disease pellagra, and

prevent pregnant women from anemia.

Green cabbage has a different name in every country.

In Indonesia it called mustard greens, mustard

meatballs, caisim, caisin. In United Kingdom called

false pakchoi, mock pakchoi. In Thailand it called

phakkat kheo Kwangtung. In china it called cai xin.

5

Scientific Classification of Green Cabbage

Kingdom : Plantae (Plants)

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta (vascular plants)

Super Division : Spermatophyta (seed Produce)

Division : Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)

Class : Magnoliopsida (dashed two / dikotil)

Sub Class : Dilleniidae

Order : Capparales

Family : Brassicaceae (cabbage-tribe sawian)

Genus : Brassica

Species : Brassica few var. parachinensis L.

2.SeagegrassPlant grass or weeds more we know as plant pests or

weeds. These plants like rice but do not have seeds.

This one turned out to plant a lot of benefits, so you

know how to process them.

During this uncomfortable with people who burn crops

and weeds is usually another grove, or cuted out. But

if the roots are still strongly embedded in the

6

ground, this effort is actually wasted. It will grow

again and rising, scattered and fulfil entire land.

a. Chemical content of the reeds

Results of research on this plant mentioned that

seagegrass root (Imperata cylindrica) has nutrition likes

protein 1,54 %, energy 3728 kkal/kg, SK 0,24 %, fat

0,29 %, Ca 0,16 % and P 0,28%. metabolit that found in

seagegrass root has consisted of arundin, ferfenol,

flavonoid, kampesterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol,

katekol, sour oksalat, cittrate, potassium (0,75% from

BK), a large amount of calcium and 5-

hidroksitriptamin. From watchfulness result other

towards root and leaf is found 5 descendant kinds

flavonoid that is descendant 3’ ,4’ ,7-trihidroksi

flavon, 2’ ,3’ -dihidroksi kalkon and 6-hidroksi

flavanol. A descendant flavonoid possibility belongs

group flavon, flavonol substitusion in 3-OH, flavanon

or isoflavon found in extract faction that dissolve in

etilasetat seagegrass root (Imperata cylindrica). In

extract faction that dissolve in seagegrass root water

(Imperata cylindrica) found compound group flavon without

cluster OH free, flavon, flavonol substitusi in 3-OH,

flavanon, or isoflavon (Anonymous, 2003). seagegrass

root (Imperata cylindrica) also aqueous (81,00714%),

carbohydrate (6,3072%), fiber (5,8580%), ash

(1,1301%), monitol, K compound, sacarosa glucose,7

malic acid, citric acid, arundoin, cyllindrin,

fernenol, simiarenol and anemonin (Mursito, 2000).

With those contents, the reeds are antipyretic

(reduces temperature), diuretics (urine shed),

hemostatic (stops bleeding), and eliminating water.

b. Savor the reeds

Parts used for medical drugs are the roots. In fact,

its roots can be used to lowering the temperature,

launched urine, stop bleeding, and as a remedy for

bleeding at the nose, spitting blood, gonorrhea

(gonorrhea), hepatitis, kidney infections.

c. How to cultivate the weeds

Tree roots are boiled grass with enough water and

drink the remaining half after the cooking water and

allowed to cool. If necessary, be mixed with a little

brown sugar (Sugar) or with a little honey.

According to Professor Hembing, traditional medicine

and acupuncture, reed of seagerass efficacious as a

remedy for various health problems, such as kidney

stones, kidney infections, bladder stones, gall

stones, urinating is not smooth or continuous, the

urine contains blood, prostate, leucorrhoea, whooping

cough, coughing blood, nosebleeds, bleeding in women,

fever, measles, hepatitis, hepatitis, high blood8

pressure, nervous weakness, asthma, pneumonia,

coronary heart disease, indigestion, diarrhea, etc.

Scientific Classification of Seagegrass (Alang-alang)

Kingdom : Plantae

Division : Magnoliophyta

Class : Liliopsida

Order : Poales

Family : Poaceae

Genus : Imperata

Species : Imperata cylindrical

3.AllelopathyAllelopathy is the interaction between populations,

when the population is one generates substances that

can inhibit the growth of other populations. For

example, around the walnut tree (juglans) are rarely

covered in other plants because these plants produce

substances that are toxic. In microorganisms known as

anabiosa allelopathy term or antibiotisme. Example,

the fungus Penicillium sp. can produce antibiotics

that can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria.

a. Mechanism of Allelopathy

9

Allelopathy phenomena include all types of chemical

interactions between plants, between microorganism, or

between plants and microorganisms (Einhellig, 1995a).

According to Rice (1984) The interaction include

inhibition and pacing directly or indirectly, a

chemical compound formed by an organism (plants,

animals or microbes) on the growth and development of

other organisms. Chemical compound that plays a role

in the mechanism is called allelochemical.

Allelochemical influence is selective, the effect on

certain types of organisms but not against other

organisms (Weston, 1996).

Allelochemical in plants established in various

organs, possibly in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers

and or seeds. Forming organs and species-specific

allelochemical on each species. In general

allelochemical are secondary metabolites which are

grouped into 14 categories, namely water-soluble

organic acids, lactones, long-chain fatty acids,

quinone, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, cinnamic

acid and its derivatives, benzoic acid and its

derivatives, coumarins, phenols and phenolic acids,

nonprotein amino acids, sulfides, and nucleosides.

Alelochemical release generally occurs at a certain

developmental stage, and the levels are influenced by

biotic and abiotic stress (Einhellig, 1995b).

10

Allelochemical in plants released into the

environment and achieve the target organism through

evaporation, root exudation, leaching, or

decomposition. Any type of removable alelochemical

specific mechanism depends on its constituent organs

and form or chemical nature. Mechanism allelochemical

influence (especially that block) on the growth and

development of organisms (especially plants) target

through a series of fairly complex process, but

according to Einhellig (1995b) The process begins at

the plasma membrane with the chaos structure, membrane

channel modification, or loss of enzyme function ATP-

ase. This will affect the absorption and concentration

of ions and water which then affects the opening of

the stomata and the photosynthetic process. The next

obstacle may occur in the process of protein

synthesis, pigment and other carbon compounds, as well

as the activity of some plant growth substance. Some

or all of these obstacles and lead to the disruption

of cell division and enlargement which eventually

inhibit plant growth and development targets.

Allelopathy certainly beneficial for species that

produce it, however detrimental to the target plant.

Therefore, plants that produce alelochemical generally

dominate certain areas, so the general residential

population is the population of plants producing

alelochemical. Given this interaction process, the11

absorption of nutrients and water in plants producing

terkonsenterasi alelochemical and certain plants

tolerant to this compound.

Allelopathy compound formation process is really a

process of interaction between species or

antarpopulasi that show an ability of organisms to

maintain survival by competing with other organisms,

both in terms of diet, habitat, or in other cases.

12

F. Research Methodology

a. Materials

1. 9 Polly bags

2. Soil

3. Scissors

4. Paper and pen

5. Seed of green cabbage

6. Extract of seagrass’s root

7. Blender

8. Water

9. Compost

b. Methods

1. Prepare all materials and tools that we need for

this experiment

2. Hunting for the seagegrass then divide the root

from the body of plant

3. Cut the root of seagegrass until the size is

little so that easier is to blend

4. Blend the root with water then divide the

extract

5. Prepare 12 polybags that filled by soil

6. Plant the seed at the soil then give the compost

on the soil with the same dosage in all polybags

7. Watering the seed in polybag A with 5ml of

water(control), polybag B with 5ml of water and

5ml of extract seagegrass’s seed, polybag C with

13

5ml of water and 10ml of extract seagegrass’s

seed, and polybag D with 5ml of water and 15ml

of extract seagegrass’s seed the extract

8. Do the watering of extract seagegrass’s seed

every day then observe the growth of green

gabbage seed.

G. Research Design

In this research used the technique of

observation and experiment, where does author do

experiment from seagegrass extract influence

towards growth cesin. Then also use observation

technique, where does author watch closely growth

every the day with measures long increase from

every plants that given treatment differ in every

our treatment uses each 3 plants.

14

Informati

Collecting

H. Schedule

Table 1. The Schedule of Planting and Observing

Activity

Time Activity EffectAugust 5, 2012 Collecting

Materials

15

Experiments using different growing

ControlWater

Water 5ml + extract seagegrass

Water 5ml + extract seagegrass

Water 5ml + extract seagegrass

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

D1

D2

D3

Preparation of

reports

Observation

August 6, 2012 Planting

process and

wateringAugust 7-12,

2012

Watering All plants have

the same level

in heightAugust 13, 2012 Giving

treatment

All plants have

the same level

in heightAugust 14, 2012 Watering and

giving

treatment

Imbibition of

seed

August 15, 2012 Watering and

giving

treatment

Germination of

seed

August 16-18 Watering and

giving

treatment

Growth process

August 19, 2012 Measuring

process

Each plants have

difference level

in height

I. Data Analyze

The result calculation of watchfulness is done by

using this following formula.

16

JKT=∑i=1

k❑∑

j=1

nxij2−

T2

nk

JKT=∑i=1

k Ti2n

− T2nk

JKT=JKT−JKK

Explanation:

JKT : Jumlah Kuadrat Total

X2ij : Pengamatan ke-j populasi ke-i

T2 : Total semua pengamatan

JKK : Jumlah kuadrat kolom

JKG : Jumlah kuadrat galat

nk : Banyaknya anggota secara keseluruhan

T2i : Total semua pengamatan dalam contoh dari

populasi ke-i

n : Banyaknya pengamatan / anggota baris

Table 2. The Kind Analyze in one way

classification with the same data

Sumber

Keragaman

Jumlah

Kuadrat

Deraja

t

Bebas

Kuadrat

Tengah

F Hitung

Nilai

Tengah

JKK k-1 S21=JKK /

(k-1)S2

1 / S22Galat JKG K(n-1) S2

1=JKK /

(k(n-1)

17

Total JKT nk-1Table 3. The Influence of seagegrass Towards

Plant Heigh (cm)

No

.

Days A

water

5ml

(cm)

B water 5ml

+ extract

seagegrass

5ml (cm)

C water 5ml

+ extract

seagegrass

10ml (cm)

D water

5ml +

extract

seagegra

ss 15ml

(cm)1 1 4 4 4 42 2 4.5 4 4 43 3 5 4.5 4 44 4 5.2 4.8 4.2 4.15 5 5.5 5 4.4 4.26 6 6 5.3 4.5 4.3

Table 3. The Summary of Plants Growth

Observation

Groups Count Sum Average VarianceGroup A 6 27.6 4.6 0.284Group B 6 25.1 4.183333 0.049667Group C 6 24.6 4.1 0.016Group D 6 30.2 5.033333 0.506667

Table 4. The Result Calculation of Green

Cabbage (Brassica rapa) Using Anova Single Factor

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Source

of

Variat

ion

SS d

f

MS F P-

value

F crit

Betwee

n

Groups

3.3179

173

1.1059

72

5.1660

83

0.008

323.098391

Within

g

Groups

4.2816

67

2

0

0.2140

83

Total 7.5995

83

J. Discussion

The research that we do aim to determine whether a

substance may inhibit alelopati vegetables or crops or

not, researchers in this study used a sample of green

cabbage. Of the results obtained, it is true that the

extract of the roots of seagegrass that contain

allelopathy can inhibit the growth of green cabbage in

a period of 6 days. It proved after we give treatment

in the form of watering allelopathy extract every day

for 6 days as the 5ml for sample B1, B2, B3, as the

10ml for sample C1, C2, C3, and as much as 15ml for

sample D1, D2, D3, and none extract for sample A1, A2,

19

A3 as controll.

The result shown that the sample D1, D2, D3 which

researchers gave root extract 15 ml of seagegrass

root’s extract grow shorter than the other samples.

Whereas sample A1, A2, A3 as controll grow taller

because we do not provide treatment. Each plant in a

group show almost have the same height on each plant,

therefore researchers claim that in every group of

plants grow well with the soil conditions and the

granting of equal treatment on all three, so that the

three plants in one group grows to the same level of

height.

K. Summary

According to the report Eussen (1978) that compounds

that are found in allelopaty of seagegrass root’s

extract consist primarily of phenolic compounds such

as vanilat acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, p-kumarik and

ferulik acid. Then, Wattimena (1988) states that these

phenolic acids may inhibit seed germination, stem

extension and root and shoot formation. From the

results of the study, the researchers did conclude and

observed green cabbage that we give different

treatment experienced difference growth in each sample

that we tested. It means, the allelopathy of the

seagegrass’s root (Imperata cylindrica) is inhibits the

growth of green cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis L).20

L. Study Literature

Ardi; K. Ohsawa and G. Ismail, 1995. Response of

several annual broadleaf weeds to allelopathy of

alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv) Jurnal

Stigma 3 (1): 85-89.

Dove,M.R dan Sugeng M. 1987. Manusia dan Alang-Alang di

Indonesia. Yogyakarta : Gajahmada University Press.

Eussen, J. H. H. 1978. Studies on the tropical weed

Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv var. major Ph. D.

Thesis. Utrecht University. The netherland.

21

Wartimera, G. A. 1988. Zat pengatur tumbuh tanaman,

IPB Bogor, 143 hal.

Yamamota, Y. 1994. Allelopathy potential of Anthoxanthum

odoratum for invading zoysia grassland in Japan. Journal of

chemical ecology 21 (6): 1365-1373.

22