SURVEY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT ANDVOCATIONAL TRAINING SERVICES IN KATSINA STATEOF NIGERIA.

BY

ABDUL SANI SANUSI

NTI/KD/PDE/06/051

NATIONAL TEACHERS INSTITUTE, KADUNA.

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March, 2008.

SURVEY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND VOCATIONALTRAINING SERVICES IN KATSINA STATE - NIGERIA.

BY

ABDUL SANI SANUSI

NTI/KD/PDE/06/051

SUPERVISOR: - MR J.K. TIMOTHY

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This project report is presented to the NationalTeachers Institute Kaduna in partial fulfillment of therequirements for award of Post Graduate Diploma inEducation (PGDE). March 2008.

APPROVAL PAGE

This is to that this research project has been read andapproved as meeting the requirements for the award ofPost Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) by theNational Teachers Institute, Kaduna.

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Project SupervisorDate

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Project CoordinatorDate

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Head of DepartmentDate

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External ExaminerDate

DECLARATION PAGE.

This project is authentic and it is a product of my ownefforts under the super vision Mr. Timothy J. K. ofKaduna Polytechnic. It has never been submitted for anyother type of award. All literature and othercontributions cited are fully acknowledged.

Abdul Sani Sanusih NTI/KD/PDE/06/051

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Signature. Date.

DEDICATION.

I wish to humbly dedicate this project to my parentLate Alhaji Abdu Maikudi and Hajia Zulai Abdu Maikudiboth of whom are entrepreneurs per excellence.

And also my loving wives Hajia Hafsat Sanusih and HajiaZainab Sanusih. As well as my Sons and Daughters who

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are expected to keep the flag & traditions ofEntrepreneurship flying at its zenith in our family.

Special dedication also goes to my mentor, benefactorand political associate Dr. Yusuf Hamisu Abubakar. OON

Acknowledgments.6

First and fore most I wish to thank the almighty Allahfor sustaining us and blessing us with the opportunityto under go this interesting and rewarding inEducation, which would go along way to assist us invarious aspects of our lives.

I wish to acknowledge the support of all our expert anddedicated facilitators who steered the ship of ourlearning from turbulent waters to the safety of theshores.

I also wish to thank most especially all my teacher’sright from Primary school to the present whocollectively aroused and sustained academic interest.

My particular appreciation also goes to my Supervisorand mentor Mr. Timothy J. K. for his guidance andsupport.

Finally I wish register my appreciation to my coursemates and Miss Salome Onoja who expertly typed theproject manuscript.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Title page………………………………………………………………………..

Approval Page…………………………………………………………………..

Declaration………………………………………………………………………

Dedication……………………………………………………………………….

Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………….

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….

Lists of Tables…………………………………………………………………..

Chapter I Introduction.

1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………….

1.2 Statement of the problem ……………………………………………………

1.3 Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………

1.4 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………

1.5 Research Questions…………………………………………………………..

1.6 Scope of the study……………………………………………………………8

1.7 Brief Profile of Katsina State…………………………………………………

Chapter II Review of Related Literature.

2.1 Concept of Entrepreneurs……………………………………………………..

2.2 Types of Entrepreneurs……………………………………………………….

2.3 The Characteristics, Skills and Competencies of Entrepreneurs………………

2.4 Functions of Entrepreneurs in economic development……………………….

2.5 Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship…………………………………………..

2.6 Barriers to Entrepreneurship…………………………………………………….

2.7 Importance of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises …………………………

2.8 Summary of Literature…………………………………………………………...

Chapter III Research Methodology.

3.1 Area of the Study……………………………………………………………

3.2 Research Design…………………………………………………………….

3.3 Population of the Study…………………………………………………….

3.4 Sample and sampling Technique…………………………………………..

3.5 Instrument of Data Collection. …………………………………………….

3.6 Validity of the Instrument for the Data Collection………………………..

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3.7 Reliability of the Instruments for Data Collection…………………………

3.8 Method of Data Analysis……………………………………………………

Chapter IV Data Presentation and analysis.

4.1 EDP of FGN Agencies …………………………………………………….

4.2 EDP and Vocational Training by State Government Agencies……………

4.3 EDP by Institutions of Higher Learning…………………………………..

4.4 Vocational Training by Traditional and Informal Groups …………………

Chapter V Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions.

5.1 Restatement of the Research Problem………………………………………

5.2 Summary of Procedure………………………………………………………

5.3 Major Findings……………………………………………………………….

5.4 Discussion of Finding………………………………………………………….

5.6 Implications of the findings for knowledge and Practice………………………

5.7 Recommendations of the Study………………………………………………….

5.8 Limitations of the Study ………………………………………………………..

5.9 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………

REFERENCES.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study.

The fundamental objectives and directive principles ofstate policy of the 1999 constitution of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria, particularly the economicobjectives made the following interesting provisions.

“The state shall within the context of the ideals andthe objectives of which provisions are made in thisconstitution:-

(a) Harness the resources of the nation and promotenational prosperity and an efficient, dynamic andself-relent economy,

(b) Control the national economy in such a manneras to secure the maximum welfare, freedom andhappiness of every citizen on the bases of socialjustice, and equality of status and opportunity1.It further provided “that the state shall directits policy towards ensuring (a) the promotion ofa planned and balanced economic development. (b)That the material resources of the nation areharnessed and distributed as best as possible tosecure the common good;

(c) That the economic system is not operated insuch a manner to permit the concentration ofwealth of means of production and exchange in thehands of few individuals or a group.

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(d) That suitable and adequate shelter suitable andadequate food, reasonable national living wage,old age care and pensions; and unemployment, sickbenefit and welfare of the disable are providedfor all citizen”2

These provisions coupled with the widely acknowledgehuge resources endowments of Nigeria, large domesticmarket and our unprecedented expansion of educationalopportunities service independence, it is expected thatentrepreneurship development resulting in progressiveenterprise creation would open an increasing number ofjobs vacancies.

Contrary to the above expectation poverty andunemployment are not only the norm for the vastmajority of Nigerians but has in recent time assumedalarming and intolerable proportions.

“Poverty is a multi-faceted condition. It has manydimensions, among them poor access to public servicesand infrastructure, unsanitary environment surrounding,illiteracy and ignorance, poor health, insecurity,voicelessness and social exclusion as well as lowlevels of household income and food security. Thesefeatures are part of the social reality of the poor inNigeria”.3

Available data on poverty incidence by states andgeopolitical zones in Nigeria between 1996 to 2004reveals that 67%, 71% and 72% for the North central,North west and North east geopolitical zonesrespectively” the poverty prevalence rate of KatsinaState is 71.06% 4

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These disturbing facts called for a systematic andthorough research on strategies for entrepreneurshipdevelopment aimed at enterprise creation in KatsinaState.

The formulation, approval and launching of the firstNigerian National policy on micro, small and mediumenterprises with the technical assistance of UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP), on one hand andthe creation of the department under a Special Adviser,on the other hand points to an increasing realizationof the importance of the small and medium sector of theeconomy.

There are many approaches to poverty alleviation wealthcreation, and employment generation. This study adoptsthe option of entrepreneurship development based on theNational Economic Empowerment and development Strategy(NEEDS) emphasized private sector led growth.

The greatest resources of any nation is the knowledge,skills and positive attitude of its citizens, for theseare the active factors of production, the others beingland, labour and capital. Any meaningful effortembarked upon to address low entrepreneurshipcompetence, and poor enterprise creation shouldlogically seek to build capacity, change attitude anddevelop necessary skills that would led to desiredchanges in the appropriate direction.

The need to explore the effective strategies forentrepreneurship development, which have worked forother societies satisfactorily by fast trackingenterprise creation as avenue for wealth creation andsustainable job creation in the economy.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem.

The intensity of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria,particularly among women, rural communities largely inthe Northern part of the country, and its impact onself reliance enhanced lively hoods are issues if majorconcerns to the three tiers of government, citizensnon-governmental organizations and the internationaldevelopment partners also known as donor agencies.

One of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is toreduce the number of people in abject poverty by 50% bythe year 2015. the established linkage of poverty tounderdevelopment, poor health, ignorance high crimerates harmful practices constitutes problems waiting tobe solved in order to promote human development, shavedprosperity and self-reliance to which most Nigerianagreed is a necessity.

The proportion of people living below the poverty line,those under or underemployed and those marginalizedfrom the main stream formal economic system. Thechallenges of mobilizing the huge and growing nationalpopulation from inertia, low productivity, overdependence on others to self-employment throughentrepreneurship can result to sustainable enterprisedevelopment with growth potential.

The rich and varied endowments of Nigeria, itsrelatively high population estimated at over 150

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million points to the potential resources base forenterprise development and corresponding domesticmarket for consumer, intermediate and capital goods andservices. These goods/services should necessarily meetthe demands of local, regional and internationalmarkets.

In view of the above opportunity and challenges, thisproject intend to conduct a study on the strategies forentrepreneurship development for enterprise creation inKatsina state if North western, Nigeria.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study would be useful to a number of stake holdersin a variety of ways. These stakeholders are largelyinvolved in poverty alleviation, wealth and jobcreation.

Some of these stakeholders, include the government,citizens, particularly practicing or potentialentrepreneurs, regulatory agencies such as theCorporate Affairs Commission (CAC), Federal InlandRevenue Services (FIRS), Standard Organization ofNigeria (SON), Small Medium Enterprise DevelopmentAgency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), National PovertyEradication Programme (NAPEP) ETC, as well as donoragencies such as UK’s DFID, UN’s, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEE,USA’s, USAID, etc.

These Katsina state governments and it’s 34 localgovernments inspired by the Federal Government policiesof human development, economic empowerment, sustainabledevelopment, integrated and sustainable ruraldevelopment. The government and their numerous agencies

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shall find the study useful in providing additionalinformation, strategic option to achieve the objectivesof the policies listed above. Individual entrepreneursboth actual and potential would benefit from the studyin that it would high light the various options forentrepreneurship development. The critical successfactors shall be identified for capacity building ofmicro, small and medium entrepreneurs for enterprisesurvival, profitability, growth and diversification ofthe enterprise so created.

The donor agencies on the other hand are conscious ofthe obvious linkage of poverty and unemployment and inpursuance of their mandates and characters orresolutions of the United Nations to promote globalpeace, sustainable development, shared prosperity andinternational solidarity and partnership. They promoteentrepreneurship purposefully through knowledgegenerated through research. Financial institutionsconsolidated recently would also find this study usefulas it would mirror the future direction of the economy,particularly the financing needs of the enterprise,within the concept of the small schemes (SMEEIS)proposed by the bankers committee.

Regulatory agencies charged with the responsibility ofprotecting the health and safety of consumers byensuring compliance with relevant national andsatisfied international laws/policy best practiceswould similarly find this study useful so that they canadopt different approach for small and mediumenterprise that are unique compared to large companies.

1.4 Purpose of The Study

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The general purpose of the study is to research on thestrategies for entrepreneurship development forenterprise creation in Katsina state of North WesternNigeria. Specifically the purposes of the study are tofind out the following:-

i. Find out the scope of entrepreneurship inKatsina state

ii. Identify factors affecting the development ofentrepreneurship

iii. Review the role of micro, small and mediumenterprises in the economic development

iv. Identify problems or constrain toentrepreneurship development

v. Find out the role of entrepreneurshipdevelopment in poverty alleviation, job andwealth creation

vi. Formulate the strategies for entrepreneurshipdevelopment.

1.5 Research Questions.

The research questions of this study are asfollows:-

1.What are the strategies for entrepreneurshipdevelopment in katsina state

2.How can entrepreneurship development promoteenterprise creation for wealth and job creationin Katsina state

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3.How can enterprises be sustainable, profitableand growth oriented.

4.What are the factors that militate againstentrepreneurship development and enterprisecreation?

5.Who are the parties relevant to entrepreneurdevelopment and enterprise creation and whatare their specific roles?

1.6 Scope Of The Study

The scope of this project is to conduct a study on thestrategies for entrepreneurship development forenterprise creation in Katsina state of North westernNigeria. The study is limited to tertiary schoolleavers who opted for self employment throughentrepreneurship service the inception of the Nigeria’sfourth (4) Republic on May 29/1999. The spatial scopeis limited to the three principal towns of the statethat serve as the zonal senatorial head quarters namelyKatsina, Daura and Funtua.

1.8 BRIEF PROFILE OF KATSINA STATE.

a) Introduction

Katsina State, which constitutes the former Katsinaprovince, is one of the 36 states, which including theAbuja FCT made up the Nigerian Federal Republic. It wascreated on 23rd September, 1987 by the military regime

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of General Ibrahim B. Babangida out of the old KadunaState.

b) Location and Size

The state is located on the upper central part of thecountry. It is bordered to the South by Kaduna state tothe west by Sokoto and Zamfara States and aninternational boundary with the Republic of NigerRepublic to the North. The state covers an area of24.192 square kilometers about 2.6% of Nigerialandmass.

c) The People and Population

The people of the state are essentially Hausa andFulani with Nigerian from other states and few foreignnationals. The people are traditionally ruled by twopowerful ancient Emirates namely, the Katsina and DauraEmirates which are subdivided into districts. The 2005census figures for the state are 5,792,578 persons,with an annual growth rate of 3%.

The population density is 339 persons per squarekilometer. Poverty prevalence rate by 2004 is as 71.06percent. Majority of the people are Muslim with aminority Christian population both indigenous andsettlers.

d) Climate and Vegetation.

There are two marked seasons, the rainy and the dryseason during which the harmattan wind is experienced.The length of the rainy seasons various from six monthsin the southern parts of the state to five months inthe Northern parts. The vegetation also varies from

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arid zone in the North characterized with Sahelgrassland to Sudan savannah in the south.

e) Economy and Occupation

The state is largely agrarian with about 95% of thepopulation engaged in subsistence agriculture namelyfarming and animal rearing. There are few functionalindustries but several trading and service enterprisesmeeting local demands.

CHAPTER II

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The related literature has been reviewed under thefollowing sub headings: -

Concept of entrepreneurs

Types of entrepreneurs

Characteristics, skills and competencies ofentrepreneurs

Functions involves of entrepreneurs

Factors affecting entrepreneurship Development inKatsina state

Importance and characteristics of micro, smalland medium enterprises.

2.1.1 The Concept of Entrepreneurs

Price (2004) traced the origin of the concept ofentrepreneur to it is French root from the word

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“entreprendre” meaning one who undertakes or “celuiquientreprend” loosely meaning “those who get thingsdone”.

On the other hand Loucks (1988) defined it as “theindividual who perceives needs, conceive goods orservices to satisfy the needs, organize the factors ofproduction and create and market products”

Similarly Meredith et al (1982) perceives the term as“people who have the ability to see and evaluatebusiness opportunities to gather the necessaryresources, to take advantage of them and to initiateappropriate action to ensure success”

The role performed by an entrepreneur is called theentrepreneurial functions and process is calledentrepreneurship” it is generally accepted that“entrepreneurial study is sine qua non to nationaldevelopment, poverty eradication and employmentgenerations”

Under a free enterprise system, also known ascapitalization, the entrepreneur decides what toproduce and how much to produce, unlike under thecommand economy usually called socialism wherein thestate decides most of the above.

2.1.2 Types of Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship is a highly personal creative process,resulting in the uniqueness of each entrepreneur. Thereare as different classes of entrepreneurs as there areclasses of enterprises. Behind every enterprise is one

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or a group of entrepreneurs ridding one of the manyhorses on the road of the entrepreneurial movement.Entrepreneurs can be classified, using a number ofcriteria, into different groups.

Some of the possible criteria may include size, sectorof operation in the economy, motive, service forproduction oriented, and owner development or acquired.

Price (2004) segmented all entrepreneurial activitiesinto seven types of entrepreneurs namely:-

a)Small and life style entrepreneurs

b)Professional, past growth

c)Franchise entrepreneurs

d)Corporate entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs

e)Creative disruptor and innovators

f)Extreme entrepreneurs

g)Social and non profit entrepreneurs”

The small or lifestyle group is the smallest class andthey constitute the majority. Their enterprises aremicro meant to sustain a chosen lifestyle only theprofessional category target ventures that have fastgrowth, high profit potential with potential largemarket share to allows for quick harvest to move on toa new venture. The franchise cadre involves anagreement between franchisor and franchises where afranchisor is offering exclusive rights in return forthe payment of royalties and conformance to standardizeit operating procedures. The corporate entrepreneurs

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usually initiate far reaching reforms or innovationswithin established large companies to increaseefficiency, change technology.

They are also addressed as intrapreneurs. Theinnovators on the other hand employ technology to solvepractical human problems or needs to generatesatisfaction and value in the process. The extremeclass is excessive risk takers; they are akin toexplorers who dare where most people won’t dare.

The social or non profit category are not economicallyoriented, even though they may apply entrepreneurprinciples knowledge, skills and attitudes to addresssocial, community or environmental problems key playersunder this category are the non governmentalorganizations NGOs, community based organizations CBOsof the faith based organizations FBOs.

2.2 The Characteristics, Skills and Competencies OfEntrepreneurs

Who is an entrepreneur? What are the qualitiescharacteristics, skills or competencies that make themunique or different from the general population?

Ajagu (2005) opined that “research has established thatthere are certain personal characteristics andqualities usually peculiar to successfulentrepreneurs”. He lists these qualities as follows:-

i. Initiative

ii. Positive attitude

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iii. Task orientation

iv. Leadership

v. Future orientation

vi. Drive and energy

vii. Creativity (innovative behavior)

viii. Long term involvement

ix. Taking personal responsibility

x. Risk taking ability

xi. Need for achievement & xii Deviant behavior

There are remarkably similar to the classification ofMeredith et al (1982) Hirsch and Peters (2002)identified three broad classes of skills required forsuccess fuel entrepreneurship. There are the technicalskills, business management skills and personalentrepreneurial skills. Under each category there hedeveloped sub grouping as follows:-

a.Technical skills

i. Writing and oral communication

ii. Monitoring environment

iii. Technical business management

iv. Technology

v. Interpersonal

vi. Listening

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vii. Ability to organize

viii. Network building

ix. Management style

x. Coaching and

xi. Being a team builder

b. Business Management skills

i. Planning and goal setting

ii. Decision making

iii. Human relations

iv. Marketing

v. Finance

vi. Accounting

vii. Management

viii. Control

ix. Negotiation

x. Venture launch and

xi. Management growth

c. Personal entrepreneurial skills

i. Inner control

ii. Discipline

iii. Risk taker 25

iv. Innovative

v. Change oriented

vi. Persistent

vii. Visionary leader

viii. Ability to manage change

The management system international (1992) developedten personal entrepreneurial competencies and groupedthem into three clusters namely achievement, planningand power clusters.

a. Achievement cluster

i. Opportunity seeking and initiative

ii. Risk taking

iii. Demand for efficiency and quality

iv. Persistence

v. Commitment to work contract

b. Planning cluster

i. Information seeking

ii. Goal setting

iii. Systematic planning and monitoring.

c. Power cluster

i. Persuasion and Networking

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ii. Independence and self confidence

2.3 Functions of Entrepreneur in Economic Development.

The status of any occupation in a given economic systemis determined by the roles or functions performedtherein.

Nwafor (2007) argued that “for the success ofentrepreneurial business pursuit a number of activitiesare involved which constitute the functions of anentrepreneur” He enumerated the functions as follows:-

i. Creative thinking

ii. Identification of opportunities

iii. Making decision

iv. Bearing risk

v. Establishing the business enterprises

vi. Creating employment opportunities

vii. Marketing and innovation

viii. Management

ix. Planning and control of the enterprises.

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Griffin (2005) on the other hand identified thefunctions of entrepreneurs as including “job creation,innovation and importance to big business” similarlyStoner and freeman ( ) classified the role ofentrepreneurs into three including economic growth,productivity and new technologies, products andservices more specifically killby ( ) listed thefunctions of entrepreneurs as follows:-

i. Searches for and discover new information

ii. Translate new information into market

iii. Techniques, goods or services

iv. Seeks and discovers economic opportunity

v. Evaluate economic opportunities

vi. Marshall the financial and other resources forthe enterprise

vii. Make time binding arrangements

viii. Provides for and be responsible for themotivational system within the firm

ix. Provide leadership for the work group

x. Be the ultimate uncertainty or risk bearer

2.4 Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship Development

Are entrepreneurs born or can they be developed?According to Loucks (1982) unlike in the past when the

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vast majority of entrepreneurs emerged merely as aresult of fortuitous circumstances a remarkablephenomenon has emerged in which planned developmentactivities have produced entrepreneurs”

Odigbo et al (2005) opined that “the universalobjective of entrepreneurship development program (EDP)is the development of the technical, professionalcompetence needed for productive work and employment,development of enterprise building capacities to run abusiness successfully”

Research reports such as McClelland (1964) Patel (1985)and Brochase (1980) have maintained that it is possibleto develop entrepreneurial orientation among prospectsthrough training.

A typical EDP like other learning process can beformal as in schools, colleges or universities orinformal as in the traditional apprentice trainingschemes or a combination of the two. In any case a goodcurriculum for E.D according to Orukote (1996) shouldanswer the questions of why we teach, i.e. theobjectives, what we teach, i.e. the contents, how weteach i.e. the method and whether the desired outcomeis attained or not, that is evaluation”

The training agency can be public, private or not forproject or a collection of one or two of the above.

Loucks (182) formulated the seven components ofentrepreneurship training and development programmeto include:-

i. Identification recruitment and selection oftrainees

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ii. Business opportunity guidance

iii. Motivation and behavior training

iv. Technical training

v. Project preparation

vi. Training methodology.

It is obvious that these may vary depending on thebackground, location objectives and otherconsiderations materials relevant to the program.

Cooley (1992) believes that “contrary to the myth thatentrepreneurs are born, not made, we believe they canbe developed and entrepreneurial potential is widelyspread among the general pop” the factors affecting thedevelopment of entrepreneurship are many and varied,some may have positive impact while others may havenegative impact. Some of these factors have beenclassified by Locucks (1988) and Nwafor (2007) into:-

a)Personal characteristics

b)Economic factors

c)Social and political factors

d)Environmental factors

The personal characteristics of entrepreneursconstitute the innate traits, the internal drivingmotivation that pushes an entrepreneur into action. Acelebrated research by McClelland ( ) characterized theentrepreneurial personality as excessively achievementoriented.

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They are men and women who take calculated risk, havetremendous self confidence and passion for what everthey do. They persevere and persist consistently in alltheir endeavors. They display leadership traits andcourage. The sub factors include elements ofdifferentiation such as age, gender, level of educationattitude, levels and variety of skills. The economicfactors on the other hand involve such issues as thenature of the economy, the nature of market, level oftechnology available. These together includinginfrastructure may define the economy.

The size, nature and dept of the market determine thereward for the goods/services supplied by entrepreneur.The other factors are the social and political.Governments are interested in promoting economictransformation, modernization, self-reliance, wealthand job creation, poverty alleviation. In the socialdomain it may be used to address the marginalization ofminority groups, women, and youth and disable persons.

The environmental factors include both the physical andsocio-moral elements. The physical environment could bea source of business opportunity in the form of rawmaterials, solid minerals or tourism. It may at timesconstitute barriers to free flow of goods and servicesand movement of persons. The objective is to create,nurture and promote the necessary conditions for growthand development of micro, small and medium enterprisesencompass seven broad policy/program are as

1.Institutional, legal and regulatory frame work

2.Human resource development

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3.Technology, research and development

4.Extension and support services

5.Marketing

6.Infrastructure

7.Finance.

2.5 Barriers to Entrepreneurship

Every occupation has its entry requirements. The easeor otherwise of determines the number of actual andpotential extracts. Stoner and Freeman ( ) identifiedthe principal barrier to entrepreneurship to include:-

i. Lack of viable concept

ii. Lack of market familiarity

iii. Lack of technical skills

iv. Lack of seed capital

v. Lack of business know how

vi. Complacency and non motivation

vii. Social stigma

viii. Job ‘lock-ins’ or golden handcuffs

ix. Time pressure or distractions

x. Legal constraints, regulation, red tape

xi. Protectionism and monopoly

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xii. Paten inhibitors

2.6 Importance of Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises.

“An enterprise is a unit of economic organizationactivity especially a business organization. It isorganized business activities aimed at growth andprofit”

The Nigeria national policy on micro, small and mediumenterprises classified the sector by way of definitionusing the dual criteria of employment and assetsexcluding land and building see table 1 on the nextpage.

Size category Employment Assets (N million)

Excluding land andbuilding

Microenterprises

Less than10

Less than 5

Smallenterprises

10 -49 5 less than 50

Mediumenterprises

50 -199 50 less than 500

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“An observer noted that” there has been a growingawareness of the important social and economic roles ofthe small business sector and of the importance ofentrepreneurship to the growth of the economy; this hasbe true in both the developed and developing economiesof the world”

Patel ( ) identified the characteristics of small andmedium enterprises to include:-

i. SMEs are generally more labor intensive thanlarger organizations

ii. They generate more direct and indirectemployment per unit capital

iii. They provide outlet for the talents andenergies of enterprising people

iv. They serve limited or specialized niches notattractive to larger organizations

v. They provide seed bed for entrepreneurialtalent and a testing place for new industries

vi. They supply dynamism and contribute tocompetition within the economy

vii. They enhance community stability do less harmto the environment, stimulate personal saving,promote agro-industrial linkages, improve ruralwelfare and generally raise the level ofpopular participate in the economy.

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CHAPTER III

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

For our purpose of determining the strategies forentrepreneur development in Katsina State the researchmethodology is discussed under the following headings

a.Area of the study

b.Design of the study

c.Population of the study

d.Sample and sampling technique of the study

e.Instrument for data collection

f.Method of data collection

g.Method of data analysis.

3.1 Area of the Study

The study will be carried out in Katsina state which ismade up of 34 Local government area of North WesternNigeria. The state is particularly chosen for a numberof reasons which include high poverty prevalence rate %which was promoted the state government to partner withthe small and medium enterprises development agency ofNigeria (SMEDAN) to set up Katsina business supportcenter (BSC) to promote vibrant entrepreneurshipdevelopment and enterprises creation, in June 2006which was followed by the creation of the small and

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medium enterprises department under a special adviserwho reports to the Governor directly and is a member ofthe states Executive council.

3.2 Research Design

Case study is chosen because it would enable usidentify the relevant units of analysis and thespecific roles played by each and the methods approachor strategies employed to deliver the entrepreneurialdevelopment programme.

The method would enable us to compare and contract therelevance and efficiency of the various agencies andexplore areas of building sustainable synergies.

3.3 Population of the Study.

This study involves all the entrepreneurshipdevelopment programmes in the state both formal andinformal. It covers the formal programmes facilitatedby government agencies, in the state those of the stategovernment agencies/institutions as well as those ofthe voluntary or informal organizations such asbusiness membership organizations or trade/vocationalassociations.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

The choice of the sample to be convened in this studyis guided by two criteria those of territorial and unitof analysis factors. Territorially the three senatorialhead zonal quarters are the most representative localgovernment areas accordingly the Daura, Katsina andFuntua Towns. As for the unit of analysis two samplesare carefully chosen from the following.

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a.Federal Agencies (SMEDAN AND NDE)

b.State Agencies BATC/VIC,

c.Institutions of higher learning (State poly)

d.Local government Agencies

e.Non government organizations (NATA &NAC)

3.5 Instruments of Data Collection.

The research shall use a combination of the review(study) of documents containing mission statements,vision methodology, structure and funding coupled withstructured interview to very extent of application ofstated objectives to compare conformity or variancebetween written materials and practical activities.

3.6 Validity of the Instrument for Data Collection.

The instruments of interview and review of secondarymaterials on EDP in Katsina state can satisfactory meetthe content and objective validity requirements. Theduo can furnish us with relevant information on theobjectives, content and methods of achieving ED inKatsina state.

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument for Data Collection

Reliability of the instrument for data collectionin this study is hinged on attesting existence,scope, variety and geo-spatial differentiation. No

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statistical or quantitative tools are employed.Time also doest not

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The data shall be analyzed using classificationmethod under the modules sub-headings, developed bythe Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agencyof Nigeria (SMEDAN)

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CHAPTER IV

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.

To find satisfactory answers to the research questionsof this study, we have to systematically analyze therelevant data collected from the institutionsidentified to be playing significant roles inentrepreneurship development and vocational training inthe area of study. Four broad classes of institutionsor agencies were identified in the state, these includefederal Government Agencies, State Government Agencies,Institutions of Higher Learning and Traditional orinformal groups. Specifically each of these broadgroups are made up of a number of institutions

a.Federal Government Agencies.

i. National Directorate of Employment NDE

ii. National Poverty Eradication Programme(NAPEP)

iii. Small and Medium Enterprises DevelopmentAgency of Nigeria (SMEDAN)

iv. Central bank of Nigeria CBN

b.State Government Agencies.

i. Basic Apprenticeship Training Centres

ii. Basic Vocational Agriculture trainingschool

39

iii. Department of small and medium enterprises

c.Institutional of Higher Learning.

i. State, Islamic and Nation openuniversities

ii. Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic

iii. Colleges of Education

d.Traditional/Informal Groups.

i. National Automobile TechniciansAssociation (NATA)

ii. Center for youths empowerment andDevelopment, Katsina

Some of these programmes were developed locally basedon local needs and peculiarities, while others are partof the many aspect of national economic developmentprogramme aimed at poverty alleviation job creation,industrialization, diversification if the economyamongst others.

In the following parts efforts are made to review twoprogramme from each category under the following subheadings:-

i. Introduction

ii. Target clients/Participants

iii. Objectives40

iv. Content/Services

v. Methodology

vi. Duration

vii. Evaluation

Accordingly the activities of the small scaleenterprise department of the National Directorate ofEmployment shall be reviewed under the Federalagencies. Under the state government category theactivities of Basic Apprentice Training centre and thatof social Development centre shall be reviewed. Whilethe programmes of the National open University andHassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic represent theinstitutions of higher learning in the analyzes.

Finally the vocational Training activities of NATA andthat of Katsina Youth Forum shall be analyzed asrepresentative of the traditional/informal sectors.

4.1 EDP OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.

4.1.1 National Directorate of Employment NDE.

i. Introduction.

This directorate was established by Decree in1986 under the supervision of the Federalministry of labor, employment and productivity.It has offices in all the states of the

41

federation often with liaison person in the localgovernment council.

ii. Target clients:-

The main target groups are the unemployed persongraduate, school leavers and the uneducated inrural and urban areas of the country.

iii. Objectives:-

The directorate was primary aimed at the designand implementation of job creation programmesthat would:-

a.Promote attitudinal change

b.Employment generation

c.Poverty reduction

d.Wealth creation

iv. Contents:-

The programmes of NDE include the following:-

a.The National open apprenticeship scheme

b.The schools on wheels scheme

c.The small scale enterprise scheme

d.The graduate attachment scheme

e.The vocational skills department

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v. Methodology:-

The small scale Enterprise Development isconcerned with entrepreneurship developmentcourses which are conducted for two weeks onfulltime of 10-4 hours daily. The trainingfocuses on preparation of bankable simplebusiness plan. Training methodology variesaccording to the programmes a client enrolledinto. In all cases instruction is made uptheoretical and practical components. Thecurriculum is deemed to meet the minimumrequirements of equipping the trainees withknowledge, skills and attitude necessary to beself reliant after the programme

vi. Duration:-

The duration of training depends the schemeas follows:-

a.NDAS 24 months

b.School on wheels 3 months

c.SSE Department 2-12 weeks

d.GAS 3 months

e.VSD 3 months

vii Evaluation:-

This programme is evaluated through a combination ofmethods such as test both theory and practical. Theassessment of the master craftsmen is also highlyregarded.

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4.1.2 SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT AGENCYOF NIGERIA (SMEDAN)

i. Introduction:-

SMEDAN was established by an act of national Assemblyin 2003. it is supervised by the presidency. The Agencyoperates with a public private partnership orientationat state levels through business support centre (BScs)and business information centre (BICs) at the localgovernment levels. The Katsina Business support centrewas set up through the collaboration of SMEDAN andKatsina state government.

ii. Target clients/ Beneficiaries

The programmes or services of this Agency are targetedat potential and existing entrepreneurs. This broadidentification includes youth, women, youth corpsmembers, referees, and those engaged in any form ofenterprise.

iii. Objectives

The Katsina Business support centre was conceived toachieve the following objectives.

a.Provide business support services thataids establishment of new business andimprovement of existing one

b.Collection, analysis and dissemination ofbusiness information on raw materials,equipments, markets and government policy

c.Promote innovation among micro small andmedium enterprises sector

44

d.Support micro, small and mediumenterprises to over come bureaucracy andred tape

e.Build sustainable partnership amongbusiness development services providers,mentors and other stakeholders to preferholistic solution to MSNES problems.

iv. Contents

The BSC render similar services to those of the SMEDANHead quarters, which depending on clients needs mayinclude the following

a)Business sensitization/awareness programme

b)Entrepreneurship Development programme

c)Capacity building for existingentrepreneurs

d)Information generation, analysis anddissemination

e)Business clinics

f)Mentoring and counseling

g)Enhancing access to finance

h)Facilitating compliance with regulatoryframe work.

i)

v. Methodology

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The method employed include a series of interrelatedsteps as follows

1.Awareness creation/sensitization

2.Needs assessment/pre training evaluation

3.EDP (3 modules)

4.Post training evaluation

vi Duration

The three modules are covered in a revised periodof 3 months.

vii Evaluation

Evaluation is conducted from two perspectives. First,to establish whether or not the expectation of theparticipants have been met or not. Secondly, todetermine the impact of the programme on the enterpriseof the participants. They later takes time and is doneby a different team under the monitoring and evaluationdepartment.

4.2.0 EDP AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING BY STATE GOVERNMENTAGENCIES.

4.2.1 Directorate of Employment Promotion andVocational Training.

i. Introduction

This directorate conducts vocational training throughseven basic apprentice training centre BATCs and six

46

basic schools of agriculture vocation. Three new BATCswere constructed and equipped about to startoperations. The directorate is head by an appointedspecial adviser, who is a member of state Executivecouncil supported by civil servant and technocrats someof who were loaned from the state ministry ofagriculture or the ministry of commerce, industry andtourism.

ii. Target Group

The school admits students from primary, juniorsecondary and senior secondary schools.

iii.Objectives

The objectives of the schools are as follow:-

a.Inculcation of self discipline, spirit of hardwork and self reliance in the trainees

b.Developing self-confidence, dignity of laborand legitimate income.

c.Produce graduates with knowledge and competencein various vocations

d.To produce graduates who would serve as engineof growth in efficiency and productivity in allthe diverse sectors of the economy.

e.To produce graduates with skills, who would beuseful to society by self employment andcreating job opportunities for others therebyalleviating the scourge of unemployment

f.To lay a sound foundation for further studies

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iv. Contents

The content of the programmes under this category varyaccording to the area of specialization of the student.There are three options namely the agriculture,technology and home economics. The curriculum is madeup of introductory subjects common to all and corecourses which are different for each option.

a.The subjects of basic apprentice trainingcentres are:-

i. Building and man so nary

ii. Carpentry and joined

iii. Welding and metal fabrication

iv. Plumbing and pipe fitting

v. Refrigeration and air conditioning

vi. Electrical installation

vii. Electrical electronics

viii. Automobile mechanic

b.The subject of the schools of agriculture aredivided into livestock and crop options, butthe core subjects are preceded by introductorysubjects such as:-

i. Introduction to biological sciences

ii. Elementary mathematics

iii. Principles of vocational training

48

iv. Communication skills

v. Agricultural commodities and marketing

vi. Book keeping and store procedure

vii. Citizenship and leadership education

The core subjects for the three specialization areasare as follows:-

c. Livestock core subjects

i. Ruminant livestock production

ii. Pasture production and management

iii. Poultry production

iv. Animal health care services

v. Feeds and feeding practices (Ruminants)

vi. Feeds and feeding practices (poultry andfish)

vii. Fishery production and management

viii. Hides and skins technology

ix. Animal traction

x. Farm power and mechanization

xi. Soil and water conservation

xii. Course project (practical)

d. Crop core subjects

i. Field crop production 49

ii. Horticultural crop production

iii. Forestry production techniques

iv. Soil and water conservation

v. Animal traction

vi. Farm power and mechanization

vii. Field irrigation

viii. Fishery production and management

ix. Bee culture practices

x. Basic home economics

xi. Post harvest produce technology

xii. Course project (practices).

e. The core subjects of home economics option forwomen are:-

i. Knitting

ii. Sewing

iii. Pomade production

iv. Soap making

v. Cooking and cookery

vi. Tie and dye

v. Methodology

The instructions are made up of 30% theory and 70%practices. Students are also required to execute a

50

practical project before graduation in their chosenarea of specialization. The course is capped with 3months attachment in relevant institution

vi. Duration.

The courses are run for one year divided into four terms of threemonths each as follows:-

Session Season Months ofyear

Activities

First Term Dry Jan, Feb,March

Generalintroductorystudy

SecondTerm

Dry/Wet

April, May,June

Core, practical,project

Third Term Wet July, Aug,Sept.

Core, practical,project

FourthTerm

Wet/Dry

Oct, Nov,Dec.

Core, project,excursion

vii.Evaluation.

Students are evaluated via written exams, attachmentand practical project work.

4.2.2. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING CENTRE KATSINA.

i. Introduction.

This centre was set up in 1974 based on the need toachieve the objectives of the National policy on social

51

development. The centre is headed by a principal. Ithas three departments namely the social welfare,community development and the basic departments. Thecenter cater for the training needs of students fromneighboring states such as zamfara, sokoto, Katsina,Kebbi and Kaduna.

ii. Target Group

The services of the centre are open to both men andwomen interested in the mandate area of the centre.Students from primary, junior secondary, seniorsecondary and even school dropouts are catered for bythe school. Officers of the Nigeria police force,prison services, immigration service as well as thoseof state and local governments are part of the targetgroup

iii. Objectives

The objectives of establishing the centre are:-

a.Train intermediate manpower for socialwelfare and community development.

b.Train instructors in community developmentand adult education

c.Develop grassroots development personnel

d.Prepare students for further training insocial and community development

52

e.Contribute towards the achievement of theobjectives of the national policy onsocial and community development.

iv. Contents

The curriculum varies depending on the department.Accordingly we have:-

a) Department of adult education andcommunity development.

i. Community development

ii. Adult education

iii. Sociology

iv. Economics

v. Group dynamics

vi. Statistics

vii. Social psychology

viii. Communication skills

ix. Local government administration

x. Agriculture

xi. Rural engineering

xii. Home economics

b)Department of social welfare has in adultin to above the following subjects

i. Group work53

ii. Social welfare

iii. Case work

c)Department of Home economics

i. Knitting

ii. Pomade making

iii. Detergent

iv. Tie and dye

v. Soap making

vi. Cookery

vii. Shoe making

v. Methodology

Lecture method is the main approach in instruction. Itis conducted in both Hausa and English language. Theprogrammes also include a one month attachment inrelated organizations.

vi Duration

All the programme are for nine months divided into twoterms.

vii.Evaluation

Students are evaluated through writtenexaminations alongside continuous

54

assessment while account for 40% of thetotal score.

4.3 EDP BY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING.

4.3.1 The EDP of Hassan Usman KatsinaPolytechnic Katsina

i. Introduction

This institution offers the entrepreneurship studiesnot only to the traditional business administrativestudents, for it are also included in the curriculum ofthe NCE technical in the school of vocational andtechnical education. Other departments include buildingtechnology and mechanical engineering amongst others.

ii. Target Group

These subject being part of the polytechnic curriculumare meant for registered students in the specifiedprogrammes of study

iii. Objectives

The course is intended to create awareness andmotivation in all students of technologicalinstitutions towards self employment through thedevelopment of personal transferable skills, competenceand aptitude using project based work in real economicsetting (industrial).

iv. Contents

The content is made up of the following topics

55

a.Understanding the basic concepts ofentrepreneurship

b.Understanding the historical perspectiveof entrepreneurship development

c.How to plan a business enterprise

d.How to operate simple stock keepingrecords

e.How to prepare and operate cash flow onspread sheets

f.Understanding employment issues

g.Understanding Nigerian legal system

h.Comprehend the nature of contract and tort

i.Understanding agency and partnership

j.Financial management

k.How to prepare simple accounts

l.Product and job costing

m.Laws relating to formation of companies

n.Labour and industrial laws

o.Copy rights and patent laws

p.The nature of sales of hoods

v. Methodology

56

The main method is lecture with assignments, in classexercises. Often times case study or excursion areinvolved

vi. Duration

The module is covered in two semesters. The firstsemester is for one hour in fifteen weeks, while thesecond semester is made up two hours for fifteen weeks

vii. Evaluation

The students are evaluated through continuousassessment and end of semester examinations.

4.3.2 THE EDP OF ISAH KAITA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION.

i. Introduction

The curriculum and minimum standards fortechnical and vocational education forcolleges are set by the National Bard forTechnical Education (NBTE).

ii. Target Group

The entrepreneurship studies for TVE istarget for students of the school oftechnical and vocational education

iii. Objectives

The main objective being a teachertraining institution is to producemanpower who would teach entrepreneurshipafter graduation. The next logical

57

objective is to develop awareness onentrepreneurship as a career option.

iv. Contents

The content of the first semester are:-

a)Concept of entrepreneurship

b)Types of entrepreneurs

c)Entrepreneurial theory

d)Venture growth

e)Opportunity recognition andexploitation

f)Types of risk and their management

g)Conditions for establishing a business

h)Forms of business ownership

i)Business and technology –issues andproblem

j)Financing business both new and old

k)Innovation techniques

l)Business finance and fundinginstitutions

m)Site selection and location ofbusiness

n)Business environment

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The content of the second semester course unit codenumber VTE310 are:-

a.Management and administration of small andmedium business

b.The future of business and succession

c.Case study, pilot study and feasibilitystudy

d.Elements of marketing and marketingsegmentation

e.Product development

f.Business and social responsibility

g.Taxation and auditing

h.Government regulation

i.Consumer behaviour

j.Shareholders

k.Management functions

l.Human research management

m.Communications

n.Record keeping and book keeping

v. Methodology-

The main approach is the lecture method.

vi.Durations

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The programmes are both two credit hours each.

vi. Evaluation:-

Student are evaluated through continuousassessment and end of semester examination

4.4 VOCATIONAL TRAINING BY TRADITIONAL AND INFORMALCROUPS

4.4.1 Vocational Training by Centre For YouthEmpowerment And Development

i. Introduction

The TYED is a non-governmental organizationsformed in 2003. it was before incorporationknown as independent youth forum, Katsina

ii. Target Group

The centre targets 18 years old and aboveunemployed youth both males and females in itsactivities. These are restriction oneducational attainments for enrolment.

iii. Objectives

The objectives of the centre include thefollowing

a)Prepare participants for gainful self-employment

b)To reduce hawking and its vices amonggirls by providing alternatives means oflively hood

60

c)Provide micro credits to fresh andexisting entrepreneurs

d)To rehabilitated and empower disables inthe society

iv. Contents

The trades for which training is provided are

a)Carpentry

b)Auto mechanic

c)Tailoring

d)Video covering

e)Welding

f)Computer application

g)Knitting

h)Radio and television repairs

v. Durations

The training period range from a minimum of six monthsin the case of knitting, computer appreciation andelectrical repairs, to one year in the case of videocameral operation and tailoring and two years in thetraining of auto mechanic.

vi. Methodology

The centre trains its apprentice master craftsmen andwoman who are carefully selected trainees are placed asapprenticed for on agreed period to learn the basics of

61

the trade. Some of the trades such as computerappreciation and electrical installation have theorycompetent, which are target in the classroom at thehead quarter of the centre

vii. Evaluation

Training are evaluated through experimentation incomputer studies, video coverage and electrical wiringthe other trades are evaluated through practical only

4.4.2 VOCATIONAL TRAINING BY NIGERIA AUTOMOBILETECHNICIANS ASSOCIATION (NATA)

i. Introduction

NATA was registered circa 1963 as an umbrella body forauto mechanics and allied trades. Its motto is “keepNigeria moving on safe wheels” it operates through anational sate, local government and unit offices. Itsmembership includes mechanics, panel beaters, painters,auto electricians, vulcanizers, blacksmiths, bicycleand motor cycle repairs etc.

ii. Target Groups

The association targets 5000 apprentice from the cadreof unemployed youths all of which are males, based ontheir vocational preferences. The minimum entry age is15 years person wishing to change occupation or thoseleaving regular employment are also eligible.

iii. Objectives

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The main objectives of the apprentice trainingprogrammes include the following

a)To recruit and train the crops of futureartisan/ trades men who would sustain theoccupations

b)Reduce unemployment and idleness

c)Reduce drug addition and criminals

d)To promote gainful self-employment

e)To reduce the burden of employmentpromotion on government.

iv. Contents

Apprentice are trained on the following

a)Problem identification and diagnosis

b)Identification of genuine spare part

c)Prices determination/negotiation

d)Human relations and discipline

e)Saving investment of income

v. Methodology

The main method employed is practical withoccasional instruction.

vi. Duration63

The full scale training is fixed at a minimumof five years. However there are exceptions forearly or late graduation depending on masteryof the job.

vii. Evaluation

Apprentice are evaluated through

a)Continuous practical assessment

b)Observation of growing competence infunctions

c)Rate of satisfactory performance indelegated activities

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CHAPTER V

5.0 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.

This is the final chapter of this project study. In itwe present our findings and conclusions. Theimplications of the findings for knowledge andpractice, recommendations for further study as well aslimitations of the study are clearly presented.

5.1 Restatement of the Research Problems.

The study surveyed the entrepreneurship and vocationaltraining services in Katsina State to confirm theavailability, variety, scope, ownership and methodologyof the service providers as well as the role they playin promoting self-employment, job creation, enterprisepromotion and development.

In specific terms the study sought to ascertain theavailability of the Business Development ServiceProviders that are playing or can play meaningful rolesin reducing poverty and unemployment existing onpervasive scale in Katsina State.

5.2 Summary of Procedure.

The study was carried out in Katsina State of northernNigeria. It adopted the descriptive survey of secondarydata with interview of principal stakeholders wherenecessary.

65

Review of related literature after researchpreliminaries led to the identification, depending onownership and control of four broad classes ofinstitutions or agencies proving some sort of relevantservices on entrepreneurship or vocational training.

These four broad groups are the federal, Stateinstitutions of higher learning and private sector bothfor and not for profits.

Data collected on two samples from each category arecarefully reviewed and analyzed and presented in thefollowing format: -

a.Introduction

b.Target Beneficiaries

c.Objectives

d.Contents

e.Methodology

f.Durations

g.Evaluation.

5.3 Major Findings

The major findings of the study are: -

I. There is a strong and growing awareness of theimportance of entrepreneurship and vocationaltraining for promoting self employment as analternative to paid employment the availability ofwhich is reducing at an alarming rate vis a visthose willing and able to be employed.

66

II. There are a variety of institutions providingentrepreneurship and / or vocational service todifferent beneficiaries in the State.

III. Most of the institutions are lacking in capacitybuilding and exposure to international bestpractices.

IV. The contents, durations, methodology of thetraining depend the institutions and theirmandates.

5.4 Discussion Of Findings

Entrepreneurship development and vocational training isone of the highly regarded approaches that can createthe critical mass of knowledgeable, skilled andmotivated enterprises promoters. The emergingenterprises would create jobs and wealth therebyhelping to achieve the principal Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs), which was incorporated into the Nigeriannational Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy(NEEDS), is reduction of the number of people livingbelow the poverty level by half before the year 2015.

The Micro, Small and Medium enterprise sector of theeconomy is more accessible and relatively easier town/operate by the poor and the middle class who constitutethe majority of the population which require theappropriate business development services. Theavailability, quality, relevance and affordability ofthese services constitute one of the critical successfactors in wealth and jobs creation.

67

Developing the service providers institutions by way ofcapacity building, adequate funding and exposure tointernational best practices would them to in turnservice msm enterprise sector in the states.

Many societies have long realized that it is better toaccelerate the emergence of entrepreneurs rather thanwait nature to fortuitously generate them.

5.5 Implications of the Findings for knowledgeand Practice.

The findings of this study have implications forknowledge and practice in the field of policyformulation and implementation on the subject underreview, some of which include: -

a)The confirmed existence or availability of assortedservice providers implies that the challenge ofpromoting self employment in the state is not thepromotion of new service institution rather it isthat of optimizing the potentials and capacity ofexisting ones by developing synergy amongst themand by eliminating duplications or wastageswherever found.

b) The agencies can serve as collaborations centresbetween scholars and practitioners therebyenriching the knowledge and skills of participantsas well as by changing their attitudes for thebetter.

c)Another implications posit that stake holders mustinevitably evolve a regulatory framework , develop

68

bench marking or minimum standards and evaluationinstrument to ensure quality assurance in theservice provision if the objectives of thepromoting employment , vibrant enterprises abdeconomic transformation of the state are to beachieved.

d)Practitioners and academics in the field need towiden their network, possibly with the help ofdonor agencies or professional bodies to enrichtheir knowledge, skills as well as widen theirexposure to relevant international best practices.

5.6 Recommendation of the Study.

To achieve the multi-dimensional objectives ofEntrepreneurship development and vocational training inthe State the following actions/ steps are recommended.

a)Formulation of blue print on EDP and Vocationaltraining of Katsina State to prioritize needsfocused efforts and resources in quick win sectors.

b)Initiation of an annual conference and award weekto popularize and reward excellence and spectacularachievements in the field.

c)Commission of greater sensitization efforts thevarious stakeholders such as parents, religious

69

institutions, community based organizations andnon- governmental organizations to promote greaterawareness on entrepreneurship as a career option.

d)Incorporation of relevant aspect ofEntrepreneurship and Vocational training into thecurriculum of the entire educational system of thestate from Primary to University.

e)Development of comprehensive Counseling andmentoring services to compliment other availableservices.

5.7 Recommendations For Further Study.

In view of the findings and conclusions of the studythe following are identified for further study.

a)Appraisal of traditional entrepreneurship andvocational training process cum methods toidentify areas or aspect that can be improved forthe present.

b)Evaluation of the long term efficacy of theservice providers to establish the numbers oftrainees that set up enterprises, the sizes,growth rate and profitability of theirenterprises.

c)The impact of religion and culture onentrepreneurship and self-employment need to befurther explored and documented.

d)The problem and prospects of upgrading,standardization and formalization of the

70

institutions and agencies involvedentrepreneurship and vocational training.

5.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is a human activity; as usual there are somebasic limitations that affect the final outcome. Someof these are as follows:-

I. The study is limited in its coverage whichexcludes the recipients of training /servicesprovided by the institutions surveyed.

II. Limitations of data on past trainees and tracerinformation on their present under takings vis-a-vis- their trainings.

III. The services were not assed to determine efficacy.

5.9 CONCLUSIONS

The objectives of reducing poverty in Katsina Statethrough boosting self-employment in sustainableenterprises resulting from training services providedthrough formal services providers have been realizedfor a long time by most stake holders.

There are institutions in existence, which whenupgraded, refinanced, formalized and network can meetthe needs of the state satisfactorily.

The main benefits to be derived in building theircapacity include promotion of economic development,

71

self-reliance, knowledge driven economy, job and wealthcreation.

The major national challenges of poverty alleviationexport promotion, solid minerals development,integrated and environmentally friendlyindustrialization prohibition of trafficking in personsdepend largely on the growth of a healthy and vibrantprivate sector that would partner with the publicsector to transform Nigeria into a country worthy ofits potentials.

REFERENCES.

1.

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