The Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on Soft Wheat’s Some...

Journal Of Kirkuk University For Agricultural Sciences مجلة جامعة كركوك للعلوم الزراعیةISSN: 22210482 2nd Conference 2013

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The Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) onSoft Wheat’s Some Germination and Growth Characteristics.

Kawa A. Ali1 Pakhshan M. Maulood2 Shiren A. Amin2

[email protected]

1Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, University of Salahaddin - Erbil,Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Salahaddin- Erbil,Kurdistan Region- Iraq.

AbstractThis study was conducted at the laboratories of agricultural college Salahaddinuniversity to investigate the effect of different aqueous extracts 25, 50, 75and100% of shoot parts of dill plant Anethum graveolens L. on germination andgrowth of bread wheat seeds under two controlled temperatures 10˚C and 20˚C.Results illustrated significant effect of studied temperatures on germinationpercentage, Speed of germination, inhibition of germination, length of radicle andplumule, velocity of radicle and plumule, dry weight of radicle and plumule andshoot root ratio. The effect of different concentration was significant on allrecorded data which indicated that the inhibitory effect was concentrationdependent.Key words: Allelochemicals,1. Introduction

Allelopathy was defined as any direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effectby one plant (including microorganisms) on other plants through production ofchemical compounds that escape to the environment (Rice, 1984). While theInternational Allelopathy Society in 1996, broadened allelopathy definition to anyprocess involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, microorganisms,viruses, and fungi that influence the growth and development of agricultural andbiological systems, but it was also defined as chemical interaction among andbetween plants (including microbes) by releasing chemical compounds into theenvironment (Torres et al., 1996; Inderjit and Keating, 1999). Various parts of aplant show different behavior in exerting their allelopathic effects on neighboringplants by releasing water-soluble compounds into the soil ( Edrisi andFarahbakhsh, 2011) and ( Mutlu and Atiei, 2009). Release of active substances as aresult of four different processes: volatilization, decomposition, leaching of plantresidues in the soil, and root exudation (El- Rokiek etal. 2010). The releasemetabolites can inhibit or delay germination and also inhibit or stimulate thegrowth of roots and shoot of neighboring plants (Ninkovic, 2003). Wheat crop(Triticum spp.) which is the second- largest cereal crop is cultivated worldwide ,

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while it represents 78% of crops growing in Iraqi Kurdistan rain-fed region and itprovide about 40% of total requirements of Iraq (Nan et al., 2002) and (Maroofand Sbo, 2006).Dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.) is a perennial herb plant belonging to familyUmbelliferae (Apiaceae) (Radulescu et al., 2010). Wild and weedy types of dill arewidespread in Mediterranean basin and in West Asia (Callan et al., 2007) and it isone of the multipurpose aromatic plants which have been used as a spice andmedicine (Hellal et al., 2011). It was found that the green manure of aromaticplants, such as dill plant, significantly suppressed the emergence and growth ofbarnyard grass Echinochola crus-galli L. (Dhima et al., 2009). While, essential oilextracted from dill plant caused reduction of germination percentage, root lengthand total fresh weight of barnyard grass (Dhima etal., 2010). Xing (2009) noticedthat the significant effect of dill plant extracted oil on tuber sprout number andweight of potatoes. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to investigatethe allelopathic effect of different concentrations of aqueous extracts of dill plant(Anethum graveolens L.) on some characteristic of germination of bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under two abiotic stress temperatures 10˚C and 20˚C.

2. Materials and Methods2.1Extract preparation:

Dill Anethum graveolens L. plants were collected from the fields of AgriculturalCollege in grdarasha farm by cutting above ground parts (shoots) at the soil leveland immediately brought to the laboratory. The collected plant parts cut in to 2-3cm pieces and air dried, then the dried parts were ground to fine powder (passedthrough a 1.5 mm mesh) by electrical mill, the prepared powder was kept in darkplastic jars and stored at -20º C in deep-freeze until use (Ali.2010). To prepareaqueous extracts of dill plant the powder were soaked in distilled water inproportion of 10:100 ml distilled water (1 gram substance in 10 ml distilled water)in dark beakers then it was placed in a 120 round per minute shaker for 24 hours,the next step was filtering the aqueous solutions by cheese-cloth then it was filteredagain by whatman filter paper #1. The final extract was considered as (crudesolution) 100 percent solution, other concentration were prepared as 25, 50 and75% from the crude extract by adding distilled water to the crude extract, distilledwater was considered as control treatment (Kivi and Tobeh, 2010).

2.2Bioassay procedure:Plant seed that was chosen as an indicator for this study was Triticum aestivum L.seeds. Twenty five seeds were placed between two sheets of filter paper #1 in 9 cmpetri-dishes then each petri-dish treated with 8 ml of the studied concentration ofdill plant shoots aqueous extracts, after that petri-dishes were sealed and placed ingrowth chamber under two studied temperatures 20º C and 10º C and continuous


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darkness. On days 3, 5, 7 and 10, germination percentages of seeds in petri-dishwere determined by considering the protruded radicles. Plants were harvested after10 days. Plumule and radicle lengths were measured then fresh and dry weightswere determined by placing the samples in paper bags and putting it in an oven at70˚ C for three days or till weight consistency. The recording data for this studywere germination percentage; speed of germination (seed/ day); radicle length(cm); radicle elongation speed (cm/day); plumule length(cm); plumule elongationspeed (cm/day); seedlings dry weight( mg) and shoot/root ratio according toequations shown below (De-Oliveira et al., 2013) (Ali and Aziz, 2002)(Norsworthy, 2003) and (Jiang and Lafitte, 2007).

Equation (1)

Equation (2)

Equation (3)

Where N1, N2, N3…N = proportion of seeds which germinate on days 1, 2, 3 …nthe following setup of equation.

Equation (4)

. Equation (5)

Equation (6)

2.3Statistical analysis:The study was designed as factorial experiment in completely randomized design(Factorial C.R.D significant level 1%), with three replications. The data weresubjected to standard analysis of variance and means were compared at significant1% level by Duncan test (Weinberg and Abramowitz, 2008) and (Field, 2005).3. Results and discussion:Results indicated significant effect of temperature on speed of germination,germination percentage, length of radicle and plumule, velocity of radicle andplumule were higher under 20˚C, while under 10˚C only germination inhibitionrecorded data was higher (table-1), these data indicate the vital role of temperatureon seed germination which gives the evidences about the optimal temperatures thatinduces seed embryo sprouting (Gairola et al., 2011). The negative effect of low


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temperature on radicle dry weight, plumule and total dry weight with shoot rootratio was obvious as shown in (figure-1), results elucidate the low temperatureeffects that helps to compensate the inhibitory effect of low temperatures onseedlings growth ( Burriro et al., 2011). Effect of different concentrations of dillaqueous extracts caused significant differences on all recorded data in thisexperiment in such a way that highest data of speed of germination, germinationpercentage, length of plumule, total length of seedlings, velocity of radicleelongation, velocity of plumule elongation (table- 2) and dry weight of radiclewere documented in control treatment, while highest data of radicle length,velocity of radicle elongation, dry weight of plumule and total dry weight (figure-2) were observed with 75% concentration of dill aqueous extracts. Data forgermination inhibition and shoot root ratio were at highest levels with crud extract100%. Most allelopathic studies focuses on the effect of different concentrations ofthe donor plants crude extract and in this study the higher the concentration thebigger negative effect on recorded data (Akhtar et al,. 2001) and (Ali. 2010).Interaction of temperature and crud extracts aqueous concentration illustratessignificant effect on speed of germination and germination percentage whenhighest data 2.88 seed/ day and 100% germination was with control treatmentsunder 20˚C and lowest data 1.61 seed/day and 64% germination was under 100%concentration under 10˚C, while germination inhibition was at highest level with100% concentration under 10˚C. Data for length of radicle, total length of seedling,velocity of radicle elongation, plumule dry weight and seedlings dry weightindicated that highest levels were under 75% extracts concentration under 20˚Cmean while lowest levels were under 100% concentration under 10˚C exceptplumule dry weight. Recorded data for shoot root ratio indicated highest level with100% aqueous extract under 20˚C and minimum data was documented with75%extract under 10˚C temperature it was obvious that allelochemicals were releasedto the environment in appreciable amounts according to the concentration andtemperature (Aliloo. 2012). It was discovered that allelochemicals may affect cellgrowth and expansion, cell division which is a nonstop process in the meristematicregions of radicle and plumule and these processes catalyzed by special enzymesthat is affected by environment temperatures (Singh. 2001). Also it was declaredthat different allelochemicals such as Chlorogenic or Caffeic acids imposes effecton seed germination through affecting different biological processes (Al-Quadan etal,. 1995).

4. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of dill plantsin this study was directly related to concentration coefficient while the importanceof temperature on tested wheat seed germination indices needs further studies to


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elucidate the relation between temperature and allelopathical effect of the dillplants.

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arvense and Ageratum conyzoides Against Weeds of Wheat. Pakistan Journal ofBiological Sciences. 4: 1364-1367.

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Aliloo AA. Ali. 2012. Allelopathic potentials of Cupressus arizonica leaves extracts on seedgermination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis. InternationalJournal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4: 1371- 1375.

Al-Quadan F, Ibrahim A and Al-Charchafchi F. 1995. Effect of Chlorogenic and Caffeic Acidson Activities and Isoenzymes of G6PDH and 6PGDH of Artemisia Herba Alba SeedsGerminated for One and Three Days in Light and Dark. Jordan Journal of BiologicalSciences. 1:85-88.

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Callan N W, Johnson D L, Westcott M P and Welty L E. 2007. Herb and oil composition of dill(Anethum graveolens L.): Effects of crop maturity and plant density. Indu Crops & produ.25: 282- 287.

De Oliveira AKM, Jonathan WF, Kelly CL and Cassila AA S. 2013. Effects of temperature onthe germination of Diptychandra aurantiaca (Fabaceae) seeds. Acta Scientiarum.Agronomy.35: 203-208.

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Edrisi S and Farahbakhsh A. 2011. Germination of barley as affected by the allelopathy ofSisymbrium irrio L. and Descurainia Sophia L. Schur. World Academy of Scie.,Engineering and Technology. 74: 650- 652.

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Gairola KC, Nautiyal AR and Dwivedi AK. 2011. Effect of Temperatures and GerminationMedia on Seed Germination of Jatropha Curcas Linn. Advances in bioresearch. 2:66-71.


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Hellal F A, Mahfouz S A and Hassan F AS. (2011). Partial substitution of mineral nitrogenfertilizer by bio-fertilizer on (Anethum graveolens L.) plant. Agriculture and Biol. J. NorthAmerica. 2: 652- 660.

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) في Anethum graveolens Lالتأثیر االلیلوباثي للمستخلصات المائیة لنبات الشبنت (بعض قیاسات االنبات والنمو للحنطة الناعمة

الخالصةتراكیز مختلفة من اسة تأثیر لدرأجریت ھذه الدراسة في مختبرات كلیة الزراعة جامعة صالح الدین

على % 100و75و 50و 25صفروAnethum graveolens Lلنبات الشبنت المستخلصات المائیة م وذلك لغرض معرفة تاثیرھا ˚20و 10درجات حرارة مختلفة تحتالناعمة الحنطةنباتاتإنبات ونمو

استطالة یشة، وسرعة ومن الجذیر والركل ولنبات، طعملیة االسرعة اإلنبات، وتثبیط نسبة اإلنبات، على نسبة الرویشة للجذیر.اظھرت النتائج یشة وومن الجذیر والرلكل الوزن الجاف و كذلك یشة، والجذیر والر

جمیع الصفات المدروسة، واظھرت التراكیز المدروسة فروقات فروقات معنویة لدرجات الحرارة فيمع زیادة التركیز للمستخلص متناسب طردیامعنویة في الصفات المسجلة بشكل كان التاثیر التثبیطي

المائي.


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Table-1 Effect of temperature on some germination and growth indices of wheatTriticum aestivum L.

Temp GerminationPercentage

(%)

speed ofGermination(seed/ day)

GerminationInhibition

Percentage(%)

Lengthof

radicle(cm)

lengthof

plumule(cm)

Totallength ofSeedlings

(cm)

velocity ofradicle

elongation(cm/Day)

velocity ofplumule

elongation(cm/Day)

10˚C 82.93b 1.98b 16.53a 3.82b 2.14b 5.96b 0.38b 0.21b

20˚C 91.47a 2.64a 8.53b 12.76a 12.16a 24.92a 1.28a 1.22a

Figure 1- Effect of Temperature on some growth indices of wheat Triticum aestivum L.


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Table-2 Effect of Dill plants aqueous extracts concentration on some germination andgrowth indices of wheat Triticum aestivum L.

Concentration GerminationPercentage

speed ofGermination(seed/ day)


Percentage

Lengthof

radicle(cm)

lengthof

plumule(cm)

Totallength ofSeedlings

(cm)

velocity ofradicle

elongation(cm/Day)

velocity ofplumule

elongation(cm/Day)

Control 98.67a 2.61a 0.00d 10.0a 10.34a 20.43a 1.01a 1.03a

25% 93.33b 2.41b 6.67c 8.09b 6.73c 14.82c 0.81b 0.67c

50% 90.67b 2.37b 9.33c 6.38c 4.59e 10.97d 0.64c 0.46e

75% 81.33c 2.20c 18.67b 10.67a 8.73b 19.39b 1.07a 0.87b

100% 72.00d 1.97d 28.00a 6.23c 5.36d 11.59d 0.62c 0.53d

Different letters means significant differences at 1% probability level by Duncan’s test


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Figure-2 Effect of Dill plants aqueous extracts concentration on some growth indices ofwheat Triticum aestivum L.


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Table-3 Effect of interaction of Temperature and Dill plants aqueous extracts concentration on some germination and growthindices of wheat Triticum aestivum L.

Different letters means significant differences at 1% probability level by Duncan’s test

Temp. Conc.Germinati

onPercentag

e

speed ofGermina

tion(seed/day)


Percentage

Lengthof radicle

(cm)

length ofplumule

(cm)

Totallength ofSeedling

s (cm)

velocity ofradicle

elongation(cm/Day)

velocity ofplumule

elongation(cm/Day)

dryweight

of radicle(mg)

dryweight

ofplumule

(mg)

Total dryweight

(mg)Shoot/Root

10˚C Control 97.33a 2.35cd 0.00e 4.40fg 3.21f 7.61e 0.44fg 0.32f 3.57c 3.20e 6.77e 0.90c

10˚C 25% 90.67b 2.12e 9.33d 4.78f 2.47g 7.26e 0.48f 0.25g 3.47c 2.53ef 6.00ef 0.73c

10˚C 50% 85.33c 1.96ef 14.67c 4.28fg 2.07h 6.36e 0.43fg 0.21h 2.90cd 2.43ef 5.33fg 0.84c

10˚C 75% 77.33d 1.88f 22.67b 3.19gh 1.72i 4.91f 0.32gh 0.17i 2.97cd 1.83f 4.80fg 0.62c

10˚C 100% 64.00e 1.61g 36.00a 2.44h 1.23j 3.67g 0.24h 0.12j 2.33d 1.87f 4.20g 0.80c

20˚C Control 100.00a 2.88a 0.00e 15.78b 17.47a 33.25a 1.58b 1.75a 5.80a 9.73b 15.53b 1.68b

20˚C 25% 96.00a 2.69ab 4.00e 11.39c 10.99c 22.38b 1.14c 1.10c 4.33b 6.10d 10.43d 1.47b

20˚C 50% 96.00a 2.78a 4.00e 8.48e 7.11e 15.59d 0.85e 0.71e 3.63c 5.53d 9.17d 1.54b

20˚C 75% 85.33c 2.52bc 14.67c 18.12a 15.75b 33.87a 1.81a 1.57b 5.37a 12.80a 18.17a 2.39a

20˚C 100% 80.00d 2.32d 20.00b 10.02d 9.48d 19.50c 1.00d 0.95d 3.47c 8.43c 11.90c 2.45a

The Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on Soft Wheat’s Some...

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