The Face of Fear: Effects of Eye Gaze and Emotion on Visual Attention

15
This article was downloaded by: [the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford] On: 14 March 2014, At: 06:08 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Visual Cognition Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pvis20 The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention Andrew Mathews a , Elaine Fox b , Jenny Yiend c & Andy Calder c a MRC Cognition & Brian Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK b University of Essex, Colchester, UK c MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Published online: 01 Oct 2010. To cite this article: Andrew Mathews , Elaine Fox , Jenny Yiend & Andy Calder (2003) The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention, Visual Cognition, 10:7, 823-835, DOI: 10.1080/13506280344000095 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280344000095 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions

Transcript of The Face of Fear: Effects of Eye Gaze and Emotion on Visual Attention

This article was downloaded by: [the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford]On: 14 March 2014, At: 06:08Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registeredoffice: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Visual CognitionPublication details, including instructions for authors andsubscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pvis20

The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze

and emotion on visual attention

Andrew Mathews a , Elaine Fox b , Jenny Yiend c & Andy Calder c

a MRC Cognition & Brian Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UKb University of Essex, Colchester, UKc MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UKPublished online: 01 Oct 2010.

To cite this article: Andrew Mathews , Elaine Fox , Jenny Yiend & Andy Calder (2003) The face offear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention, Visual Cognition, 10:7, 823-835, DOI:10.1080/13506280344000095

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280344000095

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as tothe accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinionsand views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Contentshould not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sourcesof information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever orhowsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arisingout of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Anysubstantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

!"# $%&# '$ $#%() *$$#&+, '$ #-# .%/# %01 #2'+3'0 '0

43,5%6 %++#0+3'0

!"#$%& '()*%&+

!"# #$%&'('$& ) *+',& -.'/&./0 1&'(2 #,34+'5%/2 16

,-(."% /01

1&'7/+0'(8 $9 :00/;2 #$<.=/0(/+2 16

2%""3 4.%"# ("# !"#3 5(-#%$

!"# #$%&'('$& ) *+,'& -.'/&./0 1&'(2 #,34+'5%/2 16

6% ."7%+).8()%# &*%)*%$ ( 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0" %"*("<%+ )*% %99%<) 09 ("0)*%$=+ 8(>%." #.$%<)."8 )*% ())%").0" 09 (" 0?+%$7%$@ A($).<.;(")+ 7.%&%# ;*0)08$(;*+ 09 9(<%+&*0+% 8(>% &(+ #.$%<)%# (*%(#B )0 )*% -%9) 0$ )0 )*% $.8*)@ C($8%) -%))%$+ )*%"(;;%($%# :";$%#.<)(?-3 )0 )*% -%9) 0$ $.8*)@ !+ %1;%<)%#B )($8%)+ ." )*% -0<().0"."#.<()%# ?3 8(>% &%$% #%)%<)%# D0$% $(;.#-3@ E" "0"("1.0:+ 70-:")%%$+ )*% %99%<)+09 9%($9:- 8(>% #.# "0) #.99%$ 9$0D "%:)$(- 8(>%B ?:) 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0" *(# ( D0$%;0&%$9:- ."9-:%"<% ." ( +%-%<)%# *.8* ("1.0:+ 8$0:;@ !))%").0" .+ )*:+ D0$% -.F%-3)0 ?% 8:.#%# ?3 )*% #.$%<).0" 09 9%($9:- )*(" "%:)$(- 8(>%B ?:) 0"-3 ." ("1.%)3G;$0"%."#.7.#:(-+@

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

SETU!V 5HWXECEHXB YZZJB >? K[RB QYJ\QJ]

A-%(+% (##$%++ (-- <0$$%+;0"#%"<% )0^ !@ '()*%&+B '_5 508".).0" M `$(." T<.%"<%+ U".)B O]

5*(:<%$ _0(#B 5(D?$.#8% 5`Y Y,/B Ua@ ,GD(.-^ ("#$%&@D()*%&+bD$<G<?:@<(D@(<@:F

6% )*("F 2.-- a%("% 90$ *%$ *%-; ." #%7%-0;."8 D()%$.(-+B ("# ,"<($"( 5($D0"( ("# 5($D("

X08:%$( KU".7%$+.)3 09 !-D%$.(R 90$ #()( <0--%<).0"@ 6% (-+0 )*("F A$09%++0$ A(:- ,FD(" 90$ 8.7."8

;%$D.++.0" )0 $%;$0#:<% ;.<):$%+ 9$0D )*% ,FD(" ("# /$.%+%" KOP[cR ;.<):$%+ 09 9(<.(- (99%<) +%$.%+@

60$F #%+<$.?%# ." )*.+ ;(;%$ &(+ ;($).(--3 +:;;0$)%# ?3 8$(") ZcdYPZefeZOef 9$0D )*% 6%--<0D%

C$:+) )0 ,-(."% /01 ("# _.<<($#0 _:++0@

! YZZJ A+3<*0-083 A$%++ V)#

*));^ee&&&@)("#9@<0@:Feg0:$"(-+e;;eOJ]ZcYQ]@*)D- NHE^OZ@OZQZeOJ]ZcYQZJddZZZZP]

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

<0"+.+)%") &.)* )*% +:88%+).0" )*() #%)%<).0" 09 8(>% .+ ( ?.0-08.<(--3 ;$%;($%#(?.-.)3B ;0++.?-3 <0")$0--%# ?3 ( +;%<.(-.>%# ?$(." D0#:-%@

E" )*% %1;%$.D%") )0 ?% #%+<$.?%# *%$% &% ."7%+).8()%# )*% ."9-:%"<% 09 %3%8(>% ." 8:.#."8 ())%").0" ." (#:-) ;($).<.;(")+B &.)* ;($).<:-($ $%9%$%"<% )0 )*%."9-:%"<% 09 9(<.(- %1;$%++.0" #.+;-(3%# ?3 )*% D0#%-B ("# )*% %D0).0"(-.)3 09)*% 0?+%$7%$@ !+ &.-- ?% #.+<:++%# -()%$B &% *3;0)*%+.>%# )*() 9%($9:- 8(>% D.8*)?% %+;%<.(--3 %99%<).7% ." 8:.#."8 )*% ())%").0" 09 (" 0?+%$7%$ )0 )*% +(D%-0<().0"B ?:) ;($).<:-($-3 +0 ." *.8*-3 ("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+@

6% 90--0&%# )*% 8%"%$(- D%)*0# #%+<$.?%# ?3 ( ":D?%$ 09 0)*%$ $%+%($<*%$+B(-?%.) &.)*0:) $%9%$%"<% )0 %D0).0"@ E" (" .".).(- $%;0$) ?3 /$.%+%" ("# a."8+)0"%KOPPQRB +<*%D().<(--3 #$(&" 9(<%+ &.)* ?-("F%# %3%+ &%$% #.+;-(3%# <%")$(--390$ cQZD+B (9)%$ &*.<* )*% %3% ;:;.-+ (;;%($%#B (;;($%")-3 -00F."8 +)$(.8*)(*%(#B )0 )*% -%9) 0$ )0 )*% $.8*)@ 6.)* ( +).D:-:+ 0"+%) (+3"<*$0"3 KTH!R 09 OZ]BJZZB c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cZZD+B ?:) "0 +.8".9.<(") <0+)+&*%" 8(>% ("# )($8%)+ &%$% ." 0;;0+."8 -0<().0"+@

C&0 9:$)*%$ +%$.%+ ?$0(#-3 <0"9.$D."8 )*%+% 9."#."8+ &%$% $%;0$)%# ?3N$.7%$B N(7.+B _.<<.($#%--.B a.##B '(1&%--B ("# `($0"G50*%" KOPPPR ("#V("8)0" ("# `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

_()*%$ )*(" 7($3."8 %3% 8(>% (-0"%B V("8)0" ("# `$:<% KOPPPR ;$%+%")%#;*0)08$(;*+ 09 ;$09.-%+ 0$.%")()%# )0 )*% -%9) 0$ $.8*)B 0$ *%(#+ )*() &%$% ).-)%# :;0$ #0&"&($#+@ 6.)* )*.+ D%)*0#B ( $%-.(?-% <0"8$:%"<3 (#7(")(8% 90$ #%)%<)."8( +."8-% )($8%) &(+ ;$%+%") () OZZD+B ?:) "0) () ]ZZ 0$ OZZZD+ TH!@ C*% %99%<)

!"# $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

&(+ -.))-% (-)%$%# ?3 <*("8."8 )*% ;$0;0$).0" 09 <0"8$:%") )$.(-+B ?:) &(+ $%#:<%#)0 D($8."(- -%7%-+ ?3 ."7%$)."8 )*% ;*0)08$(;*+@ C*:+B ." ?0)* )*% -())%$ +%$.%+)*% 07%$(-- +:;%$.0$.)3 09 )($8%) #%)%<).0" +;%%# :"#%$ <0"#.).0"+ 09 <0"8$:%"<3?%)&%%" 8(>%h0$ *%(# #.$%<).0"h("# )($8%) -0<().0" &(+ <0"9.$D%#@ C*%%1;-("().0" 90$ )*% #.99%$%"<% ." 0;).D(- TH! .+ "0) <-%($B ?:) D(3 ?% #:% )0 (8$%()%$ +;%%# 09 ;$0<%++."8 &*0-% *%(# 0$.%")().0" K("# +<*%D().< 9(<%+RB ."<0D;($.+0" &.)* %3% 8(>% <:%+ +%) &.)*." $%(-.+).< ;*0)08$(;*+ 09 9(<%+@ `0)*$%+%($<* 8$0:;+ <0"<:$B *0&%7%$B ." +:88%+)."8 )*() )*%.$ #()( .+ <0"+.+)%") &.)*( $%-().7%-3 (:)0D().< %99%<)B &*.<* .+ #.99.<:-) )0 0;;0+%B () -%(+) () ( +*0$) TH!@

C*%+% %1;%$.D%")+ ($% <-%($-3 $%-()%# )0 )*% D%)*0# .")$0#:<%# ?3 A0+"%$KOP[QB OPQZRB ." &*.<* ())%").0" D(3 ?% #.$%<)%# ?3 )*% (;;%($("<% 09 (" 0?g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e0$ <0$$%+;0"#."8 ).D% <0+)+ 09 *(7."8 )0 #.+%"8(8%9$0D )*() -0<().0" ("# $%#.$%<) ())%").0" )0 )*% (-)%$"().7% ;0+.).0"@ C*% ).D%<0:$+% 09 )*%+% %99%<)+ #.99%$+ ?%)&%%" %108%"0:+ ("# %"#08%"0:+ <:%+B *0&G%7%$B &.)* ?%"%9.)+ ?%."8 )3;.<(--3 +-0&%$ )0 %D%$8% &*%" <:%+ ($% %"#08%"0:+B("# <0+)+ ?%."8 -%++ 0?7.0:+B -%(#."8 +0D% )0 +:88%+) )*() )*% :"#%$-3."8D%<*(".+D+ #.99%$ K%@8@B 5*%(- M V30"B OPPOR@

E" (-- )*% %1;%$.D%")+ #%+<$.?%# %($-.%$B ." &*.<* %3% 8(>% &(+ :+%# (+ (<%")$(- <:%B )*% 9(<%+ #.+;-(3%# *(# "%:)$(- %1;$%++.0"+@ L0&%7%$B ( ":D?%$ 09#.+;($()% -."%+ 09 %7.#%"<% +:88%+) )*() 9(<%+ &.)* <%$)(." %D0).0"(- %1;$%++.0"+D(3 8:.#% ())%").0" D0$% %99%<).7%-3@ /0$ %1(D;-%B ." )*% +0G<(--%# ii9(<%G."G)*%G<$0&#== %99%<)B #.+<$%;(") ("8$3 9(<%+ ($% )3;.<(--3 90:"# 9(+)%$ )*(" ($%#.+<$%;(") *(;;3 9(<%+B &*%" %(<* .+ %D?%##%# ." ( D()$.1 09 "%:)$(- 9(<%+ K%@8@B,(+)&00#B TD.-%FB M '%$.F-%B YZZOj /01B V%+)%$B _:++0B `0&-%+B A.<*-%$B MN:))0"B YZZZj L("+0" M L("+0"B OPQQj Hk *D("B V:"#I7.+)B M ,+)%7%+B YZZOR@L("+0" ("# L("+0" KOPQQR <-(.D%# )*() ("8$3 9(<%+ ii;0;;%# 0:)== 09 )*%<$0&#B &.)* "0 ."<$%(+% ." +%($<* -()%"<.%+ ?%)&%%" #.+;-(3+ 09 90:$ )0 "."%9(<%+@ '0$% $%<%") +):#.%+ *(7% 90:"# )*() -()%"<.%+ #0 ."<$%(+% 9$0D +D(-- )0-($8% #.+;-(3+ &.)* ("8$3 )($8%)+B ?:) <$.).<(--3 )*% +%($<* +-0;%+ &%$% -%++ )*("90$ *(;;3 )($8%)+ K,(+)&00# %) (-@B YZZOj /01 %) (-@B YZZZj Hk *D(" %) (-@B YZZOR@C0 .--:+)$()%B ,(+)&00# %) (-@ KYZZOR :+%# #.+;-(3+ 09 c\OQ +<*%D().< 9(<%+B&*.<* +:?g%<)+ &%$% $%I:.$%# )0 +%($<* ." 0$#%$ )0 9."# ("# $%;0$) 0" )*% -0<().0"09 )*% +."8-% %1(D;-% *(7."8 ( #.+<$%;(") %1;$%++.0"@ !+ )*% ":D?%$ 09 "%:)$(-#.+)$(<)%$+ ."<$%(+%#B +%($<* ).D% (-+0 ."<$%(+%#B ?:) )*%+% +%($<* +-0;%+ &%$%I:.)% +*(--0&@ '0$% <$.).<(--3B +%($<* ).D% 07%$(--B ("# )*% +%($<* ).D% +-0;%B&(+ +.8".9.<(")-3 -%++ 90$ 9(<% )($8%)+ &.)* "%8().7% $()*%$ )*(" ;0+.).7%

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !"6

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

%1;$%++.0"+@ C*.+ #.99%$%"<% #.+(;;%($%# &*%" 9(<%+ &%$% ."7%$)%#@ C*% (:)*0$+)*:+ <0"<-:#%# )*() 9(<%+ &.)* "%8().7% %1;$%++.0"+ <(;):$% 90<(- ())%").0" D0$%%99%<).7%-3 )*(" #0 ;0+.).7% %1;$%++.0"+@

E" )*% ;$%+%") <0")%1)B )*.+ <0"<-:+.0" $(.+%+ )*% .")%$%+)."8 I:%+).0" 09&*%)*%$ +.D.-($ %99%<)+ D.8*) (;;-3 )0 0)*%$ 90$D+ 09 ())%").0"(- 8:.#("<%B +:<*(+ )*% %3% 8(>% %99%<) #.+<:++%# (?07%@ /0$ %1(D;-%B #0 9(<%+ &.)* ( 9%($9:-%1;$%++.0" 8:.#% ())%").0" D0$% %99%<).7%-3 )0&($#+ )*%.$ #.$%<).0" 09 8(>%l!-)*0:8* )*% #()( g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g%<)++:<* (+ )*% ;$%+%"<% 09 900# ("# 0)*%$ $%&($#+B 0$ #("8%$+ )0 ?% (70.#%#@/:$)*%$D0$%B )*% )3;% 09 %7%") ."70-7%# &.-- 09)%" ?% +.8"(--%# ?3 )*% 0)*%$=+9(<.(- %1;$%++.0"B +0 )*() ( <0D?."().0" 09 #.$%<)%# 8(>% ("# 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0"&0:-# -.F%-3 ."#.<()% )*% -0<().0" 09 ( )*$%() 0$ #("8%$@ T%-%<).7% ;$0<%++."8 09)*.+ )3;% <0:-# )*:+ *(7% ?%%" 9(70:$%# )*$0:8* -%($"."8 0$ "():$(- +%-%<).0"@

C*% %1;%$.D%") #%+<$.?%# *%$% &(+ #%+.8"%# )0 )%+) )*% *3;0)*%+.+ )*() )*%#.$%<).0" 09 %3% 8(>%B 90$ ?0)* "%:)$(- ("# 9%($9:- 9(<%+B &.-- ."9-:%"<% )*%-0<().0" 09 ())%").0"B ?:) )*() 9%($9:- 9(<%+ D(3 +0D%).D%+ %1%$) ( +)$0"8%$."9-:%"<%@ 6% .".).(--3 +:;;0+%# )*() 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0" D.8*) (-&(3+ %"*("<%)*% ?%"%9.)+ 09 8(>% <0"8$:%"<% ." +;%%#."8 )($8%) #%)%<).0"B (-)*0:8* &.)*0:)"%<%++($.-3 ."<$%(+."8 8(>%G."<0"8$:%") <0+)+ K<9@ /$.%+%" M a."8+)0"%B OPPQR@L0&%7%$B ." ( ;.-0) %1;%$.D%") 0" YZ D%D?%$+ 09 )*% 508".).0" ("# `$(."T<.%"<%+ 70-:")%%$ ;("%-B :+."8 )*% D%)*0# )0 ?% #%+<$.?%# ?%-0&B &% 90:"# "0#.99%$%"<% ?%)&%%" )*% %99%<)+ #:% )0 %3% 8(>% &.)* 9%($9:- 7%$+:+ "%:)$(- 9(<%+@/0$ 9(<%+ *(7."8 %.)*%$ )3;% 09 %1;$%++.0"B )($8%)+ ." )*% -0<().0" ."#.<()%# ?3#.$%<).0" 09 %3% 8(>% &%$% $%-.(?-3 .#%").9.%# 9(+)%$ )*(" &%$% )($8%)+ ." )*%(-)%$"().7% -0<().0"B ?:) )*% .")%$(<).0" ?%)&%%" )($8%) -0<().0" ("# %1;$%++.0"#.# "0) (;;$0(<* +.8".9.<("<%@

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`$(#-%3B '088B M '.--($B YZZZj'()*%&+ M '(<V%0#B OPPdR@ /0$ %1(D;-%B `$(#-%3 %) (-@ KYZZZR ;$%+%")%# ;(.$+09 9(<%+B 0"% &.)* ( "%:)$(- ("# )*% 0)*%$ &.)* ( )*$%()%"."8 K("8$3R 0$ *(;;3%1;$%++.0"B ("# $%I:.$%# +:?g%<)+ )0 #%)%<) ( )($8%) )*() $%;-(<%# 0"% 09 )*%+%

!"7 $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

9(<%+ (9)%$ (" TH! 09 ]ZZD+@ _%8($#-%++ 09 &*%)*%$ 0$ "0) (" %3% D07%D%")&(+ #%)%<)%#B *.8* )$(.)G("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+ &%$% $%-().7%-3 9(+)%$ )*(" &%$% -0&("1.0:+ <0")$0-+ )0 #%)%<) )($8%)+ ." )*% ;$.0$ -0<().0" 09 ( 9(<% &.)* (" ("8$3K?:) "0) *(;;3R %1;$%++.0"@

C&0 9:$)*%$ +):#.%+ *(7% +;%<.9.<(--3 (##$%++%# )*% <0")$.?:).0" 09 #.99%$G%").(- %"8(8%D%") 09 ())%").0" &.)*B 0$ #.+%"8(8%D%") 09 ())%").0" 9$0DB %D0G).0"(- <:%+ +:<* (+ )*$%()%"."8 9(<%+ 0$ ;.<):$%+ K/01B _:++0B `0&-%+B M N:))0"BYZZOj 4.%"# M '()*%&+B YZZOR@ !"1.%)3G$%-()%# #.99%$%"<%+ &%$% 90:"# ." ?0)*+):#.%+ K?(+%# 0" #.7.+.0"+ ?3 +)()% ("1.%)3 ." )*% 90$D%$ ("# )$(.) ("1.%)3 ." )*%-())%$RB ("# ." ?0)* <(+%+ )*%+% #.99%$%"<%+ &%$% <0"9."%# )0 <0"#.).0"+ ." &*.<*)($8%)+ (;;%($%# ." -0<().0"+ 0)*%$ )*(" )*0+% 0<<:;.%# ?3 )*$%()%"."8 <:%+@ C*().+B *.8* )$(.)G 0$ +)()%G("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+ (;;%($ )0 )(F% -0"8%$ )*(" #0 0)*%$+ )0#.+%"8(8% )*%.$ ())%").0" 9$0D D.-#-3 )*$%()%"."8 +).D:-.@

C*% 90$%80."8 #.+<:++.0" -%# :+ )0 )*% 7.%& )*() 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0" (-0"%h.")*% -.F%-3 (?+%"<% 09 ("3 $%(- #("8%$hD(3 ;$07.#% )00 &%(F ( +.8"(- )0 <(;):$%())%").0" ." -0& ("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+B <0"+.+)%") &.)* ;$%7.0:+ $%+%($<* K%@8@B`$(#-%3 %) (-@B YZZZj /01 %) (-@B YZZOR@ E9 +0B )*%" )*% %99%<)+ 09 9%($9:- %3%8(>%h(8(." ." )*% (?+%"<% 09 ("3 $%(+0" )0 %1;%<) #("8%$h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

$(&'-8*

9:;<=>=?:@<A

C*%$% &%$% d] ;($).<.;(")+B 09 &*0D JZ &%$% 9%D(-%B #$(&" 9$0D )*% :"#%$G8$(#:()% +):#%") ;0;:-().0" () )*% U".7%$+.)3 09 ,++%1B ("# (8%# ?%)&%%" OQ ("#Yd 3%($+@ T<$%%"."8 () )*% ?%8.""."8 09 )*% (<(#%D.< 3%($ (--0&%# ;$%9%$%").(-+%-%<).0" 09 )*0+% &.)* %.)*%$ *.8* 0$ -0& +<0$%+ 0" )*% )$(.) +<(-% 09 )*% T)()%\C$(.) !"1.%)3 E"7%")0$3 KTC!Ej T;.%-?%$8%$B W0$+:<*B V:+*%"%B S(88B M 2(<0?+BOPQJR@ ,.8*) ;($).<.;(")+ *(# "0) ?%%" ;$%+<$%%"%# ("# +0 <0D;-%)%# )*% )$(.)+<(-% () )*% %"# 09 )*% %1;%$.D%")B () )*% +(D% ).D% )*() (-- ;($).<.;(")+ &%$%8.7%" )*% +)()% +<(-%@

C*% TC!E <0"+.+)+ 09 )&0 +%)+ 09 YZ .)%D+B 0"% +%) 09 I:%+).0"+ (?0:) *0& )*%$%+;0"#%") 9%%-+ $.8*) "0& K+)()% ("1.%)3RB ("# )*% 0)*%$ (?0:) *0& )*%38%"%$(--3 9%%- K)$(.) ("1.%)3RB &.)* %(<* .)%D )0 ?% $()%# 0" ( O\d ;0.") +<(-%@'.".D:D +<0$% 09 %(<* +<(-% .+ )*:+ YZB ("# )*% D(1.D:D .+ QZ@ X0$D+ 90$ UT50--%8% +):#%")+ KT;.%-?%$8%$ %) (-@B OPQJR ."#.<()% ( D%(" )$(.) +<0$% 09 ($0:"#

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !"B

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

JP KJQ 90$ D(-%+ ("# dZ 90$ 9%D(-%+RB &.)* ( +)("#($# #%7.().0" 09 P@] KP ("# OZ$%+;%<).7%-3R@ C*% D%#.(" 90$ )*% ;$%+%") +(D;-% &(+ dZ@ A$%+%-%<)%# ;($).<.G;(")+ *(# )$(.) +<0$%+ 09 d] 0$ D0$% K*.8* 8$0:;R 0$ J] 0$ -%++ K-0&R () +<$%%"."8^!) )*% ).D% 09 )%+)."8 )*$%% ;($).<.;(")+ *(# +<0$%+ -3."8 <-0+%$ )0 )*% D%#.("B(-)*0:8* 0"-3 0"% 09 )*%+% K&*0 +<0$%# () )*% D%#.(" 09 dZR &(+ %1<-:#%#@ C*%9."(- *.8* )$(.) 8$0:; K@ m YYR *(# ( D%(" )$(.) +<0$% 09 ]J K-A m [RB ("# )*% -0&8$0:; K@ m YYR *(# ( D%(" 09 JO K-A m dR@

$:<C;=:DA

A*0)08$(;*+ 09 %.8*) ."#.7.#:(-+B 90:$ D%" ("# 90:$ &0D%"B &%$% +%-%<)%# 9$0D)*% ,FD(" ("# /$.%+%" KOP[cR +%$.%+@ L(.$ ("# "0"9(<.(- ($%(+ &%$% D(+F%# 0$$%D07%# 9$0D )*% ;*0)08$(;*B +0 )*() 0"-3 )*% <%")$(- 9(<% ($%( &(+ 7.+.?-%B &.)*%3%+ -00F."8 +)$(.8*) (*%(#@ /%($9:- 9(<%+ &%$% <*0+%" 0" )*% ?(+.+ )*() )*%3&%$% $%(#.-3 $%<08".>%# (+ $%;$%+%")."8 9%($ $()*%$ )*(" 0)*%$ %D0).0"+ K,FD("M /$.%+%"B OP[cR@ A.<):$%+ 09 )*% +(D% ."#.7.#:(-+ &%$% :+%# ." )*% "%:)$(-%1;$%++.0" )$.(-+B +0 )*() )*%$% &%$% "0 9(<.(- .#%").)3 #.99%$%"<%+ ?%)&%%"<0"#.).0"+ 0)*%$ )*(" %D0).0"(- %1;$%++.0" .)+%-9 K+%% /.8:$% OR@

C&0 "%& 7%$+.0"+ 09 %(<* ;*0)08$(;* &%$% )*%" ;$0#:<%#B ." &*.<* )*%;:;.-+ &%$% #.8.)(--3 D07%# %.)*%$ )0 )*% 9($ -%9) 0$ $.8*) +.#% 09 ?0)* %3%+B ("#)*% 7(<()%# +;(<% $%9.--%#B )0 +.D:-()% -%9) 0$ $.8*) *("# 8(>%@ A*0)08$(;*+ &%$%;$%+%")%# ." )*% <%")$% 09 )*% +<$%%"B +:?)%"#."8 ( 7%$).<(- 7.+:(- ("8-% 09 [!@

C($8%)+ &%$% )*% :;;%$ <(+% -%))%$+ C 0$ VB +:?)%"#."8 J! 09 7.+:(- ("8-%B ("#&%$% <%")$%# ]! 9$0D )*% D.# ;0.") 09 )*% +<$%%"@ C*% %1;%$.D%") &(+ $:" 0" ("!;;-% '(<.")0+* &.)* ( OdG."<* <0-0:$ D0".)0$B :+."8 A+3T<0;% +09)&($%

73.5(# 89 T(D;-% 9(<%+ :+%# ." )*% %1;%$.D%")B +*0&."8 %3% 8(>% <%")$(- &.)* ( "%:)$(- %1;$%++.0"

K0" )*% -%9)R ("# %3% 8(>% #.$%<)%# -%9) &.)* ( 9%($9:- %1;$%++.0" K0" )*% $.8*)R@

!"! $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

K50*%"B '(<6*.""%3B /-())B M A$070+)B OPPJR@ N%<.+.0" -()%"<.%+ ("# %$$0$+&%$% <0--%<)%# :+."8 ( $%+;0"+% ?01@

8CA=E@

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d :".I:% )$.(-+ KQ " Y " J " Y " Y " YR@ C$.(-+ &%$% ;$%+%")%# ." $("#0D0$#%$ K+%% /.8:$% Y 90$ )*% +%I:%"<% 09 %7%")+ ." ( )$.(-R@

6% ."<-:#%# )*% <%")$(- %3% 8(>% <0"#.).0" ?0)* (+ ( ?(+%-."% <0"#.).0"B ("#)0 (++%++ &*%)*%$ 9%($9:- 9(<%+ D.8*) ." )*%D+%-7%+ #%-(3 $%+;0"+% ).D%+ ." )*%*.8* )$(.) ("1.0:+ 8$0:;@ L0&%7%$B ." $%)$0+;%<) .) &(+ (;;($%") )*() )*% (?+%"<%09 ("3 %3%GD07%D%") <:% ." )*% <%")$(- <0")$0- <0"#.).0" D(#% )*.+ #()(."(;;$0;$.()% (+ ( D()<*%# ?(+%-."% <0"#.).0"B ("# .) &(+ ("(-3+%# +%;($()%-39$0D )*% (7%$)%# 8(>% <0"#.).0"+@

9;F>CGH;C

A($).<.;(")+ &%$% 8.7%" ."+)$:<).0"+ )*() )*%.$ )(+F &(+ )0 #.+<$.D."()% ?%)&%%")*% )($8%) -%))%$+ C ("# V (+ I:.<F-3 ("# (<<:$()%-3 (+ ;0++.?-% ?3 ;$%++."8 )*%$%-%7(") ?:))0" 0" )*% ?:))0"G?01 &.)* )*%.$ )*:D? ("# 9.$+) 9."8%$ 09 )*%.$#0D."(") *("#@ C*%+% ?:))0"+ &%$% -(?%--%# ("# ($$("8%# 7%$).<(--3 )0 D.".D.>%("3 .")%$9%$%"<% #:% )0 )*% -%9)e$.8*) ;0+.).0" 09 )($8%)+@ A($).<.;(")+ &%$% (+F%#)0 F%%; )*%.$ %3%+ 0" )*% <%")$(- 9.1().0" <$0++ )*() (;;%($%# () )*% ?%8.""."8 09%(<* )$.(- K90$ c[]D+RB ("# "0) )0 $%+;0"# :").- )*%3 +(& ( )($8%) -%))%$@ C*%%1;%$.D%") ?%8(" &.)* OZ ;$(<).<% )$.(-+B 90--0&%# ?3 )&0 ?-0<F+ 09 )%+)."8+%;($()%# ?3 ( $%+) ;%$.0#@

.(*3+&*

5C@<;:D E:IC <;=:DA

,$$0$+ ("# 0:)-3."8 -()%"<.%+ 8$%()%$ )*(" O]ZZD+ 0$ -%++ )*(" OZZD+ &%$%$%D07%# KO@cn 09 (-- $%+;0"+%+R@ 6% )*%" %")%$%# -()%"<.%+ 9$0D <%")$(- 8(>%)$.(-+ .")0 (" !XHS! &.)* &.)*."G;($).<.;(") 9(<)0$+ 09 TH! ("# %D0).0"(-%1;$%++.0"B ("# ( ?%)&%%"G;($).<.;(") 9(<)0$ 09 )$(.)G("1.%)3 8$0:;@

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !"J

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

C*%$% &(+ ( D(." %99%<) 09 TH!B &.)* 9(+)%$ $%+;0"+%+ ." )$.(-+ *(7."8)*% -0"8%$ TH!B dQZD+ 7%$+:+ ]OYD+B BKOB dYR m cd@O[B C o @ZZO@ C*%$%&%$% "0 0)*%$ +.8".9.<(") %99%<)+B ("# )*% D(." .")%$(<).0" 09 .")%$%+)B?%)&%%" ("1.%)3 8$0:; ("# %D0).0"(- %1;$%++.0"B #.# "0) $%(<*+.8".9.<("<%B BKOB dYR m Y@]PB C o @OY@ C*% %1;%<)%# +-0&."8 #:% )0 9%($9:-7%$+:+ "%:)$(- 9(<%+ ." )*% *.8* ("1.%)3 8$0:;B K+%% C(?-% OR &(+ )*:+ "0)<0"9.$D%#@

73.5(# :9 T<*%D().< $%;$%+%")().0" 09 )*% +%I:%"<% 09 %7%")+ ;$%+%")%# )0 ;($).<.;(")+@

!KL $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

5F@E;HC@< MC;AHA =@>F@E;HC@< <;=:DA

'%(" -()%"<.%+ 9$0D 8(>% <0"8$:%") ("# ."<0"8$:%") )$.(-+ &%$% )*%" %")%$%#.")0 (" !XHS! &.)* )$(.) ("1.%)3 (+ )*% 8$0:;."8 9(<)0$B ("# TH!B %1;$%++.0"("# <0"8$:%") 7%$+:+ ."<0"8$:%") 8(>% (+ &.)*." ;($).<.;(") 9(<)0$+@ C*%$% &(+ (+.8".9.<(") D(." %99%<) 09 TH! (+ ?%90$%B BKOB dYR m OPQ@cZB C o @ZZOB ?:) TH!&(+ "0) ."70-7%# ." ("3 .")%$(<).0"+ ("# &(+ )*:+ "0) <0"+.#%$%# 9:$)*%$ KD%("++*0&" ." C(?-% O ($% <0--(;+%# (<$0++ TH!R@ C*%$% &(+ (-+0 ( D(." %99%<) 09<0"8$:%"<3B &.)* 9(+)%$ $%+;0"+%+ ." <0"8$:%") )$.(-+B BKOB dYR m YO@ZdB C o @ZZO@C*.+ &(+ I:(-.9.%#B *0&%7%$B ?3 )*% 0"-3 0)*%$ +.8".9.<(") %99%<)B (" .")%$(<).0"?%)&%%" <0"8$:%"<3B %D0).0"(- %1;$%++.0"B ("# ("1.%)3 8$0:;B BKOB dYR m d@QQBC o @Z]O@O

E"+;%<).0" 09 /.8:$% J +:88%+)+ )*() )*.+ )*$%%G&(3 .")%$(<).0" ($0+%B (+;$%#.<)%#B ?%<(:+% )*% <0"8$:%"<3 %99%<) &(+ 8$%()%$ &*%" 9(<%+ &%$% 9%($9:- .")*% *.8* K?:) "0) -0&R )$(.) 8$0:;@ T%;($()% ("(-3+.+ 09 $%+;0"+%+ ." )$.(-+ &.)*9%($9:- %1;$%++.0"+ $%7%(-%# (" .")%$(<).0" 09 <0"8$:%"<3 &.)* ("1.%)3B BKOB dYRm d@[PB C o @Z]B &.)* -($8%$ <0"8$:%")\."<0"8$:%") #.99%$%"<%+ ." )*% *.8* )*(")*% -0& )$(.) 8$0:;B YQD+ 7%$+:+ [D+@ !"(-3+.+ 09 "%:)$(- 8(>% )$.(-+ $%7%(-%#0"-3 ( D(." %99%<) 90$ <0"8$:%"<%B ("# "0 .")%$(<).0" &.)* ("1.%)3 8$0:;B B o O@

C*% (?07% ("(-3+%+ #0 "0) $%7%(- )*% %1)%") )0 &*.<* )*% #.99%$%"<% ?%)&%%"<0"8$:%") ("# ."<0"8$:%") )$.(-+ ." )*% *.8* )$(.)G("1.0:+ 8$0:; #%;%"#+ 0"9%($9:- 8(>%G<0"8$:%") +;%%#."8B 0$ 0" ."<0"8$:%") +-0&."8@ E" )*% (?+%"<% 09 (

&%N+( O$C:@A :@G A<:@G:;G C;;F;A PF; D:<C@>QR >FDD:?ACG :>;FAA *-%R :@G G=M=GCG SQ <;:=<

:@T=C<Q E;FH?A

D$E (+,'( ,&;'/(8 %+$FC G'%= (+,'( ,&;'/(8 %+$FC

H,I/ #/&(+,< #$&%+F/&( J&.$&%+F/&( #/&(+,< #$&%+F/&( J&.$&%+F/&(

X%:)$(- 9(<% dPO KOcR d[Q KOcR dQP KOcR dP[ KOcR dPZ KOcR ]Zd KOcR

/%($9:- 9(<% dPZ KOQR dQJ KO]R dPZ KOcR ]Z] KOQR dQY KO]R ]OZ KOcR

O T0D% ;$%7.0:+ $%+%($<* K%@8@B `$0(#?%") M `$0(#?%")B OPQQR *(+ +:88%+)%# )*() ?0)* 8%"%$(-

;$0;%"+.)3 )0 %1;%$.%"<% ("1.%)3 K.@%@B *.8* )$(.) +<0$%+RB ("# <:$$%") ("1.0:+ D00#B D(3 <0")$.?:)% )0

())%").0" )0 )*$%()@ `(+%# 0" ( +:88%+).0" D(#% ?3 ( $%7.%&%$ 09 (" %($-.%$ 7%$+.0" 09 )*.+ ;(;%$B &%

$%("(-3+%# )*% #()( (9)%$ %1<-:#."8 ;($).<.;(")+ &*0 *(# *.8* )$(.) +<0$%+ ?:) ?%-0& D%#.(" +)()%

+<0$%+ () )*% ).D% 09 )%+)."8B 0$ &*0 *(# -0& )$(.) +<0$%+ ?:) (?07% D%#.(" +)()% +<0$%+ () )%+)."8@ C*.+

$%+:-)%# ." ( +D(--%$ *.8* )$(.)e+)()% ("1.%)3 8$0:; 09 OQ ;($).<.;(")+B ("# ( -0& 8$0:; 09 Oc@ _%+:-)+

09 ("(-3+.+ &.)* )*%+% +D(--%$ 8$0:;+ $%;-.<()%# )*0+% ?(+%# 0" )$(.) ("1.%)3 (-0"%B %@8@B )*% )*$%%G&(3

.")%$(<).0" 09 <0"8$:%"<3 ?3 %D0).0"(- %1;$%++.0" ?3 8$0:; $%D(."%# +.8".9.<(")B BKOB JYR m c@QPB

C o @ZY@

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !KO

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

D()<*%# "0"<:%# ?(+%-."% <0"#.).0"B &% <0D;:)%# D%(" +;%%#."8 0" <0"8$:%"))$.(-+ #:% )0 9%($9:- 7%$+:+ "%:)$(- 9(<%+ K"%:)$(-h9%($9:- -()%"<3 #.99%$%"<%+RB("# D%(" +-0&."8 90$ ."<0"8$:%") )$.(-+ #:% )0 9%($9:- 7%$+:+ "%:)$(- 9(<%+K9%($9:-h"%:)$(- -()%"<3 #.99%$%"<%+R@ 6% )*%" <0D;($%# %(<* 09 )*%+% #.99%$G%"<% +<0$%+ (<$0++ )$(.) ("1.%)3 8$0:;+@ /0$ <0"8$:%") )$.(-+B *.8* )$(.) ("1.0:+;($).<.;(")+ +*0&%# $%-().7%-3 D0$% +;%%#."8 #:% )0 9%($9:- 8(>% KQD+ 9(+)%$R)*(" #.# )*% -0& ("1.0:+ 8$0:; K]D+ +-0&%$RB (KdYR m O@[dB C o @Z]B 0"%G)(.-@ E"<0")$(+)B ."<0"8$:%") )$.(-+ &.)* 9%($9:- 8(>% )%"#%# )0 ?% +-0&%$ )*(" "%:)$(- ."?0)* 8$0:;+ K?3 cD+ ("# OD+ ." *.8* ("# -0& 8$0:;+ $%+;%<).7%-3RB (KdYR mZ@cQB "@+@

73.5(# ;9 V()%"<3 )0 #.+<$.D."()% )($8%)+ K." D+R <0--(;+%# (<$0++ TH!B ("# #.7.#%# ?3 )$(.)

("1.%)3 8$0:;+B 90$ %(<* %1;$%++.0" ("# <0"8$:%"<3 09 8(>%@

!K" $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

8/*53**/-0

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a."8+)0"%B OPPQR@ L0&%7%$B .) $%D(."+ ;0++.?-% )*() 8(>% #.$%<).0" <0:-# (-+0-%(# )0 (##.).0"(- <0+)+ #:% )0 *(7."8 )0 #.+%"8(8% 9$0D )*% -0<().0" ."#.<()%#B." 0$#%$ )0 .#%").93 ( )($8%) %-+%&*%$%@

C*% D(." "07%- 9%():$% ." )*% ;$%+%") %1;%$.D%")+ &(+ )*% :+% 09 9(<%+ &.)*9%($9:- %1;$%++.0"+B ." (##.).0" )0 )*0+% &.)* "%:)$(- %1;$%++.0"+@ 6% ($8:%#)*()B ?%<(:+% ("0)*%$=+ 9%($9:- 8(>% 09)%" +.8"(-+ ( +0:$<% 09 #("8%$B -%($"."8("#e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

A$%7.0:+ &0$F :+."8 (" %108%"0:+ <:%."8 D%)*0# *(+ $%7%(-%# ("1.%)3%99%<)+ )*() &%$% <0"9."%# )0 +-0&%# #.+%"8(8%D%") 09 ())%").0" 9$0D )*$%(G)%"."8 9(<%+ 0$ ;.<):$%+ ." *.8* ("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+B ." )*% (?+%"<% 09 ("3%7.#%"<% 09 %"8(8%D%") #.99%$%"<%+ K/01 %) (-@B YZZOj 4.%"# M '()*%&+B YZZOR@L0&%7%$B ." <0")$(+) )0 )*.+ ;$.0$ &0$FB )*% ;$%+%") D%)*0# %D;-03%# ( <%")$(-<:%^ N.$%<).0" 09 8(>%@ C*%$% .+ )*:+ "0 "%<%++($3 <0")$(#.<).0" ?%)&%%" )*%;$%7.0:+ 9."#."8+ 09 ("1.%)3G$%-()%# #.99%$%"<%+ ." #.+%"8(8%D%") 9$0D )*$%()<:%+B ("# )*% +:88%+).0" )*() )*% ;$%+%") 9."#."8+ D(3 ."70-7% ("1.%)3G$%-()%#%"8(8%D%") #.99%$%"<%+@ T:<* #.99%$%").(- %"8(8%D%") D(3 ($.+% &*%" ( +.8"(-

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !KK

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

."#.<()%+ )*% -0<().0" 09 ( ;0)%").(- )*$%() )*() *(+ "0) K3%)R 0<<:$$%#B &*.-%#.+%"8(8%D%") #.99%$%"<%+ D(3 ?% D0$% ;$0D."%") &*%" ( )*$%()%"."8 +).D:-:+.+ ;$%+%") ." (" (-$%(#3 ())%"#%# -0<().0"@

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`3 )*.+ ($8:D%")B ("1.0:+ ."#.7.#:(-+ D(3 ?% D0$% -.F%-3 )*("($% 0)*%$+ )0 *(7% )*%.$ ())%").0" 8:.#%# ?3 +.8"(-+ (++0<.()%# &.)* )*$%()B ("# )0%"8(8% -0<().0"+ <:%# ?3 )*0+% +.8"(-+@

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

.(2(.(05(*

`$(#-%3B `@ A@B '088B a@B M '.--($B X@ L@ KYZZZR@ 507%$) ("# 07%$) 0$.%")."8 09 ())%").0" )0

%D0).0"(- 9(<%+ ." ("1.%)3@ #$%&'('$& ,&5 :3$('$&B >KB [QP\QZQ@

`$0(#?%")B N@B M `$0(#?%")B '@ KOPQQR@ !"1.%)3 ("# ())%").0"(- ?.(+^ T)()% ("# )$(.)@ #$%&'('$& ,&5

:3$('$&B LB Oc]\OQd@

5*%(-B '@ V@B M V30"B N@ _@ KOPPOR@ 5%")$(- ("# ;%$.;*%$(- ;$%<:%."8 09 90$<%#G<*0.<%

#.+<$.D."().0"@ MF,+(/+<8 N$F+&,< $9 :;C/+'3/&(,< O08.=$<$%8B KPQB Q]P\QQZ@

50*%"B 2@ N@B '(<6*.""%3B `@B /-())B '@B M A$070+)B 2@ KOPPJR@ A+3T<0;%^ !" .")%$(<).7% 8$(;*.<

+3+)%D 90$ #%+.8"."8 ("# <0")$0--."8 %1;%$.D%")+ ." )*% ;+3<*0-083 -(?0$()0$3 :+."8 '(<.")0+*

<0D;:)%$+@ */=,7'$+ "/0/,+.= !/(=$502 J&0(+F3/&(0 ,&5 #$3CF(/+0B LRB Y][\Y[O@

N$.7%$B 2@B N(7.+B W@B _.<<.($#%--.B A@B a.##B A@B '(1&%--B ,@B M `($0"G50*%"B T@ KOPPPR@ W(>%

;%$<%;).0" )$.88%$+ $%9-%1.7% 7.+:0+;().(- 0$.%")."8@ S'0F,< #$%&'('$&B TB ]ZP\]dZ@

,(+)&00#B 2@ N@B TD.-%FB N@B M '%$.F-%B A@ '@ KYZZOR@ N.99%$%").(- ())%").0"(- 8:.#("<% ?3 :"()G

)%"#%# 9(<%+ %1;$%++."8 ;0+.).7% ("# "%8().7% %D0).0"@ O/+./C('$& ,&5 O08.=$C=80'.0B TPB

OZZd\OZOJ@

,FD("B A@B M /$.%+%"B 6@ S@ KOP[cR@ O'.(F+/0 $9 9,.',< ,99/.( 0/+'/0@ A(-0 !-)0B 5!@ 50"+:-)."8

A+3<*0-08.+)+ A$%++@

/01B ,@B V%+)%$B S@B _:++0B _@B `0&-%+B _@ 2@B A.<*-%$B !@B M N:))0"B a@ KYZZZR@ /(<.(- %1;$%++.0"+ 09

%D0).0"^ !$% ("8$3 9(<%+ #%)%<)%# D0$% %99.<.%")-3l #$%&'('$& ,&5 :3$('$&B >KB cO\PY@

/01B ,@B _:++0B _@B `0&-%+B _@B M N:))0"B a@ KYZZOR@ N0 )*$%()%"."8 +).D:-. #$(& 0$ *0-# 7.+:(-

())%").0" ." +:?<-.".<(- ("1.%)3l N$F+&,< $9 :;C/+'3/&(,< O08.=$<$%8U H/&/+,<B >P?B cQO\[ZZ@

/$.%+%"B 5@ a@B M a."8+)0"%B !@ KOPPQR@ C*% %3%+ *(7% .)p _%9-%1.7% 0$.%")."8 .+ )$.88%$%# ?3

"0";$%#.<).7% 8(>%@ O08.=$&$3'. *F<</('& ,&5 "/7'/EB RB dPZ\dP]@

!K# $%&'()* (& %+,

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

L("+0"B 5@ L@B M L("+0"B _@ N@ KOPQQR@ /."#."8 )*% 9(<% ." )*% <$0&#^ C*% ("8%$ +:;%$.0$.)3 %99%<)@

N$F+&,< $9 O/+0$&,<'(8 ,&5 -$.',< O08.=$<$%8B RKB PO[\PYd@

L00#B `@ '@B 6.--%"B 2@ N@B M N$.7%$B 2@ KOPPQR@ !#:-)=+ %3%+ )$.88%$ +*.9)+ 09 7.+:(- ())%").0" ."

*:D(" ."9(")+@ O08.=$<$%'.,< -.'/&./B VB OJO\OJd@

V("8)0"B T@ _@ L@B M `$:<%B S@ KOPPPR@ _%9-%1.7% 7.+:(- 0$.%")."8 ." $%+;0"+% )0 )*% +0<.(- ())%").0"

09 0)*%$+@ S'0F,< #$%&'('$&B TB ]dO\]c[@

'()*%&+B !@B M '(<V%0#B 5@ KOPPdR@ 508".).7% (;;$0(<*%+ )0 %D0).0" ("# %D0).0"(- #.+0$#%$+@

Q&&F,< "/7'/E $9 O08.=$<$%8B KRB Y]\]Z@

Hk *D("B !@B V:"#I7.+)B N@B M ,+)%7%+B /@ KYZZOR@ C*% 9(<% ." )*% <$0&# $%7.+.)%#^ ! )*$%() (#7(")(8%

&.)* +<*%D().< +).D:-.@ N$F+&,< $9 O/+0$&,<'(8 ,&5 -$.',< O08.=$<$%8B W?B JQO\JPc@

A0+"%$B '@ E@ KOP[QR@ #=+$&$3/(+'. /;C<$+,('$&0 $9 3'&5@ L.--+#(-%B X2^ V(&$%"<% ,$-?(:D

!++0<.()%+B E"<@

A0+"%$B '@ E@ KOPQZR@ H$.%")."8 09 ())%").0"@ MF,+(/+<8 N$F+&,< $9 :;C/+'3/&(,< O08.=$<$%8B PLB

J\Y]@

T;.%-?%$8%$B 5@ N@B W0$+:<*B _@ V@B V:+*%"%B _@B S(88B A@ _@B M 2(<0?+B W@ !@ KOPQJR@!,&F,< 9$+ (=/

-(,(/XY+,'( Q&;'/(8 J&7/&($+8@ A(-0 !-)0B 5!^ 50"+:-)."8 A+3<*0-08.+)+ A$%++@

4.%"#B 2@B M '()*%&+B !@ KYZZOR@ !"1.%)3 ("# ())%").0" )0 )*$%()%"."8 ;.<):$%+@ MF,+(/+<8 N$F+&,< $9

:;C/+'3/&(,< O08.=$<$%8B RKQB cc]\cQO@

!,&F0.+'C( +/./'7/5 A/./34/+ L??L

"/7'0/5 3,&F0.+'C( +/./'7/5 !,+.= L??P

-./(0&/01 &- 2(%.23+ 1%4( 53(* !K6

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4

Dow

nloa

ded

by [t

he B

odle

ian

Libr

arie

s of t

he U

nive

rsity

of O

xfor

d] a

t 06:

08 1

4 M

arch

201

4