Sustainable Development Symposium 2015

5th annual European postgraduate symposium | Lisbon 15th to 17th June 2015

Sustainable city with inclusive urban equipment – methodology and design

Joana M. Magalhães Francisco1,2; Inês Secca Ruivo2; Rita Assoreira Almendra1

1CIAUD -Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design – Faculty of Architecture, University of

Lisbon, Rua Rolando Sá Nogueira - Polo Universitário - Alto da Ajuda , 1349055 Lisboa

2CHAIA - Centre of Art History and Artistic Research - University of Évora, Portugal

Palácio do Vimioso - Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8 - 7000-809 Évora

jmf@joanafrancisco.com

The urban space configuration is crucial to the quality of life of its inhabitants. In this context, is considered as an

intervention area of great importance and relevance to Design. This article is part of a PhD research on the study of

urban equipment. The development of urban equipment solutions should have inclusiveness and standardization

components in a perspective of sustainable development. The equipment must also reflect and strengthen the

identity of the city where it is applied.

This paper is divided in three parts. In the first one there were investigated various methods of urban equipment

analysis and draft methodological proposals set out by authors like Bernhard E. Bürdek (2006) and Bruno Munari

(1981). This was placed on a chart that identifies peculiarities of the main projective methods applied in design. It

aims to present concepts and a possible assessment procedure and project methodology to apply in urban

equipment design with a focus on inclusiveness.

The second part suggests a project methodology to be used in this research, with practical results, working

strategically with epistemological tools and critical thinking around sustainable development for the improvement

of new products in urban equipment. In the third part the results indicate that the development of a project

methodology and evaluation of urban equipment will have to take into account the notion of inclusivity as the

primary context for the planning of a sustainable city. These include economic, environmental and social issues, a

methodological design process of inclusive equipment. On the other hand, the results lead us to realize that the

production of urban equipment should express cultural contexts.

The paper aims to contribute to improve the current process of designing urban equipment. The goal is to show

possible solutions for sustainable, inclusive, standard and identity urban equipment that will differentiate it and

enhance the public space, setting quality standards in the cities.

KEYWORDS: Urban equipment design, Sustainability, City, Inclusiveness, identity.

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1. Background

Today's urban centers are experiencing problems such as the disorganization of public space, an ageing

population (Teles, 2005), the existence of a growing number of people with reduced mobility, increased

urban barriers or old and derelict buildings (Jacobs, 1962; Choay, 1965). On the other hand, it appears

that excessive homogenization of urban equipment contributes to the gradual loss of cultural identity of

cities (Lynch, 1960).

The topic discussed in this article is part of an ongoing PhD research, entitled Inclusive design in the city -

a contribution at the level of urban equipment.

In the face of the problems mentioned above, it is necessary to develop standardized leisure equipment

solutions that are inclusive in their genesis, sharing the identity of the place where they will be installed,

from a sustainable design perspective. The subsequent adoption of inclusion in urban equipment design

will be the most appropriate in the current scenario. For this purpose, it is necessary to define and use a

working methodology that allows a solution to the project to be reached that addresses and integrates

the various factors referred to.

For stabilizing the methodology to be adopted in this research, several design methodologies for the

product design, proposed by different authors, were analyzed. The methodology constructed for the

investigation met the project criteria (result of the analised methodologies), to reach the construction

of a project design tool that allows the development of possible urban rest equipment solutions that

include inclusive and identity components, in a sustainable vision for cities. The methodology used, as

well as the results obtained, are briefly explained in the following sections of this article.

2. Method

To define the methodology adopted in the practical component of the current investigation, in the initial

phase, several methods of design proposed by several authors were analyzed, including, most

importantly, Bürdeck (2006), Manzini (1993), Cross (2011), Archer (1965) and Munari (1981). This

analysis was organized in a comparative table where we display authors and their methodologies,

showing the proposals they describe, in order to identify the peculiarities of the main research methods

applied in the field of design.

Of the results analyzed, we find that the first group of methodologies, from between the 50’s and 70’s,

are more pragmatic and Cartesian, tending to view design as a field with a technical and operational

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nature, whose process converges for a solution to problems that are predetermined and not

retroactively and explicitly questioned throughout the process. With these perspectives there are

authors as Archer (1965), Alexander (1964), Jones (1961), Munari (1981). Of the results analyzed, we

identified a first group of methodologies, from between the 50’s and 70’s, that is more pragmatic and

Cartesian, tending to view design as a field with a technical and operational nature, whichprocess

converges for a solution to problems that are predetermined and not retroactively and explicitly

questioned throughout the process. In contrast to the methodological approaches of the second group,

from the 90’s, there was a diffusion of systematic and structured methodological models, with viable

sequences and practical and versatile applications. However, they possess little interrelationship or

flexibility. This assumption is true as it is intrinsically based on a Cartesian methodological approach

(Asimov, 1968). In this period there are authors as Löbach (2001), Roozenburg (1992) and Gasparski

(1990).

In another perspective, we find, between the years 1963 and 2008, other works that have addressed a

vision more oriented to specific fields of design, as in the cases of the authors: Asimov (1968) (design

methodology) Archer.(1965) (the creative process); Cross (2011) (the creative process and design);

Manzini (1993) (sustainable design); Kindlein Junior (2008) and Fuad-Luke (2002) (eco-design); Moraes

and Montalvão (1998) (ergonomics); Mozota (2003) (management of design); Damazio (1996) (design

and emotion); Rowe (1998) (design thinking), among others. These different methodological approaches

show a lack of integration of the currents in all, the difficulty stems from the very logic of specialization

of the area (Jones, 2005). On the other hand, these diverse approaches require a large interdisciplinary

due to the articulation of the different areas of knowledge that interact and study the design. This

however, expresses the importance of an action more comprehensive, taking into account the whole

process of the life-cycle of the product from the perspective of sustainability, that is, considering a

management philosophy of process “from the outside to the inside” in process “initially, the assessment

of the social, economic and environmental factors,, based on the characteristics and needs of

local/regional specific, outlining, then, strategies correlates of action“ that privilege design solutions

integrated (Secca Ruivo, 2009)[1].

The constructed methodology must allow flexibility and dynamism in its practical application so that it

can be used design for the development of urban equipment products that are inclusive, sustainable,

standardized, never forget the user, and that should be present in the process, from the first moment,

as stated in Sanders and Stappers (2008), Ambrose and Harris (2010). This methodology should also

seek the stimulus and articulation of design and innovation, as stated in Kumar (2012), in a way that is

convergent with the demands of a society that is sustainable and inclusive.

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Transversal to the process, the methodology should also consider elements of methodologies of design

for sustainability (Manzini, 1993), co-design (Cross, 2011), design thinking (Brown, 2009), and user-

centric design (Preece et al. , 2005) allowing the operation of a dynamic flexibility, which makes possible

the application of theoretical assumptions in practice.

The study that is presented, is based on the proposals of method of Brown and Preece, upon the

demand of innovative concepts, developed through flexible processes. In the first phase (BASE) the

study encompasses the entire context of the problem, the second phase (SYNOPSIS) encompasses the

design criteria, the result of the analysis of the urban equipment, identifying the issues of inclusiveness,

identity, sustainability and standardize. These two phases have a strong component of research and

analysis. The third part of the methodology (practical part) corresponds to the project (PLAN) that will

generate solutions and then finishing with the prototyping and its consequent evaluation and validation.

In this article we will focus on the first two methodological stages, BASE and SYNOPSIS, with emphasis

on three types of research which were developed:

3. Data collection

Based on the analysis of the methods of the authors analyzed, this study was developed according to

the following methodology: 1. case studies: rest and rest analysis in the cities of Tokyo and Barcelona

(through documentary analysis), identifying whether there are or not characteristics of inclusiveness,

and identity, in a sustainable way and its application; 2. field analysis of fifteen types of urban

equipment in three distinct routes in the city of Lisbon, using direct observation, with photographic

record and registration in tables designed for this research and that allow the registration of the

components of inclusiveness and identity in the rest equipment applied in the city; 3. Research of fifty

urban resting equipments, in a perspective of the design context, already existing in the market

(construction solutions, identity and inclusivity, if applied), as well as fifty examples of concept design

(designs of designers submitted to contests, or conceptual parts applied as sporadic case in public

space), evaluating types of materials used, comfort, spatial distribution, distancing, drawing (author

object, or mass production) and quantity;

The general criteria for methods of analysis for each of the three surveys were:

a) The wide variety of urban equipment solutions currently applied in cities, with the aim of

understanding how the City - User - Urban Equipment relationship was approached..

b) Morphological distinction (Guerreiro, 2013), in the difference of cultures, in the city view

(Serdoura, 2007).

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c) Discover how the relation between inclusiveness and identity (Gamito, 2012) of was already

used, or thought, and if this is the case, a sustainable form follows (Garcia, 2015).

d) An attempt was made to identify the essential points, as examples of good design practices for

urban resting equipment.

1.Study cases:

Study case 1 – Tokyo

Tokyo is home to techno megastructures, rather than formal and spatial development, which leads to

the creation of an environment where the traditional buildings do not have a significant role. This city

resembles a patchwork, however its form follows a logical turn of the increased land value and taxes on

land not built, which leads to a lack of uniformity of spaces. The public space becomes a prop (Caballero,

Tsukamoto, 2007), a sort of outdoor shopping centre where the image acquires a scenic quality.

The urban equipment developed after the Kanto earthquake in 1923 that devastated 45% of the city of

Tokyo, forcing the reconstruction of social facilities. Then the urban equipment has evolved in materials

and technologies, became simpler, and with a strong scenic character, since it is mostly applied in areas

of parks that are on the "hands" of private companies. As an example we have the Roppongi Hills, a

complex of buildings and recreational areas, which are part of the central area of Tokyo.This area

contains in addition to the housing areas, shops, cinema, a museum, a hotel, and a few parks. This

complex becomes a city within a city. Designers were asked to to design specific pieces to this space.

These pieces have a strong scenic nature, as if they were art installations, and assign its own identity in

this space.

Study case 2 – Barcelona

According to Margarida Queirós (2010)[2], there are fundamental aspects that stimulate the culture of

design in Barcelona, as economic growth and the city's own resources, the great social dynamism, fruit

of the growing national and foreign immigration, the future project and internationalisation and

historical skills belonging to City Hall that here has a key role in urban planning of the city, and finally the

marketing. The urban equipment began to appear in the urban landscape in order to respond to the

needs of cities and their citizens in different eras. Some elements of urban equipment have fulfilled the

same function since its implementation, but others have lost their primary function, that has been

transformed, or disappeared. At the end of the 19th century the urban equipment mixed in their

components function and aesthetic aspect, however, in the second half of the 20th century (90‘s), the

public space was regarded as neutral, characterized by order, rationality, the absence of obstacles,

functional elements and pure forms part of the city, with the goal of causing the least possible impact.

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Barcelona urban mesh is endowed with a significant amount of urban spaces, as squares, parks and

streets that play a fundamental role, in the quality of public space, containing urban equipments that

articulate them. These are understood as destined elements more and more elaborated to serve the

citizens and characteristic of the place where they are inserted.

2. Field analysis of three routes in Lisbon: It was observed the interaction of citizens with the various

urban facilities as well as placement. The routes in question were made walking, allowing direct

observation and photographic record and table of components of inclusivity, identity and sustainability

of urban equipment. The three routes have in common: the presence of schools, public transport,

gardens, shopping and housing. We analyzed fifteen types of different equipment in order to identify

the problems of lack of inclusivity and identity in rest equipments applied in Lisbon, thus setting the

study subject for investigation, in this case leisure rest equipment. Type tables were compiled for this

investigation, and divided into three parameters:

a) Sustainability/acessibility: evaluates the urban equipment in relation to its function and

application in space (mixed zone location, open or closed) and their characteristics (function), if

they are of easy access or not.

b) Inclusivity: evaluates the urban equipment regarding materials, its proper function and

its alocation.

c) Identity: define the urban equipment particularly in dimension, if they create patterns,

memories, by their shape, materials and placement/permanence, the value of the functions that

the urban equipments take on the city.

The tables compiled for this investigation were based on the evaluation of the book tables "Do Projeto

ao Objeto manual de boas práticas de mobiliário urbano em centros históricos" of the CPD (Portuguese

Centre of Design), but have been adapted to this investigation in order to obtain more results about

urban equipment to analyze, on the determined routes in Lisbon.

3.Market analysis: We analyzed fifty urban facilities, for the function of resting, produced and applied

in several cities, identifying their authors , portability criteria, maintenance, use, memory of the piece or

location, promotion of interaction between people and materials. As examples we have, the BdLove

bench of Ross Lovegrove, Alfi Diana Cabeza, the Lotus bench by ImaginarQ Larus, Nigra bench by

Montse Periel and Marius Quintana, or Boa bench by Alberto Llorian Fueyo .

Concept design examples analysis: we analyzed fifty projects of urban facilities, identifying the authors,

the materials, the project’s concept and how it fits in the environment. As examples, Street Furniture by

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Oliver Schau, Urban Seat of Damien Gires, the Interference bench of Alexander Moronnoz,

LeamingMolds of MarujaFuentes, the Uiliuili bench by Piotr Zuraw.

4.Data analysis

The information collected in the analysis of the study cases have been placed on a table, of

sustainability, identity, inclusiveness criteria were indentified, for each cities, distinct from each other

and towards Lisbon. In relation to the analysis a general table was built (Fig.1), containing all the criteria

analyzed for the three routes, being able to define the strengths and weaknesses of the urban

equipment applied in the Lisbon.

Fig. 1 – General table of results three routes in Lisbon.

Finally, there were drawn tables for the analysis of the market, and of concept design samples. In which

are identified their authors, and the criteria for each of the pieces. The results allowed an assessment of

relevance of the analyzed samples.

5.Results

The results led us to understand that the two cities, Tokyo and Barcelona, have different approaches

towards inclusiveness and identity of the urban rest equipment.

Tokyo: The urban equipment is found only in private complexes located in the city centre, where

private companies reign in the purchase of the spaces, assuming its construction and maintenance. We

detect that the urban equipment have a scenic character, being in its majority author’s objects that

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identify the location by giving it an identity. With Regarding to sustainability, we realized that this was

thought of exclusively in private complexes, which become small cities within the main city. This spaces

are made up of green spaces with the opening of routes for pedestrians, where the urban equipment

was thought for the spaces and users, transforming them into inclusive areas.

In contrast, in the old town, there is no available space for urban equipment because of its exiguous

morphology, without inclusive routes. We realized also that Tokyo could not resolve well the connection

between the old town and the new. Tokyo invested in the transformation and construction of private

areas (residential and office condominiums) in detriment of the rehabilitation and re-structuring of the

existant neighbourhoods in order to make them more inclusive.

Barcelona: Capel (2005) and Busquets (2004) claim, that that should be copied from the “Barcelona

model” is the ability to adopt a methodology that is appropriate to the economic and social situation of

each city. There are no general models and "what happened in Barcelona is not meant to copy out of

the city" (Capel, 2005)[3] . As Busquets[4] (2004) asserts, the performances in the city were characterized

by a change of scale in the intervention of the projects (based on large urban projects), which began to

be integrated (sectorial and territorial), and by the fact that the leadership of these interventions , in

addition to being public, but also in partnership with the private sector. The entire city was designed

focusing onthe relationship user-city-identity. The applied urban equipment is appropriate to the space,

promotes socialization and was thought of as an integral part of the image of the city. Unlike Tokyo,

Barcelona has solved the problem of the old and the new. Improved public spaces, where the scale of

intervention was local, oriented to the local users, with the rehabilitation of urban pre-existing

landscapes in its historical origin, either in their morphology, thus promoting local relations in urban

dense places and easily accessible by foot. The city traditional urban mesh has been rehabilitated and at

the same time the revitalization of the consolidated historic area has been promoted.

Lisbon: After the analysis of the chosen cities, we identified the key points to be used as examples, and

carried out a practical analysis in Lisbon. Thus we identified the most relevant problem(s) in the context

of the investigation, which are: misplacement of urban equipment’s, urban equipment’s as obstacles;

the urban equipment’s located on the routes not creating user-friendly routes; the lack of maintenance

of urban equipment; A weak resistance to vandalism; lack of stops for resting along a route; existing

equipment not promoting the culture and identity of the city; mostly the urban equipment are not

versatile objects (adaptive capability).

Following the the analysis of fifteen types of urban equipment, we chose leisure equipment as the focus

of our research. This choice was made because that we detected a lack of leisure equipment on the

observed routes. These are only found in areas such as gardens, or small little squares. We have also

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detected a lack of equipment maintenance, sometimes poorly placed in the road, becoming obstacles.

In relation to the materials used, we noticed that in the more viable route (that have a flat morphology

with space to place equipment), in Avenidas Novas, the materials in 70% were carried out, meaning that

the more ancient is the area of the city, the most ancient the equipments are and with less suitable

materials.

On the other hand in the newest areas, the equipment is thought to those who use it. In its majority,

the identified equipment does not produce memory, local identity and sense of belonging. In most of

the cases analysed, the city space identity factor is not taken care of.

Market analysis and concept design: Finally, in a projetual context, we have searched for existing urban

leisure equipment in the market as well as examples of concept design. The collection of samples on the

identified routes, led us to realized that most of the urban equipment is built with heavy materials such

as concrete or steel, which means heavy objects that are difficult to maintain. On the other hand, the

majority of benches placed on these routes, seat a maximum of two users, with the exception of

modular benches, which allow the addition of more elements to seat a larger number of users.

However, due to their characteristics, this type of bench is only suitable for large spaces, as is the case

now, ofsquares or gardens.

Some examples of concept design were also analyzed in order to understand how their design is being

thought for the near future and what trends they are driven by. Based on the samples analyzed, we

concluded that there are major differences compared to what currently exists in the market. These

objects are using new materials with a strong recycling component, and are lighter, in order to be easier

to use and handle. On the other hand, we have verified the use of standardized forms that allow the

creation of objects with patterns that identify not only the object but that can also adapt easier to

space, and that this space doesn’t lose its identity.Also on the other hand, thereare designs that adapt

to existan equipment , a sample of this is the project Boll by Adrian Blanc (2015), in which the existing

equipment on the public highway such as bollards, become the support of these new objects,

maximizing their use.

Data collection, enabled us to establish connection points from the objects in the city to their

integration and interaction with users. The diagnostic analysis was based on evaluation criteria of public

spaces and urban equipment’s, having as its aim the typology of leisure/recreation or family of objects,

from which one should be selected to become the basis of a urban equipment proposal.

On the other hand, it is intended with this object to define routes that are continuous and barrier-free,

making them more inclusive for their users and in addition, to provide them features that allow a

statement of their sustainability character and identity, , having as reference the city of Lisbon.

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We proceeded thus to a PEST analysis (Fig. 2) of the analyzed urban equipments, based on the problems

identified as well as the knowledge acquired in the research process, for the purpose of considering the

limits and capabilities to be contemplated in the search for a better solution to the problem identified.

POLITICAL FACTORS ECONOMIC FACTORS

- From the point of view of governments is in the

interest of the incentive to exclude urban barriers

- Lack of public participation in the planning process

- Countries affected by the economic crisis

- High production costs of equipment inclusive

SOCIAL-CULTURAL FACTORS TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Current equipment do not create friendly pathways - Lack of rest equipments on the routes

- Do not promote the identity and culture of the place

- Equipment of rest are not versatile

- Lack of maintenance

- Poor placing/obstacles

Fig. 2 – PEST analysis

Per the findings, we could establish project criteria for urban equipment design, in four levels, such as:

1) Identity – the urban equipment should promote a culture, have an identity (obtained through

the materials and shape), be a storyteller, establish the idea of familiarity (recognized and easy

to understand objects) and have an unambiguous meaning;

2) Inclusion – the urban equipment must be social challenging, accessible, have a design that

influences behaviour. Have an intuitive use;

3) Sustainability - the urban equipment must: Be multifunctional in various contexts, allow public

participation, establish the relationship between the user and the street, as well as have a

positive cost/benefit. The materials should be environmentally friendly, preferably recycled and

recyclable;

6. Conclusions/Discussion

For the functional analysis of the case studies and for the the results interpretation, it was necessary to

understand the concepts of inclusiveness and identity as essential factors for the construction of urban

equipment as an integral part of a city that wants to become increasingly sustainable .

During the development this paper, we first sought to understand what are resting equipments, as

integrant elements of the city, as well as the methodologies previously adopted in response to the

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design of this equipment and of the public space. This analysis allowed us to verify what valences and

problems are associated with it. In a second moment, we understood how urban equipment is designed

in this three different cities and its relation with the users, the way it is located and how it reflects the

values of inclusivity and identity in a sustainable way. Finally, there was made a systematic analisys of

the construction solutions applied for the resting equipment, currently existant in the market, and in

concept design projects.

Regarding the city of Lisbon in particular, it was verified that the solutions observed in the test routes do

not stimulate the experience in the public space or its use and appropriation. The present study allowed

to identify in the routes a lack of systematization in the installation and distribution of urban equipment,

as well as a failure to incorporate solutions that meet the factors of inclusivity and identity of the city.

Thus, bearing in mind that the balanced relationship between city / object / user / inclusiveness is

central to the proper functioning of the city as a place of all and for all.

During this analysis it was also noticed that more and more innovative proposals are comming up, they

adapt to the public spaces and take advantage of the existing urban equipment. However the

inclusiveness in these proposals is still somewhat barely visible, they are designed for mass production.

This conclusion leads us to believe that the industry will have to be more receptive towards proposals

for inclusive urban equipment, without these being considered as being expensive in their production.

From a perspective of sustainability, the urban equipment to be designed, will possibly go through the

use of recycled / recyclable and durable materials, within the guidelines that arose from the analysis of

urban equipment in the market and samples of concept design.

With the data crossing from the case studies, we also realized the need to develop an auxiliary tool

applied in the project genesis (I Tool) that allows the assessment of identity and inclusiveness

requirements in existing urban equipment, allowing with its results to define criteria for designing urban

equipment with characteristics of inclusiveness and identity of the place where it will be applied, in a

sustainable way. As a support tool for the design process, the introduction of this tool in the genesis of

the construction of resting equipment enables a greater perception of the factors of inclusiveness and

identity to be addressed, as well as a more detailed apprehension of the factors characterizing space

and objects applied in the city.

When it comes to inclusiveness and mobility, it is necessary to understand the individual's relations

towards the territory and its social, economic and environmental structures. There is a need for an easy-

to-understand city that encourages the community to mobility and contains elements that guide and

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maintain identification towards the city. For example, Lynch (1982) conceives identity as meaning of

individuality.

For future studies within the theme developed in this article, it is suggested the use of an auxiliary tool

indicated in this article to be adopted in other urban contexts. The composition / construction of the city

passes through the usufruct of cities as a space for meetings and social ties. For this to be provided in a

balanced way, urban equipment should function as a mediator between the user and the city, as an

inclusive, sustainable and identitary object, contributing to a city of all for all.

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