Sustainable Development and Tropical Agri-chains

Estelle Bienabe • Alain Rival • Denis Loeillet

Editors

Sustainable Developmentand Tropical Agri-chains

EditorsEstelle BienabeCIRAD – UMR InnovationMontpellier, France

Alain RivalCIRAD, DGD-RSJakarta, Indonesia

Denis LoeilletCIRAD – UPR GecoMontpellier, France

ISBN 978-94-024-1015-0 ISBN 978-94-024-1016-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-1016-7

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General Foreword

Changes in tropical agricultural value chains profoundly modify, and at the same

time reflect, ways of consuming and of producing, as well as the links between

them. Be they related to opportunistic behaviours or to long-term strategies and

practices, new products, new standards and new organizations affect our daily life.

Meanwhile, they feed debates, controversies and polemics. Production and con-

sumption models – as emerged strongly again on the occasion of the Paris climate

change agreement – focus attention and are at the heart of concerns about the future

of humankind and of the planet.

As part of this movement, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, negotiated

through a broad-based process over several years and approved in New York in

September 2015, draw a new global framework for action. As part of a transfor-

mative agenda for people and the planet, they emphasize the links between pro-

duction and consumption. And they stress the urgent need, given the complexity of

the processes at stake, to reinforce the resilience of societies and ecosystems and to

renew regulation processes.

Scientific books that deal with these links in relation to the high stakes of

sustainable development are few and far between. This collection comes at the

right time, detailing the multiple and complex configurations of both locally and

globally organized agricultural value chains. It shows that these agri-chains are not

only technical and economic but also social and political. Through reviewing a

diversity of approaches to conceptualizing and understanding these agri-chains in

relation to sustainable development and through exploring practical approaches that

are taking shape to address current and upcoming challenges, it sheds light on the

transformations underway, on the sometimes-implicit political and ideological

choices at stake and on the options for action.

From a diversity of perspectives, the various authors draw the reader to the heart

of the technical and institutional transformations that take place within agri-chains

and confront us with the scientific and political challenges to come. The book

provides the international community with a critical contribution by drawing

lessons from multiple decades of experience, grounded in the original intellectual

v

investment in the French filiere1 approaches. Furthermore, it shows that promising

avenues exist, combining private and public actions, technical innovations (eco-

logical intensification, diversity of ways of producing and deriving value, circular

economy, etc.) and institutional ones (sustainability standards, payment for envi-

ronmental services, etc.). In the face of today’s high sustainability stakes – natural

resource management, environmental and sanitary risks and inequalities – that

manifest themselves at different scales, tropical agri-chains that connect the local

and the global constitute powerful forms of leverage for inventing new economic

and social forms. The analyses also show how the embeddedness of these institu-

tional/economic forms in local territories matters. Local institutional contexts and

capacities are critical for the emergence of complementarity between different

political spaces – territories, states, international agreements, etc. – without which

the impact of acting through agri-chains would be poor.

I highly commend this book, representing as it does an original and substantial

contribution to guide the conception and implementation of agri-chain approaches

as precursors to more sustainable models of development. Situated at the interface

between science, policy and practice, this collaborative work constitutes an impor-

tant milestone towards a research agenda that tackles some of the most serious

global challenges of our time, in ways that remain grounded in the lives and

concerns of people in diverse settings around the world.

Institute of Development Studies

University of Sussex, UK

Melissa Leach

1Filiere is a French term, equivalent to some extent to value chain or to supply chain. For more

details, see in particular Chap. 1.

vi General Foreword

Foreword by AFD

Can agricultural markets contribute in a meaningful way to sustainable develop-

ment in the South?

If we stick solely to the endogenous laws of deregulated markets, the answer will

likely have to be an emphatic ‘no’. Analytical rigour today obliges us to admit that

the arguments in favour of the self-regulation of markets, which have been around

for 40 years, are not based on any solid reasoning, as Steve Keen wrote in

Debunking Economics.2 Historical experience indicates instead that chronic insta-

bility, highlighted by Hyman Minsky in the case of financial markets in the 1970s,

has spread to the entire commercial sphere, including to agricultural markets. This

instability is detrimental to any effective allocation of resources, and family farms

and farmers are its first casualties.

Furthermore, we cannot ignore that some dynamics of growth of agricultural

production, driven solely by technical and economic objectives, marginalize the

least fortunate, exacerbate disparities and destroy or contaminate ecosystems,

sometimes irreversibly. The techno-productivist paradigm can no longer lay

claim to agricultural development as its sole preserve.

At the same time, socially, economically and environmentally sustainable tra-

jectories have emerged in a few regions over the last decade and provide some hope

for the future of agriculture. To be viable, these initiatives require a common vision,

a project shared by all the actors of the agri-chains and territories. In other words,

and this is a core idea of this book, it is at the meeting point of the agri-chain and the

territory that the future of agriculture will largely be determined.

It is along a filiere (or value chain) that added-value flows circulate between the

many and diverse actors (farmers, processors, traders, consumers) who depend in

one way or another on agricultural production. The filiere also refers to the

institutions (organizations, rules, customs, etc.) that private actors set up to deal

2Steve Keen, 2001. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences. ZedBooks, New York.

vii

and negotiate issues of common interest (quality, volume, costs and prices, etc.)

amongst themselves and, whenever necessary, with public authorities (taxation,

subsidies, infrastructure, etc.). Equitable and interprofessional governance, in con-

junction with regulated market dynamics, allows, ideally, to come close to a fair

remuneration for the value chain’s actors. But this should in no way be confused

with the accounts-centric idea of fair value that would supposedly emerge sponta-

neously from deregulated market interactions and with the political concept of goodgovernance popularized in particular by the International Monetary Fund in the

1990s and which has too often been used as a cover for the outright dismantling of a

country’s public bodies and institutions.

Agreements entered into within a filiere’s framework also allow partners to

implement qualitative goals such as the identity of products, geographical origin,

food safety, preservation of natural resources and more environmentally friendly

agricultural practices. All these are characteristics that can become competitive

factors and that, for some agri-chains, also act as commons. Governance here

means dialogue, compromise (in the positive sense) and mutually beneficial

cooperation.

However, agriculture cannot be simply reduced to agricultural products. On a

given territory, the agricultural system shapes the landscape, allocates the uses of

natural capital, underpins social relationships within communities and strongly

structures the employment of both men and women.

Thus, the specialization on a product or conversely the diversification into

different products, the growth or decline of a particular agri-chain, the expansion

of cultivated areas or their intensification and the change in the mode of production

such as recourse to irrigation all induce major changes at the territorial and

community levels. It is the same with the development of services and local

infrastructure which, through the value obtained from production, directly influence

the economic and social development of the territories.

Therefore, the governance of rural territories is the second dimension which,

together with that of filiere or agri-chains, provides a framework within which

sustainable agricultural development will have to take place, now and in the future.

The allocation of the territory, its land and its water resources between agriculture,

forests, pastures and habitats and the distribution of the responsibilities of

protecting the land and rights to use or develop it between legal right holders and

users are only possible by agreements between all local actors, irrespective of the

agricultural production that the ecology of the territory concerned and the markets

allow. Dialogue, compromise and cooperation are much more effective than the

violence of market power relations. And, here too, the structure of the resources as

commons – equidistant from the privatization of enclosures and state collectiviza-

tion – probably provides the secret of human institutions respectful of the unique

and fragile planetary ecosystem entrusted to us. This is a secret that humanity has

successfully transmitted for millennia but which our contemporary modernity must

relearn quickly if we do not want the current systematic destruction of biodiversity

to render our planet inhabitable to all who live on it.

viii Foreword by AFD

Given the present demographic challenges and those of the future, agriculture in

the countries of the South has the greatest need for trajectories of sustainable

prosperity. We hardly need reminding that, as of now, food security is not ensured

for the generation that is about to be born in sub-Saharan Africa. But the heartening

news is that such trajectories are already being invented. Their implementation

requires the mobilization of economic actors at the intersection of a vertical

approach of a filiere or agri-chain and the horizontal dimension of territorial

communities. Shaping the social space and the associated institutions, between

agri-chains and territories, is a demanding task. It requires technical, environmen-

tal, economic and social innovations, at all scales, from the local to the global, that

are made possible by partnerships between the research community and economic

and institutional actors and between consumers in the North and farmers in the

South. Is it not by learning to dialogue in this way and act with such audacity that

humanity will succeed? It is this book’s goal to help us all do so.

French Development Agency (AFD),

Paris, France

French National Centre for Scientific

Research (CNRS), Paris, France

Gael Giraud

Foreword by AFD ix

Acknowledgements

This book links the issues surrounding tropical agricultural, forestry and agrifood-

chains3 – with which CIRAD and AFD have been involved for many decades – to

that of sustainable development, a more recent global concern. To enable readers to

assess the relevance and richness of the many interlinked issues involved, we

solicited the expertise of CIRAD researchers from across disciplines and of AFD

officers to discuss different possible ways of presenting them. This book is the

result of their deliberations and suggestions, with its various parts and facets

reflecting and consolidating a diversity of contributions and viewpoints.

We thank the authors (see separate list of authors), reviewers and members of the

steering committee and the editorial board. We also thank the publishing team for

their unfailing support.

Reviewers: Daniel Barthelemy, Dominique Berry, Pascal Bonnet, Estelle Bienabe,

Alain Billand, Patrick Caron, Francois Cote, Benoıt Daviron, Pierre Fabre,

Etienne Hainzelin, Jean-Louis Noyer, Sylvain Perret, Herve Saint-Macary and

Nadine Zakhia-Rozis.

Members of the steering committee: Didier Baillet, Estelle Bienabe, Dominique

Berry, Alain Billand, Patrick Caron, Claire Jourdan-Ruf, Denis Loeillet, Flor-

ence Mouton, Sylvain Perret, Herve Saint-Macary, Alain Rival, Jean-Michel

Sourisseau and Emmanuel Torquebiau.

Members of the editorial board: Estelle Bienabe, Patrick Caron, Denis Loeillet,

Alain Rival.

Members of Quæ Publishing team: Jean-Marc Barros, Joelle Delbrayere and Claire

Jourdan-Ruf.

Finally, we would also like to extend our thanks to Kim Agrawal for translating

this book from the original French.

3Collectively referred to as agri-chains in this book.

xi

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Estelle Bienabe, Patrick Caron, Denis Loeillet, and Alain Rival

Part I The Agri-Chain as a Vector of Development?

2 The Concept of Filiere or Value Chain: An Analytical

Framework for Development Policies and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Frederic Lancon, Ludovic Temple, and Estelle Bienabe

3 History of Public Organizations and Associations

Specializing in a Single Agricultural Commodity

and Related to Francophone Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Benoit Daviron and Janine Sarraut-Woods

4 Evolution of Donor Intervention Modalities on Agri-Chains:

The AFD Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Anne Legile, Naomi Noel, Florence Mouton, and Didier Baillet

5 Alliances Between Agri-Chain Actors for a Sustainable

Development of Territories in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Guillaume Duteurtre, Denis Sautier, Manuel Pannier,

and Nguyen Mai Huong

6 Collective Action in Agri-Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Pierre-Marie Bosc, Sylvain Rafflegeau, Helene David-Benz,

Sylvaine Lemeilleur, Paule Moustier, and Marisa Peyre

7 Agri-Chains (or filieres) and Food and Nutrition Security:

Two Independent Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Sandrine Dury

xiii

Part II Agri-Chains as a Framework for Innovation

in the Face of Challenges of Sustainable Development

8 Contribution of Research to Innovation Within Agri-Chains . . . . . 93

Aurelie Toillier and Luc de Lapeyre de Bellaire

9 Agri-Chains and Partnership Approaches to Research . . . . . . . . . . 107

Aurelie Toillier and Luc de Lapeyre de Bellaire

10 Design of Cropping Systems and Ecological Intensification . . . . . . 125

Luc de Lapeyre de Bellaire, Bruno Bachelier, Marc Dorel,

Francois-Regis Goebel, Herve Guibert, Olivier Husson,

Patrick Jagoret, Pascal Marnotte, Jean-Michel Risede,

and Eric Scopel

11 Evolution and Challenges of Varietal Improvement

Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Robert Domaingue, Sylvie Lewicki, Patrice This, Frederic Bakry,

Jean-Pierre Horry, Serge Braconnier, David Pot, and Gilles Trouche

12 Sustainable Processing Systems: What New Strategies for

Tropical Agri-Chains? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Dominique Pallet and Jerome Sainte-Beuve

13 A Step Towards Food Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Nadine Zakhia-Rozis, Eric Scopel, and Dominique Pallet

Part III Diversity of Uses of Biomass and Inter-Agri-Chain

Dynamics

14 Agricultural and Forestry Chains in the Countries

of the South in the Age of Bioenergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Laurent Gazull

15 Diversifying Biomass Uses Through New Cropping

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Francois-Regis Goebel, Jean-Louis Chopart, Christophe Poser,

Serge Braconnier, Jean-Francois Martine, and Edward Gerardeaux

16 Inter-supply Chain Recycling of Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Tom Wassenaar, Jean-Marie Paillat, Francois Guerrin,

Philippe Lecomte, Jean-Michel Medoc, Laurent Parrot,

Jerome Queste, Paulo Salgado, Emmanuel Tillard,

and Jonathan Vayssieres

17 A Counterpoint on Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Benoit Daviron

xiv Contents

Part IV Agri-Chains and Evaluation of Sustainability

18 Why and How to Assess the Contribution of an Agri-Chain

to Sustainable Development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Denis Loeillet and Catherine Macombe

19 How to Assess the Environmental Impacts of an Agri-Chain? . . . . 237

Cecile Bessou

20 Instruments to Assess the Social Impacts of Value Chains . . . . . . . 257

Catherine Macombe and Denis Loeillet

21 Agri-Chains and Evaluation of Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Catherine Macombe, Denis Loeillet, and Cecile Bessou

Part V Can Agri-Chains Act as an Arena of Regulation

of Sustainable Development?

22 Agro-industrial Strategies and Voluntary Mechanisms

for the Sustainability of Tropical Global Value Chains:

The Place of Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Jean-Philippe Tonneau, Stephane Gueneau, Marie-Gabrielle Piketty,

Isabel Drigo, and Rene Poccard-Chapuis

23 The Standardization of Sustainable Development

Through the Insertion of Agricultural Global Value

Chains into International Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Emmanuelle Cheyns, Benoit Daviron, Marcel Djama,

Eve Fouilleux, and Stephane Gueneau

24 Ecosystem Services, Payments for Environmental Services,

and Agri-Chains: What Kind of Regulation to Enhance

Sustainability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Estelle Bienabe, Celine Dutilly, Alain Karsenty,

and Jean-Francois Le Coq

25 Global Strategies of Firms and the Financialization

of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Ward Anseeuw, Jean-Marc Roda, Antoine Ducastel,

and Norfaryanti Kamaruddin

26 General Conclusion and New Research Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Estelle Bienabe, Patrick Caron, Alain Rival, and Denis Loeillet

Contents xv

List of Authors

Anseeuw Ward – CIRAD – UMR Art-dev – International Land Coalition – Rome,

ward.anseeuw@cirad.fr

Bachelier Bruno – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, bruno.bachelier@cirad.fr

Baillet Didier – AFD – Paris, bailletd@afd.fr

Bakry Frederic – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, frederic.bakry@cirad.fr

Bessou Cecile – CIRAD – UPR Performance of Tree Crop-Based Systems –

Montpellier, cecile.bessou@cirad.fr

Bienabe Estelle – CIRAD – UMR Innovation –Montpellier, estelle.bienabe@cirad.fr

Pascal Bonnet – CIRAD – Environments and Societies Department – Montpellier,

pascal.bonnet@cirad.fr

Bosc Pierre-Marie – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, pierre-marie.

bosc@cirad.fr

Braconnier Serge – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, serge.braconnier@cirad.fr

Briffaz Aurelien – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, aurelien.briffaz@cirad.fr

Caron Patrick – CIRAD – DG-DRS – Montpellier, patrick.caron@cirad.fr

Cheyns Emmanuelle – CIRAD – Moisa – Montpellier, emmanuelle.cheyns@cirad.fr

Chopart Jean-Louis – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Roujol, Guadeloupe, jean-louis.

chopart@cirad.fr

Cruz Jean-Francois – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, jean-francois.cruz@cirad.fr

David-Benz Helene – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, helene.david-

benz@cirad.fr

Daviron Benoit – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, benoit.daviron@cirad.fr

xvii

de Lapeyre de Bellaire Luc – CIRAD – UPR Geco – Montpellier, luc.

de_lapeyre_de_bellaire@cirad.fr

Djama Marcel – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Universiti Putra Malaysia – Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia marcel.djama@cirad.fr

Domaingue Robert – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, robert.

domaingue@cirad.fr

Dorel Marc – CIRAD – UPR Geco – Neufchateau, Guadeloupe, marc.dorel@cirad.fr

Drigo Isabel – Nexus Socioambiental – S~ao Paulo, Brazil, isabel.drigo@gmail.com

Ducastel Antoine – CIRAD – UMR Art-dev – Montpellier, antoine.

ducastel@cirad.fr

Dury Sandrine – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, sandrine.dury@cirad.fr

Duteurtre Guillaume – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – Montpellier, guillaume.

duteurtre@cirad.fr

Dutilly Cecile – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – Montpellier, celine.dutilly@cirad.fr

Ferre Thierry – CIRAD – UMR Innovation – Montpellier, thierry.ferre@cirad.fr

Fouilleux Eve – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, eve.fouilleux@cirad.fr

Fusillier Jean-Louis – CIRAD – UMR G-eau – Montpellier, jean-louis.

fusillier@cirad.fr

Gay Frederic – CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols, frederic.gay@cirad.fr

Gazull Laurent – CIRAD – UPR BSEF – Montpellier, laurent.gazull@cirad.fr

Gerardeaux Edward –CIRAD–UPRAida –Montpellier, edward.gerardeaux@cirad.fr

Giraud Gael – AFD – Paris, giraud@afd.fr

Goebel Francois-Regis – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, francois-regis.

goebel@cirad.fr

Goli Thierry – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, thierry.goli@cirad.fr

Gueneau Stephane – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – SHIS – Brasılia, Brazil, stephane.

gueneau@cirad.fr

Guerrin Francois – CIRAD – UPR Recycling and Risk – Montpellier, francois.

guerrin@cirad.fr

Guibert Herve – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, herve.guibert@cirad.fr

Goutard Flavie – CIRAD – UPR AGIRS, flavie.goutard@cirad.fr

Horry Jean-Pierre – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, jean-pierre.horry@cirad.fr

Husson Olivier – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Africa Rice – Cotonou, Benin, olivier.

husson@cirad.fr

xviii List of Authors

Jagoret Patrick – CIRAD – UMR System – Montpellier, patrick.jagoret@cirad.fr

Jori Ferran – CIRAD – UPR AGIRS, ferran.jori@cirad.fr

Karsenty Alain – CIRAD – UPR BSEF – Montpellier, alain.karsenty@cirad.fr

Kwansirinapa Thanawong – Asian Institute of Technology – Bangkok, Thailand,

kwansirinapa.saratis@ait.ac.th

Lancon Frederic – CIRAD – UMR Art-dev – Montpellier, frederic.lancon@cirad.fr

Leach Melissa – Institute of Development Studies – University of Sussex, United

Kingdom, m.leach@ids.ac.uk

Le Bellec Fabrice – CIRAD – UPR HORTSYS, fabrice.le_bellec@cirad.fr

Lecomte Philippe – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – Dakar, Senegal, philippe.

lecomte@cirad.fr

Lecoq Jean-Francois – CIRAD – UMR Art-dev – UNA – Heredia, Costa Rica,

jean-francois.le_coq@cirad.fr

Legile Anne – Parc National des Cevennes, Paris, anne.legile@cevennes-

parcnational.fr

Lejars Caroline – CIRAD – UMR G-eau, caroline.lejars@cirad.fr

Lemeilleur Sylvaine – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, sylvaine.

lemeilleur@cirad.fr

Lewicki Sylvie – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, sylvie.

lewicki_dhainaut@cirad.fr

Loeillet Denis – CIRAD – UPR Geco – Montpellier, denis.loeillet@cirad.fr

Lortal Sylvie – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, sylvie.lortal@rennes.inra.fr

Losch Bruno – CIRAD – UMR Art-dev – Montpellier, bruno.losch@cirad.fr

Macombe Catherine – Irstea – Centre de Montpellier, Montpellie, Cedex, catherine.

macombe@irstea.fr

Marisa Peyre – CIRAD – UPR Agirs – NIVR Vietnam – Hanoi, Vietnam, marisa.

peyre@cirad.fr

Marnotte Pascal – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, pascal.marnotte@cirad.fr

Martine Jean-Francois – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, jean-francois.

martine@cirad.fr

Medoc Jean-Michel – CIRAD – UPR Recycling and Risk – LEMSAT – Dakar,

Senegal, jean-michel.medoc@cirad.fr

Meot Jean-Michel – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, jean-michel.meot@cirad.fr

Mestres Christian – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, christian.mestres@cirad.fr

List of Authors xix

Moustier Paule – CIRAD – UMR Moisa – Montpellier, paule.moustier@cirad.fr

Mouton Florence – AFD – Paris, mouton@afd.fr

Noel Naomi – AFD – Paris, noeln@afd.fr

Nguyen Mai Huong – RUDEC-IPSARD – Hanoi, Vietnam, maihuong.

nguyen@ipsard.gov.vn

Norfaryanti Kamaruddin – Universiti Putra Malaysia, INTROP – Serdang,

Malaysia, faryanti@gmail.com

Paillat Jean-Marie – CIRAD – UPR Recycling and Risk – Montpellier, jean-marie.

paillat@cirad.fr

Pallet Dominique – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud – Montpellier, dominique.

pallet@cirad.fr

Pannier Emmanuel – EFEO – Hanoi, Vietnam, manuelpannier@yahoo.fr

Parrot Laurent – CIRAD – UPR Hortsys – Montpellier, laurent.parrot@cirad.fr

Perret Sylvain – CIRAD – Environments and Societies Department – Montpellier,

sylvain.perret@cirad.fr

Piketty Marie-Gabrielle – CIRAD – UPR Green – Montpellier, marie-gabrielle.

piketty@cirad.fr

Poccard-Chapuis Rene – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – EMBRAPA – Belem, Brazil,

rene.poccard-chapuis@cirad.fr

Poser Christophe – CIRAD – UPR Aida – La Bretagne – Reunion, christophe.

poser@cirad.fr

Pot David – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, david.pot@cirad.fr

Queste Jerome – CIRAD – UPR Green – FOFIFA-DRFP – Antananarivo,

Madagascar, jerome.queste@cirad.fr

Rafflegeau Sylvain – CIRAD – UPR Performance of Tree Crop-Based Systems –

Montpellier, sylvain.rafflegeau@cirad.fr

Rebuffel Pierre – CIRAD – UMR Innovation, pierre.rebuffel@cirad.fr

Risede Jean-Michel – CIRAD – UPR Geco, jean-michel.risede@cirad.fr

Rival Alain – CIRAD – DGD-RS – Jakarta, Indonesia, alain.rival@cirad.fr

Michel Rivier – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, michel.rivier@cirad.fr

Roda Jean-Marc – CIRAD – UPR BioWooEB – Universiti Putra Malaisia,

Malaysia, jean-marc.roda@cirad.fr

Sainte-Beuve Jerome – CIRAD – UMR IATE – Montpellier, jerome.sainte-

beuve@cirad.fr

xx List of Authors

Salgado Paulo – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – Antsirabe, Madagascar, paulo.

salgado@cirad.fr

Sarraut-Woods Janine – International Consultant, Washington, United States,

j.sarraut.woods@gmail.com

Sautier Denis – CIRAD – UMR Innovation – Montpellier, denis.sautier@cirad.fr

Scopel Eric – CIRAD – UPR Aida – Montpellier, eric.scopel@cirad.fr

Taunay Patrice – CIRAD – UMR Qualisud, patrice.thaunay@cirad.fr

Temple Ludovic – CIRAD – UMR Innovation – Montpellier, ludovic.

temple@cirad.fr

This Patrice – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, patrice.this@cirad.fr

Tillard Emmanuel – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – Ligne-Paradis, Reunion, emmanuel.

tillard@cirad.fr

Toillier Aurelie – CIRAD–UMR Innovation, CEDRES,Universite deOuagadougou,

Burkina-Faso, aurelie.toillier@cirad.fr

Tonneau Jean-Philippe – CIRAD – UMR Tetis – Montpellier, jean-philippe.

tonneau@cirad.fr

Trouche Gilles – CIRAD – UMR Agap – Montpellier, gilles.trouche@cirad.fr

Vayssieres Jonathan – CIRAD – UMR Selmet – LEMSAT – Dakar, Senegal,

jonathan.vayssieres@cirad.fr

Vigne Mathieu – CIRAD – UMR Selmet, mathieu.vigne@cirad.fr

Wassenaar Tom – CIRAD – UPR Recycling and Risk – Montpellier, tom.

wassenaar@cirad.fr

Zakhia-Rozis Nadine – CIRAD – Department Persyst – Montpellier, nadine.zakhia-

rozis@cirad.fr

List of Authors xxi

Research Units

Agap Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean

and Tropical Plants

Agirs Animal and Integrated Risk Management

Aida Agro-ecology and Sustainable Intensification of Annual

Crops

Artdev Actors, Resources, and Territories in Development

BioWooEB Biomass, Wood, Energy, Bioproducts

BSEF Tropical Forest Goods and Ecosystem Services

Eco&Sols Functional Ecology & Bio-geochemistry of Soils & Agro-

ecosystems

Geco Ecological Functioning and Sustainable Management of

Banana and Pineapple Cropping Systems

Green Management of Renewable Resources and Environment

Hortsys Agroecological Functioning and Performances of

Horticultural Systems

IATE Agropolymer Engineering and Emerging Technologies

Innovation Innovation and Development in Agriculture and the Food

Sector

MOISA Markets, Organizations, Institutions, and Stakeholder

Strategies

Qualisud Integrated Approach to Food Quality

Recycling and Risks Environmental Risk Related to Organic Waste Recycling

Selmet Mediterranean and Tropical Livestock Systems

System Tropical and Mediterranean Cropping Systems Functioning

and Management

Tetis Land, Environment, Remote Sensing and Spatial

Information

List of Abbreviations

AEF French Equatorial Africa.

AFD French Development Agency.

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.

Cifor Center for International Forestry Research.

CIRAD French Agricultural Research Center for International Development.

CSR Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility.

EU European Union.

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FSC Forest Stewardship Council.

Icrisat International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.

IEA International Energy Agency.

Inra French National Institute for Agricultural Research.

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Irad Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (Cameroon).

Irstea National Institute for Environmental Science and Research.

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

OIE World Organisation for Animal Health.

RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil.

RTRS Roundtable on Responsible Soy.

WTO World Trade Organization.

xxv

List of Text Boxes

Box 3.1 French Policy for Regulating the Coffee Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Box 5.1 Reconciling the Development of Agri-Chains and the

Sustainable Management of Groundwater Resources:

Examples From France and Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Box 5.2 Fences, Animals and People: What Sustainable

Alternatives for the Development for Bovine Meat Chains

in Southern Africa? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Box 6.1 Private Health Surveillance Systems for Local Risk

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Box 8.1 Training of Sofitex Agricultural Advisers in Burkina Faso . . . . . . 101

Box 9.1 A Structuring and Evolving Partnership with a Private

Company to Accompany Changes in the Palm Oil Chain

in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Box 9.2 A Partnership with a Private Group for Plant Breeding

in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Box 9.3 A Partnership with National Institutions to Support Cotton

farmers in Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Box 9.4 Management Advice for Family Farms: A Methodological

and Organizational Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Box 9.5 The Role of a Partnership with Local People in Incorporating

Local Knowledge and Practices in the Development of a

New Method of Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Box 12.1 Technical Solutions Proposed for the Natural Rubber Chain

Affect the Modes of Organization in Its Upstream Part . . . . . . . . . . 154

Box 12.2 The Mechanization of Fonio Hulling Has Reduced

the Severity of Labour Required and Enhanced the

Agri-Chain’s Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

xxvii

Box 12.3 Fermented Foods, Mainstays of Traditional Food in Africa,

Already Meet Several Sustainability Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Box 12.4 Applying Effective Industrial Solutions to Traditional

Methods of Cassava Processing: Downscaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Box 12.5 The Processing of Rubber, a Highly Energy-Intensive Sector . . . 161

Box 12.6 Diagnosis and Prospects of Sustainability of the Dried

Mango Chain in Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Box 12.7 Recycling Water and Reducing Emissions: New

Environmental Challenges to Primary Processing of

Natural Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Box 12.8 Modelling Rice Cooking Allows the Incorporation

of Elements of Sustainability in the Design of Equipment . . . . . . . 166

Box 16.1 Chicken Manure from eastern Cote d’Ivoire usedin cocoa plantations in the country’s west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Box 18.1 Using Network Analysis to Evaluate the Systemic

Sustainability of Agri-Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Box 18.2 Assessing the Impacts of Value Chains: A Major Challenge

for Multinational Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Box 18.3 The Issue of Packaging in the Fruit Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Box 18.4 Recent Changes in the Technique for Treatment of Leaf

Fungus in Banana Plantations in Martinique and Guadeloupe . . . 233

Box 18.5 Beef Production on Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Box 19.1 The Importance of Field Measurement Devices in the

Process of Environmental Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Box 19.2 Assessing the Environmental Impact of Pesticides in the

Caribbean and Modifying Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Box 19.3 Combining Environmental and Techno-Economic

Assessments to Quantify the Efficiency of Agricultural

Systems: The Case of Irrigated Rice in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Box 19.4 Simulation of Changes in Practices at the Farm Level and

Consequences on the Impact of a Product at the Agri-Chain

Level: The Case of Dairy Farms in Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Box 22.1 Environmental and Social Issues Identified as Part of the

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Box 22.2 Some Aspects of the Implementation of Olam’s CSRStrategy at Its Rubber Plantation in Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Box 23.1 Emergence and Functioning of a Roundtable:

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

xxviii List of Text Boxes