By

Assoc.Prof.Dr.SolehahYaacobArabic Dept. Language & Literature

International Islamic University Malaysiaa

The Conflict of Theory in Arabic Grammar

26-Feb-141

Debates and discussions on linguistics` argumentations used by both schools Basra and Kufa in order to impose their principles in modification of Arabic Grammar

26-Feb-142

BASRAH KUFAH

APPROCHES

The school of Basra was generally more

philosophically inclined when formulating the

system of Arabic grammar

Kufah based its rules on evidence found in classical

texts.

26-Feb-143

Indicated that the differences in intellectual approaches occurred in modifying the Arabic Grammar system

the Basra School used philosophical and

logical approaches in their analysis,

critique, and in modifying and

replacing the Arabic Grammar system

the Kufah School concentrated on reading the Holy Quran, Hadith

and Arabic poetry

26-Feb-144

Al-Suyuti(911H) raised the importance of using qiyas(analogy) and sama`(anamoly)in Arabic grammar for the BaÎran and Kufan school by quoting questions :

26-Feb-145

ھل صحیح ما قیل عن البصریین أنھم أصح قیاسا من الكوفیین؟ وما حقیقة موقفھما؟ وھل سلم لھما

Is it correct to say that )كال المنھجین؟the BaÎrans are more analogical than

the Kufans? What is their actual position (in grammar) and are both

approaches acknowledged.)

26-Feb-146

Let us examine some of the cases of analogy

(qiyas) and anomaly (samaa`)

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Grammatical anomalies were found

in the classical Arab poem ھو مني مقعد القابلةmeans كائن مقعد القابلة.

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In analogical approach the preoposition ) في( should be added, meaning كائن في مقعد which makes this a case,القابلة of anomaly. Even thought

كائن was inserted.

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Ibn Malik (13 Century) hinted at another case of anomaly.

، وإن یھن فأنت لدى * لك العز إن موالك عزبحبوحة الھون كائن ( You are great, if your lord is great & if he is affluently then you are an affluent being)

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The case study here is the existence of كائن, which cannot be regarded as a standard for forming the system of qiyas.

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Mahdi al-Makhzumi supports the idea of Suyuti in this matter when he remarks, كان

یقیس علیھ، وإن لم یرد في كالم العرب It (Arabic grammar) was)غیرهanalogically measured if it was unknown to the Arabs).

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DOES THE KUFAH SCHOOL REFERRED TO ANALOGY APPROACH?

YES

Sa’id Jasim al-Zubayr(20 Century) أن

البصریین والكوفیین یقیسون، ولیس صحیحا ما قیل عن ، مذھب البصریین أنھ ومذھب الكوفیین أنھ قیاسي

صرف سماعي (Both the Basrans and the Kufansused an analogical approach in their rulings

and the to state that the Basrans were analogists and the Kufans were propagators

of anomaly (anomalists), is incorrect.)

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the Kufan school did not only distinguish themselves through the application of anomaly, but also through the intellectual aptitude of its grammarians.

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Fara` (3rd H the chief of Kufahschool), for example, based his grammatical principles on philosophy, and did not hesitate to formulate his own ideas on invisible amil(used by Basra School), sometimes he refuted anomaly and used qiyas where he saw it appropriate issue.

26-Feb-1415

DOES THE BASRAH SCHOOL REFERED TO ANOMALY APPROACH?

YES

Arab grammarians(BasrahSchool) accepted the sama`used by Kufan scholars in

order to support qiyas

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For example, the word أمیلح meaning ‘to become smaller’, however, it is not used as a verb but as a gerund

26-Feb-1417

As explained by Khalil (2nd H)

في القیاس ألن الفعل یكون لم یكن ینبغي أن ولكنھم حقروا ھذا اللفظ ... ال یحقر (This

verb is not supposed to be analogically measured because it is not degraded (unknown) but they(Kufah) degraded it. )

26-Feb-1418

It is unquestionable that analogy also needs to be accompanied by anomalies, as stated:

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فما زاد إال * تزودت من لیلى بتكلیم ساعةضعف ما بي كالمھا

The case study here is إال ضعف.Analogically it was permissible to allow the precedent of accusative case (mafu`ulun bihmahsuuran) than (verb) fi`lun.

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ConclusionDifferent methodologies and

approaches did not develop isolated from each other but alongside each other. Different grammatical theories developed by Kufan and Basran grammarians did indeed complement each other, and not oppose each other

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THANK YOU

26-Feb-1422