TANZANIA SENTENCING MANUAL FOR JUDICIAL OFFICERS

Tanzania Sentencing Manual for Judicial Officers 1

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

THE JUDICIARY OF TANZANIA

TANZANIA SENTENCINGMANUAL FOR JUDICIAL OFFICERS

THEUNITEDREPUBLICOFTANZANIA

THEJUDICIARYOFTANZANIA

TANZANIASENTENCINGMANUAL

FORJUDICIALOFFICERS

Tanzania Sentencing Manual for Judicial Officersii

Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 5

FOREWORD BY THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF TANZANIA ............................................................... 1

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3

2. The Concept of Sentencing ...................................................................................... 32.1. Sentencing ..................................................................................................................... 32.2. Forms and Categories of Sentences ............................................................................... 32.3. MandatoryandDiscretionarySentences ....................................................................... 42.4. Purpose of this Sentencing Manual: .............................................................................. 42.5. Overview of “The Sentencing Manual” .......................................................................... 5

3. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6

4. Pre-Sentence:Judgment,Conviction,ProcedureforPleaofGuilty .......................... 74.1. Judgment ....................................................................................................................... 84.2. AlternativeCounts ......................................................................................................... 84.3. AlternativeVerdicts ........................................................................................................ 84.4. Procedure on a Plea of Guilty: ....................................................................................... 94.5. The Sentencing Powers of Courts .................................................................................. 124.6. CommittalforSentence ................................................................................................. 13

5. The Sentencing Hearing ........................................................................................... 145.1. The Role of the Prosecutor: ........................................................................................... 155.2. The Role of the Accused and/ or the Accused’s Advocate. ............................................ 155.3. AnyOtherRelevantInformation .................................................................................... 16

6. Sentencing Process: ................................................................................................. 176.1. IdentifytheStatutorySentencingRangefortheoffence ............................................... 186.2. ConsiderthelevelofSeriousnessoftheOffence .......................................................... 196.3. AggravatingandMitigatingFactors: ............................................................................... 196.4. Consider the Accused’s Personal Circumstances ........................................................... 216.5. TakeanyotheroffencesintoConsideration ................................................................... 216.6. Sentencingformorethanoneoffence:ConcurrentandConsecutive

(Cumulative)Sentences: ................................................................................................ 226.7. ConsiderInformationreceivedfromvictim ................................................................... 226.8. Reductioninsentenceforaguiltyplea: ......................................................................... 236.9. Time already spent in custody to be taken into account from the sentence: ................ 25

7. AncillaryOrders ....................................................................................................... 26

8. Proceeds of Crime .................................................................................................... 28

References ............................................................................................................... 30

Annex A: Sentencing Process Flow Chart .................................................................. 33

Annex B – Sentencing Form ..................................................................................... 34

AnnexCApproachbyCourttoDifferentTypesofSentenceOptions ........................ 36

9. JudicialGuidanceonDifferentFormsofPunishment ............................................... 369.1. Imprisonment ................................................................................................................ 36

9.1.1. Fine ................................................................................................................. 36

Tanzania Sentencing Manual for Judicial Officers iii

9.1.2. Sentence in Default of Fine: ........................................................................... 37 9.1.3. A Bond for good behavior ............................................................................... 37 9.1.4. Community Service......................................................................................... 37 9.1.5. Corporal Punishment ...................................................................................... 37

Annex D Sentencing of Children ............................................................................... 38

10. General ................................................................................................................. 38

11. Juvenile Court - general ........................................................................................... 3811.1. AgeDetermination: ....................................................................................................... 3811.2. Legal Assistance for children at all sentence hearings is mandatory:............................ 3911.3. Courtpowerstorequireattendanceofparent,guardian,relativeor

socialwelfareofficer: .................................................................................................... 4011.4. Participationofthechildintheproceedings: ............................................................... 4011.5. Plea ........................................................................................................................ 4111.6. Convictionfollowingtrial-thejudgment ...................................................................... 4111.7. Sentencing principles and process ................................................................................ 4111.8. Social Enquiry Report .................................................................................................... 4211.9. FormsofSentenceforaChildinConflictoftheLaws ................................................... 43 11.9.1. ConditionalDischarge: .................................................................................... 43 11.9.2. Fine ................................................................................................................. 44 11.9.3. ProbationOrder .............................................................................................. 44 11.9.4. CommittaltoanApprovedSchool. ................................................................. 44 11.9.5. Costs ............................................................................................................... 45 11.9.6. Compensation ................................................................................................ 45

11.10. Appeals ........................................................................................................................ 45

PART II ................................................................................................................. 46

SentenceGuidelinesforSpecificOffences .......................................................................... 46Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 46IntroductiontoOffenceSpecificSentencingGuidelines .......................................................... 481. Manslaughter .......................................................................................................... 492. GrievousHarm ........................................................................................................ 513. AssaultsCausingActualBodilyHarm ...................................................................... 53CorruptTransactions ................................................................................................................ 55CorruptionOffences(otherthanCorruptTransactions)underthePCCA ................................ 58DrugTrafficking(s15ADCEA) ................................................................................................... 61DrugTraffickingoffences(s15(1)and(2)DCEA) ...................................................................... 64PossessionofSmallQuantityofDrugsandUseofDrugs(s17,18and19DCEA) .................... 67

ANNEXTURE “A” TO PART II ................................................................................................ 70

OTHERDRUGOFFENCESCONTRARYTOTHEDCEA ............................................................. 70

PART III ................................................................................................................. 88SENTENCING INDEX .................................................................................................................. 88THEWILDLIFECONSERVATIONACT,CAP.283 ........................................................................... 118SENTENCING ON APPEAL ......................................................................................................... 129

Tanzania Sentencing Manual for Judicial Officersiv

ABBREVIATIONS

CAT - CourtofAppealofTanzaniaCECD - CorruptionandEconomicCrimesDivisionoftheHighCourtCPA - CriminalProcedureActDCEA - DrugsControlEnforcementActDPP - DirectorofPublicProsecutionsEA - EastAfricaEACA - EastAfricanCourtofAppealGN - GovernmentNoticeHC - HighCourtHCD - HighCourtDigestLRT - LawReportsofTanzaniaTLR - TanzaniaLawReportPC - PenalCodePCCPR - PrimaryCourtCriminalProcedureRules


FOREWORDBYTHECHIEFJUSTICEOFTANZANIAThe sentencing of offenders, apart from being one of the important components of thecriminal justice system, is one of the most difficult judicial functions. Performedperfunctorily, it may frustrate the entire objectives of criminal justice system and breedmorecriminalityinsteadofcurbingit. However,whensentencingisperformedwellitcanput into effect the aims of deterrence, prevention, rehabilitation of offenders andreparationtovictimsofcrime.Thisbenefitsthesocietyasawhole.

ThisManualwill assist the courts at every level to adopt sentenceswhichare consistent,proportionate,fairandjust.Itisasignificantsteptomaintaintheconfidenceofvictims,theaccused, thepublicandpolicymakers inoneof themost importantaspectsof theentirecriminaljusticesystem:thepunishmentoftheconvict.ThisisthefirstpracticalguidanceonsentencingtobeprovidedtothecourtsinTanzania.

This Manual offers guidance based on the existing laws of Tanzania as enacted byParliamentandinterpretedbythecourts.Itsetsoutrelevantlawsintoaprocedureofbestpracticeswhichshouldbefollowedbythecourtsateverysentencehearing.Thiswillensurethatthecourtsconsiderallkeyaspectsinthesentencingofoffenders.

Atpresent,manyaccusedpersonsdonotseethebenefitsofpleadingguiltytoanoffence.ThisManualprovidesguidanceontheprocedureandbenefitsontheaccusedpersonwhopleadsguilty.Fortoolong,ithasbeennormalpracticeforcasestoproceedtotrialdespiteoverwhelming evidence. This has been one of the causes for case backlogs in the courtsystem.ThisManualmakesitclearthatifapersonshowscontritionbypleadingguiltyandsavestimeandexpensesforboththevictimandthecriminaljusticesystem,theuncertaintyand delay of a trial then they should, in normal circumstances, receive a lesser sentencethan if they had been unnecessarily stubborn and had taken the case to trial. This is inaccordancewithinternationalgoodpracticeintheadministrationofjustice.

The Manual seeks to ensure that the sentencing of offenders is based on fairness andjustice,notthewealthorpovertyoftheoffender. Itshouldnotbethecasethatwealthyoffenderswho commit serious crimes are given a fine as an alternative so that they caneffectivelypay theirwayoutofaprisonsentence. At thesametime, low leveloffendersshouldnotbesent to jail for longperiods justbecause theyareunable topaya financialpenalty.

I am delighted that this Manual introduces the first ever offence-specific sentencingguidelines. This marks a new approach by the Judiciary. The guidelines set out clearlywhetheracrimewillattractahigh,mediumorlowrangeoftheprescribedpenaltybasedonthe aggravating and mitigating factors revealed out during trial and sentencing hearing.Thiswillprovidecertaintyandconsistencyinsentencing.Itfollowsgoodpracticewhichwehaveobservedfromotherjurisdictions.

TheManualisthestartoftheprocessofimprovingthequalityofsentencinginTanzania.Itis envisaged that it will be reviewed from time to time to cope with prevailingcircumstances. The Manual offers general principles for sentencing and uses selectedrecurring offences for illustration and guidance. It is expected to provide inspiration to

Tanzania Sentencing Manual for Judicial Officers2

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judicial officers on the principles that can be applied in sentencing even for offences notspecificallycovered.

Itshouldalwaysberememberedthatthequalityofacriminaljusticesystemisreflectedinthe sentence and not the verdict (acquittal or conviction). I, therefore, urge all judicialofficers to read, apply, practice and familiarize themselveswith thisManual. The JudicialServiceCommissionwill, fromthedateofpublicationof thisManual,nothesitate todealwithcomplaintsagainstjudicialofficers,onaccountofnon-adherencetotheManual.

I am most grateful to the British High Commission, Mr. Andy Stephens and MissClaireHarrisfortheirsupporttoensurethisManualisdevelopedandpublished.Ithankthetechnical team which was led by Hon. Justice E. Munuo (retired Justice of Appeal),stakeholdersandtheChiefJusticeRulesCommitteeledbyJusticeKipenkaMussafortheirdedicationandcommitmentexhibitedduringthepreparationoftheManual.TheJudiciaryofTanzaniaowesadebttoallwhocontributedtothedevelopmentofthisManual.

Prof.JusticeI.H.JumaChiefJusticeofTanzania


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1. IntroductionThisManualisintendedtoserveasanaidtosittingjudicialofficersandpractitionersintheproper handling of the sentencing process. Its purpose is to provide guidance so thatsentences meted out are lawful, consistent and proportionate within the discretionpermittedbythelaw.ThisManual seeks to setout clearly the sentencingprocesswhich shouldbe followedbythecourts indeterminingsentencessothattheaccused,victims,witnesses, investigators,defense attorneys, prosecutors and the wider public are able to understand and haveconfidenceintheprocess.TheManualisnotintendedtobeanexhaustivereferencebookortext.Inthecourseofandbefore sentencing, trial courts should always bear the relevant statutes in mind, andprovisionsthatcreatethepenaltiesthattheyarecalledupontoimpose.However,thisManualimplementsforthefirsttimespecificguidanceforsomeofthemostcommonoffenceswhichthecourtshavediscretiontosentence:manslaughter,offencesofviolenceagainsttheperson;drugs-relatedoffences;corruptionoffences,etc.Insentencingpersonsforanoffencewhichhasaspecificguideline,ajudicialofficershallcomplywiththeguidelines.Iftheyconsiderthatthefactsofaparticularcasemeritthemdeviatingfromtheguidance,theymustexpresslyrecordthereasons.As is the case with statutes, this Manual will not remain stagnant. It will be constantlyreviewedandupdated.ThelawstatedintheManualisasof31stDecember,2019.

2. TheConceptofSentencing

2.1. SentencingThe universal purposes of sentencing are: deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation,compensationandreparation1.SeeAnnexureE:SentencingbyCourtsinTanzania.Sentencingcomesafter theconvictionofanaccusedperson,eitherafterhisownpleaofguilty or after a full trial in a court of law. So, in law, a person is said to have beensentencedifheischargedunderalawwhichcreatesaspecificoffencethatcanbejudiciallyascertainedandwhichprescribeaspecificpunishmentfortheoffence:SeeDPPv.SimonG.Marwaandanother [1994]T.L.R330 (CA)andwherepunishment forstatutoryoffence isnot provided, the trial Court should revert to common law and punish the convict withimprisonmentorfineatitsdiscretion,provideditdoesnotgiveaninordinatesentence:SeeR.v.EmmanuelTimothy[1980]T.L.R115.ForoffencesunderthePenalCode,seesection35ofthePenalCode,Cap.16.

2.2. FormsandCategoriesofSentencesSentencesmaybeinaformoffine,imprisonment,corporalpunishment,death,forfeitureofpropertyandcompensation.GeneralsentencesaredefinedinthePenalCodeandsomestatutessetoutsentencesforstatutoryoffences.

1SeediscussionpaperbyEMKRutakangwa,CriminalJusticeSystem:SentencingByCourtsinTanzania,tothemembersofJMAT,Arusha,10thAugust2014andTabuFikwavR.[1988]TLR45,SamattaJwhichidentifythepurposesastoensurethattheoffenderisadequatelypunished,withintheconfinesofthelawfortheoffence(1)Topreventcrimebydeterringtheoffenderandotherpersonsfromcommittingsimilarcrimes(specificandgeneraldeterrence).2)Toprotectthecommunityfromtheoffender.(3)Topromoterehabilitationoftheoffender(Reformation).(4)Todenouncetheconductoftheoffender(5)Torecognizetheharmtothevictimofthecrimeandthecommunity.(6)Toprotectthesecurityofthesocietyoverthoseoftheoffender.


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Therearemainlytwocategoriesofsentences:mandatoryanddiscretionary.

2.3. MandatoryandDiscretionarySentencesThesentencingprinciplesinthisManualapplytoalloffences.However,thepowersofthecourtarelimitedbytherangeofsentencespermittedbylaw.TheSentencingIndexatPartIII sets out the sentencing powers for offences in summary but the Act itself must beconsulted.

Themostsignificantdifferenceinsentencessetoutbylawarebetweendiscretionaryandmandatorysentences.

Adiscretionarysentenceiswhenthelawhasgiventhecourtsawidediscretiontoimposeasentenceuptoamaximumamount.ThesearethemajorityofsentencesinTanzania.Forexample,theoffenceofmanslaughterhasamaximumsentenceoflifeimprisonment.Thecourtmayprovideanypunishmentuptothismaximum.

Amandatorysentencemustbeappliedineachcasebythecourts.Insomecircumstances,thelawhasmadeitclearthatthereisonlyonepunishmentforanoffence. Forexample,theonlypunishmentformurderisdeath.However,itismorecommonforthelawtosetout amandatory minimum sentence for an offence. These may be created under theMinimumSentencesActbut increasinglyunder any criminal statute. For theseoffences,thecourtsmustimposeatleasttheminimumsentence.

Mandatorysentencesarosedueto,amongotherreasons:

a) Abuseofjudicialdiscretioninassessingsentences;b) Disparitiesinsentencingforpersonsconvictedofthesameoffences;c) Theneedtoconfinecertainoffendersreputedtobedangeroustothecommunity

foralongtime;andd) Toavertanincreaseofcertaintypeofsocialevils,e.g.sexualoffences.

The formof thewordingofastatute is important todeterminewhetherapunishment ismandatoryordiscretionary.

Thecourtshaveheldthatifthelawreads:“shallbeliabletobesentenced”thenthissetsoutadiscretionarysentenceuptoamaximumamount.Forexample,thepunishmentformanslaughter is: “Any person who commits manslaughter is liable to imprisonment forlife.”2The maximum sentence is “life imprisonment” but the courts may sentence theconvict for up to this period. In other words, the sentence can range from absolutedischargetolife.

If the law states that a person “shall be sentenced to …..” then the punishment soprescribed, is mandatory. For example, the punishment of murder is death. This isbecausethelawstatesthat:“Apersonconvictedofmurdershallbesentencedtodeath.”3

2.4. PurposeofthisSentencingManual:Historically,sentencinghasbeenintherealmofjudicialdiscretion.Ithasbeenthoughtthatsincecourtshavebeendealingwithvariouscasesondailybasis,theyarebetterplacedto

2PenalCodes1983PenalCodes197


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dealwitheachcaseon itsownmerits. Inevitably, this ledtodisparities insentencingandunderminedconfidenceintheadministrationofcriminaljustice.

However, if properly applied, judicial discretion need not give rise to any undesireddisparities. Judicial discretion is said to be properly applied if decisions are made notarbitrarilyorcapriciouslyorwithill-intention.Forexample,ajudicialdecisiongivenwithoutreasons is said tobearbitrary.That isnotaproperuseof judicialdiscretion.ThismaladyhasslowlybeeninflictingTanzanianCourtslately.Apart from statutory guidelines, there are also numerous judicial guidelines. But mostjudicial officers do not adhere to the guidelines and so dissimilarities in sentencing ofdifferentpeopleforsimilaroffencescontinuetodominatenotonlyfromplacetoplacebuteveninthesamecourt.ThepurposeofthisManualistoputinplaceinonecondensedanduser-friendlytextalltheimportantlaws,principles,factors,stepsandprocessesofsentencingfordifferentlevelsofsentencingjurisdictions.Itwilltherefore:• Promotetransparencyandpredictabilityintheadministrationofcriminaljustice.

• Promotepublicconfidenceandawarenessinthesentencingprocess.

• Minimizeabuseofjudicialdiscretioninthesentencingprocess.

2.5. Overviewof“TheSentencingManual”

ThisManualhasthreeseparateparts:• PART I-PutsinplaceaSentencingGuide:PracticalReferencetoKeyLaws,Principles

and Procedures. This is a brief reference guide to someof themost important laws,principles, factors, steps and process of sentencing for different levels of sentencingjurisdictions.Also,itincludesthesettingoutofcleartemplatestoassistjudicialofficersintheprocessofsentencingincluding(1)Asentencingtemplatewhichmaybeusedineverycase.(“AnnexA”)(2)Asentencingprocessflowchart(“AnnexB”)(3)Aguidanceonthedifferentsentences(“AnnexC”)(4)Aguidetothelaws,principlesandpracticesforsentencingchildoffenders(“AnnexD”)

• PART II - Establishes the firstOffence-Specific Sentencing Guidelines for someof themost common offences which the courts have discretion to sentence: manslaughter,offencesofviolenceagainsttheperson;drugs-relatedoffencesandcorruptionoffences.In sentencing persons for an offence which has a specific guideline, a judicial officermustcomplywith theguidelines. If theofficerconsiders that the factsofaparticularcasemeritsdeviationfromtheguidance,thereasonsmustbeexpresslyrecorded.

• PARTIII-SetsoutaSentencingIndex.Itisaquickreferenceguideforthecourtsto,ataglance, observe the minimum and maximum sentences prescribed by law and whichoffenceshavediscretioninsentencing.


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PARTI

SENTENCINGGUIDE:PRACTICALREFERENCEGUIDETOKEYLAWS,PRINCIPLES&PROCEDURES

3. Introduction

Thesentencingprocessisadelicatebalancingact.TheCourtofAppealofTanzaniahassaidthat:

“Thesentencingprocess isoneof, ifnotthemost, intractableanddelicatetasks inthe administration of justice, especially where the law has not fixed a minimumsentence.Thisiswhereingenuityandwisdomworktogetherinordertoleadustosubstantial justice as no two cases are identical in all circumstances. This is allbecausethere isnocommonyardstickordenominatorformeasuringthesentencewhichwillmatcheverycrime.”4

The Court of Appeal has also commented on the role of sentencing between theappropriatesentencefortheindividualandthoseofsociety:-

“Wemustpointoutthat,sentimentsaside,sentencinghasacrucial roletoplay inthe criminal justice system. In sentencing, the court has to balance betweenaggravating factors, which tend towards increasing the sentence awardable, andmitigating factors, which tend towards exercising leniency. The sentencing courtshouldalsobalancetheparticularcircumstancesoftheaccusedpersonbeforeitandthesocietyinwhichthelawoperates.”5

This Sentencing Guide seeks to bring together the key statutory law, case law andproceduresthataregoodpracticeforthesentencingofoffenders.Inaddition,itsetsoutthefollowingtoassistjudicialdecisionmakers:

• AnnexA:SentencingProcessFlowChart:Aone-pagesummaryoftheprocesstobeappliedbyjudicialofficers inthesentencingofalloffences. Thissetsoutthepre-sentence matters which must be dealt with and then the 10 steps every judicialofficershouldconsideraspartofthesentencingprocess.

• AnnexB–SentencingForm:Thisisapracticalworksheetforjudicialofficerstouseineverysentencingexercisetomakesurethattheyobtainallnecessaryinformationandthenusethistodeterminetheappropriatesentence.

• AnnexCApproachbyCourttoDifferentTypesofSentenceOptions:Thisprovideskeyguidancefromstatuteandcaselawonthemaindifferenttypesofsentencetobeimposed.

• AnnexDSentencingofChildren:Thesentencingofpersonsundertheageof18hasdifferent considerations to the sentencing of adults. This annex sets out the key

4KatindaSimbila@Ng’waninanaV.R,CriminalAppealNo.15of2008(unreported)5BenardKapojosyev.R.CriminalAppealNo.411of2013(unreported).


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legalandproceduralconsiderations for thecourt toconsider fromtheLawof theChildActandtheLawoftheChild(JuvenileCourtProcedure)Rules,2016.

4. Pre-Sentence:Judgment,Conviction,ProcedureforPleaofGuiltyItisimperativethatbeforethecourtcommencessentence,itmustbecertainthatithasfullycompliedwiththepre-sentencelegalrequirementsforjudgementandconviction.

TheCourtofAppealhasoverturnedconvictionsandsentencesbecauseofthefailurebythetrial court to correctly followprocedures, including a failure to correctly convict a person.6TheCourtofAppealhasalsooverturnedconvictionsandsentencebecauseofthefailuretocomplywiththelawfulproceduresongivingjudgment.7

The law states that the sentencing process must take place after the accused person haspleadedguiltyorhasbeen foundguiltyofanoffence(s) and firstbeen formally convicted.8

Thereafter, the convicted person must be lawfully sentenced. 9 The appropriateconsiderationsandstepsofjudgmentandconvictionmustbefollowedorasentencemaybeirregular.

Inaddition,thecourtsmustfollowthecorrectproceduresinlawtoensure,interalia,thattheaccused has correctly understood the process, is able to make representations on theappropriate sentence and that the court has received sufficient information from theprosecution,probationandanyotherrelevantpersonincluding,ifappropriate,thevictim.

Themainstepsforthecourttoconsiderbeforesentenceare:PreliminaryMattersbeforesentence

6SeetheCourtofAppealconsiderationofthefailureofatrialcourttoconvictapersoninSamweliSanyangivR.CriminalAppealNo.141of2012inwhich

“....thesentencingprocesswasrenderedanullitybecauseitoughttohavebeenprecededbyaconviction.Thisisnotthefirsttimethattheeffectofafailuretoconvictanaccusedbeforesentencingisconsideredbythiscourt.Thereisaseriesofpreviouslydecidedcasesonthatpoint.TheyincludethecasesofShabaniIddiJololo&3othersvR.Cr.AppealNo.200of2006(CA-DOM),KhamizRashidShabanvtheDPP,Zanzibar,CrAppealNo.184of2012(CA-ZNZ)andOmariHassanKiparavR,Cr.AppealNo.80of2012”

7See Court of Appeal criticism of lower courts where the trial court had not made an appropriate judgment or indicated aconvictionbeforemovingontosentence.Jofreys/oLeiboov.R.CriminalAppealNo.24of2013,(appliestosubordinate) “Nosentencecanbepassedorimposedonanaccusedpersonunlessanduntilheorshehasbeendulyconvictedonanyoffence”8Sections235(1)and298(3)oftheC.P.Aandrule37(1)oftheP.C.C.PC 9See,theTanzaniaCourtofAppealdecisionsin:[email protected];ShabanIddiJololo&Othersv.R.CriminalAppealNo.200of2006;RuzibukyaTibabyekomyav.R.CriminalAppealNo.218of2011;JonathanMluganiv.R.CriminalAppealNo.15of2011,EliasMwangokav.R.CriminalAppealNo.25of2015(CAMbeya)(allunreported)

• Formally convict the accused

• The prosecution should provide the court with any additional relevant information

• The accused (or legal representative) provides the court with any relevant information

• The court may receive and/or request information from any person it considers relevant including probation, social worker, or the views of the victim


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4.1. JudgmentUnlessotherwiseprovidedby the law thedecisionof every trial of a criminal casesshallbedelivered inanopencourt.Thisshouldbegiven immediately,orassoonaspossible,aftertheterminationofthetrial,butnolongerthanninetydays.10

Everyjudgmentmustcomplywiththefollowingstatutoryrequirements:11

• Be in writing or reduced to writing under the personal direction andsuperintendenceofthepresidingjudgeormagistrate;

• Beinthelanguageofthecourt;• Containthepointorpointsfordetermination;• Containthedecisionofthecourtandthereasonsforthatdecision;• Be dated and signed by the presiding officer as of the date on which it is

pronouncedincourt;• Inthecaseofaconviction,thejudgmentshallspecifytheoffenceofwhich,and

the section of the statute which the accused person is convicted and thepunishmenttowhichheissentenced.

• In the case of an acquittal, the judgment shall state the offence of which theaccusedpersonisacquittedandshalldirectthathebesetatliberty.

Inaddition,thefollowingdirectionsfromcaselawhavebeenprovided:

• Ifa judgmentreferstoawitnessoraccusedperson, itshouldrefertothembyname and number (e.g.MussaAlly (PW4). They should not be referred to bynumberorletterofalphabetasthismayleadtoconfusion.12

4.2. AlternativeCountsWhentheaccusedhasbeenchargedwithalternativecounts,thecourtshouldenteraconvictiononthecount(ifany)whichhasbeenprovedandnofindingshouldbemadeonthealternativecounts.

4.3. AlternativeVerdictsThegeneralrule is,subjecttostatutoryexceptions,apersoncannotbeconvictedofanoffencewithwhichhehasnotbeencharged.13

Thestatutoryexceptionstothisarethatanaccusedpersonmaybeconvictedofthefollowingoffenceswhennotchargedwiththem:

• Aminoroffencetothechargedoffencewherethefactstoprovethisoffencehavebeen proved.14This can be done when the main offence charged constitutesseveral particulars and a combination of some of these constitute a completeminoroffence.Eventhoughtheminoroffencehasnotbeenchargedaconvictioncanbemadeforthisoffencewhentheparticularsofthisoffenceareprovedbuttheremainingparticularsofthechargedoffencearenot;

10TheCPAsection311(1)11TheCPAsection312andRule37PCCPC.12SeeAhmeds/oMahamedivR(1969)HCDNo.23513BakariIhondes/oMhayavR(1921-1952)1TLRatp35414CPAs300


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• Attempttocommitthechargedoffence.15

Inaddition,anaccusedpersoncanbeconvictedofspecificalternativeoffencesevenwhennotchargedwith.Thecourtmusthavedeterminedthatheisnotguiltyoftheoffencechargedbutthealternativeoffenceismadeout.Suchalternativeoffencesareasfollows:

• Infanticideasanalternativetomurder;childdestructionasanalternativetoeithermurder, manslaughter or procuring an abortion/miscarriage; procuring anabortion/miscarriageasanalternative tochilddestruction; concealmentofbirthasanalternativetomurder,infanticideorchilddestruction.16

• Reckless,dangerousorcarelessdrivingasanalternativetomanslaughter.17

• Sexual assault, procures rape, incest as alternatives to rape or attempted rape;defilementofanimbecileasanalternativetoincest.18

• Burglary,enteringadwellingtocommitanoffence,breakingandentering intoabuilding;ortocommitanoffenceofbeingarmed,etc.,withintenttocommitanoffence,asalternativetoeachother.19

• Obtaininggoodsbyfalsepretences,cheating,receivingstolenproperty,conveyingor possessing stolen property as an alternative to stealing; stealing as analternative to cheating; cheating and obtaining goods by false pretences asalternativestoeachother;underthedifferentprovisionsofreceivingorretainingstolenproperty.20

• Receivingorretainingstolenpropertyasanalternativetopossessionofpropertysuspectedofhavingbeencorruptlyacquired.21

4.4. ProcedureonaPleaofGuilty:Theprocessfortakingapleaofguiltyhasbeenestablishedincaselaw22andstatuteasfollows:

• The charge and the particulars should be read out to the accused. So far aspossible,thisshouldbe inhisownlanguage,but ifthat isnotpossible,theninalanguagehecanspeakandunderstand.23

15CPAs30116CPAs30217CPAs30318CPAs30419CPAs30520CPAs30621CPAs30722SpryV.P.inAdanvRepublic[1973]EA445asapprovedbytheCourtofAppealinKhalidAthumanivR.[2006]TLR79

“Whenaperson is charged, the chargeand theparticulars shouldbe readout to him, so far as possible, in his ownlanguage, but if that is not possible, then in a language he can speak and understand. Themagistrate should thenexplaintotheaccusedpersonalltheessentialingredientsoftheoffencecharged.Iftheaccusedthenadmitsallthoseessentiallegalelements,themagistrateshouldrecordwhattheaccusedhassaid,asnearlyaspossibleinhisownwords,andthenformallyenterapleaofguilty.Themagistrateshouldnextasktheprosecutortostatethefactsoftheallegedoffenceand,whenthestatementiscomplete,shouldgivetheaccusedanopportunitytodisputeorexplainthefactsortoaddanyrelevantfacts.Iftheaccuseddoesnotagreewiththestatementoffactsofassertsadditionalfactswhich,iftrue,mightraiseaquestionastohisguilt,themagistrateshouldrecordachangeofpleato“notguilty”andproceedtohold a trial. If the accused does not deny the alleged facts in anymaterial respect, themagistrate should record aconvictionandproceedtohearanyfurtherfactsrelevanttothesentence. Thestatementoffactsandaccused’sreplymust,ofcourse,berecorded”


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• Thecourtshouldthenexplaintotheaccusedpersonalltheessential ingredientsoftheoffencecharged.24

• Theaccusedshallbeaskedbythecourtwhetherheadmitsordeniesthetruthofthecharge.25

• If theaccusedadmits all thoseessential legalelements, the court should recordwhat the accused has said, as nearly as possible in his own words, and thenformally enter a plea of guilty.26 “For a plea of guilty to stand the court mustsatisfyitselfwithoutanydoubtandmustbeclearinitsmind,thatanaccusedfullycomprehendswhatheisactuallyfacedwith,otherwiseinjusticemayresult.”27

• Thecourtshouldasktheprosecutortostatethefactsoftheallegedoffence.Thishastwopurposes:

o (1)Itenablesthecourttosatisfyitselfthatthepleawasunequivocal;

o (2)Itprovidesthebasisuponwhichtoassesssentence.28

Incomplexcases,itisgoodpracticefortheprosecutiontoassistthecourtbyprovidingthebasisoffactsinwritingandprovideacopytotheaccused.

• Theaccusedshouldbeaskedtodisputeorexplainthefactsortoaddanyrelevantfacts.

• If the accused does not deny the alleged facts in any material respect, themagistrate should record a conviction and proceed to hear any further factsrelevanttothesentence.29

• Thestatementof factsandaccused’s replymustbe recorded. Thecourt shouldobtainfromtheaccusedhispermanentaddressandalsorecordthis.30

• Anaccusedmaychangehispleafromguiltytonotguilty(orviceversa)atanytimebeforesentenceispassed.31

• If the accused does not agree with the statement of facts or asserts additionalfacts,thecourtshouldconsidertheeffectofthisuponpleaandthebasisoffactsuponwhichthecourtmustsentence:

23CPAs228(1)24YonasaniEgaluandothersvR.(9EACA65)p67oftheCourtofAppealofEastAfricareferredtoinBDChipeta,AHandbookforPublicProsecutors,(2009,3rded.,)p.44

“Inany case inwhicha conviction is likely toproceedonapleaofguilty (inotherwords,whenanadmissionby theaccusedislikelytotaketheplaceofotherwisestrictproofofthechargebeyondreasonabledoubtbytheprosecution)itismostdesirablenotonlythateveryconstituentofthechargeshouldbeexplainedtotheaccusedbutthatheshouldberequiredtoadmitordenyeveryelementofitunequivocally”

25CPAs228(1)26CPAs228(2)27PerKileo, J.A.,Oriyo, J.A.,AndMmilla, J.A. in thecaseofAndreaKitunduv.R.,Cri.AppealNo.185of2010,CATatDodoma(unreported)28SeeAdanvRepublic,opcit29Onlywhentheaccusedadmitsthefactsarecorrectwillthecourtenterapleaofguiltyandconvicttheaccusedpersonoftheoffence charged, see Samson Kayora and Another v R. (1985) TLR 158 summarized in B D Chipeta, A Handbook for PublicProsecutors,(2009,3rded.,)p.4430CPAs228(6)31KamundivRepublic[1973]EA540andWanjiruvR.[1975]EA5referredtoinAsiaAllyvR.[2000]TLR234


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o Ifthedisputeoffactsamountstoadenialofanessentialelementoftheoffenceand raises a question as to his guilt, the plea is equivocal and the court shouldrecordachangeofpleato“notguilty”andproceedtoholdatrial.32

o Ifthedisputeoffactsdoesnotconcernadenialoftheessentiallegalelementsoftheoffencethecourtcantakeitasapleatothecharge.Thecourtshouldrecordaconvictiononthecharge(s).33

However,before thecourtproceeds tosentence, itmustconsider if thedifference inversionsoffactsbetweenaccusedandprosecutionwouldhaveasignificantimpactonthesentence.

The court may be assisted by requesting that the prosecution and accused put inwritingthedifferenceinthefactualbasishighlightingtheaggravatingandmitigatingfactorsrelevanttothelevelofsentence.

(1) If the court determines that the matter in disputewouldnot have a significantimpact on sentencing, the court should proceed on the basis of the account of theaccused.34

(2)Ifthecourtdeterminesthedisputewouldhaveasignificantimpactonsentencethecourt,itshouldidentifytheparticularissueindisputeand,onthiselementalone,invitetheaccusedandprosecution toprovideevidencewhich they can test through cross-examination. If the dispute concerns matters solely within the knowledge of theaccusedheshouldbeaskedtoprovideevidenceonoathandbecross-examined.Thecourtwillthenmakeadeterminationonthisparticularissueindispute.Itwillproceedtosentencebasedonthesefindings.35

32SeeDPPvPauleReubenMakujaa(1992)TLR2andSamsonKayoraandAnothervR.(1985)TLR15833SeeAsumanis/oMatakavR.(1968)HCD42734TheapproachoutlinedhereonconsiderationofthebasisofapleaofguiltyisbasedonthecommonlawapproachdevelopedbythelawsofEnglandandWalesinRvBeswick[1996]1Cr.App.R.343,RvTolera[1999]1Cr.App.R.25andRvUnderwood[2005]Cr.App.R 13 as considered in the Attorney General’s Guidelines on the Acceptance of Pleas and the Prosecutor’s Role in theSentencingExercise(2009).35This process has been developed in other Commonwealth jurisdictions from practice in court. In England & Wales theconsiderationofaparticularissueforthepurposeofsentencingisreferredtoasaNewtonhearing.


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4.5. TheSentencingPowersofCourtsThetypesofpunishmentandordersavailabletothecourtuponconvictionaresetoutin statute as: death;36 imprisonment;37 corporal punishment;38 fine;39 forfeiture;40payment of compensation;41finding security to keep the peace and be of goodbehaviour or to come up for judgment;42absolute and/or conditional discharge;43costs; 44 probation; 45 probation with bond; 46 release of offender on communityservice.47

36ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(a)37ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(b)38ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(c)39ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(d)40ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(e)41ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(f)42ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r25(g)43ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r38(1)44ThePenalCode,Cap16,R.E.2002,r32;andTheCPAsection345.45TheProbationofOffendersActsection346TheCPAsection337to33947TheCPAsection339A;andTheCommunityServiceActsection3

Example:

Theaccusedpleadsguilty toanoffenceof causingactualbodilyharm(s.241PenalCode). The prosecution’s case is that the accused used a stick as a weapon andpunched thevictim three times. This causeda5-cmwound to thevictimsarmandotherbruises.Theprosecutionevidenceisthatthiswasanunprovokedassault.

The accused admits punching the victim several times and causing bruising to thebody.Therefore,hepleadsguiltytotheoffence.However,hedeniesusingaweaponorcausinganywound.Also,heclaimsthathewasprovokedbythevictimwhohadinsultedhisfamily.

Onthesefactsthecourt:

- Accepts the guilty plea and convicts the accused as he has admitted theoffence

- Considersthedifferenceinmitigatingandaggravatingfactorsissosignificantthatitmayhaveasubstantialdifferenceinsentence.

- Thecourtsetsadateforahearingofevidencesothat itcandeterminethefactual basis upon which to sentence. The prosecution and accused willprovideevidence(e.g.eyewitness,medical)ontheissuesindisputeonly.Thecourtwillmakeafindingbasedonnormalrulesofcriminalprocedure.

- Thecourtsentencestheaccusedonthefactualbasisofitsfinding.


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Wherethereisnostatutorypunishmentforanoffence,thetrialCourtshouldrevertto common law and punish the convict with imprisonment or fine at its discretionprovideditdoesnotgiveaninordinatesentence.48

The High Court has unrestricted sentencing powers and may pass the maximumpenaltysanctionedbylaw.49

ThesentencingpowersofthecourtssubordinatetotheHighCourt,arerestricted.50Theyareasfollows:

• Passing the minimum sentence of imprisonment prescribed by law for anyoffencespecifiedintheMinimumSentencesAct.

• For other offences, imposing a termof imprisonment not exceeding five yearsunless the provisions of any written law authorises the court to impose agreatersentence.

• Imposinga finenotexceedingtwentymillionshillings,unless theprovisionsofanywrittenlawauthorisesthecourttoimposeagreateramount.

• Passingasentenceofcorporalpunishment.

If the magistrate is not of the rank of Senior Resident Magistrate, then, in thefollowingcircumstances,nosentencecanbeexecuteduntiltherecordofthecase,ora certified copy of it, has been transmitted to the High Court and a judge hasconfirmedthesentenceororder:• A sentence of imprisonment for a scheduled offence which exceeds the

minimumtermofimprisonmentundertheMinimumSentencesAct;• Foranyotheroffence,asentenceofimprisonmentofmorethan12months;• Asentenceofcorporalpunishmentwhichexceeds12strokes;and• A sentence of a fine or for the payment of money (other than payment of

compensationunder theMinimumSentencesAct)which exceeds six thousandshillings.

ThesentencingpowersofthePrimaryCourtsarerestrictedbysections2,3,5and7ofthePCCPCwhichprovidethatthecourtspowersarelimitedto:(1)imprisonmentofnot more than 12 months; (2) a fine of not more than Tshs. 500,000; (3) corporalpunishmentofnotmorethan12strokes.

4.6. CommittalforSentence51Afterconvictingapersoninasubordinatecourt,thecourtcan,ifitconsidersthattheperson should receive a sentence greater than it has power to impose, commit apersonforsentence.

A primary court can commit a person for sentence to a district court. The districtcourtcancommitapersonforsentencetotheHighCourt.Inmakingthisdecisionthecourtmustobtaininformationasto:

48SeeR.v.EmmanuelTimothy[1980]T.L.R115.ForoffencesunderthePenalCodeseesection35ofthePenalCodeCap.1649TheCPAsection166;“TheHighCourtmaypasssentenceormakeanyotherorderauthorizedbylaw”.50CPAs17051Seepowersofs171-72CPAandparagraph7ofthe3rdScheduletoMCA(PCCP)forpowersofcommittalforsentence


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(1)thecharacterandantecedentsoftheperson;and

(2)thecircumstancesoftheoffence.

Thesentencingcourt“shall inquire intothecircumstancesofthecaseandshalldealwith the offender in any manner in which he could have been dealt with by [thatsentencingcourt]ifhehadbeenconvictedby[thatsentencingcourt]oftheoffenceinquestion.”

Allsubordinatecourtshavethepowertocommitthepersontocustodyoradmitthemtobailpendingconfirmationofsentence.52

Thereisnopowerundertheseprovisionsforthesentencingcourttoreconsiderpleaorotherwisetheproprietyoftheconviction.53

5. TheSentencingHearingBefore moving to process of passing sentence the Registrar or other officer of thecourt should ask the accusedpersonwhetherhehas anything to saywhy sentenceshouldnotbepasseduponhiminaccordancewiththelaw.54

Inordertoassistthecourtindeterminingthepropersentence,thecourtmayreceivesuchevidenceasitthinksfitinordertoinformitselfastothesentencepropertobepassed.55TheCourtofAppealhasconsidered that it isat thediscretionof the trialcourttomakethisdetermination.56

It is likely that inall but the simplestof cases thiswill require theassistanceof theprosecutor[seePara5.1]andtheaccused(orhisrepresentative)[seePara5.2]oranyotherinformationthecourtconsidersrelevant[seePara5.3].

Ineverycase,theaccusedshouldbegiventheopportunitytoprovideanaccount inhismitigation.57

Ifthecourtconsidersitnecessary,thecourtmayadjournthehearingforthepurposeof sentencing.58 This may be necessary if the court considers it requires moreinformationbeforeitisabletoappropriatelysentencetheaccused.Theprosecution,accusedorprobationofficermayadvisethecourtthatanadjournmentisrequiredtoobtainthisinformation.

52CPAs170andparagraph7(3)ofthe3rdScheduletoMCA(PCCP)

53SeeDPPvThadeiMlomoandothersCrAppeals7-15of1989,(CA-Mbeya),(1989)(unreported)54CPAs314...”buttheomissionsotoaskhimshallhavenoeffectonthevalidityoftheproceedings”Inthecaseofsubordinatecourtthe lawissilent,however,therearecase lawse.g.R.vSulemaniSaidiandanother[1977]LRTNo.29inwhichKisangaJ(ashethenwas)atpage112said “Allocutusisanimportantrightofanaccusedpersonandmagistrates’shouldalwaysensurethattheaccusedpersonsisgivenopportunitytoexerciseitbecausehemayhavesomethingtosaywhichcouldinfluencethemagistratetoexercisediscretiononhisfavour”55CPAs236and320;paragraph39ofthe3rdScheduletoMCA(PCCP)56SeeJumaBuruhaniMapundaananothervR.Cr.AppealNo.40of2002(2005)(unreported)57SeeHainingandothersvR.(1972)HCDn.53andKisangaJinRvSulemaniSaidiandanother(1977)LRTn29bothreferredtoinBDChipeta,AHandbookforProsecutors,(2007,3rded.,)p.7758CPAs315(2)


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5.1. TheRoleoftheProsecutor:The prosecutor must assist the court and provide all relevant evidence andinformationtoassistthecourtinmakingitsdecisiononsentence.Hewillhaveaccessto relevant information in addition to the facts of the case, including previousconvictions, breach of any court orders, background of the accused, process of thecase,theimpactoftheoffenceonthevictimandsociety,timeservedonremand,etc.The prosecutor should assist the court on available options for sentence under thelaw,includinganyrelevantguidancefromcaselaworstatute.Theprosecutionshouldmakeapplicationstothecourtforanyrelevantancillaryordersuponsentence,suchascompensation,forfeitureandrestitution.

In all matters the prosecutor must proceed firmly and fairly. The role of theprosecutorshouldincludethefollowing:

• Iftherehasbeenatrialthecourtwillknowthefactsofthecase.Inacaseofaguilty plea the prosecutorwill tell the court the facts of the case [see processaboveatpara3regardingapleaofguilty]

• Providethecourtwithanyadditionalrelevantinformationontheoffender:e.g.previous convictions; breach of orders; time served in custody; any earlyadmission or indication of remorse; age (particularly if a juvenile) and otherpersonalcircumstancesknown.

• Provide the court with the impact of the offence upon the victim and widersociety. For example, any long term physical damage to the victim or hisproperty.Theimpact(ifany)onhiswork,business,familyrelationshipsorotherpersonalcircumstances.

• Providethecourtwithanydetailsofco-operationwiththeauthorities.

• Outlineanyminimumormaximumsentencesavailable. Any relevantcase lawshouldbeprovided to the courtby theprosecutionandcopiesmadeavailablefortheaccusedtoconsider.

• Remind the court of any powers restricting publication and protecting theidentityofwitnesses.

• Applyforanyrelevantancillaryorders[seePara7below]includingcompensation,forfeiture,restitution.

5.2. TheRoleoftheAccusedand/ortheAccused’sAdvocate.Theaccusedshouldbegivenanopportunitytoaddressthecourtbeforethesentenceispassed.59

Hemaycontradict,explainorqualifywhatevertheprosecutorhastoldthecourtabouttheaccusedandthecircumstancesofthecase.60

59HainingandothersvR.(1972)HCDn.5360KisangaJ inRvSulemaniSaidiandanother(1977)LRTn29referredtoinBDChipeta,AHandbookforProsecutors,(2007,3rded.,)p.77


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He should be given the opportunity to examine any record of previous convictionsproducedbytheprosecutionandgiventheopportunitytoacceptordenythisrecord.

Hemayprovidethecourtwithanyinformationheconsidersisrelevantinmitigationofthe sentence upon him such as his age, antecedents, previous good character (ifappropriate), his responsibilities to his family, the impact of sentence upon him orothers,anyremorse,anyexplanationwhatledtheaccusedtocommittheoffence.

Theaccusedshouldbeaskedtoprovidedetailsofhis financial incomeandassetssothat the court can consider this in determining the appropriate level of fine,compensationorotherfinancialorder.

Iftheaccuseddoesnothavethesufficientmeanstopayforanadvocatebutthecourtconsidersitisinintheinterestsofjusticethatanaccusedpersonshouldhavelegalaidtoassisthispreparationandconductofhiscasethenthecourtshallissueacertificatetothiseffect.TheRegistrarshouldassigntotheaccusedalegalaidproviderwhohassuchanadvocate.61TheappropriateformisatNinthSchedule-FormNo.009oftheLegalAidRegulations2018.

If theaccused isunrepresented, theprosecutionshouldassist thecourtbyoutliningthosematterswhichshouldbeconsideredtomitigateanysentencesuchasanearlyadmissionandindicationofremorse.

5.3. AnyOtherRelevantInformationThe court has a wide discretion before passing sentence to receive any “suchinformationas it thinks fit inorder to inform itself as to theproper sentence tobepassed.”62

Inparticular,thecourtmaybeassistedbyprobationofficers,socialworkers,teachersorotherswhomayhaveparticular relevantevidence toassist theirconsiderationonsentencing.

Theviewsofany identifiablevictim(includingtherelativesofadeceasedperson)ontheimpactoftheoffenceshouldbesoughtbythecourtthroughtheprosecution(seebelowfordetails).

61LegalAidAct2017s3362CPAs236ands320


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6. SentencingProcess:The following is theprocesswhichshouldbeconsideredby thecourt in sentencingeveryoffence.


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NB:

1. Ifthereisoffencespecificsentencingguidancefortheoffencethenthisshouldbefollowed. These setout the rangesof seriousness for thoseparticularoffencesandprovideguidancetofixthelevelofsentence.

2. Ifacourtdecidestogiveasentencewhichismoreorlessthantheguidelinesthenit must give reasons to explain that decision and why the particularcircumstancesofthecaseprovideexceptionalcircumstancestosentenceoutsideoftheguidelines.

AchecklistsheetforthecourtstouseinindividualcasesisattachedasAnnexII.

6.1. IdentifytheStatutorySentencingRangefortheoffenceIn every case the starting point for the court is to consider the maximum andminimum sentence set out by law. This is the rangeof sentencewhich the courtmayapplytothecase.

STEP1IdentifytheStatutorySentencingRangefortheoffence–themaximumandminimumsentencesinlaw

Amaximumsentencecannotbeexceeded.IftheActsetsaminimumsentencethenthisisminimumsentencethatshallbeimposed.63

Amaximumsentenceshouldonlybeimposedwhentheoffencecomesclosetotheworstofitstype.InReginavMayera(1952)SR253,thecourtheldthat:-

“Amaximumpunishmentisreservedfortheworstoffenceoftheclassforwhichthepunishment is provided. A court, in sentencing for an offence, should considerwhetheritmaynotbelikelythatfarworseinstancesofthesameclassmayinfuturecomebefore it,andshouldkeepsomepenalty in reserve inorder tobeablemoreseverely to punish the greater offences. Thus it is undesirable to punish a firstoffender who steals a lamb with the maximum penalty …..for then no greaterpenaltycanbeinflictedonthehardenedcriminal,whostealsanoxorahorse,oranumber of sheep, unless he happens to come within the provision allowing agreaterpunishmentincaseofsecondorsubsequentconviction”NB: If the sentencing court incorrectly states the maximum sentence in itsassessmentoftheappropriatesentence,thatisanappealableerror,butdependingonthecircumstancesofthecase,itmaynotnecessarilyleadtothesentencebeingreducedorincreased.64Thesentencemustbelawful.Amaximumsentencecannotbeexceeded.IftheActsetsamandatoryminimumsentencethenatleastthatminimumsentencemustbeimposed,howeverharditmayappearinparticularcases.

63SeeSmithvR.[2007]NEWSOUTHWALESCOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEAL(NSWCCA)13864SeeSmithvR.[2007]NEWSOUTHWALESCOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEAL(NSWCCA)138


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6.2. ConsiderthelevelofSeriousnessoftheOffenceIn every case the court should first determine the nature and seriousness of thisparticular offence. In considering the seriousness of the offence the court shouldlookatthenatureandcircumstancesoftheoffence,offenderandvictim,toassess:65

• Thegravityoftheoffence–thenatureandcircumstancesinwhichtheoffencewascommitted;

• Theculpabilityoftheparticularoffender–themotivation,conduct,intentionandparticularcircumstancesoftheoffender;and

• Thenatureandextentofharm,injuryordamagethatwascaused,intendedormightforeseeablyhavebeencausedtothevictimorsociety.

Thecourtwillbeguidedbytheneedforconsistencywithappropriatesentencelevelsincludingsentencesforoffencesofsimilarseriousnessdeterminedbyhighercourts.

STEP 2 Determine the level of seriousness of the offence within the range ofseriousness.IsitHigh,Medium,orLowlevelforthatoffence?

Thecourtshouldassessifthelevelofseriousnessplacesitatthelow,middleorhighendforthistypeofoffence.

• Low seriousness – these are offence at the lowest end of the scale ofseriousness for that type of offence. They must attract the lowest level ofsentence.

• Medium seriousness-these are offences at the middle between the highestandthelowestscaleofseriousnessforthattypeofoffence.Theymustattractthemediumlevelofsentence.

• High seriousness-these are offences at the highest end of the scale ofseriousness for that type of offence. They must attract the highest level ofsentence.

6.3. AggravatingandMitigatingFactors:Thecourtmustconsideranyrelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmaketheoffencemoreorlessserious.

STEP3Considerallrelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorsfortheoffence

The Penal Code refers to the following as relevant factors in sentencing: age,character, antecedents, health condition of the offender, and trivial nature of theoffence.Thelistisdeliberatelynon-exhaustiveandthesentencingcourtmayconsider“any extenuating circumstances under which the offence was committed.”66 The

65SeeSamattaJKinthecaseofXavierSequeiravR,CriminalRevision4of1993(unreported)seealsoRvBarikis/oTweveandanotherCriminalCase42of2002(unreported)66PenalCodes339A


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courtshaveexercisedthisdiscretionwidelyandthe followingaresomeof themostcommonaggravatingandmitigatingfactors:

Aggravating Mitigating

A high level of planning, organization,sophisticationorprofessionalism for theoffence

Previousgoodcharacter

Multiplevictims Youngoroldageoftheaccusedwherethisisrelevanttoresponsibility

Offendingoveralongperiod Healthconditionordisabilityofaccused

Apre-meditatedoffence Mentalinstabilityofaccused

Aprofessionaloffenceandthedegreeofsophisticationinvolved

Impactonfamilycircumstancesofaccused

Significant actual, intended orforeseeableimpactonnationalsecurity

Remorseorcontrition(e.g.earlyadmissionof responsibility can be one evidence ofgenuineremorse)

High level of financial profit from theoffence

The offender played only a minor role intheoffence

Abuseofpositionoftrustand/orpower Trivialnatureoftheoffence

Arepeatoffender Theoffenderwasprovoked67

Offencescommittedwhilstonbailoronarrestforotheroffences

Co-operationwiththepoliceorotherstateagenciesafterarrestorsurrender

A high degree of responsibility for theoffence

A genuine belief that conduct would notconstituteacriminaloffence

Deliberate and gratuitous violence,damage to property or degrading ofvictim

Any punishment unlawfully meted out totheaccusedbymembersofthepublic

Offence in the presence of vulnerablepersons

Any compensation or restitution alreadycontributedbytheaccused.

Motivated by racial, religious, disabilityhostility

The effect of the crime on the victim –physical,mental,emotional

Anyharmcausedtothevictim

67SavethatProvocationisaqualifieddefenceformurderreducingtheoffencetomanslaughter.


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The financial value of the offence intermsof loss to the victimandprofit totheaccusedandothers

Vulnerability of the victim – age, sex,disability,minoritygroup

Targeting of persons working in thepublicsector

Theaccusedshowedaflagrantdisregardforthelaw

The prosecution and accused should both assist the court by highlighting theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorsarisingintheparticularcase.

If there are offence-specific guidance issued then these should be followed by thecourt.

STEP 4 Consider the Accused’s Personal Circumstances, Totality Principle, Co-Accused Sentence, Any Co-operation with Authorities and information from thevictim

6.4. ConsidertheAccused’sPersonalCircumstancesHaving reachedadeterminationof theoverall seriousnessof theoffence, thecourtshouldconsiderthepersonalcircumstancesoftheoffender,including:

- The financial circumstances of the accused must be considered if the court isconsideringafineorotherfinancialorder;

- Iftheaccusedhasprovidedanyassistanceorcooperationtotheauthoritiesafterhis arrest which has assisted in the disruption, investigation or disruption ofcriminalactivity;

- The family circumstances of the accused and likely impact of sentence ondependents;

- Anygoodworksorcharacterreferences;and- Anybreachesofcourtorders.

6.5. TakeanyotheroffencesintoConsiderationForthepurposesofsentence,thecourtmaytakeintoconsiderationanyotheroffencecommittedbytheaccusedpersonbutwhichhehasnotbeenconvicted.68

Thecourtmayonlytakeintoconsiderationoffenceswhichtheaccusedhas:• Admittedthecommissionofoffences;and• Asksthecourttotakethemintoconsideration.

68CPAs321and237


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Before doing this the court must first explain to the accused person in ordinarylanguagethatiftheseoffencesaretakenintoconsideration,thesentencepassedfortheoffencehehasbeenconvictedmaybegreater.

The court has no power to go beyond the statutory maximum for the offence forwhichtheaccusedhasbeenconvicted.69

6.6. Sentencing for more than one offence: Concurrent and Consecutive (Cumulative)Sentences:Whenanaccusedisconvictedoftwoormoreoffences,separatesentencesmustbeimposed for each count. The East African Court of Appeal has said it is a generalpractice that sentences shall run concurrently.70 A trial court should only awardconsecutivesentencesinexceptionalcircumstances,71suchastheextremegravityofaparticular offence.72 However, where the sentence is for murder or other capitaloffence(i.e.:deathbyhanging),thecourtshouldnotimposeadeathsentencefortheotheroffences.This is the ‘totality principle’, in that the total sentenceprovided should reflect theentireoffending.Inthecircumstancesthatafterbeingconvictedofoneoffenceapersonisconvictedofanotheroffencethere isapresumptionthat thesentencesshouldrunconsecutivelyunlessthecourtdirectsitshallbeconcurrent.73Again,reasonsshouldbegiven.Any term of imprisonment which is a result of a default to pay a fine as part of asentence foranoffencewhichcouldhavebeen imprisonment; theadditionaldefaultprisontermshouldbeconsecutivetootherpartsofthesentence.74

6.7. ConsiderInformationreceivedfromvictimIt is good practice for the court to seek from the prosecution any informationregarding the impact of the offence upon any identifiable victim. In the case of adeceasedvictimaclosefamilymemberislikelytobetheappropriateperson.

The court has a wide discretion to receive any “such information as it thinks fit inordertoinformitselfastothepropersentencetobepassed.”75

Relevant information is likely to be the impact of the offence at the time it wascommittedandthesubsequentimpactuponthevictimandothers.Thisinformation

69CPA321(3)and237(3)70RvKasongos/oLuhogwa(1953-1957)2TLR(R)47;71RvKasongos/oLuhogwa(1953-1957)2TLR(R)47;RvSuwediMukasas/oAbdullaAligwaisa(1946)EACA97;LaureanAnacletiandanothervR.1973LRTNo.34;BaguaniMhinaJumbevRCr.Appeal120of1993(unreported);YassinOmariandanothervR.Cr.AppealNo.212of199272SeeforexampletheCourtofAppealdecisioninBaguaniMhinaJumbevRCr.Appeal120of1993(unreported)whichheldthatthe“systematicmannerinwhichtheoffenceswerecommittedandtheamountinvolved..”was“..anexceptiontotheenunciatedruleofpracticeonconcurrentsentencing”.73PenalCodes36andPCCPCs674PenalCodes36andPCCPCs675CPAs236ands320


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may have a direct impact on aggravating or mitigating factors. For example, anypermanent or long term physical, psychological or material impact is likely toaggravatetheoffence.

Thisinformationmaybeprovidedthroughtheprosecutorand/or,attheinvitationofthecourt,thevictimthemselvesifthisisconsideredappropriatebythecourt.

STEP5 Determinetheappropriatelengthofthesentence

6.8. Reductioninsentenceforaguiltyplea:Anaccusedpersonwhohaspleadedguiltymustordinarilybegivencreditforthatpleaandthisshouldbestatedinthesentencingprocess.However,suchsentencecannotbelessthananystatutoryminimumsentenceasimposedbytheMinimumSentencesActorotherlaw.

Areductioninaguiltypleaismeritedbecause:

(a) Itisinthepublicinterestasit“savedthecourt’stimeandexpenseinconductingafulltrial.”76

(b) Itavoids thepossibilityofanaccusedsecuringanunmeritedacquittal throughatechnicalorproceduralerror.77

(c) Itisalsoanindicationofcontritionwhichqualifieshimforleniencefromthecourtandamildersentence.78

“…itisgenerally,ifnotuniversally,recognizedthatanaccusedpleadingguiltytoanoffencewithwhichheischarged,qualifieshimfortheexerciseofmercyfromthe court. The reason is, I think, obvious, in that one of the main objects ofpunishment is the reformation of the offender. Contrition is the first steptowards reformation, and, a confession of a crime, as opposed to brazening itout,isanindicationofcontrition.Therefore,insuchacase,acourtcananddoesimposeamildersentencethanitwouldotherwisehavedone”

(d) Itmayreducetheimpactofthecrimeonthevictimandwitnessesbysavingthemfromhavingtotestifyincourt.

STEP6Applyanycreditforaguiltyplea

Judges and magistrates must explicitly state that a guilty plea has been taken intoaccount and failure to do so may be taken as indicating that the plea was not

76E.g.CharlesMashimbavR.[2005]TLR90at93foranoffenceofmanslaughter;SwaleheNdungajilunguvR.[2005]TLR94at9877NilsonvR.[1970]EAfollowedinYahanaHassanandGodsonHizavR,Cr.AppealNo.16of2000(unreported)78FrancisChilembavR.1968)HCDNo.510asappliedbyCourtofAppealatArushainPaulvR.[1990-94]1EA513(CAT)


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considered at all or was given insufficient weight and the appellate court willdefinitelyinterfere.79

Wherenodiscountisgivenforthis,thesentencingcourtmustgivecogentreasonsfornotdoingso.80Forexample,thecourtshaveheldthatthefacttheoffenderisnotafirst-timeoffenderisareasonfornotapplyingadiscount.81

It isgoodpracticeforthecourttostatethesentencethatwouldhavebeengiven iftheaccusedhadbeenfoundguiltyafteracontestedtrial.Thecourtshouldthenstatethe amount of a reduction that has been given from this sentence because of theguiltyplea.

Where theaccusedpleads guilty at theearliest stagehedeservesmore credit thanone who pleads guilty at a later stage. As such there should be a greater level ofreduction in the sentence available the sooner the accused pleads guilty. Thefollowing are general guidance and it is good practice for the court to explain anydeviationfromthefollowing:

• Themaximumlevelofreductioninsentenceforaguiltypleaisone-thirdfromthe sentence that would have been given if the case had proceeded to acontestedtrial.Thiswillusuallybeappropriatewhereaguiltypleaisindicatedatthefirststageofproceedings.Thefirststagewillnormallybethefirstcourthearingatwhichapleaistakenorindicationsoughtbythecourt.

• If a guilty plea is entered after this then the level of reduction should bereducedaccordingtothelatenessinproceedings.Themaximumdiscountforapleaafterthefirsthearingshouldbeonequarterofthesentenceifthecasehadproceededtoacontestedtrial.Thediscountforapleaonthefirstdayoftrial should not be more than one tenth. After the trial has started thereductionshouldnormallyreducefurther,eventozero.

79See,R.v.MohamedAliJamal(1948)15EACA126,JamesYoramv.R(1951)18EACA147,SilvanusLeonardNguruwev.R.[1982]T.L.R.66,BenardKapojosyev.R.(supra).

80Giotasv.Regina[2008]NEWSOUTHWALESCOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEAL(NSWCCA)287.81SeemultipleCourtofAppeal cases referred toatFMirindo.Administrationof Justice inMainlandTanzania (2011)page422footnote64

Summaryoftheapproachtosettingreductionforaguiltyplea:(1)Determinetheappropriatesentencefortheoffence(s)ifthecasehadbeendisputedandproceededtotrial

(2)Determinethelevelofreductionforaguiltypleabasedonthetimeinproceedingstheguiltypleawasentered

(3)Statetheamountofthatreduction.

(4)Applythereductiontotheappropriatesentence.

Example of wording : “…..But for your plea of Guilty the custodial term of your sentence would have been [6] years. I take into account the fact that you have pleaded guilty and that you gave this indication at the first opportunity in court proceedings and reduce your sentence by [one third]. Therefore in giving credit for your guilty plea the sentence shall be [4] years”


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Step7Pronouncethesentenceandgivereasons

6.9. Timealreadyspentincustodytobetakenintoaccountfromthesentence:If a person has been remanded in custody for any period awaiting trial and/orsentence then at the time of the sentence the sentencing court should “take intoaccount the period the person spent in remand.”82 This also applies to personscommittedtotheHighCourt incustodyfromasubordinatecourtforsentenceortohavetheirsentenceconfirmed.83The Court of Appeal has explained that time already spent in custody should bedeductedfromthetimetobeservedaspartofthesentence.84Ramadhani,CJexplainedonbehalfoftheCourtofAppealthat:

82CPAs17283CPAs17284SeeAugustinoMpondavR.[1991]TLR97;JamesBarnabasaliaKingMazishivR.,Cr.AppealNo.221of2004(unreported);RvWilly Walosha, Cr. Appeal No. 7 of 2002 (unreported); Katinda Simbila @ Ng’Waninana v. R. Cr. Appeal No. 15 of 2008(unreported)(CourtofAppealTabora)

Example:

The following is an example of the process of the court sentencing an accused person whopleadedguiltytoanoffenceofassaultcausingactualbodilyharm(s.241PenalCode).

Step1:Thisoffencehasamaximumsentenceof5yearsimprisonmentandnominimum;

Step2: Thecourtconsiderstheseriousnessoftheoffenceanddecidesonthefactsofthecasethatitisatthehighrangeof3to5years;

Step 3 – The court considers aggravating andmitigating factors and considers it should be 4years;

Step 4 – The Court considers the accused personal circumstances, impact on victim, etc. andreducesthesentenceto31/2years;

Step 5 – The court determines the appropriate term of sentence would be 3 ½ years if theaccusedhadbeenconvictedaftertrial;

[NB:Thesentenceof3½yearswouldhavebeenthesentenceiftheaccusedhadpleadednotguiltyandhadbeenconvictedafteratrial.]

Step6–However,theaccusedhadpleadedguiltysonotrialwasnecessary.Thecourtconsidersthatthisguiltypleahassavedconsiderabletime,expensetothestateandavoidedputtingthevictimthroughacourtprocess. It isalsoevidenceof theaccused’sremorse. Headmittedtheoffenceatarrest,atpoliceinterrogationandatthefirsttimethecasewasincourt.

Thecourtgivestheaccusedthemaximumcreditforthisof1/3oftheactualsentence.Assuchthecourtreduceshissentenceby1/3from3½yearsto28monthsinprison;

Theaccusedissentencedto28monthsimprisonment.

Step7–Thecourtsentencestheaccusedto28monthsinprisonbut,inannouncingthelengthofsentencegivetheabovereasonstoexplainthebasisuponwhichthiswasmade.


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“the period of time spent in custody is a result of problems with theadministrationofjusticeinthecountry.So,itisourconsideredopinionthattheperiodshouldnotbeloadedontheaccusedpersonswhoarehelplessandcannotdoanythingabout it. Trial courts should take suchperiods intoaccountand ifthatisnotevidentappellatecourtsshouldinterfere.”85

The “time spent in custody” includes all periods of detentions as a result of theoffencewhichisbeingsentencedandshallincludedetentionbypoliceandatprison.

Step8Deductanytimespentonremandincustodyawaitingsentence

Thepracticalmechanismfordoingthisisnotsetoutinstatute.TheCourtofAppealhas said that it should not be left to the Superintendent of Prisons to make thecalculation concerning the amount of actual time in custody to be taken off thesentence.Itsaidthiswasaroleforthecourts.

The current practice of the courts is to pronounce a sentence based onwhat theywouldhavegivenminusthetimespentincustody.Itissuggestedthatbestpracticeisthatinsteadthecourtpronouncetheactualsentenceitproposesandthenordersthatthetimespentincustodyisdeductedfromtheactualsentence.

Thishasthebenefitthatthegravityoftheoffenceisreflectedintheactualsentencepronouncedandtheaccused,victimandpublicallhaveconfidencethatthesentencewassufficientlyserious. Finally, italsomeansthat thosesentencedtooffenceswithmandatory minimum sentences are not arbitrarily detained longer due toadministrativeinefficiencies.

7. AncillaryOrdersIn addition to any sentence imposed by the court, it may make ancillary ordersdependingonwhichstatutorypowersapplytowhichoffence.Ineverycase,itisgood

85SeeNyanzalaMadahavR.[CAT]Cr.AppealNo.135of2005(unreported)

Summaryoftheapproachtotakingtimeservedincustodyfromsentence:(1)Undertakethesentencingprocessanddeterminetheappropriatesentence(2)Statethatthisisthesentence(3)Determinefromtheprosecutor,accusedandprisonauthoritiesthenumberofdaysinpolicedetentionandprisonawaitingtrialforthatparticularoffence(4)Statethatanytimetheaccusedhasspentindetentionorcustodymustbeconsideredastimewhichhasalreadybeenservedaspartofthesentence.Example of words by court: “…..I sentence you to a term of [4] years in prison. Any time you have served in police detention or prison custody for this particular offence shall be automatically deducted from the time you have left to serve for this sentence. I am informed by the prison authorities that this is a period of [205] days.”


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practice for the court, on completion of sentence, to ask the prosecution whichancillaryordersitisseekingoutofthecase.Theaccused(orhisrepresentative)shouldbegiventheopportunitytorespondtotheprosecution.

Step9Pronounceallancillaryorders(costs,compensation,restitution,forfeiture)

TherearenumerousordersavailabletoalloffencesundertheCriminalProcedureAct,PenalCodeandotherlegislation.

In addition, many of the same powers are also found in statutes governing specificoffencessuchaswildlife,drugs,corruption, terrorism,economiccrimesact. Manyoftheseactshaveadditionalancillarypowersavailablewhichshouldbeconsideredbytheprosecutionandthecourt:

• Costs–thecourtmayorderaconvictedpersontopaythecostsofthepublicorprivateprosecutorsubjecttomaximumamountstatedinstatutewhichisTshs.4000intheHighCourtandTshs.2000inthesubordinatecourt.86

• Compensation–compensationcanbeawardedtoanypersonwhohassufferedpersonal injury or material loss in consequence of the offence and thatsubstantial compensation would be recoverable in a civil suit. The court canaward such compensation (in kind or in money) as it considers “fair andreasonable”. The awarding of damages to victims of a sexual offence ismandatory.Compensationisnotpermittedforacapitaloffence.87

• Forfeitureandconfiscationofanypropertyused(orintendedtobeused)forthe purpose of committing or facilitating the commissioning of an offence.There is a general power under the CPA for all criminal offences.88 This issubjecttoparticularprovisionsregardingforfeitureunderanyActtheoffendermay have been convicted (e.g.Wildlife Conservation Act,89 Fisheries Act, TheForest Act, the Mining Act, Economic and Organized Crime Control Act90andDrugsControlEnforcementAct).

• Disposalofexhibitsnotclaimedwithin12months.91Thecourtmayorderthesale,destructionorotherdisposalofexhibitsnot claimedwithin12months–there is nothing to stop this order being given at sentence and executed 12monthslater.

86S345CPA87Ss348-50CPA88Section 351-2 of the CPA provide general powers to the court on any offence to order forfeiture and confiscation of anypropertyunder“hispossessionorcontrolatthetimeofhisapprehension–(a)hasbeenusedforthepurposeofcommittingorfacilitatingthecommissionofanyoffence;or(b)wasintendedbyhimtobeusedforthatpurpose”.Thecourtmayorderforthedestruction,deliveryorsaleofthatproperty.89Sees111WildlifeConservationAct2009whichlistsspecificitemsandwidenspowersincertaincircumstancestoforfeititems“usedoremployedinthecommissionoftheoffence”.90S23(3)EOCCA91S353(1)CPAbutalsoseeprovisionsinoffencespecificlegislation


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• Disposal of articles subject to decay92 - this powermaybeusedat any timeduringthecourtprocessincludingaftersentence.

• Power to subject anoffender to police supervision from thedate of releasefromprison–thispowerisavailabletoanyoffenderwhohasbeenconvictedofanoffencewhichispunishablewithatermofthreeyearsormore.Thelengthof supervision must not exceed five years from the offenders’ release fromprison. The supervision could include a requirement to reside in a specificdistrict;notleavedistrictwithoutwrittenconsent;providedetailsofresidence;presenthimselftoofficialsinthedistrictonrequest.93

There are many orders specific to certain offences under certain Acts. The mostnotableinclude:

• Forfeiture of any property owned by a person convicted of a serious drugoffenceundertheDCEA.94

• ForcorruptionoffencesunderthePCCAapersonconvictedofcertaincorruptionoffences must, in addition to any sentence (including fine), pay to thegovernment(ortohisprincipalifactingasanagent)theamountorvalueofanyadvantagetheyreceivedfromtheoffence.95

• Registrationofcertainoffenders(e.g.personsconvictedofwildlifeoffences).96

Step 10 Ask the prosecution if any orders are required for proceeds of crimeapplications

8. ProceedsofCrimeTheprocess for a confiscationorder of theproceedsof crimeunder theProceedsofCrimeActisnotapartofthesentencingprocess.

However, the court shouldbe aware that theprosecutionmay, in appropriate cases,afterconvictionapplytothecourtforeither:

(1)aforfeitureorderagainsttaintedpropertyinrespectoftheoffence;or

(2)apecuniarypenaltyorderagainstthepersoninrespectofanybenefitderivedbythepersonfromthecommissionoftheoffence.

Inparticular,ifanapplicationismadebeforetheaccusedhasbeensentencedthenthecourt may, if satisfied that it is reasonable to do so in all the circumstances, defer

92S353(2)CPA–maybeappliedatanytime intrialandnotsimplyonconviction. Similar provisionsapplyforoffencespecificlegislationE.g.wildlifetrophiesundersections101WildlifeConservationAct200993S341-43CPA94S49TheDrugsControlandEnforcementAct201595SeePCCAandprovisionsforss15,16,17and1896Seesections119and120WildlifeConservationAct2009


29

passingsentenceuntilithasdeterminedtheapplicationfortheconfiscationorder.97Assuch,itisgoodpracticetoasktheprosecutionifproceedsofcrimeapplicationisbeingconsidered.

Iftheapplicationisforapecuniarypenaltyorder,thendeferringsentenceisunlikelytobereasonableasthecourtcannotgrantthisorderbeforetheexpiryof6monthsafterthedateofconviction.

97TheProceedsofCrimeActs13(2)


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ReferencesA. Legislation

1. CriminalProcedureAct,Cap.20[R.E2002]

2. CyberCrimeAct,Cap.443

3. EconomicandOrganizedCrimeControlAct,Cap200[R.E2002];

4. LawoftheChildAct,Cap.13;

5. LegalAidAct,2017No.1of2017;

6. PenalCode,Cap.16[R.E2002]

7. TheDrugsControlandEnforcementAct,2015;

8. TheForestAct,Cap.323

9. ThePreventionandCombatingofCorruptionAct,Cap.329[R.E2002]

10. TheProceedsofCrimeAct;Cap.256

11. TheWrittenLaws(MiscellaneousAmendments)(No,2)ACT,2012;

12. TheWrittenLaws(MiscellaneousAmendments)Act,2016;

13. WildlifeConservationAct,2009Cap.283

B. Rules

1. JuvenileCourtProcedureRules,GN182of2016

C. Cases

1. AdanvRepublic[1973]EA445;

2. Ahmeds/oMahamedivR,(1969)HCDNo.235

3. AllyandAnothervR.(1972)HCD115;

4. AsiaAllyvR.[2000]TLR234;

5. Asumanis/oMatakavR.(1968)HCD427;

6. AugustinoMpondavR.[1991]TLR97;

7. BaguaniMhinaJumbevRCr.Appeal120of1993(unreported);

8. BakariIhondes/oMhayavR(1921-1952)1TLR;

9. BenardKapojosyev.R.CriminalAppealNo.411of2013(unreported);

10. CharlesMashimbavR.[2005]TLR90;

11. DPPvPauleReubenMakujaa,(1992)TLR2;

12. DPP v Thadei Mlomo and others, Cr Appeals 7-15 of 1989, (CA-Mbeya),(1989)(unreported);


31

13. EliasMwangokav.R.CriminalAppealNo.25of2015(CAMbeya);

14. FrancisChilembavR.1968)HCDNo.510

15. Giotasv.Regina[2008]NSWCCA287;

16. HainingandOthersvR.(1972)HCD53

17. James Barnabas alias King Mazishi v R., Cr. Appeal No. 221 of 2004(unreported);

18. JamesYoramv.R,(1951)18EACA147;

19. Jofreys/oLeiboov.R.CriminalAppealNo.24of2013;

20. JonathanMluganiv.R.CriminalAppealNo.15of2011;

21. [email protected];

22. JumaBuruhaniMapundaandAnothervR.Cr.AppealNo.40of2002(2005)(unreported);

23. KamundivRepublic,[1973]EA540;

24. Katinda Simbila @ Ng’Waninana v. R. Cr. Appeal No. 15 of 2008(unreported)(CourtofAppealTabora);

25. KhalidAthumanivR.[2006]TLR79;

26. KhamizRashidShabanvtheDPP,Zanzibar,CrAppealNo.184of2012(CA-ZNZ);

27. LaureanAnacletiandAnothervR.1973LRTNo.34;

28. NilsonvR.[1970];

29. NyanzalaMadahavR.[CAT]Cr.AppealNo.135of2005(unreported);

30. OmariHassanKiparavR,Cr.AppealNo.80of2012;

31. PaulvR.[1990-94]1EA513(CAT);

32. RvBarikis/oTweveandanother,CriminalCase42of2002(unreported);

33. RvBeswick,[1996]1Cr.App.No.343,

34. RvJ.W.[2010]NSWCCA10;

35. RvKasongos/oLuhogwa,(1953-1957)2TLR(R)47;

36. RvR.[2012]NSWCCA32;

37. RvSulemaniSaidiandanother(1977)LRT29;

38. RvSuwediMukasas/oAbdullaAligwaisa,(1946)EACA97;

39. RvTolera,[1999]1Cr.App.25;

40. RvUnderwood[2005]Cr.App.R13;


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41. RvWillyWalosha,Cr.AppealNo.7of2002(unreported);

42. R.vSulemaniSaidiandAnother,[1977]LRTNo.29;

43. R.v.MohamedAliJamal,(1948)15EACA126;

44. RuzibukyaTibabyekomyav.R.CriminalAppealNo.218of2011;

45. SalumShabanivR.Cr.Appeal49of1982;

46. SamsonKayoraandAnothervR.(1985)TLR158

47. SamweliSanyangivR.CriminalAppealNo.141of2012;

48. ShabaniIddiJololo&3OthersvR.Cr.AppealNo.200of2006(CA-DOM),

49. SilvanusLeonardNguruwev.R.[1982]T.L.R.66;

50. SmithvR.[2007]NSWCCA138;

51. SwaleheNdungajilunguvR.[2005]TLR94at98;

52. TabuFikwavR.[1988]TLR45;

53. WanjiruvR.[1975]EA5;

54. XavierSequeiravR,CriminalRevision4of1993(unreported);

55. Yahana Hassan and Godson Hiza v R, Cr. Appeal No. 16 of 2000(unreported);

56. YassinOmariandAnothervR.Cr.AppealNo.212of1992;

57. YonasaniEgaluandOthersvR.(9EACA65)P.67

D. Books

1. B.D.Chipeta,AHandbookforPublicProsecutors,(2007,3rded.).

2. B.Slattery,AHandbookonSentencing;

3. F.Mirindo,AdministrationofJusticeinMainlandTanzania,(2011).

E. Paper

E.M.K.Rutakangwa,CriminalJusticeSystem:SentencingbyCourtsinTanzania,tothemembersofJMAT,Arusha,10thAugust2014;


33

AnnexA:SentencingProcessFlowChartThesentencingprocessstartsaftertherehasbeenaconvictionoftheaccusedbasedeitherupon (1) a plea of guilty; or (2) a conviction following a contested trial. In eithercircumstancethecourtmustformallyconvictapersonbeforeproceedingtosentence.Thecourtwillthenproceedtosentenceasfollows:PreliminaryMatters:

TheSentencingProcess

• Formally convict the accused

• The prosecution should provide the court with any additional relevant information

• The accused (or legal representative) provides the court with any relevant information

• The court may receive and/or request information from any person it considers relevant including probation, social worker, or the views of the victim


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AnnexB–SentencingForm(Madeundersection394ofCPAandsection71MCA)

Court

CaseNo.

Parties:

Charge/indictment:

Dateofconviction Dateofsentencehearing

Informationtobeobtainedtoinformsentencedecision:Prosecutionoutlineofkeyfactsofcaseincludingaggravating/mitigatingfactors;anyco-operationwithauthoritiesandanyrelevantlegalguidanceforcourts

PreviousConvictions: Accusedinformationincludingmitigatingfactorsandpersonalcircumstancesandanyrelevantguidance

Other Information (e.g.Probation)

Information from victim (whereappropriate)

(i)IdentifythestatutorysentencingrangefortheoffencesMinimumSentenceforoffence(s)

MaximumSentenceforoffence(s)


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[NB:Iftheoffencehasaspecificsentencingguidelinethentheymustbeapplied]

(ii)SeriousnessofOffencewithinthesentencingrange:Low/Medium/High-withreasons

(iii)Aggravatingfactors(increasingseriousness)

(iv)Mitigating factors (reducingseriousnessofthisoffence)

• Personalcircumstances(includingfinancialmeans)

• Any co-operation withauthorities

• Otheroffencesand/orsentenceofco-accused

• Viewsofvictim

(v)Fixthesentence

(vi)Ifpleadedguiltyareduction(ifappropriate)ofnomorethan1/3

(vii)Pronouncesentence

(viii)Orderthatanytimespentinremand(ifany)tobedeductedfromtimelefttoserve

(ix)Ancillaryorders(forexamplecompensation,disqualificationfromdrivingorproceedsofcrime.

DateandSignature:


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AnnexCApproachbyCourttoDifferentTypesofSentenceOptions

9. JudicialGuidanceonDifferentFormsofPunishment

9.1. Imprisonment“Wherever a first offender is concerned the emphasis should always be on thereformativeaspectofpunishmentunless theoffence isoneof sucha seriousnaturethatanexemplarypunishmentisrequiredorunlesstheoffenceissowidespreadthatseverepunishmentisneededasshockdeterrent.”Georges,C.J27

“Itisacommonlawprinciplethatwhereastatutecreatinganoffencelaysdowninnouncertain terms the sort of punishment to be imposed on offenders against thatstatute, it is incumbentonthecourtcalledupontoenforcethelawtoactwithinthestrictlanguageofthelaw;

“Section30of theMoshi (ManufactureandDistillation)Actusesthewords"shallbeliableonconvictiontoimprisonment"whichwhenproperlyconstruedgivesdiscretiontothecourttoimposeanoptionofafinesentence”

“Theapplicationofthecommonlawprinciple(i.e.(i))mustbesubjecttosection27(3)98ofthePenalCodewhichsaysthatapersonliabletoimprisonmentmaybesentencedtopayafineinadditionto,orinsteadofimprisonment”.Samatta,J.inTabuFikwav.R.,[1988]T.L.R48

9.1.1. FineWhereafineisimposedunderanylaw,intheabsenceofexpressprovisionsrelatingtothatfinethefollowingapply:

• Whereitisproposedtoimposeasentenceofafine,thecapacityoftheaccusedtopaythefinemustbeconsideredalongwiththegravityoftheoffence.99

• Wherenosumisexpressedtowhichthefinemaybeextendedthe“finewhichmaybeimposedisunlimitedbutshallnotbeexcessive.”100

• Thefineshouldbeonewhichanaccusedpersoncanreasonablybeexpectedtopay.101

Whenanoffencemaybepunishablebyafineand/orimprisonmentthedecisionisamatterforthecourt.102

Where the statutory provision creating an offence explicitly mentions bothimprisonmentandfineasmethodsofpunishmentthis indicatesthatfinehasbeen

98Penal Code [Cap. 16 R.E 200] s27(2)99SeeAllyandAnothervR.(1972)HCDn115referredtoinBDChipeta,AHandbookforPublicProsecutors,(2007,3rded.,)p75100PenalCoder9(a)101SalumShabanivR.Cr.Appeal49of1982(MtengaJ.)102PenalCoder29(b)


37

envisagedbythelegislatureastheprincipalmodeofpunishment,andimprisonmentshouldnotnormallybeawarded.103

Ifanoffencehasamandatoryleveloffine(e.g.wildlifeoffencesbasedonthevalueoftheitem)thenthismustbeimposed.

9.1.2. SentenceinDefaultofFine:

If the court decides that the appropriate level of sentence isonly a fine then thecourtshouldsetasentenceofimprisonmentindefaultofpayment.• Thisdefaultsentenceshouldnotbelongerthan6monthsunlessthelawallowsa

longerperiod.104• The courtmay adjourn for the offender to pay up to 15 days and extend this

period.• Thecourtmayalsodirectthatpaymentsaremadebyinstallments.105

9.1.3. ABondforgoodbehavior106• Thedurationofabondmustnotexceed3years.• Theconditionsofthebondmustbecertainandnotundulyharsh,unreasonable

orneedlesslyonerous.Forinstance,aconditionofabondthatanaccusedwhoresides and works for gain within Arusha City, but his family lives in EngareOlmotonyi, not to enter the latter location without the permission of thesentencingjudgeormagistrateis“harsh,unreasonableandonerous”.

9.1.4. CommunityServiceIndeservingcasestheCourtmayalsosentenceanaccusedpersontocommunityserviceinsteadofimprisonmentaftermakingdeterminationundertheCommunityServicesAct,Cap.291.

9.1.5. CorporalPunishment

Incertaincircumstances,theCourtmayalsosentenceanaccusedpersontocorporalPunishment under section 25(3) of the Penal Code, Cap. 16 R.E 2002 and section167(1)and170(1)(c)&(2)(b)oftheCriminalProcedureActCap.20R.E2002.

103AsperBakaris/oHamisv.R[1969]H.C.DNo.311

104CPAs336105CPAs330106CPAs337


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AnnexDSentencingofChildren

10. General

Thelawforsentencingofchildrenandadultsisdifferent.TheLawoftheChildAct,Cap.13andtheLawoftheChildAct,Cap.13(JuvenileCourtProcedure)Rules,2016,G.N.182/2016applytoallchildrenincriminalproceedings.Thisguidanceshallbeapplicabletoachildwhoisinconflictwiththelaw.Ifapersonisunder18heisachild.Ifheisunder 18 at the time the commit the offence then he is a child for the purposes ofsentenceevenifatsuchtime,hehasattainedtheageofmajority.

11. JuvenileCourt-generalCriminal proceedings concerning a child shall be conducted in a Juvenile Court inaccordancewiththeLawoftheChildAct,Cap.13.107ThiscourtshallbepresidedoverbyaResidentMagistrate.

All court proceedings shall be held in camera in Magistrates chambers or in closedcourtrooms.108Theformatoftheroomshouldbelessformalthananadultcourtroom.Thepersonspermittedtoattendinclude:109

• courtpersonnel,• advocates,• socialwelfareofficers,• guardiansatlitem/anextfriend/orotherappropriaterepresentatives;• parents/guardians/caretakers;

Inaddition,withpermissionofthecourtandtheconsentofthechildthefollowingmayattend:• arelativeorfriendofthechild;• personsattendingforpurposesoftrainingorresearch’• Anyotherpersonthemagistrateconsidersisappropriate

11.1. AgeDetermination:110Whenapersonappearsbeforeacourtclaimstobeachild,andthatclaimisdisputed,thecourt shall causean inquiry tobemade into thechild’sage111(under s113of theLawoftheChildAct,Cap.13).

107 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s97, 98 and 100 108 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) Rules, 2016 G.N. 182/2016 r11(1) 109 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r11(2) and Law of the Child Act,Cap.13 s99(1) 110 Law of the Child Act,Cap.13, s113 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedures) Rules, r.12 111 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r12(1)

The“TanzanianSentencingHandbook”setsouttheproceduresandlawsforadults.Ifthecourtissentencingayouthitmustbemodifiedtocomplywiththislawandregulations


39

Thecourtinmakingthisdeterminationmayrelyuponanyofthefollowingrecords:112• Birthcertificate-whichshallbeconsideredconclusiveevidenceunlessrebutted• Medicalevidenceasisnecessarytoprovebirthwhetheritisofadocumentary

natureorotherwise• Informationfromanyprimaryschoolattendedbythechildastothechild’sdate

ofbirth• Anyprimaryschoolleavingcertificateoritsequivalent• Anyothercredibleinformationordocument

Iftheabovedocumentsarenotavailableordonotdeterminetheageofthechildthecourtmaytakeintoaccountthefollowingevidence:113• Anyimmunizationormedicalevidence• Amedicalexaminationtodetermineage(exceptskeletalXrayshallnotbeused

asameansofagedeterminationwithouttheleaveofthecourtwhichshallonlybegiveninexceptionalcircumstances)

• Asocialenquiryreportrequestedbythejuvenilecourt. Thisshallbeprovidedbythesocialwelfareofficer

The court may order that DNA evidence is taken to determine the identity of thechild.114

Wheretheenquiry is inconclusiveonthematterofagebut“there iscausetobelievethatthepersonmaybeachilditshallbepresumedthatthepersonisachildundertheage of 18 and shall be treated as such.”115 The Court has recently held that theevidence of a parent is better than that of amedical doctor as regards the parent’sevidenceonthechild’sage...AfterallthecontentsoftheBirthCertificatebyandlargedependsontheinformationfromparents.116

11.2. LegalAssistanceforchildrenatallsentencehearingsismandatory:Thecourtshallensurethatachildisrepresentedatallhearing.117Wherethechilddoesnothaverepresentation, themagistrateshalladjournproceedingsat the firsthearingtoallowarepresentativetobeappointedforthechild.Ifrepresentationisappointedthatdaythenthecaseshallbeadjournedforashorttimeforthemtospeakandshallthencontinueonthesameday.Ifrepresentationisnotappointedonthatdaythecaseshallbeadjournedforamaximumof14days.118

Apersonwhoisachildincriminalproceedingsshallhavearighttolegalaidandotherappropriate assistance.119 If a child does not have legal representation it shall beprovidedfreeofcharge,whereverpracticable.120

112 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r12(2) 113 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r12(4) 114 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r12(6) 115 Law of the Child(Juvenile Court Procedure) r12(7) 116Mustapha Khamis v. R Criminal Appeal No. 70/2016 CAT (Unreported) 117 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) Rules r 27(1) 118 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r27(1)-(4) 119 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r14(1) 120 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r14(2)


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Whereachildcannotaffordtopayforlegalrepresentationanditisnotpracticabletoprovide free legalassistance thenheshallbe representedbyaparentorappropriateassistancefromaguardianadlitem.121Thecourtshallexplaintothechildthathemaychoose to be represented by a parent or that he may select a guardian ad litem orrequestthatthecourtappointsuchperson.122

However,themagistrateshalldisqualifyaparticularparent,guardianadlitemorcarerfromassistingthechildif:123• Theyarechargedwithanoffencebasedonthesamefacts• Theyhavebeenconvictedofanoffenceagainstthechild• Itisnotinthebestinterestsofthechildtobesoassisted• ThechildisinthecareofthelocalgovernmentauthorityunderChildProtection

Regulations, 2014124and they determine it is not in the best interests of thechild

If there isconflictbetweenthechildandtheguardianad litem thechildmayrequestthatheorthecourtappointanewone.125Ifthecourtconsiderstheguardianadlitemisactingcontrarytothebestinterestsofthechildthecourtmay,onitsownmotionoranapplicationbythesocialwelfaredepartment,dismiss themandeither thechildorcourtshallappointanewone.126

The magistrate-in-charge in consultation with the head of the social welfaredepartmentforthedistrictshallensurethereareanadequatenumberofguardianadlitemtoassistachild.127Thecourtshallkeeparecordofavailableguardianadlitem.128

11.3. Courtpowers to requireattendanceofparent, guardian, relativeor socialwelfareofficer:129

In its discretion, the courtmay require theattendanceat courtof the child’sparent,guardian,relative,orsocialwelfareofficer.Ifaparent,guardianad litemorcaretakerdoesnotattendcourtthenthecourtmayissueasummonstocompelthemtoattend.130

11.4. Participationofthechildintheproceedings:The court should make sure that a child has the capacity to participate in criminalproceedings; by understanding the proceedings or being able to instruct hisrepresentatives.Thecourtcanadjournandseekreportstodetermineifafairhearingcantakeplace.131

121 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(1) and (2) 122 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(2) 123 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r26 124GN.11 of 2015 125 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(7) 126 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(8) 127 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(9) 128 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r15(10) 129 Law of the Child Act Cap. 13 s.112 130 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) 2016 r.112 131 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) 2016 r.35


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11.5. PleaWhen a child is charged with an offence, the court shall explain to the child in alanguagethatheunderstands:132• Thesubstanceofthechargesandtheparticularsoftheoffence;• Thefactsthatshallbeestablishedbeforethechildcanbefoundguilty;• Theroleofthemagistrate;and• Theproceduresofthecourt.

The child shall be asked to enter aplea133after hehasbeengivenanopportunity tocommunicatewithhisrepresentative.134

Ifachildpleadsguiltythecourtshallrecordthepleaasnearlyaspossibleinthewordsheusesandenterapleaofguilty.135

Thecourtshallinvitetheprosecutortopresentthesummaryofthefactsandcalluponthechildtorespondonthefacts.136Ifthecourtissatisfiedthattheresponseamountstoanunequivocalpleaitshallenteraconviction.137

Ifthecourtisnotsatisfiedthatthepleaisunequivocalitshallenterapleaofnotguiltyandproceedtotrial.

11.6. Convictionfollowingtrial-thejudgmentIf the child is convicted following a trial then the magistrate shall deliver a writtenjudgment which shall be pronounced at court within 21 days of conclusion of theproceedings.138Itshall• contain the evidence presented, points for determination, the court’s verdict

anditsreasons.139• bedatedandsignedbytheMagistrate.140• Specifytheoffenceandthesectionofthe lawunderwhichthechildhasbeen

convicted.141

The court shall explain to the child the substance of the judgment given and itsconsequences.142

Thecourtshallinformthepartiesthattheyhave14daysinwhichtoenteranappeal143.

11.7. SentencingprinciplesandprocessThecourtshall,beforereachingadecisionontheappropriatesentenceforaconvictedchildhaveregardtothefollowingprinciples:144

132 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s.105 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r32 133 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s.107 134 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r32(2) 135 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r32(3) 136 Law of the Child Juvenile Court Procedure) r32(4) 137 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r32(5) 138 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r48(1) and (3) 139 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r48(1) and (3) 140 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r48(2) 141 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r48(5) 142 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r48(7) 143 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r123 144 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r49(1)


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• The need for proportionality by reference to the circumstances of both theoffenceandtheoffender;

• Theimportanceofrehabilitatingandreintegratingachildoffender;• Theneedtomaintainandstrengthenfamilyrelationshipswheneverpossible;• Thedesirabilityof imposing the least restrictionconsistentwith the legitimate

aimofprotectingthevictimsandthecommunity;• Theimportanceofchildoffendersacceptingresponsibilityfortheiractionsand

beingabletodevelopresponsible,beneficialandsociallyacceptableways;• The need to take into account factors that have contributed to the child’s

offendingbehaviourincludinganymentalhealthproblemsorlearningdisability,poverty,loweducationalachievementandlackofparentalcare;

• Theneedstotakeintoaccountthespecialcircumstancesofparticulargroupsofchildoffenders,especiallychildrenlivingindifficultcircumstances.

Beforepassingsentence,thecourtshalltakeintoaccountthefollowinginformationastohischaracter,antecedents,homelife,occupationandhealthasmayenableittodealwiththecaseinthebestinterestsofthechild:145• TheSocialEnquiryReport(seebelowfordetails);• Anypleaofmitigationmadebythechildormadeonhisbehalf;• Theculpabilityofthechildandtheharmcaused,intendedorforeseeable,taking

intoaccountaggravatingandmitigatingfactorsrelatingtotheoffence;• Thatplacementinanapprovedschoolshouldonlybeimposedasanexceptional

measure,asalastresortandfortheshortestappropriateperiodoftime;or• Whetheradischargeoranon-custodialsentencewouldbeinthebestinterests

ofthechildandservetheinterestsofjustice.

11.8. SocialEnquiryReportBefore the court may sentence it shall require a “social enquiry report” to beprepared146byacourtsocialwelfareofficer.Thisshallbecompletedwithin14daysoftherequestbeingmade.147

Asocialenquiryreportshallcontaindetailsofthechildincluding:148

• The child’s background and other material circumstances likely to be ofassistancetothecourt;

• Presentfamilycircumstancesandthehomelifeexperiencedbythechild;• Whetherthechildattendsschooloranytrainingprogrammeorisemployed• Thechild’sstateofhealth;• Anypreviousoffencesthechildmayhavecommitted;• Assessmentofthechancesofthechildreoffendingorcausingseriousharm;and• Recommendationsontheappropriatesentencetakingintoaccountthepurpose

of sentence shall be rehabilitation and to assist the child to be a constructivememberofhisfamilyandcommunity.

145 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s.111 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r49(2) 146 Law of the Child Act (Juvenile Court Procedure) r32(50 147 Law of the Child Act (Juvenile Court Procedure) r46(4) 148 Law of the Child Act (Juvenile Court Procedure) r47(1)


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Thesocialenquiryreportshallbefactual,objectiveandunbiased,withclearlyidentifiedrecommendationsandoptionsforpassingasentenceonthechild.

11.9. FormsofSentenceforaChildinConflictoftheLawsAchildmaynotbesentencedtoimprisonment149ordeath.

ThefollowingarethesentencestobeconsideredforachildinaccordancewiththeLawoftheChild:150• Dischargethechildwithoutmakinganyorder;151• Orderthechildtoberepatriatedattheexpenseofthegovernmenttohishome

ordistrictoforiginwithinTanzania;152• Orderthechildtobehandedovertothecareofafitpersonorinstitutionnamed

intheorderiftheyarewillingtoundertakesuchcare;153• ConditionalDischargewithorwithouteither(1)asuretyfromparents/guardians

or(2)conditions;• ProbationOrder;• Fineagainsttheparent/guardian/relativeofthechild;or• Committaltocustodyatanapprovedschool.154

NB:Aconditionaldischargeisnotavailableforhomicide.155

In addition, following sentence the following ancillary orders may be considered asordersaftersentence:• Compensationtobepaidbytheparent/guardian/relativeofthechild• Coststobepaidbytheparent/guardian/relativeofthechild

11.9.1. ConditionalDischarge:Whereachildisconvictedofanoffence,thecourtmaymakeanorderdischargingtheoffender on the condition that he agrees (enters into a recognisance) to be of goodbehaviour.156

Theperiodofgoodbehaviourshallbespecifiedandshallnotexceedthree(3)years.157Therearethreeversionsofaconditionaldischargewhichmaybegiven:(1) ConditionalDischarge(2) ConditionalDischargewithfinancialsurety-Thismayberequiredfromtheparent

orguardianofthechild.However,itshallnotberequirediftheydonothavethefinancialmeanstopay.

149 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s119 150 Law of the Child Act (Juvenile Court Procedure) r50-54 151 Law of the Child Act Cap. 13, s119(2)(a) 152 Law of the Child Act Cap. 13, s119(2)(b) 153 Law of the Child Act Cap.13, s119(2)(c) 154 Law of the Child Act Cap. 13 , s120 155 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s116 156 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r50(1) 157 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r50(1)


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(3) Conditionaldischarge:Anyoneorcombinationofthefollowing• SupervisionOrder:Theplacementofthechildunderthesupervisionofaparent,

guardian,relativeorheadofthesocialwelfaredepartment.Thepersonorbodychosenshouldbenamedintheorder.Ifthereisnoparent,guardianorrelativewilling to supervise then the head of social welfare department shall beappointed

• Anoralorwrittenapologytoaspecifiedperson(s)orinstitution(s)• Referraltoacommunityrehabilitationorreintegrationprogramme• Referraltocounsellingortherapy• Restitutionofaspecifiedobjecttoaspecificvictim(s)wheretheobjectcanbe

returnedorrestored• Provision of some limited service or benefit to the victim(s): Any service or

benefitmustcomplywithPartVIIoftheActwhichregulatestheemploymentofchildren

• Provisionof some limited serviceorbenefit to the communitywhen there isnotidentifiableperson(s)orinstitutionforrestitution

• Referencing the child to family group conferencing or to victim offendermediation

11.9.2. FineThe court may award a fine by itself or in addition to any other punishment if itconsidersitisinthebestinterestsofthechild.However,thefinemustbepaidbytheparent,guardianorrelativeofthechild.158

11.9.3. ProbationOrderWhen a conditional discharge is not sufficient the court shall consider imposing aprobationorder.Aprobationordermaybesubjecttooneormoreofthefollowingconditions:• Reportingtoarelevantsocialwelfareofficeratspecifiedtimesandplaces• Obeyinganyinstructionsofthesocialwelfareofficer• Reportinganychangesofaddress,schooloremployment• Notleavinganareaofresidencewithoutpermission• Refrainingfromcontactorcommunicationwithaspecifiedperson(s)• Refrainingfromenteringspecifiedpremisesoraspecifiedarea• Obeyingschoolrulesorhomerules• Additional conditions to attend school, reside at a particular place, undergo

treatment or counselling, attend rehabilitation or reintegration programme, ornottousealcoholordrugs

11.9.4. CommittaltoanApprovedSchool.159Asamatteroflastresort,thecourtmayorderthatachildiscommittedtocustodyatanapprovedschool.

158 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13, s.118 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r51(1) 159 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r54


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Itmayonlymakethisorderifitconsiders:• Theoffenceisaseriousoffenceofviolence;or• asaresultoftheconvictionheisdeemedtobeahabitualoffender

and• iftheoffencehadbeencommittedbyanadultitwouldhavebeenpunishableby

acustodialsentence;and

• thecourtbelievesthereisasignificantriskorharmtomembersofthepublicThemaximumtermofsentenceis3yearsoruntilheis18years,-whicheverisearlier.

11.9.5. CostsThe court may award costs by itself or in addition to any other punishment if itconsidersitisinthebestinterestsofthechild.However,thefinemustbepaidbytheparent,guardianorrelativeofthechild.160

11.9.6. CompensationThecourtmayawardcompensationbyitselforinadditiontoanyotherpunishmentifitconsidersitisinthebestinterestsofthechild.However,thefinemustbepaidbytheparent,guardianorrelativeofthechild.161

11.10. AppealsThecourtshall,onconvictionandsentenceinformthepartiesthattheyhave14daysinwhichtoenteranappeal.162

160 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s.118 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r51(1) 161 Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13 s.118 and Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r51(1) 162 Law of the Child (Juvenile Court Procedure) r123


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PARTII

SentenceGuidelinesforSpecificOffences

Introduction1. Manslaughter(s.195PenalCode)2. Grievousbodilyharm(s.225PenalCode)3. Assaultcausingactualbodilyharm(s.241PenalCode)Corrupt transactions (Offences under the Prevention and Combatting of CorruptionAct(“PCCA”)lessthan1billionTsh)

i. CorruptTransactions(S15PCCA)ii. CorruptTransactionsinContractsbyaPublicOfficial(s16PCCA)iii. CorruptTransactionsinProcurement(s17(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)iv. CorruptTransactionsinAuctions(s18(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)v. CorruptTransactionsinEmployment(s20(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)vi. TransferofProceedsofCorruption(s34(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)

OtherCorruptionOffencesunderthePCCA• BriberyofaForeignOfficial(s21(1)and(2)PCCA)• Useofanydocumentintendedtomisleadprincipal(s22PCCA)• ObtainingandAdvantage(S23(1)and(2)PCCA)• Sexualorotherfavours(S.25PCCA)• PublicOfficialsFailingtoGiveAccountsofProperties(s.26PCCA)• PossessionofUnexplainedProperty(s.27PCCA)• EmbezzlementandMisappropriation(s28(1)and(2)PCCA)• DiversionofGovernmentProperty(s.29PCCA)• AidingandAbettingAnyCorruptionOffence(s.30PCCA)• AbuseofPosition(S.31PCCA)• Conspiracy(S.32PCCA)• UndueAdvantageinOrderforaPublicOfficialtobeinfluenced(s33(1)PCCA)• SolicitingorAcceptingundueAdvantageforaPublicOfficial(s33(2)PCCA)• DrugOffencesundertheDrugControlandEnforcementAct

• DrugTraffickingundertheDrugsControlandEnforcementAct(“DCEA”)2015• DrugTrafficking(s15(1))• DrugTraffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance(15(1)(a))• Trafficking, diverting or illegally dealing in any way with precursor chemicals,

substances with drug related effect and used in the process of manufacturing(15(1)(b))

• Directlyor indirectlyfacilitatesorcausesotherpersontobeusedasabondageforthepurposeofdrugtrafficking(15(1)(c))

• Production, Transportation, Importation, Exportation, Selling, Purchasing ofNarcoticDrugsorSubstances(15(2))

• Illegal Possession ofmachines, equipment and laboratory or other utensils fornarcoticandpsychotropicsubstances(s16)


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• DrugTraffickingoflesseramount(DCEAs15A)

• Possessionofsmallquantityofdrugsanduseofdrugs• Possession of small quantity* of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances for

personaluse(17(1)(a))• Possessionofsmallquantity*ofnarcoticdrugsotherthanthosespecifiedunder

s.17(1)(a).(17(1)(a)• UseSmoking,Sniffing,Injecting,etcofDrugs.(s18(a)(b)&(c))• Permissiontousepremises,enclosureorconveyanceforpreparation,smoking,

selling, injecting, inhaling, sniffing a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance(s19(1))

• OtherDrugOffencesundertheDCEA• Administeringfornarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance(s.20(1)(a)(b)&(c))• Embezzlementbyauthorizedcultivators(s.21)• Breachingofterms,licenceorpermit(s.22)• Financingofillegalactivities(s.23)


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IntroductiontoOffenceSpecificSentencingGuidelinesThe Chief Justice has established the followingOffence Specific Sentencing Guidelines forcertaincriminaloffences. Thesewillprovide forconsistencyandproportionatesentencesforoffenders.Parliament has set out in statute the range of sentence for criminal offences. Theseguidelines provide clear guidance to judicial officers on how to sentence individualoffenderswithinthesesentencingrange.Assuchtheyassistthecourtstoputintopracticaleffectthewillofparliamenttoindividualcriminalcases–this istherollofthejudiciaryatsentencing.TheguidelinesfollowanapproachsetoutinPARTI:SentencingGuide:PracticalReferenceGuide to Key Laws, Principles and Procedures. In particular, they set out how theseprinciplesshouldbeappliedtocertainspecificoffences. PARTIshouldbereferredtoforfullerguidanceandexplanation.The offences chosen are some of the most common offences which the courts havediscretion to sentence: manslaughter, offences of violence against the person; drugoffences;corruptionoffences.In sentencing persons for an offencewhich has a specific guideline a judicial officer shallcomply with the guidelines. If they consider that the facts of a particular case areexceptional and merit them deviating from the guidance they must expressly providereasonsandrecordthis.


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1.ManslaughterNameofOffence:MANSLAUGHTERc/s195,199and201ofPenalCodeSTEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawMaximumSentence LifeImprisonmentMinimum NoneOtherStatutoryGuidance NoneSTEP 2: Consider the level of seriousness of the offence – High,Medium, Low - and the appropriatestartingpointandsentencingrangeforthisoffence SentenceRange StartingPointHighLevel • Useofdangerousweapon(s)orsubstance

• Seriousmultiplewounds• Theoffencewasmotivatedbygang• Theoffencewasintendedtoobstructorinterfere

courseofjustice• Deathcausedbydomesticviolence• Deathcausedbysexualsadisticconducts• Killing of vulnerable person(s) e.g. age, disability,

gender• Thekillingoftwoormorepersons• Death based on race, tribe, ethnicity, religion,

sexualorientationanddisabilityofthevictim• Killingofpublicofficials

10 years to Lifeimprisonment

Lifeimprisonment

MediumLevel

• Nouseofweapon• Non-fatal single blow that caused death after

sometimes

4-10years 10years

LowLevel • Deathcausedbyrecklessness,negligence• Reasonablechastisementbyparent/guardian• Applyingexcessiveforceinclaimofright• Use of unreasonable force in self-defence or

propertyorperson• Infanticide• High degree of provocation depending on the

extentofexcitement• Mental state of offender not amounting to

insanityinlaw(temperament)

Conditionaldischarge to 4years

4years

STEP 3: Consider the relevant aggravating andmitigating factorswhichmay increase or decrease thesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theuseandnatureofanyweapon• Motivatedbyrevenge• Offencewasmotivatedbythedesireforfinancialgain.• Ahighdegreeofpreparationandplanning• The offender was an instigator or played a major role

when the offence was committed by more than oneperson

• Vulnerability of the part of the body towards which the

• Theoffenderwaspartofagroupandclearlyhadasubordinateorlesserrolewhen the offence was committed byoneormoreperson

• Remorse; for example, rushing thevictimtohospitalaftertheassault

• An element of self-defence (notamountingtoanabsolutedefence)


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blowwasdirected• Thedurationof theoffenceandanyprolonged suffering

tothevictim• Theoffenceinvolvedahighdegreeoffeartobecausedto

thevictim.• Theoffence took place in front of vulnerable persons or

familymembersofthevictim

• An element of provocation (notamountingtoimmediateprovocation)

STEP4:Considertheaccused’spersonalcircumstancesandotherindividualfactorsrelevanttosentenceincludingtotalityprinciple,co-accusedsentence,anyco-operationwiththeauthorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexample,tojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operationwithauthorities(ifany)–thecourtshouldbeprovidedwithreliableinformationfromthe

prosecution that the offender provided substantial cooperation in relation to this offence or thedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.

• Viewsofthevictim’sfamilySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)

(i) Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;(ii) Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytakethe

offencetoahigherorlowerrange)(iii) The accused person personal circumstances, the prevalence of the offence he views of the

victimormembersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.(iv) Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily(v) AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasons

STEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriatelevelofreductioninaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhatthesentencewouldhavebeenifthecasehadbeencontestedattrialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody

• Theprisonservice,prosecutionandoffendershouldagreewiththecourttheamountofdaystheoffenderhasservedincustodyatthepolicestationandprisonbeforesentence

• The court shouldnotdeduct this amount from the actual sentence it orders. Instead, the courtshouldorderthatthistimeistakenbytheprisonserviceastimealreadyservedtowardssentence.

STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Costs• Compensation,forfeiture,reparation,restitution• Orderofdestructionofnoxioussubstances• Beforemakinganyfinancialorderconsidertheoffender’sabilitytopay


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2.GrievousHarmNameofOffence:GRIEVOUSHARMc/s225ofPenalCodeSTEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawMaximumSentence SevenYearsMinimum NoneOtherStatutoryGuidance SentencingJurisdictionSTEP2: Seriousnessof theOffenceandappropriate startingpointand sentencing range for suchoffence SentenceRange Starti

ngPoint

HighLevel • Seriousmultiplewounds• Theoffencewasmotivatedbygang• Theoffencewasintendedtoobstructorinterferecourse

ofjustice• Harmcausedbydomesticviolence• Harmcausedbysexualsadisticconducts• Causingpermanentdisability/deformity• Vulnerabilityofthevictime.g.age,disability,gender• Useofweapon

5-7years 7years

MediumLevel

• Causingtemporarydisability/deformity• Nouseofweapon

3-5years 5years

LowLevel • Applyingexcessiveforceinclaimofrightorselfdefence

Conditionaldischarge to 3years

3years

STEP3:Consider the relevantaggravatingandmitigating factorswhichmay increaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theuseandnatureofanyweapon• Motivatedbyrevenge• Offencewasmotivatedbythedesireforfinancialgain.• Ahighdegreeofpreparationandplanning• Theoffenderwas an instigator or played amajor role


• Vulnerabilityofthepartofthebodytowardswhichtheblowwasdirected

• The duration of the offence and any prolongedsufferingtothevictim

• Theoffenceinvolvedahighdegreeoffeartobecausedtothevictim.

• Theoffencetookplaceinfrontofvulnerablepersonsorfamilymembersofthevictim

• The offender was part of a groupand clearly had a subordinate orlesser role when the offence wascommittedbyoneormoreperson

• Remorse; for example, rushing thevictimtohospitalaftertheassault


• An element of provocation (notamounting to immediateprovocation)


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STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant tosentence including totality principle, co-accused sentence, any co-operationwith the authorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operationwith authorities (if any) – the court should be providedwith reliable information

from the prosecution that the offender provided substantial cooperation in relation to thisoffenceorthedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.


(vi) Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;(vii) Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytake

theoffencetoahigherorlowerrange)(viii) Theaccusedpersonpersonalcircumstances,theprevalenceoftheoffenceheviewsofthe

victimormembersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.(ix) Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily(x) AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasons

STEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriatelevelofreductioninaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhatthesentencewouldhavebeenifthecasehadbeencontestedattrialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody


• The court should not deduct this amount from the actual sentence it orders. Instead, thecourtshouldorderthatthistimeistakenbytheprisonserviceastimealreadyservedtowardssentence.

STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Costs• Compensation,forfeiture,reparation,restitution• Orderofdestructionofnoxioussubstances• Beforemakinganyfinancialorderconsidertheoffender’sabilitytopay


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3.AssaultsCausingActualBodilyHarmNameofOffence:AssaultsCausingActualBodilyHarmc/s241ofthePenalCodeSTEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawMaximumSentence FiveYearsMinimum NoneOtherStatutoryGuidance SentencingJurisdictionSTEP 2: Seriousness of theOffence and appropriate starting point and sentencing range for suchoffence SentenceRange Starting

PointHighLevel

• Seriousmultiplewounds• Theoffencewasinfluencedbygang• The offence was intended to obstruct or

interferecourseofjustice• Harmcausedbydomesticviolence• Harmcausedbysexualsadisticconducts• Causingpermanentdisability/deformity• Vulnerability of the victim e.g. age, disability,

gender• Useofweapon

3-5years 5years

MediumLevel

• Causingtemporarydisability/deformity• Nouseofweapon

1-3years 3years

LowLevel

• Reasonablechastisementbyparent/guardian• Applyingexcessiveforceinclaimofright

Conditional discharge, fine,communityserviceto1year

1year

STEP3:Considertherelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmayincreaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theuseandnatureofanyweapon• Motivatedbyrevenge• Offencewasmotivatedbythedesireforfinancialgain.• Ahighdegreeofpreparationandplanning• Theoffenderwas an instigator or played amajor role


• Vulnerabilityofthepartofthebodytowardswhichtheblowwasdirected

• The duration of the offence and any prolongedsufferingtothevictim

• Theoffenceinvolvedahighdegreeoffeartobecausedtothevictim.

• Theoffencetookplaceinfrontofvulnerablepersonsorfamilymembersofthevictim

• Theoffenderwaspartofagroupandclearly had a subordinate or lesserrole when the offence wascommittedbyoneormoreperson

• Remorse; for example rushing thevictimtohospitalaftertheassault


• An element of provocation (notamounting to immediateprovocation)


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STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant tosentenceincludingtotalityprinciple,co-accusedsentence,anyco-operationwiththeauthorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operation with authorities (if any) – the court should be provided with reliable information

fromtheprosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceor the disruption of other offences. If substantial this could result in substantially reducedsentence.


(xi) Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;(xii) Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytake

theoffencetoahigherorlowerrange)(xiii) Theaccusedpersonpersonalcircumstances,theprevalenceoftheoffenceheviewsofthe

victimormembersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.(xiv) Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily(xv) AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasons

STEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriate levelof reduction inaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhatthesentencewouldhavebeenifthecasehadbeencontestedattrialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7PronounceaSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody


• Thecourtshouldnotdeductthisamountfromtheactualsentenceitorders.Instead,thecourtshould order that this time is taken by the prison service as time already served towardssentence.

STEP9:AncilliaryOrders• Costs• Compensation,forfeiture,reparation,restitution• Orderofdestructionofnoxioussubstances• Beforemakinganyfinancialorderconsidertheoffender’sabilitytopay


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CorruptTransactionsNB:Iftheoffenceischargedundersectionsotherthansection15ofthePCCAtheminimumsentenceis20yearsandamaximumsentenceis30years.

NameofOffences1. CorruptTransactions(s15PCCA)2. CorruptTransactionsincontractsbyapublicofficial(s16PCCA)3. CorruptTransactionsinProcurement(s17(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)4. CorruptTransactionsinauctions(s18(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)5. CorruptTransactionsinemployment(s20(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)6. Transferofproceedsofcorruption(s34(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLaw*Ifthevalueoftheoffenceismorethanonebillionshillingsthentheminimumsentenceis20yearsandamaximumsentenceis30yearsOffence MinimumSentence MaximumSentenceCorruptTransactions(s15PCCA) 500,000Tshfineor3

yearsimprisonment1millionTshand/or5yearsimprisonment

CorruptTransactionsincontractsbyapublicofficial(s16PCCA)

1millionTshfineor3yearsimprisonment

3millionTshand/or5yearsimprisonment

CorruptTransactionsinProcurement(s17(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)

None 15millionand/or7yearsimprisonment

CorruptTransactionsinauctions(s18(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)


CorruptTransactionsinemployment(s20(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)


Transferofproceedsofcorruption(s34(1)(a)and(b)PCCA)


STEP 2: Seriousness of theOffence and appropriate starting point and sentencing range for suchoffence SentenceRange Starting

PointHighLevel

• Financial gain/ loss intended or obtainedwassubstantial and high value (more than 3millionTsh)

• Asignificantbreachoftrustorresponsibility• Offence occurred over more than one

occasion.• Offence was sophisticated or otherwise

involvedsignificantplanning• Attempttomanipulatepublicofficialsorpublic

systems• Anyuseofthreat,violenceorsexualcontrol

3years tomaximumforoffence (5 to 7 yearsdependingonoffence)and Fine up to themaximum

Maximumcustodialsentence(ie: 5 or 7years)

MediumLevel

• None of the high level aggravating factors tomake the offence “High Level” or mitigatingfactorstomakeit“lowlevel”

6 months to 3 yearsimprisonment AND Fineuptomaximum(*Ifprisonisimposedfor

3 yearsANDFine


56

anoffenceunder s15ors16 then the minimumsentence of custodymustbe3years)

LowLevel

• The offence was an isolated one off incidentwithout any significant premeditation orplanning.Itwasunsophisticated.

• The financial gain achieved or sought wasminimal(lessthan500,000Tsh)

Conditional Discharge,Fine,CommunityOrder(*Ifafineisimposedforanoffenceunder s15ors16 then the minimumamount is 500,000 Tshor1millionTsh)

1 millionTsh

STEP3:Considertherelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmayincreaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theoffenderwasinapositionoftrustorresponsibility

for a public body or the offender sought to corruptsuchaperson

• Offence resulted in significant financial gain/loss/advantage

• Significantprejudicialimpactonapublicbody• Significant degree of planning, premeditation or

deception• Offencecommittedagainstessentialgoodsorservices• Offencecommittedoveraprolongedperiodoftimeor

repeatedconduct• If there were several people the offender had a

significantrole• The offence involved the corrupting of officials or

publicsystem• Offender made substantial attempts to hinder the

investigation

• Theoffencewas unsophisticated andopportunistic with no premeditationorplanning.

• Offence not motivated by greed,personalgainoradvantage

• Ifpartofagrouptheoffenderplayedaminimalrole

• Offender committed the offence dueto high degree of pressure fallingshortofduress

• Offender made financial amends foroffence

STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant tosentenceincludingtotalityprinciple,co-accusedsentence,anyco-operationwiththeauthorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependentsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operation with authorities (if any) – the court should be provided with reliable information

fromtheprosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceor the disruption of other offences. If substantial this could result in substantially reduced


56

anoffenceunder s15ors16 then the minimumsentence of custodymustbe3years)

LowLevel



Conditional Discharge,Fine,CommunityOrder(*Ifafineisimposedforanoffenceunder s15ors16 then the minimumamount is 500,000 Tshor1millionTsh)

1 millionTsh

STEP3:Considertherelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmayincreaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theoffenderwasinapositionoftrustorresponsibility

for a public body or the offender sought to corruptsuchaperson

• Offence resulted in significant financial gain/loss/advantage

• Significantprejudicialimpactonapublicbody• Significant degree of planning, premeditation or

deception• Offencecommittedagainstessentialgoodsorservices• Offencecommittedoveraprolongedperiodoftimeor

repeatedconduct• If there were several people the offender had a

significantrole• The offence involved the corrupting of officials or

publicsystem• Offender made substantial attempts to hinder the

investigation

• Theoffencewas unsophisticated andopportunistic with no premeditationorplanning.

• Offence not motivated by greed,personalgainoradvantage


• Offender committed the offence dueto high degree of pressure fallingshortofduress

• Offender made financial amends foroffence

STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant tosentenceincludingtotalityprinciple,co-accusedsentence,anyco-operationwiththeauthorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependentsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operation with authorities (if any) – the court should be provided with reliable information

fromtheprosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceor the disruption of other offences. If substantial this could result in substantially reduced

57

sentence.• Viewsofthevictim’sfamilySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)

• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytakethe

offencetoahigherorlowerrange)• The accused person personal circumstances, the prevalence of the offence he views of the

victimormembersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasons

STEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriate levelof reduction inaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhatthesentencewouldhavebeenifthecasehadbeencontestedattrialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody



STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Confiscation– it ismandatorytoorder theconfiscationtothegovernmentofanyadvantage

received.• Ifactingasanagentitismandatorytoorderthattheadvantagebepaidbacktotheprincipal

STEP10:ProceedsofCrimeAsk theprosecution if anyordersare requiredoranticipatedunder theProceedsofCrimeAct (e.g.restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)


58

CorruptionOffences(otherthanCorruptTransactions)underthePCCAThefollowingareoffencesspecifiedundertheEconomicandOrganizedCrimeControlAct,Cap.200.

NameofOffences1. BriberyofaForeignOfficial(s21(1)and(2)PCCA)2. Useofanydocumentintendedtomisleadprincipal(s22PCCA)3. ObtainingandAdvantage(s23(1)and(2)PCCA)4. Sexualorotherfavours(s.25PCCA)5. PublicOfficialsFailingtoGiveAccountsofProperties(s.26PCCA)6. PossessionofUnexplainedProperty(s.27PCCA)7. EmbezzlementandMisappropriation(s28(1)and(2)PCCA)8. DiversionofGovernmentProperty(s.29PCCA)9. AidingandAbettingAnyCorruptionOffence(s.30PCCA)10. AbuseofPosition(s.31PCCA)11. Conspiracy(S.32PCCA)12. UndueAdvantageinOrderforaPublicOfficialtobeinfluenced(s33(1)PCCA)13. SolicitingorAcceptingundueAdvantageforaPublicOfficial(s33(2)PCCA)STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawOffence Minimum

SentenceMaximumSentence

BriberyofaForeignOfficial(s21(1)and(2)PCCA)


Useofanydocumentintendedtomisleadprincipal(s22PCCA)

None 7millionTshand/or5yearsimprisonment

Obtainingandadvantage(S23(1)and(2)PCCA)


Sexualorotherfavours(S.25PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentPublicofficialsfailingtogiveaccountofproperties(s.26PCCA)


Possessionofunexplainedproperty(s.27PCCA)


Embezzlementandmisappropriation(s28(1)and(2)PCCA)


Diversionofgovernmentproperty(s.29PCCA) None 2millionand/or2yearsimprisonmentAidingandabettinganycorruptionoffence(s.30PCCA)


Abuseofposition(S.31PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentConspiracy(S.32PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentUndueadvantageinorderforapublicofficialtobeinfluenced(s33(1)PCCA)


Solilcitingoracceptingundueadvantageforapublicofficial(s33(2)PCCA)



58

CorruptionOffences(otherthanCorruptTransactions)underthePCCAThefollowingareoffencesspecifiedundertheEconomicandOrganizedCrimeControlAct,Cap.200.

NameofOffences1. BriberyofaForeignOfficial(s21(1)and(2)PCCA)2. Useofanydocumentintendedtomisleadprincipal(s22PCCA)3. ObtainingandAdvantage(s23(1)and(2)PCCA)4. Sexualorotherfavours(s.25PCCA)5. PublicOfficialsFailingtoGiveAccountsofProperties(s.26PCCA)6. PossessionofUnexplainedProperty(s.27PCCA)7. EmbezzlementandMisappropriation(s28(1)and(2)PCCA)8. DiversionofGovernmentProperty(s.29PCCA)9. AidingandAbettingAnyCorruptionOffence(s.30PCCA)10. AbuseofPosition(s.31PCCA)11. Conspiracy(S.32PCCA)12. UndueAdvantageinOrderforaPublicOfficialtobeinfluenced(s33(1)PCCA)13. SolicitingorAcceptingundueAdvantageforaPublicOfficial(s33(2)PCCA)STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawOffence Minimum

SentenceMaximumSentence

BriberyofaForeignOfficial(s21(1)and(2)PCCA)


Useofanydocumentintendedtomisleadprincipal(s22PCCA)


Obtainingandadvantage(S23(1)and(2)PCCA)


Sexualorotherfavours(S.25PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentPublicofficialsfailingtogiveaccountofproperties(s.26PCCA)


Possessionofunexplainedproperty(s.27PCCA)


Embezzlementandmisappropriation(s28(1)and(2)PCCA)


Diversionofgovernmentproperty(s.29PCCA) None 2millionand/or2yearsimprisonmentAidingandabettinganycorruptionoffence(s.30PCCA)


Abuseofposition(S.31PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentConspiracy(S.32PCCA) None 5millionand/or3yearsimprisonmentUndueadvantageinorderforapublicofficialtobeinfluenced(s33(1)PCCA)


Solilcitingoracceptingundueadvantageforapublicofficial(s33(2)PCCA)


59

STEP 2: Seriousness of theOffence and appropriate starting point and sentencing range for suchoffence SentenceRange Starting

PointHighLevel

• Financial gain/ loss intended or obtained wassubstantialandhighvalue(morethan3millionTsh)

• Asignificantbreachoftrustorresponsibility• Offenceoccurredovermorethanoneoccasion.• Offence was sophisticated or otherwise

involvedsignificantplanning• Attempttomanipulatepublicofficialsorpublic

systems• Anyuseofthreat,violenceorsexualcontrol

3 years to maximum foroffence (5 to 7 yearsdependingonoffence)ANDFineuptothemaximum

Maximumcustodialsentence(ie:5or7years)

MediumLevel

• None of the high level aggravating factors tomake the offence “High Level” or mitigatingfactorstomakeit“lowlevel”

6 months to 3 yearsimprisonment AND Fineuptomaximum(*Ifprison is imposed foran offence under s15 ors16 then the minimumsentenceofcustodymustbe3years)

3 yearsANDFine

LowLevel



Conditional Discharge,Fine,CommunityOrder(*If a fine is imposed foran offence under s15 ors16 then the minimumamountis500,000Tshor1millionTsh)

1 millionTsh

STEP3:Considertherelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmayincreaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactors• Theoffenderwasinapositionoftrustorresponsibilityfora

publicbodyortheoffendersoughttocorruptsuchaperson• Offenceresultedinsignificantfinancialgain/loss/advantage• Significantprejudicialimpactonapublicbody• Significantdegreeofplanning,premeditationordeception• Offencecommittedagainstessentialgoodsorservices• Offence committed over a prolonged period of time or

repeatedconduct• If there were several people the offender had a significant

role• The offence involved the corrupting of officials or public

system• Offender made substantial attempts to hinder the

investigation

• The offence wasunsophisticated andopportunistic with nopremeditationorplanning.

• Offence not motivated bygreed, personal gain oradvantage


• Offender committed theoffence due to high degree ofpressurefallingshortofduress

• Offender made financialamendsforoffence


60

STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant tosentenceincludingtotalityprinciple,co-accusedsentence,anyco-operationwiththeauthorities,theviewsofthevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operation with authorities (if any) – the court should be provided with reliable information

fromtheprosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceor the disruption of other offences. If substantial this could result in substantially reducedsentence.

• Viewsofthevictim’sfamilySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytakethe

offencetoahigherorlowerrange)• The accused person personal circumstances, the prevalence of the offence he views of the

victimormembersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasonsSTEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriate levelof reduction inaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhatthesentencewouldhavebeenifthecasehadbeencontestedattrialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody



STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Confiscation– it ismandatorytoorder theconfiscationtothegovernmentofanyadvantage

received.• Ifactingasanagentitismandatorytoorderthattheadvantagebepaidbacktotheprincipal

STEP10:ProceedsofCrimeAsk theprosecution if anyordersare requiredoranticipatedunder theProceedsofCrimeAct (e.g.restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)


61

DrugTrafficking(s15ADCEA)NameofOffenceTraffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstanceorillegallydealingordivertingprecursorchemicalsorsubstanceoflessamount(s15A)Tobeanoffenceunders15Athequantityofdrugsneedstobebelowthefollowingamounts:

(a) 200gofnarcoticdrugs,psychotropicsubstances(b) 100litresor100kgofprecursorchemicals(c) 50kgofcannabisorkhat

STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawOffence Minimum

SentenceMaximumSentence163

Trafficking in narcotic drug or psychotropicsubstanceorillegallydealingordivertingprecursorchemicals or substance of less amount (s.15ADCEA)

None 30years

STEP 2: Seriousness of the Offence and appropriate starting point and sentencing range for such offence:(High,Medium,Low)The level of seriousness for drug trafficking is based on an assessment of two criteria (1) the nature andquantityofthesubstance;(2)theseriousnessoftheoffender’sroleintheoffence (1) Thenatureandquantityofthesubstance

Narcoticdrugs,psychotropicsubstance- notmorethan50gm

Narcoticdrugs,psychotropicsubstances:- 50gmormorebut

notexceeding150gm

Narcoticdrugs,psychotropicsubstances:- 200gmorless

butnotbelow150gm

Precursorchemicalsorsubstancewithdrugrelated:- 30litresorbelowin

liquidform,or- 30kgorbelowinsolid

form

Precursorchemicalsorsubstancewithdrugrelated:- 50litresorlessbut

notbelow30litresinliquidformor

- 50kgorlessbutnotbelow30kginsolidform

Precursorchemicalsorsubstancewithdrugrelated:- 100litresor

lessbutnotbelow50litresinliquidformor

- 100kgorlessbutnotbelow50kginsolidform

Cannabisandorkhat- notmorethan30gm

Cannabisandorkhat:- 30gmormorebut

notexceeding50gm

Cannabisandorkhat:- 50gmorless

butnotbelow30gm

163MinimumandmaximumsentencesasperCap95readtogetherwithCap200


62

ROLEINOFFENCE

• Performsa limited functionunderdirection

• Engaged by pressure, coercion,intimidation

• Involvement through youth,naivety/exploitation

• No influence on those above in achain

Low

SentencingRangeof

0-3yearsminimum

StartingPoint

2years

Low

SentencingRangeof0-3yearsminimum

StartingPoint

3years

Medium

SentencingRangeof3-10

years

StartingPoint8years

• Operationalormanagementfunctionwithinachain

• Involvesothersintheoperationwhetherbypressure,influence,intimidationorrewardespeciallyifthoseinvolvedarechildren

• Motivatedbyfinancialorotheradvantage,whetherornotoperatingalone

• Someawarenessandunderstandingofscaleofoperation

Low

SentencingRangeof

0-3yearsminimum

StartingPoint

3years

Medium

SentencingRangeof3-10years

StartingPoint

10years

High


years

Startingpointof20years

• Directingororganizing• Buyingandsellingona

commercialscale• Substantiallinksto,andinfluence

on,othersinchain• Closelinktooriginalsource• Expectationofsubstantialfinancial

gain• Usesbusinessascover• Abusesapositionoftrust

Medium


StartingPoint

8years

High


Startingpointof20

years

High


years

Startingpointof30years

STEP3:Considertherelevantaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswhichmayincreaseordecreasethesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactorsAnypossessionoruseofweapons

Anyuseorthreatofviolence

Linkedtocorruption

Presenceofvulnerablepersonsespeciallychildren

Possessionofdruginaschoolorlicensedpremises

Attemptstoconcealordisposeofevidence,wherenotchargedseparately

Establishedevidenceofcommunityimpact

Offence not motivated by financial gain butdependenceondrugs

Elementofpressurenotsufficientforduress

Ageand/or lackofmaturitywhere it affectstheresponsibilityoftheoffender

Mentaldisorderorlearningdisability

STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant to sentenceincluding totality principle, co-accused sentence, any co-operation with the authorities, the views of the


63

victim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operationwithauthorities (if any)– the court shouldbeprovided with reliable information from the

prosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceorthedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.

• ViewsofanyvictimsorreportsonimpactonsocietySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)

• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• The aggravating and mitigating factors within that range (or exceptionally which may take the

offencetoahigherorlowerrange)• Theaccusedpersonpersonalcircumstances,theprevalenceoftheoffenceheviewsofthevictimor

membersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasons

STEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriatelevelofreductioninaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.The court should statewhat the sentencewould have been if the case had been contested at trial and theamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentenceof20yearsfors15(1)offencesSTEP7PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody

• The prison service, prosecution and offender should agree with the court the amount of days theoffenderhasservedincustodyatthepolicestationandprisonbeforesentence

• Thecourtshouldnotdeductthisamountfromtheactualsentenceitorders.Instead,thecourtshouldorderthatthistimeistakenbytheprisonserviceastimealreadyservedtowardssentence.

STEP9:AncilliaryOrders• Automaticconfiscationandforfeitureoftheinstrumentsandproceedsderivedfromtheoffenceunder

section15(1)(a),(b),(c).• Forfeitureanddestructionofthedrugs• Ifactingasanagentitismandatorytoorderthattheadvantagebepaidbacktotheprincipal

STEP10:ProceedsofCrime- ConsiderconfiscationandforfeitureoftheinstrumentalitiesoftheoffenceAsk theprosecution ifanyordersare requiredoranticipatedunder theProceedsofCrimeAct (e.g. restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)


64

DrugTraffickingoffences(s15(1)and(2)DCEA)NameofOffence1. Traffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance(s15(1)(a))2. Trafficking, diverting or illegally dealing in any way with precursor chemicals, substances with drug

relatedeffectandusedintheprocessofmanufacturing(s15(1)(b))3. Directlyorindirectlyfacilitatesorcausesotherpersontobeusedasabondageforthepurposeofdrug

trafficking(s15(1)(c))4. Production, Transportation, Importation, Exportation, Selling, Purchasing of Narcotic Drugs or

Substances(s15(2))STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawOffence Minimum

SentenceMaximumSentence164

15(1)(a)Traffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance

20years 30years165

15(1)(b) Trafficking, diverting or illegally dealing inanywaywithprecursorchemicals,substanceswithdrug related effect and used in the process ofmanufacturing.

20years Maximum30years

15(1)(c) Directly or indirectly facilitates or causesother person to be used as a bondage for thepurposeofdrugtrafficking


15(2) Production, Transportation, Importation,Exportation,Selling,PurchasingofNarcoticDrugsorSubstances


Illegal Possessionofmachines, equipment andlaboratory or other utensils for narcotic andpsychotropicsubstances(s16)


STEP2: Seriousness of theOffence and appropriate startingpoint and sentencing range for suchoffence:(High,Medium,Low)The level of seriousness for drug trafficking is based on an assessment of two criteria (1) the nature andquantityofthesubstance;(2)theseriousnessoftheoffender’sroleintheoffence (2) Thenatureandquantityofthesubstance

Narcotic drugs,psychotropicsubstances morethan200gmbutnotexceeding1kg

Narcotic drugs,psychotropicsubstances more than1kg but not exceeding5kg

Narcotic drugs,psychotropicsubstancesmorethan5kg

Precursorchemicals orsubstance withdrug related morethan 100 but notexceeding 200

Precursor chemicals orsubstance with drugrelated more than 200but not exceeding 500litres in liquid form, or100 but not exceeding

Precursorchemicals orsubstance withdrug relatedmore than 500litres in liquid

164MinimumandmaximumsentencesasperCap95readtogetherwithCap200165(Cap95ReadtogetherwithCap200)PlusConfiscationandForfeitureofInstrumentsandProceedsDerivedfromtheOffenceforoffencesundersection15(1)(a),(b),(c),(2)and16


65

litresinliquidform,or 100 but notexceeding200kginsolidform

500kginsolidform form,or500kginsolidform

Cannabis and orkhat<200gm

Cannabis and or khatGreater than 200gmlessthan500gm

Cannabis and orkhat above500gm

ROLEINOFFENCE

• Performsalimitedfunctionunderdirection

• Engagedbypressure,coercion,intimidation

• Involvementthroughyouth,naivety/exploitation

• Noinfluenceonthoseaboveinachain

Low

SentencingRangeof

20-25years

StartingPoint20years

Low


StartingPoint

23years

Medium


years


• Operationalormanagementfunctionwithinachain

• Involvesothersintheoperationwhetherbypressure,influence,intimidationorrewardespeciallyifthoseinvolvedarechildren

• Motivatedbyfinancialorotheradvantage,whetherornotoperatingalone

• Someawarenessandunderstandingofscaleofoperation

Low

SentencingRangeof

20-25years


Medium


StartingPoint

25years

High

30years

• Directingororganizing• Buyingandsellingona

commercialscale• Substantiallinksto,andinfluence

on,othersinchain• Closelinktooriginalsource• Expectationofsubstantial

financialgain• Usesbusinessascover• Abusesapositionoftrust

Medium


StartingPoint

25years

High

30years

High

30years

STEP 3: Consider the relevant aggravating and mitigating factors which may increase or decrease thesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactorsAnypossessionoruseofweapons


Linkedtocorruption



Offencenotmotivatedbyfinancialgainbutdependenceondrugs

Element of pressure not sufficient forduress

Ageand/orlackofmaturitywhereitaffectstheresponsibilityoftheoffender


66

Attemptstoconcealordisposeofevidence,wherenotchargedseparately



STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant to sentenceincluding totality principle, co-accused sentence, any co-operation with the authorities, the views of thevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operationwithauthorities (if any)– the court shouldbeprovidedwith reliable information from the

prosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceorthedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.

• ViewsofanyvictimsorreportsonimpactonsocietySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytaketheoffencetoa

higherorlowerrange)• The accused person personal circumstances, the prevalence of the offence he views of the victim or

membersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasonsSTEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriatelevelofreductioninaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.The court should statewhat the sentencewouldhavebeen if the casehadbeen contested at trial and theamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentenceof20yearsfors15(1)offencesSTEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody



STEP9:AncilliaryOrders• Automaticconfiscationandforfeitureoftheinstrumentsandproceedsderivedfromtheoffenceunder

section15(1)(a),(b),(c).• Forfeitureanddestructionofthedrugs• Ifactingasanagentitismandatorytoorderthattheadvantagebepaidbacktotheprincipal

STEP10:ProceedsofCrime

- ConsiderconfiscationandforfeitureoftheinstrumentalitiesoftheoffenceAsktheprosecutionifanyordersarerequiredoranticipatedundertheProceedsofCrimeAct(e.g.restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)


67

Possession of Small Quantity of Drugs and Use of Drugs (s 17, 18 and 19DCEA)

NameofOffences1. Possessionofsmallquantity*ofnarcoticdrugsorpsychotropicsubstancesforpersonaluse(17(1)(a))2. Possessionofsmallquantity*ofnarcoticdrugsotherthanthosespecifiedunders.17(1)(a).(17(1)(a)3. UseSmoking,Sniffing,Injecting,etcofDrugs.(s18(a)(b)&(c))4. Permission to use premises, enclosure or conveyance for preparation, smoking, selling, injecting,

inhaling,sniffinganarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance(s19(1))STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLaw

Offence MaximumSentencePossession of small quantity* of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances forpersonaluse (cocaine,morphine,diacetyl-morphineoranyothernarcoticdrugoranypsychotropicsubstancespecifiedbytheMinisterbynoticeintheGazette(s17(1)(a))

Fineof1millionTshAND5yearsimprisonment.

Possessionofsmallquantity*ofnarcoticdrugsotherthanthosespecifiedunders.17(1)(a).(s17(1)(b))

Fineof500,000TshAND3yearsimprisonment

UseSmoking,Sniffing,Injecting,etcofDrugs.(s18(a)(b)&(c)) Fineof1millionTshAND3yearsimprisonment

Permissiontousepremises,enclosureorconveyanceforpreparation,smoking,selling, injecting, inhaling, sniffing a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance(s19(1))

Fineof5millionTshAND3yearsimprisonment

Guidance:“Smallquantity”fors17(1)offencesmeans:cannabisthatdoesnotexceed50g;cannabisresinorcannabisoilthat does not exceed 5g; cocaine/ heroin/ amphetamine/ Type stimulant (ATS)/ Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD)/FentanylorFentanylanaloguesnotexceeding2g;khat thatdoesnotexceed2kg;anyotherdrugthatdoesnotexceed10g(DrugEnforcementandControlRegulationss.3).Iftheoffenderisconvictedofanoffenceunders18DCEAandthereisevidencethattheoffenderisanaddictandtheoffenceismotivatedbythataddictionthenthecourtshouldconsidertheappropriatenessofamedicaltreatmentasasentenceunders31DCEANB: If the court decides that the appropriate level of sentence is only a fine then the court should set asentence indefaultofpayment. Thisdefaultsentenceshouldnotbe longerthan6months(CPAs336). Thecourtmayadjournfortheoffendertopayupto15daysandextendthisperiod.Thecourtmayalsodirectthatpaymentsaremadebyinstalments(CPAs330)STEP2:SeriousnessoftheOffenceandappropriatestartingpointandsentencingrangeforsuchoffence SentenceRange Starting

PointHighLevel

• Significantinfluenceonothersinchain,• Commercialgain• Previousconvictionfordrugsoffences• Offencecommittedwhilstonbail• Recentorrelevantconvictionsforotheroffences

Minimum of 6 monthsimprisonment up tostatutorymaximumtermANDFineuptothemaximum

Maximumcustodialsentence(ie: 3 or 5years)

MediumLevel

• Motivatedbyfinancialorothergain• Isolatedincident

1 to 6 monthsimprisonment

6 monthsAND


68

• PrimarycarerfordependantfamilymemberOffender is an addict, particularly if taking stepstowardsrehabilitation

ANDFine (statutorymandatoryminimum)

Fine

LowLevel

• Involvementthroughyouth,naivetyorexploitation• Mistaken belief of the offender regarding the type

of drug, taking into account the reasonableness ofsuchbeliefinallthecircumstance

• Involvement due to pressure, intimidation orcoercionfallingshortofduress

• Goodcharacter• Mentaldisorder/serioushealthcondition• Ageorlackofmaturity• Goodcharacter• Mentaldisorder/serioushealthconditionAgeorlackofmaturity

CommunityOrder;orFine (statutorymandatoryminimum); or1monthprison

Mandatoryminimumstatutoryfine

NB: For an offence under s17 (1) and there is evidence that the offender is an addict the court shouldconsidertheappropriatenessofamedicaltreatmentasasentenceunders18DCEASTEP 3: Consider the relevant aggravating and mitigating factors which may increase or decrease thesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactorsPreviousconvictions,havingregardtoa)natureoftheoffencetowhichconviction relatesand relevance tocurrentoffence;andb)timeelapsedsinceconviction

Offencecommittedonbail

Possessionofdruginprison

Presenceofothers,especiallychildrenand/ornon-users


Failuretocomplywithcurrentcourtorders

Offencecommittedonlicence

Attempts to conceal or dispose of evidence, where notchargedseparately

Offence not motivated by financial gain butdependenceondrugs


Offender is using cannabis to help with adiagnosedmedicalcondition

Determination and/or demonstration ofstepshavingbeentakentoaddressaddictionoroffendingbehavior

Serious medical conditions requiring urgent,intensiveorlong-termtreatment

Isolatedincident

Age and/or lack ofmaturitywhere it affectstheresponsibilityoftheoffender

MentaldisorderorlearningdisabilitySTEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant to sentenceincluding totality principle, co-accused sentence, any co-operation with the authorities, the views of thevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)


69

• Co-operationwithauthorities (if any)– the court shouldbeprovidedwith reliable information from theprosecutionthattheoffenderprovidedsubstantialcooperationinrelationtothisoffenceorthedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.

• Viewsofthevictim’sfamilySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytaketheoffence

toahigherorlowerrange)• Theaccusedpersonpersonalcircumstances, theprevalenceof theoffenceheviewsof thevictimor

membersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasonsSTEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Applyappropriatelevelofreductioninaccordancewithgeneralguidanceonreductionofsentencesforaguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.The court should statewhat the sentencewouldhavebeen if the casehadbeen contested at trial and theamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:PronouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody



STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Confiscation – it ismandatory to confiscate any article or property used to commit or facilitate the

offence(s49ADCEA)STEP10:ProceedsofCrimeAsktheprosecutionifanyordersarerequiredoranticipatedundertheProceedsofCrimeAct(e.g.restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)


70

ANNEXTURE“A”TOPARTII

OTHERDRUGOFFENCESCONTRARYTOTHEDCEANameofOffences

1. Administeringfornarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance(s.20(1)(a)(b)&(c))2. WheretheoffenceunderS.20(1)iscommittedinschoolorothereducationinstitutions,orthevictims

arepersonsundertheageofeighteenyears(s.20(2))3. Embezzlementbyauthorizedcultivators(s.21)4. Breachingofterms,licenceorpermit(s.22)5. Financingofillegalactivities(s.23)

STEP1:MaximumandMinimumSentencesinLawOffence MinimumSentence MaximumSentenceAdministering for narcotic drug or psychotropicsubstance(s.20(1)(a)(b)&(c))

30yearsimprisonmentandFineof50millionTsh

30yearsimprisonmentandFineof50millionTsh

WheretheoffenceunderS.20(1) iscommittedinschool or other education institutions, or thevictims are persons under the age of eighteenyears(s.20(2))

30years 30years

Embezzlementbyauthorizedcultivators(s.21)

30yearsimprisonmentand Fine of 15 million Tsh(or 30 million if a repeatoffender)

30yearsimprisonmentand Fine of 15 million Tsh(or 30 million if a repeatoffender)

Breachingofterms,licenceorpermit(s.22)

30 Years imprisonmentAND Fine 25 million Tshandrevokelicense

30YearsimprisonmentANDFine 25 million Tsh andrevokelicense

Financingofillegalactivitiesunders15(s.23)

Life imprisonmentandFineof1billionTsh

Life imprisonment and Fineof1billionTsh

STEP2:SeriousnessoftheOffenceandappropriatestartingpointandsentencingrangeforsuchoffence(itisuponCourtdiscretion) SentenceRange Starting

PointHighLevel

• Weaponused• Deliberateorplanned• Committedoveralongperiodoftime• Repeatedoffending• Commercialsetup• Harmcausedtoavictim

30yearstoLifeImprisonment

30years

MediumLevel

• Iftheoffencedoesnotfallwithinhighandlowlevelthenshouldbeplacedundermedium

LowLevel

• Oneoffact• unplanned• Minorornoharmcaused• Smallquantityoramountofvalue• Minorbreach

Fineof50MillionTshto30yearsimprisonment

Fineof50MillionTsh

STEP 3: Consider the relevant aggravating and mitigating factors which may increase or decrease thesentencewithinthatrange.AggravatingFactors MitigatingFactorsAnypossessionoruseofweapons Offencenotmotivatedby financialgainbut

dependenceondrugs


71


Linkedtocorruption



Attempts to conceal or dispose of evidence, where notchargedseparately



Ageand/orlackofmaturitywhereitaffectstheresponsibilityoftheoffender


STEP 4: Consider the accused’s personal circumstances and other individual factors relevant to sentenceincluding totality principle, co-accused sentence, any co-operationwith the authorities, the views of thevictim• AgeandHealth• Anyphysicalormentaldisability• Familycircumstances,dependantsandtheimpactofanysentenceuponthem• Previousconvictionoranybreachofcourtorders;forexampletojumpbail• Communitywork,othergoodworksorindicationofgoodcharacter• Theaccusedincome• Otheroffencestobesentenced(ifany)• Co-accusedsentence(ifany)• Co-operationwithauthorities(ifany)–thecourtshouldbeprovidedwithreliableinformationfromthe

prosecution that the offender provided substantial cooperation in relation to this offence or thedisruptionofotheroffences.Ifsubstantialthiscouldresultinsubstantiallyreducedsentence.

• Viewsofthevictim’sfamilySTEP5:FixtheSentencewithintheAppropriatelevelrange(High,Medium,Low)• Thelevelofseriousnessoftheoffence-High,MediumorLow;• Theaggravatingandmitigatingfactorswithinthatrange(orexceptionallywhichmaytaketheoffencetoa

higherorlowerrange)• The accused person personal circumstances, the prevalence of the offence he views of the victim or

membersofthefamilyfixthesentencewithintheappropriatelevelrange.• Theviewsofthevictim’sfamily• AnnouncetheSentencebygivingreasonsSTEP6:Reducethesentenceforanyguiltyplea(ifapplicable)Apply appropriate level of reduction in accordancewith general guidance on reduction of sentences for aguiltyplea.Theamountshouldreducethecloseritwasgiventotrial.Thecourtshouldstatewhat thesentencewouldhavebeen if thecasehadbeencontestedat trialandtheamountofreduction(orcredit)forthisguiltyplea.NB:Areductioncannottakeasentencebelowastatutoryminimumsentence.STEP7:AnnouncetheSentencegivingreasonsSTEP8Deductanytimeservedincustody• Theprisonservice,prosecutionandoffendershouldagreewiththecourttheamountofdaystheoffender

hasservedincustodyatthepolicestationandprisonbeforesentence• Thecourt shouldnotdeduct thisamount fromtheactual sentence itorders. Instead, thecourt should

orderthatthistimeistakenbytheprisonserviceastimealreadyservedtowardssentence.STEP9:AncillaryOrders• Confiscation–itismandatorytoordertheconfiscationtothegovernmentofanyadvantagereceived.• IfactingasanagentitismandatorytoorderthattheadvantagebepaidbacktotheprincipalSTEP10:ProceedsofCrimeAsktheprosecutionifanyordersarerequiredoranticipatedundertheProceedsofCrimeAct(e.g.restraint,forfeiture,oranapplicationforapecuniarypenaltyorder)

72

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tionOffen

cesu

nderth

ePreven

tionan

dCo

mba

tingofCorruptionAc

t,Ca

p32

9NB:Exceptforse

ction15allothersectio

nsfallun

dertheEcono

micand

OrganizedCrim

eCo

ntrolA

ct,Cap.200

THEPR

EVEN

TIONANDCOMBA

TINGOFCO

RRUPT

IONACT

,CHAP

TER32

9

*Corruptionoffenceswho

sevalue

ism

orethan

one

billionshillingssha

llbe

triedby

THECO

RRUPT

IONANDECO

NOMICCRIMESDIVISIONOFTH

EHIGHCOURT

.LA

W

&

SECT

ION

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CE

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IMUMSEN

TENCE

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TINGPOINT

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GE

S.15

Corrup

tTransactio

ns

Tshs1,000,000/=orThreeYears

imprison

ment.

Tshs500,000/=orT

woYearsimprison

ment

Tshs500,000/=-1,000,000/=

Imprison

ment2

-3Years.

AncillaryOrders-

• Co

nfiscatio

n•

Refund

STEP

NO2:C

onside

rAggravatin

gan

dMitigatin

gFactors

Aggravating

Mitigatin

gA

high

leve

lof

plan

ning

,or

ganiza

tion,

soph

isticat

ion

or

prof

essio

nalis

mfo

rthe

offe

nce

Prev

ious

goo

dch

arac

ter

Multip

levictim

sYo

ungor

oldage

oft

heacc

used

whe

reth

isis

releva

ntto

resp

onsib

ility

Offe

ndingov

eralo

ngper

iod

Health

con

ditio

nor

disa

bilit

yof

acc

used

A

prem

edita

tedof

fenc

eM

enta

lins

tabilit

yof

acc

used

A

prof

essio

nalo

ffenc

ean

dth

ede

gree

ofs

ophisticat

ioninvo

lved

Im

pactonfa

mily

circ

umstan

ceso

facc

used

Sign

ifica

ntac

tual,

inte

nded

or

fo

rese

eable

impa

cton

na

tiona

lse

curit

yRe

mor

seo

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ion

(e.g.e

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espo

nsibility

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orse

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eAb

useof

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ower

Tr

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Th

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A

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onsib

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inaloffe

nce

Delib

erat

ean

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atuito

us

violen

ce,

dam

age

to

prop

erty

or

de

grad

ingof

victim

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ypu

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men

tunlaw

fully

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Theef

fectoft

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thevictim

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sical,m

enta

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Anyha

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sedto

thevictim

The

finan

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oft

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the

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pr

ofit

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oft

hevictim

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Targ

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egar

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STEP

3Con

side

rthe

Accused

persona

lcirc

umstan

ces,to

talityprincipleco-accused

senten

ceany

coo

peratio

nwith

theau

thorities

Person

alcircum

stances

• Age

• An

ydisability(p

hysicalorm

ental)

• Familycircum

stances,dependantsa

ndim

pactofsentencesupo

nthem

•

Work,incomeandsavings

• Co

mmunitywork,othergoo

dworks

• Previouscon

viction,breachofanycou

rtorders

STEP

4FIXTHE

SEN

TENCE

WITHINTHE

APP

ROPR

IATELEV

ELRAN

GE(LOW,M

EDIUM,H

IGH)

• Theserio

usnessoftheoffe

nce(High,M

ediumorLow

leveloffe

nce)

• Theaggravatingandmitigatin

gfactorsw

ithinth

atra

nge(o

rexceptio

nalhavetakentheoffencetoahigh/low

erra

nge

• Theaccusedperson

alcircum

stances,co-op

erationwith

theauthorities,

• View

softhevictim

s,institu

tionand/orcom

munity

• Theprevalenceoftheoffe

nce/needtodeterrence

STEP

5(ifap

plicab

le)R

educethesenten

cefo

rany

guilty

plea

• Ap

plyapprop

riatelevelofreductio

ninaccordancewith

generalguidanceon

reductionofse

ntencefo

rguiltyplea

o Iftheoffenderpleadedguiltythen,unlessthereareexceptionalreasons(whichm

ustbegiven)theoffenderssentencesho

uldbe

redu

ced

o Thecourtsho

uldstatetheam

ountofreductio

n(orcredit)fo

rthisg

uiltyplea

o Theam

ountofreductio

nshou

ldre

duceth

ecloseritwasgivenbeforetrial

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o Themaximum

reductionshou

ldbeon

ethird

NB:thecou

rtcanno

tgiveadiscou

ntw

hichw

ouldreducethesentencebelow

anystatutorym

inimum

sentenceofprison

(3or5years)orfine

(500,000/=Tshor1

,000,000/=)

STEP

6Prono

unceth

esenten

cegivingreason

sSTEP

7Ded

ucta

nytimeserved

incustody

• Theprison

service,prosecutio

nandoffend

ersho

uldagreeon

theam

ountofd

ayswhichth

eoffend

erhasservedincustodyatthepolicestationandprison

beforese

ntence.

• Thecourtshou

ldnottakethisam

ountfrom

theactualsentenceitorders.Instead,thecou

rtsho

uldorderthatthistim

eistakenbytheprison

serviceas

timealreadyservedto

wardsth

esentence.

STEP

8-A

ncillaryOrder

• Orderfo

rthedestructio

nofth

edrugs,psychotropicsubstance,plant,m

aterial,apparatuso

rutensilssh

allbeliabletocon

fiscatio

n(s.44DC

EA)

• Co

mpensation,forfeitu

re,reparation,re

stitu

tion,

• Co

nsiderth

eoffend

er’sabilitytopayand

timetopayanyfinancialorder

STEP

9-P

roceed

sofCrim

eAc

t

Asktheprosecutionifanyordersarere

quire

dregardinganyapplicationun

dertheproceedsofCrim

eAct(e.g.restraint,forfeitu

reora

pplicationforthepecun

iary

penaltyorder)

75

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ceGuide

linesfo

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cesu

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eDrugCo

ntroland

Enforcemen

tAct,201

5Ca

p.95

THEDRU

GCONTR

OLAN

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RCEM

ENTAC

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5CA

P95

STEP

1:E

STAB

LISH

WHAT

ARE

THEMINIM

UMANDM

AXIM

UMSEN

TENCE

SN

LAW&SEC

TION

VARIOUSDRU

GSOFFEN

CES

SENTENCE

15(1)(a)

Traffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(1)(b

)Trafficking,diverting

orillegallyd

ealing

ina

nyw

ayw

ithp

recursor

chem

icals,sub

stanceswith

drugrelatedeffectand

usedinth

eprocessof

manufacturin

g.

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(1)(c)

Directlyorindirectlyfacilitatesorcausesotherperson

tobeusedasa

bond

ageforthepurpo

seofd

rugtrafficking

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(2)

Prod

uctio

n,Transpo

rtation,Im

portation,Exportatio

n,Selling,Purchasing

ofNarcoticDrugsorS

ubstances

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15A

Traffickingin

narcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstanceorillegallydealing

ordivertin

gprecursorchemicalso

rsub

stanceoflessa

mou

nt

LiableIm

prison

mentforate

rmof3

0years

16

IllegalP

ossession

ofm

achines,e

quipmentand

labo

ratoryfom

arcoiic

drugsa

ndpsychotropicsubstances

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)inadd

ition

aFineofnotle

ssthan

(Tsh.

200,000,000/=).

Confiscatio

nand

Forfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

17(1)(a

)Po

ssessio

nofsmallquantityofn

arcoticdrugsorp

sychotropicsubstances

(coc

aine

,mor

phine,d

iace

tyl-m

orph

ine

ora

nyo

ther

nar

cotic

dru

gor

any

ps

ycho

trop

icsu

bsta

ncesp

ecifi

edbyth

eM

inist

erbyno

ticeinth

eGaz

ette

)

Afin

eofnotlessth

anTshs1,000,000/=,ortoimprison

ment

fora

term

offiveyearso

rtobo

th.

17(1)(b

)Po

ssessio

nofsmallq

uantityofn

arcoticdrugsotherth

anth

osespecified

unders.17(1)(a).

Afin

eofnotlessthanfivehu

ndredthou

sand

shillingsorto

imprison

mentforate

rmofthreeyearsortobo

th

18(a)(b

)&(c)

UseSmoking,Sniffing,Injectin

g,etcofD

rugs.

Foun

dinanyhou

se,roo

morplaceillegallyusedforsm

oking,in

jecting

inhaling,sn

iffinganynarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance.

Foun

dinpossessionofanypipeorotherutensilforuseincon

nection

Afin

eofno

tlessthanon

emillion

shillingsorto

imprison

mentforate


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ntroland

Enforcemen

tAct,201

5Ca

p.95

THEDRU

GCONTR

OLAN

DENFO

RCEM

ENTAC

T,201

5CA

P95

STEP

1:E

STAB

LISH

WHAT

ARE

THEMINIM

UMANDM

AXIM

UMSEN

TENCE

SN

LAW&SEC

TION

VARIOUSDRU

GSOFFEN

CES

SENTENCE

15(1)(a)

Traffickinginnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(1)(b

)Trafficking,diverting

orillegallyd

ealing

ina

nyw

ayw

ithp

recursor

chem

icals,sub

stanceswith

drugrelatedeffectand

usedinth

eprocessof

manufacturin

g.

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(1)(c)

Directlyorindirectlyfacilitatesorcausesotherperson

tobeusedasa

bond

ageforthepurpo

seofd

rugtrafficking

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15(2)

Prod

uctio

n,Transpo

rtation,Im

portation,Exportatio

n,Selling,Purchasing

ofNarcoticDrugsorS

ubstances

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)PlusCon

fiscatio

nandForfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

15A

Traffickingin

narcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstanceorillegallydealing

ordivertin

gprecursorchemicalso

rsub

stanceoflessa

mou

nt

LiableIm

prison

mentforate

rmof3

0years

16

IllegalP

ossession

ofm

achines,e

quipmentand

labo

ratoryfom

arcoiic

drugsa

ndpsychotropicsubstances

Minimum

20years

Maximum

30years

(Cap95Re

ad

togetherw

ithCap200)inadd

ition

aFineofnotle

ssthan

(Tsh.

200,000,000/=).

Confiscatio

nand

Forfeitureof

Instrumentsand

ProceedsD

erivedfrom

theOffe

nce.

17(1)(a

)Po

ssessio

nofsmallquantityofn

arcoticdrugsorp

sychotropicsubstances

(coc

aine

,mor

phine,d

iace

tyl-m

orph

ine

ora

nyo

ther

nar

cotic

dru

gor

any

ps

ycho

trop

icsu

bsta

ncesp

ecifi

edbyth

eM

inist

erbyno

ticeinth

eGaz

ette

)

Afin

eofnotlessth

anTshs1,000,000/=,ortoimprison

ment

fora

term

offiveyearso

rtobo

th.

17(1)(b

)Po

ssessio

nofsmallq

uantityofn

arcoticdrugsotherth

anth

osespecified

unders.17(1)(a).

Afin

eofnotlessthanfivehu

ndredthou

sand

shillingsorto

imprison

mentforate


th

18(a)(b

)&(c)

UseSmoking,Sniffing,Injectin

g,etcofD

rugs.

Foun

dinanyhou

se,roo

morplaceillegallyusedforsm

oking,in

jecting

inhaling,sn

iffinganynarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance.

Foun

dinpossessionofanypipeorotherutensilforuseincon

nection

Afin

eofno

tlessthanon

emillion

shillingsorto

imprison

mentforate


th.

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

76

76

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

with

smoking,inh

aling,sniffingo

rotherw

iseusingnarcoticd

rugso

rpsycho

trop

icsu

bstance

19(1)

Perm

issionofapremises,enclosureorcon

veyancetobeusedforthe

purposeofpreparatio

nofnarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstanceorfo

rsm

oking,selling,in

jecting,in

haling,sniffing,o

rotherw

iseusesuchdrug

with

outa

permitfrom

are

levantautho

rity.

Afin

eofnotlessth

anfivem

illionshillingsorimprison

ment

fora

term

ofn

otlessth

anth

reeyears,orb

oth.

20(1)(a

)(b)&

(c)

Administeringforn

arcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance.

Addinganarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstancetoafoo

dordrin

kor

usesanyotherm

etho

dtoadm

inistersuchdrugswith

outtheknow

ledge

ofth

econsum

er.

Selling,sup

plyingoracqu

iringanarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance

onpresentationofprescrip

tionknow

ingorhavingreason

stobelieveth

at

theprescriptio

nisforged,u

nlaw

fullyobtainedoracquiredorwasissued

morethansixmon

thsb

eforepresentatio

n

Shallbesentencedtoafinenotlessth

an50millionshillings

ortoimprison

mentforaterm

ofno

tlessthanthirtyyears

orto

both.

.

20(2)

Whereth

eoffenceun

derS

.20(1)iscom

mitted-

(a) insc

hooloro

theredu

catio

ninstitu

tions,or

(b) thevictimsa

repersonsund

erth

eageofeighteenyears

Shallbesentencedtoim

prison

mentforate

rmnotlessth

an

thirtyyears.

21

Embezzlementb

yauthorizedcultivators.

Afin

eoffifteenmillionshillingsortoim

prison

mentfora

term

ofno

tlessthanthirtyyearsorboth,and

thecou

rt

may,forreasonstoberecordedintheju

dgmentimpo

sea

fineofnotle

ssthanthirtymillionshillingsiftheoffe

nder

repeatth

eoffence.

22

Breachingofte

rms,licenceorpermit.

Afin

eofnotlessthantwentyfivemillionshillingsorto

imprison

mentforaterm

ofno

tlessthanthirtyyearsorto

both,and

inadd

ition

,hislicenceorp

ermitshallberevoked.

23

Financingofillegalactivities.

Afin

eofnotlessth

anonebillionshillingsin

add

ition

tolife

imprison

ment.

24

Conspiresw

ithano

therpersontocom

mit.

Solicits,incite

s,aids,con

cealsorattem

ptstosolicit,in

cite,a

id,a

betor

concealanyotherpersontocom

mit.

Causes,p

rocuresorattem

ptstocauseorprocurethecommission

ofan

offenceun

derthisA

ct(C

ap95).

Afin

eofn

otm

ore

thantwentym

illion

shillingso

rto

imprison

mentforate

rmofn

otm

orethanth

irtyyearsorto

bo

th.

77

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

25

Attemptand

Omission.

Liabletoimprison

mentforaterm

ofno

tlessthanthehalf

ofth

emaximum

term

ofimprison

mentw

ithwhichhewou

ld

havebeenpu

nishablein

theeventofh

ishavingcom

mitted

suchoffe

nce,with

fineofn

otlessth

anhalfo

fthem

aximum

am

ountoffin

ewhichthatperson

wou

ldhavebeen

punished,hadth

atpersoncommittedth

eoffence.

STEP

2:C

ONSIDER

THELEVE

LOFSERIOUSN

ESSOFTH

EOFFEN

CE

Adrug

scasere

quire

san

assessm

ento

fthe

qua

ntity

(byweigh

tand

/orp

urity

)ofthe

drugsin

volved

and

theroleplayedby

accused

.A.

SC

HED

ULEDOFFEN

CESUNDER

THEEC

ONOMICANDORG

ANIZED

CRIMECO

NTR

OLAC

T,Cap

.200

SN.

SECT

ION

OFFEN

CE

QUAN

TITY

/SEN

TENCE

RO

LE

Low

20yea

rs

minim

um

Med

ium

25-30years

High

30yea

rs

maxim

um

Low

20yea

rsm

inim

um

Med

ium

25-30years

High

30yea

rsm

axim

um

1.

15(1)(a

)Trafficking

innarcotic

drugor

psycho

trop

ic

substance

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substances

morethan

200gmbut

note

xceeding

1kg

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substances

morethan1kg

butn

ot

exceeding5kg

Narcoticdrugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substancesm

ore

than5kg

• Performsa

limite

dfunctio

nun

der

direction

• Engagedby

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Involvem

ent

throughyouth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• Noinflu

enceon

thoseaboveina

chain

• Operatio

nalor

managem

ent

functio

nwith

ina

chain

• Involvesothersinthe

operationwhether

bypressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idationor

rewardespeciallyif

thoseinvolvedare

children

• Motivatedby

financialoro

ther

advantage,whether

ornotoperatin

galon

e• Someaw

arenessa

nd•

Directingororganizing

• Bu

yingand

sellingona

commercialsc

ale

• Substantiallinksto

,and

influ

enceon,othersinchain

• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

• Expectationofsu

bstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

76

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

77

77

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

25

Attemptand

Omission.

Liabletoimprison

mentforaterm

ofno

tlessthanthehalf

ofth

emaximum

term

ofimprison

mentw

ithwhichhewou

ld

havebeenpu

nishablein

theeventofh

ishavingcom

mitted

suchoffe

nce,with

fineofn

otlessth

anhalfo

fthem

aximum

am

ountoffin

ewhichthatperson

wou

ldhavebeen

punished,hadth

atpersoncommittedth

eoffence.

STEP

2:C

ONSIDER

THELEVE

LOFSERIOUSN

ESSOFTH

EOFFEN

CE

Adrug

scasere

quire

san

assessm

ento

fthe

qua

ntity

(byweigh

tand

/orp

urity

)ofthe

drugsin

volved

and

theroleplayedby

accused

.A.

SC

HED

ULEDOFFEN

CESUNDER

THEEC

ONOMICANDORG

ANIZED

CRIMECO

NTR

OLAC

T,Cap

.200

SN.

SECT

ION

OFFEN

CE

QUAN

TITY

/SEN

TENCE

RO

LE

Low

20yea

rs

minim

um

Med

ium

25-30years

High

30yea

rs

maxim

um

Low

20yea

rsm

inim

um

Med

ium

25-30years

High

30yea

rsm

axim

um

1.

15(1)(a

)Trafficking

innarcotic

drugor

psycho

trop

ic

substance

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substances

morethan

200gmbut

note

xceeding

1kg

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substances

morethan1kg

butn

ot

exceeding5kg

Narcoticdrugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substancesm

ore

than5kg

• Performsa

limite

dfunctio

nun

der

direction

• Engagedby

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Involvem

ent

throughyouth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• Noinflu

enceon

thoseaboveina

chain

• Operatio

nalor

managem

ent

functio

nwith

ina

chain


operationwhether

bypressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idationor

rewardespeciallyif

thoseinvolvedare

children

• Motivatedby

financialoro

ther

advantage,whether

ornotoperatin

galon

e• Someaw

arenessa

nd•


• Bu

yingand

sellingona

commercialsc

ale


,and

influ


• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

• Expectationofsu

bstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

78

78

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

understand

ingof

scaleofoperatio

nCann

abisand

orkhat<

200gm

Cann

abisand

orkhat

Greaterth

an

200gmless

than500gm

Cann

abisandor

khatabo

ve500gm

• Performsa

limite

dfunctio

nun

der

direction

• Engagedby

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Involvem

ent

throughyouth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• Noinflu

enceon

thoseaboveina

chain

• Operatio

nalor

managem

ent

functio

nwith

ina

chain


operationwhether

bypressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idationor

rewardespeciallyif

thoseinvolvedare

children

• Motivatedby

financialoro

ther

advantage,whether

ornotoperatin

galon

e• Someaw

arenessa

nd

understand

ingof

scaleofoperatio

n

• Directingororganizing

• Bu

yingand

sellingona

commercialsc

ale


,and

influ


• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

• Expectationofsu

bstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedmore

than100but

not

exceeding

200litresin

liquidform

,or100but

not

exceeding

200kgin

solidfo

rm

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedmore

than200but

note

xceeding

500litresin

liquidform

,or

100bu

tnot

exceeding500

kginso

lid

form

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstancewith

drugre

latedmore

than500litresin

liquidform

,or

500kginso

lid

form

SN.

SECT

ION

OFFEN

CE

QUAN

TITY

/SEN

TENCE

ROLE

Low

1yr-3years

minim

um

Med

ium

3-10

yea

rs

High

10

-30

years

maxim

um

Low

0-

3years

minim

um

Med

ium

3-10

yea

rs

High

10-30

yea

rsm

axim

um

15A(1)

Trafficking

innarcotic

drugor

psycho

trop

ic

substanceor

illegally

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substanceno

tmorethan

50gm

Narcotic

drugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substances

equalto50gm

ormorebu

t

Narcoticdrugs,

psycho

trop

ic

substancesequ

al

to200gm

orless

butn

otbelow

150gm

• Performsa

limite

dfunctio

nun

der

direction

• Engagedby

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Operatio

nalor

managem

ent

functio

nwith

ina

chain


operationwhether

• Directingororganizing

• Bu

yingand

sellingona

commercialsc

ale


,and

influ


• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

79

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

dealingor

diverting

precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

note

xceeding

150gm

• Involvem

ent

throughyouth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• Noinflu

enceon

thoseaboveina

chain

bypressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idationor

rewardespeciallyif

thoseinvolvedare

children

• Motivatedby

financialoro

ther

advantage,whether

ornotoperatin

galon

e• Someaw

arenessa

nd

understand

ingof

scaleofoperatio

n

• Expectationofsu

bstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedequal

to30litres

orbelow

in

liquidform

,orequ

al30

kgorb

elow

inso

lidfo

rm

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedequal

to50litreso

rlessbutnot

below30litres

inliqu

idfo

rm

orequ

al50kg

orlessbut

notb

elow

30

kginso

lid

form

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstancewith

drugre

latedequal

to100litresor

lessbutnotbelow

50litresinliqu

id

form

orequal

100kgorlessbu

tno

tbelow

50kg

inso

lidfo

rm

•

•

•

Cann

abisand

orkhatno

tmore

than

30gm

Cann

abis

and

orkhatequal

to30gm

or

morebu

tno

texceeding

50gm

Cann

abis

and

or

khat

equal

to

50gm

orlessbut

notb

elow

30gm

• Performsalim

ited

functio

nun

der

direction

• Engaged

by

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Operatio

nal

or

managem

ent

functio

nwith

in

achain

• Involvesothersinth

eop

eration

whether•


• Bu

yingand

sellingon

a

commercialsc

ale

• Substantial

linksto,

and

influ


• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

78

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

79

79

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

dealingor

diverting

precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

note

xceeding

150gm

• Involvem

ent

throughyouth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• Noinflu

enceon

thoseaboveina

chain

bypressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idationor

rewardespeciallyif

thoseinvolvedare

children

• Motivatedby

financialoro

ther

advantage,whether

ornotoperatin

galon

e• Someaw

arenessa

nd

understand

ingof

scaleofoperatio

n

• Expectationofsu

bstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedequal

to30litres

orbelow

in

liquidform

,orequ

al30

kgorb

elow

inso

lidfo

rm

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstance

with

drug

relatedequal

to50litreso

rlessbutnot

below30litres

inliqu

idfo

rm

orequ

al50kg

orlessbut

notb

elow

30

kginso

lid

form

Precursor

chem

icalso

rsubstancewith

drugre

latedequal

to100litresor

lessbutnotbelow

50litresinliqu

id

form

orequal

100kgorlessbu

tno

tbelow

50kg

inso

lidfo

rm

•

•

•

Cann

abisand

orkhatno

tmore

than

30gm

Cann

abis

and

orkhatequal

to30gm

or

morebu

tno

texceeding

50gm

Cann

abis

and

or

khat

equal

to

50gm

orlessbut

notb

elow

30gm

• Performsalim

ited

functio

nun

der

direction

• Engaged

by

pressure,coercion,

intim

idation

• Operatio

nal

or

managem

ent

functio

nwith

in

achain

• Involvesothersinth

eop

eration

whether•


• Bu

yingand

sellingon

a

commercialsc

ale

• Substantial

linksto,

and

influ


• Closelinktoorig

inalso

urce

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

80

80

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

• Involvem

ent

through

youth,

naivety/exploitatio

n• No

influ

enceon

those

above

ina

chain

by

pressure,

influ

ence,

intim

idation

or

reward

especiallyif

those

involvedare

children

• Motivated

by

financial

or

other

advantage,whether

or

not

operating

alon

e• Someaw

arenessand

understand

ing

of

scaleofoperatio

n

• Expectation

ofsubstantial

financialgain

• Usesb

usinessa

scover

• Ab

usesaposition

oftrust

SN.

SECT

ION

OFFEN

CE

QUAN

TITY

/SEN

TENCE

ROLE

16

Illegal

Possessio

nofm

achines,

equipm

ent

and

labo

ratory

fomarcoiic

drugs

and

psycho

trop

ic

substances

Low

Minimum

sentence30

years

imprison

ment

plusafineof

notlessthan

200m

illion

shs.

Medium

Minimum

sentence

30

years

imprison

ment

plusafineof

notlessthan

200m

illion

shs.

High

Minimum

sentence30years

imprison

ment

plusafineofnot

less

than

200m

illionshs.

Low

Minimum

sentence

30

years

imprison

mentplus

afin

eofn

otless

than

200m

illion

shs.

Medium

Minimum

sentence

30

years

imprison

mentplusa

fin

eofnotlessthan

200m

illionshs.

High

Minimum

sentence30years

imprison

mentplusafineof

notlessthan200m

illionshs.

Ove

rvie

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f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

80

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

81

81

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

B. NON–SCH

EDULEDOFFEN

CES

SN.

SEC.

OFFEN

CE

QUAN

TITY

/SEN

TENCE

RO

LE

Low

Med

ium

High

Low

Med

ium

High

1.

17(1)(a

)Po

ssessio

nof

small

quantityofn

arcoticd

rugs

or

psycho

trop

ic

substances

(coc

aine

,m

orph

ine,

diac

etyl-

mor

phine

or

any

othe

rna

rcot

ic

drug

or

an

yps

ycho

trop

ic

subs

tanc

esp

ecified

byth

eM

inist

erb

yno

ticeinth

eGaz

ette

)

Afin

eofnot

less

than

Tshs

1,000,000/=,

or

to

imprison

men

tforaterm

of1yearor

toboth.

2years–

3years

Or

Fineof2

million

and

3million

shillings

BothF

ine

of

Five

million

and

imprison

men

tofFiveyears

Involvem

ent

through

youth,

naivety

or

exploitatio

n Mistakenbeliefo

fthe

offend

er

regarding

the

typeofdrug,

takingintoaccoun

tthereason

ablenessof

suchbeliefinallthe

circum

stance

Motivated

by

financial

or

otherg

ain

Isolated

incident

Influ

enceon,others

inchain,com

mercial

gain

Previousconvictio

nford

rugsoffe

nces

2.

17(1)(b

)Po

ssessio

nof

small

quantityofn

arcoticd

rugs

otherthantho

sespecified

unders.17(1)(a).

Afin

eofnot

lessthanfive

hund

red

thou

sand

shillings

(500,000/=)o

rto

imprison

men

tforaterm

ofon

eyear

orto

both

1yearto

2

years

or

fine

of

600,000/=

to

1,400,000

/=

Fineoffive

hund

red

thou

sand

(1,500,000/=)

and

imprison

men

tof

three

years

(3

years)

Involvem

ent

due

to

pressure,intim

idation

or

coercion

falling

shorto

fduress

parent/guardia

nfor

depend

ant

familymem

ber

Offe

nce

committed

whileinbail

3.

18(a)(b

)&(c)

Use

Smoking,

Sniffing,

Injecting,etcofD

rugs.

Foun

dinanyhou

se,room

orp

laceillegallyu

sed

for

smoking,injectin

ginhaling,

sniffinganynarcoticdrugor

Afin

eofnot

lessthanon

emillion

shillingsorto

imprison

men

tforaterm

Afin

eof

Oneand

a

half

million(1,5

00,0000/=

)totw

o

Afin

eofnot

less

than

three

million

shillingsand

imprison

men

tfora

term

Goo

dcharacter

Mental

disorder/

serio

us

health

cond

ition

Offe

nderisan

addict,

particularly

iftaking

steps

towards

rehabilitation

Recentorrelevant

convictio

nsfo

rother

offences

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ing

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82

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ing

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cipl

es S

epte

mbe

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8

psycho

trop

icsu

bstance.

Foun

dinpossessionofany

pipeoro

therutensilforu

se

in

conn

ectio

nwith

sm

oking,inh

ailing,sniffing

orotherwiseusingnarcotic

drugs

or

psycho

trop

ic

substance

ofoneyear.

million(2,0

00,000/=)

or

One

and

halfyear–

2yearsto

imprison

ment

of

three

years.

Age

or

lack

of

maturity

19(1)

Perm

ission

ofa

premises,

enclosureorcon

veyanceto

beusedforthepu

rposeof

preparation

of

narcotic

drug

or

psycho

trop

ic

substance

orforsmoking,

selling,injecting,inhaling,

sniffing,o

rotherw

ise

use

suchdrugwith

outaperm

itfrom

are

levantautho

rity.

Thereisnodiscretio

nalP

owers

Afin

eofnotlessth

anfivemillionshillingsorimprison

mentforate

rmofn

otlessth

anth

reeyears,orb

oth.

4.

20(1)(a

)(b)&(c)

Administering

fornarcotic

drug

or

psycho

trop

ic

substance.

Addingan

arcoticd

rugor

psycho

trop

icsub

stanceto

a

food

ordrinkorusesany

otherm

etho

dtoadm

inister

suchdrugs

with

out

the

know

ledge

of

the

consum

er.

Selling,

supp

lying

or

acqu

iringanarcoticdrugor

psycho

trop

icsub

stanceo

npresentatio

nofprescrip

tion

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Ove

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w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

82

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

83

83

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

know

ingorhavingreason

sto

believe

that

the

prescriptio

nis

forged,

unlawfully

obtained

or

acqu

ired

orwasissued

more

than

six

mon

ths

beforepresentation

5.

21

Embezzlement

by

authorizedcultivators.

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Afin

eoffifteenmillionshillingsortoim

prison

mentforate

rmofn

otlessth

anth

irtyyearsorboth,and

the

courtm

ay,forre

ason

stoberecordedinth

ejudgmentimpo

seafineofn

otlessth

anth

irtymillionshillingsif

theoffend

erre

peatth

eoffence.

6.

22

Breachingofterms,licence

orpermit.

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Afin

eofnotlessth

antw

entyfivem

illionshillingsortoimprison

mentforate

rmofn

otlessth

anth

irtyyears

orto

both,and

inadd

ition

,hislicenceorp

ermitshallberevoked

7.

23

Financing

of

illegal

activities.

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Afin

eofnotlessth

anonebillionshillingsinadd

ition

tolifeim

prison

ment.

8.

24

Conspires

with

another

person

tocom

mit.

Solicits,

incites,

aids,

concealsorattempts

to

solicit,incite

,aid,abetor

concealanyotherpersonto

commit.

Causes,

procures

or

attempts

to

cause

or

procurethecommission

of

ano

ffenceun

derthis

Act

(Cap95).

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Afin

eofnotm

orethantw

entym

illionshillingsortoim

prison

mentforate

rmofn

otm

orethanth

irtyyears

orto

both.

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

84

84

Ove

rvie

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f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

9.

25

Attemptand

Omission.

Thereisnodiscretio

nalp

owers

Liableto

imprison

mentforate

rmofn

otlessth

anth

ehalfofth

emaximum

term

ofimprison

mentw

ithwhich

hewou

ldhavebeenpun

ishedintheeventofh

ishavingcom

mittedsuchoffence,with

fineofn

otlessthan

halfofthem

aximum

amou

ntoffin

ewhichthatperson

wou

ldhavebeenpun

ished,hadthatperson

committedth

eoffence.

STEP

3:C

ONSIDER

WHAT

ARE

THERE

LEVA

NTAG

GRA

VATINGANDM

ITIGAT

INGFAC

TORS

WHICHM

AYIN

CREA

SEO

RDEC

REAS

ETH

ESENTENCE

WITHINTHE

RANGE

AGGRA

VATING

MITIGAT

ING

Ahigh

leve

lof

plan

ning

,or

ganiza

tion,

soph

isticat

ion

or

prof

essio

nalis

mfo

rthe

offe

nce

Prev

ious

goo

dch

arac

ter

Apr

ofes

siona

loffe

ncean

dth

ede

gree

ofs

ophisticat

ioninvo

lved

Yo

ungor

oldage

oft

heacc

used

whe

reth

isis

releva

ntto

resp

onsib

ility

High

leve

loff

inan

cialpro

fitfr

omth

eof

fenc

eHe

alth

con

ditio

nor

disa

bilit

yof

acc

used

Abus

eof

pos

ition

oft

rustand

/orp

ower

M

enta

lins

tabilit

yof

acc

used

Delib

erat

ean

dgr

atuito

usviolen

ce,

dam

age

topr

oper

tyor

de

grad

ingof

victim

Im

pactonfa

mily

circ

umstan

ceso

facc

used

Theef

fectoft

hecrim

eon

thevictim

–phy

sical,m

enta

l,em

otiona

lRe

mor

seo

rco

ntrit

ion

(e.g.e

arlya

dmiss

ion

ofr

espo

nsibility

can

be

one

eviden

ceofg

enuine

rem

orse

)

Th

eof

fend

erplaye

don

lyam

inor

rolein

theof

fenc

e

Tr

ivialn

atur

eof

theof

fenc

e

Th

eof

fend

erw

aspro

voke

d2

Co

-ope

ratio

nwith

thepo

liceor

oth

erst

ateag

encies

after

arres

tors

urre

nder

Ove

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f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

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ry 2

020

84

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

85

85

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

A

genu

inebe

lieft

hatc

ondu

ctw

ouldnot

con

stitu

teacrim

inaloffe

nce

An

ypu

nish

men

tunlaw

fully

met

edout

toth

eac

cuse

dby

mem

bersoft

hepub

lic

An

yco

mpe

nsat

ionor

restitu

tionalre

adyco

ntrib

uted

byth

eac

cuse

d.

STEP

4Con

side

rthe

Accused

persona

lcirc

umstan

ces,to

talityprincipleco-accused

senten

ceany

coo

peratio

nwith

theau

thorities

Person

alcircum

stances

• Age

• An

ydisability(p

hysicalorm

ental)

• Familycircum

stances,dependantsa

ndim

pactofsentencesupo

nthem

•

Work,incomeandsavings

• Co

mmunitywork,othergoo

dworks

• Previouscon

viction,breachofanycou

rtorders

STEP

5FIXTHE

SEN

TENCE

WITHINTHE

APP

ROPR

IATELEV

ELRAN

GE(LOW,M

EDIUM,H

IGH)

• Theserio

usnessoftheoffe

nce

• Theaggravatingandmitigatin

gfactorsw

ithinth

atra

nge(o

rexceptio

nalhavetakentheoffencetoahigh/low

erra

nge

• Theaccusedperson

alcircum

stances,co-op

erationwith

theauthorities,

• View

softhevictim

s,institu

tionand/orcom

munity

• Theprevalenceoftheoffe

nce/needtodeterrence

STEP

6(ifap

plicab

le)R

educethesenten

cefo

rany

guilty

plea

• Ap

plyapprop

riatelevelofreductio

ninaccordancewith

generalguidanceon

reductionofse

ntencefo

rguiltyplea

o Iftheoffenderpleadedguiltythen,unlessthereareexceptionalreasons(whichm

ustbegiven)theoffenderssentencesho

uldbe

redu

ced

o Thecourtsho

uldstatetheam

ountofreductio

n(orcredit)fo

rthisg

uiltyplea

o Theam

ountofreductio

nshou

ldre

duceth

ecloseritwasgivenbeforetrial

o Themaximum

reductionshou

ldbeon

ethird

NB:thecou

rtcanno

tgiveadiscou

ntw

hichw

ouldreducethesentencebelow

anystatutorym

inimum

sentenceofprison

(3or5years)orfine

(500,000/=Tshor1

,000,000/=)

STEP

7Prono

unceth

esenten

cegivingreason

sSTEP

8Ded

ucta

nytimeserved

incustody

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020

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86

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ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

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8

• Theprison

service,p

rosecutio

nandoffend

ersho

uldagreeon

theamou

ntofdaysw

hichtheoffe

nderhasservedincustodyatthepo

licestationand

prison

beforesentence.

• Thecourtsho

uldno

ttakethisam

ountfrom

theactualsentenceitorders.Instead,thecou

rtsho

uldorderthatthistim

eista

kenbyth

eprison

serviceas

timealreadyservedto

wardsth

esentence.

STEP

9-A

ncillaryOrder

•

Orderfo

rthedestructio

nofth

edrugs,psychotropicsubstance,plant,m

aterial,apparatuso

rutensilssh

allbeliabletocon

fiscatio

n(s.44DC

EA)

• Co

mpensation,fo

rfeiture,reparation,re

stitu

tion,

• Co

nsiderth

eoffend

er’sabilitytopayand

timetopayanyfinancialorder

STEP

10-Proceed

sofCrim

eAc

t Asktheprosecutionifanyordersarerequiredregardinganyapplicationun

dertheproceedsofCrimeAct(e.g.restraint,forfeitureorapplicationforthe

pecuniarypenaltyorder)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

86

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

87

87

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rvie

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f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

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r 201

8

PART

III

SENTENCINGIN

DEX

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cipl

es S

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8

PART

III

SENTENCINGIN

DEX

SENTENCINGIN

DEX

PENAL

CODE

S/N

oOffen

ce

Courts

with

jurisdiction

Man

datorySen

tenceRa

nge

Discretio

narySen

tence

Minim

umte

rm

Maxim

um

term

Ap

plicab

le

Law

Fine

De

fault

custod

ial

Other

senten

ce

1.

Aiding,abetting,

coun

seling,orp

rocurin

gthe

commissionofanoffence

AnyCo

urt

Samepunishmentas

fortheoffe

nceaided,

abetted,cou

nseledor

procured.

22(C

ap.16)

2.

Treason

HighCou

rt

Death

39(C

ap.16)

3.

Treason

HighCou

rt

Death

Deathpenalty40(C

ap.16)

4.

Misp

risionoftreason.

HighCou

rt

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

41(C

ap.16)

5.

Prom

otingwarlike

undertaking.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

43(C

ap.16)

6.

Incitin

gtomutiny.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

45(C

ap.16)

7.

Aidinginactso

fmutiny.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

46(C

ap.16)

8.

Inducingdesertio

n.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

ths.

Sixmon

ths

47(C

ap.16)

9.

Aidingprison

erofw

arto

escape.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

48(a)

(Cap.16)

10.

Perm

ittingpriso

nersofw

ar

toescape.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

life

impriso

nment

(b)(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

88

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

89

89

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

11.

Administeringortaking

oathto

com

mitcapital

offence.

Asubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

Deathpenalty59(C

ap.16)

12.

Administeringortaking

otheru

nlaw

fuloaths.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

60(C

ap.16)

13.

Unlaw

fuldrilling.

do.

do.

Sixyears

62(1)

(Cap.16)

14.

Beingunlawfullydrilled

Im

priso

nmentfortw

oyears.

sevenyears

(2)(Cap.16)

15.

Raisingdiscon

tentandill

willfo

runlaw

fulpurpo

ses.

Im

priso

nmentfor

twelvemon

ths.

63B

(Cap.16)

1000

Oneyear

16.

Foreignenlistm

ent.

Asubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

65(C

ap.16)

17.

Piracy.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

66(C

ap.16)

Thissectio

nfallunder

econ

omic

offence

18.

Unlaw

fulassem

bly.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

74and75

(Cap.16)

19.

Riot.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

74(C

ap.16)

20.

Riotingafterp

roclam

ation.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

79(C

ap.16)

21.

Obstructio

nproclamation

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

orte

nyears.

Fiveyears

80(C

ap.16)

22.

Riotersd

estroying

buildings.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

81(Cap.16)

23.

Riotersinjuringbuildings.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

82(C

ap.16)

Ove

rvie

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f Sen

tenc

ing

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ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

90

90

Ove

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f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

24.

Riotou

slyinterferingwith

railw

ay,etc.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

83(C

ap.16)

25.

Goingarmedinpublic.

do.

do.

84(C

ap.16)

forfeito

farms

26.

Forcibleentry.

do.

do.

notindicated

85(C

ap.16)

27.

Forcibledetainer.

do.

do.

notindicated

86(C

ap.16)

28.

Committingaffray.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

ths.

87(C

ap.16)

Five

hundred

Shillings

Six

mon

ths

29.

Challengingtofightaduel.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

88(C

ap.16)

30.

Abusivelanguageand

braw

ling.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

ths.

Sixmon

ths

89(1)

(Cap.16)

31.

Threateningviolence.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

89(2)(C

ap.1

6)

32.

Iftheoffenceiscommitted

inth

enight.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

Twoyears

33.

Watchingorbesettin

g.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

ths.

Sixmon

ths

89A(Cap.16)

34.

Intim

idation

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

89B(Cap.16)

35.

Dissuadingpersonsfrom

assistin

gwith

self-help

schemes.

do.

Fineofo

neth

ousand

shillingsor

impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rboth.

89C(Cap.16)

fineno

texceeding

1000

Notsix

mon

ths

36.

Assemblingforp

urpo

seof

smuggling.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

90(Cap.16)

Twoyears

37.

Officerd

ischargingdutie

sin

respecto

fpropertyin

whichhehasa

special

interest

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

94(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

90

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

91

91

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

38.

False

claimsb

yofficials.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

95(Cap.16)

39.

Abuseofoffice.

do.

do.

threeyears

96(Cap.16)

Thissectio

nfallunder

Econ

omic

Offe

nces

40.

Abuseofoffice(iffor

purposesofgain).

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

41.

False

certificatesbypublic

officers.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

97(Cap.16)

42.

Unautho

rised

administratio

nofoaths.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

98(Cap.16)

43.

False

assum

ptionof

authority.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

99(Cap.16)

44.

Person

atingpublicofficers.

do.

do.

notindicated

100(Cap.16)

45.

Threatofinjurytopersons

employedinth

epublic

service.

do.

do.

notindicated

101(Cap.16)

46.

False

statem

entsby

interpreters.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Thesamepunishment

asfo

rperjury.

sevenyears

103(Cap.16)

47.

Perju

ryorsubornatio

nof

perju

ry.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

104(Cap.16)

48.

Fabricatingevidence.

do.

do.

sevenyears

106(Cap.16)

49.

False

swearin

gdo

.Im

priso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

107(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

50.

Deceivingwitn

esses.

do.

do.

notindicated

108(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

51.

Destroyingevidence.

do.

do.

notindicated

109(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

52.

Conspiracyto

defeatjustice

andinterferencewith

witn

esses.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

110(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

92

92

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

53.

Compo

undingoffe

nces.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

111(Cap.16)

seeS.35

SeeS.35

54.

Compo

undingpenal

actio

ns.

do.

do.

notindicated

112(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

55.

Advertisingfo

rstolen

prop

erty

do.

do.

notindicated

113(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

56.

Contem

ptofcou

rt.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rafineof

fiftyth

ousand

shillings.

114(1).

Five

hundred

Shillings

six

mon

ths

57.

Contem

ptofcou

rt(if

committedinviewof

court).

do.

Fineoffou

rhundred

shillingsorindefault

ofpayment

impriso

nmentforone

mon

th.

114(2).

Four

Hundred

Four

Mon

ths

58.

Preventin

gorobstructin

gserviceorexecutio

nof

process.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

oneyear

114A

(Cap.1

6)

59.

Rescue–

115(Cap.16)

60.

Ifperson

rescuedisunder

sentenceofd

eathor

impriso

nmentforlifeor

chargedwith

offe

nce

punishablewith

deathor

impriso

nmentforlife;

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

(a)(C

ap.16)

61.

Ifperson

rescuedis

impriso

nedon

achargeor

undersentencefora

ny

othero

ffence;

Asubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

(b)(C

ap.16)

62.

Inanyothercase.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

(c)(C

ap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

92

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

93

93

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

63.

Escape.

do.

do.

notindicated

116(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

64.

Absencefrom

extra-m

ural

employment.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyearso

rafineor

both.

116A

(1)

65.

Aidingprison

erstoescape.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

117(Cap.16)

66.

Removaletc.ofp

roperty

underlaw

fulseizure.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

118(Cap.16)

67.

Fraudsandbreacheso

ftrustb

ypublicofficers.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

120(Cap.16)

68.

Neglectofo

fficialduty.

do.

do.

notindicated

121(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

69.

False

inform

ationto

person

semployedinth

epublicse

rvice.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rfineofone

thou

sandsh

illings.

122(Cap.16)

one

thou

sand

Six

mon

ths

70.

Disobedienceofstatutory

duty.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

twoyears

123(Cap.16)

71.

Disobedienceoflaw

ful

orders.

do.

do.

Twoyears

124(Cap.16)

72.

Insulttore

ligionofany

class.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

125(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

73.

Disturbingre

ligious

assemblies.

do.

do.

notindicated

126(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

74.

Trespassingon

burial

places.

do.

do.

notindicated

127(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

75.

Hinderingburia

lofd

ead

body,etc.

do.

do.

notindicated

128(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

76.

Utteringwordswith

intent

towou

ndre

ligiousfeelings.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

129(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

94

94

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

77.

Rape.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforlife

with

orw

ithou

tcorporalpunish

ment.

thirtyyears,

life

impriso

nment

131(Cap.16)

corporal

punishment

78.

Attemptedra

pe.

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

thirtyyearsw

ithor

with

outcorpo

ral

punishment.

twentyyears

132(Cap.16)

79.

Abduction.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears

sevenyears

133(Cap.16)

80.

Abductionofgirlunder

sixteen.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

134(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

81.

Sexualassaulton

persons

andindecentassaulton

wom

en

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

perio

dno

texceeding

fiveyearso

rafinenot

exceedingthree

hundredthou

sand

shillings.

Fiveyears

135(1)

82.

Insultingth

emod

estyofa

wom

an.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

(3)(C

ap.16)

83.

Defilem

ento

fgirlunder

twelve.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife,

with

orw

ithou

tcorporalpunish

ment.

repealed

136(1)

84.

Attempteddefilemento

fgirlundertwelve.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyearswith

or

with

outcorpo

ral

punishment.

repealed

(2)(C

ap.16)

85.

Defilem

ento

fanidioto

rimbecile.

do.

do.

fourteen

years

137(Cap.16)

86.

Defilem

entb

yhusbandof

wifeundertw

elve.

Im

priso

nmentforfive

years.

tenyears

138(1)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

94

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

95

95

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

87.

Parentorguardianparting

with

possessionofgirl

undertwelveinorderth

at

shemaybecarnallykno

wn

byherhusband.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

tenyears

(2)(C

ap.16)

88.

Procuringgirlundertwelve

inorderth

atsh

emaybe

carnallykno

wnbyher

husband.

do.

do.

tenyears

(3)(C

ap.16)

89.

Actsofgrossindecency

betweenperson

sdo

Im

priso

nmentfora

term

notlessth

ante

nyears,corpo

ral

punishmentand

compensation.

138A

no

texceeding

three

hundred

thou

sand

fiveyears

corporal

punishment,

compensatio

n

90.

Sexualexploitatio

nof

Children

do

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

fiveyearsa

ndnot

exceedingtwenty

years.

twentyyears

138B

91.

GraveSexualabuse

do

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

twentyyearsandnot

exceedingthirtyyears.

thirtyyears,

life

impriso

nment

138C

corporal

punishment

92.

Sexualharassm

ent

do

Impriso

nmentfora

term

notexceeding

fiveyearso

rafinenot

exceedingtwo

hundredthou

sand

shillingsorb

othfin

eandimpriso

nment

andcompensation.

138D

two

hundred

thou

sand

shillings

fiveyears

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

96

96

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

93.

Procuratio

nfo

rprostitution.

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

tenyearsa

ndnot

exceedingtwenty

yearso

rtoafin

eof

notlessthanon

ehundredthou

sand

shillingsandnot

exceedingthree

hundredthou

sand

shillings.

139(Cap.16)

one

hundred

thou

sand

shillings

tento

twenty

years

94.

Traffickingofp

ersons

do

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

tenyearsa

ndnot

exceedingtwenty

yearso

rtoafin

eof

notlessthanhundred

thou

sandsh

illingsand

note

xceedingth

ree

hundredthou

sand

shillings.

139A

on

ehundred

thou

sand

shillings

tento

twenty

years

95.

Procuringdefilem

ent

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

tenyearsa

ndnot

exceedingtwenty

yearso

rtoafin

eof

notlessthanhundred

thou

sandsh

illingsand

note

xceedingth

ree

hundredthou

sand

shillingsortobo

th

andcompensation.

140(Cap.16)

one

hundred

thou

sand

shillings

fiveyears

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

96

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

97

97

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

96.

Householderp

ermitting

defilem

ento

fgirlunder

twelveonhisp

remise

s.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

notindicated

141(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

97.

Householderp

ermitting

defilem

ento

fgirlunder

sixteenonhisp

remise

s.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

142(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

98.

Detentionwith

unlaw

ful

intentorinbrothel.

do.

do.

notindicated

143(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

99.

Maleperson

livingon

earningsofp

rostitu

tionor

persistentlyso

liciting.

do.

do.

notindicated

145(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

corporal

punishment

100.

Wom

anaidingetc.fo

rgain

prostitutionofano

ther

wom

an.

do.

do.

notindicated

146(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

101.

Keepingabrothel.

do.

do.

notindicated

148(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

102.

Co

nspiracyto

defile.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

149(Cap.16)

103.

Attemptto

procure

abortio

n.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

150(Cap.16)

104.

Wom

anattem

ptingto

procurehero

wnabortio

n.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

151(Cap.16)

105.

Supplyingdrugso

rinstrumentsto

procure

abortio

n.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

152(Cap.16)

106.

Unnaturaloffe

nces.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife

andanycase

impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

thirtyyears.

thirtyyears,

life

impriso

nment

154(1)(Cap.

16)

107.

Unnaturaloffe

ncesfo

rchilddo

.Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

(2)(C

ap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

98

98

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

108.

Attemptto

com

mit

unnaturaloffe

nce.

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

term

notlessth

an

thirtyyears.

twentyyears

155(Cap.16)

109.

Indecentassaultofboy

underfou

rteen.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

156

(1)(C

ap.16)

110.

do

.do

.Im

priso

nmentfor

fifteenyears.

(2)(C

ap.16)

111.

Indecentpracticesbetween

males.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

157(Cap.16)

112.

Incestbymales(ifafemale

islessth

aneighteenyears).

do.

Impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

thirtyyears.

thirtyyears

158(1)(a)

113.

Incestbymales(ifafemale

iseighteenyearsand

above).

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

term

notlessth

an

twentyyearsortoa

fineno

texceeding

threehundred

shillingsortobo

thth

efin

eand

impriso

nmentand

compensation.

twentyyears

(1)(b

)(Cap.1

6)

114.

Incestbyfemales.

Im

priso

nmentforlife

orim

priso

nmentfora

term

notlessth

an

thirtyyearsa

nd

compensation.

thirtyyears

160(Cap.16)

115.

Fraudulentpretenceof

marria

ge.

Im

priso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

163(Cap.16)

116.

Dishon

estlyorfraudulently

goingthroughceremon

yof

marria

ge.

Im

priso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

165(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

98

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

99

99

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

117.

De

sertionofchildren.

Im

priso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

166(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

118.

Neglectingtoprovidefo

od,

etc.,forchildren.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

do.

notindicated

167(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

119.

Mastern

otprovidingfo

rservantsora

pprentices.

do.

do.

notindicated

168(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

120.

Ch

ildstealing.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

169

(Cap.16)

121.

Crueltyto

children.

Im

priso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

fiveyearsa

ndnot

exceedingfifteen

years.

Fiveyears

169A

.

compensatio

n

122.

Co

mmittingcommon

nuisa

nce.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

170(Cap.16)

123.

Keepingcommon

gam

ing

house.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

171(3).

five

million

Shillings

fiveyears

124.

Beingfoundincom

mon

gamingho

use.

do.

Fineofo

nehundred

shillingsfo

rfirst

offence,andfo

reach

subsequentoffe

ncea

fineoffo

urhundred

shillingsor

impriso

nmentfor

threemon

thso

rboth.

(4)(C

ap.16)

125.

Keepingorpermittingthe

keepingofacom

mon

bettingho

use.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

172(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

100

100

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

126.

Ch

ainletters.

do.

Fineoffou

rtho

usand

shillingsor

impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rboth.

repealed

173B

..

127.

Traffickinginobscene

publications.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyearso

rafineoftwo

thou

sandsh

illings.

175(Cap.16)

two

hundred

thou

sand

shillings

twoyears

128.

Beinganidleord

isorderly

person

.do

.Im

priso

nmentfor

threemon

thso

rafine

note

xceedingfive

hundredshillingsor

both.

176(Cap.16)

five

hundred

Shillings

three

mon

ths

129.

Ha

rbou

ringcommon

prostitutes

do.

Fineoffivehundred

shillingsfo

rfirst

offence,andofo

ne

thou

sandsh

illingsfo

rsubsequentoffe

nces.

176A

(Cap.1

6)

five

hundred

Shillings

three

mon

ths

130.

Beingarogueorvagabon

d.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

threemon

thsforfirst

offenceandfore

ach

subsequentoffe

nce

impriso

nmentforone

year.

threemon

ths

177(Cap.16)

131.

Failureto

accou

ntfo

rmon

eycollectedbypublic

subscriptio

n.

Im

priso

nmentfortw

oyearsforfirsto

ffence.

Twoyears

177A

(Cap.1

6)

two

hundred

shillings

one

mon

th

132.

do

.

no

tindicated

Impriso

nme

ntfo

rthree

yearsfor

subsequent

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

100

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

101

101

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

offence.

133.

Wearin

gunifo

rmwith

out

authority.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforone

mon

thora

fineoftwo

hundredshillings.

178(1)

two

hundred

one

mon

th

134.

Bringingcon

tempton

unifo

rm.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threemon

thso

rafine

offo

urhundred

shillings.

(2)(C

ap.16)

three

hundred

Four

Mon

ths

135.

Im

portingorse

llinguniform

with

outautho

rity.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rafineof

twothou

sand

shillings.

(3)(C

ap.16)

two

hundred

Six

mon

ths

136.

Do

inganyactlikelyto

spreadinfectionof

dangerou

sdise

ase.

do.

no

tindicated

179(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

137.

Ad

ulteratio

noffo

odor

drinkintendedfo

rsale.

do.

do.

notindicated

180(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

138.

Selling,oro

fferin

gor

expo

singforsale,noxious

food

ord

rink.

do.

do.

notindicated

181(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

139.

Ad

ulteratio

nofdrugs

intendedfo

rsale.

do.

do.

notindicated

182(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

140.

Sellingadulte

rateddrugs.

do.

do.

notindicated

183(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

141.

Foulingwaterofp

ublic

sprin

gorre

servoir.

do.

do.

notindicated

184(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

142.

Makingtheatmosphere

noxiou

stohealth.

do.

do.

notindicated

185(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

102

102

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

143.

Carryingonoffensivetrade.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

186(Cap.16)

144.

Ho

ardingofC

ommod

ities

20years

Impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

194A

(Cap.16)

ThisOffe

nce

fallunder

Econ

omic

Offe

nces

145.

Murder.

De

ath.

Deathpenalty197(Cap.16)

146.

Murder(ifwom

an

convictedispregnant).

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

147.

Mansla

ughter.

do

.life

impriso

nment

198(Cap.16)

148.

Infanticide

do

.life

impriso

nment

199(Cap.16)

149.

Beingaccessoryafterthe

factto

murder.

Im

priso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

213(Cap.16)

150.

Sendingwrittenthreatto

murder.

do

.sevenyears

214(Cap.16)

151.

Co

nspiracyto

murder.

Im

priso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

215(Cap.16)

152.

Aidingsu

icide.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

216(Cap.16)

153.

Attemptedsu

icide.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

217(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

154.

Co

ncealingthebirthofa

child.

do.

do.

life

impriso

nment

218(Cap.16)

155.

Ch

ilddestructio

n

Impriso

nmentforlife.

notindicated

219(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

156.

Disablinginorderto

commitoffence.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

220(Cap.16)

157.

Stupefyinginorderto

commitanoffe

nce

Do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

221(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

102

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

103

103

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

158.

Actsintendedto

cause

grievousharmorp

revent

arrest.

do

.life

impriso

nment

222(Cap.16)

159.

Preventin

gescapefrom

wreck.

do

.life

impriso

nment

223(Cap.16)

160.

Intentionallyendangerin

gsafetyofp

ersonstravelling

byra

ilway.

Im

priso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

224(1)

161.

Endangeringwith

outintent

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

(2)(C

ap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

162.

Do

inggrievousharm.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

225(Cap.16)

163.

Attemptingtoinjureby

explosivesubstances.

Im

priso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

226(Cap.16)

164.

Ad

ministeringpo

isonwith

intentto

harm.

do

.fourteen

years

227(Cap.16)

165.

Wou

ndingandsim

ilara

cts.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

228(Cap.16)

166.

Failingto

provide

necessarieso

flife.

do.

do.

threeyears

229(Cap.16)

167.

Rashandnegligentacts.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

233(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

168.

Othernegligentacts

causingharm

.do

.Im

priso

nmentforsix

mon

ths.

sevenmon

ths

234(Cap.16)

169.

Ha

ndlingofpoisono

us

substancesinnegligent

manner.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rafineof

twothou

sand

shillings.

235(Cap.16)

two

thou

sand

shillings

six

mon

ths

170.

Exhibitin

gfalse

light,mark,

orbuo

y.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

237(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

104

104

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

171.

Co

nveyingperson

bywater

forh

ireinunsafeor

overloadedvessel

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

238(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

172.

Causingdangeror

obstructioninpublicwayor

lineofnavigation.

do.

Fine.

239(Cap.16)

not

indicated

173.

Co

mmon

assault.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

240(Cap.16)

174.

Assaulto

ccasioningactual

bodilyharm.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

241(Cap.16)

175.

Assaultin

gperson

protectin

gwreck.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

242(Cap.16)

176.

Vario

usassaults

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

243(Cap.16)

177.

Kidnapping.

Asubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

247(Cap.16)

178.

Kidnappingora

bductin

gin

ordertomurder.

Im

priso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

248(Cap.16)

179.

Kidnappingora

bductin

gwith

intentto

con

finea

person

.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

249(Cap.16)

180.

Kidnappingora

bductin

gin

ordertosubjectp

ersonto

grievousharm,slavery,etc.

Im

priso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

250(Cap.16)

181.

Wrongfullycon

cealingor

keepingincon

finem

enta

kidnappedorabducted

person

.

Samepunishmentas

forkidnappingor

abduction.

sevenyears

251(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

104

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

105

105

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

182.

Kidnappingora

bductin

gchildunderfo

urteenwith

intentto

stealfromits

person

.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

252(Cap.16)

183.

Punishmentforwrongful

confinem

ent.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

yearora

fineofthree

thou

sandsh

illings.

253(Cap.16)

three

thou

sand

Oneyear

184.

Bu

yingord

isposingofany

person

asa

slave.

Im

priso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

Sevenyears

254(Cap.16)

185.

Ha

bituallydealinginslaves.

Im

priso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

255(Cap.16)

186.

Unlaw

fulcom

pulso

ry

labo

ur.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

256(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

187.

Theft.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

sevenyears

265(Cap.16)

188.

Stealingwills.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

266(Cap.16)

189.

Stealingcertainanimals.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fifteenyears.

fifteenyears

268(Cap.16)

190.

Stealingfrom

theperson

,in

adw

elling-ho

use,intransit,

etc.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

269(Cap.16)

191.

Stealingbypersonsinth

epublicse

rvice.

Im

priso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

270(Cap.16)

192.

Stealingbyclerksa

nd

servants.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

271(Cap.16)

193.

Stealingbydire

ctorso

rofficerso

fcom

panies.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

272(Cap.16)

194.

Stealingbyagents,etc.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

273(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

106

106

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

195.

Stealingbyte

nantso

rlodgers.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

274(Cap.16)

196.

Stealingafterp

reviou

sconvictio

n.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

275(Cap.16)

197.

Co

ncealingregisters.

Im

priso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

276(Cap.16)

198.

Co

ncealingwills.

do

.tenyears

277(Cap.16)

199.

Co

ncealingdeeds.

Im

priso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

278(Cap.16)

200.

Killinganimalsw

ithintent

tosteal.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

ethefto

ftheanimalwou

ld

betriable.

Samepunishmentasif

theanimalhadbeen

stolen.

fifteenyears

279(Cap.16)

201.

Severin

gwith

intentto

steal.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

ethefto

fthethingwou

ld

betriable.

Samepunishmentasif

thethinghadbeen

stolen.

280(Cap.16)

202.

Fraudulentdisp

osition

of

mortgagedgoo

ds.

Asubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears

notindicated

281(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

203.

Fraudulentlydealingwith

oreormineralsinmines.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

282(Cap.16)

204.

Fraudulentappropriatio

nof

mechanicalore

lectrical

power.

do.

do.

Fiveyears

283(Cap.16)

205.

Co

nversio

nno

tamou

nting

toth

eft.

do.

Impriso

nmentforsix

mon

thso

rafineof

onethou

sand

shillings.

284(Cap.16)

one

thou

sand

shillings

six

mon

ths

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

106

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

107

107

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

206.

Lossoccasionedto

Governmento

rparastatal

organisatio

nbyemployees.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

20years

impriso

nmentand

AncillaryOrderfo

rForfeiture

30years

impriso

nment

andancillary

orderfor

forfeiture

284A

(Cap.1

6)re

ad

together

with

section

60ofC

ap.

200

Con

fiscate

Forfeiture

ThisOffe

nce

Fallunder

Econ

omic

Offe

nces

207.

Ro

bbery.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

twentyyears.

fifteenyears

286(Cap.16)

208.

Attemptedro

bbery.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife,

with

orw

ithou

tcorporalpunish

ment.

sevenyears

287(Cap.16)

209.

ArmedRob

bery

do.

Impriso

nmentfornot

lessth

anse

venyears

andno

texceeding

twentyyears.

thirtyyears

287A

(Cap.1

6)

210.

AttemptArm

edRob

bery

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife,

orim

priso

nmentfor

notlessthanfifteen

yearsw

ithcorpo

ral

punishment.

thirtyyears

287B

Cap.16)

211.

Ga

ngRob

bery

thirtyyears

287C(C

ap

16)

212.

Assaultw

ithintentto

steal.

do.

Impriso

nmentfornot

lessth

anfiveyears

norm

orethan

fourteenyearswith

corporalpunish

ments.

Fiveyears

288(Cap.16)

213.

De

mandingpropertyby

writtenthreats.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

289(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

108

108

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

214.

Threateningwith

intentto

extort.

do.

do.

threeyears

290(Cap.16)

215.

Incertainsp

ecifiedcases

andinanyothercase.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

290(Cap.16)

216.

Procuringexecutionof

deedse

tc.bythreats.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

291(Cap.16)

217.

De

mandingpropertywith

menacewith

intentto

steal.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

292(Cap.16)

218.

Ho

usebreaking.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

294(1)

(Cap.16)

219.

Bu

rglary.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

twentyyears.

twentyyears

-294(2)

(Cap.16)

220.

Enterin

gdw

elling-ho

use

with

intentto

com

mit

felony.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

fourteen

years

295(Cap.16)

221.

Ifoffenceiscommittedin

thenight.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

tenyears

295(Cap.16)

222.

Breakingintobuildingand

committinganoffe

nce.

do.

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

296(Cap.16)

223.

Breakingintobuildingwith

intentto

com

mitan

offence.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

fourteen

years

297(Cap.16)

224.

Beingfoundarmed,etc.,

with

intentto

com

mitan

offence.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

298(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

108

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

109

109

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

225.

Ifoffenderhasbeen

previouslycon

victedofan

offencerelatin

gto

prop

erty.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

298(Cap.16)

226.

Criminaltrespass.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threemon

ths.

threemon

ths

299(Cap.16)

227.

Iftheprop

ertyupo

nwhich

offenceiscommittedisa

buildingusedash

uman

dwellingorasa

placeof

worshipora

saplacefo

rcustod

yofproperty.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

299(Cap.16)

228.

Obtainingpropertybyfalse

pretence.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

302(Cap.16)

229.

Obtainingexecutio

nofa

securitybyfalse

pretence.

do.

do.

sevenyears

303(Cap.16)

230.

Ch

eatin

g.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

304(Cap.16)

231.

Obtainingcredit,etc.,by

false

pretence.

Im

priso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

305(Cap.16)

232.

Co

nspiracyto

defraud.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

306(Cap.16)

233.

Fraudsonsaleorm

ortgage

ofproperty.

do.

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

307(Cap.16)

234.

Pretendingto

tellfortunes.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

308(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

235.

Obtainingre

gistratio

n,etc.,

byfalse

pretence.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

Twoyears

309(Cap.16)

236.

False

declaratio

nfor

passpo

rt.

Im

priso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

310(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

110

110

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

237.

Receivingorre

taining

prop

ertystolenor

unlawfullyobtained.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforte

nyears.

tenyears

311(Cap.16)

238.

Failingto

accou

ntfo

rpo

ssessio

nofproperty

suspectedtobestolenor

unlawfullyobtained.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

312(Cap.16)

239.

Unlaw

fulpossessionof

GovernmentandRailway

stores.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

312A

(2)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

240.

Unlaw

fulpossessionof

servicestores.

do.

do.

notindicated

(3)(C

ap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

241.

Receivinggood

sstolen

outsideTanzania.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

313(Cap.16)

242.

Fraudulentlydisp

osingof

trustp

roperty.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

314(Cap.16)

243.

Directorsa

ndofficersof

corporation’sfraudulently

approp

riatin

gprop

erty,or

keepingfraudulent

accounts,orfalsifying

bookso

raccou

nts.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

315(Cap.16)

244.

False

statem

entsbyofficials

ofcorpo

ratio

ns.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

316(Cap.16)

245.

Fraudulentfalse

accou

nting

byclerkorservant

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

317(Cap.16)

246.

False

accou

ntingbypublic

officer.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

318(Cap.16)

247.

EndangeringSafetyof

thirtyyears

318A

(Cap

Thiso

ffence

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

110

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

111

111

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

aviatio

n16)

fallunder

econ

omic

offences

248.

Arson.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

319(Cap.16)

249.

Attemptto

com

mitarson.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

320(Cap.16)

250.

Settingfiretocropsor

grow

ingplants.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

321(Cap.16)

251.

Attemptingtose

tfire

to

crop

sorgrowingplants.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

322(Cap.16)

252.

Castingaw

ayavessel.

Im

priso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

323(Cap.16)

253.

Attemptto

castawaya

vessel.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

324(Cap.16)

254.

Injurin

ganimals.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

325(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

255.

De

stroyingord

amaging

prop

ertyingeneral.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

326(1)

(Cap.16)

256.

De

stroyingord

amaging

dwellingho

useoravessel

with

explosiv

es

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

326(2)(Cap.

16)

257.

De

stroyingord

amaging

riverbankorwallor

navigatio

nworks,or

bridges.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

-326(3)(a)

(Cap.16)

258.

De

stroyingord

amaging

Tanzania-Zam

biapipeline

orpropertythereof.

ASubo

rdinate

court

do.

life

impriso

nment

3263(c)

(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

112

112

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

259.

De

stroyingord

amaging

willso

rregisters.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

(4)(C

ap.16)

260.

De

stroyingord

amaging

wrecks.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

(5)(C

ap.16)

261.

De

stroyingord

amaging

railw

ays.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

(6)(C

ap.16)

262.

De

stroyingord

amaging

railw

ays.

thirtyyears

6A(a)(Cap

16)

263.

De

stroyingord

amaging

railw

ays.

twentyyears

6A(b)(Cap

16)

264.

De

stroyingord

amaging

prop

ertyusedforsupplyof

electricity.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyearsif

offencelikelytore

sult

indangertohuman

life,otherwise

impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

fourteen

years

(7)(a

)(Cap.1

6)

De

stroyingord

amaging

prop

ertyusedforsupplyof

electricity.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyearsif

offencelikelytore

sult

indangertohuman

life,otherwise

impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

seven

(7)(b

)(Cap.1

6)

265.

De

stroyingord

amaging

prop

ertyofspecialvalue.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

(8)(C

ap.16)

266.

De

stroyingord

amaging

deedso

rrecords.

do.

do.

sevenyears

(9)(C

ap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

112

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

113

113

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

267.

Attemptto

destroyor

damageprop

ertybyuseof

explosives.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

fourteenyears.

fourteen

years

327(Cap.16)

268.

Co

mmunicatinginfectious

diseasetoanimals.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

328(Cap.16)

269.

Removingbo

undarymarks

with

intentto

defraud.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

329(Cap.16)

270.

Injurin

gorobstructin

grailw

ayworks,etc.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

threemon

thso

rafine

offo

urhundred

shillings.

331(Cap.16)

Four

Hundred

three

mon

ths

271.

Threateningtoburnany

building,etc.ortokillor

wou

ndanycattle

.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

332(Cap.16)

272.

De

facingbank/no

tes.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Fineoffivethou

sand

shillingsfo

reachno

te

defacedorindefault

toim

priso

nmentfor

oneyear.

Oneyear

332A

(Cap.1

6)

273.

kitefly

tenyears

332B

(1)

(Cap16)

274.

kiteflybyBankEm

ployee

tenyears

332B

(2)

(Cap16)

275.

Forgery(wherenospecial

punishmentisp

rovided).

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

337(Cap.16)

276.

Forgeryofawilldocum

ent

oftitle

,security,chequ

e,

etc.

do.

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

338(Cap.16)

forfeiture

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

114

114

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

277.

Forgeryofjudicialoro

fficial

document.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

339(Cap.16)

278.

Forgery,etc.,ofstam

ps.

do.

do.

sevenyears

340(Cap.16)

279.

Makingorhavingin

possessio

npapero

rimplem

entsfo

rforgeryof

currencybanknotes,etc.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

341(Cap.16)

280.

Utteringfalse

docum

ent.

Anycourtb

ywhichfo

rgeryof

documentw

ould

betriable.

Samepunishmentas

forforgeryof

document.

notindicated

342(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

281.

Utteringcancelledor

exhausteddo

cument.

do.

do.

sevenyears

343(Cap.16)

282.

Procuringexecutionof

documentb

yfalse

pretence.

do.

do.

sevenyears

344(Cap.16)

283.

Oblite

ratin

goralte

ringthe

crossin

gon

achequ

e.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

345(Cap.16)

284.

Makingorexecutin

gdo

cumentw

ithou

tauthority

do.

do.

sevenyears

346(Cap.16)

285.

De

mandingpropertyupon

forgedte

stam

entary

instrument.

Anycourtb

ywhichfo

rgeryof

instrumentw

ould

betriable.

Samepunishmentas

forforgeryof

instrument.

sevenyears

347(Cap.16)

286.

Purchasin

gorre

ceiving

forgedbank-no

te.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

348(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

114

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

115

115

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

287.

Falsifyingwarrantfo

rmon

eypayableunder

publicautho

rity.

do.

do.

sevenyears

349(Cap.16)

288.

Perm

ittingfalsificationof

registerorrecord.

do.

do.

sevenyears

350(Cap.16)

289.

Sendingfalse

certificateof

marria

geto

registrar.

do.

do.

sevenyears

351(Cap.16)

290.

Makingfalse

statem

entfor

insertioninre

gisterof

births,deaths,orm

arria

ges.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

352(Cap.16)

291.

Wrongfulissueofn

otes.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforfive

years.

Fiveyears

352A

(Cap.1

6)

292.

Co

unterfeitin

gcoin.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentforlife.

life

impriso

nment

354(Cap.16)

293.

Makingpreparationsfo

rcoining.

ASubo

rdinate

court

do.

life

impriso

nment

355(Cap.16)

294.

Clippingcoin.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

356(Cap.16)

295.

meltin

gdo

wncoin

ASubordinate

court

3579cap

16)

fifty

thou

sand

twoyear

296.

Beinginpossessionof

clippings.

do.

do.

sevenyears

359(Cap.16)

297.

Utteringcounterfeitcoin.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

360(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

298.

Repeatedutteringof

counterfeitcoin.

do.

Impriso

nmentfor

threeyears.

threeyears

361(Cap.16)

299.

Utteringpieceofmetalas

coin.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

362(Cap.16)

300.

Expo

rtingcounterfeitcoin.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

363(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

116

116

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

301.

Beinginpossession,etc.,of

dieorpaperusedfor

purposeofmakingrevenu

estam

ps.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

365(Cap.16)

302.

Beinginpossession,etc.,of

dieorpaperusedfor

postagestam

ps.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

yearorfineofone

thou

sandsh

illings.

notindicated

366(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

303.

Co

unterfeitin

g,etc.,trade

mark.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

367(Cap.16)

304.

Person

ationingeneral.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears

368(Cap.16)

305.

Ifrepresentatio

nisthatth

eoffenderisaperson

entitledbywilloro

peratio

noflawto

anysp

ecific

prop

ertyandhecommits

theoffencetoobtainsuch

prop

erty.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

368(Cap.16

)

306.

False

lyackno

wledging

deeds,re

cognisa

nces,etc.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

370(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

307.

Person

ationofaperson

namedinacertificate.

Anycourtb

ywhichfo

rgeryof

certificatewou

ld

betriable.

Samepunishmentas

forforgeryof

certificate.

sevenyears

371(Cap.16)

308.

Lendingetc.certificatefor

purposesofp

ersonatio

n.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

372(Cap.16)

309.

Person

ationofperson

namedinate

stimon

ialof

character.

do.

Impriso

nmentforone

year.

Oneyear

373(Cap.16)

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

116

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

117

117

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

310.

Lending,etc.,testimon

ialof

characterforpurpo

seso

fperson

ation.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

374(Cap.16)

311.

Attemptto

com

mitan

offence.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

eoffence

attemptedwou

ld

betriable.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

381(Cap.16)

Fine

twoyears

312.

Attemptto

com

mitan

offencepunishablewith

deathorim

priso

nmentfor

fourteenyearsorm

ore.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

eoffence

attemptedwou

ld

betriable.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

382(Cap.16)

313.

Neglectingtoprevent

commissionorcom

pletion

ofanoffence.

ASubo

rdinate

court.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

383(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

314.

Co

nspiracyto

com

mitan

offence.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

eoffence

wou

ldbetriable.

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

384(Cap.16)

315.

Co

nspiracyto

com

mitan

offence.

Anycourtb

ywhichth

eoffence

wou

ldbetriable.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

385(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

316.

Co

nspiracyto

effe

ctcertain

specifiedpurpo

ses.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

386(Cap.16)

317.

Beinganaccessoryafterth

efactto

anoffence.

ASubo

rdinate

court

Impriso

nmentfor

sevenyears.

sevenyears

388(Cap.16)

318.

Beinganaccessoryafterth

efactto

anoffence.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

threeyears

389(Cap.16)

319.

Solicitingorincitingth

ecommissionofanoffence.

do.

Impriso

nmentfortw

oyears.

notindicated

390(Cap.16)

SeeS.35

SeeS.35

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

118

118

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

THEWILDLIFECONSERV

ATIONACT

,CAP

.283

NB:Theseoffe

ncesareprovidedforu

nderth

eSchedu

leoftheEcono

micand

OrganizedCrim

eCo

ntrolA

ct,Cap.200

S/No

Offe

nce

Courts

with

jurisdic

tion

Man

datorySen

tenceRa

nge

Discretio

narySen

tence

Minim

um

term

Maxim

umte

rm

Applicab

leLaw

Fine

De

fault

custod

ial

Other

senten

ce

Restrictio

non

possession

ofweapo

ningam

ereserve

Finenotexceedingtw

ohundredthou

sandsh

illings

orto

impriso

nmentfora

term

notexceedingth

ree

yearso

rtobo

th.

17(2)(C

ap.283)

1.

Huntingingam

ereserve,

gamecontrolledareaor

wetlandsreserve

impriso

nmentforate

rm

notlessthanfiveyearsb

ut

note

xceedingte

nyears

andthecourtm

ay,in

additio

nthereto,im

posea

fineoffivehundred

thou

sandsh

illingsbutnot

exceedingtwomillion

shillings;

2.

im

priso

nmentforate

rm

ofnotlessth

antw

oyears

butn

otexceedingfive

yearsa

ndth

ecourtm

ay,in

additio

nthereto,im

posea

fineofnotlessth

anth

ree

hundredshillingsbutnot

exceedingfivehundred

shillings;

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

118

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

119

119

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

CYBE

RCR

IMEAC

T3.

Illegalaccess

S.4(2)

Fineofn

otlessth

an

threemillionshillings

orth

reetim

esth

evalueofth

eundue

advantagereceived,

whicheverisgreater

orto

impriso

nment

fora

term

ofn

otless

thanoneyearo

rto

both.

4.

Illegalre

mainingre

main

inacom

putersystemor

continueto

usea

computersystemafter

theexpiratio

noftime

whichhewasallowedto

accessth

ecomputer

system

S.5(2)

oncon

victiontoa

fineofnotlessth

an

onemillionshillings

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

oneyear

5.

illegalInterceptio

n

S.6(2)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

6.

illegaldatainterference

7(1)(g)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

120

120

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

7.

Communicates,discloses

ortransm

itsany

computerd

ata,program

,accesscod

eorcom

mand

toanunauthorize

dperson

7(2)(b)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

8.

internationallyand

unlawfullyre

ceives

unauthorise

dcomputer

data,

7(2)(b)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

9.

Aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfullydestroyso

raltersanycom

puterd

ata,

wheresu

chdatais

requ

iredtobe

maintainedbylaworis

anevidenceinany

proceedingunder

7(3)(C)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

10.

Aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfullymutilatin

g,

removingormod

ifying

thedata,program

ora

ny

otherformof

inform

ationexisting

with

inoro

utsid

ea

computersystem

7(3)(a)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

120

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

121

121

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

11.

Aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfulactivating,

installingordow

nloading

aprogramth

atis

desig

nedtomutilate,

removeormod

ifydata,

programora

nyother

form

ofinformation

existingwith

inoro

utsid

eacomputersystem

7(3)(b)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

12.

aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfulcreating,

alterin

g,ord

estroyinga

password,personal

identificationnumber,

codeorm

etho

dusedto

accessacom

puter

system

7(3)(c)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nces

13.

Obtaincomputerd

ata

protectedagainst

unauthorize

daccess

with

outp

ermission

8(1)

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

Thisis

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Pri

ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

122

122

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

Prin

cipl

es S

epte

mbe

r 201

8

14.

Aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfullyhindersor

interfereswith

(a)the

functio

ningofa

computersystem;or

(b)theusageor

operationofacom

puter

system

,

S.9

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

Thisis

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

15.

unlawfullydealw

ithor

possess

16.

Apersonshallnot

unlawfullydealw

ithor

possess:

(a)adevice,includinga

computerp

rogram

,that

isdesig

nedoradapted

forthepurpo

seof

committinganoffe

nce;

(a)acom

puterp

assw

ord,

accesscod

eorsimilar

databywhichth

ewho

le

oranyparto

facom

puter

system

iscapableof

beingaccessedwith

the

intentth

atitbeusedby

anyperson

forthe

purposeofcom

mitting

anoffe

nce.

S.10

20years

Impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

Thisis

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

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17.

Aperson

shallnot

intentionallyand

unlawfullyinput,alter,

delaytransm

issionor

deletecom

puterd

ata,

resultinginunauthentic

data,w

ithth

eintentth

at

itbeactedupo

nasifit

wereauthentic,

regardlessofw

hetheror

notthedataisreadable

orintelligible

S.11

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

Thisis

econ

omic

offence

18.

Aperson

shallnotcause

alossofp

ropertyto

anotherp

ersonby-

(a)anyinput,

alteratio

n,deletion,

delayingtransm

issionor

suppressionofcom

puter

data;or(b)(b

)any

interferencewith

the

functio

ningofa

computersystem,w

ith

fraudulentord

ishon

est

intent

S.12

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

19.

Aperson

shallnot

(a)publishchild

pornography,th

rougha

computersystem;or(b)

makeavailableor

facilitatetheaccessof

childporno

graphy

S.13

afin

eofnotlessth

an

fiftymillionshillings

orth

reetim

esth

evalueofundue

advantagereceived,

whicheverisgreater,

orto

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

sevenyears

be

adjudged

to

compensat

eaperson

injuredby

theoffence

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throughacomputer

system

.

20.

Aperson

shallnot

publish

orcauseto

be

publish

edth

rougha

computersystemor

throughanyother

inform

ationand

communication

techno

logy(a)

pornography;or

(b)p

orno

graphywhichis

lasciviousoro

bscene.

S.14

(a)afineofn

otless

thantw

entymillion

shillingsor

(b)porno

graphy

whichislasciviousor

obscene,to

afineof

notlessthanthirty

millionshillingsor

fora

term

of

notlessthan

sevenyears

(b)toafin

eof

notlessthan

thirtymillion

shillingsorto

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

tenyears.

21.

Aperson

shallnot,by

usingacomputersystem

imperson

ateanother

person

S.15

afin

eofnotlessth

an

fivemillionshillings

orth

reetim

esth

evalueofundue

advantagereceived

byth

atperson,

whicheverisgreater,

orto

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

sevenyears

22.

Anyperson

who

publish

esinform

ationor

datapresentedina

picture,te

xt,sym

bolor

anyotherformina

computersystem

know

ingthatsu

ch

inform

ationordatais

false

,deceptive,

misleadingorinaccurate,

andwith

intentto

S.16

afin

eofnotlessth

an


or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

threeyears

Ove

rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

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ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

124

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rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

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ncip

les J

anua

ry 2

020

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125

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defame,th

reaten,abuse,

insult,oro

therwise

deceiveormisleadthe

publicorcou

nselling

commissionofan

offence,com

mitsan

offence

23.

Aperson

shallnot,

throughacomputer

system

:-(a)p

roduce

racistorxenop

hobic

materialforth

epurposes

ofdistrib

ution,(b

)offe

rorm

akeavailablera

cist

orxenop

hobicmaterial

(c)d

istrib

uteortransm

itracistorxenop

hobic

material

S.17

afin

eofnotlessth

an


or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

oneyear

24.

Aperson

shallnotinsult

anotherp

ersonthrougha

computersystemonthe

basisofrace,colou

r,descent,natio

nality,

ethnicoriginorreligion

S.18

afin

eofnotlessth

an


or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

one

Ove

rvie

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f Sen

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ing

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ncip

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ry 2

020

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es S

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25.

Aperson

shallnot

unlawfullypublishor

causetobepublish

ed,

throughacomputer

system

,amaterialw

hich

incites,denies,minimize

sorjustifiesacts

constitutinggeno

cideor

crimesagainsthum

anity

S.19

20years

impriso

nment

30years

impriso

nment

This

sectionfall

under

Econ

omic

Offe

nce

26.

Aperson

shallnot,w

ith

intentto

com

mitan

offenceunderthisA

ct(a)

initiatethetransm

ission

ofunsolicite

dmessages

(b)relayorretransmit

unsolicite

dmessages(c)

falsifyheader

inform

ationinunsolicite

dmessages.

S.20

afin

eofnotlessth

an


orth

reetim

esth

evalueofundue

advantagereceived,

whicheverisgreater

or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

oneyear

27.

Aperson

shallnot

know

inglyandunlawfully

disclosedetailsofa

criminalinvestigation,

whichre

quire

sconfidentiality

S.21

afin

eofnotlessth

an

tenmillionshillings

or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

threeyears

28.

Aperson

who

intentionallyand

unlawfullydestroy,

delete,alte

r,conceal,

mod

ify,renders

computerd

ata

meaningless,ineffe

ctive

S.22

afin

eofnotlessth

an


or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

not

lessth

anone

year

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rvie

w o

f Sen

tenc

ing

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ncip

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anua

ry 2

020

126

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rvie

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tenc

ing

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ncip

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ry 2

020

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oruselesswith

intentto

ob

structord

elay

investigation

29.

Aperson

shallnotinitiate

orse

ndanyelectronic

communicationusinga

computersystemto

anotherp

ersonwith

intentto

coerce,

intim

idate,harasso

rcauseem

otionaldistress

S.23

afin

eofnotlessth

an


or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

threeyears

30.

Aperson

shallnotusea

computersystemwith

intenttoviolate

intellectualproperty

rightsp

rotectedunder

anywrittenlaw

S.24

(a)n

on-com

mercial

basis,isliabletoa

fineofnotlessth

an


(b)com

mercialbasis,

isliabletoafineof

notlessthantwenty

millionshillingsor

(a)to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

threeyears

(b)

commercial

basis,isliable

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

fiveyears.

inaddition

,beliableto

pay

compensat

iontoth

evictimof

thecrime

31.

Attemptto

com

mitan

Offe

nceunderthecyber-

crimeAct

26(3)

afin

eno

tlessthan

onemillionshillings

or

to

impriso

nment

fora

term

not

lessth

ansix

mon

th

32.

Anyperson

who

conspiresw

ithano

ther

27

Anyperson

who

conspiresw

ith

Anyperson

who

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person

tocom

mitan

offenceunderthisA

ct,

commitsanoffence,and

isliableon

con

victionto

afin

eofnotlessth

an

onemillionshillingsorto

impriso

nmentforate

rm

ofnotlessth

anoneyear

anotherp

ersonto

commitanoffe

nce

underthisA

ct,

commitsanoffence,

andisliableon

convictio

ntoafineof

notlessthanon

emillionshillingsorto

impriso

nmentfora

term

ofn

otlessth

an

oneyear

conspires

with

ano

ther

person

to

commitan

offenceunder

thisAct,

commitsan

offence,and

isliableon

convictio

nto

afin

eofnot

lessth

anone

million

shillingsorto

impriso

nment

fora

term

of

notlessthan

oneyear.

33.

Whereapersoncommits

anoffe

nceunderthisA

ct

oranywrittenlawin

relatio

ntocritical

inform

ation

infrastructure,

S.29

Afinenotlessth

an

onehundredmillion

shillingsorthree

timesth

eloss

occasio

nedor

To

impriso

nment

fora

term

not

lessth

anfive

years

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1. SEN

TENCINGONAPP

EAL

GenerallySentencingisindiscretio

nofth

eTrialCou

rt.Theappellatecou

rtwillnotordinarilyinterferewith

thediscretio

nexercisedbya

trialm

agistrateorjudgeinam

atterofsentenceunlessitisevidentthatthetrialcou

rthasactedupo

nsomewrongprin

cipalo

rover-

lookedso

mematerialfact.Circum

stancesw

hereth

eAp

pellateCou

rtcaninterferewith

ase

ntenceare:-

(i)

Whereth

esentenceismanifestlyexcessiv

eoritisso

excessiv

easto

shock.

(ii)

Whereth

esentenceismanifestlyinadequate.

(iii)

Whereth

esentenceisbasedupo

nawrongprin

cipleofse

ntencing.

(iv)

WhereatrialCou

rtoverlo

okedamaterialfactor.

(v)

Whereth

esentencehasbeenbasedon

irrelevantcon

siderationssu

chasthera

ceorreligionofth

eoffender.

(vi)

Whereth

esentenceisplainlyillegal,asfo

rexample,corpo

ralpunish

mentisimpo

sedfortheoffe

nceofre

ceivingstolenproperty.

(vii)

Whereth

etrialCou

rtdidnotcon

siderth

etim

espentinremandbyanaccusedperson

.

SeeSw

aleh

eNdu

ngajiLun

guv.R

,Crim

inalAppealN

o.84of2002(CA);K

atinda

Sim

bilaand

TofikiJum

av.R,418of2

005(CA);R

ajab

uDa

udv.R,Crim

inalAppealNo.106of2012(CA

),He

rmanBasekanav.R,CriminalAppealNo.443of2016(CA

)(AllUnreported)

www.ta

nzLii.org

TANZANIA SENTENCING MANUAL FOR JUDICIAL OFFICERS

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