1INTRODUCTION

Terrorism has been around since human history and a lot of the

state is a concept that had to fight. The target audience is so

broad range of non-military targets because of the terrorist

activities in advance is difficult to avoid. So we have to

fight terrorism and emerges as a long process. With

technological development, the spread of the individual and the

mass media, psychological warfare strategy and tactics to the

extent that it has developed a very sophisticated levels has

become a separate branch of science and art. This way, we were

in communication age is characterized as era of psychological

operations.

Terrorism with developing and changing world conditions,

varies, depending on evolving technology capabilities with the

newly acquired influence and power is increasing with day by

day. The steps taken in the field of democratization, terrorism

decreased in quantity, although the effectiveness of acts of

terrorism in a democratic environment, especially under the

influence of the mass media is further increased. The media's

role in international terrorism must not forget. On the one

hand the media are an indispensable component of democracy, on

the other hand the direct or indirect cause of thousands of

people worry that terrorist acts.On the one hand freedom of

2information and public disclosure on behalf of the news media's

pursuit of the objectives of the action on the other side with

terrorists who want to publicize. The most difficult issues in

ethical evaluation of media per the media-terrorism

relationship comes.

Together with the emerging new world order, variations in

international relations and the changing balance of the world,

the location of the hot war to cold war methods has led to

cessation. Psychological warfare has emerged as the need of the

cold war and low-intensity conflict known as the indispensable

elements of this war of terror has emerged as the accompanying.

The building is open to abuse through the issues, and the

socio-economic conditions and the lack of existing structures

resulting from acts of terrorism, by entering the number on the

control of some power circles can be used in an artificial way.

International political relations, regional and country-level

political and social issues in the waves of terrorist activity

or to expose periodically, depending on the situation once

again loses significance are gaining momentum. Terrorist

organizations cannot reach their goals as well as the times are

condemned to marginalization. However, some pressure on

3terrorist elements in achieving their goals unless they are

seen as a tool of terrorism will continue to exist.

As long as the political system maintains stability and power

in societies where small groups of discontent should not be

considered as a threat. However, the group resorted to

terrorism, actions and execute tactics as a requirement of

their secret activities, target selection, and unlimited use of

the initiatives is time for action to behave makes them

advantageous. Cause and effect relationships away from the

terrorist acts carried out in a way, taking the news

prematurely to prevent or arrest the perpetrators of the

difficulties, the effects of terrorism increases.

In addition, terrorists, moral or humanitarian actions which

limit themselves because they recognize too many obstacles, are

beginning to have a psychological advantage. Terrorism is not

available or where the floor is open to abuse an opportunity to

live completely outside influences can not be connected to.

Connecting to external dynamics of the internal dynamics to be

overlooked, is one of the fundamental errors in the struggle to

do. Therefore, if there is a place of terror widely recognized

that there is really something wrong and you need to identify.

Weakened the social structure or its symptoms carry the danger

posed by terrorism is important. If we consider the opposite of

4it, when interpreting terror, only taking over the internal

dynamics, external dynamics is a mistake to ignore the other.

However, external forces, enemies countries such approaches in

the community of adverse effects caused by the external

outbreaks are more strongly the idea that comprise its internal

peace seriously threatening situation outside forces assets

based on events that the public against external forces more

effective attitude towards receiving demands pushes, such an

approach put forward by the government unless weakening

confidence in the credibility and authority of the state is

powerless and helpless fits the image.

After September 11 Attacks, terrorism changed its face. Tools,

types, extent and manner of actions of terrorist networks

changed so much. One and I think one of the most important tool

is illegal immigration. Terrorist networks use this way to

spread terror by human trafficking.

Although a historical phenomenon of migration, international

migration and illegal immigration debate today around are

shaped by different factors. Especially in less developed

regions of the world, nation-states, there is controversy about

protect their economies and economic and social rights of the

citizens. Since the 1980s, the dominant neo-liberal economic

order, impoverish countries; skilling the workforce in many

5countries increasingly structuring of nation-states in the

country can not be protected. In developed countries,

employment in the quest still unskilled and cheap labor supply

to a part of the requirements to be heard, the formal sector,

as well as international competition for the informal sector to

work in the cheap labor of illegal immigration removal or the

process condoned the migration process and hence employment

fundamental determinants are located. Similarly, in developed

countries, aging of the population structure and population

dynamics of its need for labor increases. On the other hand the

young population in less developed countries, it leads to high

rates of unemployment, the economic crisis faced employment is

more difficult, international migration makes almost no

alternatives. According to the International Organization for

Migration in 2013, 3.1 of world population are immigrants, 75%

of immigrants are living in developed countries, in these areas

12% of citizens are immigrants. However, at the same time

legal migration opportunities increasingly becomes limited due

to arrive, poor, low education level and unskilled persons

disadvantaged groups such as the migration process, request for

participation in illegal migration and migrant smuggling cases

to the fore releases.

Migration process developed in the field of international

relations and especially in destination countries determine the

6employment relationship has become controversial. When we look

at globalization and the nation-state relations, we see

Hollfield’s “liberal paradox” situation. (Hollifield, 1998,

pp.595) Accordingly, today the one hand, transnational power

structures while improving economic factors and, on the other

hand, sovereign nation-states are the main actors in the

international political system which has been in existence.

Cheap labor is required for international competition, but it

needs exceed supply, political and economic emigration from the

state to protect its citizens "unwanted immigration" is

advertised as. If this is a misleading outlook. International

highlights the values of the workforce in terms of employment

of illegal immigration is that its acceptance as an unwanted

phenomenon. In particular, the destination country only in the

core countries the situation is perceived as a security issue,

prohibitive policies applied to irregular / illegal migration

contains contradictions will increase. These policies are

basically one side to reduce the factors that cause migration,

increases even more, is driving illegal immigration. At the

same time, irregular / illegal immigration as a security issue

is also offered exaggerated. This situation of immigrants as a

whole to be perceived as criminals, labeling and xenophobia

fueled causes of racism and immigrants in their host countries

are facing with the problem of belonging. Marginalization of

immigrants, as in France, for example, a holistic and global

7migrants and migration issues rather only as a security issue

leads to raised.

Countries to set aside their own interests, basic human values

around the global security policy committed to taking measures

to take would be a basic requirement of global peace and

prosperity.

It is too hard to study on a topic like terrorism. Because

terrorism is a very wide consept and there are so many

different views about it. In examining the quality of research

on terrorism, Schmid and Jongman noted that “there are probably

few areas in the social science literature on which so much is

written on the basis of so little research”. They estimated

that “as much as 80 percent of the literature is not research-

based in any rigorous sense; instead, it is too often

narrative, condemnatory, and prescriptive”

While I was doing literature review always I tried to find

objective sources. Generally NGO’s or goverment reports

provided me about find them and I usually use those reports. Of

course, I search on books and articles too. For more selective

reading, a topical list is provided below. Some essays are

listed under more than one theme. Abstracts are arranged in

alphabet order by first author.

8Clarifying consept of terrorism; Deen (2005), Ergil (2002), Martyn (2002), McCarthy (2013), Nunberg (2001), Primoratz (1990), Record (2003)

Facts of terrorism; Abrahms (2008), Ergil (2002), Linton

(2001), Natusitz (2013), Schmididentified (1983)

Relationship between terrorism and international relations;

Ergil (2002), Hobsbawm (2007), Hoffman (1998), Işıklı

(1996), Karaosmanoğlu (2002), Kılıç (2007), Sammon (2002)

Globalization and terrorism relation; Çiçekli (2003), Erkmen

(2001), Rengin (2000)

Increase of intensity of illegal immigration after September 11

Attacks; Aydoğanoğlu (2007), Chouvy (2009), Çiçekli (2003)

Illegal immigration actions in 21st century; Hanson (2009),

Koser (2005), Sapancalı (2005), Sirkeci (2006), Şimşek (2000),

Taylor (2007), Tholen (2004)

Possible measures to against illegal immigration; Özer (2011)

The main objective of this thesis is to assess what kind of

correlation exist between terrorism and illegal immigration at

the age of globalization

9

In first chapter, concept of terrorism, terrorism causes, types

and terrorist activities related to the objectives of a study

performed in the second part of international terrorism, the

concept of globalization, and international terrorism, which

links are studied. The second section in the September 11

attacks and the state of international terrorism perspective

that is evaluated, before September 11 and after September 11,

international terrorism glance how a sudden change suffered

laid bare is also in this section with globalization and the

emergence of new terrorism varieties were also investigated. In

the last chapter, in a globalized world, which has become a

major issue brief history of illegal migration, its causes and

its relationship to terrorism is discussed. Then the EU and

NGOs have developed measures against illegal immigration are

mentioned.

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS TERRORISM?

1.1 Definition of Terrorism

There is no general definition of terrorism. The most

universally accepted definition is; terrorism is the use of

violence to produce fear for political, religious, or

ideological causes. The terror comprises intentionally aimed at

10noncombatant points, and the objective is to reach the biggest

attainable publicity for a group, induce, or individual.

Terrorism is,first and foremost, a method, and it is used in

times of peace and conflict.

1.2 A Brief History of Terrorism

The history of terrorism goes back to the Sicarii Zealots, a

Jewish extremist group active in Judaea Province at the

beginning of the 1st century AD. After Zealotry rebellion in

the 1st century AD, when some prominent collaborators with

Roman rule were killed, according to contemporary historian

Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of Galilee formed a small and more

extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii. Their terror also

was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple

priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.

The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the

actions of the Jacobin Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the

French Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than justice,

prompt, severe, inflexible," said Jacobin leader Maximilien

Robespierre. In 1795, Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for

letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists ...

loose on the people" of France.

11In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three

bombs in an attempt to assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III.

Eight bystanders were killed and 142 injured. The incident

played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of

the early Russian terrorist groups. Russian Sergey Nechayev,

who founded People's Retribution in 1869, described himself as

a "terrorist", an early example of the term being employed in

its modern meaning. Nechayev's story is told in fictionalized

form by Fyodor Dostoevsky in the novel The Possessed. German

anarchist writer Johann Most dispensed "advice for terrorists"

in the 1880s. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism 14th

December 2013)

1.3 Trigger Factors of Terrorism

Human security is a prerequisite for being able to use the

rights, safety is difficult in the absence of protection of

human rights. Terrorism, tries to target with violance because

of cannot reach the goals with peacefully. Therefore, violance

is the indispensable condition of terror, no terror without

violence.When applying violence does not discriminate targets

of terrorist organizations; violence sometimes knew the target,

it is usually directed at innocent people. The purpose of

terrorism is not critical; ethnic reasons, religious reasons,

such as anti-colonial terrorism can be done with dimension.

12

A terrorist organization is an illicit clandestine

organization that generally consists of planners, trainers, and

actual bombers/killers. A terrorist organization can have

various structures, such as an identifiable hierarchy of

command, a horizontal structure where leaders are non-

identifiable or have no major role, or a cell structure where

the terrorists can be "lone wolves".(Natusitz, 2013, pp.4)

Dutch political scientist Alex P. Schmididentified 140 separate

definition of terrorism. Among these, twenty-two common

characteristics and there are twenty common purpose and

function. Most frequently mentioned five elements include: use

of violance, for a political purpose, awe or fear

mongering,threat, the psychological effects evoked in the

community or from third parties. (Schmididentified, 1983)

When analyze the factors that give rise to terror of the people

involved in terrorist activities in general thought patterns,

their environment, family structure and common aspects and

psychological structures are required to know the reasons which

impelled them to terrorism. Because terrorist acts, to the

integrity of the community assets, the future state authority

debilitating damaging, resulting in the deaths of innocent

people is a social deviant behaviors. People push comes to

13terror causes of social deviance can be divided into four

categories. These include: Economic reasons, social and

cultural reasons, the education system and finally

psychological factors.

1.3.1. Economic Reasons

Severe economic conditions, such as people can be harmed

financially in terms of moral weakness may decrease. Uneven

income distribution matters whether the most abused by

terrorist organizations, propaganda material is one of the

elements. War, natural disasters or severe economic crisis that

arose after the great demoralization of the terrorist

organizations as a result of the abuse is directed towards the

radical tendencies of society has shown itself as a

sociological case. 1.3.2. Social and Cultural Reasons

All cultures change. Accordingly, changes in the social

structure in line with its popularity in the society and their

values are subject to changes over time, these values vary

according to the needs of the era. This change is very fast and

develop a state covering the whole of society had not supply

leads to the deterioration of the social balance.

14

1.3.3. Education System

Education what is expected of human behavior change in a

positive direction, is. Therefore, education in a society, how

many social integration, if it serves, positive people, if it

is channeled, how much social capital surplus value, it is

useful to persons not trained network of terrorist

organizations, more easily falls in that order of the society

to the situation is not healthy.

1.3.4. Psychological Factors

People whose personal skills are inadequate don’t like their

status in society. They claim that they are blocked by the

society about love, respect and accordingly they will be

asocial people, with this argument they use aggressive,

violent behavior patterns towards use to gain specific interest

and respectability. A general terrorist profile is ow

intelligence, withdrawn, sadistic difficulty in establishing

normal relations with other people. Terrorist networks use them

as a tool.

1.4. Purposes of Terrorist Networks

15Terrorism, in order to understand better, it is a political

philosophy rather than, application state, or a political tool

that makes three of the dictator, let's listen to the words:

Lenin: "The purpose of terrorism, [people] who adorned and

online routing to a desired behavior is."

Hitler: "Terrorism is the best political weapon for nothing

drives people harder than a fear of sudden death."

Gaddafi : "The subject, with a single Arab kills three-

hundreds, pave the way for expelling America from Lebanon

Americans, is: May be unreliable regular armies at all times,

but never invincible armed people." (Ergil, 2002)

Terrorist organizations are determined to achieve the purposes

for urban and rural areas due to armed organizations in the

form of various actions are referred to. Some of the simple

action plan of the organization to which they applied, and some

are more complex. Before applying to an action who can fulfill

that action and emphasize the need for methods to calculate the

best.

The tools used by terrorist organizations, include: attack,

invasion, occupation, forestalling, street actions, strikes and

lockouts actions, the looting of weapons and ammo depot,

funding actions, prisoners of actions aimed at rescuing,

16murder, kidnapping and hostage-taking, acts of sabotage,

propaganda actions, actions based on psychological warfare

Act of terrorism is becoming a a lot physically life-

threatening and additional psychologically efficient arm.

Although a simple description of terrorist act persists, “The

calculated apply of illegitimate violence or threat of

illegitimate violence to inculcate fear…,” terrorism is

improving from a tactical novelty to get, in a lot instances, a

important functional and strategic instrument. Terrorist act is proper a more network settled that promotes a

loosely coordinated, self-financed organizational structure.

The motivation of a few terrorist groups comes along to be

settled progressively on theological extremes and ideologic

absolutes. The international or multinational cooperation among

terrorist groups provides an improved power to recruit members,

develop fiscal support and resources, gain skills training,

transfer of technology, and when desired, governmental advice. As I mentioned above, the definition of the word terrorism for

the first time gives a new dimension to the French Revolution.

Of the French Revolution in the early years in France, the

executive authority Convention, the country by external forces

to the occupation they are concerned because of the innermost

17civil unrest revolution damage that might be extraordinary to

take measures that needed.For this purpose, responsible for

public safety committee (Comité de salut public) are equipped

with almost dictatorial powers up. On September 5, 1793

Convention against Terrorism with a statement opposing the

revolution (la Terre), explaining: "The conspiracy theory, it's

time to drop all the people were terrified. Law enforcement

officials, the terror began."(Linton, 2001, pp.234) Responsible

for public safety committee at the beginning of Maximilian

Robespierre would be an ardent advocate of terrorism and one

year after their appointment, on 28 July 1794 until tyranny was

executed for the crime will lead to the execution of thousands

of people. Terrorism, extrajudicial executions dating back to

the decision on the application form and leave people with the

fear of a terrorist in history was carried out by the state is

referred to as an example.

CHAPTER 2: GROWING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION DUE TO THE

GLOBALIZATION

The changing world dynamics and as a result of variations in

international relations, hot wars, replaced by the cold war

methods. As part of the emerging Cold War psychological warfare

and low intensity of this war is an indispensable element of

conflict, brought terrorism concept.

18

Terrorism, which is an element of psychological warfare, in

general, already existing or to be formed artificially provided

revolutionary ideas and movements, mobilization for a

particular purpose, are emerging as a result. Terrorism with developing and changing world conditions, is

variable, depending on evolving technology capabilities with

the newly acquired influence and power is increasing with day

by day. Democratization as the steps taken to reduce the

quantity of terror, although the effectiveness of acts of

terrorism in a democratic order, especially under the influence

of the mass media is further increased. Socio-economic conditions and the existing structure of society

caused by the lack of terrorist activities, after a while, or

to enter some power to control an artificial way some circles,

is built on open to abuse problems.

2.1. Terrorism and International Relations

Terrorist movements nowadays and periodically emerge in waves,

and subsequently lost its importance once again are gaining

momentum.Gained momentum during this period of terror and

international political relations, regional and country level

19is observed close association between political and social

issues. When a proper assessment of terrorist organizations in the way

they suggest, as they can not reach their destination in time

are doomed to be marginalized. Even in societies instability

and deficiencies, disgruntled people to the emergence of lead

and certain powers and states of terror, in achieving the

objectives of a vehicle and an element of pressure which are

seen as long as terrorism existence will continue.

In societies where small groups of discontent is inevitable

that the presence of. However, as long as the political system

maintains balance and strength, a lot of these cases are not

considered frightening. Today, 20 century the dominant unit independent territorial

state we're in a process that evolved. Called globalization

characteristic of this period, economic, scientific and

cultural fields, this tendency to go rampant, do not exist in

the fields of politics and the state. Capital, commodities and

fluidity of communication at the global level, while government

and politics of cross-border mobility of labor until the

following main obstacles to the effective established. In the

same table the decisive element of the Cold War, then the world

20of military and armed forces to impose a single, large states

(the U.S.) is clean and modern and the U.S. in reality, such as

the UN international institutions every instance the bypass of

an empire that acts like. (Hobsbawm, 2007, pp. 1)

But the U.S. also our age, as the former dominant position in

the industrialized world is not. Large state system collapsed,

what is happening in their country of nation-states and the

controls on day to day living is declining.More importantly,

the territorial state, over the last thirty years on the armed

forces has lost its monopoly position. For example, in Iraq,

now more than 30 thousand armed special subcontractors is

operative. Likewise, as loyal citizens of the state and the

former homeland are not willing to give their lives for.

The nature of today's politics is complex. Our era is still

nation-state era, one aspect of globalization is dysfunctional.

But this, eliminate armed conflict does not stick to a phase

us. In fact, the escalation of terror and violence, gather

strength from the first World War is part of the process of

barbarity that is being spread. 20 century was a century of

history's most murderous. 20 century due to war or war

occurring in conjunction with the total number of human deaths

is calculated as 187 million. If already, between 2001 and

2004, 31 sovereign states of the world is experiencing an armed

21civil war views. Moreover, today, war is actually from 80 to 90

percent of the people affected are civilians. As a result, 21

rather less likely to be a century of peace century. (Hobsbawm,

2007, pp. 3)

Humanity's 20th 21st century century faced when entering a real

phenomenon of globalization, which, with the collapse of the

Soviet Union entered the new process closely shook the whole

world and thus is also of interest. Which is a concept that

emerged towards the end of the 20th century, globalization, and

entered into the lead in the new era of development determines

its effectiveness as a phenomenon has provided. Although there

is full agreement on the concept, the concept can be said to be

more economical source term. From the bipolar world into a

unipolar world in a transformation process of globalization,

the world becomes a single market integrated advocating an

extension could be argued that the new capitalism. Western

countries caused global capitalism has spread across the world

and all the nations on earth to get into their system, with the

realization that globalization has come into question. West is

at the center of a world still to be shifted to a new building

western-based, with the phenomenon of globalization has become

a reality.

22Globalization, the people one planet a common destiny having as

a community need to be addressed, arguing that the countries

and regions of the differences out of all the people on the

same planet together created a new future being directed toward

suggests. After second World War created the bipolar world

balance, polarity of one of the crash scattered on the

resulting unipolar world in the center of the United States

where the Western Bloc supremacy of a single centered new world

order was raised. Having defeated Western capitalism to

socialism in the east, from affordable way of spreading across

the world capitalist system and in this regard was made to the

phenomenon of globalization, was established in the framework

of a specific plan. In the process of globalization of

capitalist accumulation emerging world is a stage. In a sense,

globalization, the whole world of the capitalist system was

revealed as the new way of doing. Extremely accumulated capital

reveals a new financial economy, the country produced which was

based on the business and have stayed off the real economy and

the financial markets through stock a full casino capitalism

began to happen. (Işıklı, 1996, pp. 103)

Globalization event, a worldwide capitalist international

management revealed. International capital-led organizations in

every corner of the earth, constitute a capital layout

management. The concept of globalization in this case, the

23national economy and the intensification of economic relations

between the economic units describing the

"internationalization" is taken as synonymous with the concept.

Covering the whole of the earth is brought into a new kind of

super-colonial practices. Economically with production and

investment processes are globalized financial markets.The

globalization of production by transnational corporations and

foreign direct investment has increased the importance of goods

and services by removing obstacles to trade liberalization and

expansion of world trade has been achieved serious. (Kılıç,

2007, pp. 43)

One aspect of globalization emerged as the development and

modernization, but as time goes on, rather than modernizing it

is understood that imperialism. Democracy and human rights

given to the image of globalization further as a stage has

revealed, but the West outside of the countries in the world

more painful situations at the point drift of globalization

progress, rather than a return to the past as imperialism

brought that was understood. In a sense, the image of the old

imperialism has re-emerged in an altered form. This time the

company has received the imperial instead of the imperialist

states.Capitalism's national identity peeling spread around the

world income distribution, therefore inequality falls in the

political sense of Western countries, democracy, human rights,

24minority rights, such as the concepts of less developed

countries interference in internal affairs as a tool for use

showed clearly. Although seen in the form of globalization,

westernization of the world, to countries outside of the West

has brought a decline in serious and especially third world

countries are looking at the old location was dragged to

another level. Western centers all over the world using the

media-imposed process of globalization, in a short time outside

the western countries have taken further back, with political

and economic bankruptcy of state collapse ensued.

Globalization, the whole world in a single regularization path

of all states prior to be reduced then in a given process to

melt pave the way, so that international monopoly capital's

largest obstacle standing as the nation-state over time

liquidation to be is working. In line with the downsizing of

the state to ensure that public spaces are narrowed further

fragmentation will raise more roads to the formation of small

states are supported. Society which exists in all kinds of sub-

identities re-detection and for human rights support, they

formed associations and foundations, civic communitarianism on

behalf of foreign financial contributions enabled to be

studied, always a new world in the process observed

developments. (Kılıç, 2007, pp. 44)

25Christopher Coker expresses the following: "... globalization;

activities of the institution and the political landscape

changing as a process without destroying the properties we have

to see. Regional geography or superior does not require

territoriality or regions: they can coexist in still more

complex relationships. State and nation is changing the nature

of the social structure, but neither the state nor the nation

is not replaced by someone else.” (Karaosmanoğlu, 2002, pp. 12)

In line with global imperialism seeking to establish a new

world order globalist approaches, the order in which you want

to establish their priority was given to the destruction of the

existing order. Today, around 200 independent states of the

earth globalist scheme seeks to eliminate imperialism.

Located in the focus of globalization, U.S. President George

Bush's imperialist nation-state against these words, given the

extent of economic and political war proves to be on the

agenda. “Instead of preparing for war among the great powers,

in order to build a world of peace where he competed in 17

century, nation states have the best chance since the rise.”

(Sammon, 2002, pp.65)

2.2. Effects of Globalization on Terrorism

26The concept of international terrorism, acts of violence are

increasing since the 1960s as a result of winning an

intergovernmental dimension, has found its place in the

international relations discipline. international terrorism,

"the content and consequences of international terrorist

activities again is defined as". However, it is not limited to

the international nature of terrorism. Of a foreign state or an

international organization to influence the policies of the

international nature of the violence carried out bears. In

addition to this, with the support of one or more than one

state status must be made in terrorist acts are evaluated in

the same approach. Foreign or foreign-owned goals and targets

of terrorism is international size.(Rengin, 2000, pp. 56)

International terrorism, certain political, social and economic

interests to ensure that human lives, the internal social

dynamics of international peace and security environment, the

state of the peaceful relations, internal affairs, conflict

resolution by peaceful means, the domestic law and

international law is the destination.

Creating a negative impact on bilateral and mutual relations of

States and take years to resolve dispute raises. States and

representatives of the diplomatic relations and the state of

development of relations selecting target is a threat to

27communicate with each other. Of terrorist individuals,

societies and states to contain and deter violence that affect

the international community, the problem requires collective

action was against. Terrorism, United Nations, European Union,

Council of Europe, on the agenda of international organizations

like the International Court of Justice has entered. Find a

place in international law is the result of these developments. Thus, terrorism, the security of some states and not as an

element that violates the rights of citizens, threatening world

peace and stability has been recognized as a phenomenon.

Detect and correct the causes of terrorism and international

terrorism, to understand the problem, it is necessary to

accurately determine the level of handling. In this regard,

international relations it is necessary to examine the form of

internal and external factors.

Internal factors termed personal, social, cultural and

administrative variables national causes of terrorism;

country's foreign policy objectives and the global environment,

international environmental conditions are the main causes.

20 century in human history has witnessed an unprecedented

development. 19 century until the end of mankind's science,

28technology, prosperity and so on. The progress made in the area

thousands of years if we expressed in meters; probably only

xx'nc century of the distance can be expressed in kilometers

exaggeration to state that there is an improvement. This

momentum is increasing with each passing day.

In all fields of medicine, technology, industry, transport,

etc., for communication. the 20th man beginning of the century

of a living person can not even imagine things that have

managed this success into everyday life in the transferring of

the world has changed the face, his own life, beautify, large a

comfortable haven of comfort and speed of attaining the life of

monotony was lifted.

This phenomenon called globalization; parallel with the

development of technology, this technology produces and uses a

new world order at the request of the countries that are

shaping a speed unimaginable. In this new world order of the

fittest way of life, customs and traditions that will dominate

the other and those folks will fall into a kind of sub-culture

status.

At this point, the relationship is emerging with globalization

of terrorism. The purpose of terrorist activity in which they

try to destroy order and most importantly, it will tell the

29world. Personalities of the victims of terrorist activities are

not important, only that they represent is important titles.

The purpose of terrorism attacks, hostage-taking etc. violent

activities to publicize the names and wishes. In this context,

existing in a globalized world advanced technology, radio,

television, newspapers, internet, etc. thanks to the incredible

distance of the mass media has come increasingly violent

terrorism will increase in the next century. Terrorism is a

struggle continued outside the system against the system. In a

sense, outside the dominant power of the system is

questionable. At the time we were in the foreground comes to

the concept of global terrorism. Globalization as a political

movement to dominate the world of western values expressed by

that global terrorism is a phenomenon that questioned the

dominance of this value.

Therefore, in the current period of global terrorism is

emerging in this context. There are a further aspect thereof.

We call globalization, the worldwide spread of western values,

is to bring together the political composted. Maybe economic

integration is placed into the same pattern. But political

aspects, at least in terms of old structures, proposes a

comminution. This political disintegrations, but also brings

the terrorism.

30

2.3. Increase Density of Illegal Immigration After September 11

Attacks

For hundreds of years many statesmen, great commanders and

terrorism, which caused the death of thousands of people

September 11th, 2001 has also opened a new page in their

history. A systematic review of hundreds of years of history to

become a terrorist is based on the 19th century. However, the

events that started in the 1960s as an important tool of

terrorism on the world stage has been playing a very important

role in coming. Organization independent of each other, but the

action mentality similar to each other at various organizations

as a way to fight terror is used weak. During the Cold War

finds himself living space, especially in unstable regions of

the world terrorist organizations in the transformation of

political and economic structures showed a parallel change.

Analyzing the form of execution of actions resulting blood

spots can be analyzed as follows.As a result of this action,

long-term planning have been implemented in a highly

confidential manner is an action. The purpose numerous causes

lethality. Although highly sophisticated in terms of planning

actions to achieve the purpose of the tools used is very

simple. Failure to use grenades and explosives and firearms

31action seen so far is separate from actions aimed at a mass

audience. Minimum drive action has been successful in terms of

achieving the maximum target. This case illustrates the

calculation of every detail. Selected as a means of passenger

aircraft, a giant bombs in civilian use and the impact of their

actions to calculate how much detail is good evidence that

planned. (Erkmen, 2001, pp. 5)

The relationship between migration and security concept has

resurged in the wake of the September 11 events. Foreign

terrorists involved in the September 11 events of border

security and immigration control system is the issue of the

effectiveness confused. As a natural result of this, many

countries in the fight against international terrorism, to

improve border security and immigration control systems were

observed to take a series of measures to strengthen.

Immigration control policies will eliminate terrorism

completely, but play a key role in the fight against

international terrorism, have a general opinion on the matter

is available. (IOM, 2010, pp.12-13)

After 9/11, the US determined that PNR could make a valuable

contribution towards efforts aimed at preventing terrorism.

Consequently, requirements were instituted that all inbound

airlines provide the US authorities with these records. PNR

32data is sent ahead of flight departure and is analysed and

checked against the relevant US watch lists.

Due to the transboundary level, international terrorism,

international migration has been seen as a problem associated

with. Border control and security, illegal migration, asylum

and refuge, foreigners and integration of immigrants,

ethnicities / intercultural relations and citizenship issues

such as the fight against terrorism as well as international

migration of interest constituted. However, measures to control

immigration and border policies in the fight against terrorism

will be taken by national and international tedbirlerinsade

should be noted that a portion. (Çiçekli, 2003)

The terrorist attacks in New York on 11 September 2001 have

undeniably had a lasting effect in many areas. One significant

consequence was that migration became more strongly linked to

national security issues. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks,

measures aimed at preventing terrorism were often explicitly

linked to immigration policies. The following years have seen

many laws, regulations and international conventions on

terrorism. Not just in the US, but all over the world, states

have worked to strengthen border and immigration controls and

tighten security. While this latest impulse derives from 9/11,

governments were working to address many of the reforms

33mentioned in this report long before security became a major

issue. Nevertheless, a number of incidents have demonstrated

the continuing threat of international terrorism. Since 9/11,

high profile attacks against commercial and civilian targets in

countries such as the UK, Jordan, Indonesia, the Philippines,

the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Spain and Turkey have

resulted in substantial loss of life and injury, and in

significant emotional and economic costs. These events

initiated new policies. Western European countries, the US and

Canada introduced a non-arrival or non-entry policy in order to

create barriers to the new influx of asylum seekers and

economic migrants. While policies in the late 1980s were

developed with a multifaceted approach (visa requirements

combined with carrier sanctions; creation of international

zones in airports; isolation of applicants and processing of

applications for asylum at military bases abroad), the next

step, following the terrorist attacks, was the posting of

immigration officers or airline liaison officers in countries

of origin or important transit countries such as Pakistan and

Turkey. (IOM, 2010)

CHAPTER 3: DUE TO GLOBALIZATION, THE GROWING ILLEGAL

IMMIGRATION

34Migration is not a new phenomenon in human history, people for

thousands of years famine, war, exile for reasons such as are

known to abandon their homes. However, with the development of

capitalism and the industrial revolution, as well as from

neighboring countries and from rural to urban centers of

capitalism, it is observed that the start of the massive labor

migration. At the same time, they established colonies of the

imperialist countries began the massive reverse current in

European populations of indigenous minorities in these new

settlements were made. (Aydoğanoğlu, 2007). Begining in 19

century, this new phenomenon of international migration,

international political-economic development to the present,

has interacted with.

Encountered in the fight against international terrorism,

illegal immigration, one of the biggest challenges can not be

avoided. The fight against illegal immigration, both military

and political struggle in the fight against terrorism

constitutes one of the building blocks. Without going into

issues associated with illegal immigration, illegal immigration

is a need to clarify the some concepts.1

1 Relevant terms of the General Directorate of security, anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime glossary of Terms, and the Turkish Armed Forces, Joint Military Terms from the Dictionary has been prepared.

35Illegal immigration: Economic, social or political cause

individuals under the influence of illegally from one country

to another is displacement.

Human trafficking: Forced labor, slavery or similar practices

subordinating in order to, threats, pressure, force or

violence, applying influence to abuse, trick or helplessness by

taking advantage of people to miss out on a place other than a

place to drive, to ship or is to include.

Migrant smuggling: Directly or indirectly, for the purpose of

obtaining material benefit, citizen of a foreign state or

stateless in the country permanently, or as not allowed to sit

persons to another country illegally enter or to remain in this

country or out of the country.

Asylum: Any criminal proceedings and convictions of the terms

of the extradition order to get rid of fleeing to another

country.

Target Country: Illegal immigration is a country of immigration

scope.

Country of origin: In the scope of illegal migration, the

migration of people who belong to that country.

36Transit country: illegal immigration to other countries under

the transition from the country where they are used for the

country.

3.1 Root Causes of Illegal Immigration

The international focus of the immigration debate are

increasing causes of migration and increased migration

constitutes an effort to control the printing. These two

factors determine whether migration is how the process occurs.

However, the underlying factors that make migration equation

does not change too much. National and international income

distribution cliffs, uneven distribution of employment

opportunities, political, ethnic, religious and other tensions

in the field of cultural rights push and pull factors of

migration poses. Furthermore, household characteristics and

migration behavior of individual decisions with the decisions

included in the basic equations can be said. In this context,

several models trying to explain the migration has been

developed. They are part of another group, the emphasis on

economic factors, individual psychological factors are of

primary importance to see. However, this traditional place of

macro and micro approaches that could be called migration

approaches in globalization is perceived as a process. Because

migration flows, as well as include the relatively poor social

37and human capital also started to include anyone who was more

powerful. In addition, this current today, surpassing the size

of the sending and receiving countries being more long-term and

presents itself in the form of circulation. This new

transnational dimension of international migration flows is to

remove the foreground, the migration process is now more than

one geography concern. For example, immigrants off from a

village in Afghanistan, Pakistan has acquired thence to Moscow

with fake documents before reaching the UK nowadays more

frequent changing nature of migration as a phenomenon reveals.

(Sirkeci, 2006, pp. 34).

3.2 The Relationship Between International Terrorism and

Migration

The terrorist attacks in New York on 11 September 2001

(henceforth, 9/11) have undeniably had a lasting effect in many

areas. One significant consequence was that migration became

more strongly linked to national security issues. In the wake

of the 9/11 attacks, measures aimed at preventing terrorism

were often explicitly linked to immigration policies. The

following years have seen many laws, regulations and

international conventions on terrorism. Not just in the US, but

all over the world, states have worked to strengthen border and

immigration controls and tighten security. While this latest

38impulse derives from 9/11, governments were working to address

many of the reforms mentioned in this report long before

security became a major issue. Nevertheless, a number of

incidents have demonstrated the continuing threat of

international terrorism. (IOM, 2010, pp.9) Although European countries already had to face the reality of

an external threat, the link between migration and

international terrorism seems to have re-emerged as a result of

those attacks, and follows from a lesson learned by states:

that terrorism is no longer limited to nations or regions. Just

as goods, capital and services are moving quickly and with

fewer restrictions around the world in complex globalized

networks, so are terrorists, and their activities display a

supranational dynamic beyond the reach of many national law

enforcement agencies. In other words, there has been a

realization that the very processes which facilitate travel and

economic and cultural exchange can also be exploited by

terrorists. While this connection between migration and

international terrorism is the outcome of relatively recent

developments, it is important to recognize that migration is

not a new phenomenon and that it has often formed a vital part

of the economic and social development of destination/host

countries, while providing migrants with new opportunities and

relieving some of the pressures of unemployment and

39underemployment in their countries of origin. Migration has

traditionally, and correctly, been seen primarily as an

economic and social issue, rather than a security issue. How migration relates to security issues is a multi-dimensional

subject. International terrorism could, because of its cross-

border dimensions, also be considered a migration issue. It

touches on a range of matters directly affecting migration

policy, including: border integrity (entry and/or residence

with illicit intent), national security, integration, ethnic/

multicultural affairs and citizenship. International terrorism

is a test, in extremis, of the degree to which national

immigration policies continue to be relevant in an

increasingly borderless world. However, migration policy,

particularly with regard to managing who comes in and out of a

country and resides there, is just one area where national and

international law enforcement can act against terrorism.

Although European countries already had to face the reality of

an external threat, the link between migration and

international terrorism seems to have re-emerged as a result of

those attacks, and follows from a lesson learned by states:

that terrorism is no longer limited to nations or regions. Just

as goods, capital and services are moving quickly and with

40fewer restrictions around the world in complex globalized

networks, so are terrorists, and their activities display a

supranational dynamic beyond the reach of many national law

enforcement agencies. In other words, there has been a

realization that the very processes which facilitate travel and

economic and cultural exchange can also be exploited by

terrorists. While this connection between migration and

international terrorism is the outcome of relatively recent

developments, it is important to recognize that migration is

not a new phenomenon and that it has often formed a vital part

of the economic and social development of destination/host

countries, while providing migrants with new opportunities and

relieving some of the pressures of unemployment and

underemployment in their countries of origin. Migration has

traditionally, and correctly, been seen primarily as an

economic and social issue, rather than a security issue. (IOM,

2010, pp.5-6) How migration relates to security issues is a multi-dimensional

subject. International terrorism could, because of its cross-

border dimensions, also be considered a migration issue. It

touches on a range of matters directly affecting migration

policy, including: border integrity (entry and/or residence

with illicit intent), national security, integration, ethnic/

multicultural affairs and citizenship. International terrorism

41is a test, in extremis, of the degree to which national

immigration policies continue to be relevant in an increasingly

borderless world. However, migration policy, particularly with

regard to managing who comes in and out of a country and

resides there, is just one area where national and

international law enforcement can act against terrorism. (IOM,

2010, pp.6)

3.2.1 Economic Dimension of Illegal Immigration

Illegal immigration and smuggling of migrants lies at the core

of global economic dynamics. Immigration policies and the

changing definition of the state of relations between states

are directly affected. In this sense, one of the most important

determinants of government to the needs of the new global

economic order is the need to develop appropriate policies.

Create accordance with the development of the global economy

and their participation in the legal system states to cooperate

on migration policy development cannot show this on. National

and regional levels planned protectionist and restrictive

immigration regimes, capital, goods, and is inconsistent with

the free movement of investments increased. This asymmetry also

is working to fix itself with illegal immigration. (Sirkeci,

2006, pp.34)

42Capital and increasing trade liberalization in many parts of

the world, employment opportunities, while reducing the

employment of unskilled labor “undesirable” is seen as

circulation is blocked. Trend towards globalization of labor

markets from other markets, most important difference between

the globalization trend, the international mobility of labor is

limited. Goods, capital and financial markets and liberalized

the increasing mobility of labor mobility provisions remain

within the boundaries of national states. International

limiting the mobility of the workforce has multiple

determinants. The most important of these factors, the

international mobility of labor cost is high, the state of the

legal regulations concerning citizenship and work and cultural

differences and the impact of the increasing trend of

xenophobia is. (Şimşek, 2000).

After the second World War is needed for the development of the

demand for labour, migrant workers, meets with the center of

the country, this is a temporary situation, starting with the

adoption of migrants in the “guest worker”, “asylum seekers”

with concepts such as naming, these workers, policy and society

as a manufacturer by certain lines of business and the fees for

certain placed in temporary and has been perceived as a

separate group. Starting with the 1973 oil crisis, the

employment crisis by further strengthening this perception

43unwanted immigrants, illegally leaked to the country in large

masses has led them to be categorized as people. During this

period, many countries in Europe, the “zero immigration” policy

was introduced, the employment of foreign workers, frozen,

against immigrants and strict control policies and restrictions

that have been (OECD, 2003).

3.2.2. Security Dimension of Illegal Immigration

While the cause of the phenomenon of illegal immigration,

mostly economic, and political factors cause both emerge as a

result. Move with the influence of the political dimension,

irregular / illegal migration is seen as primarily a security

issue. However, in the narrow sense at this point to address

the issue, the causes of illegal immigration and security in

this context, the tendency to ignore the other dimensions

brings. Who will pass the boundaries of the states of the right

to audit is an important part of their sovereignty. This is

also not regulated by law, stop the migration, which is

essential to make full use of the sovereignty of the fact that

brings. Illegal immigration, but also against the security of

the state is perceived as a threat, the potential for

terrorists to enter the country are said to form the channel.

(Koser, 2005, pp.10-12). In the immigration policies of most

developed countries in the economic and social dimensions of

44responsibility taken by the state, eroding collaborative effort

created with the general safety concerns and crime prevention

mechanisms are reduced to almost exclusively. More of the

rights and freedoms of foreigners, crime measures, detention

and trial focuses on cooperation in the fields. In the 2000s,

immigration policy, the fight against crime is almost the same

meaning. (Tholen, 2004, pp.323-325).

However, to deal with illegal immigration, only this dimension

of this phenomenon is fed resources and other important

threats, states, communities, and especially in terms of

immigrants also provide convenience to ignore. Given the

sensitivity of the subject prior to reaching the reductive

result of a careful analysis should be performed arises. First

of all illegal immigrants in large numbers of states occupied

by the thought that in a sense is not true. Illegal immigration

can occur in significant numbers, but in many countries, this

constitutes a small proportion of total immigrants. Second,

irregular migration and migrants in illegal activities, which

to a large extent and spread diseases such as AIDS, as they are

frequently encountered judge just generalizations. Irregular

migrants threatens state sovereignty and security as important

as the perception that another problem is the polarization

taking place in this debate. Created out of irregular migrants

at an extreme threat perception of some civil society

45organizations tend to underestimate the problems that arise are

located. However, an unrealistic way to approach the concept of

threat, especially on a large scale irregular migration is to

ignore when it really might be a problem. What to do, where

political views shaped by staying away from extremes to try to

analyze the actual size. (GCIM, 2005, pp.32-41)

Driven by political perception of immigration and immigrant

social exclusion, xenophobia and negative factors, such as

feeding each other leads to go into operation. Irregular

migration, migrant smuggling and abuse, such as arise in the

process of moving towards the formation of negative attitudes

in the public accelerate. (IOM, 2004, pp. 46) In developed

countries, social exclusion, illegal workers, migrants, asylum

seekers and ethnic minorities as well as the cluster is

directly affected. Official citizenship, which means membership

in a nation-state, especially with the phenomenon of migration

has become significantly discussed. Although formal citizenship

rights and obtaining sufficient factor in terms of

implementation, even though the rights given to whom is the

indicator. In particular, immigration from poorer countries to

developed countries, some of them, cannot benefit from

citizenship rights. On the other hand, in various states which

accept immigrants, migrants and minorities in the context of

basic citizenship rights is seen that the implementation of

46different policies. Many countries policies towards migrants

are mostly set up on the basis of economic rights. In fact,

immigrants and minorities, social exclusion not only of

political participation and labor market participation are

living beyond all other aspects. (Sapancalı, 2005, pp. 202-206)

This, in turn, causes the reaction of immigrants, the emergence

of opposite reactions may occur with a real security problem.

Human security, in every country, rich or poor, is an issue of

concern. Because unemployment, crime, pollution, drug

trafficking and human rights violations as a common threat to

all people is increasing day by day. Second, the components of

human security are founded on interdependence in the

international level. So, the people of any country when

security is compromised, all other countries are also likely to

be affected by this. Hunger, disease, environmental pollution,

drug trafficking, terrorism, threats such as ethnic conflicts

can be isolated and are not issues that may remain within

national borders. The third feature of human security, not with

subsequent interventions can be provided by taking early

measures. Finally, human security is centered on the

individual, the living conditions of people, the ability to

perform personal preferences, opportunities such as access to

facilities is related to the vital qualities.

47In a report to the UNDP for the concept of human security is

stated that there are six main threats. These are listed as,

uncontrollable population growth, inequality in economic

opportunity, immigration, environmental disasters, drug

trafficking and international terrorism. (UNDP, 2013, pp.23-

26).

In this context, migration, human security as a result of

inadequacies in the provision of again becoming a threat to

human security. In general, migration, in particular irregular

migration, the connection with the concept of human security as

well as the results of both the causes of migration can be read

out. First, uncontrolled population growth and economic

opportunity inequality constitute the most important causes of

migration. Many migrants, their countries of armed conflict,

political instability and economic crisis created by the aim to

move away from the insecure environment. However, due to lack

of opportunity for legal immigration are turning to illegal

immigration. During their journey they want to go to the

country for a long time are forced to live in difficult and

dangerous conditions. On the other hand, the only thing worse

conditions of irregular migrants in the border go through their

irregular shape, but also their status in the country of

destination is. Irregular migrants are mostly operated in

hazardous work, health, education and other social services

48cannot benefit from being exposed to exploitation, but due to

their status are often refrain from cooperating with government

authorities. (Koser, 2005, pp.9-13). Therefore, both the phase

and the target country journey they carry many of the threat

status of irregular migrants but not the obligation to deal

with the case against the adverse living conditions shows that

the remaining people.

3.3 Measures to Stop Illegal Immigration

The 2003 UNFPA global survey found that 73 per cent of

developing countries responding (110 out of 151) reported

having taken some action to deal with international migration,

compared to 18 per cent in a similar inquiry in 1994. Nearly

half of the countries had adopted programmes or strategies on

international migrants or refugees; 37 per cent had enacted

legislation on international migrants and migrant workers; 33

per cent had adopted a migration policy; 11 per cent had

undertaken efforts to enforce international conventions on

refugees, asylum-seekers and illegal migrants; and 10 per cent

had passed laws on the trafficking of humans, especially women

and children.

A growing number of countries have established coordination

mechanisms of various types across government agencies, between

49governments, and among governments, NGOs and international

donors.

Policies in some African countries, like Ghana and the United

Republic of Tanzania, emphasized settling refugees. In Latin

American and Caribbean countries, the focus was on providing

incentives for returning nationals, while the emphasis in

Eastern Europe, the Arab States and Central Asian Republics was

on protecting labour markets and combating drug trafficking.

To better integrate immigrants into their society, a few

countries have adopted measures promoting equal opportunity in

access to jobs, housing, health and education. Some developed

countries have changed their family reunification policies in

the past decade.

Since July 2002, for instance, Denmark no longer offers a

statutory right to reunification with a spouse, and in most

cases does not grant reunification if one of the spouses is

younger than 24. New Zealand recognizes a wider range of family

structures than it used to, but has also strengthened the legal

responsibility of sponsors for the family members they bring

into the country. Canada's policy, on the other hand, has

become less restrictive, now including dependent children under

22 instead of 19. (UNFPA, Migration and Urbanization)

50

A number of developed countries have introduced initiatives

encouraging the immigration of skilled workers in response to

labour shortages. Some have adopted policies aimed at

attracting and retaining highly skilled students from

developing countries.

To counter the growing trafficking of human beings, countries

have tightened border controls and made asylum policies more

restrictive; in some cases this has inadvertently made

trafficking more profitable. In response, some countries have

introduced severe penalties for human trafficking.

Although most receiving countries recognize the positive

contributions of migration to the economic, social and cultural

development of both migrantreceiving and migrant-sending

countries, the growing levels of illegal immigration and the

continuing flows of refugees and asylum-seekers remain major

concerns.

Many countries favour more international cooperation to manage

migration more effectively. Since 1994, eight regional and

subregional consultation processes have been set up, covering

nearly every country. The International Migration Policy

Programme begun in 1998 has organized 15 regional meetings to

51promote cooperation and capacity building. And a Global

Commission on International Migration was launched in December

2003; it is scheduled to issue recommendations to the UN

Secretary-General in mid-2005. (UNFPA, 2006)

3.4 The Control of Illegal Immigration

Border management in the framework of the arrangements made at

the beginning of the Schengen agreement the Community to be

brought under the roofWith the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999

under the umbrella of community received after the Schengen

Agreement, the EU external borders by persons entering the same

procedure is taken up by a single external border control has

been created. This agreement of the signatory countries on the

territory of law and order to disrupt human movement, while

allowing visa-related common rules on asylum, external border

controls, police forces and customs officers collaboration

between like some arrangements envisaged.

At the beginning of the arrangements made in the context of

border management, under the umbrella of the Community of the

Schengen Agreement is obtaining. With the Treaty of Amsterdam

in 1999 under the umbrella of Community received after the

Schengen Agreement, the EU external borders by persons entering

the same procedure is taken up by a single external border

52control has been created. This agreement of the signatory

countries on the territory of law and order to disrupt human

movement, while allowing visa-related common rules on asylum,

external border controls, police forces and customs officers

collaboration between like some arrangements envisaged.

With the Lisbon Treaty, the integrated management of external

borders and internal security issues are regulated under the

framework agreement for the first time (Article 77). This

situation regarding the EU's security threat perceptions,

"outside" perspective for the future is strengthened in the

coming period, in this regard, at EU level, it is appropriate

to indicate joint arrangements.(Özer, 2011, pp. 199)

When it comes to today by the EU to combat illegal immigration

is still seen as continuing. States agree that the most useful

measurements can make on borders and entries.

3.4.1. Border and Entry Controls

In a matter of weeks after the attacks of 9/11, the UN Security

Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1373. Calling for

greater cooperation and information-sharing among states, it

also called on states to:

53“Prevent the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups by

effective border controls and controls on issuance of

identity papers and travel documents, and through measures

for preventing counterfeiting, forgery or fraudulent use

of identity papers and travel documents.” (IOM, 2010,

pp.15) Prior to 9/11, many states were already struggling with

irregular migration flows and cross-border criminal activity

such as smuggling and human trafficking. Since 2001, the

mobility of international terrorists has been one of the main

concerns of the international community and has driven many of

the developments in border and entry controls in recent years,

with a particular focus on border security as well as

complementary initiatives, ranging from improvements in travel

documents to increased collection of information on

travellers. While the specific border measures implemented by any

particular country will depend on a number of factors – such as

the nature of the borders (land/sea/air), the volume of

crossing, the situation in neighbouring countries, and the

number of personnel and resources available – there appears to

be a trend towards layered controls, with an increasing number

of countries implementing pre-inspection measures to collect

54information and screen passengers prior to their arrival at a

national border. This type of strategy has the potential to

enhance security by providing border officials with more time

and information needed to make appropriate decisions. At the

same time, it promises facilitated travel for the majority of

low-risk passengers.

3.4.1.1. Passenger Pre-Inspection

The large numbers of travelers crossing international borders

each day, coupled with the constant challenge to maintain

security and border integrity, have prompted many countries to

develop innovative measures in border management. Among these

measures, there has been a continued trend towards the shifting

of border control measures, there has been a continued tend

towards the shifting of border control measures beyond a

country’s territorial boundaries. (IOM, 2010, pp.15)

3.4.1.2. Carrier Sanctions

National migration law in a number of states requires common

carriers servicing their territories internationally to verify

the travel documents of all boarding passengers. Sanctions are

imposed upon carriers that fail to comply. The sanctions are an

integral part of the pre-embarkation activities abroad and

55complement measures such as the issuance of visas, the

stationing of ALOs and the transfer of API. Essentially, the

idea is to provide airlines with an incentive to institute

thorough identity and document checks by penalizing carriers

transporting individuals who are subsequently denied entrance

into the country of destination. This can lead to substantial

cost savings as well as contribute to security, as those

travelling on false documents who may pose a threat are

prevented from embarking.

Carrier sanctions provide ALOs with a large part of their

authority. Although they have no legal power to prevent

passengers from boarding a flight, this is unlikely to occur if

the carrier is aware that boarding a passenger against the

advice of the ALO will likely result in fines and/or

responsibility for returning the passenger to the point of

origin. (IOM, 2010, pp.17)

Furthermore, carrier sanctions are employed by countries to

ensure that carriers comply with regulations governing the

transfer of passenger information. A 2004 EU Directive on

Carriers sets out the conditions for imposing financial

sanctions on carriers falling to submit API data. (IOM, 2010,

pp.18)

56

CONCLUSION

International illegal immigration, especially after the

September 11 Attacks attracted the attention of the western

world and in particular, measures have been taken. Illegal

immigration, particularly by targeting Westerners in making

57rich countries, of course, the impact of globalization is

enormous.

With improving technology while at the same time the

possibility of preventing illegal immigration illegal

immigration facilities have also increased. A simple example of

when we look at; advanced printing techniques passport

invisible to the specific images to be placed and transitions

false identity prevention of the use made easier as displayed,

this technology falling into the hands of terrorists groups in

the reality more closely identities acquire is facilitated.

Used as a method of acts of terrorism, illegal immigration,

such as acts of terrorism still more western world and

particularly the United States is the destination. However,

this route is also used transit countries, and size of the

migration is becoming global. Human trafficking is not legal,

of course, terrorist networks pass people from the border both

illegaly and in bad conditions.

In the event of illegal immigration in general more than two

countries, albeit indirectly, is in the business of not only

countries of origin and destination countries, measures taken

are not sufficient. The field organization of the most

comprehensive measures on illegal immigration, the EU

58countries, including countries outside the common law should be

developed and safety criteria.

Which is a very effective tool of terrorism is prevented

illegal immigration reduced the effect of terror on the people,

the damages will be reduced.

Common criteria for determination decreases in NGOs than in

government work. Because states that, especially the western

world these partners to determine when a realist attitude,

developing or least developed countries ignore whether

themselves in order to protect legally the border crossings,

trade also adversely affect decisions that can get. This may

worsen the global economic and social situation in the world as

well as the already existing inequality can be increased.

Which is an instrument of terror on the prevention of illegal

immigration is an important responsibility of the IT

Specialists. Developing technologies that can not be copied or

imitated at border crossings to prevent the forgery is their

work.

Today, we look at the work of NGOs such as Amnesty

International also see that slowly we are interested in the

topic of illegal immigration. In the next 50-year period

59advancing technology and government - NGO partnerships

prevented with illegal immigration, terrorism would lose one of

the important tributaries of course think it is not fanciful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:Abrahms, M., (2008). "What Terrorists Really Want: TerroristMotives and Counterterrorism Strategy",  International Security ,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

60Babiak J.& Wojciechowski S.,(2008), Terrorist Pandora’s Book: Analysis of

Chosen Terrorist Issue, Poznan: Institute of Political Science

and Journalism Adam Mickiewicz University.

Crenshaw, M., (2007), Terrorism in Context,USA: The Pennsylvania

State University Press.

Hobsbawm, E. J., (2007) Globalization, Democracy, and Terrorism, London:

Abacus.

Işıklı, A., (1996), Küreselleşme ve Demokratikleşme, Ankara: Tüze

Yayıncılık.

Karaosmanoğlu, A. L., (2002), Terörle Mücadelede Tecrübe: Klasik StratejikDüşünce’nin İlgisi, Genel Kurmay Başkanlığı Yayınları, AnkaraLinton, M., (2001), The Politics of Virtue in Enlightenment France Studies inModern History, New York: Palgrave.Natusitz, J., (2013) Terrorism & Communication, A Critical Introduction,

Florida: University of Central Florida.

Sammon, B., (2002), Fighting Back: The War on Terrorism from Inside the Bush

White House, New York: West Point.

Schmididentified, A.P., (1983) Political Terrorism A Research Guide toConcepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature, Netherlands: TransactionPublishers Piscataway.Sapancalı, F., (2005), Sosyal Dışlanma, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül

Yayınları.

Wojciechowski S., (2007), The Modern Terrorism and Its Forms, Poznan:Institute of Political Science and Journalism Adam MickiewiczUniversity.

Articles:

61Aydoğanoğlu, E.,(2007) “Uluslararası emek göçü, yasadışı göç ve

göçmen istihdamı”,

(http://www.emekdunyasi.net/ed/arastirmalar/593-

uluslararasi-emek-gocu-yasadisi- goc-ve-gocmen-istihdami-1)

(21st December 2013)

Chouvy, P.A., (2009), “Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy”, Harvard University Press

Çiçekli, B.,(Summer 2003) “Uluslar arası Terörizm ve Uluslar

arası Göç: 11 Eylül Sonrası Terör Tehdidi ve Güç Kontrol

Politikalarının Terörizmle Mücadelede Kullanımı”, Avrasya

Dosyası, Vol. 9, Nu. 2

Deen, T., (2005) "POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to

Define Terrorism", Inter Press Service

Ergil, D.,(Jan – Jun 1991), “Terörizmin Mantığı ve Hedefi”,

Ankara Üniversitesi, SBF Dergisi, Vol.46, Nu. 1-2

Ergil, D.,(1992), “Uluslararası Terörizm”, Siyasal Bilgiler Dergisi,

Vol. 47, Nu. 3

Erkmen , S., (2001), 11 Eylül 2001: “Terörizmin Yeni Miladı”,

Stratejik Analiz Dergisi, Nu:18

Hanson, Gordon H. (April 2007). "The Economic Logic of Illegal

Immigration. Report to the Council on Foreign

Relations". Council on Foreign Relations

Hoffman, B. (1998). "Inside Terrorism", Columbia University Press

62Hollifield, J. F. (Feb. 1998), “Migration, Trade and the

Nation-State: The Myth of Globalization”, UCLA Journal of

International Law and Foreign Affairs

Humphreys, A., (2006),  "One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'", National PostIOM (2010), “Terrorism and Migration”,

(http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/tcm/international_t erroris m_and_migration.pdf ) (8th

November 2013)Kılıç, Z.,(2007), “Küreselleşme ile İvme Kazanan Uluslararası

Terörizm ve Buna Karşı Alınan Tedbirler”, Isparta, Süleyman

Demirel University

Kılıç, Z.,(2007),”Uluslararası Terörün Cephesiz Yüzü: AsimetrikSavaş”Koser, K. (2005), “Irregular Migration, State Security andHuman Security”, Policy Analysis and Research Programme ofthe Global Commission on International Migration,

(http://iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_resear ch/gcim/tp/TP5.pdf) (30th December2013)Martyn, A., (2002), “The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11September”, Australian Law and Bills Digest GroupMcCarthy, A.C., (2013) , “The Illusion of Islamic Democracy”Nunberg, G., (2001). "Head Games / It All Started with Robespierre / "Terrorism": The history of a very frightening

word". San Francisco ChronicleOECD (2003), “Trends in International Migration”,

63(http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?

langId=en&furtherNews=yes&newsId=1919&catI d=89) (20th

December 2013)

Özer, Y.Y., (2011), “Yasadışı Göçün Kontrolünde Destekleyici

Düzenlemelerin Rolü: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ”

(http://www.utsam.org/images/upload/attachment/utsas_2010_secil

mis/Yasad%C4%B 1%C5%9F%C4%B1%20G%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCn%20Kontrol

%C3%Bcnde% 20Destekleyici%20D%C3%BCzenlemelerin%20Rol

%C3%BC- Avrupa%20Birli%C4%9Fi%20ve%20T%C3%BCrkiye

%20%C3%96rnekleri.pdf) (11th November 2013)

Record, Jeffrey (December 2003). "Bounding the Global War on

Terrorism". Strategic Studies Institute (SSI)

Rengin, G. Ö.,(2000), “Uluslararası Terörizm, Dünya Savaşının

Yeni Boyutu”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,

Vol. 2, Nu:4

Silke, A., (2008), “Research on Terrorism: A Review of the

Impact of 9/11 and the Global War on Terrorism”, School of

Law, University of East London, London, U.K.

Sirkeci , İ. (2006), “Küresel Kontrol Çabalarına Karşı BireyselAşma Çabaları: Türkiye ve Irak Örneklerinde UluslararasıGöçün Evrimi”, Symposium of International Migration, İstanbul, Nu:6

Stohl, M., (2003), “Expected Utility and State Terrorism”, RootCauses of Terrorism International Expert Meeting, Oslo, Norway

64(http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/faculty/mstohl/Expected

%20Utility%20and%20State%20 Terrorism.pdf) (30th December2013)

Şimşek, B.,(2000), “İşgücü Piyasalarının Küreselleşmesi veKüresel İşgücü Piyasasında Ulusal İşgücü PiyasalarınınYeri”, İş, Güç- Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, Vol. 5, Nu.1

(http://www.isguc.org/?p=article&id=85&cilt=2&sayi=1&yil=2000)

(30th December 2013)Taylor, M., (December 2007). "The Drivers of Immigration in Contemporary Society: Unequal Distribution of Resources and Opportunities". Human Ecology Vol.6, Nu.35

Tholen, B. (2004), “The Europeanisation of Migration Policy,The Normative Issues”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 6,Nu. 4, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers

Reports:

UNDP (2013), United Nations Development Programme Annual Report2013,

(http://issuu.com/undp/docs/undp_ar2013_english_web/1?e=0/3235368,)(27th December 2013)UNFPA (2006), International Migration Report, The PopulationDivision of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs ofthe United Nations Secretariat

(http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/migration/migration- report.shtml) (27th December 2013)UNDP(2004), United Nations Development Programme Annual Report2004,

(http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch4/page4.htm) (27th

December 2013)

65

Website:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism (14th December 2013)

BIOGRAPHY

I was born in Istanbul in 1992, as first child of my parents. I

graduated from Kadir Has Anatolian High School in 2010 from

66science department. After that I decided to study political

sciences, because I was interested in politics and history; and

I began to study International Relations at Dogus University in

2010 with full scholarship. During my university education I

worked in two companies since 2011, firstly as Import/Export

Assistant and now I have been working at Aksa Marble as

Import / Export Specialist for two months. In addition I am

studying at Ataturk University, Theology department. I like

writing poems and lyrics, research about history especially

about Turkish Recent History.