THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IN THE...

МАКЕДОНСКО ГЕОГРАФСКО ДРУШТВО MACEDONIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

ЗБОРНИК НА ТРУДОВИ МЕЃУНАРОДЕН НАУЧЕН СИМПОЗИУМ

PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM

РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИ ПОДРАЧЈА

- ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

HILLY MOUNTAIN AREAS - PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

КНИГА 1 / TOME 1

ОХРИД/OHRID 12-15.09.2013

ОРГАНИЗАЦИСКИ ОДБОР Д-р Благоја Маркоски Д-р Олгица Димитровска Д-р Ивица Милевски Д-р Билјана Апостоловска-Тошевска Д-р Дејан Илиев Д-р Свемир Горин Д-р Иван Радевски НАУЧЕН ОДБОР Д-р Благоја Маркоски (Македонија) Д-р Драгица Живковиќ (Србија) Д-р Михаило Зиков (Македонија) Д-р Маријана Николова (Бугарија) Д-р Никола Панов (Македонија) Д-р Марко Кревс (Словенија) Д-р Роситса Кендерова (Бугарија) Д-р Славољуб Драгичевиќ (Србија) Д-р Рахман Нурковиќ (Босна и Херцеговина) Д-р Александар Лукиќ (Хрватска) Д-р Радислав Тошиќ (Босна и Херцеговина) УРЕДУВАЧКИ ОДБОР Д-р Благоја Маркоски Д-р Ивица Милевски Д-р Свемир Горин Д-р Иван Радевски Д-р Дејан Илиев Владимир Златаноски ТЕХНИЧКО УРЕДУВАЊЕ Д-р Благоја Маркоски Владимир Златаноски ДИЗАЈН НА КОРИЦА Д-р Благоја Маркоски Владимир Златаноски ИЗДАВАЧ Македонско географско друштво

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Blagoja Markoski, PhD Olgica Dimitrovska, PhD Ivica Milevski, PhD Biljana Apostolovska-Tosevska, PhD Dejan Iliev, PhD Svemir Gorin, PhD Ivan Radevski, PhD SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Blagoja Markoski, PhD (Univ. Skopje, Macedonia) Dragica Zivkovic, PhD (Univ. Belgrade, Serbia) Mihailo Zikov, PhD (Univ. Skopje, Macedonia) Mariyana Nikolova, PhD (Univ. Sofia, Bulgaria) Nikola Panov, PhD (Univ. Skopje, Macedonia) Marko Krevs, PhD (Univ. Ljubljana, Slovenia) Rositsa Kenderova, PhD (Univ. Sofia, Bulgaria) Slavoljub Dragicevic, PhD (Univ. Belgrade, Serbia) Rahman Nurkovic, PhD (Univ. Sarajevo, BIH) Aleksandar Lukic, PhD (Univ. Zagreb, Croatia) Radislav Tosic, PhD (Univ. Banja Luka, BIH) EDITORIAL BOARD Blagoja Markoski, PhD Ivica Milevski, PhD Svemir Gorin, PhD Ivan Radevski, PhD Dejan Iliev, PhD Vladimir Zlatanoski TECHNICAL EDITORS Blagoja Markoski, PhD Vladimir Zlatanoski COVER DESIGN Blagoja Markoski, PhD Vladimir Zlatanoski PUBLISHED BY Macedonian geographical society

ПОСЕБНО ИЗДАНИЕ

ЗБОРНИК НА ТРУДОВИ ОД МЕЃУНАРОДНИОТ

НАУЧЕН СИМПОЗИУМ НА ТЕМА „РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА-ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ“

Издавач

МАКЕДОНСКО ГЕОГРАФСКО ДРУШТВО

Уредувачки одбор

Д-р Благоја Маркоски Д-р Ивица Милевски

Д-р Свемир Горин Д-р Иван Радевски Д-р Дејан Илиев

Владимир Златаноски

Организациски одбор

Д-р Благоја Маркоски Д-р Олгица Димитровска

Д-р Ивица Милевски Д-р Билјана Апостоловска-Тошевска

Д-р Дејан Илиев Д-р Свемир Горин Д-р Иван Радевски

Согласно принципите при организација на научниот симпозиум со меѓународно учество „Ридско-планински подрачја –проблеми и перспективи“ трудовите се објавени во авторски облик. Во контекст на тоа целокупната одговорност за научната содржина, лектура, стилски, семантички и други недостатоци паѓа на товар на авторите.

SPECIAL EDITION

PROCEEDINGS PROM INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC

SYMPOSIUM ON THE SUBJECT „HILLY MOUNTAIN AREAS -PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES“

Publisher

MACEDONIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

Editorial board

Blagoja Markoski, PhD Ivica Milevski, PhD Svemir Gorin, PhD Ivan Radevski, PhD

Dejan Iliev, PhD Vladimir Zlatanoski

Organizing committee

Blagoja Markoski, PhD Olgica Dimitrovska, PhD

Ivica Milevski, PhD Biljana Apostolovska-Tosevska, PhD

Dejan Iliev, PhD Svemir Gorin, PhD Ivan Radevski, PhD

According to the organizational principles of the scientific symposium with international participation „Hilly mountain areas -problems and perspectives“, proceedings were published in their authentic form. In that context, full responsibility for the scientifi content, style, semantic form, grammar and other mistakes, falls on the authors themselves.

РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИ ПОДРАЧЈА - ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ, Охрид, 12-15 IX 2013

HILLY- MOUNTAIN - AREAS PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES, Ohrid, 12-15 IX 2013

СОДРЖИНА / CONTENTS


ПРЕДГОВОР ..................................................................................................................................................... XI PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................... XII

ПОЗДРАВЕН ГОВОР Проф. д-р Благоја МАРКОСКИ, Претседател на Македонско географско друштво ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НА РИДСКО ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА ......................................... XIII PRESIDENT WELCOME Blagoja MARKOSKI PhD. President of Macedonian geographic society PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF HILLY MOUNTAIN AREAS .......................................................... XV

ПОЗДРАВНИ ГОВОРИ / WELCOME SPEECHES ................................................................................. XVII

Проф. д-р Никола ПАНОВ Продекан на Природно-математичкиот факултет, Универзитет “Св. Кирил и Методиј“, Скопје ............................................................................................... XVII Prof. Dragica ZIVKOVIC, PhD University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Republic of Serbia ................................................................ XVIII Assistant Professor Dubravka SPEVEC, PhD President of the Croatian Geographical Society................................................................................................. XIX Prof. Georgi LEONIDOV GEORGIEV, PhD South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria....................................................... XX Prof. Milena MOYZEOVA, PhD Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic ........................... XXI Проф. д-р Никола В. ДИМИТРОВ Продекан на Факултет за туризам и бизнис логистика – Гевгелија Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ – Штип, Република Македонија ................................................................... XXII ЗАВРШЕН ДЕЛ НА НАУЧНИОТ СИМПОЗИУМ, ЗАКЛУЧОЦИ ................................................................................................................................................. XXIII

THE FINAL PART OF THE SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................................XXIV ФОТОГАЛЕРИЈА / PHOTOGALERY ...................................................................................................... XXV

Rossitza KENDEROVA, Ahinora BALTAKOVA (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) GLACIER ENDS GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY IN SOUTH BAY AREA, LIVINGSTON ISLAND (SOUTH SHETHLANDS ARCHIPELAGO) ................................................................ 3

ПРИРОДНИ РЕСУРСИ И КОРИСТЕЊЕ НА ЗЕМЈИШТЕТО ВО РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА

NATURAL RESOURCES AND LAND USE IN HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS

ПЛЕНАРНА СЕСИЈА PLENARY SESSION

V

http://igeografija.mk/MGD/Ohrid-2013/Makedonski/index.htm

http://igeografija.mk/MGD/Ohrid-2013/index.htm



Ivan RADEVSKI, Svemir GORIN, Blagoja MARKOSKI, Olgica DIMITROVSKA, Snezana TODOROVSKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) SPATIAL PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION IN PRESPA BASIN (REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA) ............. 9

Aleksandar SARAFOV, Tsveta STANIMIROVA, Ekaterina FILCHEVA (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) TOWARDS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KHUMBU HIMALAYAS PEDOGENESIS ....................... 15

Marta JOVANIĆ (Vinkovci, Republic of Croatia) DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL LIKA LANDSCAPE (REPUBLIC OF CROATIA) CAUSED BY THE SOCIO-ECONOMICAL PROCESSES ................................................................................ 23

Sherwet FADL (Damanhour, Egypt) THE TOPOGRAPHY OF GREEK MOUNTAINS IN THE LIGHT OF GREEK SOURCES ............................ 31

Mihailo ZIKOV, Ivan RADEVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) WATER SUPPLY ANALYSIS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN KRIVA REKA WATERSHED ................... 39

Dimitar KRENCHEV, Tsvetelina MONEVA (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) WEATHERING PROCESSES AND RELATED PRODUCTS IN GRANITE ROCKS IN SOUTH PIRIN, SOUTH-WEST BULGARIA................................................................................................................................ 45

Marjan TEMOVSKI (Prilep, Republic of Macedonia) KARST IN MARIOVO – EXTENSION, CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPORTANCE ................................... 53

Plamen PATARCHANOV (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) THE MOUNTAIN AREA IN BULGARIA – THEORY, METHODS AND PRACTICE ................................... 63

Georgi ZHELEZOV, Aleksander TODOROV (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) PRESENT STATUS OF THE LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY IN KRAISHTE MOUNTAIN REGION ................ 73

Anton IVANOV, Georgi ZHELEZOV (Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) MOUNTAINS CLIMATE INFLUENCE ON RIVER STREAMFLOWS AND LOCAL MEAN SEA LEVEL 79

Anita TODOROVA, Dragan KOLCAKOVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) PROTECTION AND PRESENTATION OF THE KATLANOVO HILL ........................................................... 89

Mladen PAHERNIK, Marta JOVANIĆ (Zagreb/Vinkovci, Republic of Croatia) GEOMORPHOLOGIC DATABASE IN THE FUNCTION OF THE CENTRAL LIKA LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY (REPUBLIC OF CROATIA) ..................................... 97

Sanja KLEMPIĆ BOGADI, Dubravka SPEVEC (Zagreb, Republic of Croatia) DEMOGRAPHIC REALITY, PERSPECTIVE AND CHALLENGES IN CROATIAN HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS– CASE STUDY GORSKI KOTAR ....................................... 109

Risto MIJALOV, Goran KITEVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) REVITALIZATION OF HILLY - MOUNTAINOUS AREAS AS A BASIS FOR DEMOGRAPHIC PROGRESS OF MACEDONIA ............................................................ 117

Nikola V. DIMITROV (Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) DEMO-GEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ............................................................. 125

Milena MOYZEOVÁ, Július OSZLÁNYI (Bratislava, Slovak Republic) DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS IN THE RESEARCH OF HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES ........ 133

Dušan RANĐELOVIĆ,Hristina KRSTIĆ, Nikola CEKIĆ, Miomir VASOV, Milica IGIĆ (Niš, Republic of Serbia) LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF DESIGNING INDIVIDUAL HOUSES OF HILLY MOUNTAIN AREAS ...................................................... 141

Emiliya PATARCHANOVA (Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria) ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE VILLAGES IN PODGORIE (BELASITSA) ................................................ 149

ДЕМОГРАФСКИ ПРОБЛЕМИ, ПОЛИТИКА НА ЕКОНОМСКИ И РЕГИОНАЛЕН РАЗВОЈ ВО РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА

DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS IN HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS, POLICY OF ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS

VI





Maria SHISHMANOVA, Rozina POPOVA (Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria) DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF MOUNTAIN AREAS IN BULGARIA .................................................... 159

Zdenko BRAIČIĆ, Jelena LONČAR (Zagreb, Republic of Croatia) SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF FORCED MIGRATIONS – CASE STUDY OF KOSTAJNICA REGION (ZRINSKA GORA MOUNTAIN, CROATIA) ...................... 169

Marija LJAKOSKA, Dejan ILIEV (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) DEPOPULATION OF THE VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS IN THE FORMER MUNICIPALITIES VRANESHTICA AND DRUGOVO .................................................................................................................. 177

Milica IGIĆ, DušanRANĐELOVIĆ, Hristina KRSTIĆ, Nikola CEKIĆ, Miomir VASOV (Niš, Republic of Serbia) URBAN PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION OF HILLY MOUNTAIN AREAS IN INDIA ............................ 185

Kole PAVLOV, Gjorgi PAVLOVSKI (Skopje/Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) DEMOGRAPHIC HOUSEHOLD DISCHARGE IN HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF TIKVEŠ BASIN .................................................................. 195

Boštjan KERBLER (Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia) DEMOGRAPHIC POTENTIALS OF MOUNTAIN FARMS IN SLOVENIA: ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SUCCESSION FACTORS ................................................................................ 203

Željka ŠILJKOVIĆ (Zadar, Republic of Croatia) WHAT IS THE FUTURE SCENARIO FOR RURAL MOUNTAIN REGIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA? ................................................................................................................. 221

Nikola CEKIC, Miomir VASOV, Milica IGIC, Dusan RANDJELOVIC, Hristina KRSTIC (Niš, Republic of Serbia) PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS IN HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS ................................................................................................. 229

Branko AJ TURNŠEK, Svetlana VREĆIĆ, Ljiljana JEVREMOVIĆ (Niš, Republic of Serbia) ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL OF VILLAGES IN THE AREA OF NIS - HILLY VILLAGES ....................... 237

Miroslav DODEROVIĆ, Dragomir KIĆOVIĆ, Tatjana L. ĐEKIĆ, Dragica MIJANOVIC (Niksic, Montenegro; Kosovska Mitrovica/Nis, Republic of Serbia) BASIC TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF MONTENEGRO AND SOME PROBLEMS OF ITS REVITALIZATION ................................................ 247

Boštjan KERBLER (Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia) CARE POTENTIALS FOR THE ELDERLY IN THE PERIPHERAL RURAL AREAS ................................. 255

Milena SPASOVSKI, Danica ŠANTIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) POPULATION POTENTIALS OF THE MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF SERBIA – TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 267

Biljana APOSTOLOVSKA TOSHEVSKA, Dejan ILIEV (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC-GEOGRAPHICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HILLY, HILLY-MOUNTAINOUS AND MOUNTAINOUS VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF BABUNA AND TOPOLKA ........................................ 275

Hristina KRSTIĆ, Nikola CEKIĆ, Miomir VASOV, Milica IGIĆ, Dušan RANĐELOVIĆ (Nis, Republic of Serbia) MODERN APPROACHES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF HOUSES IN HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS ................................................................................................ 283

Mirjanka MADJEVIKJ (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS IN SETTLEMENTS OF MUNICIPALITY OF SOPISHTE ......................... 291

Milka BUBALO-ŽIVKOVIĆ, Tamara LUKIĆ, Bojan ĐERČAN, Branko RISTANOVIĆ (Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia) SETTLEMENTS ON FRUŠKA GORA IN THE URBAN AREA OF NOVI SAD........................................... 303

Biljana APOSTOLOVSKA – TOSHEVSKA, Mirjanka MADZEVIC (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) PROBLEMS WITH THE DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING IN THE HILLY, HILLY – MOUNTAINS AND MOUNTAINOUS VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS IN THE NORTHEAST REGION ......................................... 313

Bojana JANDŽIKOVIĆ (Kosovska Mitrovica, Republic of Serbia) SOCIO-GEOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN GORAŽDEVAC 1999-2012 ........................................................... 325

VII





Cane KOTESKI, Zlatko JAKOVLEV, Vladimir KITANOV (Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) DEMOGRAPHIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS OF VILLAGES IN THE HILLY - MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF PRILEP .................................................... 335

Tihomir LICHEV (Svishtov, Republic of Bulgaria) DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PRE-BALKANS .......................................................................................................................................................... 347

T. MICESKI, R. TEMJANOVSKI (Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF BIRTHS IN RURAL AREAS IN R. MACEDONIA ........................................................................................................ 353


Amra ĆATOVIĆ, Edin HRELJA (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) VLAŠIĆ MOUNTAIN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES ...................... 369

Dejan ILIEV, Marija LJAKOSKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) TOURISM AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HILLY-MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN THE MUNICIPALITY RADOVISH............................................. 377

Marija MAKSIN, Saša MILIJIC (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) PLANNING SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HILLY-MOUNTAIN REGIONS IN SERBIA ......................................................................................................................................................... 387

Nikola KRUNIĆ, Dragutin TOŠIĆ, Olgica BAKIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) CHALLENGES OF SPATIAL PLANNING FOR THE NETWORKS OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE HILLY AND MOUNTAIN AREAS OF SERBIA .......................................................................................................... 397

Nikola PANOV, Milena TALESKA, Hristina DIMESKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) THE RURAL TOURISM IN THE REGION OF MARIOVO-GENERAL REVIEW OF THE POSSIBILITIES AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TOURISM ..... 407

Georgi Leonidov GEORGIEV, Ilinka TERZIYSKA (Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria) SOME PROBLEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IN PROTECTED AREAS UNDER NATURA 2000 IN BULGARIA .................................................................... 413

Благоја МАРКОСКИ, Ивица МИЛЕВСКИ, Ј. Вртески (Скопје, Република Македонија) ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НА РАЗВОЈОТ НА ОПШТИНА ПЕХЧЕВО .......................................... 421

Dejan ILIEV (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HILLY-MOUNTAINʹS AREAS ..................................... 433

Aleksandra TERZIĆ, Željko BJELJAC, Ana JOVIČIĆ, Radmila JOVANOVIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TOURISM IN HIGH-MOUNTIN AREAS OF SERBIA AS ALTERNATIVE TO DEPOPULATION TREND ......................................................................................... 443

Ilinka TERZIYSKA (Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria) TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND TOURISM IN BULGARIA – PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES ........ 453

Ivan SARJANOVIĆ (Zagreb, Republic of Croatia) WESTERN SLAVONIA: IDENTITY ASPECTS IN THE BORDER PART OF THE TRADITIONAL REGION ......................................................................... 459

Maria SHISHMANOVA (Blagoevgrad, Republic of Bulgaria) PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMIC POLICY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS IN BULGARIA ........................................................................................................ 469

ЕКОНОМСКА ПОЛИТИКА И РЕГИОНАЛЕН РАЗВОЈ НА РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА

POLICY OF ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS

VIII





Biljana PETREVSKA (Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF TOURISM PLANNING IN HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS ............................. 479

Vaska ATANASOVA, Ile CVETANOVSKI, Nikola KRSTANOSKI, Dushica TRPCHEVSKA ANGELKOVIK (Bitola, Republic of Macedonia) PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES IN SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT MODES IN THE NATIONAL PARK OF MAVROVO ................................................................................................... 489

Никола В. ДИМИТРОВ, Нако ТАШКОВ, Дејан МЕТОДИЈЕСКИ (Штип, Република Македонија) РЕГИОНАЛНА РАСПРОСТРАНЕТОСТ НА РУРАЛНИОТ ТУРИЗАМ ВО РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИТЕ ПОДРАЧЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА ............................................................................................ 497

Miomir VASOV, Milica IGIC, Dusan RANDJELOVIC, Hristina KRSTIC, Nikola CEKIC (Nis, Republic of Serbia) ARCHITECTURE OF THE NATURE PARK STARA PLANINA MT. AS A TOURISM POTENTIAL ...... 503

Saša MILIJIĆ, Nikola KRUNIĆ, Jasmina ĐURĐEVIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS – EXPERIENCES OF SERBIA AND COUNTRIES IN THE REGION ............ 511

Ile CVETANOVSKI, Verica DANCHEVSKA, Vaska ATANASOVA (Bitola, Republic of Macedonia) IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTS IN MOUNTAIN RESORTS USING RFID TECHNOLOGY ................... 521

J. BASARIĆ, J. STEVANOVIĆ STOJANOVIĆ, J. PETRIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REVITALIZATION OF HILLY-MOUNTAIN VILLAGES . 527

Riste TEMJANOVSKI, Trajko MICESKI (Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) IMPACT OF ROAD NETWORK ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL COMMUNITY AND PROCESS OF DEPOPULATION IN R. MACEDONIA ........................... 537

Nikola PANOV, Milena TALESKA, Hristina DIMESKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) THE IMPORTANCE OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ..................................................................................................................... 547

Dragica ŽIVKOVIĆ, Aleksandar VALJAREVIĆ (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) DIGITAL MODELLING OF FRUSKA GORA TOPOGRAPHIC EXPOSITION ............................................ 559

Blagoja MARKOSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) MAPPING AND CARTOGRAPHING OF THE DEPOPULATED AND ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE LANDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ......................................... 565

Svemir GORIN, Ivan RADEVSKI, Blagoja MARKOSKI, Ivica MILEVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) GIS ASSESSMENT OF THE LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE GEVGELIJA-VALANDOVO BASIN .... 575

Ivica MILEVSKI, Slavoljub DRAGIĆEVIĆ, Radislav TOŠIĆ (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia; Belgrade, Republic of Sebia; Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska) GIS AND REMOTE SENSING ASSESSMENT OF EROSION RISK AREAS IN PEHCHEVO MUNICIPALITY ................................................................................................................................................ 581

Jasmina M. JOVANOVIC (Belgrade, Republic of Serbia) CARTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL OF HILLY-MOUNTIAN AREAS OF SERBIA.......................................................................... 591

Vladimir ZLATANOSKI, Blagoja MARKOSKI, Olgica DIMITROVSKA, Svemir GORIN, Ivan RADEVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) INVENTORY OF SMALL ARTIFICIAL LAKES IN FUNCTION OF HILLY-MOUNTAIN AREAS DEVELOPMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ............................................... 599

КАРТОГРАФИЈА, ГЕОГРАФСКИ ИНФОРМАЦИСКИ СИСТЕМИ, ЖИВОТНА СРЕДИНА ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛИ, ЕВРОПСКИ ПОЛИТИКИ И ПРОГРАМИ ЗА РАЗВОЈ

CARTOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS, EUROPEAN POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR DEVELOPMENT

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Milena MOYZEOVÁ (Bratislava, Slovak Republic) ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR RURAL SETTLEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 613

Igor PESHEVSKI, Milorad JOVANOVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) MORPHOLOGY AND INSTABILITY OF THE TERRAIN AS LIMITING FACTOR IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................... 619

Mila MIHAJILOVIĆ (Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia) THREATS (NATURAL AND DIRECT HUMAN IMPACT) IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS ......................... 627

Shkëlzim UKAJ, Fatbardh SALLAKU, Albona SHALA, Odeta TOTA, Fadil MILLAKU, Elez KRASNIQI (Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo; Tirana, Republic of Albania) THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANTS IN DRENAS REGION, KOSOVO ..................................................................................................................... 633

Odeta TOTA, Bujar HUQI, Eugen SKURAJ, Edmira OZUNI, Fatbardh SALLAKU (Durres\Tirana, Republic of Albania) HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION OF SOILS AROUND METALLURGICAL COMPLEX OF ELBASANI, ALBANIA ........................................................................ 637

Shkëlzim UKAJ, Fatbardh SALLAKU, Fadil HASANI, Elez KRASNIQI, Odeta Tota, Albona SHALA (Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo; Durres\Tirana, Republic of Albania) HEAVY METALS OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN NORTHWEST PART OF DRENAS, REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO ................................................................................................................................. 643

Hristina ODZAKLIESKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) FUNCTIONALITY OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL CAPACITIES IN NATIONAL PARKS ON THE EXAMPLE OF NP MAVROVO ......................................................................................................... 649

Hristina ODZAKLIESKA, Olgica DIMITROVSKA (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPLICATION ON HILLY- MOUNTAIN AREA DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................... 655

Kole PAVLOV, Gorgi PAVLOVSKI, Ivan RADEVSKI (Skopje\Shtip, Republic of Macedonia) HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOME RIVERS IN THE HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF TIKVEŠ ....................................................................... 661

Risto MIJALOV, Goran KITEVSKI (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) DEMO - SPATIAL PERSPECTIVES OF HILLY - MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN THE COUNTRY WITH EUROPEAN INTEGRATION .............................................................................. 671

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ПРЕДГОВОР Зборникот „Ридско-планински подрачја - проблеми и перспективи“ содржи трудови од научниот симпозиум со меѓународно учество на тема Проблеми и перспективи на ридско-планинските подрачја, одржан во Охрид од 12-15.09 2013 година. На собирот учествуваа околу 120 научни учесници, од кои околу 80 научни работници од Македонија, Албанија, Босна и Херцеговина, Бугарија, Египет, Косово, Словенија, Словачка, Србија, Хрватска, бројни учесници од универзитети и факултети, како и учесници од наставниот кадар од основните и средните училишта од Република Македонија. Редоследот на трудовите во основа е даден според редоследот во работната програма на научниот симпозиум. Содржините се групирани во следните целини: Природните ресурси и употребата на земјиштето во ридско-планинските подрачја; Демографските проблеми во ридско-планинските простори; Политика за економски и регионален развој на ридско-планинските области; Картографија, географски информациски системи, проблеми на животната средина

и нејзина заштина, европски политики и програми за развој. Трудовите се припремени според бараните стандарди од страна на уредувачкиот одбор. Зборникот е публикуван во печатена и електронска форма. Печатената форма е изработена во една боја, така што графичките прилози (карти, дијаграми и друго) кои авторите ги припремија во боја не се репродуцирани со адекватен квалитет. Меѓутоа сите трудови во оригинална колор верзија се публикувани во електронското издание на зборникот. Соодветно на претходно воспоставените организациски поставки би сакале да потенцираме дека одговорноста за изнесените содржини, податоци и ставови паѓа на самите автори. Организациониот одбор на научниот симпозиум и уредувачкиот одбор на зборникот изразуваат искрена благодарност кон сите инволвирани институции и поединци во реализацијата на научниот симпозиум. Особена благодарност изразуваме на Институтот за географија при Природно-математичкиот Факултет во Скопје кој финансиски ја помогна организацијата на научниот симпозиум. Изразуваме голема благодарност и до научните работници кои со својот научен потенцијал со искуства од девет држави дадоа придонес кон разрешување на проблемите кои се почесто се појавуваат во ридско-планинските подрачја.

Проф. д-р Благоја Маркоски

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PREFACE The proceedings “Hilly–mountain areas – problems and perspectives” contains papers from the scientific symposium with international appearance with the topic Problems and perspectives of the hilly - mountainous areas, held in Ohrid on 12-15.09.2013. At this meeting participated around 120 scientists, out of which around 80 were from Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Egypt, Kosovo, Slovenia, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, numerous participants from universities and high schools in The Republic of Macedonia. The order of the papers is basically given according to the schedule in the work program of the scientific symposium. The contents are grouped in the following units: Natural resources and land use in hilly-mountain areas, Demographic problems in hilly-mountain areas policy of economic and regional

development of hilly-mountain areas, Policy of economic and regional development of hilly-mountain areas, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, environmental problems and protection,

european policies and programs for development. The papers are edited according to the required standards from the editing board. The proceedings are published in printed and electronic form. The printed form is made in one color, so that the graphic contributions (carts, diagrams and other) which the authors have prepared in color are not reintroduced with the adequate quality. However, all of the works in the original color version are published in the electronic edition of the proceedings. Accordingly to the previously established organizational settings we would like to emphasize that presented content, data and positions are the authors’ responsibility. The organizational board of the scientific symposium and the editing board of the proceedings, express sincere appreciation to all involved institutions and individuals in the realization of the scientific symposium. Especial appreciation is expressed towards the Institute of Geography at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje that financially supported the organization of the symposium. We are expressing large appreciation to the scientific workers as well, who with their scientific potential and with experience of nine countries contributed towards resolving the problems that appear more and more often in the hilly – mountainous regions.

Prof. Blagoja Markoski, Ph.D

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РИДСКО-ПЛАНИНСКИ ПОДРАЧЈА -ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ, Охрид, 12-15 IX 2013

HILLY- MOUNTAIN AREAS -PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES, Ohrid, 12-15 IX 2013

УДК: 338.48-6:379.845

THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HILLY-MOUNTAINʹS AREAS

Dejan ILIEV Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,

Institute of geography, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this paper our attention is focused on alternative forms of tourism and the importance of their economic and non-economic functions in the development of the hilly-mountainous areas. When it comes to economic functions and their role in the development of these areas, the impact of tourism on the local economy is expressed in the growth of consumption of goods produced for domestic and foreign tourists; and the impact of tourism on employment is indicated. The impact of tourism to the revitalization of underdeveloped areas and various aspects relevant for development are also included in this research. In recent years a need to further research of all non-economic features of tourism and its impact on the development of tourist destinations increased, too. Therefore, in this case we will also analyze and summarize educational, health, intercultural and political development aspects of tourism and their possible positive or negative impact on socio-cultural development of small rural settlements in the hilly-mountainous areas. Key words: local economy, employment, health function, cultural function, political function. INTRODUCTION In the early 21st century, a new revolution occurred in tourist movements and in tourist habits, which raised the need of creating a new tourism product, designed in accordance to the needs and demands of the “new tourist”. All this created a demand for new research in order to develop brand new strategies for new forms of tourism which will provide us to foresee the impact of tourism on such potentially new tourist destinations development in the future. Studies show that the tourism services suitable for those new or alternative forms of tourism are distinguished by some specific characteristics: based on authenticity and uniqueness, and also on their impact on the local environment. Moreover, alternative forms of tourism always have significant effects on the economic and social life in those newly discovered tourism destinations and on new initiatives. Therefore, tourism should be treated as a complex phenomenon (with all economic and social aspects), which means that despite tangible benefits derived by tourism spending on local economy, we should also study all sociological phenomena that can appear during the processes of the tourism development. This paper is composed of two main parts. In the First part, ”Differences and classification of alternative forms of tourism important for the development of hilly-mountainous areas” we selected and classified new forms of tourism that may be involved in the development of hilly-mountainous areas. In the Second part, “Developmental functions of alternative forms of tourism”, a special emphasis is placed on the importance of the economic aspects of alternative tourism forms, their impact on the tourism industry and investments, their impact on employment and self-employment of the population and the standards of living; and the total impact of tourism development in so called "underdeveloped hilly-mountainous" areas is also considered. The Second part of this paper explains the importance of non-economic functions of alternative forms of tourism on the socio-cultural development of hilly-mountainous areas, with special attention to their healthy habits, cultural exchange, use of modern technology and changes that tourism can bring in overall political decision making

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processes on the local level in every tourism developing rural area, and finally in the region as a whole. DIFFERENCES AND CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HILLY-MOUNTAINOUS AREAS Different potentials of tourist sites, areas, regions and destinations may affect (to encourage, or to limit) the development of certain alternative forms of tourism. In this context, hilly-mountainous areas are a special separate entity, offering unlimited opportunities for development of certain categories of alternative tourism. It seems virtually impossible, but numerous alternative forms of tourism can be inter-twinned and included in the development of hilly-mountainous areas, only if these areas have resources and infrastructure needed for that specific kind of development. So, for example, urban tourism, nautical tourism and some other forms of tourism can not be developed in these areas. Therefore, it is necessary to make a distinction and classification of those new forms of tourism that can be developed in hilly-mountainous areas, especially of those types important for their development.

Figure 1. Differences and classification of alternative forms of tourism typical for hilly-mountainous areas

In the First categorization called "Nature and environment" new forms of tourism are selected. Based on the richness and diversity of nature and the environment are called: ecotourism, climate-health tourism, hiking tourism, hunting tourism and others. (Figure 1.). These forms are the ones on which the development of contemporary tourism and travel trends are based on. The growing need of interaction between nature and tourism, between human and nature, and man and tourism, raises the issue of finding new sites, and in all of this, the most important places are all those fresh and brand new recently re-discovered hilly-mountainous areas. The Second categorization called "Culture and tradition" makes the distinction between several specific forms of tourism that are developed in accordance to the values of which the cultural heritage and tradition of the places is crucial, so we can indicate: cultural tourism,

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religious tourism, gastronomic tourism and other. (Figure 1.). These alternative forms of tourism are developed as a result of the elements of the existing material and spiritual culture on the spot, through which tourists are given the chance to see, sense and experience the culture and traditions of different ethnic groups. It is, therefore, necessary for tourism and for the culture to be integrated in one network that will establish standards and systems to increase their efficiency, and as a result, that way tourism can contribute back to the preservation of the existing cultural heritage in those areas. In hilly-mountainous areas in many countries around the World, as in the Republic of Macedonia also, we can find inexhaustible potential for development of these new forms of tourism related to culture and tradition. The Third categorization "Special events and happenings" some other alternative forms of tourism are included: sporting events, ethno-social events, festivals, etc. (Figure 1.) All of them are developed on the basis of various events, specific rituals, celebrations, performances and presentations of tradition and culture diversity that mark specific events connected to tradition and culture. Today, events are increasingly important in creating specific tourist products and strategies of development. Tourism can initiate inter-cultural contacts and meetings between people from distant countries and areas, people who speak different languages, between all races and religions. Therefore this means that traditions, customs, folklore and other cultural elements are the part of the promotion, marketeering campaigns and advertising of tourism, and only that way attractive events, celebrations and festivals can become popular. As unique and special places relevant for the development of event tourism hilly-mountainous areas remain very attractive for foreigners. For example, in Republic of Macedonia, many regions are characterized with their own old and rich traditions, customs, folklore, arts and crafts and this might have a powerful influence on the development of these new forms of tourism in many hilly-mountain areas. If we take into account the current trends of the tourism market, we may agree that they are strongly suggesting to us some new directions in planning and development of tourism in tourist destinations. Substitution of the well known and famous with small and potentially more and more famous tourist destinations, can be done only if there is a need for new tourism services and products, and if we act in tourism development in accordance to particular requirements immanent for specific tourist products, services, and offers. Countries that have hilly-mountainous areas, that have re-discovered and promoted their potentials rapidly on the tourist market, they all did that by developing adequate alternative forms of tourism. However, it is necessary to establish, to promote and to use all available marketing and advertising tools to make your local quality tourism product and offer well known and famous because its position in the global market is essential for the success. DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM Alternative forms of tourism have many characteristics that are interconnected in a way that makes one place and community to be a unit with significant impact not only in economic development, but also to the overall social development of the area. Developmental functions of alternative forms of tourism can be divided in two groups: group of economic functions (primary functions) group of non-economic functions (secondary functions) The influence of these two major developmental functions to the new forms of tourism shows that they are interdependent and complementary, and if we say that they are complex, that is also manifested and visible in all economic and social spheres of life.

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Economic functions of alternative forms of tourism The economic functions of alternative forms of tourism are primary and also obvious effects of the development. The basis of the economic importance of different forms of tourism results from the raise of tourist consumption in all places of visit and stay, so that main economic impact (which can be direct or indirect in benefits!) that can be brought by tourism, is always reflected on the local economy of the area and subsequently on the economy of the country. Direct effects of the development of alternative tourism on the average and sustainable development on the hill-mountain areas are reflected through: impact on the activities that contribute to the growth of tourism industry and investment impact on employment and self-employment and on the levels of the standards of living impact to the development of the underdeveloped hilly-mountainous areas Impact on the activities that contribute to the growth of tourism industry and investment Numerous economic and non-economic activities are essential to meet the needs of tourists in general, but the focus of this analysis is on the direct impact of alternative forms of tourism, tourism industry, accommodation and food services, transport, trade, handicrafts etc. "Accommodation and food" is on the top. They are of primary importance and a leading factor on tourism market, because staying in hotels or small resorts, as always and everywhere, depends on accommodation and food. Tourists staying in a resort have to spend on services, on food and accommodation. Therefore, it is said that most of the tourist consumption flows in Hospitality industry, because this activity is considered to be the most important component of the tourism services sales. (Iliev, 2010). The traffic is a prerequisite for the realization of tourist consumption, so that makes traffic a significant service branch and part of tourism consumption. Traffic, as well as Hospitality, is one of the main factors in tourism spending and should be considered as one of the most important in tourism development. (Iliev, 2010). Tourists during their stays can buy and use services and foods, they can buy goods and crafts, or can be attracted to various souvenirs, postcards or branded home products, authentic for the place they are visiting. Income derived from investments in these services (foods and accommodation, transportation, trade of crafts and souvenirs) have a huge economic impact. Usually, all those services and goods sold through tourist trade can create well developed businesses and economy in a tourist area, especially visible in case of hilly-mountainous areas, so they have to be treated as serious and valuable tourist offer on the tourism market in any country. Generally, the placement of alternative forms of tourism for the development of hilly-mountainous areas will generate the development of Hospitality industry and small local business in this sector that will determine the quantity and quality of tourist facilities and tourist trade. This can accelerate the development of transport infrastructure and to intensify the traffic and increase the overall trading of goods and services, because tourism isn't always about food or handicraft products only, but is connected with many other services and goods. Despite the impact of economic and non-economic activities, the development of these new forms of tourism in hilly-mountainous areas is initiated in investment. Thus increasing of infrastructure investments in the road network and modernization of various traffic types, are important for the development of tourism. They are not less important than investments in Hospitality Industry: in hotels, restaurants, spa-resorts and recreational paths and other small buildings for accommodation, because the activation of all possibilities for tourism in the hill-mountain areas can take a shape of quality only with all those various smaller investments in any small tourist area. Therefore, the need for construction of such facilities by itself increases the total investments and directly affects the increase of economic activities and the development of place.

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Impact on employment and on the levels of the standards of living Tourism belongs to the group of Tertiary sector of economy in which human hand and labor still have a dominant role. The development of the tourism sector results with rapid development of Tertiary sector and its services and activities because tourists are spending mostly for food and accommodation, transport, trade and others. Many times local businessmen are forced to hire additional workers. This sector is characterized by lower technical progress than in the secondary sector in which technology has penetrated in all spheres. The Tertiary sector consists mostly of personal service, so introduction of new technologies is limited here. Taking into account these characteristics of the tertiary sector, tourism is of great importance in solving the problem of unemployment. That is why the creation of employment opportunities in tourism is especially important for undeveloped areas and regions. (Iliev, 2010). Tourism is a service branch that enables full use of the working population, especially in areas such as hilly-mountainous areas. If we take, for example, the Republic of Macedonia, the population in the hilly-mountainous regions is mainly engaged in agriculture. But if the income from agricultural activities is insufficient, it is necessary to introduce new activities or new occupation in order to raise the standards of living. In this context, tourism can be a factor for rapid economic development and activation of the working population that was not fully engaged in agricultural activities, or if its employment potential has not been sufficiently exploited during several months in the year. For the most part in those underdeveloped rural areas the processes of depopulation happened in the past, and already had a major impact. Therefore, when planning the tourism and economic development of hilly-mountainous areas it is particularly important to take into account the number and demographic structure of the population according to various characteristics, primarily by sex and age, and the local area economic structure (based on economic and occupation activity). With no less importance are the components of natural and forced movement of citizens, or natural growth and migration processes of the population, because it is well known that the increased birth rate increases human capital and jobs, and that migration processes to rural areas can reduce unemployment and pressure on employment in other economic sectors in urban environment. Development of tourism as an additional activity in hilly-mountainous areas provides additional employment of certain groups of people, such as: young people, long-term unemployed people, females and others. They can be engaged in private households or in other resorts that provide accommodation services and food to tourists. This sector also has the potential to employ a large number of female workers, particularly in preparing the meals, cleaning and other services, or in some special technological processes needed for specific products traditionally made by female workers. Not only direct, but indirect effects of tourism on employment too, are also of great significance. The development of tourism in the hilly-mountainous areas will indirectly create jobs in sectors that do not participate directly in the tourism industry, such as: agriculture, industry, construction and others. The tourism sector is not only a direct consumer of agricultural products, but also encourages the development of agro-industry, which requires the construction of facilities for the processing of agricultural products, so, all of this encourages the development of construction.(Iliev, 2010). With the further development of these activities it will be necessary to engage the new workforce, and that is also initiated indirectly by tourism development. Influences to the development of underdeveloped hilly-mountainous areas It is common that underdeveloped areas can be found in distant regions and in places far from major urban centers. The population of these areas is mostly engaged in agriculture and handicrafts. For example, in the Republic of Macedonia in the group of underdeveloped areas

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there are: rural and suburb areas (with less than 500 inhabitants), hilly-mountainous areas (with less than 100 inhabitants) and areas that are next to the border. (Iliev, 2010). Most of the underdeveloped areas are belonging to the group of hilly-mountainous areas. They are characterized by natural beauty, clean and unpolluted air and water, they present the healthy environment with conditions that meet the requirements for peace, rest and recreation for the citizens of urban areas and for tourists, tired of fast pace of modern life. In the past there was a practice of attracting rural population to the cities affected by the urbanization and industrialization, but today things have changed and the new direction of movement of the urban population to the countryside and hilly-mountainous areas in a man's quest for nature, health, rest and recreation is established. With this, one part of the national income (GDP) from more developed industrial and commercial areas goes to less developed areas. (Iliev, 2010). If we take into account the fact that these areas have not developed economy yet, tourism there can become a primary or secondary (additional) activity, so tourism can be main or additional source of income for the population. But it is necessary to manage that socio-economic transformation of agricultural settlements in hilly-mountainous areas, and to encourage the process of replacing the occupation of the agricultural population, to mixed part-time jobs at first and to non-agricultural related tourism jobs. Therefore, it is said that tourism as a branch of economic development has a significant role in the socio-economic processes and impacts of development not only in economy but in society, too. Non-economic functions of alternative forms of tourism When it comes to non-economic features of tourism, we must take into account all different impacts that tourism has in the social sphere. Compared to economic categories, with almost equal importance in development there are numerous non-economic characteristics of alternative tourism, but the most important are: health function cultural function political function Today, in the studies of alternative tourism special attention is given to their non-economic impacts on health, cultural, political and other functions, specific for this new social phenomenon. The development of these functions is affected by economy, and they should not be ignored in all (primarily towards economy oriented) new researches, because all of them are interrelated and complementary. Health function Health function is presented in almost all types of tourist movements, but here it is especially expressed in alternative forms of tourism that are developed in hilly-mountainous areas that have thermal-mineral water, air baths and mountain resorts, suitable for hiking and similar sports. During the visit of tourists to these areas, they encounter a new environment and a new climate, clean water and clear air, which in medical terms, can bring very positive effects on physical and mental stamina and overall health. The possibility of organized sports activities, entertainment, recreation and healthy organic food consumption, all that contents are characteristics of new forms of tourism (sports tourism, eco-tourism, summer-stationary tourism) where health function comes on the top. High urban population density in industrialized areas is the main reason for reduced physical and mental conditions needed for healthy body. Therefore, from time to time, for all citizens of the urban areas it is necessary to stay in areas that provide useful solutions for the regeneration of the body. Injured and tired body of Man with urban pace of life and everyday stress needs a quiet peaceful and clean place with healthy food, fresh water and clean air. So,

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here the medical function of tourism is characterized by a strong social character of the initiatives that have transformed areas but with no spectacular economic results. They aimed to increase overall health and the working capacity of people, and if this resulted in increase of employee productivity. (Andrich, 1980). The economic effects of the health tourism are reflected back to economy. The growing need for regeneration of the human body, and increased number of users of the services in travel destinations that offer content which is recommended in the health office created health tourism. Thus, by increasing the scope of tourism offer and consumption, economic growth in adequate areas can be obtained as a result of the health tourism. The economic effects in the development of hilly-mountainous areas particularly influenced climate and thermal spring tourism, or so called "secondary health care tourism" as a special form of tourism. These areas are suitable for opening the climate-medical rehabilitation centers for healing ailments of heart, lungs, nerves or bones, all conditions which do not require everyday or frequent medical assistance and treatment. Such people can stay in accommodation facilities and they can use the services of the tourism industry, or behave like real tourists whose spending has significant economic effects. Especially important area in some hilly-mountainous regions is altitude (mountain ridge) band from 600 to 1200 meters. This belt is suitable for the climate-health tourism, as an "air bath" with all potentials for recovery and rehabilitation of persons with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. (Iliev, Mijalov, 2010). Besides economic effects, health tourism also had social impact on local population in highland and distant mountain's areas. This is reflected in raising the level of health habits and culture of the rural population, and it would not be so if there wasn't the development of the health tourism. Cultural function Cultural function is part of the non-economic features of tourism and occurs in a dual role: direct and indirect. Direct impact refers to gaining beauty by sightseeing of nature and experiencing culture and values of other nations or ethnic groups, different from the visitor's background or everyday life. Indirect impact refers to previous cultural education of tourists that will allow them an easier access to understanding of cultural diversity that they witnessed during their journey. (Andrich, 1980). While leisure travelling towards hilly-mountain's areas, tourists can come into contact with a new environment, new buildings and architecture of authentic places, with new people with different levels of education, different cultural heritage (cultural-historical monuments, traditions, customs, folklore) and to see and experience other cultural characteristics that are the basis for the development of cultural, religious, gastronomic and other types of tourism. These new forms of tourism are particularly important because they are followed by a continuation or repetition of visits (many times limited only by quantity of free accommodation places throughout the year!). Areas that developed these forms of tourism have a longer tourist season compared to other places and this gives them the huge economic importance. Cultural tourism does not affect only the tourists, but also the local population in hilly-mountainous areas. Such effects may appear when meeting with people of different cultural levels, with different behavior and habits, different living standards and lifestyles. These differences play a major role in the interaction which is usually positive, but it may also be negative in some situations. The positive impacts may include the impact of tourists on the general culture of the local population, to the behavior and habits of the people, to increase the hygiene of residence, they have impact on facilities and household appliances in local households with modern technology (LCD/3D TV, computer, network and internet.) needed

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for tourism. There is an increased level of aesthetic component, for example, in decorating the house's windows and balconies with flowers, increasing green spaces in yards may also appear, all together with the increase of utility standards (quality electrification, construction of water supply network and sanitation facilities) or other features that occur in those places as a result of habits, behaviors and standards of tourists from urban environment. Often, the resources and appliances in households situated in hilly-mountain's areas before the arrival of tourists were poor and insufficient in almost all of those underdeveloped areas that had to become developed tourist destinations yet. The impact of cultural and educational features on the local population of hilly-mountain's areas is also manifested through the process of teaching and learning about the natural, cultural and historical values through various advertising booklets, bulletins, tourist guides, and info-brochures used for presentation of their place on the tourism market. These are positive impacts on life and habits that tourists can bring to the local population, but sometimes situation can take an unusual and negative direction. For example, for a local citizen tourism may bring disappointment with his own rural lifestyle and the desire for a better lifestyle which exceeds possibilities. In this case we talk about the lost values of tradition, about changes in behavior and about losing of the authenticity of the place, for example, even through new ways of arranging and decorating the houses etc. Therefore, in the development of the tourist areas it is necessary to neutralize all these negative social aspects. Political function Tourism through its political function allows close contacts of the local population with tourists from other countries and provides opportunities for mutual personal interactions and for sharing the knowledge about the past and present times in the social-economic development of the country. In within the country, when someone is visiting local population in tourist areas (for example, hilly-mountainous areas), among individuals there are strong feelings of connection and belief in belonging to the same roots with people in those areas. In such situations, a man can be proud of the result: the feeling of patriotism has been developed and this raised the sense of mutual understanding and willingness to provide help for unsolved problems. (Andrich, 1980). The political function of tourism positively affects the rising political prestige of the country on the international scale, tourism is useful in improving relations between nations using a chance to meet people from different ethnic communities, to better understand them and to establish friendly relations; all of this is a factor to the maintenance of peace in the world. But there are some possible negative political influences that may face the locals in tourist areas as various political provocation, crime or hostile behavior of tourists. In order to avoid these negative elements there must be established adequate education of local residents in these areas. CONCLUSIONS New strategies for the development of tourism in tourist countries, regions and places, should aim toward the development of new forms of tourism with high standards and high quality services. Considering the intense competition in the Global tourism market compared with common "classical" forms of tourism, new tourism, in order to succeed must be even better than what is already common and well known in tourism and Hospitality industry. Therefore, the tourist offer should be oriented to new markets and to create specific tourist products based on pure nature, culture and tradition, in all those authentic and unique places. Such new offer can be a new exciting experience for tourists who will wish to stay longer and will always remain with a desire to come back on the same place. In this context, hilly-

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mountainous areas have a great significance based on their natural beauty and cultural heritage as a potential for the development of new selective forms of tourism: eco-tourism, spa-tourism, health-tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism, gastronomic tourism, recreational, sports and hiking tourism etc. The development of these forms of tourism can reveal hidden beauty and other values of those special and unique places, which contributes to the evaluation of their natural and anthropogenic characteristics. The development of alternative forms of tourism in the hilly-mountainous and highland rural areas can also encourage the investments into the development of tourism related businesses and enterprises. Capital is needed to be invested in regional and local community businesses to support the tourism, to apply specific local knowledge, skills and resources of local people through the recruitment process, in order to provide new employments in the tourism. We have to invest in new programs for development of local communities and areas, and to ensure that underdeveloped rural areas and local communities are involved in all development and business activities needed for successful tourism. Beside the importance of direct and indirect economic impacts of alternative tourism in economic development of the hilly-mountainous areas, almost same importance has to be granted to it's non-economic functions, such as health, cultural and political; all of them as aspects which can provide improvements of overall social, cultural, educational and political progress of those areas. At the end of the day developed tourism in those areas can mean improvements in all aspects of life and can greatly improve the living conditions for the citizens of these areas. At least, to the degree that they will be no longer called undeveloped rural areas. With new tourism strategies and programs for adequate financial support for tourism oriented small businesses, they can not only provide a good life for themselves, but, in the very near future, they can also become an important factor in economic growth of the tourism and prosperity of the country as a whole. REFERENCES Andrich, N. (1980): Tourism and regional development, Library of Economics XIII, Informator Zagreb; (in Croatian) Budinoski M. (2009): Development and planning of tourism, Faculty of Tourism, Skopje; (in Macedonian) Vukonich B., Kecha K. (2001): Tourism and development-term, principles and procedures, Mikrorad, Faculty of Economics, Zagreb; (in Croatian) Eftimoski D. (2003): Economics of the development, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Institute of Economics, Skopje; (in Macedonian) Iliev D. (2010): Tourism in function of the integral development of the Republic of Macedonia, doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of geography, Skopje; (in Macedonian) Iliev D., Mijalov R. (2010): The importance of morphometric elements of the relief in the planning and evaluation of the area for tourism development, Macedonian geographical society, Proceedings of the IV Congress of geographers of the Republic of Macedonia, Dojran; (in Macedonian) Shtetich S. (2007): Special forms of tourism, Forma B, Belgrade; (in Serbian)

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