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THE AMERICAN

MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1978

Table of Contents

TARZAN WAS A PATRIOT 5

THE DAY HITLER LOST THE WAR 6Failure of 1942 Aruba attack was devastating

A BLACK VETERAN LOOKS AT U.S 8Faith in common dream hurdles barriers of race

PANAY INCIDENT: ISOLATIONISM'S FINAL HOUR 14Sinking of U.S. gunboat 40 years ago was turning point

OFF THE HIGHWAY: EDENTON, NC 16

WILL THE THIRD WORLD WRECK THE UN? 20Their $180 billion debt builds violent pressures

HOW THEY SPANNED THE GOLDEN GATE 24San Francisco still marvels at the bridge builders

THE YANKEES WHO SAVED PARIS 28WWI series recalls exploits of New England division

JULIA AND HER PIECE OF PAPER 30A daughter remembers mother's thirst for citizenship

THE NAVAJOS' SECRET WEAPON 32Tokyo never could break Indians' code

HOW AUTO INSURANCE IS FIGURED 36Complex factors of age, sex, locale influence your rates

SHOULD VETERANS' PREFERENCE BE MODIFIED? 38PRO: Alan Campbell, CSC Chairman CON: Rep. Charles Thone (R-NE)

A SURPRISE IN CALIFORNIA 58Joshua Tree National Monument is naturalist's paradise

STATES MOVE TO CONTROL UNCLAIMED TREASURE . . .60Forgotten riches are being claimed by government

Cover PhofoThis month's still-life photo by

Richard D. Self, a disabled Brook-lyn, NY Legionnaire captures theessence of Americanism Monthwithin the American Legion whendedication to God and Country,service to the community andeducation for the young all areemphasized. See article on .

Self studied photography underVeterans Administration grant.Other photo credits are: Stephen R. Kidd,

John Martinez, U.S. Office of Education. U.S.Navy. United Nations Photo, Edenton, NCChamber of Commerce

. Freelance PhotooraphersGuild, Wide World Photos, U.S. Army SianalCorps, National Archives, Boyd Nelson, Bell-aire (OH) News Leader.

Departments

NOTES ON OUR DESK 4 PERSONAL 68

DATELINE WASHINGTON 12 BOOKS THAT MATTER 69

VETERANS NEWSLETTER 40 LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS 70

NEWS OF AMERICAN LEGION 42 AMERICAN LEGION SHOPPER 72

POSTS IN ACTION 46 PARTING SHOTS 74

Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons submitted for consideration will not be returned unless a self-ad-

dressed, stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material.

Microfilm copies of current and back issues of The American Legion Magazine are

available through: University Microfilms, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106.

POSTMASTER :

"

verable, please send Form 3579 to:

ox 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

FEBRUARY 1978

Volume 104, Number 2

National CommanderRobert Charles Smith

CHANGE OF ADDRESSSubscribers, please notify Circulation Dept.,

P. O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, IN 46206using Form 3578 which is available at your

local post office. Attach old address label and

give old and new addresses with ZIP Codenumber and current membership card num-

ber. Also, notify your Post Adjutant or other

officer charged with such responsibilities.

The American Legion Magazine

Editorial & Publication Offices

1608 "K" Street, N. W.Washington, DC 20006

202-393-4811Advertising Dept. 202-347-7647

(New York direct line) 212-586-3460

Office of Publisher

342 Madison Ave.

New York, NY 10017212-682-8982

Advertising Sales

Bassinette/White Co.50 E. 42nd St., New York, NY 10017

Tel. 212-986-6210

Representing: Massachusetts, Rhode Island,

Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont.

Fox Associates, Inc.

200 E. Ontario St., Chicago, IL, 60611

Tel. 312-649-1650

Representing: North Dakota, South Dakota,

Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri,

Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio,

Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee,

N. Carolina, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missis-

sippi, Alabama, Georgia, S. Carolina, Florida.

Robert Redden Assoc., Inc.

P.O. Box 999, Teaneck, NJ, 07666

Tel. 201-837-5511

Representing: New York, New Jersey, Connect-

icut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District

of Columbia.

Jules E. Thompson, Inc.

1111 Hearst Bldg., San Francisco, CA, 94103

Tel. 415-362-8547

Representing: Washington, Oregon, California,

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Col-

orado. Arizona, New Mexico, Hawaii, Alaska,

British Columbia.

Publisher, James F. O'Neil

Editor and Associate Publisher,

Raymond J. McHughProduction Manager, John A. Stanley

Managing Editor, Frank Kuest

Senior Editor, Grail S. Hanford

Legion News Editor, Dan Keenan

Art Editor, Walter H. Boll

Advertising Coordinators

Darlene Thomas and Joanna AdamusCirculation Manager and Assistant Publisher,

Dean B. Nelson, Indianapolis, IN

The American Legion Magazine Commission:Milford A. Forrester, Greenville, SC (Chairman)

;

Adolph Bremer, Winona MN (Vice Chairman); James

R. Kelley, Devon, PA (National Commander's Repre-

sentative); Billy Anderson, Miami, FL; Norman Bie-

bel, Belleville, IL; Andrew J. Cooper, Gulf Shores,

AL; John J. Dunn, Sr., Scranlon, PA; RaymondFields, Oklahoma City, OK; Frank J. Holcshuh,

Youngstown, OH; Eugene Kelley, Savannah, GA;James V. Kissner, Palatine, IL; Keith A. Kreul, Fen-

nimore, Wl; Russell H. Laird, Des Moines, 1A;

Loyd McDermott, Benton, AR; Morris Meyer, Stark-

ville, MS; J. H. Morris, Baton Rouge, LA; Bruce

E. Penny, Seattle, II'A; Floyd J. Rogers. Topeka,

KS; George G. Sinopoli, Fresno, CA; Wayne L.

Talbert. Delphi, IN; Benjamin B. Truskoski, Bristol,

CT; George J. Zanos, Wellsburg, WV ; Frank C. Love,

Syracuse, NY (Consultant).

The American Legion Magazine is owned and published

monthly by The American Legion. Copyright 1977 by

The American Legion. Second class postage paid at

Indianapolis, IN, 46204 and additional mailing offices.

Price: single copy, 30 cents; yearly subscription, $3.00.

Direct Inquiries regarding circulation to: Circulation

Department, P. 0. Box 1954, Indianapolis, IN 46206.

Send editorial and advertising material to: The Ameri-

can Legion Magazine. 1608 "K" Street, N. W., Wash-

ington, DC 20006.

NON-MEMBER SUBSCRIPTIONSSend name and address, including ZIPnumber, with $3.00 check or moneyorder to Circulation Dept., P.O. Box1954, Indianapolis, IN 46206.

2 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • FEBRUARY 1978

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • FEBRUARY 1978 3

Dunphy's Irish.

The luckof

the Americans.

What luck! Irish whiskeyspecially blended for the

American palate. The first

Irish with a new, soft taste.

So smooth and mellow.

Here are two refreshing waysto enjoy Dunphy's:

Red-Haired MaryV/i oz. Dunphy's

4 oz. chilled tomato juice

Lemon wedgeA dash of Tobasco

Salt to taste

Cucumber spear optional.

Irish Sunset

V/20Z. Dunphy's

1 V2 oz. orange juice

V20Z. lime juice

4 dashes Grenadine

Shake with ice and pour

ingredientsand ice into tall glass.

80° Blended Irish Whiskey.The American Distilling Co., N.Y.

NOTES ON

OUR DESK

Not gold, but only men can makeA nation great and strong;

Men who for truth and honor's sake

Stand fast and suffer long.

Brave men who work while others

sleep,

Who dare while others shy,

They build a nation's pillars deepAnd lift them to the sky.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

It was in 1976, the Bicentennial

year, that then National Vice Com-mander Jack W. Flynt of Texas re-

minded Legionnaires of Emerson'spoem and its significance as the Le-

gion marked February—the monthof Washington and Lincoln—as

Americanism Month.Emerson's words should be re-

peated every year as Legion posts

throughout the country seek to re-

mind their communities of the menand women and deeds that havemade the United States of Americathe greatest nation the world has

ever seen.

For some citizens, patriotism andAmericanism lost their luster in the

nation's internal and external

struggles of the Sixties and early

Seventies. But these citizens misreadthe crises. The nation is made of

sturdier stuff; its principles havesurvived. Read Dr. William ThomasCarter's moving assessment of the

black veteran's America on Page 8

of this month's American LegionMagazine and read Rose Mazan's rec-

ollection of her immigrant mother's

struggle for citizenship on Page 30.

That's Americanism. Look again at

Richard Self's February cover photo.

Each American Legion post is

urged to observe Americanism Monthwith an appropriate program. Theopportunities are limitless. The Le-

gion's Americanism effort fosters

wide-range community service, edu-

cational development, youth develop-

ment, religious emphasis and vigi-

lance against those who would tar-

nish or subvert the American dream.Legion baseball, Boys State and BoysNation, the National High SchoolOratorical Contest, scholarships andscouting are major ingredients.

Pick one, pick several; identify

yourself with your post's efforts,

prove to yourself that you dare to

care.

Letters to the Editor

Sir: We should sign the canal treat-

ies. Cooperation with the Panaman-ians and a spirit of good will are

basic to the security of the canal.

Nathaniel L. HarrisDedJiam, MA

Sir: A suggestion: Why don't all Le-gion meetings open with honors for

Purple Heart veterans present andfor the oldest and for those who havewon our country's decorations for

gallantry or have been POWs?Job RayWhitesboro, NY

Sir: I'm sorry that your Novemberarticle on the WWI Navy did not

mention the splendid little 50-foot

wooden subchasers that pursuedGerman and Austrian submarines in

the Mediterranean and the Adriatic.

My father served on one.

Maurice F. Romayne Jr.

Alexandria, VA

Sir: When a veteran reaches 70 or

72 he should receive both his Social

Security and his full VA pension.

George W. AllenCanton, IL

Sir: Congratulations on CommanderSmith's "Dare to Care" slogan (Oc-

tober). If you did not dare, I wouldnot care to be a Legionnaire.

Marc EnrightEast Setauket, NY

Sir: The Legion must fight with all

its resources to keep the VA out of

the clutches of the Department of

Health, Education and Welfare.

Robert J. WebberChicago, IL

Sir: Sorry, but the Homestead, FLflag (November) is not the biggest

community-made flag. Norwalk, OHboasts one that measures 46 by 77

feet. It is flown on Memorial Day.Craig WilsonAkron, OH

Sir: Serving one's country is noble;

in time of war it becomes a duty. Butin peace our young people have the

birth right to pursue whatever voca-

tion they desire and remain loyal

citizens. As a mother of four chil-

(Continued on page 62)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • FEBRUARY 1978

Burroughs

'Tarzan9 Was

A PatriotThe late Edgar Rice Burroughs is

most widely known as the creator

of Tarzan, but he is best rememberedby his grandson Danton as an in-

tensely dedicated patriot.

Danton, 32—who works for the

family corporation that licenses com-mercial rights to Bur-roughs' literary prop-

erty—says his mostprecious heirloom is

a letter ERB wrote to

him the day after hewas born.

"The date was June

22, 1944," Dantonnotes. "My grand-

father, then a world-famous author

of 69, was serving as the nation's

oldest war correspondent—assigned

to the Pacific theater by United

Press."

The letter has never been pub-

lished, says Danton, of Tarzana, CA.

Dear Danton,You come in on the crest of a victor-

ious wave that is carrying us and ourallies to a successful ending of WorldWar Two much sooner than we had ex-

pected.

If your generation shows more intelli-

gence than past generations, perhapsthere will be no more wars.But that is almost too much to expect.

However, there is a chance. You havebeen born into the greatest nation theworld has ever known. Keep it great.

Keep it strong. If you do, no country will

dare to go to war if we say no.

Put this letter away and read it June21, 1965. You'll be of age then. See then

if the politicians have kept our countrygreat and strong.

If they haven't, do something about it.

If I'm around, I'll remind you. Goodluck, my boy.

Your grandfather,ERB

Edgar Rice Burroughs remained"around" until 1950. He left behind

99 novels of interplanetary and ter-

restrial adventure—translated into

more than 40 languages plus Braille

—including 26 Tarzan books that

spawned 42 feature films, six movieserials, 52 one-hour television dramasand still other episodes for radio,

comic strips and comic books.

How did an American from Chi-

cago conjure up a character such as

Tarzan?"Perhaps the fact that I lived in

Chicago and yet hated cities andcrowds of people made me write myfirst Tarzan story," Edgar Rice Bur-

roughs once wrote. "Tarzan was, in

a sense, my escape from reality."—Mark Davidson andNirmali Ponnamperuma

HENRYMORGAN SAYS:"Good appliancerepairmen arescarcer thandoctorswhomake housecalls."Did you know that there are over a

billion appliances in use in the UnitedStates today? And three repairmen. Atleast that's the way it seems when oneof mine goes on the blink. With morethan two dozen electrical gadgets in myhouse going snap, crackle and pop, I

finally got tired of trying to locate aguy with enough ambition to take mymoney and I decided to learn how to

make the repairs myself.When a well-aged comic like me de-

cides to go back to school, you can bet

the family jewels it won't be back at

P.S. 93. I'm going to learn at home, or

not at all. So I sent away for NRI'shome study course in Appliance Repair. . . and I took the course.With a mechanical aptitude slightly

below that of King Kong, I needed acourse that started at the beginningand didn't move ahead too fast. Well,NRI did just that. They started withelectricity—what it is and what it does—and went from there. You proceed at

your own rate of speed. Whip throughit if you want to, or take your time.

What counts is the fact that you learn,

in a way that it sticks with you.You learn two things : how to repair

appliances—from little one cylindergas engines to refrigeration and air

conditioning equipment ; and how to getstarted in your own appliance business.

That can mean money for you eitherway. If NRI can turn old ten thumbsMorgan into a reasonable facsimile ofa repairman, think what they could dofor you

!

NRI's no fly-by-night outfit. They'vebeen training men for more than sixty

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better than anyone else around.

The NRI course is really easy to un-derstand . . . with lots of pictures to

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They even send you a professional ap-

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With the tester and a few basic tools

you probably have already, you'reready to service most electrical appli-

ances. After a few months, you'll befixing your own appliances like I do,

or- you can start earning spare timemoney fixing them for your friends andneighbors. Before you know it, you canhave your own full-time business andbe independent.Take my advice and clip the coupon.

Even if you don't know which end of ascrewdriver is the handle, they can giveyou real professional training that'll

help you break into the appliance re-

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and there's no obligation. No one will

knock at your door or bug you at home.NRI doesn't use salesmen. They don'tneed them.Take it from Henry Morgan, the ap-

pliance repair field could sure use somegood men. Now.

Henry Morgan

NRI SCHOOLSMcGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center3939 Wisconsin Avenue.Washington, DC. 20016

759 028

APPROVED FOR CAREER TRAININGUNDER G.I. BILL

Check for facts

Sounds interesting. Send me your free book on Professional Appliance Servic-

ing. I understand that there is no obligation, and no salesman will call.

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.

(Please Print)

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ACCREDITED MEMBER NATIONAL HOME STUDY COUNCIL


The torpedo cut through the blue

Caribbean like a shark, leaving

a phosphorescent wake in the darkwater. With a roar of flame it struck

the tanker Pedernales, heavy withVenezuelan crude oil. The time

—

0131, February 16, 1942.

War came to the Western Hemi-sphere! The first attack by the

German Navy on American land

targets was aimed at a key element

of the Allied war effort, the giant oil

refinery on the island of Aruba in

The Netherlands Antilles. FromAruba poured aviation gasoline crit-

ical to the RAF fighter and bombercommands on the home islands; for

the beleaguered British troops onMalta and along the battle line in

Egypt, and for the growing Ameri-can military forces.

If the Aruba refinery was de-

stroyed, the vast wealth of the Ven-ezuelan oil fields would be denied

the Allies. Britain, struggling to stay

in the war, would be mortally

wounded. The United States, franti-

cally building a military capability in

the first months after Pearl Harbor,

would be denied a most important

resource for this most mechanized of

all wars.Kapitanleutnant Werner Harten-

stein peered from the conning tower

of the submarine U-156 toward his

victim. "It will be a good night," hethought to himself. Quickly he barkedorders. The crew altered course

slightly to port.

"Shoot!" A second torpedo sped

from the tube. The tanker Oranjestad

exploded in a ball of flame. AgainHartenstein turned and looked at his

artillery officer, Leutnant Dietrich A.

von dem Borne.

Von dem Borne nodded. He under-stood his captain's message. Now it

would be his turn. The refinery, il-

luminated and helpless, would feel

the power of the 105 mm cannonmounted on the foredeck of U-156.The storage tanks full of aviation

gasoline would be easy targets at arange of 1,500 meters.

For Hartenstein, for the men Of

U-156, and especially for von demBorne, this night's work was the

culmination of five months of inten-

sive effort.

Von dem Borne had been delighted

when his orders finally came throughassigning him to U-boat duty. Theson of a vice admiral in the ImperialGerman Navy, Berlin-born von demBorne was determined to follow his

father in a naval career.

After receiving his commission hewas assigned to a minelayer, and hebegan the war with a series of mis-

sions around the British Isles, includ-

ing a daring trip into the mouth of

the Thames River.

A transfer to destroyer duty boredhim. He remembered the fate of the

German surface fleet during WorldWar I—sitting out the war in in-

activity and dejection following the

great Battle of Jutland. The U-boatservice was where the action wouldbe in this war ! He was able to wran-gle a transfer to Bremen and the

newly-completed U-156.

Hartenstein was a professional

sailor. His career began in 1928when he joined the navy of theWeimar Republic. A strict discipli-

narian and hard taskmaster, Harten-stein earned the nickname "CrazyDog" from his U-156 crew. Alwaysimmaculate in dress and erect in

posture, he demanded top perfor-

mance of his ship, his men, and aboveall, himself. On his tunic he worethe Iron Cross, first and second class,

and the Cross of Gold, earned as

commander of the torpedo boatJaguar, his last assignment before

entering the submarine service. At32, it was his first U-boat command.

Von dem Borne respected Harten-stein as a professional and as a goodsailor, but "Crazy Dog" was nota man who made friends easily

and von dem Borne maintained a

proper subordinate-captain relation-

ship. Leutnant Paul Just, on the other

hand, was a friend of von dem Borne.

Just, second watch officer on U-156,

joined the Luftwaffe in 1936 andflew 160 missions over the British

Isles before entering the submarineservice in 1941. Like von dem Borne,

U-156 was Just's first U-boat.

Officers and crew turned out in full

dress for the christening ceremony,held at the Bremen shipyard onSeptember 4, 1941.

By December, the crew had shapedup and Hartenstein concluded theywere ready for their first taste of

action. On Christmas Eve, U-156left Kiel and moved silently throughthe Kiel Canal to the North Sea.

Their orders were to proceed to

Narvik, in Norway, to interdict

British shipping.

Rough seas prevented action at

Narvik and Hartenstein fumed.Fiercely he increased his pressure onthe crew—drill and more drill be-

came the order of the day. It wasfreezing, and the submarine's heatingsystem barely took off the chill. Theboat was heated by water circulated


from the engine's cooling system, but

unless the U-boat was moving at top

surface speed (18.3 knots) this sys-

tem was inefficient.

U-156 passed north of Scotland

and into the Atlantic, where twofloating weather buoys were droppedoff west of Ireland. The buoys ra-

dioed information to German meteor-

ologists, and were vital to the Reich's

naval and air force planners. U-156now headed for the big base at

Lorient, arriving January 8, 1942.

For 11 days Just and von demBorne supervised the loading, withtorpedoes, fuel, commissary supplies

and tropical uniforms being packedinto every available space. Harten-stein, as usual, said nothing, leaving

his junior officers to speculate ontheir next mission. One thing wascertain—it was to be an extendedcombat patrol in tropical waters.

This time they would be able to usetheir 25 torpedoes.

On January 19 they slipped their

lines and eased out of the Frenchharbor, steering southwesterlythrough the Bay of Biscay. As theypassed the Azores the crew guessedtheir destination was South America.

U-156 entered the Caribbean onFebruary 10, driven at top speed

by its two 2,500-horsepower Diesel

engines. Continuing on a south-

westerly course, the sleek Class IX-Cboat approached the Dutch island

of Curacao three days later.

Hartenstein addressed the crewon February 13, and for the first

time explained their mission.

U-156 was a part of the "NeulandGruppe," five boats assigned to amission of vital importance to theGerman High Command. Their ob-

jectives, the oil refineries on the is-

lands of Aruba and Curagao, and the

tanker fleet which carried crude oil

from the Venezuelan oil fields in

Lake Maracaibo to the refineries.

The Aruba refinery was the target

of U-156. Hartenstein explained that

it was then the world's largest re-

finery, its main production was avia-

tion gasoline and motor fuels. It wasthe primary source of fuel for the

RAF and for the British EighthArmy guarding the Suez Canal.

Deny fuel to the Eighth Army andRommel's Afrika Corps could sweepinto Alexandria, occupy the SuezCanal and continue into the MiddleEast. Turkey and possibly Iran

might come into the war on the side

of the Germans. Russia would beoutflanked on the south, and the flow

of British and American supplies to

the Russians through the Persian

Gulf could be halted.

It was a heady prospect.

The mission of U-156, in Harten-stein's mind, would alter the warirrevocably in favor of Germany.Britain would have to agree to a

peace on German terms. The UnitedStates, reeling from Japanese blowsin the Pacific, would be only too

glad to negotiate.

The refinery at Aruba, Hartensteincontinued, was supplied with crudeoil from Venezuela by shallow-draft

tankers capable of negotiating the

bars at the mouth of Lake Maracaibo.Destroying the tankers was impor-tant, but the main objective was the

refinery itself. Hartenstein's battle

plan was simple. Torpedo any tankerwhich appeared an easy target, thenshell the refinery at leisure with the105 mm cannon. The hundreds of

thousands of gallons of stored petro-

leum in the refinery tank farm wouldmake an easy target, and once the

oil was ignited it would pour into the

refinery area, destroying everything

in its path.

Aruba was sighted on the eveningof the 13th. The submarine surfaced

at dusk and took bearings on a light-

house at the eastern tip of the island.

After full dark the boat proceededaround the point and, on the surface,

sailed past the refinery and the ad-

jacent village of Lago, home to morethan 3,000 Americans—refinery

workers and their families.

The officers on the conning towermarveled at the brightly-lit refinery.

After the darkness of blacked-out

Europe, Aruba seemed almost like

a mirage, a dream from some for-

gotten time. Hartenstein noted in his

log: "four large tankers were in port

and three were at roadstead. . .."

Easy targets, he thought.Passing the refinery, U-156 con-

tinued along the coast to the maincity of Oranjestad, where the boatsubmerged and entered the harbormouth. All was quiet in the small

harbor, so U-156 moved to the west-

ern end of the island where the Eaglerefinery, operated by Royal DutchShell, was located. One tanker wasmoored at the long Eagle Pier, whichjutted some 420 meters from the

southwestern tip of the island. Thispier, too, was illuminated.

Satisfied, Hartenstein ordered U-156 submerged, to wait for the timeto strike.

On the evening of the 15th the

submarine surfaced again, about onemile off the Lago refinery. The crew

(Continued on page 5Jf)


A Black Veteran Looks at U.S.Faith in a Common Dream Hurdles the Barriers of Race

In May of 1975 I went to Nor-mandy and Omaha Beach where myunit went ashore during the invasion

of France.

Many of you were there and youknow these names, St. Mere Eglise,

Isigny, Carentan, Avranches, Cher-

bourg, Lisieux, St. L6 and scores of

others. There has been massive re-

building and rerouting but somehowit did not seem to matter. For the

guy who has been there, for the guywho was there, the atmosphere is

exhilarating.

At the American Cemetery near

Isigny, in front of that magnificent

graphic and panoramic monument,the mood of calm nostalgia changedto one of reverence and awe. As I

looked upon the crosses row on row,

the Stars of David, and the distin-

guished list of divisions, armies,

army groups and special units that

took part in the invasion, a feeling

of fulfillment came over me, of use-

fulness, of belonging to something

great, of belonging to a great coun-

try—in short, of being an Americanwho had paid his dues. That's a spe-

cial kind of feeling, whether youserved in Europe, in the Pacific,

whether it was in World Wars I or II,

Korea or Vietnam. Despite our mo-ments of disillusionment and cyni-

cism, and in the face of inequities

and injustices, all of us have experi-

enced those precious moments whenwe somehow felt worthy of those

great guys who in the course of

doing their job did not make it back.

And there were those who made it

back, blinded, and broken in bodyand spirit and emotionally ill, who

also deserve respect and admiration.

This feeling, this commitment, this

being a part of something big, some-thing durable and right, this is beingan American.As I thought about what I would

say to you, it occurred to me that

it should in some way reaffirm this

belief in America and in the ideals

to which its history and portions of

our lives have been dedicated. Buteven as I say this, I realize that somehard questions could be put to meas a black American. I am an old

man now and have personally experi-

enced nearly every injustice, every

hardship, every inequity that has

characterized our national life. I wasborn poor, the first member of myfamily—immediate or extended—to

finish high school, and only the sec-

ond to finish grade school. I grew upand finished public school in Vir-

ginia, a state which in less dramatic

ways than its sister States of the

Confederacy somehow managed to

keep black people "in their political,

social and, especially, economic

places" about as long as any other

region. Along with millions of other

Americans I was victimized by the

Great Depression. My father, being

black, was among the first to be

laid off his job. I was forced to

drop out of college and join the

ranks of the unemployed. When I

did get back to school, I underwent

the humiliations and trauma of being

a poor black student at a large uni-

versity who had to wash dishes,

clean toilets, fire furnaces, do floors

and all of the other menial tasks

required to eat and keep a roof over

my head. And then, finally, I wasdrafted, Ph. D. and all. Many of youknow about the kind of army I wasdrafted into in 1943. The individual

instances I could cite of personal

hurt and damaged self-image in the

military could fill a volume. So, I

am aware that some cynical ques-

tions could be put to me."How come?" "Why?" "You've

seen, read and heard about it all."

"How come?" "How can youtalk about that special feeling?"

"About patriotism?" "About pride

in and reverence for America?" "Do

you really know our country's past?"

"How could you forget and forgive

so easily?"

My reasoning would be this:

First, there's a kind of need to be-

long. Most of us want to be part of

a human configuration bigger thanourselves. Being here this morning,

being a member of this Post, fulfills

that need. Our families, churches,

neighborhoods, our clubs and asso-

ciations all contribute to meeting this

need. Being an American, having a

country fulfills the most important

part of that overall need to belong.

You have read in literature about

those persons who, because of war,

revolution or other developments,

are deprived of their citizenship.

That is the "stateless" person, a

tragic figure. In a sense, such a per-

son suffers more than the refugee,

since with the latter there is the

ever-present hope of returning, while

with the "stateless" there is no such

hope and life indeed is forlorn. I, a

black American, do get that special

feeling now and then because of this

Editor's note: February is Black History Month and a time when weare supposed to look back on the achievements of black men and womenin the American experience. We beg to be different. A few weeks ago a

distinguished black American made a Veteran's Day address to his com-

rades in Washington's Labor Department Post Jf2 of the American Legion.

What he said deserves to be broadcast, not as a message from the past,

but as a message from today.

The speaker was Dr. William Thomas Carter, Ph.D., Major, United

States Army, Ret., Director of the Division of Educational Systems Devel-

opment, U.S. Office of Education. He received a direct battlefield commis-

sion at Aachen in Germany in February 1945. It was signed by Gen.

Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Dr. Carter's remarks underscore that history is "the witness of the past,

the instructor of the present, and the monitor of the future."


need to belong, and being a part of

this nation meets that need ... it

could not be met in Cuba or Canadaor Sweden.The second component of this ra-

tionale is the knowledge that I and

my forebears, and my family and mypeers "have paid their dues." Wehave fished and farmed and scrubbed

and washed and dug and labored to

make this land what it is. With all

due respect to the great black leaders

of the past, the Washingtons', Du-bois'es, Carvers', and Kings', whenthe story of this country is finally

written, it will have to pay a higher

tribute to the millions of nameless

black people, the slaves, sons, grand-

sons, great grandsons, great-great

grandsons and granddaughters of

slaves who labored in the fields andforests, along the highways, in the

kitchens, in the mines, and, yes, whodied in our wars. . . .

I would offer as a third componentof my rationale an abiding belief in

the moral basis of our Constitution

and of the form of government it

supports. Democracy has a moralfoundation in the principles of free-

dom, justice and equality. This is a

foundation which we too often take

for granted as a sort of natural birth-

right. We need only to direct ourattention to the various limitations

on these principles around the world,

in Cuba, South Africa, Uganda,Rhodesia, the Soviet Union, the Peo-

ple's Republic of China, to name just

a few places. Guarantees of rights

which we view as inalienable are

found in our basic documents. Butmillions of people around the worldwould view them, if they had them,as precious gifts. The freedom to

speak and write what one wishes andto assemble peaceably to seek to re-

dress grievances. The right to a fair

trial, due process, equality before the

law. The freedom to choose one's

work, the location of one's work, the

right to strike to improve one's payand working conditions. The oppor-tunity to improve one's status in life,

to break the deadening cycle of

poverty and ignorance for one's self

and family. The right, not only to

choose one's political leaders, but the

right also to criticize and commendthem and also the right effectively to

kick them out of office. The right to

worship the God of one's choice or noGod at all. In a country such as ours

with literally dozens of religions

with which we are identified, alogically safer and more acceptable

moral criterion for governmentwould be the Golden Rule/socialgood ethic, that is, no man could do

unto another that which he wouldnot wish done unto him. Addition-

ally, the only limitations on the free-

doms just enunciated would be at

that point where their pursuit

threatened the collective well-being

of the social unit.

I can sense in the looks and hearts

of some of you another hard if not

cynical question. "Does he really be-

lieve we are living now in the ideal

country he's describing?"

Therein lies the fourth and final

component of my rationale: faith in

the progressive and eventual im-

provement in our system and, there-

fore, in the quality of our lives.

I submit that a black American at

the cemetery in Isigny can have a

genuine tingling of the spine, with

full moral and intellectual integrity,

when he has, as I've done, convincedhimself

:

• That he belongs to a good and dur-

able enterprise called America.

• That he has paid his dues to be-

long to such an illustrious enter-

prise.

• That the moral underpinnings of

such an enterprise are rational, ac-

ceptable and universal, and, finally,

• When he believes the system is in-

herently capable of self-improve-

ment—in other words, when hebelieves in the promise of democ-racy.—By William Thomas Carter

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LEGIONNAIRES: Depending on Your Age You Can Get

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but your American Legion Life

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Features That Make Your American Legion Life Insurance Hard To Beat!

IS YOUR PRESENT INSURANCE

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While some term insurance stopscovering you at age 70, 65, or even60, your American Legion Planalways provides some coverage

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An insurance application is included

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INCONTESTABILITY

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No benefit is payable for death as a

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30-34 52.600 44,000 35,200 26.400 1 7,600 8,800

35-44 29.700 24,750 19,800 14,850 9,900 4,950

45-54 14,520 12,100 9,680 7.260 4,840 2,420

55-59 7.920 6.600 5,280 3,960 2,640 1,320

60-64 5.280 4.400 3.520 2.640 1,760 880

65-69 3,300 2,750 2,200 1.650 1,100 55070-74* 2,178 1.815 1,452 1,089 726 363

75*-over 1.650 1 ,375 1.100 825 550 275

Prorated Premium! $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20

APPLY TODAY

Why not take advantage of this

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*No persons age 70 or over (including those desiring additional coverage) will beaccepted for new insurance.

tPRORATED PREMIUM TO SEND WITH YOUR APPLICATION. The premiums shown

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Premiums for applications approved for April 1 or later are proportionately less, at $2

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ing non-approved applications will be refunded in full.

EFFECTIVE DATE Your insu

ing with or next following

pany. Insurance may be maintained in force by payment of premiums when due.

Ap

NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE

OF rNFORMATION

Information regarding your

insurability will be treated as

confidential except that Occi-

dental Life Insurance Company

of California may make a brief

report to the Medical Informa-

tion Bureau (M.I.B.), a non-

profit membership organization

of life insurance companies

which operates an information

exchange on behalf of its mem-

bers. Upon request by another

member insurance company to

which you have applied for life

or health insurance, or to which

a claim is submitted, the M.I.B.

will supply such company with

the information it may have in

its files.

Occidental may also release

information in its file to its re-

insurers and to other life in-

surance companies to which you

may apply for life or health in-

surance, or to which a claim is

submitted.

Upon rece'Dt of a request from

you, the M.I.B. will arrange dis-

closure of any information it

may have in your file. Medical

information will only be dis-

closed to your attending physi-

cian. If you question the ac-

curacy of information in the

Bureau's file you may seek cor-

rection in accordance with the

procedures set forth in the Fed-

eral Fair Credit Reporting Act.

The address of the Bureau's in-

formation office is P.O. Box 105,

Essex Station, Boston, Mass.

02112; Phone (617) 426-3660.

ance becomes effective on the first day of the month coincid-

he date your application is approved by the Insurance Corn-

cation Subject to Underwriter's Approval

IF YOU LIVE IN FL, IL, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PR,

TX, or Wl send for special application. Ap-

plications and benefits vary slightly in someareas.

MAKE CHECKOR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO:

The American Legion Life Insurance Plan

MAIL TO:The American Legion Life Insurance Plan

P.O. Box 5609

Chicago, Illinois 60680

ENROLLMENT CARD FOR YEARLY RENEWABLE TERM LIFE INSURANCE FOR MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION

Full Name. .Birth Date_Last

Permanent Residence.

Name of Benef iciary_

First Middle Mo. Day

Street City State Zip

Example: Print "Helen Louise Jones.Relationship

Not "Mrs. H. L. Jones"

Membership Card No. .Year. .Post No.. .State.

I apply for the amount of insurance indicated below, (check appropriate box or boxes).

6 Units 5 Units 4 Units 3 Units 2 Units 1 Unit Q Vz Unit

The following representations shall form a basis for the Insurance Company's approval or rejection of this

enrollment: Answer all questions.

Present occupation?.

Yes No

Have you been confined in 'a hospital within the last year?

length of stay and cause

If no, give reason.

Are you now actively, working?

No Yes If yes, give date,

During the last five years, have you had heart disease, circulatory disease, kidney disease, liver disease,

lung disease, diabetes, or cancer, or have you had or received treatment or medication for high blood

pressure or alcoholism? No Yes If yes, give details .

I represent that to the best of my knowledge, all statements and answers recorded on this enrollment card are trueand complete. I agree that this enrollment card shall be a part of any insurance granted upon it under the policy.I authorize any physician or other person who has attended or examined me, or who may aitend or examine me, todisclose or to testify to any knowledge thus acquired.

Signature ofDated . 19 Applicant

The American Legion offers this Insurance through Occidental Life Insurance Company of California, 278-U

GMA-300-19 10-70 Home 0,,ice: Los Angeles, California

(Univ.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND AUTHORIZATIONI have received and read the Notice of Disclosure of Information at left. Further, I authorize anyphysician, medical practitioner, hospital, clinic, or other medical or medically related facility, in-

surance company, the Medical Information Bureau or other organization, institution or person having

any records or knowledge of me or of my health to give Occidental Life Insurance Company of

California any such information.

A photographic copy of this authorization shall be as valid as the original.

Dated, 19 Signature of Applicant

I apply for additional Legion Life Insurance. My present certificate number is

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • FEBRUARY 1978 H

HOW DO WE GET RID OF NUCLEAR WASTE?

KICKBACKS WIDESPREAD IN MEDICAID.

DOING SOMETHING ABOUT EARTHQUAKES.

Even as the country argues the pros andcons of nuclear energy production, anotherless publicized but more pressing debateis underway over nuclear waste. What arewe going to do with the spent nuclear fuelsand the obsolescent power reactors

,

radioactive and perilous to life forhundreds and thousands of years?

President Carter has offered to collectthe spent fuel of the world' s atomicreactors for storage and disposal as partof his program to limit proliferation ofatomic weapons , but the Administration hasyet to decide on a permanent means ofdi sposal.

Even more complicated is the problem ofdismantling and burying worn-out nuclearpower plants , whose structures may remaindangerously radioactive for centuries.Present methods for tearing down such aplant require the use of remote-controlledsteel-cutting robots, which have to beburied along with the rubble when thedemolition job is completed. Our governmentis still searching for a permanent andsafe solution to this problem.

In a move to do something about earth-quakes, Congress has okayed a $210 millionthree-year program aimed not only atpredicting temblors, but also at reducingthe damage. There ' s even a scientific basisfor hypothesizing that major earthquakesmay be modified, some Congressmen believe.

All 50 states are vulnerable to earth-quakes . Congress has found , and in additionto California and Alaska, some 37 otherstates are subject to major or moderateupheavals, threatening the lives andproperty of 70 million Americans. Over theyears, the United States has beenrelatively fortunate, losing 1,700 livesto earthquakes. In the summer of 1976,more than 700 , 000 persons died when anearthquake struck mainland China.

The program calls for development of'

improved design and construction methods;of land use controls; of better predictiontechniques and early warning systems ; ofcoordinated emergency plans, and of publiceducation and involvement plans. Theearthquake program also is expected to helpto learn how to reduce hazards of storms.

The multi-billion dollar Medicaidprogram is suffering not only fromescalating costs and cutbacks by somestates, but also there ' s mounting evidencethat the program is riddled withinefficiency, fraud and abuse, accordingto the Special Senate Committee on Aging.Over the past eight years, the committee

has conducted more than 50 hearings intovarious aspects of the program, for which28 million poor, disadvantaged and elderlyAmericans are eligible. A major finding isthat , despite a law adopted in 1972 to makethem illegal , kickbacks have been rampant

,

involving nursing homes, hospitals,medical practitioners and clinicallaboratories. The kickbacks, accordingto the committee, are often forced out ofpharmacists, vendors and suppliers of thenursing homes, hospitals or "Medicaidmills.

"

To curb the abuse, the committee hasurged the passage of a tougher law againstkickbacks, and more aggressive investiga-tion and enforcement of the present law.Meanwhile, both the Administration andCongress are considering ways to overhaulthe program.

PEOPLE & QUOTES

WHISTLE BLOWING I

"When a conscientious Fed-eral employee discovers evi-dence of lawbreaking, conflictof interest, waste, or mis-management in his agency,he is strongly discouragedfrom bringing such a probleminto the open." Arizona Rep.Morris Udall.

WHISTLE BLOWING II

". . . the personal risks in-curred by a whistle blowermake it hazardous to speakout." Vermont Sen. PatrickLeahy.

INFLATION OPTIMIST"An optimist about infla-

tion these days is someonewho thinks it will not getmuch worse." CongressionalBudget Office Director AliceRivlin.

HOW INDEED?"How can you Western

countries continue to spendmore than you produce?"Shah of Iran.

TV WATCHING"Children lack the judg-

ment and experience to seethat something that looksgood to them in the short runcan hurt them in the longrun." Federal Trade Com.Chairman Michael Pertschuk.

PROXY PARENTS"Radio and television have

replaced parents as the in-

formational medium foryoungsters." Philosopher R.Buckminister Fuller.

NOT BY ITSELF

"We have all learned bynow, I think, that govern-ment, at whatever level,

cannot—by itself—solve ourproblems. Well, business can'teither." Federated Depart-ment Stores Chairman RalphLazarus.

CAN'T DENY IT

"Once information is pub-lished, it is likely to be re-printed by journalists yetunbom unless a denial hasbeen posted in neon at TimesSquare." Attorney GeneralGriffin Bell.


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THEPANAYINCIDENTIsolationism's FinalHour

•' r. J

- a

USS Panay sails Yangtze River before it was sunk by Japanese planes. Inset shows wounded skipper, Cdr. John H. Lang, USN

World war II qualifies as one of

America's most "popular"wars. A clearly identifiable enemyrepresented what most citizens re-

garded as an obvious and immediatethreat to national safety.

Yet Americans today, looking

back, often see only the nation united

against fascism. They do not see thebitter debate that raged for a fewyears before Pearl Harbor. The de-

bate revolved on America's properplace in the affairs of a world on the

threshold of conflict. PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt had, by thelate 1930's, begun to demonstrateopenly his internationalist leanings.

At the opposite extreme, "isolation-

ists" in Congress tried to pass lawsto restrict America's foreign activi-

ties. Most Americans occupied posi-

tions somewhere in between.In December of 1937, however, an

event occurred which caused manypeople to change their minds. OnDecember 12, Japanese warplanesattacked and sank the well-markedAmerican gunboat, USS Panay,

which was sailing the Yangtze River,

guarding American interests in

China. While many Americans be-

lieved the attack to be intentional,

the incident also caused an increas-

ing number of people to oppose anyinternational dealings that mightlead us into war. The Panay incident

caused an increase in isolationist sen-

timent that would not be completely

reversed until the attack on Pearl

Harbor four years later.

The Panay attack took place

amidst the war between China andJapan, which began in July 1937.

The war violated the Nine-PowerTreaty of 1922, which called on all

signatories to respect Chinese inde-

pendence and territorial integrity.

Japan had signed, along with the

United States, Great Britain, Franceand others. In the early months of

the war the United States tried to

walk a line somewhere beween iso-

lationism and internationalism. ThePresident and Secretary of State Cor-dell Hull preferred a strong interna-

tionalist role. Congress and the

majority of the American people pre-

ferred not to get involved. The result

was official neutrality. When Chinaasked us to mediate we refused onthe grounds that Japan might inter-

pret it as a non-neutral act. Britain

and France asked us to join themin seeking a way to prevent the warfrom spreading to their Asian colo-

nial possessions. Once again werefused.

President Roosevelt decided not to

invoke the Neutrality Act of 1937.

This law prevented the sale of

weapons or the extension of loans to

belligerents by United States citi-

zens. Roosevelt believed that to in-

voke the law would place Japan andChina on an equal footing, when, in

fact, Japan was the aggressor. Criti-

cized for his failure to invoke the

law, Roosevelt responded in a speech

in Chicago on October 5, 1937. In

the speech the President referred to

war as a "contagion." He called for

a quarantine of all aggressor na-

tions, insisting that "there must bepositive endeavors to preserve peace."


Panay crewmen fire at Japanese planes attacking their gunboat

Most Americans were not ready

for such positive endeavors. The"Quarantine Speech" brought an out-

cry. Pacifist organizations across the

country signed a joint statement that

the President's position would lead

America into war. The AmericanFederation of Labor came out against

involvement in Asia. A Philadelphia

newspaper conducted a poll whichshowed that a majority of Americansopposed action which might lead to

war. Several members of the Houseof Representatives hinted at impeach-

ment. Roosevelt, seeing that he hadgone too far, held a press conference

the next day. He refused to explain

what he had meant by "positive en-

deavors," but he claimed he hadnothing stronger in mind than amoral quarantine.

On October 5, the same day as

Roosevelt's speech, the League of

Nations recommended that the sign-

ers of the Nine-Power Treaty consult

among themselves on how best to

deal with the war in Asia. A confer-

ence duly opened in Brussels on No-vember 3, 1937. It had little chanceof success, however, because Japanrefused to attend, and Italy, anothersigner, supported Japan. Britain

made it clear that it would go only

as far as the United States and nofarther. The United States clearly

would not go very far and the con-

ference, after accomplishing nothing,

broke up November 24.

The gunboat Panay began her last

mission a few days later, on Decem-ber 6, 1937. The Japanese army wasthreatening Nanking, the Chinesecapital, and a small group of refu-

gees boarded the little vessel whichthey hoped would take them to

safety. The group included officials

from the Italian and American em-bassies, two American businessmen,and reporters from Colliers, Associ-ated Press, the London Times, theNew York Times, an Italian news-paper and camermen from twoAmerican newsreel companies. Theimpending fate of the Panay was to

be one of the best reported events of

the year.

The Panay left Nanking on Decem-ber 11 and headed up the Yangtze.Three Standard Oil tankers taggedalong. After traveling 27 miles, thePanay and the tankers dropped an-chor. At 1:30 P.M. Sunday, Decem-ber 12, airplanes appeared, headingfor the Panay. The crew and passen-gers crowded the deck, hoping to see

the much spoken of but seldom seenChinese air force. They were star-

tled when a blast shook the ship andknocked many of them down. Theplanes piloted by Japanese navypilots, scored a direct hit on the

Panay in the first pass. They at-

tacked again, dropping their remain-ing bombs and flying lower to strafe

with machine guns. They also hit the

oil tankers.

The attack injured many on the

gunboat. The Panay's executive offi-

cer received a wound in the throat.

The commander was thrown against

the telegraph stand and his leg wassmashed. Among the other injured

was one of the Italian journalists,

Sandro Sandri, an ardent fascist. Theother journalists fared much better,

however, and several began photo-graphing the events around them.As the crew of the gunboat began to

fight back, Norman Alley, camera-man from Universal Studios, filmed

their efforts. The gunboat's cannonhad been knocked out, and the light

machine guns that remained had lit-

tle effect on the airplanes. The Panaybegan to sink and the commanderordered her abandoned. By 2:00 P.M.,

less than half an hour after the at-

tack began, launches started takingthe wounded to shore. The Japanesestrafed the launches, but the crewand passengers all reached shoresafely by 3:05 P.M. Led by a U.S.Army officer attached to the U.S.

embassy, the group struggled inlandand took refuge in a Chinese village.

They succeeded in getting word outabout the attack, and on December13 two British gunboats and thePanay's sister ship, USS Oahu, res-

cued the survivors. Two sailors andSandri, the Italian, had died.

The Japanese apologized pro-fusely. One newspaper referred to

the attack as a "misconception." Onewoman cut off a lock of her hair andgave it to American Ambassador to

Tokyo Grew in a gesture of mourn-ing. Grew received letters andpoems from primary school chil-

dren, and two young boys walked

into the embassy, left two dollars,

and walked out with deep bows, with-

out saying a word. This obviously

sincere outpouring of grief impressedGrew, who wrote that "the Japaneseare still a chivalrous people."

As the aggrieved party, the UnitedStates reacted somewhat more stiffly.

Washington got word of the attack

on the night of December 12, Secre-

tary of State Hull telegraphed Grew,instructing him to inform the Japa-nese of the event and to request"appropriate action," impressing onthem the gravity of the situation.

On the morning of December 13,

Hull conferred with his Far Easternadvisors and they agreed that, whilethe attack gave evidence of Japan's"sinister character," the UnitedStates was at that time unpreparedboth militarily and psychologically

to take any strong action. Hull sug-gested to the President that theUnited States "emphatically demandan apology, indemnities, punishmentof the officers involved," and assur-

ances it would not happen again.

Roosevelt agreed. That afternoonJapanese Ambassador Hirosi Saitocalled on Hull to apologize for the"very grave blunder," and promisedthat his government would refrain

from such misconduct in the future.

He added that the~ President's notewas "wholly reasonable." On Decem-ber 23 our government sent to Japanthe findings of the U.S. Navy courtof inquiry, which spoke of "the reck-less and deliberate actions" of theJapanese pilots. Later that day theJapanese Government responded in

a message which met all Americandemands. They expressed regrets,

said they punished the officers in-

volved, gave assurances for the fu-

ture, and promised to pay $2 million

in indemnities. They insisted that

(Continued on page 3Jf)


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Barker House is "welcome house" at Edenton. Right: Chowan County Courthouse

Off the Highway

A North Carolina GemA considerable portion of Amer-

ica's antiquity is lodged in

North Carolina.

As early as 1658, colonists begansettling among the Algonkian tribes

along the Chowan River. Steady im-migration spurred the North CarolinaGeneral Assembly to enact legisla-

tion in 1712 creating "Ye town onthe Queen Anne's Creek." Subse-quently the town became known as

Edenton, in honor of Gov. CharlesEden. It remained North Carolina's

capital until 1743.

Edenton is located on AlbemarleSound on US 17 South, 60 miles fromNorfolk, VA and 35 miles from Eliz-

abeth City, NC. It is about a one anda half-hour drive from North Caro-lina's famous Outer Banks via NC 32and US 64 and a three-hour drive

from North Carolina's present capi-

tal, Raleigh.

The town was designated as a portof entry for cargo vessels enteringand leaving the Roanoke and ChowanRivers. In the mid-1700's the portprospered, as vessels laden with tar,

turpentine and barrel staves cleared

Edenton Bay for passage to New En-gland, Great Britain and the WestIndies.

During the Revolutionary War pe-

riod, Edenton served as a supplydepot. Many local leaders became

patriot spokesmen. Joseph Hewessigned the Declaration of Indepen-dence. Hugh Williamson signed the

Constitution.

Edenton's early American role andits charm are preserved, thanks to

Historic Edenton, Inc. Antebellumhouses dot the waterfront and line

the narrow lanes of the town. Morethan 50 buildings in the town and in

Chowan County exhibit a wide rangeof architectural styles.

Maritime trade at Edenton fadedduring the War of 1812 and duringthe 19th century the economic well-

being of the county depended onfisheries along the sound and rivers.

A 1978 Edenton Symposium is sched-

uled April 6 and 7.

The historic James Iredell House


THIS IS ANARMY RESERVE MEETING.

All across America, you'll find Army Reserve units working in medical treatment facilities,

improving the environment, caring for the well-being of the towns and cities in which they train.

But serving local communities is only part of the Army Reserve's job. Another part is

serving as a branch of our country's total national defense force.

And they get a lot in return. Because, by working 16 hours a month (usually one weekend)

and two full weeks a year, Army Reservists earn a second income to augment their civilian pay.

They earn something else, too. Something that comes from doing an important job for

their country and community. It's called pride.

For more information, send the attached postcard or call 800-431-1234 toll free. In

New York call 800-243-6370.

THEARMY RESERVE. PARTOFWHATTHEYEARN IS PRIDE.

Wm Wri World

During the 32nd session of the

United Nations General Assem-bly last year, many delegates wereintrigued by the United States' radi-

cal shift in policy toward the de-

manding nations of the Third world.

President Carter had repudiated

the tough line pushed in 1975 by then

Ambassador, now New York Sen.

Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Moyni-han's successor, former Pennsylvania

Gov. William Scranton, was a gooddeal more conciliatory during 1976,

but African and Asian hostility re-

mained.Now the chief U.S. delegate is

Andrew Young, who attracted world-

wide attention when he arrived in

Africa a few months after taking

over and gave his hosts the black

power salute. Young also disturbed

many Americans by declaring that

Fidel Castro's Cuban mercenarieshad brought a "certain stability" to

war-torn Angola.But was it academic whether a

hard or soft liner sat in the U.S.

seat? Some hold that the bitterness

the Third World feels toward the BigPowers, particularly the UnitedStates, is rooted too deep to be erased

by a change in ambassadors, or in

administrations for that matter.

The Carter Administration deci-

sion to quit the UN-sponsored Inter-

national Labor Organization—be-

cause of blatant anti-American, pro-

communist positions—only added to

the furor.

Three major issues have turned theworld peace forum into a turbulent

arena:1. The growing clamor of under-

developed nations for a bigger slice

of the world's economic pie, espe-

cially better prices for their ma-terials.

2. The Middle East—where manydeveloping countries identify withthe demands of Palestinians for ahomeland.

3. South Africa—where not eventhe Carter arms embargo on SouthAfrica and threats of economic sanc-

tion satisfy critics.

These issues, rarely discussed in

the 1940's and 1950's, began to sur-

face in the 1960's when a parade of

former European colonies began to

attain statehood in Africa and Asiaand joined the United Nations. Thesefledgling states have been heard frommore and more in recent months.The Carter Administration pledgeditself to a new era of cooperation

with the "have-nots." But the appe-tites of the Third World are difficult

if not impossible to satisfy.

Today, the Western powers are be-

ing prodded by international bureau-crats and Third World "strong men"who want to divide up a goodlyportion of the wealth amassed by the

rich nations. Denouncing the

"crimes" of colonialism and recalling

capitalistic exploitations, the poorerstates warn their rich cousins that if

they fail to respond to such demands,the Third World will form new car-

tels, raise the price of raw materials,


ignore the debts they owe and expro-

priate Western companies still op-

erating on their soil.

The Third World trumpeted its

wants during a four-day Conference

on International Cooperation held in

Paris last June. It attracted 16 in-

dustrial states and 19 "poor" ones

—

some of whom were very affluent oil-

producing countries. During the

parley, the richer nations who werereferred to as the "North" madewhat they considered a generous of-

fer to those in the "South." It in-

cluded a $1 billion special fund to

help the poorest nations meet their

bills for oil, other imports and inter-

est, as well as an agreement to set

up a common fund that would stabi-

lize prices for certain commodities

—a proposal aimed at protecting the

Third World from disruptive price

fluctuations. In return, the Northasked guaranteed access to stable

supplies of oil and other raw ma-terials, protection against arbitrary

nationalization of foreign invest-

ments and a forum for continuing

discussion of oil and other energyproblems.

The South turned thumbs down.Critics demanded a "new interna-

tional economic order" that wouldbring about a massive transfer of

wealth from North to South. Theyalso demanded debt relief on $180billion they owe to industrial nations

and an indexing of oil and commod-ity prices.

With such a backdrop, any moveto boost U.S. aid to developing coun-

tries faces a balky Congress and askeptical public. Americans have not

forgotten that the United States hasgiven more economic grants andloans to developing countries thanany other country, more than $139billion since World War II.

(In 1976 South Korea received

$800 million in U.S. aid;Egypt $600

million; Bangladesh $300 million;

India $400 million ; Taiwan $400 mil-

lion, etc., etc.)

Americans also are galled by ThirdWorld votes in the U.N. that supportthe Soviet Union against the UnitedStates.

In 1976, the United States poured$9.1 billion into the outstretched

hands of Third World leaders, com-pared to less than a tenth thatamount from the Soviet Union. Whilethe Russians gave only $900 million

in economic aid, they shelled out$2.25 billion in arms aid, mainly to

the hard core anti-Israeli govern-ments of Iraq, Libya and Algeria.

What is the economic state of theso-called less developed nations?

In 1976, when a drop in copperprices forced Zaire (formerly theBelgian Congo) to the brink of de-

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fault, public attention was suddenly

riveted on the mammoth debits of

the Third World. A sum exceeding

$180 billion was owed to private

banks, mainly those in the United

States. This prompted declarations

from some banks that their loans

were not risky. This may well havebeen true regarding such ThirdWorld borrowers as Brazil, SouthKorea and other upper tier members.While Third World diplomats re-

gard the United States as the only

country capable of bringing peaceful

change in southern Africa and a

guaranteed peace in the Middle East,

American views are divided. Ambas-sador Young and Vice President Mon-dale have urged new pressure onRhodesia and South Africa, but

George W. Ball, former under-secre-

tary of state and a one-time ambas-

"What countries have stopped hating usand feel sorry for us?"

sador to the U.N., took issue withMondale's statement that the UnitedStates favored one-man, one-voteelections in South Africa. Said Ball:

"If our economic, social and political

sanctions do not produce the major-ity rule we have promised, and SouthAfrica is caught up in a desperately

unequal guerrilla struggle, what helpwill we provide? Will we furnish theinsurgents with weapons to use in

killing the white population?"South Africa's December election

was popularly viewed as repudiationof U.S. pressures.

But what is this Third Worldwhich wields such clout at the U.N.?

It consists of every nation on earth

except the United States and its in-

dustrialized friends, and Soviet

Russia and its European satellites.

Leading the Third World paradeare the higher-income nations—oil-

rich lands like Saudi Arabia andKuwait, industrializing states like

Mexico, Brazil, Taiwan and - SouthKorea. Then there are the so-called

nonaligned states, not formally

linked with Washington or Moscow.They include India and Yugoslavia.

There are also the far-left partners

—poorer lands tied to the Soviets

such as Cuba, Vietnam and NorthKorea. In the Third World bloc

nearly 70 nations, with close to half

of the world's population, report in-

comes averaging $500 a person per

year, or even less. Some of these

states are so poor that they are re-

ferred to in U.N. corridors as the

"Fourth World."

But poor as it is, the Third Worldexercises an awesome power in the

United Nations under the forum'sone-nation, one-vote system. TheU. N. has now swelled to 149 mem-bers, and 115 belong to the Third

World. Forty-nine are African andwedded to militant black causes.

This means that whenever it closes

ranks, as it usually does on economicaid, Southern Africa and racial

issues, the Third World can ramthrough any resolution it wishes in

the General Assembly or kill anyproposal.

This has evolved into an Alice-in-

Wonderland situation in which fledg-

ling states, many hardly bigger thansome American counties, have the

same vote as the United States or the

Soviet Union.

The Third World got its first real

taste of victory in 1971 when the

United States finally lost its peren-

nial struggle to keep Red China out

of the U.N. That vote touched off anoutburst of applause. The Tanzaniandelegate danced in the aisles.

The Third World really drew blood

when the oil embargo was declared

and prices quintupled.

Some observers say the success of

the embargo caused the oil leaders

to overestimate their bargaining

strength and has encouraged them to

press unrealistic demands that could

eventually be their undoing.

The West got a heavy dose of

Third World cockiness during the

1974 Assembly. Its members forced

the world body to invite Yasir Ara-fat, Palestine Liberation Organiza-

tion chief, to address the forum. Heshowed up with a gun strapped to his

hip.

The Third World also rammedthrough a vote ousting South Africa

from the assembly. Many Westerndelegates saw this as a blatant viola-

tion of the U. N. charter which gives

only the Security Council the powerto determine membership.The Third World topped this per-

formance in 1975 when, after trying

without success to oust Israel fromthe assembly, it rammed through a

bristling resolution that equatedZionism with racism. Then Ambassa-dor Moynihan denounced the Zionismvote as "an infamous act."

During that same session, delegates

were treated to one of the most bi-

zarre performances in the history of

the General Assembly. Uganda'sflamboyant President Idi Aminshowed up in his field marshal's re-

galia, charged that the United States

had been "colonized by Zionists,"

called for "the extinction of Israel

as a state," scourged the British for

the "terrible situation" in Ulster andcalled the CIA a "murder squad."

Moynihan denounced Amin in a

speech outside the U.N. as a "racist

murderer." Other listeners also foundAmin's charges ironic, coming froma power-crazed dictator who accord-

ing to an estimate of Amnesty Inter-

national has been directly or indi-

rectly responsible for the murder of

as many as 300,000 of his own coun-

trymen since he took power. TheAmin toll will probably never be

known. In March 1977, the U. N.

Commission on Human Rights, meet-

ing in Geneva, debated for three days

a demand by Britain for investiga-

tion of these mass killings, but the

Uganda representative managed to

block all motions and resolutions.

There is little doubt that the U.S.

is making a concerted effort with

White House blessings to woo the

Third World.

Has the U. S. campaign paid off?

Diplomats say there were fewer

shafts hurled against the West in

the general debate of the 32nd Ses-

sion. But Zambia, a base for guerrilla

attacks on Rhodesia, denounced the

presence of U. S. forces in South

Korea as an obstacle preventing

"peaceful reunification" with the

Communist North. And a representa-

tive of The Peoples Republic of Benin

deplored the "total extermination" of

the American Indian which he com-

pared to racist killings by Nazis.

Third World nations like to lecture

the West on what they call its moral

obligation to atone for the supposed

crimes of colonialism. They never

admit that Western economic in-

fluence during and after the colonial

era has been the main source of whateconomic development and higher

living standards do exist in the Third

World. —Thomas A. Hoge


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e Golden Gate

The bridge that spans the Golden Gate to San Francisco. WW II troops in the Pacific coined the slogan: "The Golden Gate by '48'

By PAUL C. DITZEL

AMONG THE FIRST to proposebuilding a bridge across the

Golden Gate was an eccentric whohad taken onto himself the title, Nor-ton I, Emperor of the United States

and Protector of Mexico.In an 1869 edict, Emperor Norton

commanded his subjects to build a

bridge across the mile-wide body of

water which separated San Fran-cisco from the counties to the north.

The city paid no attention. Almosteveryone was certain it was beyondthe capability of man to bridge the

strait that explorer John Fremonthad named the Golden Gate. It con-

nects the Pacific Ocean with SanFrancisco Bay and is one of themost hazardous bodies of navigablewater in the world. Golden Gatetides reverse themselves four timesa day to create a massive flow seventimes greater than the entire volumeof water pouring from the mouth of

the Mississippi River.

The few who thought it could bedone included Leland Stanford andCharles Crocker, two of the builders

of the Southern Pacific Railroad's

portion of the transcontinental rail-

road. A bridge would enable the rail-

road to enter San Francisco directly

instead of having to ferry passengersand freight across the bay.

If they could bridge the Sierra

Nevada mountains with a railroad,

they said, they could bridge the

Golden Gate. But nothing came of

their proposals and the idea fell

dormant until 1916, when James H.Wilkins, a civil engineer turnednewspaper reporter, suggested abridge in the August 26 issue of the

San Francisco Bulletin.

Wilkins said a tall suspensionbridge would not interfere with navi-

gation because the center span could

be made "longer than any other

structure of its kind in theworld." He suggested that the bridge

be built where the Golden Gate wasthe narrowest: between Fort Pointin San Francisco and Lime Point onthe Marin county side. And that's

exactly where it was built, finally.

Wilkins' article sparked interest, butWorld War I broke out a few monthslater and the idea died again until

the day after the war ended.

On Nov. 12, 1918, the matter wasrevived before the San Francisco

County Board of Supervisors. A site

study was begun and around a dozenengineers were invited to submit de-

signs. Among them was Joseph Baer-

mann Strauss. Nobody knew moreabout building bridges than he did, al-

though those who met the shy, 51-

year-old civil engineer who stood a

few inches over five feet found that

hard to believe. Strauss had designed

more than 400 bridges, including the

Arlington Memorial Bridge over the

Potomac River, connecting the Lin-

coln Memorial Monument in Wash-ington, D.C. and Arlington National

Cemetery in Virginia.

In February 1920, the U.S. Coast

and Geodetic Survey ship Natomamade soundings in the Golden Gate.

The report was ominous. Centuries

of swirling waters had cut a gorgethat was as much as 318 feet deep.

"Federal experts believe it will be

impossible to put piers (for the sup-

port towers of the bridge) at this

point owing to strong current andgreat depth," reported the San Fran-cisco Chronicle.

This was exactly the kind of chal-

lenge that fascinated Strauss, whoproceeded to design a bridge that


made many San Franciscans wonderif they had another Emperor Norton

in their midst. Strauss designed a

combination cantilever and suspen-

sion bridge. Two rigid sections, can-

tilevering far out from shore, wouldbe connected by two towers with the

third section which was of the

suspension type. The bridge would

be supported by a crisscrossing mazeof steelwork.

The Board of Supervisors expected

a price tag of about $100 million.

Strauss said he could build it for $27million.

Eleven years passed from the time

Strauss' design was made public in

December 1923, to the start of con-

struction. It was a period of anguish

and acrimony as San Franciscans

and the people living in five coun-

ties north of the Golden Gate debated

the cost—and whether they needed

or wanted a bridge. Ferry service

connecting San Francisco with the

north counties at Sausalito had been

operating since 1868.

Many doubted that the bridge

could be built in this earthquakezone amid swirling waters. Howcould Strauss, moreover, ever find

enough workmen—except those whowere bent upon suicide—to build this

gigantic bridge while perching hun-dreds of feet in the air, buffeted con-

stantly by cold winds from off the

Pacific? Fog and rain would makeconstruction highly dangerous, to

say nothing of the dizzying heights

and the glare from the water that

could cause workers to take one mis-

step and send them plunging hun-dreds of feet to certain death.

The generally accepted probability

at that time was that one workerwould be killed for each $1 million

spent on a bridge. That meant theGolden Gate Bridge would cost morethan 20 lives. But Strauss designedsafety nets, adopted glare-proof

goggles developed for Navy gunners,asked dieticians to plan meals that

prevented light-headedness, and or-

dered a "hard hat" type of headgearwhich would be supplied to eachworker.On May 25, 1923, Gov. Friend W.

Richardson signed the Golden GateBridge and Highway District Act,

which created a special tax district

in the six counties. The district couldlevy an annual tax of 2.5 cents per$100 of assessed property valuation.

The rest of the bridge-building

money would come from a bond issue

approved by the electorate.

But opposition had grown formi-dable. Critics said Strauss' bridgewould destroy the scenic splendor ofthe Golden Gate. Lumberers in theforests north of San Francisco did

not want more tourists roaming the

redwoods. Steamship lines seamenclaimed a Golden Gate Bridge wouldinvite disasterous accidents.

The War Department remindedeverybody that it had supreme juris-

diction over all navigable waters andit was their policy that no bridge

be built across the Golden Gate.

Enemy bombers might drop the

bridge and block U.S. warships at

the shipyard at Hunters Point inside

the Golden Gate.

In the end, however, it was the

popularity of the family automobilewhich decided that the bridge mustbe built. With each passing year,

traffic jams worsened at the ferry

terminals. On Memorial Day week-end, 1926, the San Francisco Exam-iner reported 8,000 homeward-boundautomobiles were backed up behindthe Sausalito terminal. The ferries

ran all night but at noon the nextday, 1,000 automobiles were still

waiting to cross. "It was the world's

worst traffic glut," said the Exam-iner.

On Aug. 22, 1929, Bridge District

directors appointed Strauss chief en-

gineer, Clifford E. Paine, his assis-

tant, and a board of three consulting

engineers. A week later test borings

began.Strauss, meanwhile, had changed

his mind about building a rigid

cantilever-suspension bridge. A rigid

bridge could very likely collapse. Thewinds and the wide fluctuations of

temperatures dictated a bridge thatliterally breathed. Strauss designed atotal suspension bridge.

The Golden Gate Bridge wouldhave three main spans. The two side

spans would each be 1,125 feet long.

The center suspension span wouldextend 4,200 feet—longer than anyever built. Including the access struc-

tures, the bridge would be 8,981 feet

long. The two towers would eachstand 746 feet on reinforced steel

and concrete piers. The bridge wouldbe 90-feet wide to accommodate asix-lane concrete highway and pedes-trian sidewalks. The roadway was to

be suspended by two stout cablesembedded in anchorages on each sideof the Golden Gate.The bridge would breathe because

the cables would pull each tower asmuch as 20 inches shoreward, de-pending upon the temperature andthe weight of traffic. Under the heav-iest combinations of loading and ex-tremes of temperature, the bridge at

midspan could rise 10 feet above orease itself that much below its

normal elevation of 220 feet abovemean high water. Even if a 100-mile-an-hour gale ripped into theGolden Gate, the bridge would slough

One of the two towers that suspend thebridge across the Golden Gate

it off by swaying only 21 feet at

midspan.Architect Irving F. Morrow trans-

lated the bridge-builder's engineer-ing marvel into a work of art,

concealing ugly crossbraces, creating

graceful bridge towers and delight-

ing motorists by shedding the tradi-

tional solid bridge side rails andreplacing them with see-throughs to

provide an unforgettable view of SanFrancisco, the hills north of the city,

the Golden Gate, the Pacific Oceanand the San Francisco Bay.On Nov. 4, 1930, a $35 million bond

issue proposition to build the bridgepassed in the six counties—by amargin of more than three-to-one.

But enthusiasm dampened as newroadblocks delayed the start of con-struction three more years. Therewere grave doubts that the nation'ssecurities market, caught in the de-

pression, would buy the bonds,especially while incessant rumorscontinued that the bridge could never


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stand in the Golden Gate.

Work started on Jan. 5, 1933, whena pair of steam shovels began an-chorage excavations at Lime Point.

These were to be no ordinary holes

filled with concrete. They wouldanchor 24,500-ton cables. The an-

chorages were built in three inter-

locking blocks. The bottom blockextended deep into bedrock whichwas cut away to form a sawtooth-like profile along the base.

Attached to it were girders se-

cured to the rear of the anchor block.

Sixty-one sets of chains extended150 feet through the concrete andended in links. Strands of cables

would be threaded through them.On top of the base and anchor block

was poured a massive-weight block

which also fit tongue-in-groove. Theanchorages on each side of the

Golden Gate weigh 240 million

pounds.San Franciscans celebrated the

start of the bridge on Feb. 26, 1933,

with a parade and the ceremonialturning of a shovelful of earth, whileairplanes laid a symbolic smokescreen across the Golden Gate wherethe bridge would stand. The crushof people was so great that cere-

monies had to be cut short.

Concrete came to the Marin pier

cofferdam by barge and a new kindof truck, a cement mixer. Theserotary cement haulers are commontoday but they were a novelty that

came of age on the Golden Gateproject. The aggregate that wasmixed into the cement was drawnfrom centuries of deposits of oyster

shells.

When finished late in June 1933,

Marin pier stood 44 feet above waterand resembled a loaf of bread. The45,000-ton pier cost $436,000, a pit-

tance compared to the San Franciscopier which would cost more than six

times that.

The site for the San Francisco pier

was 1,100 feet offshore in open sea

where swift tides ran more thanseven miles an hour. There was noprotection against wind or storm.

Strauss designed what manypeople believe to be the most beau-

tiful bridge in the world. But it could

not have been built except for the

genius of a German-born immigrant,John A. Roebling, who devised aspinning-wheel system for stringing

suspension cables across bridges byusing devices that looked like three-

wheel bicycles. His Trenton, NJ,company had successfully strungcables for the Niagara Falls Suspen-sion Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge,

although he never lived to see it

finished. Roebling suffered fatal in-

juries while working on the Brook-

Miles of cables suspend the bridge, oneof the engineering marvels of this age

lyn Bridge and his eldest son took

over the business.

On June 18, 1936, work began onthe 4,200-foot center suspension

span, the longest in the world. (TheGolden Gate Bridge held that record

until the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge,

with its 4,260-foot-long main suspen-

sion span, connected Brooklyn andStaten Island in 1964.)

Work was rapidly nearing an endon Feb. 17, 1937, when a horror wasforever etched in the memories of

the builders of the Golden GateBridge. Workers were on a scaffold

under the roadway near the exact

center of the bridge when a support

parted. The 10-ton scaffold broke off

and fell into the net which could not

hold that much weight. Snappingropes sounded like gunfire and a

trembling, described by workers as

similar to an earthquake, rippled

across the bridge. The victims wereplunged into the water.The names of the 11 workers who

were killed while building the GoldenGate Bridge are engraved in a bronzeplaque on the span.

On April 27, 1937, the final rivet-solid gold and weighing one pound



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CITY- _STATE_


The Yankees Who Saved Paris

Sgt. E. F. O'Leary's 85mm gun crew, 102nd Field Artillery, 26th "Yankee" Division, takes a break at "dead man's curve" in France

T|HE famed 42nd "Rainbow" Divi-

sion was organized to include

regular soldiers from every state andwas scheduled to be the first division

of the American Expeditionary Forcein the trenches against the Germansin World War I.

But the equally famed 26th"Yankee" Division from New Eng-land beat them, became the first full

U.S. division committed to the warand notched for itself a vauntedplace in U.S. military history.

The 26th Division was called into

service on July 25, 1917. The infan-

try was mobilized at Framingham,Worcester, Westfield and Lynnfield,

Massachusetts, and the artillery wasmustered at Boxford.The "Yankees" of the AEF were

made up entirely of the NationalGuard of New England. When the

Division left the United States for

France, every man was a volunteer

and the average age was 21.

The first contingents, consisting of

the 101st Infantry and the 101st

Field Artillery, left camp for Hobo-ken, NJ in early September 1917,

embarked for France, arriving at St.

Nazaire September 20, 1917. Otherregiments and units of the Division

followed in quick succession.

Maj. Gen. Clarence R. Edwards,commanding the 26th, had a fewsimple words for the debarkingYankees

:

"Welcome to you, my stouthearted

lads of the Yankee Division."

The early going in France was noteasy. According to an operations

memorandum dated January 21, 1918,

to the Chief of the French Military

Mission to which the 26th had beenassigned at Neufchateau, training

had not been completed.

"On account of the fact that the

regimental training of the 26th Divi-

sion will not be completed until

Feb. 2 and of the necessity of reme-dying certain deficiencies of equip-

ment, it appears desirable to fix

Feb. 5 as the date on which the first

elements of the Division should be-

gin movement to the front."

Another operations memorandumdated January 26, 1918, stated:

"Pursuant to instructions datedJan. 24, the 26th Division less the

artillery brigade will be prepared to

leave its present station by railroad

Feb. 5 on which date the first ele-

ments of the Division should beginmovement to the front, to remain

30 days. All elements of the Division

will be sent at the same time andto the same corps sector, subject only

to railway facilities. . .."

On the afternoon of February 5,

guns of Battery A, 101st Field Artil-

lery took position on the line and at

3:45 p.m. one of its 75's blazed—the

first shot fired by the National Guardin World War I. That night the 101st

Infantry went through the artillery

lines and into the trenches.

From that moment on, the 26th

tore at the Germans, amassing 210days of combat, with only 10 daysfor rest. It suffered 11,955 casualties.

A total of 1,738 men were killed in

combat. The 26th engaged in three

major campaigns, all of which weredecisive in defeating the Germans. In

the Aisne-Marne (Chateau-Thierry)offensive, it relieved pressure on

Paris ; in the St.-Mihiel offensive the

26th achieved all objectives andfinally the division struggled throughthe heartbreaking Meuse-Argonnedrive near Verdun, which was con-

sidered some of the hardest fighting

of the war. The drive gained only

5.5 kilometers in 25 days and the

battle was so vicious it decimatedboth sides.

The Yankee Division captured

3,148 prisoners, earned two Congres-sional Medals of Honor, more than100 Distinguished Service Medals andthe Croix de Guerre. The Division

was mustered out of the federal ser-

vice May 3, 1918, and was reactivated

as a National Guard Division in 1921.

The Division was again called into

federal service, February 12, 1942,


and went on to gain additional fame

and acclaim for its role in the Allied

victory over the Axis powers in

World War II.

Among the accomplishments of

the 26th Division during WorldWar I were:• The Division traveled more than

1,200 miles in France during its

deadly and successful mission.

• The Division was the first to take

up a sector on the Western Front as

an American Division.

• The Division earned the namegiven it by the Allied Armies: "The

Sacrifice Division."• The 104th Infantry was decorated

as a regiment with the Croix de

Guerre, the only American regiment

so honored by the French previous

to the November 11, 1918, Armistice.

• The Division earned from the

French the name of "Saviours of

Paris," and from French General

Degoutte of the Sixth Army camethese words: "The 26th Division is

responsible for the whole Allied ad-

vance on the Marne. They are shock

troops, par excellence."

Commenting on its outstanding

17.5 kilometer advance in eight days,

across fields slashed with trenches, to

wipe out the Chateau-Thierry sa-

lient, a French general's only com-

plaint was "in attack . . . they moveout too fast."

General Edwards summed up the

26th Division performance at

Chateau-Thierry

:

"In those eight days you carried

your line as far as any part of the

advance was carried. Toucy, Beau-lieu, Givry, the Bouresches Wood,Hill 190 overlooking Chateau-

Thierry, Etrepagny, Epides, Trugnyand finally La Fere Wood and the

objective, the Jaulgonne-Fere-en-

Tardenois Road, belong to yourarms."The Yankee Division, throughout

its trial by fire, had a multitude of

examples of great leadership andindomitable courage. Men were dec-

orated by the hundreds, but twostood out among all the rest.

PFC George Dilboy of Company H,

World War I Series

This is another in the monthly

series of articles on American

participation in World War I.

The Series marks the 60th anni-

versary of the Great War and the

deeds of the men and women whofounded the American Legion.

Brig. Gen. Peter Traub, 51st Infantry Bri-

gade, talks to his men after they raidedthe German lines in France, the first

Yanks on the offensive against the enemy

103rd Infantry and PFC Michael J.

Perkins of Company D, 101st Infan-

try, both won the CongressionalMedal of Honor at Belleau Bois in

France. Both, however, were so

severely wounded, Dilboy in July

and Perkins in October 1918, that

they died without learning of the

recognition of their heroism.

Gratitude, if it can ever be ade-

quately expressed, perhaps wasstated best by a Catholic priest of

Rupt-en-Woevre after the St.-Mihiel

offensive when the Yankees hadrouted the Germans. The priest wroteto the commanding general:

"Sir, your gallant 26th American(Continued on page 30)

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Julia andHer Piece ofPaperWas This Citizenship Idea Foolish After So Many Years?

My mother Julia sat at the table,

hunched over a typewritten sheet of

paper, reading aloud:

1. (a) Who discovered America?Christopher Columbus.

(b) When?In H92.

2. (a) How many original colonies

were there?

Thirteen.

(b) To whom did they belong?Great Britain

3. (a) What was the

Oh! What was the use? Julia

pushed the papers away and pressed

her temples wearily. She just

couldn't go on. So much to learn!

So many words, so many questions

and answers she did not quite under-

stand. If only she were younger, or

if she could keep her mind on this

business of preparing for citizenship.

The children would help her if sheasked, but no . . . she wanted this

to be a surprise, so they would beproud of her. They would be so

thrilled!

She caught a glimpse of herself in

the mirror over the buffet. New lines

in her face, new gray in her hair.

Getting old.

Was this citizenship idea foolish,

after all these years? The children

were born over here. Her husbandwas buried here in Akron, OH. Amere piece of paper could not makeher feel more of an American thanshe was now, except that she couldthen vote in the elections.

Still . . . was she not the motherof an American who was teachingschool? Mother of an American girl

who was the wife of a rubber shopexecutive? Mother of a son who hadserved in the U.S. Air Force?

"Executive."

(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 29)

The Yankees Who Saved Paris

Division has just set us free. SinceSeptember 1914, the barbarians haveheld the heights of the Meuse, havemurdered three hostages fromMouilly, have shelled Rupt and onJuly 23, 1915, forced its inhabitantsto scatter to the four corners of

France.

"I, who remain at my little listen-

ing post on the advice of my bishop,

feel certain that I do speak for Msgr.Ginisty, Lord Bishop of Verdun, myparishioners of Rupt, Mouilly andGenicourt and the people of this

She drew the papers toward heragain.

"What are the three branches of

the Federal Government?" she read.

"Executive. Legislative. Judicial."

She could remember that one.

Executive tied in with her son-in-

law. She knew what the wordsmeant. She understood about Con-gress and making laws, and justice.

Executive, she marveled over. Herdaughter's husband was an execu-

tive ... a big boss.

What Flies OverThe White House?He Cried Out:

'Oh . . . Pigeons! 9

Her daughter's husband! Strange,

how the years flew by. Her little

ones were grown up and on their

own. Julia had promised herself that

she would sit down and study, whenher babies didn't need her anymore.

She kept telling herself that one

never got too old to learn something

new. Now she had the time. Only . . .

she didn't dream, way back then,

how crowded one's mind could be

with other thoughts. And there werebabies again. They kept Grandmabusy.

Suppose she did memorize all the

questions and answers. Then, whenshe faced the examiner, and later the

judge, what if, in her nervousness,

she forgot? They would not ask in

the same words. She must under-

stand the meaning. She must be

prepared.

vicinity in conveying to you and your

associates the heartfelt and unfor-

gettable gratitude of all.

"Several of your comrades lie at

rest in our truly Christian and

French soil. Their ashes shall be

cared for as if they were our own.

We shall cover their graves with

flowers and shall kneel by them as

their own families would do with a

prayer to God to reward the eternal

glory of these heroes fallen on the

field of honor and to bless the 26th

Division and generous Americans . .

.

A. Leclerc."

A worthy salute to a gallant f'out-

fit—the 26th "Yankee" Division.—Frank Kuest

She remembered old Andy in Citi-

zenship Class. The teacher had askedhirn, "What is Old Glory?" Julia

knew that that was another namefor the American Flag, but Andydidn't know. The teacher tried to

help him."Andy, think now, what flies over

the White House?Andy's face lit up and he cried,

"OH . . . PIGEONS!"Everybody laughed and Andy's

face turned red with shame. He'dtried so hard.

What if she said the wrong thing?

Why, oh why, didn't someone tell

her, years ago, how important it wasto apply for citizenship papers? This

was her country now. She wouldnever go back to Hungary. Her chil-

dren and her children's children

were American born. She wanted to

belong with them.One day the little ones might ask

her, "Grandmother, are you anAmerican?"She would want to say, honestly,

"Of course I am!" She would still

have her Hungarian accent and they

might say, "But you talk funny."

She could reply, "That is because I

am old."

It would have to do, until they

were old enough to understand. Thenshe could show them her document.

"Document."Again she pulled her pages closer,

and studied the words:"What was the Declaration of

Independence?""A document which . . .

."

Julia sighed. This was a documentthat was like a special birth certifi-

cate ... a new form of govern-

ment ... a new, beautiful country

was born . . . the most important

piece of paper in America! A price-

less document ....She had taken for granted that liv-

ing in the United States made her

an American. God knew how very

much she belonged here! But . . . .

She looked again at the small black

and gold covered booklet that her

teacher had given her. "I Am AnAmerican. What every citizen should

know."Julia smiled. Her adventures in

citizenship were just beginning! She

had planted her roots in the United

States, for—generations to come.

Now she would get that Piece of

Paper and make it legal

!

—Rose Mazan


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The Navajos' Secret WeaponIndian Code that Stumped the Japanese Proved Key to Iwo Jima

AT the end of World War II it

was hailed as the only fool-

proof, unbreakable code in the his-

tory of warfare. For three years the

Japanese had listened in frustration

to a strange assortment of Americannoises that ranged from the prayercall of a Tibetan monk to fast double-

talk to a sound "like a hot waterbottle being emptied," but they neverfigured out what they meant.Mystery always surrounds the

word "code"—until it is deciphered.

Early in World War II the Japanesedecoded each new American code,

with devastating results. Then, in the

spring of 1942, they suddenly real-

ized they could not decipher new"strange noises" put out by the

Americans. Not until the war's enddid they find out they had been sty-

mied by the Navajo Indians.

In February 1942, Philip Johns-

ton, then an engineer for the city of

Los Angeles, went to the MarineCorps with an idea for a code basedon the Navajo language. After 20years of living, eating and adventur-ing with the Navajos, Johnston, the

son of missionaries, spoke the lan-

guage fluently. With the approval of

Lt. Col. J. E. Jones, and at his ownexpense, Johnston took four youngNavajos to San Diego where theydemonstrated their "secret weapon"to skeptical Marine officers.

The Marine Corps immediately de-

manded more Navajos, activated

"Platoon 382" and accepted an over-

age Philip Johnston as a sergeant in

charge of the code training program.He stayed with the program at CampPendleton, CA, until his discharge

in the fall of 1944, his only regret

being that he had not been given the

assignment of overseas training of

the Navajo Code Talkers in Hawaii.Johnston and his platoon, most of

them high school graduates or col-

lege men, developed a code of some200 characters and a vocabulary of

411 terms that could be memorizedand used lightning fast, no encipher-

ing or deciphering, as it was in their

own language. They were trained in

sending and receiving messages fromair to ground, ship to shore, tank to

command post. Messages included

anything having to do with missions

and maneuvers, location and strength

of the enemy, time and place of at-

tack. They were rehearsed andtested over and over.

Navajos not in the training pro-

gram were sent out to attempt to

decipher the messages. They failed.

How did the Code Talkers managea word like "mortar"—a word not

even in their language? "Gun that

squats" did the trick. Other easily

solved puzzlers were: aircraft car-

rier = tsidi-ney-ye-hi = bird carrier,

fighter plane = he-tih-hi = hum-mingbird, flare = wo-chi = light

streak.

"The Navajos have no written lan-

guage and there are many words in

English that have no equivalent in

Navajo," says Lt. Col. J. P. Berkeley,

who was the CO in Johnston's pla-

toon, "but it was demonstrated timeand again when these teams weregiven complicated reports and in-

structions to transmit by voice over

the radio or wire that not a single

mistake was made, a fact that our

regular communications men speak-ing in code could not match.""Were it not for the Navajos, the

Marines would never have taken IwoJima!" said Maj. Howard M. Con-ner, commenting on the bravery andintelligence of the Code Talkers. "Theentire operation was directed by Na-vajo code. Our corps command postwas on a battleship from which or-

ders went to the three division com-mand posts on the beachhead, andon down to the lower echelons. I

was signal officer of the Fifth Divi-

sion. During the 48 hours while wewere landing and consolidating ourshore position, I had six Navajo ra-

dio nets operating around the clock.

In that period alone they sent andreceived over 800 messages withoutan error. Weeks later, when our flag

was raised over Mount Suribachi,

word of that event came in Navajocode. The commanding general wasamazed. How, he wanted to know,could a Japanese name be sent in

the Navajo language?" Probably,"Sheep - uncle - ram - ice - bear -

ant - cat - horse - itch."

Recognizing the invaluable contri-

bution of the Navajo Code Talkers,

the Marine Corps wanted to makethe code a permanent adjunct after

the war. For several months Johns-ton and Colonel Peterson, then com-mander of the amphibious base at

Camp Pendleton, worked on a plan,

but failed to convince Washington.And the Navajo Code Talkers?

After the war they returned to the

reservation where they took part in

a three-day purification ceremony

—

a ceremony originating from distant

days when Navajos raided neighbor-

ing tribes or battled cavalry. Called

the Enemy Way, the ritual was to

blot out memories of the enemy andthe horrors of war, to erase anyfeelings of guilt and regret, thus eas-

ing the way for the men's return to

a normal life on the reservation.

The medicine man made a pile of

bayonets, helmets, bits of clothing,

even tufts of hair from the enemy,anything brought back by the men,then buried it in a hole, shooting at it

first with a rifle.

The Navajos believe that an in-

dividual who does not submit to the

purification may eventually suffer

mentally or physically.

The ceremony, along with the nat-

ural reticence and dignity of the

You Try to Figure It OutA Wol-la-chee = ant 1 Tkin = ice R Gah = rabbit

A Be-la-sana = apple Yeh-hes = itch R Dah-nas-tsa = ramA Tse-nihl = axe J Tkele-cho-gi = jackass S Kiesh = snake

B Shush = bear K Klizzie-yassie = kid S Dibeh = sheep

C Moasi = cat L Dibeh-yassie = lamb T Than-zie = turkey

D Be = deer L Ah-jad = leg T D-ah = tea

D Lha-cha-eh = dog M Na-as-tso-si = mouse T A-woh = tooth

E Dzeh = elk N Ts-a = needle U No-da-ih = Ute

E Ah-nah = eye N A-chen = nose U Shi-da = uncle

E Ah-jah = ear O Ne-ahs-jah = owl V A-keh-di-glini = victor

F Ma-e = fox O Tlo-chin = onion w Gloe-ih = weasel

G Klizzie = goat o A-kha = oil X Al-an-as-dzoh = cross

H Lin = horse p Bi-so-dih = pig Y Tash-as-zih = yuccaH Tse-gah = hair Q Ca-yeilth = quiver z Besh-do-gliz = zinc


100%GENUINE NATURAL

DIAMONDSNavajo, may have been a factor in

the long overdue recognition of these

warriors.

It was not until 1969 that FourthMarine Division veterans, planning

their 22nd annual reunion in Chi-

cago, discussed the Navajo CodeTalkers and urged that they be dec-

orated for their service during WorldWar II.

But how to find these men after

25 years?"Tom-toms are beating and smoke

signals are spiraling skyward in

search of the Navajo Code Talkers

of the 4th Division," said the NavajoTimes, April 17, 1969.

Other Indian publications took upthe search. The "moccasin telegraph"

was effective. The Code Talkers wentto Chicago and, in an atmospherecharged with emotion, each received

a bronze medallion depicting Ira

Hayes, Indian hero of Iwo Jima, andthe Suribachi scene in sharp relief onone side and the symbol of the

Fourth Marine Division on the other

side. The medallion hangs on a raw-hide thong strung with red, whiteand blue Indian beads.

The Code Talkers organized their

own reunion in 1970 and held their

second in 1975 at the Navajo Tribal

Museum in Window Rock, AZ.—Sisley Barnes

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The Panay Incident

the whole thing had been a mistake.

The isolationist sentiment in Con-

gress increased. Domestic matters

connected with the depression domi-

nated much of its thinking. Whenit did turn to foreign affairs the

events of WWI and the failure of

allies to pay their debts rankled.

The increasingly aggressive actions

of Japan, Italy and Germany, andthe failure of the League of Nations

only added to isolationist sentiment.

The Panay incident caused sur-

prisingly little debate. Sen. RobertReynolds (D-NC) criticized the

United States for having placed

American men and material in jeop-

ardy. He also attacked the British,

"who owe us several billion dollars

and who will not even pay the inter-

est on it."

While Congressional consensus onthe wisdom of getting out of Chinaprevented much debate on the Panayincident, the attack did have another

effect. In February 1937, Rep. LouisLudlow (D-IN) introduced a resolu-

tion for a constitutional amendmentwhereby Congressional authority to

declare war, except in cases of in-

vasion, would not become effective

until it had been supported by anational referendum. The bill hadlanguished in committee for monthswhile Ludlow tried in vain to get

the votes necessary for a discharge

resolution. The Panay incident cre-

ated such a stir that two days later

Ludlow had the necessary votes in

the House.President Roosevelt saw the Lud-

low Resolution as a threat to his

power and turned his big guns on it.

The State Department prepared aletter for him which he sent to the

Speaker of the House. In January1938, during debate on the LudlowResolution, the Speaker read Roose-velt's letter. It stressed that the reso-

lution would cripple any President in

his conduct of foreign affairs. CordellHull wrote the chairman of the HouseCommittee on Foreign Affairs,

stressing the same point. James A.Farley, Postmaster General, tele-

phoned every Democratic member of

the House in an effort to get their

support against the resolution. Inthe end the President succeeded. TheLudlow Resolution failed, 209 to 188.

The national press divided over theincident. The New Republic, on De-cember 22, 1937, asserted that theattack had been intentional, but thatit was our fault. It blamed Rooseveltfor failing to invoke neutrality legis-

lation, and advocated immediatewithdrawal from China. On January8, 1938, the Literary Digest polled

various groups and individuals onthe Ludlow Resolution, finding that

pacifist groups like the National

Council for Prevention of War fav-

ored it, while internationalists like

Cordell Hull opposed it. Time Maga-zine registered surprise that there

was no immediate "outcry, no de-

mand in Congress or the press that

the U.S. Navy" make reprisals

against the Japanese for the attack.

Indeed, Time noted, the event "pro-

duced precisely the opposite effect;"

fear that the incident might provokewar. The United States had accepted

the thesis that it "was a sucker in the

last war," said Time. But "the U.S.

may run the risk of taking an action

so detrimental to its own interests as

to produce later an equally strong

Italian journalist Sandro Sandri died in a

bamboo thicket after bombing of Panay

reaction in the opposite direction."

Good Housekeeping urged the

mothers of America to support the

Ludlow Resolution. The TampaTribune said that had we withdrawnour military personnel from China

"there would have been no Panaybombing." The New York Daily Mir-

ror wanted to "Keep other nations

outside of the Western Hemisphere,

and keep this nation inside the West-

ern Hemisphere." The WilmingtonNews said that "Perhaps, in the gen-

eral interest of world peace, it wouldbe desirable to stop the Japanese ad-

vance in China, but the direct inter-

ests of no nation is sufficiently

involved to permit a declaration of

war." The Philadelphia Record pro-

tested that "Americans who insist onremaining in China are children play-

ing on the grounds of an insane

asylum . . . the thing to do is not

to make speeches to the inmatesabout sacred rights, but to drag the

kids away. International cooperation

is not in the cards . . . the UnitedStates ought to get out and stay out."

The Christian Science Monitor re-

minded everyone that "the gunboatPanay is not the battleship Maine."Some newspapers took a harder

line. The Burlington, VT Free Press

felt that it was necessary to "makeit clear to Japan that international

law is still operative." The ChicagoDaily News reminded Americans that

Japan had taken advantage of ourunfortified bases at Guam and Cavitein its militaristic activities, and hadbroken every one of her promises re-

garding China; "and yet there are

Americans who are so naive as to

think that Japan really desires ourfriendship." The Boston Herald said

that Americans had been stirred byJapanese irresponsibility; that thegeneral feeling was one of resent-

ment which, the paper cautioned,

"may easily develop into a desire for

vigorous retaliation." The Indian-

apolis Star said America wantedpeace, but that "we should stand upfor our rights and insist that they berespected." The Los Angeles Timeswarned that pacifism was an invita-

tion to attack, and "the surest wayto put the United States into warmay be to let it be known that we donot propose to fight under any cir-

cumstances." The Cleveland PlainDealer claimed that "The UnitedStates does not want war. They mustnot close their eyes, however, to thefact that the world contains peopleless peace minded than them-selves."

A Gallup poll in September 1937showed that 54 percent of the peoplequestioned believed that Americantroops should be withdrawn fromChina rather than stay and protect

American property and citizens. Inthe weeks following the attack on thePanay approximately 70 percentfavored withdrawal. An overwhelm-ing 82 percent did not even approveof the United States acting as a medi-ator between China and Japan. Aslate as the summer of 1939 over 80percent questioned recommendedthat America stay out of the Asianconflict.

The controversy was to rage fortwo more years, with opponents of

war convinced that the United States

was dangerously overextended andmust retreat from potential foreignbattlefields. On the other side, the

President and the Secretary of State,

supported by the more militant press,

insisted that retreat would not pre-

vent war from touching Americanlives. Instead, they demanded that

democracy meet and battle aggres-

sion wherever it threatened. Andwhile Americans debated, the Japa-

nese strike at Pearl Harbor in 1941

finally settled the argument.—Christopher C. Gibbs


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How Auto Insurunce Is FiguredRegional Even Local Conditions Dictate Many Variations

In Rates Charged Men, Women, Youthful Drivers

What is auto insurance all

about? How are insurance

premiums established? Why are theygoing up? Can they be kept down?What do all those words in the pol-

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Liability CoverageAn automobile can cause injury,

so liability insurance is the mostimportant you can carry. It protects

you and your family against claims

and judgments for damage or injury

caused by the vehicle.

Within specified limits, this typeof insurance protects you and yourfamily in almost any car you drive

and even protects people who haveborrowed your car. Liability insur-

ance should be broad enough to covercourt costs, lawyers' fees, costs of

appeal bonds, bail bonds and bondsto release any attachments on yourassets.

Medical Payment CoverageThis insurance covers the costs of

any medical expenses incurred byyou or any relative living with youfor any auto accidents, even if youor they are pedestrians. It also cov-

ers any medical expenses of a guest

in your car or another victim in theaccident.

Collision CoverageThis protects your car if it is in-

volved in an accident, irrespective of

who is to blame. You are covered for

the damage, less the deductible

amount.Comprehensive Coverage

This insures your car against al-

most all losses, except for those in-

volving collision. It covers loss ordamage from fire, theft, vandalism,windstorms, etc.

Factors such as the age and valueof the vehicle go into each type of in-

surance and they will determine just

how much your insurance premiumswill be.

Since liability insurance coversdamage and injury that you'vecaused—but not damage, injury orloss to you—your type of car orits age are immaterial.

Territorial rating: This deter-

minant is strictly geographical.

The basic rate varies throughoutthe country. Each state is divided

into "rating territories." In eachsuch territory, statistics have beencompiled about claims involving

cars garaged in that area, irre-

spective of where the accident oc-

curred. If a driver from Missouriis responsible for an accident

which occurred in Florida, it is

the Missouri rates that will beaffected and not Florida's.

Complete

SERVICE

"We can get the part it needs, but we'll

have to send to the Smithsonian."

Characteristics of the insured

and his vehicle: This factor modi-fies the basic rate determined fromyour rating territory.

A factor of 1.5 means that youwould be required to pay 50 per-

cent more than the base rate for

your liability coverage. A factor

of 2.0 would double your pre-

miums.In evaluating the driver, there are

a bewildering number of variables.

For example:

Youthful OperatorsEven if you are above the age

where you could be considered a

youthful operator, you may have ason or daughter who puts your car

into this category.

Good student discount: Let yourindependent insurance agent know

whether your son or daughterqualifies for this discount. If yourbasic territorial rate is $100, a17-year-old son who is the princi-

pal operator of the car, without agood discount could drive this pre-

mium up to $350 while, with agood student discount, which ap-

plies in some states the premiumwould be $270. To be eligible for

a good student discount, your sonor daughter must be in the top20 percent of the class, have anaverage of B or better or be on the

"dean's list," "honor roll" or the

equivalent.

Driver training discount: Adriver training course pays. Thesame 17-year-old without a goodstudent discount, but with driver

training, would have a factor of

3.10 instead of 3.50. If he had botha good student discount and driver

training, the factor for the 17-

year-old would drop to 2.50 orless.

Marital status: If your son or

daughter is married, the premiumwill be far less than if he is single.

This reflects statistics which showthat married drivers have a loweraccident rate than single drivers,

particularly among young males.

Effect of ownership: If yourson has a good student discount,

a driver training discount, is single

and is not the owner, the factor is

1.80, instead of the 3.50 it wouldbe without these discounts. Thesame multiplier on a base of a

$100 premium means that liability

coverage would cost you $180compared to $350.

Driver's sex: An unmarriedyoung female pays far less thandoes her male counterpart. If the

female is married, she is treated

as a non-youthful operator.

ISon-youthful operatorsNon-youthful operators get quite

a break, rating-wise. The category

includes all men over the "youth-

ful operator" age, unmarriedwomen—age 30-64 and marriedwomen of any age. All men andwomen over 65 are classified sepa-

rately, often their rates are evenlower.

Driver safety record: Four rat-

ing factors for drivers are based

on the number of driving record


points accrued by the driver. Onepoint is assigned for each accident

caused by the driver or anyone in

his household which results in

bodily injury, death or damage in

excess of $200. In addition, a point

is assigned on conviction for anymoving traffic violation for whichthe operator's license was sus-

pended or revoked.

Two points are assigned for the

accumulation of points under a

state point system or a series of

convictions which force the opera-

tor to file evidence of financial

responsibility.

Three points are assigned to

anyone convicted of driving while

under the influence of drugs or

alcohol, failure to stop and/or re-

port an accident in which the

operator was involved, homicideor assault arising out of the opera-

tion of a vehicle, or driving whenthe operator's license was sus-

pended or revoked.

Car safety: Statistics show that

the type of car contributes to acci-

dent frequency. High performancecars [top speed and extremely fast

pickup] are penalized most heavily

in these ratings. Owning such acar can add 30 percent to yourliability insurance premium. Anintermediate performance car canincrease it by 15 percent.

Comprehensive CoverageComprehensive coverage rating

factors are similar to those of lia-

bility coverage. There is a territorial

rating to establish the base rate.

Driver characteristics are rated in

much the same way as for liability

coverage. Since comprehensive cover-

age is for the protection of yourvehicle from damage and since ex-

pensive cars generally cost more to

repair than inexpensive cars, the cost

and age of the vehicle are considered.

The value decreases as the age in-

creases, although cost of replacementparts does not necessarily differ.

High performance cars are penalized,

since statistics prove them far moreaccident-prone.

Collision CoverageAgain the basic rate is set on a

territorial rating factor and is thenmodified on the basis of driver char-acteristics (age, sex, marital status,

type of driving, safety record) andcost and age of the vehicle. A"bumper discount" is available forcollision coverage if you own a 1972or later vehicle with a bumper whichhas passed front and rear impacttests. You may be entitled to a 10percent collision premium discount.

What can you do to keep premiumsas low as possible without sacrific-

ing protection?

Check with your insurance agentregarding safe-driver plans, whichare available in many states. Suchplans may save you as much as 20percent.

Remember that not all insurance

companies charge the same amount.But watch out. Some companies that

charge less also offer less coverage.

An independent insurance agent canguide you.

Make sure your agent knows it if

your son or daughter qualifies for agood student and/or driver training

discount. If your car meets federal

bumper-impact standards or you arein a car pool, you may be eligible

for further discounts. If you havemore than one car in your family,

be sure they are registered in onename so that you qualify for a multi-

car discount.

If a young driver member of yourfamily is away at school, more than100 miles from home, and doesn't

have the car with him, then he will

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Consider higher deductibles onyour coverage for collision, fire andtheft. You can realize substantial

savings with higher deductibles, since

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If your car is five or more yearsold, you might consider droppingcollision coverage. The cost of suchcoverage may not be much of abargain when compared with carreplacement cost.

If your son or daughter marries,

inform your insurance agent. Yourpremium will be reduced immedi-ately.

Premiums go down if a car usedto commute to work is no longerused for that purpose. Small car dis-

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III

I


Opposing Views on a Question of

I am convinced that adjustments in veterans' pref-

I erence are needed to channel benefits to those

veterans most in need of employment assistance

and to respond to the pressing employment needsof women and minorities.

The federal government is the nation's leading

employer of veterans: they make up about 50 per-

cent of the total federal work force, as comparedwith about 25 percent of the national work force.

General veterans' preference, however, has not beeneffective in addressing the problem of young, unem-ployed veterans. There is significantly more unem-ployment among veterans between 20 and 24 thanamong non-veterans of the same age. Rates of un-employment for non-veteran young women andyoung minorities are even higher.

In the federal work force itself, veterans' prefer-

ence unintentionally works to the disadvantage of

both women and minorities.

The federal civil service does a commendablejob in hiring women and minorities. Unfortunately,most women and minorities are employed in the

lower-paying jobs, and efforts to change that situa-

tion are complicated by veterans' preference. In the

highest federal positions there are only 3 percentwomen and 3 percent minorities.

Very simply, giving veterans—a group that is

predominately white and 98 percent male—extrapoints on the entry examination for professional-

level jobs and giving them absolute retentionpreference where employment reductions are nec-essary results in a high percentage of veterans in

the higher level jobs and a low percentage of

women and minorities in those jobs.

The relationship between veterans' preferenceand employment of women is illustrated by its

effect on those who pass PACE, our Professional

and Administrative Career Examination. Veter-ans account for 20 percent of those who pass the

If you wish to let the Congressman or Chairman C

Increasing Importance

Should Veterans'

exam, but 34 percent of

those who are hired; con-

versely, women account

for 41 percent of those

who pass, but only 27

percent of those who are

hired.

The exact nature of the

changes that should bemade has not been de-

cided. Options include

limiting the time during

which preference can be Chairman Alan K. Campbell

used, limiting its use to us -Civil Service Comm -

entry only, limiting its use by retired military whoneed it less, and strengthening its use for disabled

and Vietnam-era veterans who need it more.

No final recommendations will be made to the

President without the most careful consideration

by the Commission and full consultation with vet-

erans organizations, Congress and others. But, as

I said before the National Economic Commissionin Denver last August, I believe that the changes

being considered are needed and that they are

based on two fair propositions: (1) that this soci-

ety demands a redress of the unfair treatment of

women and minorities by institutional procedures

that have excluded them from opportunity, and(2) that any such redress should not alter the rea-

sonable and legitimate obligations we have to those

who have served their country under arms.

Neither of these propositions should supersede

the other.

pbell know how you feel on this issue, fill out


Preference Be Modified?

Rep. Charles Thone(R-NE)

Reluctantly, one con-

cludes that the Car-

ter Administration is not

satisfied with attempts to

reward those who weredraft-dodgers or served

the armed services in a

less than honorable man-ner. The Administration

also is attempting to take

federal employment ben-

efits from those who an-

swered their country's

call and gave their best.

Beginning with legislation in Plymouth Colony

in 1636, veterans' preference has been firmly estab-

lished not only as law but also as a basic Americanpolicy tenet.

All arguments made in years past for veterans'

preference in the Civil Service System still apply.

Preference is a small attempt to repay partially

for sacrifices made by those who served. Since

veterans of Vietnam received less public apprecia-

tion than those who served in earlier Americanwars, it's doubly important that we at least protect

their federal employment benefits.

Preference is a means by which veterans catch

up with economic, on-the-job and educational

progress made by those who didn't serve.

Unemployment is higher for 20-24 year old Viet-

nam veterans than for comparably aged non-vet-

erans. It is certainly appropriate to use preference

to reduce unemployment among these veterans.

America has been going the wrong way on vet-

erans' preference, in my opinion. For nearly 35

years just passed, all who served the Armed Forceswere given preference. Anyone who entered mili-

tary service between Dec. 7, 1941 and Oct. 14, 1976

was granted veterans' preference. Since the latter

the "ballot" and mail it to him.

date, preference for Civil Service is granted onlyfor those disabled while in the military.

Now, American military recruiters are having a

difficult time obtaining high quality people in suf-

ficient numbers for our all-volunteer forces. Gen-eral veterans' preference in federal employmentwould be an important incentive to attract enlist-

ments. Congress ought to restore that preference.

U.S. Civil Service Commission Chairman AlanCampbell continues to argue that veterans' prefer-

ence discriminates against women and minorities.

Minorities served in Vietnam in percentageshigher than their ratio to the total population.Therefore, veterans' preference is a means by whichmore minority people can gain federal jobs.

Since World War II, women have played increas-ingly important roles in the U.S. military. There-fore, veterans' preference can be a way for morewomen to gain important federal positions.

Unless the law is circumvented (and at timesit has been, I'm afraid), only Congress can takeaway preference veterans now have. Congress hasmade it perfectly clear it has no intention of doingthis. Therefore, Chairman Campbell should beginto uphold veterans' preference enthusiastically, orresign and lobby against it as a private citizen!

1

I have read in The American Legion Magazine forFebruary the arguments in PRO & CON: "ShouldVeterans Preference Be Modified?"

IN MY OPINION THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS:

YES NO

SIGNED

ADDRESS

TOWN STATE_

You may address any Representative c/o U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,DC 20515; or the U.S. Civil Service Commission, Washington, DC 20415


Veterans NewsletterNO PENSION CHECK THIS MONTH? HERE'S WHY;

VA pensioners who did not receive theirchecks Feb. 1 may have neglected to completeincome questionnaires sent them in Novem-ber. . .VA sent a letter instead of theJanuary check explaining why payments havebeen suspended. . .Monthly stipends are basedon the annual income of the recipient. .

.

Affected pensioners should immediatelycontact their Legion Service Officer orthe nearest VA office.

GI HOME LOANS UP LAST YEAR; The VAreports that 1977 applications for bothappraisals and home loans reached the highestpeak in more than 20 years . . . Loan guarantyofficials attribute some of the increasedbusiness to the 1975 law that eased GI loaneligibility, removing restrictions whichprevented more than one use of eligibility. .

.

Since June 1944, more than 9.8 millionveterans and service members have borrowed$138 billion under the program.

Spearheaded by the efforts of Past Post Cdr. Arthur Piatt ofPost 52, The Joint Veterans' Group of Bellaire, OH erected amonument to honor area citizens who gave their lives in theKorean and Vietnam conflicts. The memorial was made possi-ble through donations by 800 individuals, businesses and fra-

ternal societies. Principals at the dedication were, left to right:

Past Cdr. Piatt, USAF Brig. Gen. Charles Lamb of Wright-Patterson AFB, Mayor John Fialkowski, Past Nat'l. Cdr. JamesWagonseller (1974-75) and Program Chairman Charles Reese

FBI LOOKS TO HIRE VIETNAM VETS, DIS-ABLED ; FBI Director Clarence Kelley hasdirected FBI field offices to contact VAhospitals to make available employment quali-fications and information relative to FBIentrance positions as part of the Bureau 1 sAffirmative Action Plan. . .Kelley calledspecific attention to positions in the DataProcessing Section for those confinedto wheelchairs.

TRAVELING OVERSEAS? SOME VA BENEFITSLIMITED; Veterans planning trips overseasshould check with the VA on the availabilityof veterans benefits abroad. . .Veteranswith service-connected disabilities shouldhave a VA statement to that effect in orderto obtain paid emergency hospitalizationin a foreign country. . .Military hospitalsoverseas cannot serve veterans unless theyare retired from military service. . .Com-


pensation and pension checks can be mailedoverseas. . .Certain VA education benefitsare available but should be checked beforemoving or traveling.

NEW VA NATIONAL CEMETERIES ON SCHEDULE;The Veterans Administration NationalCemetery construction program is reportedproceeding on schedule. Riverside, CA willaccept its first interments in late 1978,according to VA national cemetery directorCarl Noll... A cemetery at Indiantown Gap,PA is scheduled to open early in 1980. . .Firstinterments at Otis Air Force Base, MA areexpected in 1979; Calverton, NY, currentlytroubled by environmental protectionquestions, is still scheduled to open inSeptember and the Quantico, VA cemetery isto open in September of 1980... "All are onschedule, plus or minus three months,"Noll said.

NAVY ROTC CHANGES LINE OFFICER GRAD-UATE QUOTA; Beginning with the class of 1981,the Navy wants 80 per cent of its ROTCgraduates who are to become line officers tohave degrees in math, physics, chemistryor engineering. . .Only 20 percent withliberal arts degrees will be destined tocommand ships or divisions . . . Chief of NavalOperations Adm. James L. Holloway III feelsthat the former 60/40 ratio was insufficientto insure that enough line officers wereprovided with the technical foundation tocommand in a nuclear and electronic Navy. .

.

Critics feel that the Navy may turn into anorganization of technocrats not geared toprovide diversity and perspective in command.

NEW DIRECT DEPOSIT METHOD FOR VA CHECKS;VA has introduced a new way to arrangedirect deposit of benefits checks to savingsinstitutions. . .Financial institutions canuse government form SF-1199A which, whenfilled out by them and the depositor, author-izes the VA to send checks for direct depositto the recipient 1 s account.

SUPREME COURT ORDERS NAVY TO PAY BACKBONUSES ; The Supreme Court has ruled that theNavy must identify and seek out some 40,000people who may be eligible for $140 millionunder the 1968-70 variable reenlistmentbonus system. . .The system was an incentivefor critical military skill personnel toreenlist. . .The navy removed certain skillsfrom the critical list, resulting in theloss of bonuses for several thousand sailors. . .The Navy is establishing a Claims Sectionto first handle the 2, 500 plaintif s in thecourt case, then 25,000 still on active dutyand, thirdly, former service members ortheir dependents. . .Direct inquiries to Chiefof Naval Personnel, VRB Claims Section,Washington, D.C. 20370.

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Smith Stresses Stake in Asia

President C. K. Yen (center) hosted National CommanderSmith and his party when they visited The Republic of China.

Left to right: Taiwan Post Cdr. Kirk Henderson; T. Y. Chao,Director of Taiwan Veterans Assoc.; Nat'l. Cdr. Smith; Presi-

dent Yen: Nat'l. Auxiliary President Mrs. Viola Moltzen; Alvin

Moltzen: National Security/Foreign Relations Division Director

G. Michael Schlee; Nat'l. Chaplain Rev. Fr. Walter D. Power

NEWS of the LEGIONMinneapolis Forum February 3

Kick off Legion Energy DriveThe American Legion's Energy Program gets into full 'swing this month.

The first in a series of regional energy forums will be held in Minneapolis

Feb. 3. A' second forum is scheduled in Denver in early March.The Legion's Internal Affairs Division, with cooperation from the U.S.

Department of Energy, is coordinating the forums with departments to

significantly increase public awareness in local and state conservation anddevelopment programs. National surveys indicate that less than half of

Americans believes there really is an energy crisis.

Each regional forum will bring together 20-24 leading representatives

from diverse interest groups to discuss energy needs and environmental

concerns. Leaders in business and industry, energy producers, environmen-

talists, consumer activists, labor officers and state and local governmentenergy agency officials are invited to participate. Some 40-70 Legion andAuxiliary leaders will be on hand to observe the discussions that are aimed

at developing similar forums locally.

Panama Effort Stepped UpWith the Senate vote on ratification

of the proposed Panama Canal treaties

expected this spring, The American Le-

gion is intensifying its grass roots cam-paign to help defeat the measure.

As Congress reconvened, surveys in-

dicated that some 40-45 senators are

still undecided on their votes. Onlyabout 35 have gone on record approv-

ing the treaties. Each American Legiondepartment was urged to form a dele-

gation to visit their respective senators

during the recent holiday recess to

express home state opposition to the

treaties' provisions.

Each department has also been askedto organize a campaign to obtain a

resolution from their state legislature

opposing the treaties.

These two measures are intended to

offset critics who say most of the com-plaints against the treaties come froman uninformed public.

At this month's Washington confer-

ence, Legion delegates will be given an

intensive briefing on the latest develop-

ments on the Canal situation before

they visit home state legislators onCapitol Hill.

The American Legion recently sub-

mitted a statement to the HouseMerchant Marine Committee on the

economic disadvantages to the United

States if the treaties are ratified. Thestatement cited the inherent dangers in

proposed toll increases, fixed annual

payments to Panama and potential Pan-

amanian political influence.

Fresh from an 18-day trip to the Far East, National Com-mander Robert Charles Smith has reasserted AmericanLegion confidence in the growing economic importance ofall Asia, particularly The Republic of China on Taiwan andThe Republic of Korea.

"Our friends and allies on Taiwan and in South Koreahave reason to be concerned about our national will to live

up to our responsibilities," Smith said in a major foreign

policy speech Jan. 4 in Los Angeles. "To withdraw U.S.strength from that part of the world, where it is truly neededto maintain peace and stability . . . and to risk further iso-

lating ourselves from that area by possibly losing control of

the Panama Canal strikes us as being totally unrealistic."

Based on first hand observations in Asia, the Commandersaid that the United States should be "looking at the pro-

posed Canal treaties in terms of the world picture as it

concerns the credibility of our defense commitments to ourfree world allies." The majority of

U.S. exports to Asia are shipped via

the Panama Canal.

Smith called on the American newsmedia to keep the American people in-

formed of the real dangers involved in

any Communist takeover in Korea. Hereaffirmed the Legion's opposition to

any withdrawal of U.S. Forces fromthe Korean Peninsula. The Commandersaid he was impressed with the high

morale of American troops in the FarEast.

"They know their jobs and whythey're here," he observed as he stood

with GIs at the Demilitarized Zone Site

where two Army officers were killed byNorth Korean soldiers in an August1976 incident.

In Taipei on Taiwan, Smith said "Theeconomic vitality of this nation is a

stirring tribute to the viability of a free

and open economy and provides a di-

rect contrast to the example providedby those states where the ruling regimeexerts total control over not only the

economy, but every facet of life." TheCommander was received in Taipei byPresident C. K. Yen.

In Los Angeles Smith said that TheAmerican Legion, while favoring con-

tinued exploration of possible new re-

lationships with mainland China, op-

poses any move to abandon U.S. de-

fense commitments to Taiwan.In Tokyo, the National Commander

met with U.S. Ambassador Mike Mans-field. The former Montana senator, not-

ing that in the Western Pacific the

interests of the Soviet Union, China,

Japan and the United States comeclosely together, described the region as

"strategically the most important area

of the world."

During his trip to the Far East,

Smith also met with Legionnaires, gov-

ernment officials and military leaders in

Hawaii, Guam, the Philippines andOkinawa. (More photos on page 53)


FBI Agent Commander Is Trigger

Little Rock Leads in Crime ResistanceOne year ago this month, then Na-

tional Commander William J. Rogers

issued a call to American Legion posts

to develop crime

resistance programs

in their communi-ties. In a letter, also

signed by FBI Di-

rector Clarence M.Kelley, Rogers

pointed out that

Legionnaires have

traditionally beenin the forefront of

anti-crime efforts.

He reaffirmed TheAmerican Legion's John T. Kelly

resolve to work closely with the FBIand local law enforcement officials to

help overcome the criminal.

One post that accepted the challenge

was M. M. Eberts Post I, Little Rock,

AR. Post 1 already had a close relation-

ship with the FBI through Post Com-mander John T. Kelly, Special Agent in

Charge of the FBI for the state of

Arkansas. Cdr. Kelly firmly believes

that responsible citizen involvement is

the key to effectively curbing crime and

reducing the attendant fear which

erodes the quality of life.

Together with Post Adjutant GlenBennett and Alternate NECman Law-rence E. Fisher, Kelly proposed that

the post develop and distribute a

pamphlet containing crime resistance

techniques any citizen can practice.

Little Rock's FBI Crime Resistance

Coordinator, Special Agent John N.

Meisten III, wrote the pamphlet based

on "Crime Resistance Alert" tipsheets

published regularly by the FBI. The14-page pamphlet stresses practical

crime resistance measures that can be

taken at home, on the streets, on the

telephone, in cars and on vacation.

Examples include ways to combatcon artists, how to foil purse snatchers,

tips on preventing automobile, boat andbicycle thefts, and guidelines parents

can use to protect their children fromcriminal acts.

An initial 6,000 copies were printed

for the post membership. Little RockPost 1 claims to be the sixth largest

post in the United States. Under Cdr.

Kelly's leadership, Post 1 scheduled

crime resistance information seminars

for civic groups and schools. The post

also developed a media campaign.

In July, Eberts Post presented its

Crime Resistance Information Programat an Arkansas Department meeting

where the pamphlet was unanimouslyadopted for use by all posts in the state.

Additional quantities of the pocket-

sized pamphlet were ordered and dis-

tributed to all post commanders.At the National Convention in

Denver, the Law and Order Committeeof the Legion's National Security Com-mission adopted the pamphlet as the

basis for a revised, expanded version to

be distributed nationally. The first dis-

tribution will take place at the Mid-Winter Conference in Washington, D.C.later this month. Thereafter copies can

be obtained from the National Secu-

rity/Foreign Relations Division, TheAmerican Legion, 1608 K St. N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006.

With more than 16,000 posts, TheAmerican Legion is a natural potential

leader in helping establish a safe envi-

ronment and reducing crime through

community participation in crime

resistance programs.

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Auxiliary's HavenQuiet Museum in Indianapolis

Mirrors LegionWomen'sAmericaAt the last count, there were approxi-

mately 13,000 museums in the United

States.

Two of the most unique face each

other across War Memorial Plaza in

downtown Indianapolis.

The Emil A. Blackmore Museum in

The American Legion National Head-quarters features dioramas of the D-Day Landing in Normandy in 1944

and the Allied Attack against the Ger-

mans in the winter of 1917. Inch-tall

hand-painted soldiers reenact history

in rooms filled with military parapher-

nalia—World War I gas masks, helmets

and canteens, autographed photographs

of great commanders.Quite a contrast is the American

Legion Auxiliary Museum in its Na-tional Headquarters.

Dark, heavy wood borders the ceil-

ing. The long hall is carpeted with an

oriental rug. Gleaming brass banisters

and marble stairs wind up from the

lobby. An antique grandfather clock

chimes the hour and half hour in mel-

low tones that seem incongruous amidthe clatter of electric typewriters andadding machines.

How did this museum come to be

built? What does it represent? Miss

Doris Anderson, who has been Na-tional Secretary of the organization

since 1964, explains, "The AmericanLegion Auxiliary was celebrating its

50th anniversary, looking for an ap-

propriate way not only to celebrate a

milestone, but also give encouragementand inspiration. We had a great num-ber of old pictures and historical ma-terial. From this germ of an idea camean epidemic.

"Once the Auxiliary's Departmentsheard about the museum," she said,

"material began to flow from every

corner of the country. We realized wewould need a room the size of a city

block if we were to accept everything.

It required a great deal of tact and con-

sideration to accept or regret.

"One of the most interesting dis-

coveries in the Auxiliary files was three

letters addressed to Mrs. Edith Hobart(OH), the first national president, fromPresident Warren G. Harding, from

Gen. John J. "Black Jack" Pershing,

and from the 1920-21 National Com-mander of the Legion, HanfordMcNider (IA). Each pays tribute to

the American Legion Auxiliary for its

role in establishing Mother's Day. Wehad been little aware of this until weactually saw the letters," said Miss

Anderson. They are now framed andare part of the museum. Mrs. Hobartand the ladies who served with her hadbeen to the White House and had ap-

parently been very persuasive with

President Harding and members of

Congress in founding Mother's Day.A case containing mementos of Dr.

Kate Waller Barrett (VA), second Na-tional President, was donated to the

museum by members of her family.

Dr. Barrett earned her doctor's cer-

tificate before she was widowed in 1896.

She was the wife of a minister andthe mother of six children. During her

term as president (1922-23) she de-

veloped a program to meet the urgent

needs of WW I veterans and their

families.

Dr. Barrett has been described as

"the President who brought the spirit

of humanitarianism into the Auxiliary."

She was in her 70's when she served as

National President and lived less than

a year following her presidency.

"It's been said by those who should

know, that she literally spent herself as

president because she believed in medi-

cal care for the veteran to such anextent that she worked for it unstint-

ingly," said Miss Anderson.

The efforts of Dr. Barrett and those

who followed bore fruit years later in

the establishment of the Veterans Ad-ministration and its system of hospitals.

A case containing a collection of

dolls in foreign dress attracts a great

(Continued on next page)

Moltzen Anderson

From top to bottom, left: Curator Mrs. Norma Kerby places Past National PresidentMrs. Lawrence Smith's pin in a specially made ostrich egg jewel box; hand-carvedwater buffalo donated by Gen. MacArthur Unit 26, Dept. of the Philippines; twoyoung visitors, Jason J. Sabotin, 5, and brother Josh, 3, admire an Auxiliarymemorabilia cabinet. Insets: Mrs. Alvin Moltzen, National President; Miss Doris

Anderson, National Secretary

FEBRUARY 1978

Armie Hill

Legionnaire of Month

Is Real "Armie" ManAt the urging of his Wisconsin com-

rades, Armie Hill of Albertson EsquePost 548 of Phelps is Legionnaireof the Month for February. Hill wasthe first man from Phelps to be inductedinto military service under the Se-lective Service Act, Jan. 20, 1941.

After training at Fort Ord, CA, heserved in the North Africa campaign.Hill was captured by the Germans at

Kasserine Pass and was a prisoner ofwar for six months until he escaped.Today he is a rural mail carrier and

has been active in serving the needs ofepilepsy victims, for which he was pre-sented an award by the Epilepsy Foun-dation in Wausau, WI last summer.He is also a supervisor of the Phelps

Town Board and is active in both BoyScout and Girl Scout activities.

(CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE)

deal of attention from visitors. Thedolls were contributed by a unit fromCalifornia. They had been made in1933 to help finance an organizationformed in 1922 named FIDAC (theinitials representing the French wordswhich translate as "The InternationalFederation of Democratic Allied Citi-

zens"). Its purpose was to build under-standing and good will among nationsallied in World War I.

Another unusual item in the museumis a jewel box made of a hollowhand-painted ostrich egg, velvet linedand jewel-encrusted. Wisconsin donatedthis unique item in 1974 in honor ofMrs. Lawrence Smith, national presi-dent in 1943-44. It is accompanied byMrs. Smith's presidential pin.

A small case contains an originalsilk poppy made in France. Adoptedas the memorial flower at the first Aux-iliary National Convention in 1921,millions of dollars have been raised inpaper poppy sales since then to helpveterans and their families. Most arehand made by patients in VA hospitalswho are paid by the Auxiliary.

Silver tea sets, a hand-carved caribou,an ivory gavel, photographs of Germanwar brides from World War I, a letter

signed by President Harding—all is

there for the visitor who crosses thewelcome mat any day between 8:00 to4:30. It's not a museum for only Legionand Auxiliary members but for all whowish to see for themselves a uniqueblend of history. —Jean Stern

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Paradise Post 79, New Port Richey, FL presented its "Pageant of Flags" showcasing21 rare American flags dating back to Revolutionary War Days during "A Salute toVeterans" at Veterans Village. Post 79 co-sponsored the event which includedmilitary and musical units as well as federal, state and local guest speakers

POSTS IN ACTION

"Last Chat", ridden by jockey Robert Gaffglione, won the Veterans Day AmericanLegion Classic Purse sponsored by Harvey W. Seeds Post 29, Miami, FL at CalderRace Course. Enjoying the victory, left to right are: Past Cdr. Randy Spreen, twounidentified trainers, owner Mrs. Harold Williams, Gaffglione, County Judge Henry L.

Oppenborn, NECman-elect John Henry Philip von Hagen, 10th District Cdr. StanleyM. Cann, Bobbie Oppenborn, Mrs. Kathleen Long, Ray Segelstrom, Claire Deconna

and Post 29 Cdr. William J. Long

Highland Post 201, Louisville, KY pre-

sented a record $50,1 10.34 check to the

Louisville and Jefferson County Council

for Retarded Citizens. The donation

came from proceeds of the post's 25th

annual Child Welfare Carnival whichhas raised more than a half million dol-

lars for the Council.

North Tampa Post 334 was cited by TheAmerican Legion for conducting the

outstanding Children and Youth pro-

gram in Florida's 15th District.

More than 100 showed up for the Sep-tember organizational meeting of Mau-rice T. Webb Post 282, Atlanta, GA,a post exclusively for non-drinkers.

Named for the late Georgian and for-

mer director of the Americanism Divi-

sion for National Headquarters, the post

is commanded by former Georgia De-partment Commander Larry Coggin.

Meridian, MS Mayor Al Rosenbaum(left) presents a gold eagle to Meridiannative, Astronaut Richard D. Truly.

Truly commanded the "Eagle" in the

NASA Space Shuttle exercise last year.

Mayor Rosenbaum is a member of

Meridian Post 21.

Legionnaire NamedVA Hospital Fire Chief

Marrell EdwardHayes, Service

Officer of Post

336, Tallassee,

AL, has beennamed Chief of

Fire and Trans-

portation at the

Tuskegee VAHospital. AirForce veteran

Hayes is a leader

in local and state

civic and churchaffairs.

The Department of New Hampshirepresented its annual Rev. William Swee-ney Membership Trophy (communitiesover 4,000) to Strong-Nourse Post 68,

Littleton. Post 68, under the leadership

of Cdr. Paul Perry (center), increased

its membership from 38 to 145 in a

three-month period. Presenting the

award are Dept. Cdr. Joseph Schanda(right) and Vice Cdr. Charles Mann(left).

A special dinner honoring Boys' NationAttorney General Marty Wojtysiak (3rd

from left) was held by Sponholtz-

Deignan Post 183, Genoa City, WI.Marty, the first boy from his area of

Wisconsin to be a Boys' Nation delegate,

plans to attend the Air Force Academy.Congratulating Marty are (left to right)

Post Cdr. Ed Duesing, WalworthCounty Cdr. Les Allen and 1st District

Cdr. Ken Bouhl.


Tripoli Heroes Return

Urged By NJ Post

Cdr. Joe Balsamello, Sgt. Clendenon

Newell Post 1, Leonia, NJ, read in the

May '77 issue of The American Legion

Magazine of the five unknown crew

members of the USS Intrepid who gave

their lives in Tripoli harbor in 1804

and are buried in Libya. Balsamello has

begun a campaign to have their remains

returned to American soil with full

military honors and to establish a na-

tional memorial in their behalf.

"These men were the first to die for

our country in a foreign war," Balsa-

mello said, "and they must be brought

home."He won support of his post and the

attention of major New Jersey and NewYork City newspapers. However, he has

had no success on his own in mustering

cooperation from the Department of the

Navy. The Navy's official response,

when queried by The American Legion

Magazine, reads: "Even though five

graves at Tripoli have been designated

as American, the Navy has not been

able, through records, to identify whatbodies arc buried there. There are at

least two possibilities: (1) That the

graves contain five crewmembers of

The USS Intrepid; and (2) that they

contain five crewmembers of (the)

USS Philadelphia who died in prison at

Tripoli at about that time. Moreover,since there is no indication that preser-

vation of the remains was accomplished,

there is a distinct possibility that noremains exist. Navy regulations require

the authorization of next of kin for

movement of remains. Identification of

next of kin in this case is a doubtful

undertaking. Therefore, it has been de-

termined that removal of these remainsto the U.S. is not feasible."

Dissatisfied with this reply, Balsa-

mello has enlisted the aid of Rep.

Harold C. Hollenbeck (R-NJ) who has

asked the Navy to investigate the mat-

ter further.

Col. W. E. Ryan of the AmericanBattle Monuments Commission in

Washington says Balsamello's project

seems worthwhile but the country's tra-

ditional position is to bury the fallen

where they lie overseas. However, Col.

Ryan suggests if the facts are stressed

that these men are unknown, the first

to die in foreign conflict, that little or

no U.S. care is being afforded their

graves in Libya, and that it is a simple

and relatively inexpensive task, enoughpublic and federal support might besummoned to support it.

Interested Legionnaires can contact

Cdr. Balsamello at Post 1, 399 BroadAve., Leonia, NJ 07605.

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Taylor-Miller Post 21, Golden, COteamed with its Auxiliary Unit to plant

13 pine trees, valued at $400, in the

veterans' section of Golden Cemetery.

The organizations also combined ef-

forts to donate Christmas gifts to VAhospitals in Colorado.

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Miss

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Leaders of Cedar County, MO veterans organizations (right) unveil a memorial to71 county men who gave their lives in WW I, WW II, Korea and Vietnam. At left,

Missouri 7th District Congressman Gene Taylor addresses the community. Also onthe platform is Wilbur Miller, Trent-Sallee Post 230, Stockton, who spearheaded thethree-year project. Also involved were Koca-Reeder-Giddens Post 233, VFW Post 257

and WW I Barracks 651, all of Eldorado Springs

Pat Stansberry, left, American Legion Auxiliary member from Yale, Ml, accepts thekeys to the 1978 Ford Granada she won at The American Legion National Conven-tion last summer. Norb Mueller, Michigan state manager for the Seagram Distillers

Company makes the presentation. The Seagram Posts traditionally donate two Fordsfor the annual convention drawing

Legion Appoints Freedom Bell Memorial Architect

National Commander Robert Charles Smith has namedJack Patrick as architect for the Legion's Freedom Bell

Memorial. Legislation authorizing placement of the Me-morial on Federal parkland in the Nation's Capital has

been passed by Congress and signed by the President.

The Freedom Bell, purchased with funds donated byLegionnaires and Auxiliary members, traveled some 21,000

miles as one of the featured exhibits aboard the AmericanFreedom Train during the Bicentennial and was seen bymillions of Americans. When the Memorial is completed, it

will be donated by The American Legion to the United

States on behalf of America's children.

Mr. Patrick, a principal of International Design Associates in Silver Spring,

MD, is a graduate of the Howard University School of Architecture.

Jack Patrick

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ASTRONAUT GORDON COOPER ANNOUNCES:

Now!CONVERTMR INTOENERGY-EXPLODEITLIKEFUEL-and

GETUP to 7MOREMILESPERGJULOMI

a gallon

Yes, save up to $18 a month, save up to

350 gallons of gas each year, save up to

2 full gallons every 60 minutes you drive

—ALL FREE— because air costs you not

one single penny!Proven in the labs — proven on the road — proven by

California university scientists: How it is now possible to

convert air into energy 2,000 times a minute — boost gaso-

line mileage by as much as 7 more miles per gallon . . .

actually drive up to 500 miles on a single tank of gas . . .

all without changing a single part in your car!

The result: Instead of filling your gas tank each and

every week . . . your car's engine now converts ordinary air

into piston-driving power . . . explodes it just like a second

source of FREE fuel ... and saves you up to 350 gallons

of gas, (over $200 worth), each and every year!

by Col. Gordon Cooper,

Astronaut, Engineer, Research Advisor

Brace yourself, Mr. Car-owner! Get set

— for this incredible release — this

"bombshell" announcement every auto-

mobile driver has been waiting for.

News of a fantastic new era in auto-

motive history. An era of mileage mir-

acles where you can take even a 10-

year old car and blaze across 6 states

of the union on a single tank of gas —drive from New York to Chicago on less

than 2 tankfuls — actually squeeze out

"impossible" mileage figures of as

much as 31, 35, even 47% more miles

as reported by actual "in-traffic" usage runs.

Yes, save up to 30 gallons of gas each month, up to 350

gallons of gas each year, save up to $200 OR MORE on

yearly fuel bills — step up gasoline mileage by as much as

5, 6, even 7 MORE MILES PER GALLON. All by simply con-

verting ordinary air into a second source of high-powered

energy . . . with just a simple, 60-second change that even

a schoolboy can do!

I'VE ACTUALLY SEEN A CAR WITH OVER 200,000 MILESBOOST GASOLINE MILEAGE BY 7 MORE MILES PER

GALLON — WITH JUST THIS ONE 60-SECOND CHANGE!

Yes, from this day on you are going to do to your car whatautomotive experts now do to their cars. You are going to

do to your car what California university researchers haveproven time and time again. You are going to take ordinary

air — the very same air you breathe — air that costs youabsolutely nothing — and you are going to convert that air

into a source of piston-driving power for your car . . . get

such staggering boosts in mileage, horsepower and perform-

ance, you may only have to: FILL YOUR GAS TANK AS LIT-

TLE AS ONCE A MONTH! Here's how:

STOP RUNNING YOUR CAR ON 120 EXPLOSIONS!Right now your car runs on a very simple principle. You stepon the gas-pedal and pump an air-gas mixture from yourcarburetor into your cylinders. There, a spark explodes it.

This air-gas explosion is the lifeblood of your car. Onlythere's one trouble. Even though you invest as much as 650to 700 for each gallon of gas . . . all you get in return is

as little as a puny 120 explosion ... a mere 120 worth ofusable power. Because most of that air-gas mixture neverfully explodes ... in fact, never even warms up.

And if you want to prove this to yourself, simply take a wadof cotton, hold it next to your exhaust pipe and idle yourengine. What happens to that cotton in the next 2 minuteswill absolutely shock you. Because in less than 2 minutesthat cotton ball will be damp and clammy from wasted, un-used gas. Why this incredible waste?

LOOK HOWEASY IT IS!

All you do is simply slip

the TURBO-DYNE ENERGYCHAMBER onto the line

leading from your engine to

your carburetor and simplyscrew into place. (As simpleas screwing in a lightbulb). Why it's so easy and so quickthat even a schoolboy can do it. In fact, even if younever lifted the hood of your car before it takes but 60seconds to install. (Naturally, easy 1 — 2 — 3 step-by-

step instructions accompany each unit). And since it is

a precision instrument, there are no special adjustmentsfor you to make. They've already been made for you atthe factory. Total time to install — 60 seconds. Totalsavings on gas: up to $200 a year.

THIS 1968 CADILLAC GETS BETTER GAS MILEAGE THAN THIS TINY FOREIGN "ECONOMY" CAR . . . SO CAN YOUR CART00I What's the secret? AIR! That's right . . . Now thanks to an amazing automotive discovery you can actually convert

air into piston-driving power, so that instead of relying on gas alone you can simply step on the accelerator and turn air

into energy while you drive. For documented proof of just how this wondrous "Air-to-Energy" discovery can save you up to

$200 in gas bills in the next 12 months alone . . . read the rest of this page. See no-risk trial offer below. (Test performed

by leading research University).

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT FROM A MACHINE THAT'S GOTTHE POWER OF A GIANT BUT THE MIND OF AN INFANTI

Because as any automotive engineer will tell you, yourcarburetor, (which was invented in 1901 and hasn't beenimproved since then), is nothing more than an old-fashioned

pump without a mind, without a brain. It cannot think. It

cannot regulate itself to varying driving speeds. It only

knows one thing. Blindly pump — pump — pump a steadyflow of gas all the time ... BUT WITHOUT EVER ADJUST-ING THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF AIR. Which means, every timeyou step on that gas-pedal ... be it at idle or 70 miles per

hour . . . your "midget-mind" carburetor pumps and force-

feeds your engine with up to 4 TIMES AS MUCH GASOLINEAS IT ACTUALLY NEEDS ... BUT STARVES YOUR ENGINEOF THE OXYGEN-RICH AIR so vital to explode all that

gasoline. The result of this "over-drowning" with too muchgas and too little air? A difference of as much as 2 GAL-LONS OF GAS EVERY 60 MINUTES YOU DRIVE! (or in plaindollars and cents a difference of as much as $1.50 a day —$10.00 a week — $300.00 to $500.00 a year).

BUT WHAT A DIFFERENT STORY IF SOMEHOWYOUR ENGINE COULD THINK!

In other words, right now there is simply no way for yourpresent "no-brain" engine to effectively meter the right

amount of air coming into your engine ... and convert the

oxygen in that air into a super-blazing source of extra power... by effectively exploding all the fuel fed into yourcyclinders (the same way jet airliners are now economy-designed to scoop in air with their giant suction-fan engines).

BUT NOW— YOU GET SO MANY FREE, EXTRA MILESYOU CAN ACTUALLY SAVE UP TO 2 GALLONS OF GAS

EVERY HOUR YOU DRIVE!

But suppose that automotive experts told you that NOW,-without changing a single part in your engine ... by simplyadding one simple attachment to your car . . . the very samewonder-invention that has been tested in Governmental re-

search labs ... you could add a "brain" to your engine

... a mechanical genius that would automatically feed to

your engine the right amount of air. Even more significant,

suppose these same automotive experts showed you labora-

tory PROOF . . . PROOF that has been filed with both State

and Federal Government agencies of how this wondrous newinvention actually helps CONVERT THE OXYGEN IN THATAIR INTO RAW. BLAZING POWER PLUS FREE EXTRA MILESPER GALLON mile after mile! Why, do you realize what this

breakthrough development means?©

NOW! FINALLY POSSIBLE! UP TO ALMOST TWICE THEMILEAGE ON NOT A SINGLE EXTRA DROP OF GASI

It means that from this day on you can actually take ordinaryair . . . and convert it to a second source of power for yourcar. Yes, gallons and gallons of air suddenly turned into

thousands of miles of FREE driving power. Air that costsyou absolutely nothing, automatically converted into SUPERBLAZING HORSEPOWER day in, day out for the life of your car!

Why now you'll save up to $18 a month on your gas bills.

Now you'll drive for hundreds of miles at a time and swearto yourself the needle on your gas gauge must be stuck . . .

and you'll get more power, more smooth and quiet perform-ance than ever before thanks to this air-to-energy discovery!

NOW! CONVERT AIR INTO ENERGY — GET FOREIGN CARECONOMY — EVEN FROM BIG LUXURY SEDANS — MORE

MILES PER GALLON THAN YOU EVER DREAMED POSSIBLE!

The name of this breakthrough development that finally

makes it possible for you to effectively convert air into

energy is the "TUR30-DYNE ENERGY CHAMBER". It is thevery same "air-converter" that has been tested and provenin leading university labs. Tested and proven by fleet

owners, industrial giants, consumers and heads of transpor-tation departments where it racked up incredible mileagesavings of as much as 40% more miles per gallon!

So, if you are sick and tired of wasting hundreds of gallons

of gasoline each year ... if you would like to stop this

ridiculous dollar-drain ONCE AND FOR ALL by simple har-

nessing the power in ordinary air and saving hundreds of

dollars doing it . . , then take advantage of this exciting

no-risk trial offer:

COSTS LESS THAN A TANKFUL OF GAS —PAYS FOR ITSELF IN LESS THAN 30 DAYS!

Most exciting of all, the price of the TURBO-DYNE ENERGYCHAMBER is not the $40 or $50 you might expect for a pre-

cision air-converter but only $12.95 . . . less than the costof a tankful of gas. And you'll easily save as much as10 times that price in just the first few months of use.

REMEMBER — YOU PROVE IT YOURSELFENTIRELY AT OUR RISKI

Yes, you must save up to $18 worth of gas each and everymonth — save up to $200 in fuel each year — you must get

at least up to 7 MORE MILES PER GALLON — or your moneyrefunded in full (except for postage and handling, of course).

1977 American Consumer, Inc., Caroline Road, Phila., PA 19176

SPECIAL NOTE: The "TURBO-DYNE ENERGY CHAMBER" —is not for use on fuel injected, diesel or super-charged cars(such as Mercedes, Volvo and Maserrati racing car).

PRATT-AMERICAN, Dept. JTDF-22Caroline Road, Philadelphia, PA 19176Yes, I want to try the amazing new TURBO-DYNE ENERGYCHAMBER entirely at your risk, with this understanding: It

must slip onto my car in 60-seconds or less and be as easy

to screw in as a lightbulb ... it must instantly boost gaso-

line mileage up to 7 MORE MILES PER GALLON — up to

200 more miles per tankful — it must save me up to $18the very first month ... up to $200 OR MORE the very first

year — or I may return it for a full refund of my purchaseprice, (except for postage and handling, of course).

CHECK OFFER DESIRED1 TURBO-DYNE ENERGY CHAMBER — Only $12.95 plus750 for postage and handling.

SPECIAL MONEY SAVING OFFER: Order 2. one for your-self, one for a friend — Only $21.95 plus $1 for post-age and handling. (A savings of $3.95).

3760-006

MAIL NO-RISK COUPON TODAYAmount enclosed $_ . PA residents add 6% salestax. Check or money order, no CODs please.

CHARGE IT: (check one) Exp. DateBankAmericard/Visa American ExpressMaster Charge Bank Number

Credit Card #

Name-

Address-

City

Make of Car.

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Make of Second Car.

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-Zip

-Year-

-Year-

1 Div. of American Consumer, Inc. 1

enthused and de-

lighted with les-

sons in my entire

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one year justworking week-ends."

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LOCKSMITHING INSTITUTE. Dept. 1221-028

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THOROUGHBREDS?HARNESS RACING?

DOG RACING?1

YES,

WE'VEGOT IT ALL

TO MAKE ANY FUND-RAISING

OCCASION A FUN-RAISING EVENT!

ARMCHAIR RAGES is a complete film

package— official programs, bet

"money", mutuel tickets, computer

forms, daily doubles exactas and

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commentary.

Whether it's thoroughbreds, harness

racing or dog racing, ARMCHAIRRACES is your best fund-raising bet!

Write now for free detailed brochure.

Dept. AL-2

19-31 Mott Avenue

Far Rockaway, N.Y. 11691

(212) 327-2248INC.

An original white porcelain bust of George Washington was presented to the Vet-

erans Administration Center in Wilmington by the Department of Delaware. Present

at dedication ceremonies were, left to right: Center Director Robert J. Ryan, Past

Dept. Cdr. Frank A. Lucia, Dept. Chaplain Rev. George Goodley, and Asst. CenterDirector Wilfred E. Kingsley

COMRADES IN DISTRESSReaders who can help these veterans are

urged to do so. Usually a statement is neededin support of a VA claim.Notices are run only at the request of

American Legion Service Officers represent-ing claimants, using Search For WitnessForms available only from State LegionService Officers. Please contact CID # ,

The American Legion Magazine, 1608 "K"Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006.

R/S Wave Barracks, Navy #128, FPO, SanFrancisco, CA—Need to hear from com-rades who recall Lillian Frances Howardwas treated by the Lt. W (MC) doctor atthe Waves Barracks Dispensary at Oahu,HI, April to November of 1945. Please con-tact CID 437.

Fleet Training Center, Charleston, SC—Needinformation from anyone who remembersJames Kerlin was electrocuted by hightension wires of 13,000 volts through hisright hand while working with paint lock-ers on Feb 9, 1970. Please contact CID 438.

USS PC 495—Need to hear from comradeswho recall Willis Slone was injured whenhe fell downstairs into the galley whilestationed onboard PC 495 in the SouthPacific in 1945. Please contact CID 439.

10th Arm'd Inf Bn, 4th Arm'd Div. Co A—Need information from anyone who re-members Paul F. Price was injured by abazooka backblast which threw him ap-proximately 20 feet while stationed atChaumont, Belgium, Dec. 22, 1944. Pleasecontact CID 440.

USS Mastie (AN 46)—Need to hear fromcomrades who recall Arthur Hunansuffered from stomach disorders, rectalbleedings and diarrhea while stationed inthe South Pacific, 1944-46. Please contactCID 442.

3727th QM Trk Co. 472nd Reg't—Need infor-mation from anyone who remembers Al-fred Beyer injured his back in a truckaccident while stationed at Camp Mul-berry, Chabwa, India in 1944. Please con-tact CID 444.

Signal Radio School—Need to hear fromcomrades who recall Leonard E. Stachardinjured his back during a fall while sta-

tioned at Ft. Monmouth, NJ, Oct 1943.

Please contact CID 443.579th Motor Medical Depot—Need informa-

tion from anyone who remembers Roy B.Hensley was injured in a jeep accidentwhile stationed at Tanawan Air Base,Island of Leyte, Philippines in 1945. Pleasecontact CID 445.

Ft. Knox, KY—Need to hear from comradeswho recall Willie Konarik was injured in

a volleyball game at Ft. Knox in June of

1941. Please contact CID 446.

USCG Cutter Cypress—Need informationfrom anyone who remembers Gerard P.

Grice contracted a fungal disease in 1943-


999th Fid Art'y—Need to hear from com-rades who recall Albert L. Bisaga wasburned on his left leg while stationed in

Korea, 1951. Please contact CID 448.

40th Ambulance Bn—Need information fromanyone who remembers Audio O. Shriverwas hospitalized and treated for hyperten-sion while stationed at Ft. Leavenworth,KS in 1942. Please contact CID 449.

3rd Chem Mortar Bn—Need to hear fromcomrades who recall Bernard A. Hertlingwas permanently injured when a 4.2 mor-tar gun was inadvertently fired while sta-

tioned near Krefeld, Germany in March of


4th Arm'd Div, Co A, 37th Bn—Need infor-

mation from anyone who remembersErnest A. Walker injured his eyes andlung from road tar, July 6, 1944. Pleasecontact CID 451. „ J

42nd Inf Div 392nd FA Bn HQ Bat—Needto hear from comrades who recall HarryC. Buchanan was pinned under an over-turned jeep while stationed at Munich,Germany, May 1, 1945. Please contact CID452.

LIFE MEMBERSHIPThe award of a life membership to a Le-

gionnaire by a Post is a testimonial by thosewho know best that such a member hasserved The American Legion well.Below are listed some of the previously

unpublished life membership Post awardsthat have been reported to the editors. Theyare arranged by States or Departments.

Otto Johnson, George Juenke, George Lee,Hugo Lembke, Irene Levin, Robert Mann(all 1977) Post 132, Orange, CAJoseph Bognar, Ira Lee Turnbull (both

1977) Post 65, Delray Beach, FLWm. Birchfield, Louis Cohen (both 1977)

Tom Carcelli (1976) Wilbur Cox (1968) Wm.Fowler (1964) Hiram Goodman (1963) Post30, Albany, GAWillard Shaw, Paul Osborne (both 1974)

John Preston (1977) Post 332, Rockton, ILEdward Calsyn, Elbert King, Leslie Becker,

Theophil Cauwels (all 1978) Arthur Nelson(1974) Post 350, Geneseo, ILEdward Ryalls, Jr. (1978) Charles Whipp

(1977) Post 303, Swansea, MAKeith Mishler, Dale Robinson (both 1976)

Michael Hatta (1977) Post 153, St. Johns, MIDonald Anderson, Leonard Jensen, Kermit

Johnson, Vernon Johnson (all 1977) Post 33,St. James. MNDavid Kraft (1974) Post 27, Dover, NJThomas Skillman (1977) Post 216, Glad-

stone, NJWm. Redfield (1975) Edward Licence, Paul

Mclnish, Ernest Stumpf, Jr., Fred Batcher(all 1977) Post 342, Freeport, NYArthur Knopp, Wm. Nazzaro (both 1977)

Post 980, Hollis, NYBernard Marhefka, Edward Pragacz (both

1977) Post 1305, Binghamton, NYEthel Copeland (1977) Post 1838, Islip, NYL. W. McCracken (1977) Tracy Moore (1972)

Claude Morris, Carlee Montgomery, W. G.Stoner (all 1976) Post 53, Greensboro, NCJames Baine, Keith Arledge, Walter Craw-

ford, Jr., Frank Crawford, Roy Bennett (all

1978) Post 77, Hendersonville, NCWalter Marm (1971) Norman Stout (1976)

Post 639, Claysville, PAGodofredo Basas, Andres Bragasin, Isidro

De Vera (all 1977) Louis Castillo, Allen Den-neson (both 1978) Frederico Gaviola (1976)Post 1, Manila. PI

Curtis Tate (1977) Post 151, Trezevant, TNC. M. Hale, Dan Hale, P. H. Hale (all 1977)

Post 68, Narrows, VALife Memberships are accepted for pub-

lication only on an official form, which weprovide. Reports received only from Com-mander, Adjutant or Finance Officer of Postwhich awarded the life membership.They may get form by sending stamped,

self-addressed return envelope to:"L.M. Form, American Legion Magazine.

1608 K St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006."

On a corner of the return envelope writethe number of names you wish to report.No written letter necessary to get forms.

NEW POSTSThe following new posts were recently

chartered by The American Legion:

Fort Grant Training Center Post 98,

Fort Grant. AZ; Compton Post 719, Comp-ton, CA; Post Falls Post 143, Post Falls,

ID; South Side Post 91, Indianapolis, IN;

Sgt. Earl Alford Post 389, Slidell. LA; Pit-

kin Post 210, Pitkin, LA; Oregon CountyMemorial Post 631, Thayer, MO; JamesRussell De Berry Post 158, Roanoke Rap-

ids, NC; Louisburg Post 228, Louisburg,

NC; Mary's River Post 100, Philomath,

OR; Dorrance Township Post 288, Dor-

rance Township, PA; Brentwood AmericanLegion Post 156, Brentwood, TN; Earl G.Underwood Post 186, Kodak, TN.


Legion

Legislative

CalendarThis is the status of Legion-endorsed

legislative programs as of December1977:Pension Reform—Rep. Montgomery (D-MS) has

introduced H.R. 10173, a bill to improve veteran

pension programs. The measure is co-sponsored

by Veterans Affairs Committee Chmn. Rep. RayRoberts (D-TX) and five other members of the

committee. Sen. Cranston (D-CA) plans to in-

troduce a similar measure in the Senate. Sen.

Mclntyre (D-NH) has introduced an amendmentto the Social Security bill calling for automatic

pension hikes when cost-of-living increases raise

monthly Social Security benefits. The Mclntyreproposal addresses part of the problem; hearings

on all pension reform measures are tentatively

set for Feb. in both the House and Senate.

NAS Study on VA Hospitals—Sen. Randolph(D-WV) held hearings in Beckley, WV, studying

NAS recommendations affecting long-care geriat-

rics and problems associated with aging veterans.

Panama Canal Treaty—Nat'l Cdr. Smith sent a

statement to Chmn. Ralph Metcalfe (D-IL) of

the House Marine Subcommittee on the PanamaCanal expressing Legion opposition to treaties.B-l Bomber—Congress is still sharply divided onthe B-l bomber issue. The House voted to rein-

state $462 million in FY 77 funds impounded byPres. Carter into FY 78 supplemental appropria-tions specifically to construct B-ls. The Senatestill opposes any more funding.Senate Committee Chairs—Due to the death of

Sen. McClellan, Sen. Magnuson (D-WA) is in

line to head the Appropriations Committee. Sen.Cannon (D-NV) would take over Magnuson'sCommerce Committee and Sen. Pell (D-RI) will

replace Cannon as chairman of the Rules Com-mittee. All are Legionnaires.Veterans Preference—Civil Service CommissionChairman Alan Campbell has told Nat'l. Cdr.Smith that the Administration is considering mak-ing the following recommendations to Congressthis year: remove veterans preference for militaryretirees', remove all retention rights; leave prefer-ence for disabled veterans in status quo; permitother veterans to use preference as often asnecessary but within a set period, perhaps five orten years.

Dependent Allowance Improvements—Rep. Mottl(D-OH) introduced legislation providing addi-tional monthly compensation for disabled veteransrated less than 50 percent who have dependents.The bill satisfies the intent of Legion Nat'l.Convention Resolution 339.Protection of Service-connected Ratings—Rep.Roberts (D-TX) introduced a bill providing thatany disability continuously rated at or aboveany evaluation for ten years or more for com-pensation purposes cannot thereafter be ratedlower, except when fraud is proven. This satisfiesLegion Resolution 308.

Legionville National Historical Site—Senate hasapproved Sen. Heinz (R-PA) bill providing forthe purchase of 22 acres in western Pennsylvaniato establish a site to commemorate the first mili-tary training facility established in the U.S. Billnow goes to the House Interior and InsularAffairs Committee.

Films AvailableFilms from the recent Public Broad-

casting Service series, "The AmericanShort Story," are now available toAmerican Legion posts and other non-profit organizations for the cost of mail-ing and handling. The series includesstories by Ernest Hemingway, F. ScottFitzgerald, Richard Wright and Sher-wood Anderson. For details, writeMarjorie Lebow Ruitmann, LearningIn Focus, Inc., 230 West 13th Street,New York, NY 10011.

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Administrator of Veterans Affairs Max Cleland (seated) visited Pennsylvania's 7thCongressional District and was awarded a citation by Post 214, Upper Darby, PA.Left to right: Past Cdr. Joe Dougherty, Congressman Robert W. Edgar, Legion CountyCommitteeman Jack Sheehan, Post Cdr. Chuck Voorhees, Dept. Director of Veterans

Affairs & Rehabilitation Robert Vogel and Delaware County Cdr. John Gilmore

TAPSBrig. Gen. S.L.A. Marshall, 77, noted

military writer and historian, died

December 16 in El Paso, TX. Amonghis more than 30 books was the best-

seller, "Pork Chop Hill." A veteran of

WW I, WW II, Korea and Vietnam,

Gen. Marshall chronicled those wars as

well as the Spanish Civil War, the

Berlin Airlift, the 1956 Israeli victories

and conflicts in Lebanon and the Congo.

Clarence Simpson, 89, a life memberof the Montreal Post 1, Dept. Cdr.

(1930-31) and Past NECman (1934,

1936, 1940, 1952) passed away Sept.

22. Mr. Simpson was one of the

founders of the Foreign and Outlying

Depts and Posts Organizations of the

Legion.

E. Erie Cocke, Sr., 82, died Oct. 7 at

Atlanta, GA. Mr. Cocke was a National

Vice Commander in 1922-23. He was

the father of Past National CommanderErie Cocke, Jr. (1950-51).

Dr. Roland Hoyt Fulmer, 85, former

South Carolina NECman (1952-53),

died at Cayce, SC. A WW I veteran, he

was also South Carolina Department

Commander in 1944-45.

Patrick J. Hinchey, Past New Hamp-shire Department Commander (1944-

45) died. He was a member of Ryan-

Scammon Post 36 of Berlin.

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Leon V. Lanning, 85, former NewYork NECman, died Nov. 1 in Eg-

gertsville, NY. Mr. Lanning, a WW I

veteran, was New York Department

Commander in 1944-45.

George E. Withington, Jr., Past Com-mander of the Department of RhodeIsland, died recently. He was a mem-ber of Riverside Post 10.

Godfrey Child, 83, former MarylandNECman (1942-48), died recently in

Pocomoke City

OUTFIT REUNIONSReunion will be held in month indicated.

For particulars write person whose addressis given.Notices accepted on official forms only.

For form send stamped, addressed returnenvelope to O. R. Form, American LegionMagazine, 1608 K St. N.W., Washington, D.C.20006. Notices should be received at leastfive months before scheduled reunion. Nowritten letter necessary to get form.Earliest submission favored when volume

of requests is too great to print all.

ARMY15th U.S. Eng—(Apr) Russell Montgomery,

9 Pocono Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 1522023rd Eng (WW 1)—(May) E. A. Randall, 1118

E. Lime St., Tarpon Springs, FL 3358953rd Inf Regt—(May) Jack Lynch, 1820 2nd

St., Wasco, CA 93280224th AAA S.L. Bn, Bat C (WW 2)—(Feb)Wm. Cassidy, 246 W. View Dr., South SanFrancisco, CA 94080

803rd Dest Bn Recon Co (WW 2)—(May)Walter George, 3617 S. Osage, Indepen-dence, MO 64055

3037th O.B.A.M. Co. of 139th O.B.A.M. Bn—(Apr) Bill Davis. 1012 Grove St., Wilson,NC 27893

NAVYBig "T" Vets—(May) Joseph Medico, Sr.,PO Box 8423, Fountain Valley, CA 92708

Helicopter Sqds (VX-3, HU-2, HC-3 & SatSqds)—(Mar) Gene Hicox, 176 Fiore Ct.,N. Ft. Myer, FL 33903

USS Biloxi (CL-80)—(Apr) Padre R. W.Ricker, 1908 Grand Ave., Nashville, TN37203

USS Chicago (WW 1)—(Apr) Paul Fleming,#907 W. Wagner Ave., Philadelphia, PA19141

USS Yorktown (VF 42)—(Apr) Harold Mil-ton, 553 Laughlin Rd. W., Stratford, CT06497

AIR91st Bmb Gp (H) & Supp Units, Sta 121,Bassingbourn, England (1942-45)—(May)Robert Gerstemeier, 920 Woodlawn Dr.,Lansdale, PA 19446

390th Bmb Gp (WW 2)—(Feb) Patrick Rossi,58 Doat St., Buffalo, NY 14211

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National Commander on Far East Tour

(Top) National Commander Robert Charles Smith met with the President of theKorean Veterans Association (KVA), Vice Adm. Lee Maeng-Kee, third from right.

G. Michael Schlee, National Security/Foreign Relations Division Director (left) andNational Chaplain Rev. Fr. Walter D. Power (right) pose with hosts. (Bottom) In Guam,the Commander and Chaplain met with Sen. Antonio Unpingco (left) and Sen. JosephF. Ada (right). The mural on the Guam Legislature Building depicts Guam's history

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The Day Hitler Lost the War

prepared for combat. Lt. von demBorne directed the gunnery crews in

readying their 105mm and 37mmguns and the 20mm antiaircraft gun.

Lt. Just, below, prepared the tor-

pedoes. Hartenstein studied his prey,

lying unsuspecting in the distance.

Zero hour approached. Carefully

Hartenstein maneuvered his boat

into position on the surface. Thesilhouette of the Pedernales was out-

lined clearly against the lights on

shore. The order was given—the tor-

pedo sped toward its target, striking

the tanker amidships. The log of

U-156 told the story:

0801 (Berlin Time)—Surface

shot at tanker—detonation after

48.5 seconds. Tanker burned im-

mediately.

Two minutes later another torpedo

shattered the tanker Oranjestad, an-

chored, like the Pedernales, in the

roadstead of the harbor awaiting

clearance to unload its crude oil.

Burning oil quickly spread around

both ships. Crewmen scrambledtoward lifeboats or jumped fromslanting decks into the sea. Shouts

and screams echoed across the fire-

lit water.Hartenstein, cool and precise as

always, ordered a change of course

to 300 degrees. U-156, still on the

surface, moved along the coastline

until it was immediately opposite the

refinery, three-fourths of a mile off

the barrier reef.

The gun crews stood ready, and,

at von dem Borne's order, slammedthe first shell into the breach of the

105. The refinery and its hundredsof storage tanks were a massivetarget—there was no way they could

miss.

"Fire," von dem Borne shouted,

and the cannon exploded in a burst

of flying metal. One crewman lay onthe deck, mortally wounded. Vondem Borne, one foot a mass of bloody

tissue and splinters of bone, wasslammed backward against the base

of the conning tower. What had gone

wrong?A crewman dashed toward the

conning tower with a report, in re-

sponse to Hartenstein's shout of rage.

The round had detonated in the

cannon barrel. Someone had failed

to remove the muzzle plug whichkept salt water out of the barrel

when the boat was submerged. Thecannon was useless, its barrel splayed

and twisted.

Hartenstein, a skilled artilleryman,

examined the cannon. It was un-

workable. He ordered the 37 mmcrew to open fire with their little

gun, and 16 rounds were arched to-

4?

r\t>*>*

an Sea

VENEZUELA

ward the refinery, with no visible

result. In disgust Hartenstein ordereda cease-fire, and set his course to-

ward the other end of the island. Atleast he might get another tanker.

(While the four other U-Boats in

the "Neuland Gruppe" carried 105mmguns, only the U-156 was assignedto Aruba. The four others had dif-

ferent missions and the German HighCommand, for some unknown reason,

failed to follow up after the U-156'sfailure at Aruba.)The big tanker Arkansas lay at the

Eagle Pier, its tanks empty and de-

gassed. Hartenstein sent three tor-

pedoes toward the ship. One groundedon the beach, one disappeared to

seaward, and one struck the Ar-kansas, causing only minor damage.

Furious and helpless, Hartensteinordered U-156 to submerge. Thepharmacist's mate treated von demBorne's foot as best he could, stop-

ping most of the bleeding. Thewounded seaman, Businger, died

later that day. That night, some 17hours after the initial attack, U-156surfaced for the funeral ceremony.The next day U-156 left Aruban

waters for Martinique, and von demBorne was put ashore for treatmentat the Vichy French naval hospital.

Meanwhile, what of Hartenstein'svictims? The Pedernales, althoughcritically wounded, did not sink. Herback broken, she drifted out to sea,

a burning hulk. Eight of her crewwere dead, many of the surviving 18wounded or burned.The Oranjestad sank within an

hour, as fire consumed the vessel.

Fifteen of her crew died. At Eaglethere were no casualties from the at-

tack on the Arkansas, but the nextday four demolition men were killed

attempting to disarm the torpedowhich had run up on the beach.

Three other tankers were sunkthat night by other U-boats of theNeuland Gruppe. The Lago tankersSan Nicolas and Tia Juana and the


TRY THIS NEW PIPE "FREE" 30FDAYS !

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It s Not a Filter

The "Magic Inch" is not a filter that gets soggy andloaded with foul smelling goo. A soggy foul smelling

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They were all granted the same option, an option

which is yours also. After 30 days, if you agree that the

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product?

Gulf tanker Monagas were all sent to

the bottom.It had been a bad night for the

Allies. Four tankers sunk, one heav-

ily damaged, another holed. Butmore important for the war effort,

the Lago refinery was unscathed.

One of the little 37mm shells hadstruck a Diesel oil tank and glanced

away harmlessly, leaving only a dent

in the steel plating.

It was that close a thing! Had it

not been for the carelessness of anunknown German sailor, U-156 mighthave blown the world's biggest re-

finery right out of the war. Instead

it remained, to produce one out of

every 16 gallons of motor fuel con-

sumed during the conflict!

Few people on Aruba knew howgreat their danger had been. Just as

the torpedo struck the Pedernales,

an American military supply ship,

the Henry Gibbons, was preparing to

clear the harbor. When the blast

from the Pedernales was seen, the

pilot refused to proceed and the ship

returned to her berth. Aboard the

Gibbons was 3,000 tons of TNT

!

Had the Gibbons sailed into the

path of U-156 and been torpedoed,

the blast would have been sufficient

to break pipelines and blow gaskets

throughout the refinery area. Thecatastrophe would have been im-

measurable. The Gibbons had been

scheduled to depart shortly after

midnight, but her crew demanded a

coffee break before sailing, so her

departure had been delayed just long

enough to prevent her coming into

range of Hartenstein's torpedoes.

In October 1942, as the British

stood at El Alamein and broke the

back of the Afrika Corps, Lago gaso-

line was there. A week later, whenAmerican and British forces landed

in western Africa for OperationTorch, the Pedernales was there in

one of the convoys of support ves-

sels.

Found adrift and abandoned by a

tug, the Pedernales was towed backto Aruba where the damaged center

section was removed and the bowand stern welded together. Shorter

by 124 feet, the Pedernales sailed un-

der her own power to the UnitedStates, where she was rebuilt.

Hartenstein, meanwhile, was mak-ing atonement for his failure. During1942 he made three successful patrols

in the Caribbean and Atlantic, sink-

ing more than 100,000 tons of Allied

shipping. Ranking among the top 35U-boat commanders, Hartenstein wasawarded the Knight's Cross of the

Iron Cross.

On his fourth patrol, Hartenstein

dropped his guard. U-156 was cruis-

ing on the surface, some 340 miles

east of Barbados. The crew was re-


It's Not a TrapThe "Magic Inch" is not a trap collecting moisture

that gurgles with every draw. It is not a trap that mustbe cleaned after every smoke.

It's Almost MagicNot my magic but NATURE'S OWN MAGIC. Warm

winds pick up moisture by evaporation from the oceans,lakes, rivers, and streams, lift it high into the atmos-phere where the cooler upper air squeezes it into dropsof water that fall back to earth in its most perfect state

of purity. Just as the colder upper air of the atmospherecauses rain, the cool air entering the "Magic Inch"chamber through the special louvers of the patented

Carey stem, causes immediate condensation of the

moisture in the smoke where it drops to the bottom ofthe chamber, is absorbed by the natural fiber sleeve of

the "Magic Inch," and in turn, is evaporated into the

outside air. No accumulation ever remains to formsludge or slugs of bitter tasting goo. The "Magic Inch"also mixes purifying oxygen with the smoke from the

LEGIONNAIRES:

IT'S YOUR MOVE

How many chess players

in your Post? How many

chess playing veterans

in your community?

For How-to-Move Sugges-

tions: ask your Department

Adjutant or write to: Ameri-

can Legion Public Rela-

tions, 1608 K St. N.W.,

Washington, D.C. 20006

Make Your Own 30 Day Test

Clip out the coupon below. Fill in your name andaddress and send it to me TODAY. I'll send you a full

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;E. A. Carey, Dept.246B, 3932 N. Kilpatrick Ave.,

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i Okay Mr. Carey. Send me your full color bro-|

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mail order ad in House Beautiful magazine —offering an auto clothes rack. Business Weekreported that his ad brought in $5,000 in orders.

By the end of his first year in Mail Order, he had

grossed over $100,000!

Another beginner— a lawyer from the mid-

west, sold a mail order item to fishermen. Spe-

cialty Salesman magazine reveals, "he made$70,000 the first three months!"

There is no other business where you can

make a fortune so fast. Come up with a 'hot'

new item . . . and WHAM!It strikes like a bolt of lightning!

FreeIf you are sincerely interested in starting a lucra-

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help you get rich in Mail Order just as we've

helped others. Mail the coupon or send a postcard.

We'll send you a free book, catalog, ads and com-plete facts about our offer. No salesman will call.

No obligation. You don't need previous experi-

ence but you must be over 21. Write to:

Mail Order Associates, Inc., Dept. 822Montvale, New Jersey 07645

Mail Order Associates, Inc., Dept. 822

Montvale, New Jersey 07645

Please rush full details immediately.

Name-

Address-

City.

State. .Zip-

1I

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" I

. I

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I

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SPACE-AGE HEET SHEET

KEEPS YOU WARMWITHOUT ELECTRICITY

NONO

WIRES!OPERATING COSTS!

only^898 (Twin-

Size)

YOUR OWN REFLECTED BODYHEAT KEEPS YOU COZY!

A space-age "miracle!" Made of Thermalfab thesuper-effective insulating material developed to protectastronauts in the incredible cold of outer space!You sleep on it — not under it. Just place the incredibleHEET SHEET between your mattress and bottom sheet.INSTANTLY, it retains and reflects your own body heatright back to you . . . keeps you cozy and warm as anelectric blanket without a single watt of electricity! Andyou stay warm all night with your thermostat turned down;you can save plenty on heating bills. Lets you use lighter-weight blankets too — so you awake relaxed and refreshed.SPACE-AGE HEET SHEET is 100% safe, lightweight and

the special heat-reflecting

so it even doubles as a

AMERICAN CONSUMER, Dept. HSH-31Caroline Road, Philadelphia, PA 19176

Yes! Please send me the SPACE AGE HEET SHEET(S)ordered below:

(#009) TWIN-SIZE only $8.98 each (2 for $16.98)

(#017) DOUBLE-SIZE only $9.98 each (2 for

$18 98)

(#025) KING-SIZE only $11.98 each (2 for

$22.98)

Please add $J postage & handling for one Sheet. $1.50for two, $3 for four.

If after receiving my order I'm not delighted, I may re-

turn it within 14 days for refund (except postage &handling).

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portable. Never gets dirty . .

fabric is stain resistant too

mattress pad.

Order one for every bed in your house (special savings on

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(except postage & handling). MAIL COUPON TODAY!

© 1977 American Consumer Inc., Caroline Rd., Phila., PA 19176

MAIL NO-RISK COUPON TODAYAmount enclosed $tax. Check or money order, no CODs please

CHARGE IT: (check one) Exp. Date

PA residents add 6% sales

BankAmericard/J/isa American Express

Master Charge Bank Number _Credit Card #Name

Address-

City .State.

-Apt. #-

.Zip

Canadian Customers please send orders to: Mail Store Ltd.

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laxing, many sunbathing on the deck.

Suddenly, an American PBY Cata-

lina patrol bomber dove from a patchof clouds at the U-boat. Leveling off

at 100 feet, the PBY dropped three

bombs, two of which straddled the

conning tower. U-156 broke into

three pieces and sank immediately.

No survivors were found.

Of the Germans who had beenaboard U-156 when she attacked

Aruba, only Lt. von dem Borne sur-

vived. His foot had been amputatedat Martinique, and he remainedthere as a prisoner of war when the

allies occupied the French West In-

dies. Eventually he was taken to NewYork, where, together with other

sick and wounded prisoners, he wasput aboard the Swedish liner

Gripsholm. On May 19, 1944, in

Barcelona, Spain, von dem Borne wasexchanged and returned to Germany.

After the war he joined the navyof the Federal Republic of Germany,where he now holds the rank of

Frigattenkapitan (Commander), andis stationed at the Kiel naval base.

One major question remained

—

why did the Germans not try again

to destroy the refinery at Aruba?The abortive attack by U-156 wasthe only serious effort by the Nazis

to disable the gigantic installation,

although submarines continued to

harass shipping in the Caribbeanthroughout the war.The answer lay deep within the

politics of the Reich. The Germannaval high command was bitterly at

odds over the tactical use of sub-

marines. Adm. Erich Raeder, com-mander-in-chief of the Navy duringthe early years of the war, favored

the use of U-boats against land tar-

gets such as Aruba. His adversary,

Adm. Karl Donitz, stressed attacking

ships, claiming that shipping was the

weakest link in the Allied supply

system. By 1942 Dbnitz's views weregaining the support of Hitler, andearly in 1943 he replaced Raeder as

commander-in-chief.Aruba was saved, and not only

Aruba, but all the other thousandsof potential land targets in the

Hemisphere, from the locks of the

Panama Canal to the flammablewharves of New Orleans, the ware-houses of Brooklyn and the tankfarms of Staten Island.

The submarines became wolf packhunters rather than submersible ar-

tillery platforms. Torpedoes rather

than artillery shells were to be their

weapons for the remainder of the

war.Perhaps the momentary lapse of

memory by one unknown Germansailor on the foredeck of U-156turned the tide of victory for the

Allies. —Lee A. Dew


NO-RISK TRIAL OFFER!New FULLY ADJUSTABLE Shower Head Saves

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MUST PAY FOR ITSELF-IN 30 DAYS-

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ORDINARYSHOWER HEAD

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ORDINARY shower uses up WATER SAVER SHOWERto 64 gallons for an 8- HEAD uses only 24 gallons

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the drain! most 2/3!

speeds up the velocity, so you get atingling, cleansing shower with sav-

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Works even when waterpressure is low!

Even if you're bothered by water pres-

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with low pressure, you'll be so de-

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it cuts down water use, you'll neverwant to give it up. And because tiny

air bubbles are mixed in by the pat-

ented design, it's practically splash-

less — you can shower without a capand still keep hair dry!

© 1977 American Consumer Inc., Caroline Rd.,

Philadelphia, PA 19176

Must pay for itself in 30 daysor money back!

Just unscrew your present showerhead, screw in the new Shower Head,and you start to save immediately.

The more people in your home, the

longer they like to stay in the shower,the more dramatic your savings are!

Based on average utility rates a fam-ily of 4 could save from $59 to over

$369 per year on energy alone (de-

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Order now— start saving

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This is our De-Luxe model,fully adjustable

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OFFERS A FULL RANGE OF ADJUST-MENTS FROM GENTLE SPRAY TOSTRONG INVIGORATNG SHOWER

and is completely self cleaning. Try it

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every way, return it for a full refund

(except postage and handling). Mail

coupon now.brass ball joint for long, trouble-free

operation. It will not clog or corrode

MAIL NO-RISK COUPON TODAYAMERICAN CONSUMER, Dept. SHH-25Caroline Road, Philadelphia, PA 19176

It sounds too good to be true — so let me prove it in my own shower. Send me » (SHH) DeLuxe Fully Ad-justable Shower Head(s) at only $7.98 each plus $1 per unit postage & handling. I may try my shower head(s) for

30 days, and may return my order within that time for full refund (except postage & handling).

SAVE— Get 2 DeLuxe Model Shower Heads for only $14.98 plus $1.50 postage & handling.

Total amount enclosed $ PA residents add 6% sales tax. Check or money order, no CODs please.

CHARGE IT: (check one) Exp.

BankAmericard/Visa

Credit

Date

American Express Master Charge BANK NUMBER

Hard *

Namp

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City State Zip8138-018


NOW! BADGE-A-MINITBREAKS THE PRICEBARRIER...MAKE BUTTONSLIKE THESEFOR EVERYCOMMUNITY USE

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While the cost of everything else is

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an enterprising son or daughter, too!

BADGE-A-MINIT, Ltd., Oept A-28, Box 618,

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Yes, send me a free sample button and fully illustrated

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fiberglass reinforced Lexan plastic hand die press,

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UNCONDITIONAL MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

This new 1978 Episcope Projector projects di-

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A Surprise

In CaliforniaSOUTHERN CALIFORNIA'S Joshua

trees sport large, green-tinged

creamy blossoms on the tips of their

spike-leaved branches. Mormonsnamed the unusual trees for Joshuabecause their upturned branches re-

minded them of this Biblical figure

praying to the Lord with out-

stretched arms.Their shade is minimal, their

shapes grotesque (hardly likely the

inspiration for Joyce Kilmer's classic

poem), and they're not the kind of

tree you would climb or hang a

swing from, but there is a majestynonetheless.

Joshua trees like the high desert,

altitudes above 3,000 feet or so. Theyare plentiful around Joshua TreeNational Monument, about 130 miles

east of Los Angeles. The park covers

557,000 acres straddling the Mojaveand Colorado deserts. It's a natural

wilderness. There are no service sta-

tions or restaurants within this mon-ument.The Park Visitor's Center is lo-

cated near the north entrance just

south of Twenty-nine Palms, CA.The weather is pleasant most of the

year in the series of mountains andvalleys whose scenic interest is

heightened by the sharp drop from4,500 feet at Queen Valley to about

1,700 feet in the Pinto Basin.

A naturalist's haven with manyvarieties of plant and animal life,

the park's appearance changes dra-

matically with the seasons. Dry, sal-

low bushes in August can be a

colorful, delight in spring. Followingrainy seasons, the park becomes a

palette of dazzling hues. A carpet of

tiny blooms spreads across the desert

floor, colorful rosettes tip the prickly

cactus, and Joshua, Yucca and oco-

tillo burst into luxuriant color.

In addition to the Daliesque

Joshua trees, a wide variety of

desert plants include the cholla cac-

tus (best known as jumping cholla),

Mojave Yucca or Spanish dagger,

June-flowering smoke trees in the

Pinto Basin, California Juniper,

nolina, ocotillo, creosote bush andPinyon pine.

One of the finest stands of Joshuatrees within the park can be foundon the road to Salton View at the

edge of the Little San BernardinoMountains. From this vantage point

(5,185 feet) you can see almost to

Mexico on a clear day. Mt. San Gor-


An artist's drawing captures the charac-

ter of a California Joshua tree

gonio (11,502 feet) and Mt. SanJacinto (10,831 feet) dominate the

view. Palm Springs, Indio and the

Coachella Valley sprawl in the low-

land; the glittering Salton Sea(which lies below sea level) beckons

in the distance.

Rock formations throughout the

park are primarily quartz monzonite,

believed to be 150 million years old,

and pinto gneiss, more than 500million years old. These geological

mammoths, produced by the earth's

upward movements and erosion,

have weathered into gigantic, weirdforms which make great "jungle

gyms" for vacationing children.

The monument also provides a ref-

uge for hundreds of different wildanimals and birds, but you may haveto look carefully because of their

protective coloring. It is a place to

catch a glimpse of a streaking road-

runner, a kangaroo rat foraging for

food and a coyote chasing a jack-

rabbit. —M. S. Chipp

Legislative CommissionHonors Sen. Randolph

Sen. Jennings Randolph (D-WV) will

be honored with The American LegionNational Legislative Award in cere-

monies Feb. 22 during the annual Mid-Winter Conference. Sen. Randolph is

being cited for 44 years' outstanding

service to American war veterans dur-

ing his tenure in Washington.

If you're into fitness,

Bullworkef putsit all together

in only5minutes

i aday:"Looking for a fitness program that's fast,

easy and gets results right away?," asksfitness expert, Bob Breton. "Bullworkerputs it all together. In just 5 minutes a

day you can give your body a completefitness workout: shoulders, back, arms,chest, abdomen and legs.

It's fast: each exercise takes only 7 sec-onds, once a day.

It's easy: any man between 15 and 65 in

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You can see your progress right from thevery first day on the built-in Powermetergauge. After two to three weeks of train-

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shoulders, chest and biceps—and an inchor two less flab around the middle.

And that's just the start: there are spe-cialized exercises for building-up or trim-

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ter each time. Yet the training alwaysseems easy since with every workoutyour strength increases by about 1%—that's an increase of up to 50% in thefirst three months.

"I earn my living by keeping executivesin top shape," says Bob. "My customerswant results and they want them fast. I

recommend Bullworker for one reasononly: because it's the most advanced fit-

ness trainer on the market and you better

believe it."

To receive complete details about Bull-

worker Fitness training, mail coupon for

FREE BOOKLET today. No obligation, nosalesman will visit.

See your strength

GROWINGday by day on the

built-in patented

POWERMETER

© BULLWORKER SERVICE, 201 Lincoln Blvd.

P.O. Box X, Middlesex, N.J. 08846

263

FREE BOOKLET

24 pages of

action photosin full color

show you howto build a

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minutes a day

BULLWORKER SERVICE, Dept. BW3028201 Lincoln Blvd., P.O. Box X, Middlesex, N.J. 08846

Please send me my FREE full color brochureabout BULLWORKER without obligation. Nosalesman will visit.

Name-please print

-Age.

StreeL. .Apt. No.

City.

State- -Zip-

Canada: Home delivery duly paid. Ask lor FREE booklet.


sauna$<m PLUS TAX BENEFITSITS

1

OTHERS 00 EVERY MONTH IN U.S. GOVERNMENT OIL

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79TH YEARDrexel at 5f"hi Cfllca9°' 111 60637

AGENAME

ADDRESS

CITY .STATE . ZIP

Oh! the

inHanovershoes!

Put another $200 in

your pocket nextmonth with a Han-over Shoe sideline

as your extramoneymaker. Andget a free pair of shoes while you're at it!

Show friends and neighbors how to save more than

$15 per pair on . . . dress shoes, casuals or workshoes. Top quality, fine leathers, over 200 modernstyles to choose from.

Show the picture-selling Hanover catalog evenings,

weekends, lunch hours. Don't sell. Let them buy!

Pocket your high commissions, wear your free

shoes. FREE catalog and sales kit for 30-day no-

obligation trial.

No salesman will call. / MAILF*EE TRMLCOI/pon

The Hanover Shoe, Inc.

Dept. 2031 Hanover, Pa. 17331

Please send catalog and sales kit for 30-day

FREE TRIAL. I am under no obligation. Nosalesman will call.

Name

Address.

City .State/Zip.

bAODV

• Etsy Assembly• Folds Up for Fast Storage- No-Scratch Plastic End Tips• All Metal Construction- Eliminates Back Seat Crunch PLUS $1.50

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Wnuhachie, Tens 75165

States Move To Control

Unclaimed TreasureMany Americans act out a pe-

culiar habit of the legendary

W. C. Fields, stashing hard-earneddollars in banks—and then forgetting

about them.Others die and leave behind safe-

deposit boxes full of bonds—but norecord of the hidden caches.

Some receive gift certificates but

never use them, buy plane tickets

and never fly. Eccentrics leave be-

quests to missing heirs. Employeeschange jobs without collecting their

vacation pay. Many buy traveler's

checks—but do not cash them.Unclaimed cash and other aban-

doned assets lurk on the ledgers of

banks, insurance companies, retail

stores and other businesses—an esti-

mated $20 billion worth of unclaimedassets. It has been suggested that

one in every 15 Americans hasmoney waiting for him somewhere.Common-law tradition gives the

states the right to hold—and enjoy

the use of—such abandoned prop-

erty. In recent years, California andNew York initiated special programsto recover abandoned property fromprivate caches. Other states are fol-

lowing their lead. Long-standingabandoned property laws are on the

books in 42 states. Generally, theyrequire holders of unclaimed prop-

erties to turn them over to the state

of the owner's last residence.

All the states hold such property

in trust for the benefit of the owner.However, government has the use of

the money until the true owner or

heir comes forth to collect it. About35 to 40 percent of the funds are

eventually returned to rightful own-ers. Statistics indicate that states

collected $500 million of unclaimedassets from 1944 to 1976. As muchas $19 billion may still be out there.

In 1974, California initiated anaggressive program to recover aban-

doned property—a model project

spearheaded by a specifically-ap-

pointed task force. The author waschief auditor.

Our effort was the result of Gov.

Jerry Brown's interest in service

charges levied by banks on unclaimedsavings and travelers checks ac-

counts. He charged the banks withwitholding money that rightfully

belonged to the state.

Abandoned property revenues in

California increased from an annual

average of $2 million before the pro-

gram to $20 million in 1976.

And Brown's original charges re-

sulted in a 1977 order that forced

the largest bank in California to re-

pay $1.5 million in service fees onabandoned travelers check accounts

to the state.

The California experiment demon-strated two important precepts:

1. An effective collection effort canbe quickly initiated with only minorinvestment on the part of the state.

California was able to train state

auditors to assess and identify un-claimed property holders and create

a comprehensive collection agency to

bring home the abandoned funds. Re-coveries from just a few pilot audits

helped fund the full program.2. Despite extensive advertising by

the state, owners rarely came for-

ward to receive their property, re-

sulting in a windfall for the state

treasury. California keeps about 65cents of each $1 it receives in un-claimed property.

In 1976, New York reduced to five

years the period after which un-claimed property must revert to the

state. During the 1976-77 fiscal year,

more than $124 million went into

that state's coffers.

To date, only California, NewYork, Minnesota and Pennsylvaniahave budgeted for the staff necessaryto perform routine audits of in-state

property-holders. But 14 state gov-ernments are constructing abandonedproperty programs to establish state

controls over assets until the rightful

owner comes along.—Anthony L. Andreoli

Editor's Note: The author is acertified public accountant withAlexander Grant & Co., Chicago, IL.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE


\bur Dreams Can Become a Realitywith a Duraclean Service Business

Hundreds of men—previously working for salaries or wages—now enjoy greatly increased incomes, personal independence, and secure futures

as owners of a low-investment , high-profit, lifetime business

Unthinking men may tell you that theday is past when an individual can builda successful business of his own. The fact

is that service businesses have opened anew world of opportunity. The "mamaand papa" grocery store and the cornerdruggist have succumbed to the giganticchains. But, in their place, an excitingnew kind of business offers big profit

opportunities for the individual.

For twenty years the "service indus-try" has grown with fantastic speed. Letthe chains have the retail store business.Even a small service business providingan unusual service can bring profits to

the individual that were unheard of in

the old days.What is the difference? Just this:

Chain stores operate under the sameplan; under the same well-known name;but are owned by one corporation. Infranchising, the individual uses testedand proven plans for starting his busi-

ness and building it; he operates under aNationally Advertised and well-knownname, he has step by step guidance buthe owns the business. He enjoys the ad-vantages of a chain, but he keeps all

the profits for himself.

With a Duraclean Service Dealership,there is no store to rent. No fixtures tobuy. No inventory or stock of goods topay for. And, no special education orexperience is needed. Men of almostevery educational level have made out-standing successes with the "know-how"

furnished by our Company.They've worked from their homes, as

these services are rendered on the cus-tomer's premises. Usually, the portableequipment is carried in their car trunkuntil profits pay for their first truck. Acash outlay of only $1985 puts them inbusiness.

You have a modern method of clean-ing and reviving color and resilience ofcarpets, rugs, upholstered furniture andauto interiors. It has visible superiorityover the old ways of harsh scrubbing,strong detergents, and power drivenbrushes. Independent laboratory tests

show that the Duraclean "AbsorptionMethod" removes twice as much dirt andsoil as machine scrubbing. And every-thing is dry, ready to use in a few hours.You have six other superior services.

The Duraclean processes have provedso superior that Duraclean Services arenow available worldwide.Who are your customers? Homes,

hotels, motels, schools, shops, stores,offices, theaters, hospitals, institutions.

Your future? You can start with a bigoperation ... or many start alone or withonly 1 or 2 servicemen. Each can renderup to $125 service (often more) in a day.As you add servicemen, your profits

climb sharply . . . and we furnish andpay for their equipment.

Start full time ... or spare time addingyour business profit to job salary until

your business income warrants full time.

If you've ever wanted to "some day"own your own business you should inves-

tigate. We have no salesmen who wouldtry to influence you. The DuracleanOpportunity is fully explained in a 24-

page book. It will be mailed free to anyman who is sincerely interested in a fu-

ture of security and independence. Justmail the coupon for full details.

We'll help you with financing, with• our training and with over forty years of

experience showing men how to maketheir dreams become realities. It costs

you nothing to investigate and does notplace you under the slightest obligation.

Isn't this something you should do for

yourself? Today?

Ford Marsh, President

Mail this coupon TODAYIt may put you in business

Duraclean International

8-12 Duraclean Bldg., Deerfield, ILL. 60015

With no obligation, mail 24 page illustrated booklettelling how I can quickly increase my income and familysecurity while still employed. No salesman wilt call.

(Print)

Name_

Address^

City

County

State & Zip_

Inter-StateNurseriesdelivers Hamtu,r8. iowa 51640

SevenGlads25'

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Double your money back if

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New and superior varie-

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Free CatalogSpring 1978. 84 colorful

pages packed with values.

INTER-STATE NURSERIES2028 E Street, Hamburg, Iowa 51640

FREE Spring Catalog 7 Glads 25<?

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ADVERTISEMENT

Worried About

How You'll Look

With A Hearing Aid?

Chicago, 111.—A free offer of

special interest to those who hear

but do not understand words has

been announced by Beltone. Anon-operating model of the small-

est Beltone aid of its kind will be

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answering this advertisement.

True, all hearing problems are

not alike . . . and some cannot be

helped by a hearing aid. But

audiologists report that manycan. So, send for this free modelnow, and wear it in the privacy of

your own home. It is not a real

hearing aid, but it will show youhow tiny hearing help can be. It's

yours to keep, free. The actual

aid weighs less than a third of

an ounce, and it's all at ear level,

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These models are free, so wesuggest you write for yours now.Again, we repeat, there is nocost, and certainly no obligation.

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dren, two in the Air Force, I do notfavor any form of selective service

outside wartime.Mrs. Ardell NewtonRipley, NY

Sir: I am proud of the positions

taken by the Legion. Some causesare not popular, but we can live withthem a long time. We just might bepart of saving our nation, again.

Charles L. AndersonCatano, PR

Sir: I am 90, a veteran of WWI(aerial observer, 337th F.A.) and I

sure hate that word "surrender." I

pray that every Legionnaire makesthe White House and Congress awareof his or her opposition to the Pan-ama Canal giveaway.

R. R. RosenquistFrankfort, IN

Sir: It's a shame and a disgrace that

our government takes better care of

Cuban and Vietnamese refugees thanof our Vietnam veterans.

Mrs. Ruth MasleyMelvin, KY

Sir: Your WWI Navy article failed

to mention that Lt. William F. "Bull"

Halsey commanded the destroyerUSS Shaw at Queenstown (Cobh),Ireland in 1917-18.

David H. WagnerTucson, AZ

Sir: The cruiser St. Louis was notthe only American ship to escape to

sea during the attack on Pearl Har-bor (December issue.) The cruisers

Phoenix and Detroit and several de-

stroyers also escaped to join Adm.Bill Halsey's task force in an unsuc-cessful search for the Japanese fleet.

RAdm. J. Frank Harper, Jr. (Ret)Centreville, MDSir: Instead of eliminating veterans'

preference on the excuse of helping

women, let's apply it vigorously to

the 562,000 female veterans whoearned it. John Campbell

East Boston, MASir: Thanks for the "Yeomanette"article (November.) I was one, andam a 41-year Legion member andpast commander of San Diego Wom-en's Post 451. Rose M. Volkman

Vallejo, CA

Sir: Although the 24th Division did

remain in Hawaii for the first twoyears of World War II (Decemberissue) most of its men on duty Dec.

7, 1941 were transferred and fought

on Guadalcanal, New Georgia and in

other early campaigns.William WeiderPhiladelphia, PA

(Continued on page 6^)

R. H.Dept. 306

FROM SEEDALL KINDS AND FORMS

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MARTINS FLAGSDISPLAYS FOR

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GeraniumPLANTS FROM SEED. New doubleand Serai-Double varieties, all shades.

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Sir: Congratulations to Cdr. Smithon his forthright message opposingthe Panama treaties (December).

S. P. WilliamsMartinez, CA

Sir: The United States must devotemore attention to rebuilding ourmerchant marine. Look at Russia'srecord. Only 9 percent of our oceanfreight is carried on U.S. flag ships.

Frank MooreMarshfield, MA

Sir: Americans who feel a sense of

gratitude to those who have foughtour wars should dedicate one day ayear to visit a veteran's hospital.

Loneliness is a sickness unto itself.

Visits are always appreciated.

Sidney SampsonPhoenix, AZ

Sir: I totally disagree with the letter

of Tim Deneen (May.) Why shouldwe allow a draft dodger or deserter

the same benefits that good menearned? It's like a man who deserts

his dusty land, watches another irri-

gate, fertilize and raise a crop, andthen demands half the harvest.

Joseph M. RichardtSun Prairie, WI

Sir: Our commander presumes that

any FBI act committed against a

citizen in the name of law enforce-

ment is legal. He should speak for

the protection of individual rights

guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.

Vince TaylorSan Antonio, TX

Sir: The American Legion Magazineshould refuse to advertise foreign-

made products that compete withU.S. labor. Gabe Pica

Abingdon, IL

Sir: We bought the Canal Zone fromPanama, paid for whatever interests

Colombia may have had, and did the

same for the French. We paid all

the individual Panamanian landown-ers. . . I am not proud of those

who would even negotiate withcommunist Panama.

L. M. RicheyYakima, WA

Sir: The attacks on the FBI are dis-

gusting. The FBI, CIA and local

police are the only bulwark that

stands between us and chaos.

J. W. Sltjsser

Pittsburgh, PA

Sir: The anti-Pentagon members of

Congress should read Gen. Charles

Lindbergh's remarks about the great

value of military training (May.)Robert H. BeckerCharleston, SC


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JTO: Dept. 510 Zoysia Farms Nurseries,

[(Our 23rd Year) General Offices and Store

• 6414 Reisterstown Road. Baltimore, Md. 21215

I Please send me guaranteedI Amazoy as checked below:

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© Zoysia Farm Nurseries, 1978

I enclose $

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How They SpannedThe Golden Gate

—was driven home by Edwin Stan-ley, the man who had put in the first

steel one.

Some 83,000 tons of structural

steel, 24,500 tons of cables, suspend-ers and other steelwork, plus 389,000cubic yards of concrete had goneinto the bridge. A week-long com-munity fiesta began on May 26, 1937,

to celebrate completion of the bridge.

The following day the bridge wasopened to pedestrians and 200,000 of

them paid a nickel each to walk it,

picnic and dance on the roadway,and marvel at the breathtaking view.

The Golden Gate Bridge has be-

come synonymous with San Fran-cisco. Often it is called the Statue of

Liberty of the Pacific Coast. In a

1975 poll, the United States De-partment of Commerce asked travel

industry representatives which con-

struction had the greater tourist

appeal. The Golden Gate Bridgeranked first, followed by the MountRushmore National Memorial in

South Dakota.But, unfortunately the bridge also

is a magnet for emotionally-disturbed

people. By 1976 almost 600 people

had committed suicide by leaping

from it. Officials suspect that others

have jumped, but weren't seen andtheir bodies were carried out to sea.

Only seven have survived the plunge.

San Francisco police reported that

during the last year one unidentified

woman has made eight attempts to

jump off the Golden Gate Bridge.

She has now been hospitalized.

The Golden Gate Bridge, opened

to traffic on May 28, 1937, has an

annual capacity of 70 million cars

and 6 million trucks. On July 1, 1971,

the $35 million construction bonds

were paid off.

Strauss died seven months after

the bridge was finished. Shortly be-

fore his death he said:

"The bridge which 'could not be'

and which 'should not be,' which the

War Department would not permit,

which the rocky ledge under the pier

base would not support, which wouldhave no traffic and which would ruin

the beauty of the Golden Gate, stands

before you in all its majestic splendor

—in complete refutation of every at-

tack upon it."

Editor's Note: Author Paul C.

Ditsel has just completed a bookon major American building feats,

"How They Built Our National Mon-uments" Bobbs-Merrill Pub. Co. Inc.,

NY, NY. He adapted this article froma chapter in his book.


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31 Hante Avr, Oepl. 77-224, Freeport, N.Y. 11 521Swing Saf/sffad Custom*/* For More Than 25 Yuan

USE THIS SOCKET SET FOR 90 DAYS. IF NOT COMPLETELY SATISFIEDRETURN FOR PROMPT REFUND OF PURCHASE PRICE.

1JAY NORRIS CORP.. 31 Hanse Ave.. Dept. 77-224. rreeporl. N.Y. 11521

Please rush me the following 106-rT. Professional Socket Wrench Tool Set:

1 Set (or $14.99 purchase price + $3.00 postage, handling and insurance. #919952 Sets (or $27.99 purchase price + $5.00 postage, handling and insurance. #92002

Enclosed is check money order for $ . Sorry, no C.O.D.'s

PLEASE PRINT: (N.Y. residents add sales tax.)

Name

Address

City

State Zip


FLAG PIN

AMERICAN Wear !t with Pride - Red >

white and blue AmericanFlag, handsomely goldplated for use as Tie Tac,Lapel Pin, or Ladies Acces-sory Pin. Show that "youcare.. .and are proud."

Special Offer • Buv One • Get One FreeOnly $1.00. L. Hoagland . .Dept. A i

P.O. Box 553, Spring Lake, N.J. 07762

MY PIPE COSTS YOU NOTHINGif it isn't the greatest

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cooled pipe for 30 days' free trial

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Write for free literature.

SANDERS, Dept. J —17 Box 92102, Houston, Tx 77206.

I WANT EVERY READERjjfj^ of this Paper to have my big red

S3 EARLIANA TOMATOKING OF THE EARLIES"

Big solid, scarlet fruit, diseaseresistant, heavy yielder. Ideal for

table or canning- Send 16c for bigpacket or 25c for 2 packets ITDITE"

and copy of Seed and Nursery Catalog, s^l* 1—R. H.SHUMWAY SEEDSMAN

Dept. 303 ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS 61101

s^<«^"^™^ Dac

PERSONAL

1978—REPEAT OF 77?

STOVES FOR HOME-HEATING.

THE BASICS OF CREDIT REVIEWED.

Unless the government decides to stimulate the economy with a sizable

tax cut, 1978 will be pretty much a repeat of 1977, experts predict. Spe-cifically:

Cost-of-living: Up maybe &V2 percent—which is just a mite more thanlast year; most obvious in food and transportation.

Wages: A hike of 8 percent to 9 percent is in prospect—about the sameas in 1977.

Housing: Barring a major shortage of insulating material or mortgagemoney, another big year looks likely—2.2 million residential starts. That's

a splendid figure.

Unemployment: As in the past, this will be a thorny situation. A rate

of 7 percent to 7 V2 percent may well continue to plague us.

Because of the high prices of standard residential fuels, merchants are

promoting a variety of coal or wood-burning stoves ($100 and up), whichsupposedly can be less expensive to operate. If you're tempted, insurance

experts have these suggestions:

• Don't buy a flimsy stove. Cast iron is your best choice. And bewareof secondhand stoves, unless they have been carefully checked.

• Put an asbestos pad, covered with sheet metal, underneath the stove,

extended at least 18 inches beyond the ash removal door. Keep the stove

a minimum of 35 inches from walls or ceiling.

• Stove pipes should be corrosion-resistant steel of proper gauge andshould not be run through a wall or ceiling unless they pass through a

ventilated metal sleeve at least 12 inches larger in diameter than the

stove pipe.

• Be sure you have a damper on the stove pipe.

• If you have any doubts about the safety of your chimney, get a pro-

fessional to inspect and clean it. Should you nevertheless have a chimneyfire, you can do the following after first calling the fire department:1) close the draft louvers on the stove and the damper on the pipe, then

2) pour a liberal dose of coarse salt on the fire.

• Check whether your community requires a permit for operation of awood-burning stove. Some do.

Note that consumer debt (not counting mortgages) is rising at a faster

rate than incomes, topping the $200 billion mark, which means that a lot

of people are up to their ears in red ink. So this may be a good time for

you and your family to review the basics of credit:

1) The major reason for personal financial disasters is lack of a soundhousehold budget—or failure to stick with it.

2) A good rule: Don't let debts exceed 15 percent of take-home pay.

3) Another sound rule: Make at least a 10 percent down payment oncredit purchases; 25 percent is much better.

4) Retail charge accounts, revolving credit and some types of credit

cards can involve rather high service charges—to say nothing of thetemptation they offer to overspend. Watch this sector carefully.

5) It's okay to run up some debt even if you have money in the bank.You may need the nest egg for emergencies.

6) Don't buy anything on credit if its useful life is shorter than therepayment time.

7) There literally are dozens of credit plans and contracts. Read themcarefully. Some contain such stingers as a "balloon" clause (an extra-stiff

payment at the end). Also be sure whether you do (or don't) get title to

the goods immediately (often you don't).

8) Shop around for credit terms. They vary quite a bit.

By Edgar A. Gruntvald


Earn to $18 An HourIn Profitable »

Small Engine

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ADDRESS-

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BOOKSTHAT MATTER

Rhodesia, by Robin Moore. CondorPublishing Co., New York, NY, 313

pp, $2.25.

The prolific, venturesome Mr.

Moore (''Green Berets," "FrenchConnection") has focused his sym-pathetic attention on the little Afri-

can country that has become a racial

football. He lived there for morethan a year. Here is an argument for

peaceful political cooperation be-

tween blacks and whites and sharpcriticism of the U.S. role as played

by UN Ambassador Andrew Young.American policy, Moore claims, ig-

nores Rhodesia's tribal differences

and plays into the hands of ex-

tremists. Whatever one's judgment,Moore's book offers a stark, clear

picture of life today in a headline

country. —Ray McHugh

Doolittle, A Biography, by LowellThomas and Edward Jablonski. Dou-bleday & Company, Inc., Garden City,

NY, 368 pp, $8.95.

It is hard to tell in this onewhether James Doolittle or LowellThomas has gained the most fame.Probably they are equal, although in

different fields. Nevertheless, JamesDoolittle has to be one of the aerial

lights of the aviation age, havingdone so much in a relatively short

period of time. His credentials proveit. He made the first transcontinental

flight across the United States in less

than 24 hours; he was the first

American to fly the Andes, and hereceived one of the first Ph.D.'s in

aeronautical engineering. Eisenhowerand Churchill respected him not only

for his daring leadership on the raid

on Tokyo but also for his ideas onmilitary air strategy. This is a biog-

raphy for those who admire topflight

aviators, topflight innovators and,

most of all, topflight Americans.

CIA's Secret Operations, by HarryRositzke. Reader's Digest Press, 666Fifth Ave., NY, NY, 286 pp, $12.95.

A former Central Intelligence

Agency official who was present at

the creation of America's first secret

intelligence service has written themost informed and fascinating bookyet on CIA secret operations—its

past actions, its present state and its

future prospects. Those who decrythe current campaign against theCIA will enjoy this book. Those whothink we don't need the intelligence

agency might learn something.—Frank Kuest

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Merlite Industries, a fa-

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MR. MRS. MISS

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STATE ZIP

IN CANADA: M0PA CO., LTD., 371 D0WD ST.

MONTREAL 128, QUEBEC

I


Featuretrkbench at an

AffordablePrice!

• Solid rock maple con-

struction (225 lbs!)

• 2 large capacity vises• Life-Time Warranty• Rugged 2" thick

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• Easily disassembles for moving

Until now, quality home workbenches have usu-

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GARDEN WAY RESEARCH, Dept. 80712WCharlotte, Vermont 05445

UNUSUAL STAMPSWORLDWIDE STAMPS, ONLY 10C: Tonga CoconutStamp, Space Station, American Bicentennial, Anteater,

Bird, Fish, Olympics, Mini-stamp, Religious Painting,

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Select those you like, return the rest. Cancel service any-

time. Please state age.

DOUGLAS COOK, Dept. AL-1 Las Vegas, Nev. 89119

Dri-Guard for "No ControlGo Anywhere! Sit Anyplace! New patented"DRI-GUARD" liners have abundant absorbentmaterial where most needed! Launderable ordisposable liners enclosed in soft vinyl holder pre-

vent escape of any moisture. Use 2 launderableliners at once for full night's sleep withoutchange. Guaranteed effective for both men andwomen or money back. ORDER BY WAIST SIZE.Complete with launderable liner, $8.95; Extra liner

$3.50, 2/S6.75; 48 disposable liners $7.95. (add 75cpostage/handling, 6% tax in Calif.).

RALCO MFG. CO., Dept. 6441537 E. McFadden, Santa Ana, CA 92705

(Sold by Mail Since 1965)

MAGNIFYING GLASSES

A Blessing For Folks Over 40Read newspaper, telephone book, Bible

and do close work easily. SEE CLEARERINSTANTLY. Not Rx or for astigmatism

or eye diseases. 30 day trial. Sturdy,

good-looking. Impact resistant lenses.

Frames have metal hinges. State age and

sex. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.Order Now. Only $6.98 + 75^ handling.

Precision Optical, Dept. 34-D, Rochelle, ILL. 61068

Tackle CareFishing tackle should be serviced at

least once a year, more often if it

has received hard and frequent use.

The early months of the year, whenfishing is slow, offer the most con-venient time, especially for northernfishermen who must prepare for thecoming trout and bass spring seasons.Bamboo rods are especially vulner-

able to damage. Silk windings shouldbe carefully checked for fraying. Theyneedn't be replaced unless they haveunwound completely. A little of oneof the new super-glues applied to thefrayed windings will hold them in

place. And if the varnish has beenbadly chipped, a new coat is neces-sary. Quick-drying rod varnish is

available in tackle shops. Line guideson the rod should be checked with amagnifying glass; any that are groovedcan be smoothed with emery paper

—

the groove need not be removed com-pletely, only its sharp edges whichcan soon damage a line. Ferruleswhich are loose on their rod sectionsshould be tightened by heating eachferrule with a lighted match to softenthe original cement, then allowed to

cool until the cement hardens again.If a ferrule is so loose it can be pulledoff easily, heat the end of a new stick

of cement with a match, place a dropin the ferrule tube, then insert the endof the rod section and let harden.

U.S. COINS BY THE POUND!

Rather than sort overflowing vaults, these coins

are sold by the pound! A GOLD PIECE of the

world included! All coins 30-150 years old. Mayinclude Indian, Lincoln cents; silver dollars; 20;

30 pes etc. 1 lb.—$16.50; 2 lbs.—$30; 5 lbs.—$72;10 lbs. (plus 2 gold pes)—$115. Add $1.50 for ins.

& post. M/C & BOA accepted. Centre Coin Co.,

Box 1, Dept. AL-2, Sherman Oaks, Ca. 91413.

HEARING AIDS507. OFF

COMPARABLEAIDS -X-

• BUY DIRECT • 30 DAYS FREE TRIAL

Body Aids $79.50 up. Tiny, inconspicuous All -

in-the-Ear; Behind the-Ear; Eye Glass Aids. One

of the largest selections ot fine quality aids.

Very low battery prices. Write for FREE litera-

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is a wonderful gift. LLOYD CORP

Dept. ARL, 128 Kish. St., Rockford, III. 61104

Don't oil the ferrule parts that fit to-

gether: just run the end of the maleferrule through your hair and it willhave sufficient lubrication.

A monofilament line is the weakestpart of the tackle but its damage is

often unnoticeable until it breakswhen you're just about to land a fish.

It weakens through use and by ex-posure to sunlight. Professional an-glers, who compete in tournaments for

prizes, use a new line every day.Monofilament line is tested for knotsand abrasions by running it througha nylon cloth such as an old stock-ing: if it runs through smoothly, it is

free of these weaknesses. Some knots,

which can weaken the monofilamentby as much as 90%, may occur acci-

dentally while casting. Abrasions usu-ally occur close to the end of the line

near the lure; at least three feet of

this line should be discarded and thelure retied periodically during use.

Any fly line should be cleaned andtreated with the pad and wax that

came with it when purchased.Reels should be disassembled and

the parts washed in naptha to removeaccumulations of dirt, sand andother debris. An empty plastic orcardboard egg carton is handy for

holding the parts and screws to pre-vent loss. A special reel lubricantshould be applied to the gears beforereassembling them—don't use oil ex-cept where required.

Men's Wide ShoesEE to EEEEEE • Sizes 5-13

More than 1 00 styles for everypurpose. Top quality.

Sensible prices. Notsold in stores.Send for FREECATALOG.

' nent 5B> SHOES, INC.

Dept. 5B Hingham. Mass. 02043

FIX LAWN MOWERSFOR FUN & PROFIT! Fascinating newHandbook by F. Peterson gives you theknowledge skilled mechanics learn.

OVER 125 ILLUSTRATIONS show howto trouble shoot, repair carburetors,engines, balance, and sharpenblades, etc. Exploded drawings'are extensively used.

INSTRUCTIONS COVER reel, ro-

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TRY the HANDBOOK OF LAWN MOWERREPAIR.Rush only $7.95 plus 75* handling on 10-daymoney-back guarantee.EMERSON BOOKS, INC., Dept. 360-D, Buthonon, N.Y. 10511


LOOK INCHES SLIMMER,TRIMMER INSTANTLY!

NEW WAIST-TRIMMERTAKES INCHESOFF TUMMY, SUPPORTSYOUR BACK FIRMLY!

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For women and men in Waist Size 26to 48. White only. Order now at ONLY$7.99—you have nothing to lose butunsightly bulges!

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31 Hanse Ave., Dept. 77-226, Freeport, N.Y. 11521Serving Satisfied Customers For More Than 25 Years

90-DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEEWear Slim 'N' Trim Control Belt for 90 days. You mustbe absolutely delighted with it—or return for promptrefund of purchase price.

@<^^Ennns corp. »77

31 Hanse Ave., Dept. 77-226, Freeport, N.Y. 11521

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Enclosed is check or money order for $Sorry, no C.O.D.'s— (N.Y. residents add sales tax.)

PRINTNAME

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CITY

STATE ZIP.


—-SHOPPER

COLLAR EXTENDER. Get instant comfortwhen shirt collars fit too tightly because ofshrinkage, outgrowing or weight increase.Add up to V2 size for just-right fit. Invis-ible behind tie, on and off in a jiffy. 10for just $1.75, plus 25? postage (20 for$3.25 ppd.) Barclay, Dept. 67-B, 1575 No.Dixie Hwy., Pompano Beach, Fla. 33060.

LAST U.S. SILVER COIN SETS Neveragain will silver be used in coin mintage!Most has already been remelted so theseUNCIRCULATED coin sets will increase invalue yearly! 1964-$5; 1963-$5.75; 1962-$6; 1961-$6.50; 1960-$7. All 5 sets-$28.50(mounted in lifetime holders). M/C &BOA (VISA) accepted. Add $1 for ins. &hndlg. Centre Coin Co., Box 1, Dept. A-2,Sherman Oaks, Calif. 91413

NON-METAL TAPSSAVEHEELSQuiet,

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KICK SHOE REPAIR COSTSTODAY!Money-back guarantee.

Run-downin 3 months

(Can save you $4.00 in heels) ©1971

HALE HEEL COMPANY48 Chip Rd., Middlefield. Mass. 01243

Having Trouble Reading Small

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MAGNIFYING GLASSES!

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)

HALF MAGNIFIERS. Read small print. See over topfor distance. Black frames. $5.45 plus 55£ postage.Specify age. sex & style desired. Send check orMO. No COD's. 90-Day Money Back Guarantee.BARCLAY, Dept. 67-B11573 No. Dixie Highway Pompano Beach, Fla. 33060

TRYA BURKEELEVATING CHAIRFREE FORAWEEK.The Burke Chair helps you all

the way to a standing position

—

safely and gently. Send for afree catalog. Then, ifyou desire,

select the recliner, rockeror contempo-rary of

your choice.

And try it

free for aweek in yourown home.

ASK ABOUTMEDICARECOVERAGE!

P.O. Box 1064, Dept. AL-278Mission, Kansas 66202

CALL TOLL-FREE1-800-255-4147

GREENHOUSESfrom

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Uses up to

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DO-IT-YOURSELFFINE FURNITURE KITS

• Heirloom quality• Solid 3/4" hardwoods• Easy to assemble• Many models• Money backguarantee

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IJ

Send $1.00 (or color catalog

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EMPERORCLOCKCOMPANY

WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTUREROF GRANDFATHER CLOCKS

Dept. F-200 Emperor Industrial ParkFairhope. Alabama 36532

The Most Beautiful Dutch BulbCatalog You Have Ever Seen!

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Over 70 full color pages Over200 varieties of Tulips, Daffodils,

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Special $1.00 Discount Bonus coupon

sent with your catalog request from this ad.

BRECK'S, Peoria, Illinois 61632

--BRECK'S - - i-

Serving American Gardeners Since 1818BRECK'S, Peoria, Illinois 61632 Dept. BK736

Please! Rush my FREE money-saving Hol-land Bulb Catalog with my special $1.00

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Name-

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| I'd also like FREE Breck's Dutch Bulb Catalog sent to:

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HONG KONG DOLLARONLY 100Uncirculated cupronickel dollar from the

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Send 10* to: LITTLETON COIN CO., Dept.

HK-4, Littleton, New Hampshire 03561.

COLLECTION OF UNITED STATESSTAMPS ALL 50 TO 95YEARS OLD-Only 10cGet-acquainted Special — A collectionor 10 different old U.S. stamps, eachissued at least 50 years ago. Send onlylot. Big lists also included.MYSTIC STAMP CO., Inc., Dept. E-61Camden, New York 13316

Heart condition^

keeping youdown? §

STAIR-GLIDE® stairwayj

lift lets you ride up and Jdown stairs effortlessly,

with fingertip control.

Installs in 2 hours, isj

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Three models to

choose from; Deluxe,

Economy and Outdoor. Rental program available.

_ America's largest selling stairway lift.

Write for free color brochure and name of

dealer nearest you.

American Stair-Glide

Corporation4001 East 138th Street, Dept. AL-28

Grandview, Missouri 64030


ELEVATORSSuperb Shoes for Men

Who Want to LookTALLER

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Dress. Business or

Casual Wear.

This handsome shoe is one of the

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wide style selection of ELEVATORS®.

RICHLEE Shoe Company18 Lake St., Brockton, Mass. 02403

Send me FREE catalog of ELEVATORS®shoes, without obligation now or ever.

Name.

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City. State Zip.

Amazing Mini-Vac

PUMPPumps Water Out

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LIKE A HELPING HAND.

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WRITE FOR FREE BROCHUREAND NAME OF DEALER NEAREST YOU.

AMtMCAN SLUR-GLIDE CORP.4001 East 138th Street, Dept. ALE-28

Grandview. Missouri 64030

PEUTSCHES REICH

Historic collection of 35 actual wartime andpostwar stamps picturing tanks, bombers, Hit-

ler, soldiers, submarines, Churchill, Stalin, etc.

South African miniatures, Free French issue,

Australian PEACE stamp, FDR memorial,many more. All genuine postage stamps fromGermany, Italy, Russia, Poland, China, etc.

—

for only 10<f to introduce wonderful Harris ap-provals: exciting stamps to examine free, buyany or none, return balance, cancel service any-time. Free 40-page catalog. Send lOtfTODAY!H.E.HARRIS, Dept. R-81 .Boston, Mass. 02 117

NOW, AS NEVER BEFORE,

SHOW THEM YOU SERVED.DIVISION NUMBERINSIGNIACAMPAIGNS

Also WAC, WAVE.ARMY & NAVY NURSE.

[,,„ n,w D|-_ JJJ IIII II . .POLICE RINGS. BRO-

tasy-ray rian chure on request.

PRESTIGE RINGS you'll be proud to wear. Combine yourpresent affiliation or profession with a lifetime armedservice memento. Heavy, man-sized in 10-K gold. Amer-ica's largest selection of military rings, over 1000 com-binations, all services, all wars. Prompt delivery.Master Charge, Visa-BankAm, American Express. Money-back guarantee!

Send for FREE full color catalog today.ROYAL MILITARY JEWELRY

Box Y-A82 , Apache Junction, Arizona 85220

FIND BURIED TREASUREFind buried gold, silver, coins, treasures with powerful newelectronic detector. Ultra sensitive. Penetrates deep intoearth. Works through mud, beach sand, rock, wood,etc. Signals when object is detected.

Write for Free Catalog, treasure hunting tips and Financingunusual souvenir coin. Available

RELCO Dept. DD-5, Box 10839, Houston, Tex. 77018

L.L.BeanOu tdoor Sporting Specialties

FREE

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Catalog

128 fully illustrated pages featuring camping, fish-

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Our 66th year of providing dependable, high grade

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Touring CapAttractive and sturdy sports cap of brushed pigskin

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Hand SewedLounger

(For Men and Women)For dress or casual wear. Rich top grain leather uppers

with waxed, hand rubbed finish. Cradles the foot

with true moccasin construction. Handsewed toe

piece and "Beef Roll" cross strap. Traditional lasts

with foam filler>and steel shank for extra cushioning

and support. Full leather soles and neolite top lifts

on. heels. Men's Lounger in Brown or Black. Sizes 6V2

tol3. (No size 12V2). Three widths, B, C and D.

Women's Lounger in Brown only. Sizes 6tol0 AA.

5tol0B. Whole and half sizes.

Please Ship Postpaid

SEND FREE SPRING 1978 CATALOG

Touring Cap® $8.25, Size_

Size_

Color.

Check Enclosed

BankAmericard

Card Number

Exp. Date

Name

Address

_Women's Hand Sewed Lounger @ $24.50.,

Width

_Men's Hand Sewed Lounger @ $27.00.

Size Width

Master Charge

American Express

City .

State -Zip

L. L. Bean, Inc.

7001 Cedar St., Freeport, ME 04033


g7 @2xafe

"The country's finally caught up with us-

it's talking about a cashless society."


CAN'T WINIf a man runs after money he's money-mad; if he keeps it he's a

capitalist; if he spends it he's a playboy; if he doesn't get it he's a

ne'er-do-well; if he doesn't try to get it he lacks ambition. If he gets

it without working for it he's a parasite; and if he accumulates it after

a lifetime of hard work, people call him a fool who never got anythingout of life. —Lucille Goodyear

PREPAREDThe Scout director found an umbrella neatly rolled inside the bedroll

of a small scout. The director asked the boy to explain it.

"Sir," sighed the scout, "did you ever have a mother?"—Mary Ruddy

HAPPINESS HANGUPThey say it's better to be poor and happyThan rich and miserable, too;

But some of us would settle for beingMoody and moderately well-to-do. —Ruth Walsh

THESE DAYSWe're living in unusual times of pocket calculators, pocket cameras,

pocket recorders, pocket radios. Everything for the pocket—except

money. —Gene Forster

IN SPITE OF DROUGHT?California has to be the cleanest state,

One way or another. . .

It's washed by the Pacific on one side

And cleaned by Reno and Vegas on the other!—Carol MayfieldFOLK SINGER: A person who gets rich singing how wonderful it is

to be poor. —Ruth Richards

ONLY FIVE DOLLARS DOWN

I owe my soul to VISAMy clothes to Central Charge,Minimum monthly paymentsDo annually enlarge.

I try to scrimp in small ways,

A car I don't possess;

The vehicle I travel onIs American Express.

Food's become a luxury;

I'd have to skip the grub,

I wouldn't be a DinerIf it weren't for the Club.

Discipline is difficult;

It's clear in this regard

That all I've learned to MasterIs handing out it's Card.

—Linda Barnes

GENERATION GAP: To the average

youth today "Strauss" means levis, not

waltzes.

—Raymond Cvikota

The stork is really smarter than the owl.

The owl asks: "Who, Who?" The stork

knows who!

—Audrey Earle

BEANS AND FRANCS

French restaurants are so exciting

With their menus en francais;

I never know what I've ordered

—

Just how much I'll have to pay!

—R. C. Shebelski

DIPLOMACY: Telling your husband hehas an open mind, not holes in his head.

—Ruth Richards

\SUP£fj NARKer sweepstakes,

"There's a misprint on this price.

It's the same as it was last month.



hankgoodnessthe bestthings

inAmericaneverchange.

There are some things younever want to change.

Like the feeling you getwhen you reel in that first big one.

An old familiar feeling. Anexcitement that never changes.

Like the feeling you get with

every single sip of Smooth as Silk

Kessler. So consistently smooth.Unchanging.There's no smootherwhiskey at any price.

Like Kessler, the best things

in America never change.

SMOOTH AS SILK

KESSLER

[ 1

TRUE STORY ! At 2 A.M. on the 10th day out in the South China Sea, a world-travelling Haband customer, a retired U S Army Colonel from California, awoke in

horror to the scream of the ship's fire siren and jumped into his Haband Slacks.Cast away in an overloaded lifeboat, he endured a "most horrible ungodlytyphoon, eventual pickup by a Japanese tanker & an overland trip thru the jungleto Singapore." Back home after his 3-day ordeal, the press reported these made-in-U.S.A. Haband Knit Dress Slacks could not be distinguished from the otherfresh-from-the-dry-cleaner's trousers in his closet!

Interested in such Absolute Perfection in Long Wear for Yourself?

NO IRON KNIT SLACKSLook ! Business Slacks are Haband's

Business, and these are the slacks

that today's best-dressed executivesare wearing to the office, to their

clubs, and on International Travels.

Full cut, stylish, 100% PermanentPress! Slacks that look like theycost $25 per pair! But you do nothave to pay such prices

!

TOP TAILORING DETAILS• Deluxe fully constructed"Ban-Rol®' no-roll waistban• Hook Top Closure • Full,

no-pucker fly with unbreakablenylon spiral zipper • Heavy, longwearing no-hole pocketing •

• 2 good deep back pockets •

2 stylish and comfortable front slash

pockets.* Stylish new wider belt loop

Yessiree ! In a time when every man has to watch what he spends, manysmart business and professional men have turned to Haband where they

can count on good quality and honest long wear. And now is a good time

for you to take advantage of our low 2 for 17.95 deal too! We will be

proud to send you any two pairs in your exact choice of size and color

for your convenient AT-HOME APPROVAL. Try them on. Show your

wife and family. Then decide. Read the complete GUARANTEE oneasy order form. And, ACT A T ONCE!

Haband's 100% polyester NO-IRON ffe ^HAI!

KNIT SLACKS 2 17*3 for 26.75 4 for 35.50HABAND Company, Direct Service Dept.

265 North 9th St., Paterson, NJ 07530Gentlemen: Please send me pairs of

these slacks, for which I enclose my full

remittance of $

GUARANTEE : If on receipt you do notwant to keep and wear these slacks, return them to

Haband for full refund of every penny you paid us.

AVAILABLE IN SIZES:

Waists 29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40-41-42-43-44-45-46-47-

48-49-50-51-52-53-54.

Inseams 26-27-28-29-30-31 -32-33-34

Name . .

.

Street

.

T—— — . ZIP

265 N 9th St. Paterson, NJ 07530 [ State CODE

COLOR

Lt. BLUE

TAN

NAVY

Dk.GREEN

Dk.BROWN

WhatWaist

Whatnseam

The American Legion Magazine [Volume 104, No. 2 (February ...

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Transcript of The American Legion Magazine [Volume 104, No. 2 (February ...