University of Judaism Prof.Yitzchak Kerem

College of Arts and Sciences Fall,2008

JST 234 Sephardic Diaspora

Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:30-10:45 a.m.Syllabus

The purpose of the course is to give the student a general overview ofthe rich and intricate history of the Jews of Spain and Portugal and in the diaspora and Eretz-Israel after the 1492expulsion. Issues explored will include the trauma of the expulsion from Spain and Portugal in the Iberian Peninsula, controversy and harmony between Sephardic Jewry, Christiandom, the flourishing of Sephardic Jewry under Ottoman rule; the establishment of Portuguese Jewish communities in Western Europe and the Caribbean and North America; the religious, educational, and cultural decline inlight of Sabbateanism; Sephardic development in the age of modernization, Sephardic decline with the advent of Balkan nationalism; Sephardic migration; and the fall of Sephardic Jewry with the Holocaust and Western assimilation. The student will be obligated to take a midterm exam; write a critical review essay of an offered Sephardic film, piece of music, folkloric story, Judeo-Spanish linguistic article or literary text, or interview with a Sephardic Jewry; and write a twenty page paper on a historical theme connected with one of the lessons; which will

be also presented as a student lecture for the class. The paper topic must be decided upon and coordinated with the instructor by the midterm examat the latest. Interaction in the form of questions and comments in the course and withthe instructor will also play a component in the final grade.

Books to be purchased:

Benbassa, Esther, and Rodrigue, Aron, Sephardi Jewry, A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). [Hereafter BR]

Gerber, Jane S., The Jews of Spain. A History of the Sephardic Experience (New York: The Free Press, 1992). 1994 paperback edition is also acceptable. [Hereafter Gerber]

Goldberg, Harvey, ed., Sephardi And Middle Eastern Jewries, History & Culture In The Modern Era (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996). [Hereafter Goldberg]

Levy, Avigdor, ed., The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 1992).[Hereafter Levy]

Simon, Reeva, Laskier Michael, and Reuger, Sara, eds., The Jews in the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times (New York: Columbia University Press, 203). [Hereafter Simon]

Stillman, Norman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979). [Hereafter Stillman]

Other books and essays to be obtained for required reading:

Alcalay, Ammiel, After Jews And Arabs, Remaking Levantine Culture ( Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993) 233-256,262-275.

Angel, Marc D., Haham Gaon Memorial Volume (New York: Sepher Hermon Press, 1997) 197-221

Angel, Marc A. La America, The Sephardic Experience in the United States (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1982) 88-128.

Arbell, Mordechai, The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean (New York and Jerusalem: Gefen, 2002).

Baer, Yitzhak, The History of the Jews in Christian Spain, 2 vols., (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1966).

Jacob Barnai, “Prototypes of Leadership in a Sephardic Community: Smyrna in the Seventeeth Century”, in Benjamin R.Gampel, ed. Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391-1648, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) 146-163.

Barnet, Richard and Schwab, Walter, eds., The Sephardi Heritage,Vol. II: The Western Sephardim (Grendon, Northants: Gibraltar Books, 1989) 26-74.

Benardete, Mair Jose, Hispanic Culture and Character of the Sephardic Jews (New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 1982) 110-137.

Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua, Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City (Jerusalem:Yad Izhak Ben Zvi Institute and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984) 283-4, 286-292, 297-299, 306-7, 312-3,319-328, 353-358, 361-3.

Benbassa, Esther, Un Grand Rabbin Sepharad En Politique 1892-1923 (Paris: Presses Du CNRS, 1990). 17-26. Introduction can be read in English version by University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Al.

Michal Ben Ya’akov, “The Immigration of North African Jews To Nineteenth-Century Eretz-Israel: Origin and Destination”,Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies, Division B, VolumeIII: The History of the Jewish People (Jerusalem: World Union of JewishStudies, 1994) 208-214.

Steven Bowman, “Jews in Wartime Greece”, Jewish Social Studies 48(1986) 45-62.

Carlebach, Elisheva, The Pursuit of Heresy, Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the Sabbatian Controversies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990) 123-159.

Cohen, Martin A., and Peck, Abraham J., Sephardim in the Americas, Studies in Culture and History (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993) 267-308.

De Felice, Renzo, Jews in an Arab Land, Libya, 1835-1970 (Austin; University of Texas Press, 1985) -48.

Demsky, Aaron, et.al, eds., These Are The Names, Studies In Jewish Onomastics (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1997) 53-64.

Deshen, Shlomo, and Zenner, Walter P., eds., Jews among Muslims, Communities in the

Precolonial Middle East (New York: New York University Press, 1996).

Elazar, Daniel J. The Other Jews, The Sephardim Today (New York: Basic Books, 1989) 140-161. Elkin, Judith Laikin and Merkx, Gilbert, W., The Jewish Presencein Latin America (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987) 13-44.

Freidenreich, Harriet Pass, The Jews of Yugoslavia, A Quest for Community (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979) 190-210.

Benjamin R. Gampel, “The exiles of 1492 in the Kingdom of Navarre: A Biographical Perspective” in Benjamin R. Gampel, ed., Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391-1648, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) 106-117.

Gitlitz, David, Secrecy and Deceit, The Religion of Crypto-Jews, (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,1996) 563-586.

Goldberg, Harvey, The Book Mordechai, A Study of the Jews ofLibya (London: Darf Publishers, 1993) 178-193.

Goldberg, Harvey, ed., Sephardi And Middle Eastern Jewries, History & Culture In The Modern Era (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1996) 73-80, 181-189, 190-209.

Halper, Jeff, Between Redemption and revival, The Jewish Yishuv of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991) 151-163,164-178, 179-193.

Kedourie, Elie, ed. Spain and the Jews, The Sephardi Experience 1491 and After (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), 74-122.

Yitzchak Kerem, "Forgotten Heroes: Greek Jewry in the Holocaust", in Menachem Mor, ed., Crisis & Reaction: The Hero In Jewish History (Omaha, Nebraska: Creighton University Press, 1995) 229-238.

Yitzchak Kerem, "The Influence of European Modernizing Forces on the Development of the Judeo-Spanish Press in the 19th Century in Salonika", in Winfried Busse and Marie-Christine Varol-Bornes, eds., Sephardica, Homage a Haim Vidal Sephiha, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1996) 581-593.

Yitzchak Kerem, “The Settlement of Rhodian and Other Sephardic Jews in Montgomery

and Atlanta in the Twentieth Century”, American Jewish History (December 1997), Volume 85, Number 4, 373-391.

Landau, Jacob M., Jews In Nineteenth-Century Egypt (New York: New York University Press, 1969) 25-50, 93-114.

Laskier, Michael M., North African Jewry In The Twentieth Century, The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria (New York and London: New York University Press, 1994) 23-54.

Laskier, Michael M., The Jews of Egypt 1920-1970, In the Midst of Zionism, Anti-Semitism, and the Middle East Conflict (New York and London: New York University Press, 1992) 1-16, 125-198, 252-297.

Levine, Robert W., Tropical Diaspora, The Jewish Experience in Cuba (Gainesville, Fl: University Press of Florida, 1993) 40-43, 47-51, 253-5, 266-278.

Levy, Avigdor, ed., The Jews of the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ:The Darwin Press, 1994) 13-41, 153-202.

Lewis, Bernard, Jews of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).

Loker, Zvi, Jews in the Carribean, Evidence on the History of the Jews in the Carribean Zone in Colonial Times (Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim, Institute for Research on the Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Heritage, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991)17-53.

Marcus, Jacob, The Colonial Amerian Jew 1492-1776, I (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970) 174-201.

Marcus, Jacob Rader, Early American Jewry, The Jews of New York, New England and Canada,1649-1794 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951) 24-72, 121-140.

Mazower, Mark, Inside Hitler’s Greece, The experience of Occupation 1941-1944 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993) 235-261.

Rodrigue, Aron, french jews, turkish jews, The Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Politics of Jewish Schooling in Turkey, 1860-1925 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990)25-95.

Roth, Cecil, A History Of The Marranos, (New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 1992) 29-53.

Saperstein, Marc, Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History (New York and London: New York University Press, 1992) 289-334.

Serels, M. Mitchell, A History of the Jews of Tangier in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Sefer Hermon Press, 1991) 13-60.

Stillman, Yedida K. and Zucker, George K., eds. New Horizons in Sephardic Studies, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993) 93-107.

Weiker, Walter F., The Unseen Israelis, The Jews from Turkey in Israel, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America and The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1988) 19-32, 67-105.

Weisbrot, Robert, The Jews of Argentina from the Inquisition to Peron (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979) 155-172.

Optional Reading Haim Amrani, “The Episode of the Missing Yemenite Children is Being Investigated”, Afikim, 18 (March 24, 1967) 4,12 [Hebrew].

Israel Shalev, “And He Steals a Person and Sells Him”, Afikim, 79 (August 1987) 8-10 [Hebrew].

1) Tuesday September 2, 2008

2) Thursday, Sept. 4, 2008.

3) Tuesday, Sept. 9, 2008.

4) Thursday, Sept. 11, 2008

5) Tuesday, Sept. 16, 2008.

6) Thursday, Sept. 18, 2008.

Friday, Sept. 19, 2008. Last day to add/drop

7) Tuesday, Sept. 23, 2008.

8) Thursday, Sept. 25, 2008.

Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2008. Rosh Hashana. No class.

9) Thursday, October 2, 2008.

10) Tuesday, October 7, 2008

Thursday, October 9, 2008. Yom Kippur. No class.

Tuesday, Oct. 14, 2008. Sukkot. No class.

11) Thursday, Oct. 16, 2008.

Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2008. Shmini Atzeret. No class.

12) Thursday, Oct. 23, 2008.

13) Tuesday, October 28, 2008.

14) Thursday, October 30, 2008.

15) Tuesday, November 4, 2008.

16) Thursday, November 6, 2008.

Friday, November 7, 2008. Last day to: Declare Pass/Fail or Audit Option, Withdraw from Classes

17) Tuesday, Nov. 11, 2008.

18) Thursday, Nov. 13, 2008.

19) Tuesday, Nov. 18, 2008.

20) Thursday, Nov. 20, 2008.

21) Tuesday, Nov. 25, 2008.

Thursday, Nov. 27, 2008. Thanksgiving. No class.

22) Tuesday, December 2, 2008.

23) Thursday, December 4, 2008.

24) Tuesday, Dec. 9, 2008.

25) Thursday, Dec. 11, 2008.

Monday Dec. 15-19, 2008. Final exam during the week.

Course Outline

Lesson 1 – Sept. 2, 4: The 1492 Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Fleeing to North Africa, and Ottoman Empire via Provence and Italy. The transfer of Castillian Jewry to

Portugal, expulsion from Navarra, and other Catholic lands in Italy and Provence, 1497 Portuguese expulsion, forced conversion, and massacres of Sephardic Jewry, 1506 and 1536 expulsion of New Christians, Inquisition, and beginning of the Jewish-Portuguese diaspora in Western Europe. Portugueseanusim (Marranos) flee to Western Europe in the late 16th century, form the Portuguese Nacion, and expand eastward as well as to England and the Caribbean.

Readings:Kedourie, Elie, ed. Spain and the Jews, The Sephardi Experience 1491 and After (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), 74-122.Benjamin R. Gampel, “The exiles of 1492 in the Kingdom of Navarre: A Biographical Perspective” in Benjamin R. Gampel, ed., Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391-1648,(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) 106-117. Leroy, Beatrice, The Jews of Navarre (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, The Hebrew University,1985) 131-148.Gerber, 132-144. Gitlitz, David, Secrecy and Deceit, The Religion of Crypto-Jews, (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,1996) 563-586.Roth, Cecil, A History of the Marranos (New York and Philadelphia: Meridian Books and the Jewish Publication Society of America, 1959) 54-98.Baer, Yitzhak, II, 424-443.Haim Beinart, The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (Washington D.C.,and London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001). Readings to be announced.___________, Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy, 2 vols., 1st edition (Jerusalem: Magnes Press of The Hebrew University, 1992-1993). 2nd edition, (New York and Jerusalem: Gefen, 1996). Readings to be announced.

Lesson 2 – Sept. 9, 11: The Golden Age of the Sephardic Diaspora, 16th Century Ottoman Jewry, Salonika - the Sephardic rabbinical and cultural center of the Balkans,

Jewish commerce in Istanbul, the Sephardic powerbrokers DonaGracia Mendes and Don Yosef Hanasi, and Jewish life and autonomy under Ottomanrule. Readings:Gerber, 146-175.Levy 13-41, 153-202.BR 1-64.

Lesson 3 – Sept. 16, 18: The Emergence and Influence of Sabbateanism. Mass following of false messiah Shabbatei Zvi in Salonika and Izmir, the 1666 Conversion of S.Z. to Islam,Influence of Sabbateanism from Morocco to Western and Eastern Europe, forced exile of S.Z. to Albania, conversionof followers to Islam and focus on the identity of the Deunme, crypto-Jewish Muslim followers of S.Z., diverse and opposing sects, and putting its illicit sexual practices in context, and spiritual decline of Ottoman Sephardic Jewry.Readings:Jacob Barnai, “Prototypes of Leadership in a Sephardic Community: Smyrna in the Seventeeth Century”, in Benjamin R.Gampel, ed. Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391-1648, 146-163.Saperstein, Marc, Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History (New York and London: New York University Press, 1992) 289-334.Goldberg, Harvey, ed., Sephardi And Middle Eastern Jewries, History & Culture In The Modern Era (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996) 73-80. Carlebach, Elisheva, The Pursuit of Heresy, Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the Sabbatian Controversies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990) 123-159.Benardete, Mair Jose, Hispanic Culture and Character of the Sephardic Jews (New York:Sepher-Hermon Press, 1982) 110-137.Kerem, Yitzchak “The Deunme: From Catholicism to Judaism to Islam”, in Charles

Meyers and Norman Simms, eds., Troubled Souls, Conversos, Crypto-Jews,and Other Confused Jewish Intellectuals from the Fourteenth through the Eighteenth Century (Hamilton, New Zealand: Outrigger Publishers, 2001) 150-163.

Lesson 4 – Sept. 23: The Age of Modernization. Migration of the "francos" from Italy, the infiltration of Europeanization in the Balkans in the latter 19th century, the influence of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, Italian, and Hilfsverein schools upon socio-economic growth of Sephardic Jewry, industrialization, Sephardic cultural regeneration via music, literature, the press, and drama, secularization, and the adoption of political ideology; the development of the Sephardic Zionist and Socialist movements. Readings:Yitzchak Kerem, "The Greek-Jewish Theater in Judeo-Spanish, ca. 1880-1940", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 14, Number 1 (May, 1996), pp. 31-45.Yitzchak Kerem, "The Influence of European Modernizing Forces on the Development of the Judeo-Spanish Press in the 19th Century in Salonika", in Winfried Busse and Marie-Christine Varol-Bornes, eds., Sephardica, Homage a Haim Vidal Sephiha, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1996) 581-593.Gerber, 214-252.Rodrigue, Aron, french jews, turkish jews, The Alliance Israelite Universelleand the Politics of Jewish Schooling in Turkey, 1860-1925 (Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 1990)25-95.Benbassa, Esther, Un Grand Rabbin Sepharad En Politique 1892-1923 (Paris: Presses Du CNRS, 1990). 17-26. Introduction can be read in English version by University ofAlabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. BR – pp. 65-115.Simon, 65-84.

Lesson 5 – Sept. 25, Oct. 2: Ottoman Jewry in Times of Reform

Session Four: The Jews in the Ottoman Empire

Millet system for religious autonomy Tanzimat Reforms and the Ottoman Jews Jewish Ottoman Patriotism Jews Strive for Equality in the Constitutional Movement The Jews & the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Involvement

and Rejection of Political Rights for Religious and Ethnic Minorities.

Reading:

Avigdor Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1992). Readings to be announced.Andrew G. Bostom, "Under Turkish Rule", Part I and II, FrontPageMagazine.com 7/27/2007 & 8/3/2007BR – pp. 116-158.Simon, 277-302.Walter F. Weiker, Ottomans, Turks, and the Jewish Polity, A History of the Jews of Turkey, (Lanham, MD: University Pressof America, and Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1992). Readings to be announced.

Lesson 6 – Oct. 7, 16: The Jews of Greece and Turkey in Light of Modern Nationalism

The Greek Independence Movement and the Annihilation of11 Jewish Communities in the Peleponnese and Attica regions at the inception of the Greek Revolution in 1821-22. Jewish Philhellenes in Rumania, Corfu, and Chalkis.

Harsh British Colonial Rule for the Jews of the Ionian Islands and Liberation by Greece in 1864.

Continuation of the Greek-Orthodox Blood Libel Against the Jews: The 1872 Blood Libel Events in Odessa, Istanbul, Izmir, Ioannina, and Crete

Blood Libels in the 1890s against Jews in Corfu, Zakynthos, and the newly annexed Jewish communities of Thessaly

Patriotism of Ottoman Jewry, and Jewish rejection of Greek Nationalism

in Epirus, Crete, Macedonia, and Asia Minor & its Consequences

Paradoxes of History: Greece as an Ideal, Jewish Migration from Izmir to Athens 1870-1922; Migration of Jews to Istanbul after the Greek Annexation of Salonikain 1912 and the Turkish National Jewish Patriots; Tekinalp (Moise Cohen) and Emmanuel Carasso.

The Founder of Turkish Secular Nationalism Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, a Salonikan Sabbatean/Muslim, his “Deunme” lineage, and the effects of his forming a united secular Turkish Republic

The Beginning of the End for Turkish Jewry: The 1934 anti-Jewish mass riots against the Jews of Turkish Thrace, European Turkey, and the Jewish communities of the Straits: the Dardanelles, Marmara, and Chanakkale.The destruction of the large Jewish community of Edirne(Adrianople) by the 1934 riots and its aftermath

Readings:Yitzchak Kerem, “The Multicultural Background of Greek Jewry; Factors in their diversity and integration in modern Greece”, Mésogeios, Méditerranée, histoire, peuples, langues, cultures 20-21(2003) (Paris: Herodotos, 2003) 57-79._____________, “The Influence of Anti-Semitism on Jewish Immigration Patterns from Greece to the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century”; in Caesar E. Farah, ed., Decision Making And Change In The Ottoman Empire.(Kirksville, Missouri: The Thomas Jefferson University Press At Northeast Missouri State UniversityPress, 1993), pp. 305-314. Jacob M. Landau, Tekinalp, Turkish Patriot 1883-1961 (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1984). Select readings to be announced.Stanford Shaw, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (New York: New York University Press, 1991). Select readingsto be announced.

October 23 – Midterm exam

Lesson 7 – Oct. 28, 30: North African Jewry, Diversity and Conformity. Jewish life under Berber rule, Judeo-Arabic tradition, Sephardic Jewish communal and cultural identity in Spanish Morocco, a Portuguese Jewish community in Tunisia, the unique traditional religious Djerba Jewish community, Libyan Jewry between Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Italian culture, and an historical introduction to Judeo-Arabic and Sephardic Egyptian Jewry. Readings:Deshen, Shlomo, and Zenner, Walter P., eds., Jews among Muslims, Communities in the Precolonial Middle East (New York: New York University Press, 1996) 50-63, 83-120, 133-158.Laskier, Michael M., North African Jewry In The Twentieth Century, The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria (New Yorkand London: New York University Press, 1994) 23-54.Serels, M. Mitchell, A History of the Jews of Tangier in theNineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Sefer Hermon Press, 1991) 13-60.Goldberg, 181-189. De Felice, Renzo, Jews in an Arab Land, Libya, 1835-1970 (Austin; University of Texas Press, 1985) 1-48. Goldberg, Harvey, The Book Mordechai, A Study of the Jews ofLibya (London: Darf Publishers, 1993) 178-193.Stillman, 324-327, 303-311, 312-314. Landau, Jacob M., Jews In Nineteenth-Century Egypt (New York: New York University Press, 1969) 25-50, 93-114. Laskier, Michael M., The Jews of Egypt 1920-1970, In the Midst of Zionism, Anti-Semitism, and the Middle East Conflict (New York and London: New York University Press, 1992) 1-16, 125-198, 252-297.Simon, 445-504.October 30 – Assignment of Special Project due Nov. 25

Lesson 8 – Nov. 4: Middle Eastern Jewry. Lebanese and SyrianJewry - a cross between Judeo-Arabic and Sephardic culture.

Livornese Jewish migration to Aleppo, Syrian halachic tradition and regional domination, and Sephardic literary, ritual, and halachic influences on Iraqi Jewry.Readings: Deshen and Zenner, 161-196. Stillman, 87-107, 252-254, 318-321, 393-405. Stillman, Yedida K. and Zucker, George K., eds. New Horizons in Sephardic Studies, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993) 93-107. Simon, 316-334.

Lesson 9 – Nov. 6, 11: Western European Sephardic Jewry. Theformation of Portuguese Jewish communities in Bordeaux, Amsterdam, Hamburg-Altona, London, and westward into Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Baltic republics. The Amsterdam Sephardic community and mercantile development, the leadership and thought of Menashe ben Israel, heretical/skeptical thought of Spinoza, Uriel da Costa, and Juan de Prado, and the poetry and theatrical activity of Daniel Levi de Barrios. Readings:Gerber, 178-205.Kedourie, 189-212.Barnett, Richard and Schwab, Walter, eds., The Sephardi Heritage, Vol. II: The Western Sephardim (Grendon, Northants:Gibraltar Books, 1989) 26-74. Joseph Kaplan, "From Apostasy to Return to Judaism, the Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam" in Joseph Dan, ed., Bina, Studies in Jewish History (New York: Praeger, 1989) 99-117.Nov. 11 – Assignment of Final Paper Due Dec. 11!

Lesson 10 – Nov. 13, 18: Sephardic Settlement in North America. Sephardic Portuguese congregational life in Colonial America and Sephardic contributions to the buildingof the United States,Balkan Sephardic migration to the United States in the 20th century, and disunity in

Sephardic communal life.Readings:Yitzchak Kerem, “The Settlement of Rhodian and Other Sephardic Jews in Montgomery and Atlanta in the Twentieth Century”, American Jewish History (December 1997), Volume 85, Number 4, 373-391.Gerber, 206-211.Marcus, Jacob Rader, Early American Jewry, The Jews of New York, New England and Canada,1649-1794 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951) 24-72, 121-140.Angel, Marc A. La America, The Sephardic Experience in the United States (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1982) 88-128. Papo, Joseph A., Sephardim In Twentieth century America, In Search of Unity (San Jose: Pele Yoetz Books and Berkeley: Judah L. Magnes Museum,1987) 43-65, 129-176.Cohen, Martin A., and Peck, Abraham J., Sephardim in the Americas, Studies in Culture and History (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993) 267-308.

Lesson 11 – Nov. 20, 25: Sephardic and Crypto-Jewish Life inLatin America. New Christian society in Brazil, the Inquisition in Mexico, Peru, and Cartagena, the return of Portuguese New Christians to Judaism in Brazil and the Caribbean, the Portuguese Jewish trade and communal network in the Caribbean and northern South America, and 19th and 20th migration of Jews from Morocco, Syria, and the Balkans to post-colonial Central and South America. Readings:Gerber, 205-206.Elkin, Judith Laikin and Merkx, Gilbert, W., The Jewish Presence in Latin America (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987) 13-44.Levine, Robert W., Tropical Diaspora, The Jewish Experience in Cuba (Gainesville, Fl: University Press of Florida, 1993)40-43, 47-51, 253-5, 266-278.

Weisbrot, Robert, the Jews of Argentina from the Inquisitionto Peron (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979) 155-172.Arbell, Mordechai, The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean (New York and Jerusalem: Gefen, 2002). Read sections on Curacao, St. Thomas, Barbados, Jamaica, Surinam, and St. Eustatius. Loker, Zvi, Jews in the Caribbean, Evidence on the History of the Jews in the Carribean Zone in Colonial Times (Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim, Institute for Research on the Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Heritage, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991)17-53.Marcus, Jacob, The Colonial Amerian Jew 1492-1776, I (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970) 174-201.Elazar, Daniel J. The Other Jews, The Sephardim Today (New York: Basic Books, 1989) 140-161.Goldberg, 190-209. Special Project Due Nov. 25! Lesson 12 – Dec. 2: The Holocaust - The Annihilation of the Jews of Greece and Yugoslavia. The internal death process inYugoslavia, the deportation of Salonikan and Greek Jewry toAuschwitz-Birkenau and their annihilation there and afterward, resistance of SephardicJewry in the Balkans and in the concentration camps, and rescue.

Readings:Yitzchak Kerem,"Forgotten Heroes: Greek Jewry in the Holocaust", in Menachem Mor, ed., Crisis & Reaction: The Hero In Jewish History (Omaha, Nebraska: Creighton University Press, 1995) 229-238. Steven Bowman, “Jews in Wartime Greece”, Jewish Social Studies 48(1986) 45-62.Mazower, Mark, Inside Hitler’s Greece, The experience of Occupation 1941-1944 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993) 235-261.

Gaon, Haham Dr. Solomon, and Serels, Dr. M. Mitchell, eds., Del Fuego, Sephardim and the Holocaust (New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 1995) 69-79, 98-106.Freidenreich, Harriet Pass, The Jews of Yugoslavia, A Quest for Community (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979) 190-210.Ehud Avriel, Open The Gates, A personal story of "illegal" immigration to Israel (New York: Athenuem, 1975). Readings to be announced.

Yitzchak Kerem, “Rescue or Annihilation: Italian Occupation Forces and the Jews in World War II” in Stanislao G. Pugliese, ed., The Most Ancient of Minorities, The Jews of Italy in (Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 2002) 275- 288. _____________, “The Survival of the Jews of Zakynthos in the Holocaust”. Proceedings of the Tenth World Congress of Jewish Studies. Division B. Volume II. Jerusalem: The World Union of Jewish Studies, 1990. pp.387-394.

Lesson 13 – Dec. 4, 9: The Old Yishuv in Eretz-Israel. Sephardic settlement in 16th-century Safed, the Sephardic and Oriental Jewish communities of Ottoman Jerusalem, modernization, a brief overview of 700 years of Sephardic Communal Council history and its institutions, the decline of the Sephardic community in light of 1870 Perushim migration to Jerusalem, ethnic divisions amongst the Sephardic/Oriental Jewish community, the Sephardic courtyards of the Old City of Jerusalem, and Sephardic settlement of new neighborhoods in the New City of Jerusalem. Readings:Halper, Jeff, Between Redemption and revival, The Jewish Yishuv of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991) 151-163,164-178, 179-193.

Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua, Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City (Jerusalem:Yad Izhak Ben Zvi Institute and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984) 283-4, 286-292, 297-299, 306-7, 312-3, 319-328, 353-358, 361-3.Stillman, 300-302, 329-346. Angel, Marc D., Haham Gaon Memorial Volume (New York: SepherHermon Press, 1997) 197-221Michal Ben Ya’akov, “The Immigration of North African Jews To Nineteenth-Century Eretz-Israel: Origin and Destination”,Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies, Division B, Volume III: The History of the Jewish People (Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1994) 208-214.Simon, 335-346.

Lesson 14 –Dec. 11: Oriental and Sephardic Jewry in the Modern State of Israel. Illegal immigration, absorption in the 1950s, and agricultural and development town settlement,secularization, the controversial question of the kidnappingof Yemenite children in the maabarot" (immigrant camps), and Oriental Jewish social strife and socio-economic disadvantage. Readings:Demsky, Aaron, et.al, eds., These Are The Names, Studies In Jewish Onomastics (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1997) 53-64.Gerber, 278-283.Haskell, Guy H., From Sofia to Jaffa, The Jews of Bulgaria and Israel (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994) 137-151.Weiker, Walter F., The Unseen Israelis, The Jews from Turkeyin Israel, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America and The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1988) 19-32, 67-105.Elazar, 13-69.Alcalay, Ammiel, After Jews And Arabs, Remaking Levantine Culture ( Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993)233-256, 262-275.

Haim Amrani, “The Episode of the Missing Yemenite Children is Being Investigated”, Afikim, 18 (March 24, 1967) 4,12 [Hebrew]. [optional]Israel Shalev, “And He Steals a Person and Sells Him”, Afikim, 79 (August 1987) 8-10 [Hebrew]. [optional] Final Paper due Dec. 11.