GEO-STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN:

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY INTERESTS OF

PAKISTAN, INDIA, AND CHINA (1947-2013)

SUPERVISOR

PROF. DR UMBREEN JAVAID

BY

ZAKIR HUSSAIN

ROLL NO. 05

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB,

LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2017

GEO-STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN:

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY INTERESTS OF

PAKISTAN, INDIA, AND CHINA (1947-2013)

A thesis submitted to the Political Science Department, University of the Punjab Lahore (Pakistan) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of research degree of Doctorate of Philosophy.

SUPERVISOR

PROF. DR UMBREEN JAVAID

BY

ZAKIR HUSSAIN

ROLL NO. 05

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB,

LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2017

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that I have read the dissertation submitted by Zakir Hussain, Student of Department

of Political Science, University of the Punjab Lahore, entitled “Geo-strategic Significance of

Gilgit-Baltistan: Political, Economic and Security Interest of Pakistan, India, and China (1947-

2013)” as a partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Political

Science. I have evaluated the dissertation and found it up to the requirement in its scope and

quality for the award of the degree.

____________________

Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid

Chairperson

Department of Political Science

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my individual research and that it has not been

submitted concurrently to any other University for any other degree.

Zakir Hussain

Dedicated

To

My late Mother who left me when my wings enabled me to fledge

Contents

Acknowledgement I-II

List of Figures III

List of Tables IV

List of Abbreviation V-VI

Abstract VII-VIII

Introduction 1-2

Review of literature 3-17

Justification and Likely Benefits 18

Research questions 19

Research objectives 19-20

Plan of Work 20-21

Research methodology 21-22

Place of Work and Facilities Available 22

References 23-26

Chapter No. 1

Geo-Strategic: A Theoretical Perspective

1. Introduction 28

1.1. What is Geography? 29-30

1.2 What is Geopolitics? 30-33

1.3 Relations between Geopolitics and Geography 33-35

1.4 What is Geostrategy? 35-36

1.5 Geostrategic Location 36

1.6 Strategic Importance 37

1.7 What is Geostrategic? 37-38

1.8 Elements of Strategy 38

1.9 Geo-Strategists 38-40

1.9.1 Freidrich Ratzel 40-42

1.9.2 Rudolf Kjellen 42-44

1.9.3 Sir Halford Mackinder: Heartland Theory (1904) 44-47

1.9.4 Rimland Theory 47-51

1.9.5 Alfred T. Mahan (1890) 51-52

1.9.6 Karl Haushofer 52-54

1.9.7 Zbigniew Brzezinski 55

1.10 Elements of Geo-Strategy 55

1.11 Theoretical Implications for Gilgit-Baltistan 56

1.11.1 Geographical Location 56

1.11.2 The Karakoram Highway 56-58

1.11.3 Wakhan Corridor 58-59

1.11.4 The Sost Dry Port 59-60

1.11.5 The Mighty Indus 60-61

1.11.6 Tourism in Gilgit-Baltistan 61-62

1.11.7 Tourism Assets of Gilgit-Baltistan 62

1.11.7.1 Natural Legacy 62

1.11.7.2 Cultural Tradition 63

1.11.7.3 Archaeological Legacy 64-65

1.11.8 Natural Resources(Minerals) ……..66-67

1.11.9 Trade Opportunities 68

References 69-73

Chapter No. 2

Gilgit-Baltistan: A Geographical Detail

Introduction 75

2.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Location 76-78

2.2 Gilgit-Baltistan: Population 78

2.3 Gilgit-Baltistan: Languages 79

2.3.1 Shina 79

2.3.2 Balti 79

2.3.3 Burushasky 80

2.3.4 Khowar 80

2.3.5 Domaaki 80

2.3.6 Wakhi 80

2.4 Gilgit-Baltistan: Administrative Division 81

2.5 Gilgit Division 82

2.5.1 Gilgit District 82

2.5.2 Ghizer 83

2.5.3 Hunza 83

2.5.4 Nagar 84

2.6 Diamer Division 84

2.6.1 Diamer District 84-85

2.6.2 Astor 85

2.7 Baltistan Division 85-86

2.7.1 Skardu 86

2.7.2 Ghanche 86-87

2.7.3 Shigar 87-88

2.7.4 Kharmang 88

2.8 Gilgit-Baltistan: Mountain Ranges 88-90

2.8.1 Karakoram Range 90-91

2.8.2 The Himalaya Range 91

2.8.3 The Hindu Kush Range 91-92

2.9 Gilgit-Baltistan: Peaks 92

2.9.1 K2 92-93

2.9.2 Nanga Parbat 93

2.9.3 Gasherbrum (K5) 93-94

2.9.4 Broad Peak 94

2.9.5 Gasherbrum II (K4) 94

2.9.6 Masherbrum 94

2.9.7 Rakaposhi 95

2.9.8 Sia Kangri 95

2.9.9 Trango Towers 95

2.10 Gilgit-Baltistan: Passes 96

2.10.1 Mintaka Pass 96

2.10.2 Kilik Pass (15,800 feet) 96

2.10.3 Shandur Pass 97

2.10.4 Babusar Pass 97

2.10.5 Burzil Pass 97-98

2.10.6 Darkot Pass 98

2.10.7 Baroghil Pass 98

2.10.8 Karambar Pass 98

2.10.9 Khunjarab Pass 98-99

2.10.10 Shimshal Pass 99

2.10.11 Hispar Pass 100

2.10.12 Muztagh Pass 100

2.10.13 Karakoram Pass 100

2.10.14 Dadarili Pass 100

2.10.15 Shonter Pass 100

2.10.16 Kamri Pass 101

2.10.17 Manejo Pass 101

2.10.18 Zoji La Pass 101

2.10.19 Banak La Pass 101

2.11 Gilgit-Baltistan: Glacier 101-102

2.11.1 Siachen Glacier 103

2.11.2 Biafo Glacier 103

2.11.3 Batura Glacier 104

2.12 Gilgit-Baltistan: Lakes 104

2.12.1 Dosai Sheosar Lake 104

2.12.2 Satpara Lake Skardu 104-105

2.12.3 Upper Kachura Lake 105

2.12.4 Lower Kachura Lake 105

2.12.5 Borith Lake 106

2.12.6 Rama Lake 106

2.12.7 Rush Lake, World's Highest Alpine Lake 107

2.12.8 Karambar Lake Ghizer 107

2.12.9 Khalti Lake Gupis 107

2.12.10 Attabad Lake Gojal Hunza 107-108

2.13 Gilgit Baltistan: Historical Forts 109

2.13.1 Baltit Fort 109

2.13.2 Altit Fort 110

1.13.3 Skardu Fort/ Kharpocho Fort 110

1.13.4 Shigar Fort 110-111

2.13.5 Khaplu Fort 111

2.14 Gilgit Baltistan: Valleys 111-112

2.14.1 Rama Valley 112

2.14.2 Rattu Valley 112

2.14.3 Minimarg Valley 112

2.14.4 Shingo Valley 113

2.15 Fairy meadows 113

2.16 Deosai Plains 113-114

2.17 Gilgit-Baltistan: FAUNA 114

2.17.1 Markhor 115

2.17.2 Bear 115

2.17.3 Musk Deer 116

2.17.4 Duck 116

2.17.5 Chukar Partridge 116

2.17.6 Chukar 116

2.17.7 Zho 117

2.17.8 Marmet 117

2.17.9 Hawk 117

2.17.10 Sparrow Hawk 117

2.18 Gilgit-Baltistan: Flora 117-118

References 119-121

Chapter # 3

Gilgit-Baltistan: Political and Constitutional Status

3. Introduction 123

3.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Historical Evolution 124-125

3.2 Primeval History 126

3.2.1 Megalith Builders 126

3.2.2 Dardic People 127

3.2.3 Scytho Parthians 127

3.2.4 The Kushans 128

3.2.5 The Post Kushans 128

3.2.6 The Huns 128

3.3 Autonomous Hill States 129

3.4 Dogra Raaj 129-130

3.5 Treaty of Lahore 130

3.6 Treaty of Amritsar 131

3.7 British Indian Rules 131-132

3.8 Gilgit Agency 132

3.9 The Gilgit Scout 133

3.10 End of British Rules 134

3.11 United Nations Resolution 134-135

3.12 Political Development in Gilgit Baltistan 1947-2013 135

3.12.1 Karachi Agreement 1949 135-136

3.12.2 Transfer To Ministry Of Kashmir Affairs 136-137

3.13 Gilgit-Batistan after Accession with Pakistan 137

3.13.1 Chronological Order of Administration and Self-government Reforms (1947-2009).137

3.13.2 Formation of the Ministry 1950 137

3.13.3 Appointment of Resident 1950-52 137-138

3.13.3 Empowerment of Resident 1967 138

3.13.3 Creation of Representative Body of Northern Areas 1970 138

3.13.4 Resident Commissioner 1972 138

3.13.5 Z.A Bhutto Government Reforms 1947s 138-139

3.13.6 Imposition of Zia-ul-Haq Martial Law and Zone E 1977 139

3.13.7 Appointment of Advisor to Kashmir Affairs 1985 140

3.13.8 Advisor to Prime Minister 1988 140

3.13.9 Benazir Bhutto Announced new Reforms 1994 140

3.13.10 Delegation of Legislative power to the NALC (1999) 141

3.13.11 Establishment of Apex Court (2005) 141

3.13.12 Empowerment of Northern Areas Legislative Council (2006) 141

3.13.13 The Reforms Package (2007) 141

3.13.14 The Gilgit Baltistan Empowerment and self-Governance Order (2009) 142-144

3.14 The Gilgit Baltistan Assembly 144

3.15 Gilgit Baltistan Council 144-145

3.16 Election in Gilgit-Baltistan 145

3.17 Sectarianism in Gilgit-Baltistan 146-147

References 148-151

Chapter # 4

Gilgit-Baltistan: Political, Economic and Security Interest for Regional

Powers

Introduction 153

4.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: A Corridor for China’s Economic Development 154

4.1. China Growing Economic 154-155

4.2 China’s Economic Growth after Civil War (1949-1976) 155

4.3 China’s Economic Reforms: After Mao Zedong (1979-the Present) 156-158

4.4 China’s Soft Power 159-160

4.5 China in South Asian 160-161

4.5.1 China’s Relations with Afghanistan 161-162

4.5.2 Sri Lanka 162

4.5.3 Bangladesh 162

4.5.4 Nepal 163

4.5.5 China and Bhutan 163

4.5.6 China and Maldives 163

4.5.7 China’s Relations with India 164-165

4.5.8 The Pakistan-China relations 165-166

4.6 Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement 1963 166-167

4.7 Shasgham Valley 167-168

4.8 Wakhan Corridor 168-169

4.9 Karakoram Highway 169-172

4.10 Slik Road & Gateway for Buddhism 172-173

4.11 Turmoil in Xingjian Province 173-174

4.12 One-Belt-One Road Initiative 174-175

4.12.1 Importance for China 176-177

4.13 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CEPC) 177-178

4.13.1 Tripartite Road Networks 179

4.13.2 Pakistani Interest 179-182

4.13.3 Chinese Interest 183

4.14 South China Sea and The Malacca factors 183-184

4.15 Development of Western China 184-185

4.16 Gilgit-Baltistan Relation with China 186-187

4.17 Gilgit-Baltistan: An Indian’s Perspective 187-188

4.18 Indian’s Claim of Ownership of the Region 188

4.19 Gilgit-Baltistan connection with Kashmir 188-189

4.20 Dogra Raj in Gilgit-Baltistan 189-190

4.21 Treat of Lahore and Treat of Amritsar 1846 190-191

4.22 Lease of Gilgit 1935 191

4.22 Gilgit Baltistan: Nearest Routs for Central Asian States 192

4.22.1 India-Afghan Relation 192

4.22.2 Central Asian & India 192-193

4.23 Gilgit-Baltistan: Gateway for Afghanistan and CARs 193-195

4.24 Kashmir Dispute 195-198

4.25 Siachen Issue 198-199

4.26 Kargil War 200

4.27 Kargil Road 201-202

4.28 Curtailment of Chinese Influences 202

8.28.1 Indo-Sino War 1962 202-203

4.29 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan De facto Rule and its Interest 203

4.29.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Aftermath Freedom Movement 1947 203-204

4.29.2 Gilgit-Baltistan’s Role in Kashmir Issue 205

4.29.3 Gilgit-Baltistan: Key for Kashmir Plebiscite 205

4.29.4 Trade and Link with China and Central Asian States 205-206

4.29.5 Energy and Water Resources 206

4.29.6 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan’s Energy Security 206-207

4.29.7 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan’ Security Importance 207

4.29.8 Tourism as a beneficial factor in National Economic Development 207

Reference 208-215

Chapter No.5

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

Conclusions 217-230

Findings 231-235

Survey Analysis 236-255

Suggestions and Policy Recommendations 256-258

Bibliography 259-280

Appendixes 281-290

.

I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Almighty Allah who provided me strength and stamina to complete the present

study. It was, no doubt, an arduous task which needed lot of patience, hard work and

commitment, which I was able to get through the blessings of Almighty Allah. In addition,

without the active support of the people around us, it is difficult to conduct research. For this, I

am indebted to many people.

I am highly indebted to my supervisor Prof. Dr.Umbreen Javaid, Chairperson Department

of Political Science, University of the Lahore, whose guidance, constant encouragement and

inspiration enabled me to sail through. The foundation of my study in fact is based upon her

guidance and direction. I faced great troubles during last stage of my thesis but at that time her

support and tender-hearted was commendable and praiseworthy. It would have been quite

impossible for me to bring the thesis in the present form without her able assistance.

I am also grateful to Dr. Shujaat Ali (University Bordeaux-France) as he critically went

through numerous drafts of the study and his scholarly acumen helped me a lot. Discussions with

him not only brought clarity into my understanding of the subject but also crystallized my ideas.

I would like to thank my friends Mir Waheed (PhD, Scholar PU), Dr Zahid Yaseen (PhD-PU),

Singay Ali (M.Phil Scholar; Solid State Physics PU), My Nephew Dilawar Ali Dilber (M.Phil

Scholar; at PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi) who were cooperative and of

valuable help, during my research work.

I am also grateful to staff of Seminar Library Department of political Science, Central

Library University of the Punjab, Pakistan Study Centre Library, Center For South Asian Studies

Library, Quaid-i-Azam Library Lahore, National Defense University Islamabad, Municipal

II

Library Gilgit and Skardu City, Degree College Skardu Library, and many authors, scholars

writers and theirs books, research papers, websites, helped me to complete this laborious work.

Last but not least, my family deserves special praise. During this research work, they

provided me emotional support and facilitated me to reach the culmination stage of my study My

Brother Muhammad Ali and Muhammad Sharif were the source of my trust and reliance. I

cannot forget the prayers and services of my father and my late mother. I must say, that I have

completed this task with the support of all these people, but all the errors found in this work will

be always mine.

Zakir Hussain

Department of Political Science

University of the Punjab

May, 2017.

III

List of Figures

Chapter # Map # Page # Description #

1 1.1 45 Mackinder Heartland Theory

1 1.2 46 Map of Heartland vs. Rimland

1 1.3 48 Rimland Theory

1 1.4 54 Map of Haushofer’s Pan Region Model

1 1.5 59 Map of Wakhan Corridor

1 1.6 61 The Indus River

1 1.7 64 Polo Match in Gilgit-Baltistan

1 1.8 66 Zehra-Mohra (Mush Serpentine Mineral)

1 1.9 67 Mineral Target Area in Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.1 77 Map of Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.2 81 Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.3 90 Mountain Ranges in Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.4 93 Mighty K-2

2 2.5 99 Khunjarab Pass

2 2.6 102 Glaciers in Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.7 106 Shangri-La Lake Skardu

2 2.8 108 Attabad Lake Hunza

2 2.9 109 Baltit Fort Hunza

2 2.10 114 Deosai Plains

2 2.11 115 Brown Bear in Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.12 118 Fauna and Flora in Gilgit-Baltistan

3 3.1 125 This Prehistoric Caprine depiction in Chilas

3 3.2 133 Gilgit-Scouts

4 4.1 167 Shasgham valley

4 4.2 169 Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan

4 4.3 176 One Belt One Road Initiatives

4 4.4 178 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

4 4.5 182 Economic Corridor

4 4.6 199 Siachen Glacier Areas

4 4.7 200 Kargil War

IV

List of Tables

Chapter # Table # Page # Description #

2 2.1 78 Population in Gilgit-Baltistan

2 2.2 89 Eight Thousanders Mountains of Gilgit-

Baltistan

4 4.1 157 Chinese Real GDP Growth 1979-2014

4 4.2 158 Worldwide Chinese Investments &

construction, 2005-16

4 4.3 183 Saving in terms of Distances (Via Shanghai vs.

Gawadar)

V

List of Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

AD Anno Domini

ADP Annual Development Program

AKDN Agha Khan Development Network

AJ & J Azad Jammu and Kashmir

AK Azad Kashmir

BC Before Christ

BCE Before Common Era

CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor

CARs Central Asian Republics

CCP Chinese Communist Party

CMSR Century Maritime Silk Road

CFL Cease Fire Line

CCP Chinese Communist Party

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FIEs Foreign Invested Enterprises

FCR Frontier Crime Rules

DPA Gross Domestic Product

GB Gilgit-Baltistan

GBLA Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly

GLF Great Leap Forward

IMF International Monetary Fund

IB Intelligence Bureau

ISI Inter -Services Intelligence

J&K Jammu and Kashmir

KKH Karakorum High Way

KAGB Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas

KANA Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas

LFO Legal Framework Order

LOC Line of Control

PML (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)

PM Prime Minster

NAC Northern Areas Council

NALC Northern Areas Legislative Council

VI

NWFP North West Frontier Province

NFC National Finance Commission

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NATCO Northern Areas Transportation Company

OBOR One-Belt One -Road

PRC People Republic of China

POEs Private Owned Enterprises

PPP People Party Pakistan

ROC Republic of China

R &B Road and Belt

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SSR State Subject Rule

SPA Strategic Partnership Agreement

SREB Silk Road Economic Belt

UN United Nation

USAID United States Agency for International Development

UNSC United National Security Council

UNCIP United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

US(A) United State of (America)

SOEs State Owned Enterprises

WW-I World War-I

WW-II World War-II

WB World Bank

WTO World Trade Organization

VII

Abstract

Geography is the study of earth, environment and the people living on it and geographical

position of a state determines its geopolitical and geostrategic significant role in international

politics. Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), formally known as Northern Areas of Pakistan, is located at a

place where three great mountain ranges (Empires); Karakorum, Himalayas and Hindukush,

meet. Gilgit-Baltistan borders with Xinyang Autonomous Province of China, Indian held

Kashmir and Ladakh region, Pakistan held Kashmir and KPK province, and ‘Wakhan’ of

Afghanistan and this narrow belt separates Gilgit-Baltistan from Central Asian Republics

(CARs). Gilgit-Baltistan is the home of mighty mountain ranges, numerous highest peaks

including five ‘eight thousanders’ of the world, K-2, world second highest peak, 5100 glaciers,

huge fresh water and natural resources, rivers, world second highest plateaus, coldest deserts,

beautiful lakes, gorgeous valleys, enormous fauna and flora, rich cultures, attractive historical

tourist points, ancient routes, and multi-ethic societies. Gilgit-Baltistan always remained an

attractive point for foreign invaders, travelers, tourist, and missionaries due to its unique

topography as well as its geopolitical position, hence this region is called ‘Heaven on Earth for

tourist.’ Politically, this region stayed under the rules of the various Empires, kingdoms, Rajas,

of the invaders from ancient China, Central Asia, India and other old civilizations. In the

medieval history, Gilgit-Baltistan went under the rules of local dynasties. In 1840s Dogra of

Jammu invaded in Gilgit-Baltistan and defeated the local rulers and sized power. In 1870s,

during Great Game, Gilgit-Baltistan went under the consideration of British. To curtail the

Russian’s expansion, British decided to establish Gilgit Agency in 1877 and reestablish in 1889.

In March 1935 the control of Gilgit was given to British as a 60 year lease by Maharaja Hari

Sing. In 1947, the political scenario had been changed in Sub-continent. Under the Indian

VIII

Independence Act 1947, the Subcontinent divided into two independent states; Pakistan and

India while the 562 princely states (Native States) had been given choice to join either with

Pakistan or India or remained autonomous. The Princely State of Kashmir remained outside from

this partition but later through ‘the Instrument of Accession’ on 26, October 1947, Maharaja Hari

Sing agreed to accede to India which was against the will of his people. From 1947 to present

Kashmir has made the bone of contention between Pakistan and India. On 1st November 1947,

the government of Dogra Raja toppled by Gilgit scouts and Azad force and set up a provisional

government. On 16th

November, 1947, Political agent of Pakistan took power of the region and

imposed the Frontier Crimes Rules (FCR) in Gilgit-Baltistan. In April, 28 1949, the Karachi

Agreement was signed by Pakistan and Azad Kashmir government’s representatives, in which

Pakistan was granted as the interim administrator of GB. This agreement made Gilgit-Baltistan

political puzzled in this region. On the other hand due to its equivocal constitutional status and

geostrategic significance of Gilgit-Baltistan created interest conflict game among regional as

well as international powers. During the Ancient Silk Routes, Gilgit-Baltistan was gateway for

Chinese, Indian, Central Asian traders. Sino-India war 1962 and Sino-Pakistan Border agreement

1963 were the two most important developments that put a huge impact on this region. China

and India are the world largest populated countries and both states have emerged as economic

power in 21st century. China has world 2

nd largest economy while India is world’s seventh largest

economy by nominal GPD. In 2013, Pakistan and China has started a new economic corridor;

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is considered as a game changer for socio-

economic facet of Pakistan and China and Gilgit-Baltistan serves as gateway for these

developments.

1

Introduction

Geo strategic importance of any region casts a deterministic shadow over the regions politico-

economic conditions. It affects almost all choices made by a state while deciding matters as

important as choosing friends and foes in the realm of international politics. Proper and thorough

understanding of a states geo strategic importance gives a degree of predictability while

analyzing state behavior and future course of action. If manipulated properly, geo strategic

realities can bring fruits of regional and global economic and political prosperity.

Pakistan enjoys immense strategic importance in regional and global political order. It borders

India to the East, a rising global economy, Iran and Afghanistan to the West and North West,

Arabian Sea to the South, Central Asian Republics (CARs) to the North West and China to the

North. Among all these neighboring states, Pakistan has experienced a very smooth, cordial and

―an all-weather friendship‖ with Chinese Republic, the state bordering the Region of Pakistan‘s

Gilgit Baltistan region. Pakistan, the most allied ally of the U.S in the 60‘s and the much hailed

non-NATO ally of the west in recent times, surprisingly found Communist China more friendly

without any malice to her relations with the capitalist west. Pakistan has reciprocated in the like

manner and the mutual friendship has been labeled as, ―stronger than steal, higher than the

Himalayas, deeper than the oceans and sweeter than honey‖. Both states, though in opposite

camps in the global division of capitalist-communist world, have understood the dictates of geo

strategic realities and share a greater degree of congruence on many of the global issues,

enhancing future prospects of mutual cooperation and regional integration. It is worth

mentioning that the region which serves as the only gate way to china, the region ―Gilgit-

Baltistan of Pakistan‖ is no less than a political puzzle. Pakistan considers it as a part of Kashmir

dispute and is administering the region till the solution of Kashmir issue as per U.N resolutions

2

on Kashmir. On the other hand India has showed serious concerns over the future of region and

claims it as her part. Indian stakes in the region are very high because of her dubious relations

with china who has been involved in various developmental projects in that region. India

perceives a threat of encirclement by China in the region and hence considers Gilgit-Baltistan as

an important factor when it comes to regional and global power rivalry. Besides this India and

china have emerged as major trade partners in the region, if the Gilgit puzzle turns in Indian

favors in any way, it would be the most desirable scenario for India. While such a turnout would

deprive direct Sino-Pak contact, grudging Pakistan of any military support from her most trusted

friend in case of war against India, it will naturally bring china and India more closer, enhancing

mutual trade and cooperation. New avenues of trade towards the Central Asian region are an

incentive related with Gilgit-Baltistan that equally attracts India, Pakistan and China.

Besides being the most important factor in the context of China, Pakistan and India relation

equation, the region is rich in many natural resources which magnify its importance manifolds.

The energy potential of the region is yet to be exploited which is projected to be 31,000 to

40,000 MWs, an incentive of much higher importance for any of the stake holder. The abundant

fresh water resources of the region play a pivotal role in defining already strained relations

between India and Pakistan over water security issues. Minerals of high commercial importance

and potential for becoming an international tourist spot further enhance the stakes in the region.

The study would aim at analyzing Geo Strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan vis a vis China,

Pakistan, India relations equation while taking into account the socio political and economic

impacts that affect the region itself for being part of a regional rivalry that characterizes the

South Asian region.

3

Literature Review

A thought provoking research is conducted about Gilgit-Baltistan by Sikandar Khan Baloch

(2004). The book discusses a detail geographical account and the struggle movement of local to

liberate them from the Dogra Raj. The author explains various element of geographical account

such as the location, mountains, ranges, peaks, important passes, the rivers, the ancient historical

roads, languages, religion, early history, the rise of Silk Road, Dogras and the British

domination. Gilgit-Baltistan known as the root of the world, situated on the juncture of Central

and south Asia. The three great mountain ranges meet her. World second highest peak K2

situated in Gilgit-Baltistan. Snowy peaks of this region are the gigantic natural storehouses of

water. The Indus River, main source of Pakistan‘s agriculture and energy contributor passes

through these region. The author has brought the significance of the area in the in context of

water security for Pakistan. The writer is inspired from the bravery of the local people while

highlighting the saga of their heroism. He points out that despite the lack of communication and

transportation means, arsenal compare to their enemies; the local people had some advantages in

this battle against their enemies. First and foremost was the high standard of leadership which

accompanied them to the field , their knowledge of the job, drive, determination and supreme

dedication to the cause is the main factor which contributed to their success. To sum it up, it was

a highly unconventional war. Every conceivable factor went against the freedom fighters and still

nothing deterred them from their aim. These ill-trained, ill-equipped and ill-clothed men proved

superior to a well-trained, regular and numerically much superior army. Their strongest point

was their aberration from the set dogmas and non-adherence to the basic principles of war.

4

Another important book edited by K.Warkoo (2011) on Central Asian Republics and South Asia

power collaboration and Transportation. The book divides into two parts, energy cooperation and

transportation. The researcher M. Mitypov discusses in his paper ―The Great Silk Route:

Historical perspective‘ that the great silk route was an important world trading communications

in Eurasia in ancient and middle ages. This mighty road was cover from Europe to Asia. This

road was used for different purposes by invaders, pilgrim, religious propagation especially

Buddhist‘s believes. The writer points out that being the great material monument of the

civilization‘s openness to external world and international economic relations, the silk Route

provided not only a trading, information and cultural exchange, but also served as the guarantor

of peace on the Eurasian borders. The Slik Route, the oldest major trading road from China to

other parts of the world, played a vital role in the establishment and preservation of diplomatic

relations among states. Today, emerging China and its economic growth with the revival of ―Silk

Road Diplomacy‖ as technological advancement, develop communication systems, globalization

and growing the interdependence. Meena Singh Roy contributed ―North-South Corridor:

Prospects and Challenges for India‖ and the researcher highlights that for India, the importance

of Central Asia lies in its historical and civilization links. The obstacle in reviving and

developing new corridors are geographical constrains, security fears and political differences and

economic constraints also have discussed. Mondira Duta writes his paper ―India and

Afghanistan: Options for Access and Trade‖ that the shortest route between India and

Afghanistan is via Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). The route that traverses through Kargil is

via Skardu, Gilgit to Khunjerab Pass meandering its way into Tashkurgan in China before

entering Murghab and to Afghanistan border at Khorog in Tajikistan. During the ancient Slik

routes days, the Gilgit City then the capital of Gilgit-Baltistan was known as an important city

5

and through which the teaching of Buddhism spread to Asia, Warkoo writes in his paper‖

Ladakh: Indian‘s Gateway to Central Asia‖ that Ladakh played an important role as a gateway in

the Indo-Central Asian exchange of men, materials and ideas though the ages. The location

strategic location of Ladakh offers an easiest way for India to China and Center Asian Republics.

Geography has great impact on politics of state. It changes the strategy and national interest.

Geopolitics therefore is dealt with its implication and consequences of geographical position on

on national interest, security and State foreign policies. According to the author ―geography is

the mother of strategy‖, in that the geographical arrangement of terrestrial and sea, with respect

to a state‘s strategic policy, or an alliance between states, can exercise a double strategic

acclimatizing effect: on positions imperative for security, and on the routes and geographical

configurations which favor an attacking force, be it on land or sea. The study provides a detail

account on the theoretical aspect of the proposed research work. Strategic implication is based on

various factors like geographical position, environment, size, landscape, demography natural

possessions, route, transportation and communication means. The study of geopolitics had been

gained much important during the great wars period when the expansionism and colonialism

were on its peak. Different geo-strategist published books, articles, papers, presenting their

theories about the geographical impacts on national interests of states and how and what were the

techniques might be used to gain powers. In this regard Geoffrey Sloan discusses the SirHalfor

Mackinder‘s The Heartland theory. In this theory the famous English geo-strategist had

presented a model; how it is possible to rule on world. He says; ―Who rules East Europe

controls the heartland: Who rules the heartland commands the world-Island: Who rules the

world-Island commands the World.‖ The book is relevant and helpful in understanding the

6

geopolitics and geo-strategy and its impact on state policies and interest. (Gray & Geoffrey,

1999).

Pakistan and china are enjoying friendly relations since 1950s when both countries established

diplomatic ties in May 21, 1951. The relations reached on its peak during 1960s when the

regional security and political environment had been changed aftermath the Sino-India war in

1962. The book ―60 Years of Pakistan-China Relations Land, Trends and Approaches‖ is based

on this saga. The book contains full information about security challenges and stability,

economic development, infrastructure issues in the relations between Pakistan and China. Mr Li

Tao contributes his papers‖ Tibetan Element in Baltistan, and Sino-Pak Relations. It is focused

on culture and art, language, religion, customs, ethnicity and the transformation of Islam and its

impacts in the context of Baltistan. The region of Baltistan known as little Tibet was historically

linked with the great Tibet. The influence of Islam and environmental changes the region cut off

from Tibet. According the researcher, Gilgit-Baltistan was the corridor of Buddhist‘s expansion

in Asia, so there are many carved rocks of Tibetan language, the rock of Buddhist Sculptures, the

images of Sakyamuni, stupas, Jampa Buddha etc. in Gilgit-Baltistan can be helpful to understand

the teaching of Buddhism. ( Rehman, Jia, & Tao, 2012).

A brief historical as well as geo-politico-economical aspect of Gilgit-Baltistan is discussed in the

book ―Northern Areas: Crisis and Prospects‖. The study is focused on the historical background,

political development, ethnic as well as sectarian conflicts, its players, economical opportunities,

and strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan. The researchers try to bring out the impoverishment

conditions of the region regarding the constitutional, legal, and administrative rights. The

researchers recommends that it is focal needed that the region , waiting more than 60 year for

7

constitutional rights, should be given the autonomous status like Azad Kashmir until and unless

the Kashmir issue does not solve. (Amir, & Rathore, 2007).

The book ―Pakistan Occupied Kashmir: The Untold Truth‖ is written about the area of Jammu &

Kashmir held by Pakistani administration. The whole region is divided into two administrative

units: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Gilgit-Baltistan formally called Northern Areas of

Pakistan but in 2009, the name changed to Gilgit-Baltistan. Due to its position, Pakistan

administrative Kashmir has very important strategic significance because it shares its border with

Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India and nearest route for Tajikistan through Wakhan belt.

After the construction of Karakoram Highway the relations between Pakistan and India reached

highest summit and it increased the geopolitical of the region in manifold. If this part of Kashmir

region were fall under the administration of Indian government then the geostrategic position of

the whole region including the geostrategic of Asia especially Sub-Continent and it global role

would have been changed from what it is currently. Furthermore, the region Gilgit-Baltistan

(Kashmir) is known as the entrance gate to Central Asian Republics (CARs) and its growing

international markets. To supply foods and other things for NATO and allied forces in

Afghanistan through Wakhan corridor, the region of Gilgit-Baltistan would have play important

role . In this book the researchers have been brought some fact about the occupation and the

feeling of deprivation of the people. They have pointed out that due to the conservative approach

of political mainstream in Pakistan‘s politics this region has kept away from its basic right.

People are suffering from the unequal treatment of regarding their basic rights. (Gupta, Alok,

2007).

In his autobiography, the former president of Pakistan, General Pervaz Musharraf (2006),

describes about the Kargil conflict that Indian forces have made an offensive plane and creeping

8

forward across the LOC. The Kargil conflict broke out in May 1999. Here, the writer also

provides information about the Mujahedeen that how the Pakistani Army used them and

occupied the Indian controlled 500m2 areas. The writer considered Kargil operations as a

landmark in the history of Pakistan, although the implications of this conflict were not proved

fruitful for Pakistan. Here, the man criticized the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif for his

unconditional cease fire and withdrawal of Pakistani troops. According to the writer India‘s

planed offensive was pre-empted. By examining story, the researcher will be able to know the

importance of Siachen region for India as well as for Pakistan.

In this edited book, the writers discussed many theories, models, tactics and principles of

conflict management and resolution and their applicability for Pakistan and India and other

countries of South Asia. The writers consider that in developed world research and studies on

conflict resolution, conflict prevention and conflict management served the interests of those

states in bringing peace and prosperity. Along with that they criticized the developing world like

South Asia where research on conflict and conflict resolution is little. The main purpose of this

book is to provide theoretical studies are the typical approach of conflict resolution and conflict

managements and alternative approaches for conflict resolution in South Asian. The writers also

provide the ways to settle water disputes in South Asia and the role of cyber space in conflict

resolution. (Ahmar, 2005).

How intensity conflict in India, an analysis in this book, the writer beautifully outline the reason

of Siachen conflict, traced the historical background of Siachen region. He tried to find out the

demographic, religious social ethnical and the structure of politico-economic of the region which

led to the conflict. The writer considered this conflict as a low intensity conflict the traced this

disputed area before the portion of sub- continent where Radcliff boundary commission did not

9

demarcated Siachen, the writer tried to delineate the potential threat to India form Pakistan

because of those threats India on 17 April, 1984 successfully accomplished occupation of Sia La.

The writer also showered ample light on the resolution process of this dispute. But he considered

both states responsible for not resolving the conflict. (Chadha, 2005)

Another importance research conducted by Ashok Swain (2009) Profession of Peace and

Conflict Resolution at Uppsale University, with the title of the ―Indus II and Siachen Peace Park:

Pushing the India Pakistan Peace Process Forward.‖ The researcher divided the article into two

parts; in first section he discussed the important of Indus River for Pakistan and the northern-

western part of India because it is the largest source of water. It starts from Tibet ―Lake

Manasarovar‖ and then enters Himalayas region in Indian Territory before arriving in Pakistan.

Indus River is the back born for the economy of Pakistan passes through Siachen region. Siachen

Glacier contributes a huge of water in Indus River. In second part of his research article he

presented the significant of Siachen for the economic development of both countries. In his point

of view though peace process the battle ground may convert into Peace Park.

The people of Karakorum region are facing the misery of identification. The people of Gilgit-

Baltistan the most important areas of Himalaya and Karakorum region, did not acquired as

independent status despite their self-made freedom sixty year ago. Their destiny always

connected with Kashmir issue. Qasim Naseem a local scholar and researcher brought out the

facts of Kashmir issue and Gilgit-Baltistan. These regions have strategically very important for

Pakistan, as well as for India and China. The Kargil and Siachen wars fought in this region. The

researcher brought out the facts and figures into light about the affiliation of this region with

Pakistan. In this book he tried to find out the history, geography, freedom movement of Gilgit

Baltistan, and its affiliation with Pakistan, Kashmir Issue and its relation with Gilgit-Baltistan.

10

Albeit this book is not related to Siachen Issue directly but a researcher can acquainted with the

significant of the Karakorum region where the flash point boundaries are situated. (Naseem,

2007).

An important contribution towards the issue of Siachen Glacier is conducted by Robert G.

Wrising (1994). In this book the researcher tried to present the Kashmir Issue. Siachen as the

writer point of view is the part of unresolved Kashmir dispute. According to the writer Kashmir

issue is the flash point of conflict between two nuclear states. Siachen is also part of conflict

which was occurred during 1980s, is also the continuity of Kashmir dispute. Keeping in view,

the problem of settlement the Kashmir issue between Pakistan and India, the researcher tried to

his best to highlight the important of the region for Pakistan, India and China. He also finds out

the facts about the demarcation on Siachen region, he claimed that the inner boundary of the area

is unquestionably incomplete. Its northern most sectors as wait delimitation.

Paul, W.,S., Asif, B. &Sami, S. (2006). ―Kashmir: new voices, new approaches‖ Published by

Lynne Rienner. This book provides information about violence in Kashmir and the role of

Indian military to destabilize Kashmir. This edited book also provides different resolutions and

proposals for solution of Kashmir dispute. Indian military forces killed thousands of innocent

people of Kashmir. Terrorists came in Kashmir and went back after attacks. Indian Para-military

forces started torture the civilians of Kashmir. The people of Kashmir are fighting last many year

for the liberation and self-determination. According to author the best solution of Kashmir

dispute is free and fair elections for the right of autonomy.

An inspirational work has been done by Izhar Hunzai (2013) about the sectarian violence in

Gilgit-Baltistan. In this report the researcher discusses the sectarian conflict in this region, its

11

historical background, internal and external factors in a detail account. According to the

researcher the tensions between Shia and Sunni escalated during 1980s especially after the

construction of Karakorum Highway, when external forces linked the local people. The first

serious sectarian conflict in Gilgit broke out in 1983. In 1988, nearly four hundred Shias killed

and several Shia villages burnt. In 2012 the same situation happened once again especially

killings the targeted Shia travelers on the Karakoram highway and other places. The author

points out that a peaceful Gilgit-Baltistan is essential for regional stability and development. He

believes that this issue may be reduced through a good governance and redressing the grievances

among societies.

An important book written by Priyanka Singh (2013) with the titled ―Gilgit-Baltistan: Between

Hope and Despair. In this book the research discusses in a precise way about the historical

background of Gilgit-Baltistan, its political dimensions, socio-ethnic and economic parameters,

international and geopolitical dimensions and the relations between Gilgit-Baltistan with China.

The author is seemed highly concerned and worried about the Chine‘s extensive involvement in

Gilgit-Baltistan. The researcher highlights the factors and prominent strategic features like

geographical location, Karakoram highway, Wakhan Corridor, the dry Sost Port which is

contributed and enhanced the regional significance. The book discusses the several key

fundamental issues and its link with the foreign intervention. The writer focused the main

question that despite the strategic pivotal of the region of former Dogra state of Kashmir, why

did the whole region of Gilgit-Baltistan ignore in the past while making foreign policy process.

In the research paper ―Geopolitical Significance of Gilgit Baltistan of J& K State‖ the researcher

has highly concerned with the geographical location of Gilgit-Baltistan. The region was as a part

of Jammu Kashmir before 1947, covered by India, Pakistan, Tibet, China and Afghanistan. The

12

researchers presume that this region has potential to effect peace and security in South Asia.

Gilgit-Baltistan importance for India due to it‘s formally status as a part of Princely State Jammu

Kashmir. Important for Pakistan due to its multi-dimensional border linked with China,

Afghanistan, India, Tibet and nearest access CARs. It is also important for Pakistan ‗water

security. The region has great significance for China on reflects of her easy access to the world

markets. (Saini &Showkat, 2013).

This book is a comprehensive explanation of the state of environment and development of Gilgit-

Baltistan. The book has been divided twenty chapters. In this report the researchers also focus on

the political status and their unrepresentative into main state administrative stream, whereas the

continuing conflict and stress over the Kashmir‘s future with India creates threat to the security

of the region. Gilgit-Baltistan previously known as the ―Northern Areas (NA)‖ has a exclusive

and substantial role in the development of economic aspect of Pakistan because it has

geographical as well as economic opportunities which are considered as the assets of Pakistan.

Meanwhile the geographical area of Gilgit-Baltistan comparatively small but various elements

increase its geopolitical position in whole region. It offers Pakistan the largest source of water for

agriculture and hydroelectricity generation. The region has also possessed the state most

essential natural forests, large number of mineral reserves, an affluence of biodiversity, famous

archeological heritage and a unique rich culture This research report will be very helpful to

understand the nature of the constraint of the regional development and the main failure to gain

the basic rights from their independence. (Perkin, 2003).

In his book ―Expansion of the Karakoram Corridor: Implication and Prospects‖ Sering (2012)

explains the Chinese transport projects in Gilgit-Baltistan and its socio-political and security

impact on this region. The author highlights that the expanding of Karakoram Highway and it

13

benefits for region. He has view that it would serve on Pakistan and Chinese geostrategic and

political interest instead for the bone to local people. The book is based on the Sino-Pakistan

Strategic Alliance, strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan, China as the postmodern colonial

power, the KKH construction, expansion and consequences. The researcher has skeptical view

about the Chinese role in the region. He says that the aim of Chinese presence in Gilgit-Baltistan

is long term planning and the developmental project of infrastructure by Chinese are to sustain

their interest in GB. The economic, geostrategic and political interest of China in Gilgit-Baltistan

are immense that compelling China to build the Karakoram highway.

A very important contribution is made by Anwar Hussain Syed (1974). His research is based on

the Pakistan China friendly relationship. The author explains about the nature of relations and its

impact on both countries. In the introduction he states that China‘s relations with Pakistan have

generated stresses and strains in the latter‘s relations with the superpowers. The American

decision to terminate military assistance to Pakistan in 1965, and the Soviet decision to assist

India in dismembering her in 1971, cannot be fully understood without reference to these powers

‗ anxiety over China‘s growing influence in Pakistan. The book is very helpful to understanding

the initial steps have been taken by both governments since 1950-60s.The relations reached its

peak during 1960s when both countries engaged wars with India. The issue of border

demarcation between Pakistan and China was solved and singed on March 2, 1963.

The book ‗China World Politics: policies, process, process‘ written by Judith and john (2007),

provide useful material about the China‘s futuristic approach. The book explains the new

ideologies, Chines world order and relations with its neighbors, the issues, development,

perceptions, and security. In the chapter six‘ China and its Asian Neighbors the authors highlight

14

the importance of relations between Pakistan and China. Beijing has a long-term concern in

seeing that Pakistan remains a feasible counterforce to Indian command of the subcontinent and

the surrounding regions. Sino-India relations always remained hostile due to border issue. But

with the passage time both states are establishing a strong bilateral relationships promoting trade,

business, and cultural exchange programs.

The book ―China‘s Power Projection‖ presents a detail analysis about China‘s economic,

political and military modernization, grand strategy, her rising power status and its possible

implications for India‘s security. The author is in doubt about the attitude and behavior of

economically strong and militarily powerful China. Modernizing the military and searching

modern technology, building economic strength china is determined to build its power projection

capabilities. The researcher also discusses that China always preferred to Pakistan because it‘s

geo-satirical importance for her and used as Cat‘s Paw in constraining India. The author points

out the strategy of China regarding India that China would continue its policy of constraining

India while at the same time improving trade and other relations to keep India from growing too

distant. (Phadke, 2005).

Martin Jacques (2012) contributed a profound understating about the Chinese ascendency and its

impacts on world economic as well as on cultural aspects. This gentle giant (China) is threat for

western civilization. The sub-heading of this book ―The end of the Western World and the birth

of a New Global order‖ itself contains a powerful message that the power has been shifted from

west to East. Now it is turn for Eastern power to projects its own world order. To reshaping it

power projection China needs new markets, routes, etc., for this purpose Pakistan can play a key

role while offering easiest routes and sea ports.

15

The researcher in this article discusses about the construction of ―Karakoram Highway (KKH)‖

and its impacts on the region especially the Hunza valley formally known as Hunza State. The

KKH has brought a socio-economic and political transformation in the region. The KKH play a

vital role to improve the connection between Gilgit to other part of the county and the town had

become a center for trade and administrative base for the region. Karakoram Highway one the

one hand brought some positive innovations in this region but on the same way it had trespassed

and smashed the socio-cultural harmony of these societies. The author points out that with

infrastructural supports of the Karakoram Highway, the whole region connected to the rest of the

country which brought upheaval in the local economy but it also increased the dependency to

center and it contributed in amalgamating the whole region of Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan.

(Kreutzmann,1991).

Twelve researchers and scholars are discussed their papers in March 10 at Colombo Workshop in

2010 arranged by the Conciliation Resources, a UK based non-government organization. The

aim was of this discussion to analyses policy and strategic frameworks to promote trade and

communication, and to point out the potential implications and barrier between the divided

zones. It is argued that trade can contribute towards peace in the region through three reinforcing

mechanisms: interdependence making an incentive for peace, paving the pathway for

normalization of the condition and providing a chance for greater collaboration among the

general population. M. Ismail Khan discusses in his paper ―Unlocking the cross-border trade

potential of Gilgit-Baltistan for peace and development‖ that Gilgit-Baltistan as known ‗Axis of

Asia‘ has all the potential to become a modern-day ‗Axis of Trade Corridors‘ linking economic

blocs of South, Central and West Asia, hence steering in a new period of regional collaboration,

16

exchanges, harmony and development in the region of South Asia. (Conciliation resources, 2010,

December).

The competition and struggling to control over the strategic region of the Central Asian‘s

landmass, Russia and British confronted in this region. This competition of interest conflict is

called Great Game which was being played between these two imperial power in 19th

century.

The expansion of Russian Cesar created threat to the security and interest of British India

because Russian empire was spreading it jurisdiction in the Himalayan and HinduKush region.

Gilgit-Baltistan the northern most area of Kashmir got importance for British due to its strategic

location. It borders China, Afghanistan, Taskhand and this location gave British strategically

advantages to curtail the Russian‘s expansion and they got Gilgit from Maharaja to ensure to

preserve the interests of British Empire. The result of this event created the Gilgit-Game. (Keay,

1979).

It was a strange game, played during nineteen century, to control over Central Asian Republics

and Middle East, between the old rivalry world player Russia and Great Britain. This war fought

on different level, sometimes through blocking routes or confronting armed forces on the

frontiers. The great game changed the geopolitics of the region. Gilgit-Baltistan also was part of

this game, served the Briton to blocking Russia on the pitch of Great Mountains. This book is

consists of full story about the technique, conspiracies, and exploration about the war which had

countless impacts on human history. To understanding the present and futures postulation about

the geo strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan this book is very helpful. (Bondarevsky, 2002)

The Book ―The Last Colony: Muzaffarabad-Gilgit-Baltistan‖ focusing on Pakistan‘s occupied

Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, points out three major developments which imprinted on the

regional security and prosperity. The devastating earthquake of October 2005, the post 9/11

17

Jihadi activities, and the sectarian violence in Gilgit-Baltistan, happened in the recent years, are

the three parameters which for disastrous propositions for future of the region. The researchers

have discussed about the Jihadi elements in POK, sectarian violence in Northern Areas, Diamer-

Basa Dams, Chinese Strategic interest in the region, political, economic, and social and human

rights issues. (Stobdan, &Chandran, 2008)

A detail political, social and cultural history of Gilgit-Baltistan has been discussed by Dr. Ahmed

Hassan Dani (2001) in his book. The writer tries to bring all aspect of the historical accounts of

the region while making countless determinations to rediscover the extinct history of Gilgit-

Baltistan. The writer highlights the impoverishment of the commodities to preserve the history of

this region faced by local people. Most of the historical events are based on narrations of the

local elders, is the main hindrance for the researcher.

Prof. Omer Farooq Zain(2010) analysis about the socio- political study of Gilgit-Baltistan. He

points out that occupying an extraordinary varied and attractive landscape; the region has

become very important for regional powers. The researcher highlights that Gilgit-Baltistan is the

home of the great mountain ranges and peaks. The Karakoram, the HinduKush, the Himalayas

and the Pamir ranges are guards of these regions because these great mountain ranges meet here

and protect the whole region from invaders. According to geologists, the region is the meeting

point of ―continents in collision‖ because the Indian tectonic plate amalgamates here with

Eurasian, resulting behind huge ―fault‖ in the region. The giant Indus river which is considered

the backbone in the economic development of Pakistan, passes along the beautiful vales of

Gilgit-Baltistan. In 2009, the name of this region change from Northern Areas of Pakistan to

Gilgit-Baltistan and the new administrative setups enhanced the important of region. Due to its

18

location and physical attachment of three great states, Gilgit-Baltistan is presenting an immense

attractive spot for investor in near future.

Justification and Likely Benefits

Gilgit-Baltistan is one of the most important regions in South Asia. Due to its immense strategic

location, it is considered economical as well as strategic hub for regional powers. This area is

covered by India, China - the emerging superpower of Asia –Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central

Asian States. China and India both have enormous interests in Gilgit-Baltistan. If their interests

remain hostile then it is possible that Gilgit-Baltistan will become a new buffer zone for these

states. The equivocal political and constitutional status is also aiding this premise. United State

of America is another key international actor, taking interest in this region while helping locals

through USAIDs programs. China and Pakistan are busy to promote trade, business, and

infrastructures, construction of dams, roads and Mega Projects. The dubiousness of political and

constitutional rights is one hand, GB presenting as a Global and regional conflict zone on the

other hand, in this situation what would be the impacts on this region especially on it politico-

socio-economic, and security aspects. This study also evaluates the assumption that the

ambiguous political and constitutional statuses, regional and global powers interests in this

region are the main determinant of reinforcement of sectarian issue in Gilgit-Baltistan.

The study is significance for the researchers, academics, and the students of political science, IR

and Defense and strategic studies because this research provides them in depth knowledge of

Gilgit-Baltistan and its political, economic and security importance for Pakistan, India and China

while on the other hand it also provide recommendation which can be help for the regional

policy makers.

19

Research Questions

1. After accession with Pakistan in 1947, this region could not meet its political and

constitutional rights yet. Why the policy makers of Pakistan remained it as a disputed

region? And how it would be clashed for its national interest in future?

2. When the Political and Constitutional statues of Gilgit-Baltistan so ambiguous, then why

these regional power do not let it to decide its own fate?

3. What are impacts and consequences of the tri-angular interests on this region especially

on its politico-socio-economic and security context?

4. Geographical location of once area determine strengthen and significance of that region.

So, on this way what are the geographical and physical features of Gilgit-Baltistan and

how much it increases the strategic importance of GB?

5. What are the China, Pakistan and Indian‘s interest in Gilgit-Baltistan?

Research Objectives

The foremost objective of this study is to find out the geo-strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan

in the framework of the tri-angular -Pakistan, India and China- national interest and it‘s politico-

socio-economic and security impacts on region. The following objectives also will be focused in

this study.

1. To provide a detail geographical account of Gilgit-Baltistan because geography has great

impact on politics and national interest.

2. To find out the constitutional status of Gilgit-Baltistan and its relationship with the

longstanding Kashmir issue.

3. To highlight political and constitutional development in the region.

20

4. To describe the geopolitics and geo-strategic implication for Gilgit-Baltistan.

5. To analyze the clash of national interest of China, India and Pakistan, in the region of

Gilgit-Baltistan and their perspectives about the region.

Plan of Work

The proposed study has been divided into five sections. It started with the introduction following

the literature review of existing materials on this region, research questions, research objectives,

significance and likely benefits, research methodology, research plan and place of work and

facilities available.

In ―Chapter One‖ the theoretical framework of the dissertation is presented. The concepts of

geopolitics and geo strategy, its inception and consequences in world politics and its relationship

with national interest, foreign policies, and security with are discussed in detail. Geography has

great impact on politics and different factors like location, size, demography, natural resources,

transport and communication means raise the significance of one‘s state. Keeping in mind these

perceptions, this chapter will create a correlation between the theoretical assumptions with

Gilgit-Baltistan.

Chapter number two has presented a detail explanation of geographical account of Gilgit-

Baltistan. The location, land, mountain and ranges, passes, rivers and lacks , natural resources,

minerals, administrative division , district, population, socio- economic trends, cultural diversity

will be focused in this capture. These factors are the key to understand the region significance

and its power. In chapter three ‗Gilgit-Baltistan: Political and Constitutional Status‖ has dealt the

political and constitutional status and its development from the early self-autonomous states to

current situation. It has focused the constitutional as well as political status of the region and the

21

political development of Gilgit-Baltistan. It has also given a brief not on the ancient political

development and the foreign invaders and rule in detail. Chapter four has discussed the national

interest of Pakistan, India, and China in Gilgit-Baltistan. As a corridor for China‘s economic

development, Gilgit-Baltistan provides the nearest routes and access to international market.

India on the other hand claim for ownership of this region while this region is very important for

Pakistan‘ economic and water security. All these assumption and facts have discussed in this

capture with a detail. Last chapter ―conclusions and policy recommendations‖ is consisted of

three parts, summary, finding, and suggestion. It has explained the geo-strategic significance and

its impact on region. Keeping in mind to the settled research question of this thesis, the chapter

evaluated the answers. In the last of this chapter, suggestion and recommendations have been

given that how it is possible to avoid conflict of interest and reduce the security threat of the

region, how the geographical and strategic advantages use for development and progress of this

region.

Research Methodology

Research methodology is most important part of the dissertation writing process because it gives

a complete guidance and direction to determine a research within precise stratagem. There are

two approaches of research methodology; the qualitative method of research and quantitative

approach. The present proposed study was established on both approaches. To analysis the

research material and data, and evaluate the survey report both approaches have been used. A

questionnaire based survey was conducted with twenty closed ended questions from the people

of Gilgit-Baltistan. The random sample method was used to select the respondents from general

and professional. Nevertheless most respondents of general were educated youth belonging from

whole region of Gilgit-Baltistan. Furthermore the primary and secondary sources have used for

22

data collection and explain the present study. Primary sources included to visit the area under

impact, and collection of information through questionnaires as well as discussions with

government officials, diplomats, business owners, researchers, religious scholars, political and

nationalist leaders, and the exploring the government documentations while secondary sources

were including the existing material in the shape of books, journals, Magazines, local and

national newspapers and Internet. All these sources remained very supportive while construing

data to achieve a rational and a complete conclusion based on the proposed research questions.

Place of Work and Available Facilities

To conduct this research different places are used. The Political Science Department‘s library

with its friendly environment and facilities provided a key place for this research. Most of the

time, this seminar library was used to conduct this research. Other places of work were the Main

Library University of the Punjab which is the one of the largest libraries of Pakistan, Pakistan

Study Center Library, the library of Centre for South Asian Studies, Quaid-a-Azam Library

Lahore near Jinnah Garden, and Main Library Azad Kashmir University Muzaffar Abad,

Municipal Library Gilgit and Skardu, Main Library of Karakoram University Gilgit.

23

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27

Chapter No.1

Geo-Strategic: A Theoretical Perspective

28

1. Introduction

The famous American professor ―Nicholas J. Spykman‖ in his book “America‟s Strategy in

World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power.” writes;

―Geography is the most fundamental factor in the foreign policy of states because

it is the most permanent. Ministers come and go, even dictators die, but mountain

ranges stand unperturbed….the nature of the territorial base has influence in the

past and will continue to do so in the future.‖ (Spykman, 1942, p. 41)

Geographical position, location and it size are the first and foremost entities come into

considerations and targets of the diplomats and policy makers whereas examining the strength or

the weakness of a state, which reveals its significance in the course of foreign policy

formulation. The size and position of the land, convenience and eccentric of the boundaries,

temperature and residents, natural assets, capability of manufacturing and transportation services

are certain main concerns and dynamic features while determining an area globally for any state.

Great nations attain much of their influences because terrestrial place afford them a central

strategic point, entrance to sea paths or worldwide conveyance courses and control over vigorous

natural capitals. It is obvious fact of geography that numerous nations of the world are receiving

a large of benefits and privileges by their size, location, natural resources, climate, and by other

geographical aspects. (Alam, 2015) Political Geography emerged as an important discipline in

late nineteen century and Germany is considered as the cradle of its formation. Political

Geography deals with the political territorial parts, frontiers and governmental sectors. (Jones &

Woods, 2004) Geopolitics and Geostrategic are intertwined with geography. To understand the

significance of any area, it is essential to know about its geopolitical and geostrategic position

and its dynamic factors. This chapter is focused on this aspect of theoretical outline of

geographical position.

29

1.1 What is Geography?

Geography is the most important determining factor of one‘s state foreign policy, shaping her

attitude in the direction of other countries. Geography is the combination of two words ‗Geo‘ and

‗graphy‘. Geo originates from the Greek word ‗Ge‘ means ‗Earth‘ and ‗graphy‘ is derived from

‗graphein‘ means ‗to write or describe‘. Hence geography means to describe about the Earth, its

topographies such as the mountains, terrestrial, rivers, plants, soil, weather, climate, population,

and man-mad artificial features such as towns and cities, farmlands, settlements, economic

activities. Human being is considered as geographer by birth because geography is the first and

foremost element which has a huge impact on human activities. Geography can be divided into

two broad branches; Physical geography and human geography and environmental geography we

examine how human activities effect on nature such as climate changes, global worming etc.

(Liew,2011) Today the scope of geography has increased due to the globalization and the

advancement in science and technology. The definition of geography and its implication are

always strife among scholars and geographers. National Geographic Society describes a detail

definition about geography on its website. It says

―Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and

their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth‘s

surface and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how

human culture interacts with the natural environment and the way those locations

and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where

things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.‖

(Source: ―http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ geography/‖)

30

Another distinguished intellectual society and professional group for geography ―Royal

Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)‖ founded in 1830 in UK draw a

detail sketch of geography and its implication. It explores geography that;

―Geography is the study of Earth‘s landscapes, peoples, places and environments.

It is, quite simply, about the world in which we live. Geography is unique in

bridging the social sciences (human geography) with the natural sciences

(physical geography). Human geography concerns the understanding of the

dynamics of cultures, societies and economies, and physical geography concerns

the understanding of the dynamics of physical landscapes and the environment.

Geography is, in the broadest sense, an education for life and for

living.‖http://www.rgs.org/GeographyToday/What+is+geography.htm

1.2 What is Geopolitics?

―Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on

international politics and international relations.‖ (Devetak, 2011)

Since the term ―geopolitics” was invented in 1899, it has used in different implication. The two

parts of it ‗geo‘ and politics‘ are the centric points to all explanation. They all evolve around its

two parts, ―geo‖ and ―politics.‖ An in-depth understanding is required to make a distinction

between them. First, ‗geo‘ can indicate different geographic features like space, territory or soil.

More precisely, this element of geopolitics explores the geographic conditions, such as the

natural resources and its presence in a confined region. Whether geography should be measured

a stagnant or a dynamic aspect has also been matter to consideration. In addition, the word

―politics‖ usually associates to power and authority, such as international relations, foreign

31

policy, and military approach. Here the conversation has been driven by dissimilar assessments

on the comparative significance of states vis-à-vis non state players. It is common thought that

geography and political practices reciprocally impact one other. (Efferink, 2015)

Traditional model of geopolitics focus not only the position of key states and regions but it also

evaluates the space in the framework of geographical conditionings. Land or sea position and

the volume of terrain were the elements which definite the supremacy and influence of a state

nature. Taking into contemplation the fact that the state does not function in a space but

somewhat in an explicit global arrangement, later cohort of geopolitical theories instigated to

take into account those fluctuations taking place in the international environment. Development

in the approach in the direction of space took place as an outcome. Today, not only geographical

circumstances choose geo-strategic implication, but also economic, political and cultural and

civilization ones. (Smolen, 2012)

.

―Geopolitics is the analysis of the interaction between, on the one hand,

geographical settings and perspectives and, on the other, political processes. The

settings are composed of geographical features and patterns and the multilayered

regions that they form. The political processes include forces that operate at the

international level and those on the domestic scene that influence international

behavior. Both geographical settings and political processes are dynamic, each

influences and is influenced by the other. Geopolitics addresses the consequences

of this interaction.‖ (Cohen 2003, p.12)

32

“Geopolitics” has a rich history but the observers and statements of world politics only used it as

to explain or analyze explicit foreign policy matters and problems which confined its broader

implication of theories and the recognized body of thought, and the works of renowned scholars

and theorist. Geopolitical theorist and scholar such as H. Mackinder, A.T. Mahan, Nicholas

Spykman and James Burnham gave utmost devotion in the evaluation of geopolitics. These

geopoliticians beautifully described and joined the previous events with extraordinary predations

of future developments. For instance, in early 1929s and then 1943, Mackinder anticipated about

the development of a North Atlantic Alliance and within the short of period it was established in

1949. Likewise Burnham projected an approach in the late 1940s and early 1950s to destabilize

USSR supremacy in Europe especially its Central and Eastern parts that indicated the operational

strategies of the ―Reagan government‖ in the 1980s.

At the culmination of the cold war period a ‗new world order‘ was predicted and that was

‗economics‘ or in the word of Edward Luttwak, ‗geo-economics‘ would substitute ‗geopolitics‘

as the dynamic force in global politics. But latter events proved that the imperative of geography

was still prevailing, that all states had desire for power and territory, military supremacy and

hegemonic nature still a trump card, and that divergent to the assumption of Fukuyama ―the end

of history‖. The cold war ending had not meant to end of the history but it was a pause among

hegemonic and coalition powers to grabbed the global domination. In the history of the world,

there are numerous pattern of this tit-for-tat for clout struggle among states and kingdoms. But at

every stage of this struggling was opposed by an alliance of states with a firm position to

reinstate or maintain the equilibrium of power. It is believed that the twenty-first century will

not be different to previous one. China is emerging as leading power in the world and ready to

play its roles and that is considered a possible menace to the supremacy of United States. Arab

33

spring and its outcome, a relation of distress between American and Russia, Brexit and threat to

European, once again the global concentration has shifted to Central Asia, East Asia, Southwest

Asia and the Pacific Rim. Due to several reasons, as well as the disintegration of the Soviet

Union, huge oil supplies and natural gas in the Caspian Sea area, the nuclear feature to the India-

Pakistan conflict and the rise of China, this vast region has yet again become what Alfred Thayer

Mahan entitled the ―debatable and debated ground.‖ (Sempa, 2002) The geostrategic and

economic interests of China, Japan, Russia, Turkey, Iran, India, Pakistan, the Koreas and the

United States are in a collide situation in this region to gain or control one or more area of this

region. In the history of the world wars and conflicts among world powers whether global or

regional, were fought on land, at sea and in the air. But in 21st century the dimension and have

been changed. Now the struggle for powers has involved the territories, land, sea but also

includes the outer space of universe. The influences of science and technology will make to

compel the statesmen, geostratists, geopoliticians, theorists, scholars to increase their geopolitical

understanding.

1.3 Relation between Geopolitics and Geography

The relations between geography and politics had increased during 19th

century. Geographical

position of a state has pronounced impression on its socio-political aspect. To protect the

national interest of a state, geography provides a set courses and that increase the relationships

between politics and geography. Geopolitics is a subfield of political geography concern with

state‘s relations with geographical dimension. (Jones & Woods, 2004) The relations between

geography and geopolitics are concomitance. As the famous writer of ―Geopolitics: From the

Cold War to 21st Century‖ Francis Sempa (2002) beautifully describes this coexistence;

34

―Knowledge of geography is essential to geopolitical analysis. Geopolitics is

about the interaction among states and empires in a particular geographical

setting. Throughout history, geography has been the stage on which nations and

empires have collided. Geography is the most fundamental factor in international

politics because it is the most permanent. The geography of a state—its position

in a geographical region and in the world as a whole—presents opportunities to,

and imposes limitations on, the state. For that reason, geography also conditions

the perspectives of a state‘s leaders or rulers and, thereby, affects their decision-

making in matters of foreign policy. Throughout history, geography has

influenced the geopolitical orientation of countries in the direction of either land

power or sea power.‖

The size of a state is an important factor which determines the state role in the global politics.

Throughout the cold war the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America were two

important geopolitical actors and both had a great size of area. But it is fact that only size alone is

not having much strength and sufficient to assurance the significance of geopolitical because

many larger counties by area like Australia, Brazil or Argentina have played less role compare to

the smaller countries such as Japan and England, which built world empires as well as played

substantial role in international politics. The belief of international relations is that a considerable

geographical position of a state is huge significant than the size. According to the history of

global politics, Northern Hemisphere had a profound impact on international politics. The major

activities of the global politics had been happened in this region. Most of the time in the history

of world politics, the arena of geopolitics revolved around the counties situated in Eurasia and its

neighbors. Population, technology, military power, economics, and government‘ character are

35

another important elements which have demonstrated the capability of a state‘s role in

international relations. However, these factors are dynamic in natures and change with the

passage of time. Meanwhile, geography is constant by nature but its influence can transform. At

its utmost central level, the global politics is encircled on the struggle for space and supremacy.

The history of the world politics is full of events, actions, stories of kingdoms, empires and their

desires to enlarge their boundaries and influences over other nations. (Sempa, 2002)

1.4 What is Geostrategy?

Sometime students or scholars of international relations mingle with the geopolitics and

Geostrategy. Even both have a distinct position. Geostrategy is a sub branch of geopolitics and

geography has imperative while explaining the implication of both of these terms. According to

Gray and Sloan (1999), ―geography is the mother of strategy." Geostrategy is expected to

describe foreign policy of a state based on geographic dynamics. Academics, statesmen, theorist

and scholars of geostrategic are unable to present a standard definition of Geostrategy.

Nevertheless, most all explanation, put emphasis on the combination of strategic contemplations

with geopolitical elements. Federick L. Schuman was the first scholar of geopolitician, use the

term ‗ geo-strategy‘ in his article in 1942 ― Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics.‖ Some modern

definitions of Geostrategy are;

"[T]he words geopolitical, strategic, and geostrategic are used to convey the following

meanings: geopolitical reflects the combination of geographic and political factors

determining the condition of a state or region, and emphasizing the impact of geography

on politics; strategic refers to the comprehensive and planned application of measures

to achieve a central goal or to vital assets of military significance;

and geostrategic merges strategic consideration with geopolitical ones." (Brzezinski,

1986)

36

Krishnendra Meena the renewed geopolitical thinker and practitioner most precise explains the

geostrategy,

―Geostrategy - Geostrategy is the geographic direction of a state‘s foreign policy.

More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by

projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity. The underlying

assumption is that states have limited resources and are unable, even if they are

willing, to conduct an all-out foreign policy. Instead they must focus politically and

militarily on specific areas of the world. Geostrategy describes the foreign-policy

thrust of a state and does not deal with motivations or decision-making processes.

The geostrategy of a state, therefore, is not necessarily motivated by geographic or

geopolitical factors. A state may project power to a location because of ideological

reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader.‖

The Merriam-Webster (online) defines the ‗Geostrategy‘ as

―1. A branch of geopolitics that deals with strategy. 2, the combination of geopolitical and

strategic factors characterizing a particular geographic region. 3, the use by a government of

strategy based on geopolitics.‖

1.5 Geostrategic Location

A geographical location plays a critical role to determined strategy. The strategic

location confines entry into a greater imperative geographical sphere. Typically, mountain passes

and fortifications on the top of hills and mountains become strategic location providing

distinctive benefit to a protector contrary to a subjugator. It's a place that has benefits. In historic

terms, the "strategic importance of a place" denotes to the key impression location has played in

deciding.

37

1.6 Strategic importance

Strategic importance of place has manifold explanation. Frequently the term is used for military

and economic connotation of a place and its vital position for the country. These places got

conspicuous position during wars. There are numerous elements which enhance the strategic

important of a place and in which geographical location of a region is vital because the position

of a places near major communication and transportation lines have much noteworthy. The

implication of this theory has been changed because in the past time the location near rivers or

coasts were pivotal but today location near highway, railway or air routes have great values.

Other elements such as human resources, large population, manufacturing centers, natural

resource and wealth, mountains, water resource, forest etc have also excessive role to increase

the strategic importance of a place. A place can also be strategically vital due to its historic as

well as it cultural significance. Thus, strategic importance simply brings up to certain

characteristics that make a place substantial. (kirschner, 2015). Geo-strategic significance means

the importance of a nation/state with virtue to its geographical location.

1.7 What is geo-strategic?

Since the idea of large scale troops movement grow into part of combat, 'strategy' became

devoted from the conduct of warfare. Strategy since then has been a continuous topic of study by

the commanders who would command armies in fight. As the battle grounds became bigger and

bigger concerning continents, more and more geography came into play in theorizing the

forthcoming wars. It was in the Napoleonic period that geo-strategy became the field of the

chiefs as well of the sovereign. The two exclusive wars in the history of modern human being

granted the concept an improvement, with additional stress laid on it by the geographers turned

geo-strategists. Geo-strategy is not total but some of the elements or factors could be absolute

38

and the assessment could variation with moving characters of variables. Geo-strategy is

translucent yet discerning. Hence, one desires to apprehend the predominant geo-strategic

veracity in the global framework in overall and local context in precise. It must be strong in

understanding as to how the international reality affects the region.

1.8 Elements of Geo-Strategy

The strategic position of a state is independent on certain variable and non-variable aspects. One

requires distinguishing and understanding the ways how these elements incline to effect a

country's geo-strategic strength or its weakness. The most significant in influential the strength

or vulnerability elements are;

Geographic location of state and region (the most vital factor),

Population

Resources

Military History

Military prowess

1.9 Geo-Strategists

In the end of 19th century and Second World War period is called as the ―golden era‖ of

traditional geopolitics; both in the relations of concept and practical perspectives. In 19th

century

the geographical development had reached its peak. During this period geography was leading

discipline in social science which had great impact on political system of the world. It escalated

the enmity of the great powers especially among Britain, Germany Russian and United Sate of

America. To preserve their interest secret alliances were made and the geopolitical theorist

produced theories or techniques to improve or secure the national interests. These geopolitical

39

thinkers were the statesmen, researchers, scholars and academics and the philosophies, ideas and

concepts had been presented by these geostratists were used by the states policymakers with a

great extent at their home states. Their models hence played an imperative part in the

associations among the superpowers of the era.

While the word ‗geopolitics‘ was used by Rudolf Kjellen in 1899, to express the geographical

implication on states affairs because the relations between geographical entities and human

actions are as old as the history of human polities. With the passage of time, the relations among

these polities had been changed constantly. These interactions brought a structural change in the

global as well as regional political patterns. These continuous intermingling among polities

contributed a great extent in the development and evaluation of geopolitical models. In the late

nineteen century the geopolitics theory gained much famous throughout the world and

established institutions, organization, research centers. These institutions played a vital role in

the evaluation of geopolitics but it also tried to legitimize concept of the imperialism. During this

era the great powers of the world started to stretch their territories while seizing the natural

resource of small states. Geography was raised as a science and scientific methods and

techniques were used by the geographer to explain the geographical phenomena. Different

renowned researchers, scholars, intellectuals such as Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellen, Alfred

Mahan, Halford Mackinder, Nicholas Spykman, Karl Haushofer, and George Kennan were

contributed in the development of geopolitics through.

From the development of Geopolitics as a theory in 1899, it has enjoyed a disputed, provocative

and contentious academic history. Hence, it is the most difficult task to sketch the perspectives of

intellectual history of geopolitical thinking as renowned geographer Dodds states;

40

―Over the last hundred years, many attempts have been made to chart the complex history of

geopolitics, but few have managed to capture the historical and political complexities of the

field. Throughout the twentieth century, academic work on geopolitics has often been

conflicting, contradictory and confusing because of the variety of approaches brought to the

historical examination of this intellectual field and contemporary analyses of world politics‖.

(Dodds, 1973)

The models and ideas produced the renowned scholars of geographers had been established the

conventional or classic theory of geopolitics. Though it is not possible to describe classic

geopolitics in a compressive and intelligible style, one may deliver somewhat of a broad

framework of the field, as fathers of geopolitics constructed their models according to certain

shared possibilities and the global viewpoint.

1.9.1 Freidrich Ratzel

Freidrich Ratzel (1844-1904) the German renowned scholar is known as the father of political

geography and a natural scientist was the first man modern history of the world who dealt

systematic and scientific approach to study the space and geographical location. He projected his

theory of geopolitics on the scientific approach to advocate the expansionist and imperialist

policies that helped Germany to fulfillment its desire to expand it power. Germany is situated in

the European continent and was known great power during the end of the nineteenth century

because the economy of Germany was gigantic and had emerged economic and military power in

Europe. Under the leadership of Bismarck Germany defeated Austria and France in the war, it

had a vast territory, developed its infrastructure and industries, and brought socio-economic

reforms. Germany had new and very commanding marines and with the help of this advance

41

naval system Germany expanded its influences in Europe, Asia and Africa continent which

created a grave menace to Britain and French interests..

Ratzel laid down the foundation of his systematic theory on the doctrines of science and

evolution. He presented his geographical theory of geopolitics focusing on ―space (raum) and

Location (Lage).‖(Cohen, 2003) His writings ―Politische Geographie (1897)‖ and ―Laws on the

Spatial Growth of States (1897)‖ established the solid foundation for ‗geoplitik‘. He was the first

man who created the concept of the organic state and state was treated as a system of organic

entity. The territory of the state as treated its body while he assumed that the existence of states

and its development depend over organic laws. Ratzel thought that geography and social science

is concomitance and the relations of both are indispensable. He had view that without the

geography aim of the social sciences would become equivocal and tenuous.

For Ratzel, the root of the state is pinched in the land and therefore it nourishes according to the

nature of its environment, location and territory. On the basis of this organic theory, every state

is considered a living organism and its development and growth is depended upon the state‘s

nature. According to the theory state organism, the developed and advanced states amalgamate

and mesmerize smaller or fail states because it is law of nature. Thus, he advocated to state

expansion by purporting that the enlargement is vigorous for a state from the time when it wants

to increase its power. He believed that the value of geographical position of every state and its

capabilities to use of its natural resources are the main forces to determine the human activities.

In the nutshell, the Ratzel contribution can summarize in the following points. (Hagan, 1942 )

States are living organisms

State must get continued nourishment like the body of organism.

States are created by humans, so a state will act like one

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The Justification of his theory was for German Expansionism, as wheel because during

his period of time Germany was emerged as superpower in Europe and she wanted to

expand her territory beyond its border. So some critics think that Ratzel established his

theory to fulfill the desires of German imperialism.

1.9.2 Rudolf Kjellen

Rudolp Kjellen (1864-1922), was a well-known Swedish geostratist and expert in Political

Science and the student of Friedrich Ratzel. Kjellen had honor to be the first political scientist

who coined the term ―geopolitics‖ in his writings that put a huge impact on the history of

political geography and its relations. He was influenced by his teacher ‗Ratzel‘ state theory of

livening organism and later he played an imperative role to develop the foundation of the

German Geopoltick and also a great influence over the writing of G.K. Haushofer‘s geoplitik.

(Mattern, 1942)

Kjellen was the member of Swedish national assembly, observed geopolitics as the ―Science of

the State‖ with which the state‘s natural atmosphere delivered the agenda for a power

component‘s quest of ―inevitable laws of advancement,‖ Geopolitics was originally perceived by

Kjellen as one of five chief fields for understanding the state, the others organism labeled

―econo-demo- soci- and crato- (Power) politics‖. As the support of the five, geopolitics emanated

to calculate the others the strong organic method led Kjelllen to advocate the principle that

political procedures were spatially firm. Furthermore, since colossal states in Europe could only

be formed by war, he noticed geopolitics as first and foremost a science of war.(Cohen, 2003)

Rudolf Kjellen was the inspired by his teacher Ratzel teaching about geopolitics and later he

adopted the organic state theory in his model of the study. Kjellen was from Sweden and his

most of works were in his national language which was unfamiliar to rest part of the world

especially United States and United Kingdom. He got popularity in Germany and Japan and his

43

works translated into German and Japanese. He was pro-German geopolitical theorist. As Ratzel

was big proponent of scientific study of geopolitics. According to Kjellen, a state is a living

organism and phenomenon of Space. Living things need food, care for a healthy growth and state

also need same antidotes for it survive and development. This justification of state organism

provided opportunity to the imperialist powers especially Germany to expand theirs territories.

For a strong and powerful state, Kjellen proposed five kinds of policies and these elements were

necessary to a state to play its due roles at global political system. These elements of strategies

were ―Econopolitik, Kratopolitik, Sociopolitik Demopolitik,, and finally Geopolitik.‖ He argued

that geopolitics is not idealistic approach but it is realistic because it exists on Earth and every

state would face this geographical reality. Kjellen inspiration was mainly resilient in Germany,

where in 1916, his writing ―Staten som Livsform (The State as a Life-Form)‖ published and

extensively read and the term ‗geoplitik‘ had become very popular and it was used a broader and

unfathomable geo-political implication. Kjellen advocated the idea that the nature of state was

dynamic which naturally rose and nourish with superior powers.

Culture is the key for States development and progress. The culture is more dynamic in nature it

plays more powerful role to increase its power as well as to expand its territories. Culture has

dynamic characteristic and the progressive in cultural values means to enlarge of states land and

penetrate in other lands, thus, for him, states boundaries were not founded on stone but it were

flexible.

Another important work of Kjellen was the theory of ―Autarky‖ which basically means a state

with self-sufficient. This term comes from the Greek word ―autarkeia-Autos, meaning self and

arkein, means to be strong enough or sufficient‖ (Investopedia). This concept of Kjellen

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provided Karl Haushofer to establish his theory of geopolitics and later he made the geopolitics

as integral parts of our lives. Haushofer was a great devotee of Kjellen, Ratzel and Mackinder‘s

works. Therefore, to understand the Haushofer theory of geopolitics, it would be appropriated to

explain the work of Mackinder services in the field of geopolitics which had great impacts on

geopolitical history of the world. (Ferrari, 2010)

1.9.3 Sir Halford Mackinder: Heartland Theory (1904)

In the evolution of geopolitics, many scholars contributed with their zeal and zest. Due to their

efforts in 19th

century, the geopolitics became as a leading discipline in a short period. In this

regards German philosophers, politicians, geopolitician, geographers, geostratist played

impetrative role. Although, the leading geopolitical philosophers were German but it is incorrect

to treat geopolitics as a scientific knowledge comes from Germany. In the history of Geopolitics

an Englishman, Sir Halford Mackinder (1862-1947) had a gigantic impression on geopolitics

evaluation. He was, as the professor of Geography at Oxford University and worked as the

Director of the London School of Economics (LSE). He was established new theories and key

elements which explain geopolitical possibilities of the world map designed by Imperialist

powers. Mackinder is known for his contribution in the field of geopolitics presenting the pivot

of history of geography, heartland theory; focusing the location of Russian empire, which was

the key position to lead the world.

He set up contemporary geopolitical thoughts and ideas, made a picture of the World as a

combined both as far as space and time. For him geography is an essential part and parcel of

world politics because without geography, the political determinations could not achieve.

Mackinder had two kind of desires his lifetime. The first objective, he wanted to establish

45

geography as a separate discipline and autonomous science in United Kingdom and to build up

geography as fundamental component in the British education system.

Mackinder Heartland Theory

Figure 1.1: Map of Mackinder Heartland Theory

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#/media/File:Heartlan

d.png

During this era, Germany and Russia were great powers and both had a desire of hegemonic

designed. Their imperialist pattern of geopolitics was created threat to the British interest in

Europe. The second objective of life of Mackinder was to set up a solid foundation for British

Empire to compete these potential dangers created by the geographical emerging imperialist

46

power; Germany and Russia. To achieve this mission, Mackinder established concepts and

theories that left a huge imprint upon the history of geopolitics as well as it changed the course of

history. On 25th

January, 1904, in an speech entitled‖ The Geographical Pivot of History‖ ,

Mackinder presented his prominent work ―Heartland Theory‖ in front of the members of Royal

Geographical Society. In this theory he tried to explore the connect geography with politics in

historical framework. Geography, according to him, was the only and important discipline which

provided a complete understanding and knowledge for political actors especially to the

imperialist powers of Europe to understand the place, location or position where they lived. In

the word of Fetwies (2003) that Mackinder was the first man who contributed in the field of

geography and international politics and the amalgamation of both discipline brought to public

consideration.

Figure 1.2: Map of Heartland vs Rimland

Source: https://birminghamwarstudies.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/heartland.gif

The realities of geography, the historic enmity of empires and kingdoms, and the geopolitical

instructions of the First World War persuaded Mackinder of the strategic requirement to preclude

47

the amalgamation of Eastern Europe and the Heartland by a single clout (power) or coalition of

powers. Failure to do so could emerge a pronounced authority that was highest both on terrestrial

and at sea. This perceptive and trepidation molded the basis of Mackinder‘s eminent cautioning

to the negotiators and peacemaker at Versailles. (Blouet, 1987). His famous statement about the

heartland is;

―Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland

commands the World-Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the World?‖

In short, the theory of Sir Halford Mackinder can be summarizing to the following points;

His theory of geopolitics is called ―The Hartland Theory‖

The power who captures the heartland land will lead to world rule

Interior Eurasia is the pivot area

To control pivot area, must control Eastern Europe,

Soviets emerge as superpower past WWII because she possessed most part of the Hartland.

All Western power were busy to focus on Containment of Soviet Influence

His theory gain great attention during this era

1.9.4 Rimland Theory

Many American scholars and researchers and geographers strongly denied German geoplitik,

resultant in a general disinclination to follow the learning of geopolitics. Nicholas Spykman, was

an American political and International scientist, one of the proponents of traditional realist

school of thought in American external policy and was one of the renowned strategist for his

work in geopolitics and the dissident to Mackinder‘s theory of Heartland supremacy.

Nonetheless, despite the terminology used by Spykman, his explanation of global geographical

location, and political conclusion of his theory show that he was inspired by the Mackinder‘s

work and the assumption of his work was refuted to Hartland. Basically Spykman wanted to

stimulate the United States in contrast to the threat of world supremacy by German. He felt that

only devotion coalition of Anglo-American sea (naval) power, Soviet terrestrial command could

48

avoid Germany from grabbing control of all the Eurasian seashores and in that way acquisition

ascendancy over World-Island.

Rimland Theory of Spykman

Figure 1.3 Rimland Theory of Spykman

Source: https://tackk.com/uzdv8w

For Spykman, the key global geographical position and source for global powers was the littoral

lands of Eurasia (including the naval of Europe, the Middle East, China, Southeast Asia, and

India,) which he called the Rimland and these area were the main sources to control the world

because they possessed large population, huge natural assets and well the sea routes. (Spykman,

1938)

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It is fact that Spykman was inspired by Mackinder but he had also same view of global position

of power, the important of geographical position, but his theoretical framework was rejected the

choice of geographical position adopted by Mackinder. For Mackinder Heartland was the main

source of supremacy and one who captures the heartland, he captures the world and would be the

superpower of the world. On the other hand Spykman presented his Rimland Theory, in which

he rejected the heartland doctrine while say

―who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia:

who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.‖

Spykman thought that the Rimland (―Mackinder‘s Marginal Crescent‖) was significant tool to

control over the realm of the world. In the past, the division of the Western European part of

Rimland and the influence of United States and United Kingdom (―portions of what Spykman

thought the Offshore Continents and Islands‖) had made unitary governor of the Rimland

difficult. (This offshore area, which comprised the New Domain, Sub-Saharan Africa, and

Australasia, was alike to Mackinder‘s ―Outer Crescent.‖ At this time , nevertheless, Spykman

anxious is that a solitary power like Germany, might grab control of the European Rimland and

then take over the other part through different arrangement of conquests and coalitions , via

vessel and ships superiority and expertise of a system of naval and air bases all over the places of

Eurasia.

Surely, sea makes the communication and transportation of goods comfortable and inexpensive

to carry one place to other. It gives a positive favor to sea because the masses and goods

movement save money and time which are precious during the conflict time. A united Maritime

Europe would have to have grip takeover of the North Africa, Mediterranean, the Middle East,

Australia and Sub Saharan and formerly it could try to utilize its strategic ascendancy upon the

50

cue of the South and East Asian parts of the Rimland. It could be successful merely if the

Heartland or the Offshore New World‘s American command did not interfere. He also seized

that a Rimland China that cleared into control of Offshore or South Asia would be at a drawback

in pursuing to control the Middle East contrary to Heartland, Western European- or African-

based stresses.

The significance of inner positions of land communication, even in the middle of parts of the

Rimland, reveals larger today that it did in Spykman‘s thoughts. Thus, the Chinese terrestrial

base was gifted to maintain Vietnam and North Korea and North in despite of the control of the

oceans, highways and the air by Offshore powers. Communist linkages of rails and

contemporary roads, forest and mountain trials in South China and North Vietnam were the

strengths of politico economic infiltration that final overcome the United States in Vietnam, and

that have nightmare Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia into China‘s tactical mistake. (Spykman,

1944) Spykman re-explained Mackinder's well-known aphorism,

“Who controls eastern Europe rules the Heartland, Who controls the Heartland rules the

World Island; and Who rules the World Island rules the World”

In contradict, modifying it hence:

“Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of

the world.”

These parts of littoral of Eurasia would attract the leading world powers. It has been observed

that many conflicts and wars were fought in this region to control the littoral part of Eurasia. In

21st century war on terrors and struggling for natural resources and constant clashes among states

and non-state actors are said the revival of the geopolitics.

51

The Spykman theory can be summarized in the following points;

Nicolas Spykman gives counter-thesis to Mackinder‘s Theory ―Heartland‖

Coastal Rimland of Eurasia is key to rule over the world

He gives suggestion to control of water/ports, therefore he thinks the pivot area is sea not land

He believed that northern countries would always dominate southern

1.9.5 Alfred T. Mahan (1890)

Adminral Alfred T.Mahan (1849-1914) was a marine historian born in New York United State.

the book writer “The American Civil War” John Keegan (2009) called him ― the most important

American strategist of the nineteen century.‖ In 1890, he wrote the famous book “The Influence

of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783” won award and recognition in America and Europe.

After his publication of ―The influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire,

1793-1812” he became more powerful and famous American author in the history of nineteen

century. The events of seventeen century wars among England, France Spain, Dutch Republic

one hand and the naval war between Great Britian and France on the other hand had put a

profound impact on shaping the views and theory of Mahan. His keen observation of the naval

conflicts and its subsequent outcome, Mahan emphasized naval power and later became a

staunch proponent of sea power. He also focused on Eurasia to explain his theory of geopolitics

and the international perception. For Mahan, the territories of northern hemisphere of world, the

long distant portions of which were connected viva the passageways and corridors presented by

the Panama and Suez channels, was the vital to global power; inside that hemisphere, Eurasia

was the most imperative factor. Mahan acknowledged that Russia was the leading Asian land

commander as well as the geographical position had been made her incontestable and irrefutable.

Nevertheless, he thought that the landlocked characteristic of Russian geographical location had

given her detriment to its national security, for the reason that, he thought that ―sea movement

was superior to land movement.‖

52

For Mahan, the perilous area of encounter lay between the thirtieth and fortieth counterparts in

Asia, where Russian terrestrial authority and British sea power encountered. He claimed that

world supremacy could be seized by an Anglo-American coalition from important centered

contiguous Eurasia. Undeniably, he forecast that a coalition of the Germany, Japan, United

States, and Britain, would one day grasp collective reason contrary to Russia and China.

Mahan established his geopolitical understandings as America‘s frontline history was depicting

to a close and the state had begun to look further than its continental parameters to a different

new part as a world power. He measured the United States to be a station of European authority

and civilization, concerning its Pacific coastline and landmasses to be additions of the Atlantic-

European kingdom. The United States therefore lay bounded by the Western half of the twofold

international context, the Oriental (Asian) being the further half. In this ways, Mahan‘s concepts

of the world‘s location predicted Mackinder‘s. Their completely divergent strategic assumptions

curtailed from different assessments of the relative efficacy of terrestrial contrasted with sea

movement. (Dorpalen, 1984)

According to Mahan ―The influence of Sea Power Upon History‖

He describes importance of access to ports and seas

He believes that naval power is necessary to gain political power

He stresses on state the acquisition of islands for naval bases

He contributed to naval build up in US and Germany

He is Considered as the first modern geopolitical writing

1.9.6 Karl Haushofer

Karl Ernst Haushofer (1869-1946) was another famous German geopolitician and army officer,

who contributed in the field of frontiers, Autarky and lebensraums supporting state‘s

expansionism as his predecessors had done. He was born in Munich on 27th

August 1869. His

53

central contributions were in the field of geopolitics and his ideas helped the German dictator

Adolf Hitler to develop his expansionist policies and stratagems in early 20th

century. His

writings and teaching during the interwar period reflected the theory of Ratzel‘s state organism.

.Concerning Mackinder work in the field of geopolitics ―Geopolitical Pivot of History‖ he

claimed that these few pages on geopolitics were marvelous and not ever seen anything better

than it. (Sloan, 1999). German geographer Ratzel presented the idea of ―Lebensraum‖ which

provided the justification for imperialist power to expand it territories. It was first principal of

Haushofer philosophy. Lebensraum is a land or place which a state or leader believes to be

important for its development. He explained that Lebensraum provided a new approach for

colonial imperialism. The imperialist powers always were focused to control the key geostrategic

areas. Panama Canals or Suez Canal, for example always remained a key points for the colonial

or imperialist powers to require it interests. Weigert (1942) has brought the detail about his

intention of Lebensraum. According to him ―Haushofer was absolutely convinced that the

successful country would be one that not only imposed its economic and ideological will on

others it would be the country that would become dominant in many different regions of the

world and would control key shipping lanes ,ports and harbors and trade routes.‖ (Weigert,1942)

The second fundamental part of his idea was the concept of ―Autarky‖ ; the term was established

by Kjellen, which meant self-sufficient in all means. In other word the state should be

independent and not reliant on other helps for its economic requirements. The Idea of Pan-

regionalism was the third point of Kjellen theory of geopolitics which stated that states required

expand it territories to amalgamate the people who had same culture and values. (Hee, 2010)

54

Figure 1.4: Map of Haushofer‘s Pan Region Model

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/cindipatten/geopolitical-theory

The contribution of the Haushofer to geopolitics theory was the idea of dynamics frontlines

(frontiers). Divergent to the common notion in stationary and static boundaries during his era, he

claimed to provisional frontiers that were designed to achieve the states hunt for ―lebensraum,

autarky and pan regionalism.‖ For him border had the characteristic of living organism because it

growth and declined like the living things. (Herwig, 2008). The work of Mackinder Heartland

had a central role in the idea of Haushofer. Haushofer thought that the Heartland theory of

Mackinder was the main source for Germany because it offered the essential element for a state;

―Lebensraum, Autarky, and pan regional‖. Haushofer was believed that ―Mackinder‗s Heartland

was really the ―heart of the world.‖ (Walsh, 1946)

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1.9.7 Zbigniew Brzezinski

Zbigniew Brzezinski(1997) is a American-Polish renowned person of political scientist ,

diplomat and scholar of international relation. He belongs to the realist school of thought of

international relations, and his contribution in the field of classical geopolitics appeared the

influences of the ideas of Mackinder and Spykman. He presented his most important contribution

after the Cold War geostrategic theory in his famous book ―The Grand Chessboard. (1997)”

Brzezinski demarcated four areas of Eurasia, and suggested that the United States policy maker

should project its foreign policies toward each region so that it would help to sustain and

perverse its international supremacy. His four regions of Eurasia (as Mackinder are:

―Europe, the Democratic Bridgehead

Russia, the Black Hole

The Middle East, the Eurasian Balkans

Asia, the Far Eastern Anchor‖

1.10 Elements of Geo-Strategy

Geographic location of state and region (the most important element),

National assets and natural resources,

High skilled population

Military History, and

Military competency

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1.11 Theoretical Implications for Gilgit-Baltistan

The geopolitical and geostrategic location displays with numerous aspects of geographical as

well as natural entities and its multifaceted human and cultural history has increased the

importance of the region. Today Gilgit-Baltistan is showing as Lebensraum among emerging

global powers. As it falls into Rimland, this region is considered the home of ancient trading

routes and it was connected of empires. The following some strategic feature of GB which are

key to enhance the geostrategic significance of Gilgit-Baltistan

1.11.1 Geographical Location:

This region is surrounded by the world‘s highest mountain range i: e Himalayas and the

Karakorum and HinduKush so it is located an imperative geostrategic location in the world. It

borders Wakhan Belt of Afghanistan to the North-West, Chinese Autonomous Province Xinjiang

to the North-East, Jammu & Kashmir to the South and South-East, the Azad Jammu Kashmir

(AJK) to the South and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the province of Pakistan to the West. Therefore,

Gilgit Baltistan has pivotal value for Pakistan, India and China as well as for Afghanistan and

Central Asian Republics. Furthermore, with the vicinity to the Afghanistan and the Chinese, this

region has got most significant value of excellence before United State also.

1.11.2 The Karakoram Highway:

With the collaboration of Pakistani and Chinese engineers, the highway was made-up in mid

1960s. After renaming as the Pakistan-China ―friendship Highway through Paradise‖, this

Highway was become operative in 1978 and opened the public in 1986. Over the year, this

highway are using for both trade and military purpose which ultimately reason the enhancement

of it importance in multiple ways. This highway starts form Hassan Abdal, a distance of 45 km

form Islamabad and continues along the Abbottabad, Mansehra, crossing the Khunjarab pass it

57

connect Kashgar the region of Xinxiang province. The complete distance of this road is about

1300 kilometers in which 806 km is in Pakistan while 494 km in China. In Pakistan the

Karakorum Highway (KKH) is operated by ―National Highway Authority (NHA)‖ and in China,

the ―Chinese State-owned Assets and Administration Commission (SASAC)‖ are responsible its

supervision. A Memorandum of Understandings (MoU) was signed on June 30 for the more

extension of the Highway from 10 to 30 m, and to make all weather roads because during winter

there is heavy snowfall which hinders the heavy vehicles movements. There was another option

to connect Karakoram Highway (KKH) to the Gawadar sea port in Baluchistan via a rail tracks.

(Hunzai, 2013) The topography of the region is very tough terrain hence the construction of

railway networks also very hard job. The Karakoram highway runs along the Indus River at 310

Km and intersects the rivers of Gilgit, Hunza and Khunjarab. The elevation of this river is around

4733m, and this becomes the highest metaled routes in the world. This road has increased the

bilateral relations between Pakistan and China. In June 2006, to improve the interaction among

masses both governments agreed to started regular bus services from Sost border to Kashgar city.

The foundation of this highway is an identity of an important strategic claim which has setup a

well trading method between two countries. This trade between two countries operates in billions

of dollars. It has also played a key role in economics development of Gilgit Baltistan and the

local trade increased. Local traders‘ setup new enterprises and companies to export the local

things in international market such as leads, copper and chromate and other precious stones and

minerals etc. are exported to China. (Gupta & Bansal , 2007) In 1963, Pakistan and China singed

on border agreement which is called ‗Trans-Karakoram Pack 1963‟ through which both states

resolved the border issues. This agreement boosted up the relation of Pakistan and China.

Karakoram Highway was basically the revival of Ancient Slik Road which was used by Chinese

58

Emperor in fourteenth century strengthen and economic relation of his states with rest of the

World. Karakoram Highway (KKH) enhanced the geostrategic significance of Gilgit-Baltistan

because it connected not only Pakistan and China by land but also offer India a nearest routes to

reach Central Asian Republics (CARs) and Afghanistan. In 2013, when Pakistan and China

signed a new pack ―China Pakistan Economic Corridor‖ the strategic imperatives of GB got

more attention in international arena.

1.11.3 Wakhan Corridor:

The Wakhan Strip which divides Central Asian Republics (CARs) from Gilgit Baltistan is about

350km long and 16-22 km wide. It borders with Pakistan, Tajikistan and China. It gained

strategically importance during world Great Game and it was the political creation strip as a

buffer zone between Russia and British India. Wakhan is situated north west of Gilgit-Baltistan

and British strategist used this region to deal the Russian movement in Central and South Asia.

In 1893 this corridor got much strategically significance because the Anglo Russian Boundary

Commission setup to settle the dispute during Great Game. Both states agreed to establish a thin

strip of territory was granted to Afghanistan to organize a buffer zone between Russia and

British. During the world game in nineteenth century British Empire wanted to containment the

Communist imperialist power Russia. For this purpose both states used these regions for

suppression to each other. This corridor shares 76 km of border with the Chinese province of

Xingjian. But China closed the border since 1940s due to the turmoil situation in Afghanistan.

Historically this corridor severed many imperialist, invader o Central Asian States and Europe to

invade in India or set a trade with southern nation. This narrow strip provides Gilgit-Baltistan to

access in Afghanistan as well as to Central Asian States.(Hopkirk 2001).

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Figure 1.5: Map of Wakhan Corridor

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karim_Aly_Kassam/publication

1.11.4 The Sost Dry Port

Sost Dry port is also called Sust port, is situated in Gojal; the northernmost valley of Hunza

(Gilgit-Baltistan) which joins Pakistan and China. It access to Afghanistan and China has

increased the geostrategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan. This dry port was inaugurated by

Pakistan former Army General then President Musharraf on July 5, 2006, he said that this port

while strengthened the Pak-China economic and political relations it also would helpful to

increase the connection with the regional countries like central Asian state. By displaying the

60

significance of this port, President Musharraf pointed out that this port would help us in doing

inter-region trade in future which is under the supervision of Pa-China Sost Dry Port Trust. In

2010, after the huge flood in Pakistan, the affected regions were rescued through this port.

1.11.5 The Mighty Indus

This giant river is considered one of the few biggest rivers of the world originates from the Kaila

Range, southern part of the Tibetan plateau and then starts its long and laborious voyage en route

for North West. In Kohzhung region of Tibet it rounds at a height of 13,800 feet. Draining

hundreds of tributaries and streams from the Himalayan watershed and twisting through the high

mountains and terrains, it advances towards the Ladakh district of the Indian Occupied Kashmir.

In Ladakh it forms a dividing line between two massive ranges of the world; the Karakorum and

the Himalayas which stand on its north and south respectively. Receiving innumerable glacier

fed streams from its north and south; it continues its advance towards Baltistan till it finally

crossed over the ceasefire line near north of Kargil, and enters Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. By

the time it enters Baltistan, it has already accomplished over 400 miles trip. In Ladakh, the river

is called ― Singey-Khabab‖ which means ‗ a river coming out of the mouth of a lion‘. In Gilgit-

Baltistan it is called ―Abasin‖ which means the ‗father of all rivers; the most suitable name. In

early times it was called ―Sindu‖; the Greeks called it Sinthos while in Latin it was referred to as

the Sindus. (Albinia, 2008) This mighty river has a huge potential to generate vast level of

energy as well as significant source of water supplier to the plains of Sindh and Punjab. Thus, it

constitutes as the mainstay for husbandry and the production of food in Pakistan.

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Figure 1.6 : The Indus River

Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com

1.11.6 Tourism in Gilgit-Baltistan

Over the decades, people were tourists because of their religion, whereas now they are tourists

because tourism is their religion. The tourism industry has become a huge part of economy in the

world. It includes transportation, hotels, food and beverage, leisure and recreational activities,

62

handicrafts, tour guiding and tour operation, etc. So, tourism should be a top priority activity for

federal government because tourism provides employment to the poorest of the poor.

The region Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is known as the most attractive tourist point of Pakistan due to

its topography, scenic exquisiteness and amusing culture. The three world great mountain ranges;

Karakorum, the Hindukush and the Himalayas meet here. Gilgit-Baltistan is the home of K-2, the

second heights peak of the world and some longest glaciers, lakes, beautiful landscapes etc. It is

like a paradise for hikers, explorers, adventure sports enthusiasts and nature lovers. The area

possesses a gorgeous traditional legacy and assortment of rare fauna and flora. The people of

Gilgit-Baltistan are meticulous and they are considered most hospitable in the whole Northern

Pakistan.

According to GB Tourism Department, careful an estimate suggests that the foreign tourists

arrived in GB were approximately 10,338 in 2007, which has decreased to 4,524 tourists in 2013

due to worsening security situation in GB. Meanwhile, it has been observed that the flow of

domestic tourism is gradually increasing. In 2013, GB welcomed 51,914 domestic tourists

compared to 22,780 in 2007. It shows that there is a positive trend in domestic tourism market

which previously has been shy to visit far flung areas of GB. (Rana, 2014)

1.11.7 Tourism Assets of Gilgit-Baltistan

1.11.7.1 Natural Legacy

Gilgit-Baltistan is the region of Pakistan presents some beautiful and sensational mountain

scenery on earth. There are 14 highest peaks above 8000 meters in the world and five of them

are situated in Gilgit-Baltistan, including K2, Nanga Parbat, Gasherbrum-I, Broad Peak,

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Gasherbrum-II. Furthermore, Gilgit-Baltistan has beautiful valleys, glaciers, lakes; world coldest

deserts, highest plateau, rivers, minerals and picturesque pastures and fairy meadows.

1.11.7.2 Cultural Tradition

In the history of Gilgit-Baltistan, different nations played a pivotal role in the development of its

cultures and norm. The ancient key trading route known as Slik Route which connected Indian

subcontinent to China, Middle East, Central Asia and Europe, passed through Gilgit Baltistan.

The connection of the world leading route among major countries had been made Gilgit-

Baltistan as the hub for invaders, Buddhist pilgrims, traders, and explorers, emperors. Buddhist

used this region to establish theirs teaching of Buddhism in China and East Asia. They travelled

from North India using the Slik route through this region and in Gilgit-Baltistan there are many

inscription and carving stones of Buddhists teaching. In 1970s, Pakistan and China agreed to

revival a section of ancient Slik Routes and constructed the Karakoram Highway. Today, this

road has been playing an imperative role in the development of Pakistan and China relations as

well as in their economies. As a result of this wide-ranging history, Gilgit-Baltistan keeps a

miscellaneous and interesting ethnic heritage.

64

Figure 1.7: Polo Match in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://shujaatalii.blogspot.com/2015_01_01_archive.html

1.11.7.3 Archaeological Legacy

Significant archaeological sites cover caves‘ paintings, megalithic stone circles, rock carving,

castles, mosques and tombs. Sacred Rock of Hunza, Manthal Rock near Skardu, Rock carvings

and inscriptions near Chilas, Kargah Buddha, Baltit Fort, Altit Fort, Shigar Fort and Palace,

Khaplu Fort, Amburiq Mosque and Mamorokutz Mosque are famous sites. (Ahmed, et al,2010) In

addition, there are more than twenty significant passes which connect Gilgit-Baltistan with

outside of the world. Gilgit-Baltistan is landlocked region with high mountains ranges and peaks

and these passes provide significant advantages to the inhabitants of this region. Some of the

vital passes among them are, Shimshal, Kilik, Mintaka, Darkot, Muztagh, Parpik and Khunjarab.

In a less than one hundred square miles territory, more than one hundred high peaks are situated.

65

Some of them are very famous and include world highest peak such as K-2 (28, 250 ft) Raka

Poshi (25,550 ft. high), Nanga Parbat (26, 607 ft.), Broad Peak (26, 550ft.) The region is blessed

by God largest glaciers, beautiful lakes, mighty mountain ranges, enormous natural resources.

The area is spotted over by more than forty utmost glaciers, some of which are known the

biggest outside the polar area. These are some famous glaciers in Gilgit-Baltistan: Hispar (61

km), Baltoro (58 km), Biafo (62 km long), Siachen (72 km), Batura (58 km) long and

Gasherbrum (38 km). In the nutshell the important of Gilgit-Baltistan summarized by Sikandar

Baloch the secretary of Tourism Government of Gilgit-Baltistan in a presentation report

“Tourism Development in Gilgit-Baltistan: Situation Analysis and Investment” available at

Department of Tourism, Government of Gilgit Baltistan‘s official website. According to his

remarks Gilgit-Baltistan possesses the following characteristic which not only offer attraction for

foreigners but also clears the importance of this region;

―(1).World‘s Most Famous Mountain Ranges (2).The Himalayas, Karakorum &

HinduKush. (3).K2 World‘s Second Highest Peak. (4).Five over 8000 Meters Peaks.

(5).101 Peaks over 7000 Meters. (6).5100 Glaciers. (7).2200 Sq. Miles of Snow Covered

Area. (8).119 Lakes. (9). 4 National Parks (10). 09 Game Reserves (11). 3 wildlife

sanctuaries (12).230 species of Birds (13).54 Species of mammals (14).20 species of

fresh water fish (15).23 species of reptiles (16). 6 of amphibians (17).6592 Sq. KM of

Forests, which constitutes 9.1 % of the total area (18).5 ethnic groups and 5 ethnic

languages with 36 dialects.(19). 7 Asia Pacific Heritage Conservation, UNESCO and

British Airways Award Winning Historical Sites. (20). 23 Historical Forts. (21).75 Polo

grounds. (22)65 Archeological sites. (23.). More than 39,000 Rock carvings and

inscriptions. (24). Centuries Old trade and travel route. (25).The only part of Pakistan to

border and neighbor four countries. (26).Presence of International Road Network.‖

\

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1.11.8 Natural Resources (Minerals)

Gilgit-Baltistan has gifted many natural resources and assets. The mighty Indus River provides a

huge hydroelectric potential. Gilgit-Baltistan is blessed with gigantic hydroelectric power

generation and increasing the demand of energy in modern industrial states, GB could serve as

an important lever for their economic growth. In Pakistan energy crisis is the most important

issue and this has put negative impact on economic growth of Pakistan. To overcome this

shortfall, Gilgit-Baltistan offers more than forty thousand MW but due to lack of attention of

states this potential could use. There are various mineral deposits in Gilgit-Baltistan. The

principal deposits are nickel, copper, cobalt, lead, mica, tin, quartz, zircon and coal. The territory

has a varied mix of expensive and semi-precious ―stones (such as rubies and sapphires), size

stones (such as marble and granite) and metals (including copper, gold, Tungsten and

molybdenum).‖ (Nayyar, 1987)

Figure 1.8: Zehr-Mohra (Mush Serpentine)

Source: https://www.facebook.com/shigarvalley

67

Even, the proper surveyed, Gilgit-Baltistan is believed to be rich in major hub of natural

resources and minerals. Gold the precious mineral are found in Braldo, Parkuta, Saltoro, Basha,

and in the rivers of Indus, Shyoq, Shigar, Gilgit, and Hunza River. This is sedimentary gold

together by washing in Gilgit-Baltistan. Zehr-Mohra (Mush serpentine) is another important

stone found near the streams in Shigar valley; and different types of apparatus such as cups,

teapots, lower, tumblers, vases etc. are made from the stone of Mush Serpentine. The best quality

of crystal, quartz is found in different part of Gilgit-Baltistan. (Abadi, 1984)

There is a mine manufacturing marble of worthy value in the area of Kwardo on the elevation

facing Skardu and Black marble is found in the region of ‗Gulabpur‘ and Chotron in the Shigar

valley. There is an emerald mine; asbestos, mica mine, copper and fluoride, Salajit ,copper

sulphate, Iron mines exists in Nend and Chotron ,Alum are some precious minerals found in the

different valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan. (Butt, n.d)

Figure 1.9 : Mineral Targeted Area in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://www.gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/DownloadFiles/InvestmentPotential/Minerals.pdf

68

1.11.9 Trade Opportunities

Due to the strategic and geographical location of Gilgit-Baltistan at the juncture of among India,

China, Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republics (CARs), GB provides and serves

as a bridge of land for transit and trade. While the possible for increasing trade viva the regional

passage is significant, the prevailing stages of trade remain narrow in scale and scope. After the

agreement of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the role and geographical status of

Gilgit-Baltistan have been increased gigantically. India and China both are emerging economic

superpowers and for its economic sustainable development, both nations require huge source of

energy and new markets and mostly they export from the Gulf States and Central Asian

Republics and Gilgit-Baltistan provides them easiest transit routes to access the international

markets.

The geographical location of Gilgit-Baltistan gives it‘s a uniqueness and distinctiveness. To

understand the geographical position, the next chapter has provided a detail sketch of geography

of Gilgit-Baltistan.

69

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Chapter No. 02

Gilgit-Baltistan: A Geographical Detail

75

Introduction

Geography is the study of earth, its land, environment, and the people living on it. It tells us the

territories, water lands, environment, space, natural landscapes such as mountain, river, lakes,

glaciers, weather and climate, population, settlement , human activities and it relationship with

environment. Geographical position of a region or place has great value for its inhabitants.

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), formally known as the Northern Areas of Pakistan, is located at a place

where three great mountain ranges (Empires) meet. Gilgit-Baltistan borders with China,

Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan and a small belt of land ‗Wakhan Belt‘ separates it from Central

Asian Republics (CARs). Gilgit-Baltistan is the home of mighty mountain ranges, highest peaks,

longest glaciers, huge water and natural resources, rivers, plateaus, coldest deserts, gorgeous

valleys, enormous fauna and flora, rich cultures, attractive historical tourist points, ancient

routes, and multi-ethic societies. This mountainous region even though is a landlocked region but

it geo-strategic location enhances its significance in global politics because in this region India

and China has emerged as two economic powers and both nation have interest ―in Gilgit-

Baltistan.‖ India claims the ownership of the region as it is part of Jammu and Kashmir and

while for China, this region offers shortest route to deep water sea port. Pakistan-China

Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes from this region. To know the political role in term of geo-

strategic importance Gilgit-Baltistan, it is essential to understand the geographical location and

its elements. This chapter has described these necessary facts with a detail sketch of its location,

population, administrative division, beautiful landscapes, mountains, valleys, lakes, passes,

glaciers, etc., These are pivotal elements which contributed in the beautify as well as social and

economic development of Gilgit-Baltistan.

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2.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Location

Gilgit-Baltistan is situated in the north of Pakistan. Geographically most part of the area covers

highest mountain ranges and tough terrain. The area of Gilgit-Baltistan covers around 72,971

square kilometers (28,174 miles). According the census of 1998, the population of Gilgit-

Baltistan was 870,347, and in 2013 the population is estimated around 1.250Million. (Robert,

2003) The region Gilgit-Baltistan lies between 32 and 37 Degree to N. Latitude and the longitude

is 71 to 75 E. (Dani, 2007) Gilgit-Baltistan has a unique geographical and climatically character.

The physical landscape of the region is mountainous and roughly terrain. The three great

mountain ranges; Karakoram, Himalaya and HinduKush and the Pamir ranges have immured the

whole region with it amidst towering mountains, snow peaks and hefty glaciers. Despite being

deprived of constitutional rights after 69 years of independence from the Dogra Raj, Gilgit

Baltistan makes its importance as an attractive land of enormous geostrategic and militarily

important region of the world. Gilgit Baltistan shares its boundaries with Khaibar Pakhtoon

Kakhaw (KPK) the province of Pakistan to the West, China in the Northeast, Afghanistan's

Wakhan Corridor to the North, Azad Kashmir to the Southwest and the Jammu and Kashmir and

Ladakh (Indian held Kashmir) to the East and Southeast. Ladakh and Kargil and Baltistan were

one administrative unit during Dogra Raj. After 1947, Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh divided into

two parts and respectively; both region went under Pakistan and Indian‘s administration.

It had been a Geo-Corridor for the great regimes in ancient time. Even today, the great regimes

like China, US, Russia and India (being a neighbor) has great interest and embraces it from all

directions. Gilgit Baltistan has an honor to represent the largest glaciers of the polar region.

Biafo glacier, Baltoro glacier and Hisper glaciers are the most notified ones. These glaciers make

Gilgit Baltistan potential to generate 50 thousand MW of electricity due to rich in water and

77

having the mighty Indus River which flows from Gilgit Baltistan to Arabian Sea in the west.

Having rich with enormous types of minerals, it is also consider as one of the best market in the

world and especially in Pakistan. It is the foremost deposits of Copper, Cobalt, Nickel, Tin,

Lead, Mica, Bismit, Coal, Zircon, Quartz and Actinolite having one of the finest qualities in the

world. (Zain, 2010) Gilgit-Baltistan consists of three administrative divisions, having 10

districts (four are new) and 22 tehsils. The capital city of Gilgit-Baltistan is Gilgit which shares

equal distance to other district being in the middle of the area.

Map of Gilgit-Baltistan

Figure 2.1: Map of Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/geodemo.htm

Silk Route makes it worthy with having the title of the single path connects between Gilgit

Baltistan and Pakistan as well as with Chinese western province; Xingjian. In 2016 after the

CPEC agreement between Pakistan and China, Silk Route has become the major and important

route due to the only way between Pakistan and China for trade. Despite having giant mountains

in the region, Gilgit Baltistan host all four climates (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) with

78

variation from area to area . Furthermore, the eastern portion of Gilgit Baltistan has the humid

region of the Himalayas, but the climate dries considerably in Karakoram and Hindu Kush

regions. Towns like Chilas and the capital city Gilgit experience more temperature in summer as

compare to Skardu, Khaplu, Hunza and Astore and in winter, Skardu, Khaplu and Astore also

have snow falling.

2.2 Gilgit-Baltistan: Population

The population of the districts of Gilgit-Baltistan according to the last census and latest official

projections

Name Capital Area (Km2) Population Census

01-03-1998

Population

Projection (P)

01-07-2013

Astore Astore 5,411 71,666 114,000

Diamir Chilas 7,234 131,925 214,000

Ghanche Khaplu 8,531 88,366 108,000

Ghizer Gahkuch 12,381 120,218 190,000

Gilgit Gilgit 4,208 145,272 222,000

Hunza-Nagar Aliabad 15,034 98,052 148,000

Skardu Skardu 19,697 214,848 305,000

Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit 72,496 870,347 1,301,000

Table 2.1: Population in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://www.citypopulation.de/GilgitBaltistan.html

_____________________________________________________________________________________

(1998) Government of Pakistan and IUCN (web), 2013 Government of GB, Planning and Development Department, Statistical

79

Cell. In 2015, District Hunza-Nagar has been split into two districts named as District Hunza and District Nagar, while the largest

populated District Skardu has been split into three districts named as Skardu, Shigar and Kharmang districts.

2.3 Gilgit-Baltistan: Languages

―Language is the foundation of civilization; it is the glue that holds the people together‖ [quoting

Louise]. Gilgit-Baltistan has rich in ethnic and cultural values. Language is an important aspect

of its national ethos that embellishes beauty of region with it traditional diversity and

communication. The fastened geographical characteristics of Gilgit-Baltistan provide different

dialects and languages. Due to cultural amalgamation and globalization the local languages of

Gilgit-Baltistan is endangered for its existence. Gilgit-Baltistan has diverse culture and tradition

which births different dialects, the following major languages are spoken in this region.

2.3.1 Shina

One of the most speaking languages in Gilgit-Baltistan is Shina. It is the native language of the

capital territory of GB. It is written in Arabic script and belongs to the family Indo-Aryan Dardic

Shina. The Shina language is widely speaking in capital Gilgit, Diamer, Astore, Ghizer and also

in some parts of Chitral with little differences. But its native speakers are also found in Ishkoman

Valley of Shigar, Nagar, Hunza and some places of Baltistan like Gultari, Astak and Xhoq.

2.3.2 Balti

Balti language is the sub branch of Tibetan language. Its transcript is also derived from ―Aagy‖

Tibetan language. Majority of the population in Baltistan division is the native speaker Balti

language. It is also spoken in Tibet and more especially in Ladakh-Kargil district of India. After

the advent of Islam in this region, many Arabic and Persian words were absorbed in it. Now the

original transcript of this language is endangered.

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2.3.3 Burushasky

Burushasky is the language without any written script spoken by the natives of the both sides of

Hunza River. Northern bank is called Hunza and Southern bank is called Nagar. Although it

diverge slightly in Hunza and Nagar district but it is considered as a dialect of a single language.

But it diverges very prominently in Yasin as khowar.

2.3.4 Khowar

Khowar is one of the languages spoken in Chitral. ―Kho‖ means Chitral and ―war‖ means

language. It is also a part of the Dardid Shina family of Indo-Aryan. It is written in Urdu script

since 20th

century. Khowar speaking people live in Chitral, Ghizer and also in some parts of

Chitral.

2.3.5 Domaaki

Domaaki is the language of a group settled in Hunza. There are very small number of people of

this community is living in suburb of Gilgit city. According to Professor Gerard Fussman these

people are smith and musicians by professional. Most of the people know Shina and Brusheshki

due to the integrating other communities and their influences. It is spoken that this Domaaki is a

dying language. (Dani, 2001)

2.3.6 Wakhi

Wakhi is considered as the Pamirian branch of the Iranian languages. This language is

extensively speaking in Upper Ishkoman valley of district Ghizer, Chitral, upper part of Hunza

vale, Valley in Hunza District. The Wakhan corridor in Afghan is the inhabitant of the people of

Wakhi. It also has a very rare speaker in the region. (Lorimer, 1985)

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2.4 Gilgit-Baltistan: Administrative Division

After annexation with Pakistan, the whole region was divided into two main adminstrative unit

including the Hunza state. In 1972 after the demolishion of FCR (Fronter Crime Rules) , Prime

mininster Bhutto introduced new constituional reforms. In 1987 , General Zia Huq government

made Diamer also a division of Gb. The Whole region is administratively divided into three main

administrative division i.e Gilgit, Baltistan, Diamer. Furthermore, administratively GB is

consisted of ten districts: Skardu, Gilgit, Ghizar, Diamer, Astore, Nagar, Hunza, Shigar,

Ghanche, and Kharmang.

Figure 2.2: Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://www.travelpk.org/2005/01/districts-of-gilgit-baltistan-with-its.html

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2.5 Gilgit Division

Gilgit Division is the largest administrative division having four districts including the capital

city of Gilgit Baltistan. Here are the districts in Gilgit Division.

2.5.1 Gilgit District

Gilgit district administers the gilgit city as the capital in focus and also some nearby areas

including the well known Naltar Valley for its tourism. Gilgit strategically located in the centre

of Gilgit Baltistan and from centuries, it is serving as a main corridor and trade for whole region.

Gilgit is the center for administration as well as capital town of GB. Hunza River, Ghizer and the

Indus River with other tributaries of these rivers meet here and feed to the whole region. In

ancient time the historical Silk routes passed from Gilgit Baltistan and the city of Gilgit has also

been a very important city of this route, facilitating the Caravan, invader and visitors. Now after

the CPEC agreement between Pakistan and China, Gilgit city has become the most worthy city in

the region for trade and business. Of particular note, Naltar Valley which is 35 km away from the

city Gilgit is a striking Greenland which is bounded by high peaks with nearby glacial lakes and

also perfect resorts for winter skiing. The government of Pakistan in collaboration to many

foreign countries is having some projects in Naltar valley including the hydropower projects.

Furthermore, there is Kargah Buddha, the 8th

century AD carved rock wall of Buddha and

carcasses of a Buddhist monastery and Stupa. Gilgit city is also prominent in the region due to

educational factors as the main campus of the Karakoram International University (the only

university in the region) also is located there. Now two sub campuses have been established in

Skardu City and Hunza. (Minister of Tourism GB: www.visitgilgitbaltistan.gov.pk)

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2.5.2 Ghizer

Ghizer is important district of Gilgit-Baltistan and it borders with Khabar Pakhtoonkhwa the

province of Pakistan and Wakhan corridor. It is situated on the north-west of Gilgit city. In the

pre-modern era, this district had a unique distinction and there were several independent and

small dynasties like Puniyal, Gupis, Yasin and Ishkoman. The languages of the people of Ghizer

district are mainly Wakhi and Khowar but Shina is also import part of their lives. Due to

geographical amalgamation with Wakhan district of Afghan and route for the ancient traders, this

district has rich norm and values and cultural diversities. The beautiful and very famous places of

district Ghizer are Phandar, Sherqilla, Chator khand, Khalti and Shandur. The most attractive

and significant point of this district is highland of Shandur Pass over, where the historical and

polo ground is situated and every year the traditional Polo festival is celebrated in July. Polo

matches are played between the local polo teams. Tourists from all over the world gather as a

spectator to enjoy the match. Phandar valle is another most eye-catching place of this district.

((Minister of Tourism GB: www.visitgilgitbaltistan.gov.pk))

2.5.3 Hunza

Hunza, one of the most beautiful places (formerly it was a state ruled by an old ruling dynasty of

Mirs) is now a district of Gilgit-Baltistan. It borders Gilgit, Nagar, Baltistan and China. Nagar

was also a part of this district before 2015. It spreads along the Hunza river right up to its source

at Khunjrab pass. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) starts from this pass and follows the bank of

the river Hunza to the area Dangor, where Hunza River joins the Gilgit River. The former rulers

had two old forts, Altit and Baltit. Hunza was an independent state before merging it with Gilgit.

In 2014, Hunza got status as district. This district always remained very attractive and striking

place for tourist and is considered highest literacy rates in Pakistan. Hundreds of thousands of

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local and foreign tourists visit Hunza every year due to its scenic beauty. There are four highest

peaks with 7,000m i.e., Rakaposhi, Diran, Golden and Ultar, situated around this district which

makes this region unique. The languages of local people of Hunza district are Burushaski and

Wakhi.(Dani, 2017)

2.5.4 Nagar

Current Nagar is the very nouvelle district of Gilgit Baltistan. It used to be a part of Hunza-Nagr

district since 2015. It was also home of the Rulers and had history of princely state. Until 1947,

as a subsidiary alliance of the British India, It bordered to Hunza in North and East, and in the

South and West it bordered to the Gilgit Agency of that time. It also administered as a Princely

state of Pakistan from 1947 to 1974, with the town Nagar as a capital. During 1880s, the role of

Dogra of Kashmir and British India had increased in this region. Before the British gained

control in 1889 and 1893, the district Nagar and it the neighboring district Hunza were sovereign

princedoms. Later, the whole region was call princely state until the creation of Pakistan and

India but it was a vassal state of Jammu and Kashmir although it never being directed ruled by

Dogra Kashmir or Britishers. The rulers of this princely state with the ruler of Hunza Along were

most loyal rulers of Maharajs of Jammu Kashmir.

2.6 Diamer Division

2.6.1 Diamer District

Diamer district is the entrance gate of Gilgit-Baltistan. The head-quarter of Diamer is Chilas and

majority population are Shina language speakers. There are two main routes to access in Gilgit-

Baltistan through the Karakoram Highway or the Naran-Kaghan road and Chilas is the meeting

points of these two strategically important means of transportation. Diamer has a unique history.

Thousands of rock inscriptions, rock carving and petroglyphs have been discovered in this region

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which made easy to trace the human existence in these mountainous region. A survey shows that

there are more than 34000 rocks arts including inscription and carving found which represented

the foreigner invasion and their advancement in the region. (Dani, 1995). There are many

important historical vales of Diamer like Darel, Chilas, Tangir, Bunar Das, Governor Farm, and

Raikot . There are several tourist attractive points and Nanga Parbat (8125m), Raikot face, fairy

Meadows are the key places of this region. Nanga Parbat also known as Killer mountain is one of

the eight thousanders mountain peaks in Pakistan. This district border with new born Astore

district on its east , Kohestan the district of KPK in its southwest, the beautiful vale of Azad

Kashmir ― Neelum‖ is in the south of Diamer and Gilgit district is situated in the north and

northeast and the district Ghizer in the north and northwest of Diamer.. In 2004, Astore was

separated from the Diamer District and created a new District.

2.6.2 Astor

Astore is given status as a district in 2004 with its headquarter at Eidgah/Gorikot. It is

consisted of several small gorges and beautiful settlements on hills. There are very prominent

and attractive places of places such as Rama, Chilim, Dashkin, Rehmanpur, Bounji, Gorikot and

Rattu. Famous tourist points in this region are the Rupal face of the Killer Mountain(Nanga

Parbat), Rama Lake, Dosai Kala Pani (the black water) , Dambabaho, Domail ,Chilim and

Minimerg. Shina is the native language of the populations. Green meadows and Rama Lake in

the hilly areas are the most famous tourist charming points in the region.

2.7 Baltistan Division

The division of Baltistan, spread over 3,380 km is one of the beautiful landscape in the northern

most part of Pakistan which geographically borders with Indian held autonomous region

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Ladakh to the East, Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir to the South, and to the north the

autonomous Chines western province Xinxiang is situated. It is the home of beautiful landscape,

mountin ranges of Karakoram and Himalayas, highest peaks of Pakistan and 2nd

highest peak of

the world K2, largest glaciers after the North and South pole, and the largest high elevation

plateau , the Deosai Plains. (www.serenhotels.com) Baltistan Division has following districts.

2.7.1 Skardu

Skardu is the capital of Baltistan region. It is situated at the bank of Indus river at an altitude of

nearly 2500 metres (8,202 feet). By area it comprises a landscape 40 km (25 miles) long by 10

kilometers (6 miles) wide at the confluence of the river Indus and Shigar. The mighty Himalaya

and Karakoram mountain ranges makes wall around the whole city. The geography of Skardu

district is very interesting. Most of its south western part is lush green and forested. Basho valley

and upper parts of Roundu valley are forested by junipers, birch and pine trees. Similar in south

part of the district there is lush green Deosai Plateau which is also famous as world‘s Roof and

covers an area of 3000sq Km. The central parts of the valley now have turned into a densely

populated areas due to arrival of large quantity of immigrants in the city after Kargil Siachen war

between Pak and India. Some of the top attraction sides are: Kachura Lakes and Shigrila Resort,

Deosai National Park, Katpana Lake and Cold Desert, Basho Valley, Stak valley, Sadpara lake ,

Kharpocho fort.

2.7.2 Ghanche

Ghanche District is very important district of GB and it is located in the easternmost of Baltistan.

Balti is spoken in whole region of this district and Khapolo is the capital of this district. Ghanche

district is bordered by China in north-east, Indian occupied Ladakh in south, Skardu district in

west and Shigar district in north-west. During the Karachi agreement between Pakistan and India

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1948, the Siachen area of this district remained without demarcation. In 1984, Pakistan and India

confronted at Siachen to control the glacier and adjoin areas. Both countries have different

perspective of the demarcation. Today, the whole territories of east of the Actual Ground

Position Line (AGPL) including Siachen are controlled by India while Pakistan controls west

of Saltoro Ridge. It is also considered as the coldest place of Pakistan. The appellation of

―Ghanche‖ itself denoted the coldest. The word means in Balti language is ―the land of glacier‖.

There are thousands of glaciers. It is located in between the mighty peaks of Karakoram range .

Masherbrum and Gashabrum peaks are famous of this region. The legendary river Shoyk f river

is the important tributary of the river Indus River. According to Molve Hasmatullah the writer of

: Tarikh e Jammu‖ , original settlers of Ghance was Tibetans and Turks.A warrior namely Baig

Manthal is believed to be the founder of Yabgo Dynasty, the ancient powerful ruler of this

region. In 14th century a Muslim Sufi missionary syed ali Hamdani also called shahe Hamadan

came from Yarkan and inclined people towards Sufi Islam. In Ganche , there are some highest

peaks of the world such as Masherbrum, Sia kangri, Saltoro Kangri, K7, K6, Laila Peak, Naiza

Peak and Amin Braq. Other top attraction places are, Khaplu fort, Chaqchan Mosque, Hushe

Valley, Nangma valley, thalley valley, Hot springs of Kondus valley and Kharfaq Lake. Due to

unstable borders with India, it is the important militarily significant region of Pakistan. (Dani,

2007)

2.7.3 Shigar

Shigar Valley (now a nouvelle district) is considered as one of the beautiful valley in Northern

Pakistan due to many scenic beauties and mighty Karakorum Mountains Range including K2, the

world second highest peak. The valley is expended about 170 km from Skardu city to Askole,

which is the last settlement in the district. Shigar town is the largest town with maximum

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population in this district having many small villages surrounding to this town. Shigar town is

also considered as the capital of this district having all governmental departments at there. Shigar

is also blessed by Shigar River, which is responsible for the local irrigation of the fields. It is also

considered as one of the richest districts in mineral mining and also rich in electricity due to rich

in water . Shigar also have a very good history and some monuments like the Shigar fort, which

recently has been changed to a Serena hotel . Many Rajas ruled the place in past. Still their

ascenders in the districts are honored by the residents

2.7.4 Kharmang

Kharmang District is also a nouvelle district which has been split from Skardu District in 2015.

Kharmang valley also counts into the first five biggest valleys of Baltistan division. It

headquarter is located in Tolti. This district is 100 km far from Skardu, the capital city of

Baltistan district in the south. The name ―Kharmang‖ is basically derived from two Balti words .

―Khar‖ means fort and ―Mang‖ means abundant. As the name was given by the famous ruler of

Baltistan, Ali Sher Khan Anchan, who built many forts in this valley because of its strategic

importance and also being a neighbor of the Mughal Emperors. Kharmang is also a political sub-

division of Baltistan. Kharmang borders with Kargil on the southeast. Kargil was part of this

district but later war with India it went under Indian administration and today it is the importance

station of Indian army. In 1999 Pakistan army started an operation to recapture the region but it

did not succeed. Kharmang also borders with Jammu and Kashmir, Skardu, and Ghanche.

2.8 Gilgit-Baltistan: Mountain Ranges

Gilgit-Baltistan is blessed of highest peak, mountain ranges, beautiful tourist attracting spots and

places. There are fourteenth highest peak of ―eight thousanders‖ and five of them located in

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Gilgit Baltistan. The region is the home of more than 50 peaks above 7000 meters. Gilgit and

Skardu are the two important cities and destinations of the aspirants of mountain expedition and

trekkers. The highest peak of the world ―K2‖ and Naga Parbat (the most fear mountain) is

situated in this region. The towering and skyscraper of these peaks inspire the foreigners and

local tourist to visit the region. Three great mountain ranges of the world including Pamir

mountain range encircle the whole region. In 1856 , British Roayal Engineers Thomas George

Montgomery had discovered cluster of peaks in Karakoram range within 200Km territories.

Mr. Thomas named these peaks of Karakoram as K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5. This survey opened

the mountaineers and the eagerness reached its peaks. Later more survey conducted by different

groups with modern technologies. Today, the peaks discovered by Mr. Thomas are known as K-

1 Masherbrum, K-2 as Godwin Auston or Choghori (K2), K3 as Broad Peak, K4 as Gasherbrum

II and K5 is known as Gasherbrum I. (Khan, 2004).

Name Heights (M) Pakistan Rank World Rank Location

K2 8611 1 2 Karakoram

Nanga Parbat 8126 2 9 Himalaya

Gasherbrum(K-5) 8080 3 11 Karakoram

Broad Peak 8051 4 12 Karakoram

Gasherbrum-II(K-4) 8035 5 13 Karakoram

Table 2.2: Eight Thousanders Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Pakistan#8000.2B_meters

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These mountain ranges are host of numerous mountain highest peaks ranging from 5000 to 8611

meters above sea level which provide a distinctive position of this region. A small town of Gilgit

named Joglot, where these three mountain ranges meet and due this junction, tourists all over the

world visit here and which is key element for economic development of Pakistan.

Figure 2.3: Mountain Ranges in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: https://twitter.com/rashidgilgiti/status/801848227062575106

2.8.1 Karakoram Range

Karakorum, literally meaning ―Black Mountain‖, is one of the many chains that curve away from

the nodal point at Pamir Knot. Starting from the northern most tips to the Hindu Kush, it

advances towards east, up to upper tributary of the Shyok River. Its paramount importance, apart

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from other reasons is springs out of its strategic location. In the first place are two great

neighbors China and Pakistan who are separated by this great mountain range. Its high ridge

forms a natural boundary. The Karakoram Range is of a complicated character. Broadly

speaking, it is a continuation of the Hindu Kush and forms the water-shed between the Central

Asian drainage and the streams flowing into the Indian Ocean. It peaks average from 21,000 to

23,000 feet which, on the west, culminate in the well-known Rakaposhi mountain (25, 550feet)

standing north of Gilgit. Further east is the mighty group of peaks round the head of the Baltoro

glacier dominated by the 2nd highest peak of the world, the K-2, rising to 28,265 feet above sea

level. The head of every valley is the birth place of a glacier. Many of these glaciers are of

immense size, such as the Siachen, the Baltoro, the Biafo and the Hisper glaciers. The

Karakoram Range consists of numerous sub ranges and groups of mountains. (Balcoh, 2004)

2.8.2 The Himalaya Range

The great Himalaya is one of the mountain ranges in Gilgit Baltistan which separates

immediately the North of subcontinent to the Tibetan Plateau. It is spread into five countries

including Pakistan. Himalayas gives its extension to China, Nepal, India and Bhutan. In the

northwest it borders to the Hindu Kush range and the mighty Karakoram Range. Famous peaks

of Himalaya range are the Nanga Parbat in Pakistan and the world highest peak mighty ―Mount

Everest‖ in Nepal. Himalaya is the home of many rare animals which will be described later in

this chapter.

2.8.3 The Hindu Kush Range

Another important mountain range of this region is the Hindu Kush range which is the home of

several highest peaks. The length of this mountain range is approximately 800 Kilometers. It

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starts from Afghanistan and stretches toward north and enters Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan where

it meets Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges near Juglot. Tirich Mir (7,708m) is the

highest peak in the Hindu Kush range located in Chitral, Khabar Pakhtoon Khawah province of

Pakistan and this range is considered as the geographic center of the world‘ population. (www.

Gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk)

2.9 Gilgit-Baltistan: Peaks

2.9.1 K2

K2 which is famous as Mount Godwin-Austen is also called ―Chogori‖ in Balti language Mount

Godwin- Austin is suggested locally in honor of the great early explorer of the area, Sir Henry

Godwin Austin. While the name Chogori is pronounced as ―Chogo‖ means highest and ‗ri‖

means Peak so it means the highest peak in local Balti term. It is Also Known As Savage

Mountain as it is very difficult to summit. It has a great fatality rate among the eight thousanders.

The ration of fatalities to the total is 1:4. K2 is the second highest peak of the world with 8,611

meters heights. China and Pakistan border Agreement 1963, acceded it northern face to China.

Today it is situated on the border of Baltistan and China near Karakoram Pass. Usually it is

ascended to summit from the Pakistani side, as the Chinese side is very difficult to summit. Sir

Thomas Montgomery, the great British officer made survey and discovered raceme of peaks in

Karakoram Range. Local name of K1 is Masherbrum while the K2 is called Chogori. (Baloch

2004)

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Figure: 2.4: Mighty K-2

Source: http://www.wallpapers-web.com/k2-wallpapers/4797797.html

2.9.2 Nanga Parbat (Naked Mountain)

Nanga Parbat (Urdu meaning Naked Mountain) is the 2nd

highest mountain of Pakistan and 9th

highest peak in the world. Nanga Parbat known as Killer Mountain is also considered a one of

the most notorious peak to summit. Due the highest summit elevation of 8,126 m, it is also

includes in the gigantic ―eight thousanders.‖ Nanga Parbat is the lone highest peak of Himalayan

region in Pakistan and lies in the west of it. Nanga Parbat has three faces with picturesque for

foreigner tourists, Diamer face (West) which is the best one, Rakhiot (North) and Rupal (South)

in Astore. (www. gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk)

2.9.3 Gasherbrum (K5)

K5, the 11th highest peak in the world is also known as Gasherbrum and Hidden peak

internationally .Baltistan is the home of the this mountain and it is located at the border of China-

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Pakistan and is part of the Gasherbrum Chain. Gasherbrum is also a Balti name as "gasha" means

beautiful while "brum" means mountain, as it is situated in the mighty Karakoram mountain

range. The word for Gasherbrum peak 5 was chosen in 1865 by T.G. Montgomery, which means

the 5th peak of the Karakoram. Later William Martin Conway named it ―Hidden Peak‖ in 1892.

(Baloch, 2004)

2.9.4 Broad Peak

Another gigantic of ―eight thousanders‖ and world 12th

highest peaks is the ―Broad Peak‖ having

an altitude of 8,051 meters (26,414 feet). Broad Peak lies in the Karakoram Range at a distance

around eight kilometers from K2. The summit length of this peak is 1.5 km, therefore this peak is

known as "Broad Peak". (www. Gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk)

2.9.5 The Gasherbrum II (K-4)

Karakoram 4 or K4 another the ―eight thousanders‖ is located Karakoram range in Baltistan near

Chinese Border. The local people of Baltistan are called this mountain as Gasherbrum II. The

height of this mountain peak is 8,035 which make it world no. 13th

highest peak. (Awan, 1990)

2.9.6 Masherbrum

In 1856, the first survey of Karakoram Range was conducted by T.G Montgomery, and he was

found the cluster of peaks in Karakorum Range and named them K1 to K5. The K1 or

Karakoram one is locally known as Masherbrum means ―Queen of Peaks‖ was the peak which

scaled and mapped first in Karakoram Range. Masherbrum is located in Baltistan and neighbor

of the mighty K2.The height of this mountain is 7,821 meters which makes it world 22nd highest

peak and 9th

highest peak in Pakistan. (Baloch, 2004)

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2.9.7 Rakaposhi

The beautiful peak Karakoram ‗Rakaposhi‘ is located in Nagar Valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, which

is 100 kilometers away from the Gilgit City. In the local language Rakaposhi means "Snow

Covered". This picaresque peak has another name Dumani which means "Mother of Mist".

Rakaposhi attracts a lot of tourist for trekking as well as expenditure due to its easiness location

as compare to other peaks. It is ranked as 12th highest in Pakistan while 27th

highest peak in the

world. The height of this peak is 7,788m and easily ascendable from all side of this peak. (Awan,

1990)

2.9.8 Sia Kangri

Sia Kangri is among the seven thousanders having an elevation of 7,442 meters (24,370 ft.) to

ascend for summit. It ranks 25th highest in Pakistan and 63rd highest in the world. Geopolitically

Sia Kangri is famous due to its tri-point connecting Pakistan, India and China. In 1963, Pakistan

and China border Agreement bestowed the controlled of the northeast part that leads to the

―Trans Karakoram Tract‖ while India claims it to be its part. (www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk)

2.9.9 Trango Towers

There are different types of the mountian. The Trango Towers are belonged the family of rock

tower or ―granite spires‖ which are siuated near th Baltoro Glaicer in of Karakoram Range in

Gilgit-Baltistan. It offers most chanllgenging oppertunies and largest cliffs for rock climbers. It

demands high techniqal skill to climb it. The summit of ―Great Trango Towers‖ with the heights

of 6,286 m or (20,608 feet) is the highest point of the Trango Towers group. The Great Trango

Towers has honer to be the ―world‘ greatest nearly verical drop.‖ (Hennek, 1978)

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2.10 Gilgit-Baltistan: Passes

Gilgit-Baltistan is covered by highest and largest mountain ranges and this landlocked feature

confined the interaction of the region with rest of the globe. With the passage of time , human

curiosity helped them to discover many world famous passed. Later these pass played a critical

role in the development and nourishment human civilization in this region. These passed brought

socio-economic changes in the lives of the local inhabitants. The invaders, historian, travelers,

traders of Central Asia, Europe, India, and Chinese used these mountain passes to preserve their

interest. There are widely scattered and strategically significant mountains as well as glacier

passes in Gilgit Baltistan. A precise view of some of them is listed below;

2.10.1 Mintaka Pass

Mintaka is derived from a Turkish word which means Thousand Ibex. It is at an elevation of

(4,827 meters / 15,837 feet). This is historical pass is located in Karakoram Range which

separates Xingjian autonomous province of China and Gilgit Baltistan. Central Asian traders

used this pass to reach India and it was main source of linkage between these two regions.

(Baloch , 2004)

2.10.2 Kilik Pass (15,800 feet)

In the north of the Darkot Pass and North West of Hunza, at the main Sino Pak border, stands the

historic Kilik Pass. It connects Hunza with the Chinese Turkistan and then leads to the Russian

territory of Sarbil and Khushbil. The pass is located in the Hindu Kush range on its northern tip.

Slightly ahead of it, on its west, is the Wakhjir Pass facing north south. It is located in China and

links Little Pamir (Wakhan) of Afghanistan with the Chinese Turkistan. (Smith et al, 2007)

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2.10.3 Shandur Pass

In the northwest , nest to the Dadarilli Pass is located the Shandur Pass at an elevation of 3700

meters (12,200 feet) in District Ghizer of Gilgit Baltistan. Shandur Pass is one of the four major

mountain passes of GB which is located on the main route which links Chitral to Gilgit. Shandur

Top is often called 'Roof of the World' where the Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains and Karakorum

Range meet. It is a flat plateau which can be only crossed between late April and early

November. It is more known for its famous "Shandur Festival", trout streams and its gradual

grade. Due to its location in the mighty mountainous terrain, Shandur Pass always face

difficulties , especially in winter season it is closed due to heavy snowfall in the area for few

months which cuts the link of Chitral to rest of Pakistan.

2.10.4 Babusar Pass

At an elevation of 4173 meters (13,69 1feet), just after swift turn in the south of Karakoram Pass

stands the Babusar Pass which has historical importance due to its location. Although, it is not

located in Gilgit Baltistan but it is worth a great significance for the whole region. The name

Babusar Pass is from the local Babusar Valley. It is a major alternative route to Karakoram

Highway and joins the Kaghan Valley of KPK to Chilas, Gilgit Baltistan on the Karakoram

Highway (KKH). The pass remains snow clogged between October to late May and movement

through the pass is also restricted during monsoons.

2.10.5 Burzil Pass

At an elevation of 4,100 meters (13,500 feet), Burzil pass locates as a caravan route between

Indian Occupied Srinagar and Gilgit-Astore. It extends in the North from Chilam, Astor Pakistan

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to Minmarg; Indian occupied Kashmir in South. It was the major route for transportation and

trade till the partition connecting Gilgit-Baltistan to Kashmir through the Doesai Plateau.

2.10.6 Darkot Pass

Darkot pass has a worth importance due to its history and location with an elevation of 14,500

feet. It is the famous pass stands in the west of Gilgit town. Darkot pass got the name due to the

nearby Village Darkot at the foot of the route which leads to the top of Ishkoman Village. It is

located at the border line in the Hindu Kush range between Gilgit Agency and Chitral Agency.

Through Chitral it passes to the Oxus Basin located in the Wakhan strip. Darkot Pass was used

by Chinese in 747AD to invade now Gilgit City.

2.10.7 Baroghil Pass

Baroghil Pass is located in the HinduKush range on Durand line border betwee n Wakhan Strip

of Afghanistan and Chitral with an altitude of 3,798 m (12,461 ft.). Although it is not a part of

Gilgit Baltistan, but it provides a route to Gilgit Via Chitral as it is located in the west of the

Darkot Pass.

2.10.8 Karambar Pass

At an elevation of 14,060 feet in the Hindu Kush range, Karambar Pass locates in the same high

ridge where the Darkot Pass also lies. It also links Gilgit to Chitral further leads to Wakhan strip

of Afghanistan via the Barghil Pass.

2.10.9 Khunjarab Pass

At an elevation of 15,420 feet, Khunjarab Pass forms the boundary line between Gilgit Baltistan,

Pakistan to the Xingjian the autonomous western province of China. It is located in the District

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Hunza, ahead of the tributary of the Hunza River in the north and southeast of the famous Kilik

Pass. Currently Pakistan links with China through Khunjarab Pass and both countries are using

it for Trade. After the agreement of the famous CPEC between Pakistan and China, the

Khunjarab Pass got more importance as it is the only active border line between the two

countries. In the north, locates the Parpik Pass and on the Sino Pak Boundary lies the Oprang

Pass.

Figure: 2.5: Khunjarab Pass

Source: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/images/attachement/jpg

2.10.10 Shimshal Pass

At an elevation of 15,540 feet, lies the Shimshal Pass in the South of the Sino Pak Border but it

leads to China in the Sinkiang Province. Shimshal Pass locates in the Karakorum Range where it

wide the most. It is a part of the Hispar group locates nears the Dastaghil Sar of this group.

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2.10.11 Hispar Pass

At an elevation of 17,560 feet, Hispar Pass lies in the centre of the Hispar group. It faces

Shimshal pass in the southeast of Shimshal pass. Hispar Pass links Nagar District to Baltistan at

Shigar District.

2.10.12 Muztagh Pass

At an elevation of 19,080 feet, between the Chiring and the Trango group of glaciers in the

Karakorum Range Muztagh Pass is located. The mighty K2 faces the Pass from the east. In

1887, Francis Young husband died at this pass while heading to the Baltoro glaciers.

2.10.13 Karakoram Pass

At an elevation of 18,550 feet, locates the Karakoram Pass in the mighty Karakoram ranges. In

ancient times, it was a link between Ladakh and Chinese Turkistan. After the Indian occupation

of Siachen this Pass is currently it forms the ceasefire line between Pakistan administered

Baltistan and Indian administered Ladakh. It also links the Indian administered Leh to Yarkand.

2.10.14 Dadarili Pass

At an elevation of 16,210 feet, Dadarilli lies in the Hindu Kush range which links Gilgit Baltistan

to Kalam Valley of Kohistan, FATA.

2.10.15 Shonter Pass

At an elevation of 15,650 feet, Shonter Pass lies in between the Tattu plains of Astore district of

Gilgit Baltistan to Kel Valley of AJK. Shonter Pass is basically an extension of the amazing

Nanga Parbat ridge, standing on the north of the pass. It is also consider as a border line between

Gilgit Baltistan and AJK.

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2.10.16 Kamri Pass

At an elevation of 13,368 feet, slightly in the south between Burzil and Shonter lies the Kamri

Pass which is also known as Kamri top. Kamri originates from the local village just at the foot of

the pass. It also links GB with AJK through the Rattu road which leads from Burzil to the main

Srinagar Valley of AJK.

2.10.17 Manejo Pass

At an elevation of 18000 feet, Manejo Pass lies in the Nanga Parbat ridge connecting Astore

district to Bunar Chilas of Diamer district. It usually remains close due to heavy snowfall.

2.10.18 Zoji La Pass

At an elevation of 11300 feet, locates the Zoji La Pass. ―La‖ means a pass in Tibetan language. It

is locates on the main Sonamrg, Dras, Kargil and Srinagar route. During the independence war in

1947/48, it was captured under the fighters but later it again fell to the Indian Army. Now it is a

part of the IOK.

2.10.19 Banak La Pass

At the elevation of 9162 feet, locates the Banak La pass which links Skardu to Astore. It is also

considered as the direct route between these two districts.

In addition, numerous small passes locates in the Karakorum, Himalaya and HinduKush regions.

Many of them are now part of India as they are located in Ladakh, Kargil and IOK.

2.11 Gilgit-Baltistan: Glacier

Gilgit Baltistan has been blessed by more than hundred glaciers in the mighty Karakoram,

Himalaya and HinduKush mountain ranges. That is the reason Gilgit Baltistan is rich in water

resources and has a potential to generate more forty thousand MW electricity with its water

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resources and for Pakistan and India water is the most crucial elements for its economic

developments. War is fought by both states over these glaciers. India captured Siachen glacier in

1984 after a sever conflict with Pakistan. This conflict increased the geo-strategic and military

importance of Gilgit-Baltistan because the huge fresh water resources offer plenty opportunities

of economic development for both nations.

Figures 2.6: Glaciers in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://www.mediapoint.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/baltoromeetssiachen.jpg

These glaciers provide sufficient water to River Indus which is used for the irrigation in the plain

areas of Pakistan like Punjab and Sindh. Some of the glaciers are following:

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2.11.1 Siachen Glacier

Siachen Glacier is situated in the Eastern part of Karakoram Range and the length of this glacier

is around 70 Km. Siachen Glacier is the world 2nd

longest and the longest glacier of Karakoram

ranges. The name Siachen is a Balti term as ―Sia‖ refer to a plant belongs to rose family and

―Chan‖ means in abundance. As Siachen has abundance of roses so it is got the named Siachen.

It is located between the Baltoro glacier to its west and the main Karakoram ranges. The

glaciated portion of the summit of Saltoro Range is 7,720 meters high (25,330 feet). This range

also has many passed. Some major passes are, Sia La at an elevation of 5,589 m, Bilafond La

5,450 meters, and the Gyong La at 5,689 meters. The temperatures Siachen Glacier during winter

season can decrease to -50 °C and approximately 10 to 12 m (35 ft) snowfall can be recorded.

The water of glacier falls in the Nubra River in Indian held Ladakh region and turned into the

River Shoky toward Khaplu Baltistan which intermingle with Indus River. Before 1980s, the

Siachen area was the no man land. In 1949, Pakistan and India signed an agreement under the

supervisor of UN to demarcation the ceasefire line. At point near Nubra village to Karakoram

Pass had left without demarcation. This area was Siachen Glacier. Later both countries fought

war in 1984 to seize the power over Siachen. This conflict has created security as well as

environmental threat to the region. (Hussain, 2012)

2.11.2 Biafo Glacier

Biafo Glacier is the another important glacier situated in the region of Gilgit-Baltistan.In the

outside of Polar Regions the Biafo Glacier is the world 3rd longest glacier in the Karakoram

Range with the length of 63 Km. This highway of ice connects Nagar in the West to Baltistan in

the East. The bisect/perambulate uses all of the Hispar Glacier and 51 km of the Biafo Glacier's

63 kilometers to form a 100 kilometers glacial route.

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2.11.3 Batura Glacier

Batura Glacier is one of another longest and important glacier situated in Karakoram Range in

Gilgit-Baltistan. The length of this glacier is 57 kilometers. The southeast of Baltoro glacier the

Baltoro Muztag is situated while on the southern side of this glacier is covered by the

Masherbrum Mountains. There are several highest peaks lies in or along this glacier. K2 the 2nd

highest mountain of the world is in this mountain region. This glacier is the source of fresh water

which contributes a huge amount of water to Shigar River. .

2.12 Gilgit-Baltistan: Lakes

2.12.1 Dosai Sheosar Lake

Doesai Lake or Sheosar Lake lies in the Dosai Plateau which is also known as roof of the world.

Sheosar Lake with an altitude of 4,142 meters is considered as the gigantic and highest lake in

the world. This beautiful and most striking lake is 2.3 kilometers long, while it wide is 1.8

kilometers and the around 40 meters are average depth of this region. The Sheosar lake is

located near the Astor district valley called Chilam. Tourist enjoys fishing at the lake along with

its scenic beauty .Deosai is the land of the very rare Brown Bear which is the only species found

in the world here. Other kind of wild animals are also found in this region. Among them

Markhor is famous. (www.northparadise.com.pk)

2.12.2 Satpara Lake Skardu

Satpara Lake, now Satpara Dam is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Pakistan. It lies in

Skardu District at a distance of 9 km from the Skardu municipality. It supplies the drinking and

agricultural water for the Skardu City. Tourists enjoy the trout fishing and boating at the lake

along with fresh air and green pastures which surrounds the lake. It lies at elevation higher then

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Skardu city. The depth of this lake is 39 m. It is fed by the Satpara Stream which originates from

Deosai Plains as Deosai Plateau is near to Satpara Dam at little high elevation. A dam has been

constructed on this lake named Satpara Dam to fulfill the agricultural water requirement of the

Skardu City. It generates 17MW electricity. In the middle of the lake there lies a small Island

(now covered by water) due to water storage . For the facilitation of tourist a small "PTDC

Motel" has been constructed.

2.12.3 Upper Kachura Lake

Upper Kachura Lake lies in Kachura, Skardu District and this lake is at about 20 km away from

the Skardu city. It is also one of the most visiting touristic places. Its depth is 70 m with the

storage of frsh water. It is surrounded by the forest mainly consisting of the Apricot trees and

Conifer. Tourist enjoys the view of the snow-capped mountains along with trout fishing, boating,

hiking and trekking of the Western Himalayas.

2.12.4 Lower Kachura Lake

Lower Kachura Lake which is famous internationally as Shangri-La Lake is a part of the

Shangri-La resort. It is located at 15 km away from the Skardu city just near to upper Kachura

Lake at high elevation and River Indus at low elevation. Shangrilla is one of the world famous

tourist destinations, with different motels having current and Chinese architectures and a coffee

shop that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft which was crashed in nearby river Indus in 1950s.

It is surrounded by beautiful mountains having peaks covered by snow. Tourist enjoys boating in

the lake.

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Figure 2.7: Shangri-La Lake Skardu

Source: http://gilgit-baltistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/LakeShangrila.jpg

2.12.5 Borith Lake

Lies in the village of Borith, there is Borith lake just near to Gulmit and Gojal valleys of upper

Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan.. It can be accessed from Husseni Village through 2 km

unpaved road or it can be accessed directly from the Gulkin Village passing directly through

glacier with a tracking route of 2-3 hour. The lake becomes home of the thousands of migratory

birds from the southern Pakistan, Central Asia and South China.

2.12.6 Rama Lake

Rama Lake is a beautiful and tourist attractive lake with nature scenes is situated in the District

Astore of Gilgit Baltistan. The lake is one the east face of Nanga Parbat (9th Highest peak in the

world). The surrounding landscape Rama Lake is very charming and stunning usually hugely

forested with cedar, fir and juniper trees. It is also a camping site by the trekkers and climbers, as

eastern face of Nanga Parbat is accessible from here.

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2.12.7 Rush Lake, World's Highest Alpine Lake

Rush Lake is one of the most beautiful and breath-taking lake in Gilgit Baltistan. It is the highest

alpine lake in the world. It can be accessed via Nagar Valley of the Gilgit Baltistan. The visitors

take view of some of the most amazing landscapes of the Karakorum Mountain Ranges that

includes, Spantik, Malubiting, Ultar Sar and Phuparash Peak. While heading towards the Rush

Lake, tourists enjoy the views of beautiful terrace fields, glaciers and snowcapped mountains.

2.12.8 Karambar Lake Ghizer

The 2nd highest lake in Pakistan, Karambar lake lies on the border of KPK and Ghizer, Gilgit

Baltistan. It is 3.9 km long and 2 km wide. The depth of the lake is 52 m. Karambar lake almost

covers an area of 263.44 hectares. It also has the highest water clarity in all the lakes of Pakistan

surrounded by spectacular and breath-taking landscape.

2.12.9 Khalti Lake Gupis

Khalti Lake is one of the beautiful lakes located in Gupis, District Ghizer. This lack is located at

a distance of 120 Km in the west from Gilgit city and the deep of this land is between 30 to 70

feet. This beautiful lake is known as home for trout fish which is very tasty and valuable kind of

fish, abundantly find in this region. During winter, Lake freezes due to the low temperature of

the region and become a tourist spot as well as football ground for local residents. It is also a

huge source for freshwater. (Mir, 2015)

2.12.10 Attabad Lake Gojal Hunza

Hunza is the one of the most tourists attractive of places of Gilgit-Baltistan. Attabad is a village

of Gojal, upper part of Hunza district. Hunza River and Karakoram Highway pass along these

villages. In January 2010, the Hunza River blocked due a massive landslide at Attabad Lake,

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Killing two peoples and burying the village. The landslide stopped the flow of Hunza River for

five months and created a landslide lake and more than 6000 people of the local residents

displaced due to the rising of this calamitous lake and this calamitous landside submerged a

portion of 19 kilometer of Karakoram Highway as well as many villages of Gojal, green lands,

pastures, orchards. Currently Attabad Lake has become the touristic point in Hunza District.

Local and Foreign tourists come every year having a dream in their eyes to have a great view of

this lake. Now this lake also serves as a source to transport goods across by using boats.

(Khan,2014)

Figure 2.8: Attabad Lake Hunza

Source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=51983

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2.13 Gilgit Baltistan: Historical Forts

2.13.1 Baltit Fort

In the history of Gilgit-Baltistan, there were many small independents states. Among them

Hunza was also a state situated on the opposite side of Nigar state. Baltit Fort is situated in

Karimabad; the capital of Hunza. The old name of Karimabad was Baltit. Baltit for is one of the

oldest forts built 700 years ago. In early 15th

century the prince of Hunza Ayasho II married with

Shah Khatoon the princess from Baltistan and the princess Khatoon brought Balti skillful

craftsmen from to construct or restore building for her as dowry. The ascenders of the feudal

regime of Hunza were ensured by the impressive Baltit fort. Mirs in Hunza used to live here until

1945 then moved to new place. In 1990, Agha Khan IV took interest to restore the Fort. Later

Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan the ruler of Hunza handover the fort to Baltit Heritage Trust. Baltit fort

is considered as a historical Palace and is listed in the United Nation Heritage List in 2004.

( http://www.baltitfort.org/history.htm)

Figure 2.9: Baltit Fort Hunza Source: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/24503882.jpg

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2.13.2 Altit Fort

This majestic and historical fort is considered as the simple of ancient Hunza state. Altit Fort is

located at Altit village near Baltit Fort and was the old capital of Hunza. Altit gave the birth of

Hunza Kingdom. This fort was constructed by artisans and craftsmen came from Baltistan with

princes Khatoon in 1540s A.D. In 1548 A.D. some modifications took place in this fort and built

the Shikari tower or watch tower to protect the village from the rivals‘ states invasion and

attacks. (http://www.ideeaz.com/altithunza/altit_fort.htm)

1.13.3 Skardu Fort/ Kharpocho Fort

Skardu Fort also known as ―The king of Forts‖ is located at the Hill inn Skardu city of Gilgit-

Baltistan at high elevation then the city that dates from the 16th century CE. It was built by Ali

Sher Khan Anchan, the famous Ruler of the area. As Skardu fort was very worthy due to its

location because the whole Skardu city can be controlled and viewed from the fort due to high

elevation. Many rulers including Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb tried to occupy this fort but he

couldn‘t. An ancient mosque is also present inside the fort. Now Pakistan Army takes control

due to strategically importance.

1.13.4 Shigar Fort

The Fort is located in Shigar district the beautiful valley of Gilgit-Baltistan and the home of the

world 2nd

largest peak K2. In local Balti language, this fort is called ―Fong Khar‖ in which

‗Fong‘ means ‗Rock‘ and ‗Khar‘ means ‗Palace‘ , in the other word the ―Palace on the Rock‖ . It

is one of the ancient and historical forts in Gilgit Baltistan administered by different Rajas of

previous centuries. Still the ascenders of Raja family own it. In 1634, the 20th

ruler of Amacha

dynasty, Raja Hassan Khan built the fort. Originally, the family of Amacha is belonged to the

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―Hamacha tribe‖ ruled over Shigar from many centuries. The Khar-e-Dong was the old palace of

ruling family but lost due to the prowling invaders. Later this palace was destroyed by Mughal

forces who came from Kashmir to help Raja Hassan Khan to restore his reign in Shigar Valley

Raja Hassan Khan brought artisan, and skilled workers from Kashmir to Shigar to build the

Fong Khar. Today, after renovation and restoration by Agha Khan Foundation, this fort has been

converted as a luxury hotel under the Serena Hotel Pakistan. (Tarkati, 2016)

2.13.5 Khaplu Fort

Khaplu is the capital of Ghanche district, Gilgit-Baltistan. Khaplu was also an oldest state of

Baltistan. It is the home of many picturesque and majestic historical places. The Yabgo family

was ruler of the of this region, hence the Khaplu Khar (Palace) is also called Yango Khar,

located at a distance around 1-2 kilometers from the Khaplu city (Bazar). This fort was

constructed by the Yabgo ruler Daulat Li Khan the son of Muhammad Ali in 1840. In 1590s the

ruler of Maqpoon dynasty Skardu Murad Ali Khan seized the fort during his attacked on

Khapolo, blocking water and other goods to the fort. After three month beleaguered the fort by

the army of Murad khan, the rule of Yabgo family of Khapolo, Ramhim Khan, surrendered

before Murad Khan. This fort was used by invaders and attackers from near dynasties but most

of the time it remained under the Yabgo family. Now this fort has been renovated by the Agha

Khan foundation. This fort is considered as the tourist hub in District Ghanche.

2.14 Gilgit Baltistan: Valleys

Valleys in Gilgit Baltistan are touristic points due to immense beauty and history. The pastures

and hilly valleys in GB attract the nature lovers to make a date with nature. Primarily valleys in

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the region are carved by rivers. Small and scattered villages are situated on both sides of the

rivers, and economic activity is mainly agricultural based.

2.14.1 Rama Valley

District Astor is rich for natural beauty. It has many beautiful valleys, lakes, meadows. Rama is

one of these gorgeous sceneries, attracting foreign. Rama Lake is considered one of the most

beautiful lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan. In summer this landscape present beautiful meeting points for

tourist.

2.14.2 Rattu Valley

Rattu Valley is located at 30 km west of Astore. Army High Attitude School at Rattu apart from

being a military training institute is a tourist attraction, offering skiing facility to general public

as well. Darley ladeat an elevation of 9900 ft. (AMSI) is located 11 km from Rattu on route to

Kamri Lake and surroundings contain pine forests and green meadows. Rupal face of Nanga

Parbat can be approached from Rattu valley. Kamri Bal Pass and Shountar Pass linking Kashmir

Valley with Gilgit Baltistan through Rattu Valley over 14000 ft . Ranjit Singh Hut at Rattu,

constructed and used by Maharaja is a historical place and still maintains its majestic view.

(Army High Altitude School: https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/ AWPReview/TextContent. As

px?pId= 287&rnd=491)

2.14.3 Minimarg Valley

Minimarg valley is included one of the most beautiful vale of Gilgit-Baltistan, located near the

border of Kashmir and Astor District. This valley played a due role during connecting Srinagar

Kashmir to Gilgit-Baltistan through the ancient Slik Route. Burzil Pass provides only road access

to Minimarg. Before independence of Pakistan 1947, this pass was only route between Kashmir

and Gilgit. (Dashtnavard , 2013)

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2.14.4 Shingo Valley

This beautiful valley starts from Burzil Top and extends up to Shaqma Shingo River, runs

throughout the valley and then joined by Shighar River, Bara Pani and Kala Pani. This river

cross LOC and again re-enters Gilgit Baltsitan at olding sector merging the Indus River. The

valley is famous because of Chota Deosai (Dumba Bao Fields), also a field fiving range of

Pakistan Army. Shingo Valley lying adjacent to Deosai Plains is also habitat of brown bear and

home to some of the rarest species of Flora and Fauna.

2.15 Fairy meadows

The amazing and famous across worldwide Fairy Meadows is a lush green plateau located at a

height of 10,000 ft. It is also called as ―Heaven on earth" due to its scenery beauty. It also offers

a breath taking view of Majestic Nanga Parbat which stands in front of it. Fairy Meadows is a

picturesque spot, surrounded by pine forests experience hundreds of thousands tourist every year

in the summer season. It is 15 km from KKH. A narrow jeep track from Rajkot Bridge is

available as an approach to this location. Rajkot Bridge is approximately 76 km short of Gilgit

from Rawalpindi.

2.16 Deosai Plains

Deosai Plains ―the Land of Giants‖ or Ghbiarsa (summer place in Balti) is the second-highest

plateau with an average elevation of 4,115 meters (14,500 feet) after Tibet. The plateau is

situated between Skardu and Astore. Deosai lies in the south of Skardu just above the Sadpara

Lake, east of Astore and west of Gultari and Kharmang. In 1993, Deosai plateau was declared as

a national park. This highest giant land covers an area of almost 3,000 to 5300 square kilometers.

It is the land for the giant black bears and snow leopards which are very rare species. Deosai is

also famous for its different types of flowers and green pastures. It also have some lakes, Sheosar

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is the most prominent one. Deosai is one of the most touristic place in Gilgit Baltistan with

almost 0.2 million tourist every year according to recent statistics. This place is accessible for

only few months in summer (July to Sept.). Due to heavy snowfall the route to Deosai is closed

in other months. (Hussain, Z. et al, 2015)

Figure 2.10: Deosai Plain

Source: http://www.shangrilaresorts.com.pk/exc_images/satpara_lake.jpg

2.17 Gilgit-Baltistan: FAUNA

Gilgit Baltistan is a home to many varieties of animals and birds including many rare species.

Due to green pasture lands, forest and rich in water, Gilgit Baltistan potentially have many types

of local animals and birds. Some prominent examples are following

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2.17.1 Markhor

Markhor, the national animal of Pakistan is considered as the biggest wild goat belongs to a

member of goat antelope subfamily. Markhors are noted for the massive, spirally twisted horns

that grow on the adult males. It is found throughout Gilgit Baltistan as it is a wild animal use to

live in mountains. Foreign hunters usually come to Gilgit Baltistan to prey Markhor by paying a

huge amount of taxes. Recently an American hunter paid 60 thousand dollar to hunt Markhor.

2.17.2 Bear

Brown bear, an endangered species, is only found in Gilgit Baltistan and in some areas of

Canada. In Pakistan brown bear are found in Deosai/Mini Deosai, a sanctuary protected by

WWF. Deosai brown bears are often seen near Kala Pani and Bara Pani while moving from

Chilam to Skardu via Deosai Plain. Black bears are also found mostly in western parts of Domel

and Kamri.

Figure 2.11: Brown Bear in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: https://farm9.static.flickr.com/8631/15791395416_c40695e8db_b.jpg

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2.17.3 Musk Deer

Musk Deer are found in western parts of Gilgit Baltistan. They are called mush as in Urdu

language ―Musk‖ means perfume so it is known to have a good fragrance so can be hunted to

make perfumes and is extremely costly.

2.17.4 Duck

In summers, flocks of ducks and birds migrated from China and Central Asia arrives in Gilgit

Baltistan. White headed ducks and Mallots are few examples of these birds. They are found in

almost every lake in Gilgit Baltistan while somewhere people use to hunt these birds.

2.17.5 Chukar Partridge

―Chukar Partridge is a ―Eurasian‖ highland beautiful bird. It belongs to the ―Pheasant family‖

and is very beautiful with well-marked black and white bars on the edges and has a black string

running from its forehead across the eye down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white

throat. It is found in big quantity in Gilgit Baltistan.‖

2.17.6 Chukar

Chukar, also known as Game Bird in North America belongs to the pheasant Family and is a 13-

14 inch long, with a grey breast, light brown back and buff tummy. The shads vary across the

countless inhabitants. Its face is white with a black garget. It has red legs, rufous-streaked flanks

and coral red bill. The suddenly clear garget differentiates this specie from the ―Chukar Partridge

which has black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast.‖ It is also bigger in size than

Chukar Partridge. Locally it is known as Ram Chakor and is found in eastern parts of Gilgit

Baltistan

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2.17.7 Zho

Zho is a local domestic animal belongs to cow family. In Gilgit Baltistan Zho is a source of meat

and milk. It is also used for the transpiration purposes. Zho Polo, game of polo played on Zho, is

of traditional importance to the locals of the area.

2.17.8 Marmet

Marmet is beautiful squirrel like animal belonging to the rodent squirrel family. It is mostly seen

in the area from May-Sep during summer as it goes to hibernation during the winter season and

reappears after melting of the snow. Marmet is also known as the Big Rat and called "Turshoon"

in local language.

2.17.9 Hawk

Gilgit Baltistan region is the home to some of the rarest species of Hawks. The hawks are found

mainly in the areas of Deosai Plains. Hawks are seen in this area during summers. Hawks hunt

small animals and fishes for its food.

2.17.10 Sparrow Hawk

Sparrow hawks are mainly found in forests and prey primarily on birds of moderate size, such as

pigeons, sparrows and doves in suburban areas. These are also found in Deosai Plains.

2.18 Gilgit-Baltistan: Flora

The region is gifted with a wide diversity of flora. The flora of the region seems to change color

with the transformation of weather. In winter, it is completely roofed with snow. The greenery

begins to take root in late May after the melting of snow and reaches its bloom in July when the

whole area is covered with green carpet. At the end of August, again because of the temperature

drop, the flowers and grass begin to turn brown and finally turn black giving rise to winters. The

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famous fruit trees of the region are walnut, apricot, cherry and apple. This area is also famous for

its potato growing which is one of the best in Pakistan and is a major source of income for the

inhabitants of the region. Shellu Sag, a local herb (vegetable) is a common food among the

inhabitants of the region. Gilgit-Baltistan is home many natural herbs. These herbs and basils are

used for different treatments like to make allopathic, homeopathic and herbal medicines. Natural

herbs found in areas are used to treat high blood pressure, diabetes and hair loss, etc. The Rattu

valley is particularly famous for its black cumin (black zeera). Verbascum Thapsus, Cosmos,

Chamomile, Paper birch are some famous flora of Gilgit-Baltistan.

Figure 2.12: Fauna and Flora in Gilgit-Baltistan

Source: http://tourismgilgitbaltistan.blogspot.com/2015/04/fruits-crops-livestock-flora-and-fauna.html

119

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Chapter 3

Gilgit-Baltistan: Political and Constitutional Status

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3. Introduction

Gilgit-Baltistan is famous among foreigners for its beautiful landscapes, picturesque sceneries,

highest peaks, mountains ranges, as well as its unique politico-geographic and historical

importance; hence this region is called Heaven on Earth for tourist. (Chuhaan, 2012) Politically,

this region remained under the rules of the various Empires, kingdoms, Rajas, Maqpoon, etc.

invaded from ancient, China, Central Asia, India and oldest civilization and different names such

as Dardistan, Boluristan, Brushal, and Tibat-e- Khurd etc. have been given by scholars, historian,

travelers of the ancient Greek, Hindu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Muslim writers. In the medieval

history Gilgit-Baltistan went under the rules of local dynasties and whole region was divided

among these ruling families. In 1840s Dogra of Jammu invaded in Gilgit-Baltistan and defeated

the local rulers and sized power. In 1870s, during Great Game, Gilgit-Baltistan went under the

consideration of British. To curtail the Russian‘s expansion, British decided to establish Gilgit

Agency in 1877 and reestablish in 1889. In March 1935 the control of Gilgit was given to British

as a 60 year lease by Maharaja Hari Sing. In 1947, the political scenario had been changed in

Sub-continent. British India had divided into two independent states; Pakistan and India, while

the 562 princely states (Native States) had been given choice to join either with Pakistan or India

or remained autonomous by the Indian Independence Act 1947.The Princely State of Kashmir

remained outside from this partition but later through ‗the Instrument of Accession‘ on 26,

October 1947, Maharaja Hari Sing agreed to accede to India which was against the will of its

people. From 1947 to present Kashmir has made the bone of contention between Pakistan and

India. After defeated the Dogra, the People of GB decided to affiliate with Pakistan but due the

Kashmir issue this region remained unconstitutional and disputed. In this chapter the political

and constitutional development of GB has been discussed.

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3.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Historical Evolution

There are no sufficient archeological evidences to clarify the ancient historical cultures and

values of local people of Gilgit-Baltistan. The cultural evidences regarding the presence of man

in the region is still unknown phenomenon through archaeological evidencing procedures.

However there are some clues regarding the food for hunting in the area but that still lacks the

vigor and zeal in this sake. The dominant evidence which symbolizes the area‘s cultural values is

the rock art which is dominantly found in the area contiguous to the Gilgit-Baltistan like

Xingjian, Swat, Ladakh and the surrounding region of Kashmir. The two most important things

which are a clear symbol of the rich culture of this region are (1) The Rock Art and (2)

Continuity of Art throughout in region showing similarities. These symbols are also indicating

the behavior related to socio-economy, taste, and their civilization. A. H Francke (1907) in his

book ―A History of Western Tibet” called these early settlement of people as Dard but famous

Pakistan researcher and author of ―The History of Northern Areas of Pakistan (upto 2000AD)‖

Dr. Ahmad Hassan Dani called the early people of this region ‗ The Rock Art People‘ and writes

that these people are older than Dard. According to Dani (2007) these Rock Art People

developed an interesting socioeconomic system based mutual cooperation and on hunting and

gathering food. This mutual cooperation and understating helped them to promote a family

system in this mountainous region. The rocks had very important in their lives and made their

shelter from rocks to protect the cold winds. Indus river also had important for them but to cross

of this river they had not expertise in boat making but using rafts of woods they used to cross the

river. The leaders or headmen had special advantages and dressed of animal skins to preserve

from the cold. Religiously, the people of Rock Art believed on the mysterious of mountains and

the natural phenomena and worshiped it. Historians suggest that they had some means of trade

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very much related to barter one in order to meet the needs. They had probably trade in mineral

and other sources.

Rock art is the sole an authentic source of history of these mountainous people. Recognizing the

importance of the rock art, a systematic survey conducted by a group of Scientists, scholars and

archaeologists from Pakistan and Germany. This provided valuable information about the

historic evidences of this area. The ancients routes where passed these area and many inscription

and engravings of rocks found in this routes. Archeologists suggest that the history of the region

Gilgit-Baltistan can be sketched back to about, 5000 BC; but indication and evidence concerning

any pre-history are unsound. (Dani, 1983)

Figure: 3.1: This prehistoric Caprine depiction in Chilas

Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/629659

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3.2 Primeval History

The people of Gilgit-Baltistan dated back to the 5th millennium BCE (Before Common Era). The

people of Gilgit-Baltistan were known as the people of Rock Art as they began the tradition of

rock carvings. Throughout Gilgit-Baltistan, there are multiple evidences of rock carving found.

After comprehensive study of the rocks inscriptions showed that the Rock of art people was the

original people of this mountain area. They were hunters and lived in the rocks. Mountain was

played an exclusive role in their lives and people worshiped of these mountains. (Ali, 2004)

3.2.1 Megalith Builders

With the passage of time the Art of rock faced new type of civilization brought by the migrated

people or groups of people from nearby territories. These people were expert in megalith

buildings. Migration of these people had brought some better technologies to the region in

building art. They were pioneers in stone cutters and wall erecting methods. They had introduced

advanced system of irrigation as well. There was no awareness regarding their crops productions

but they were used precious stones and metals for different tool making for diversified purposes.

These were included coopers, gold, silvers etc. They had domesticated cattle but were used

mainly by specific group for certain purposes. They were two groups; one who came from

Chitral and the second group of people migrated from Swat and adjoining areas and

professionally both where traditional builder of great megaliths. It was to have a carved

ceremony stone at the center, which was worshiped. Here is interesting to note that this new

migration did not abolished the rock of arts but it was existed side by side. (Dani, 2007)

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3.2.2 Dardic People

The British Orientalist Dr. Gottlieb William Leitner was the first person who coined the word

―Dardistan‖. It is interesting point that today no one calls of the area himself as Dard. In 4th

century BC, the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned about a group of war like people of

northern Indian frontier and he named them Dadikai who lived during Achaemenian Empire.

These people are belonged to Indo-Arian races. They had some uncertain culture and their social

and culture was quite visible. Their economic activities comprised mining and trading gold and

other precious metals and this was the prominent source of trade and income. This has led to the

creation of trade routes to China and Central Asia. (Torwali, 2012)

3.2.3 Sakas or Scythians and Parthian

These people were inhabited in Turkistan the Central Asian region. The historian found various

types of rocks inscriptions and rocks carving around Chilas that the Scythians were migrated

from the Central Asian and settled down in Gilgit-Baltistan. These people were physically strong

and around first century they ruled over these areas and established its reign. Several rock and its

inscriptions and carving around Chilas recommend that the Scythians of Central Asia founded its

dominance in the region around the first century. Rock carving and Kharoshti inscriptions have

been found in Chilas, Gilgit and Hunza and these are depicts a clear picture of their rules in this

region. Scythes rulers introduced the Kharoshti script and stupas of Texila and built up a close

business relationship with Texila. Scythe rules were limited and had continued their presence till

a generation or two. When the Scythians Empire declined, the Parthians or Pahlava belong to the

Gondophares group, came into power in this region. The Parthians are famous for their

engravings and coins in Gandhara. Several rocks inscriptions are found in Gilgit Baltistan which

proves their movements in this region. (Arif, 2014)

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3.2.4 The Khushans

The first emperor of Khushan, Vima Kadphises, the descendant of Kujula Kadphises, was the

first emperor who expanded the reign of Khushan Empire in Gilgit-Baltistan. They were the

powerful inhabitants of that time. The rocks with Kharoshti inscriptions have been discovered in

Alam Bridge near Jogloot, in Hunza near sacred rock, and Chilas-II which depicts the sign of the

Khushan and their attachment of this region. The Khushan had established trade with other

empires especially from these records indicates that the diplomatic relations with Chinese

emperors were established in early time. Peshawar was the capital the Khushans and they

succeeded to create a strong kingdom in the northern India and contiguous territories. Gold was

used by them for commercial purposes and an ancient route from northern region was built to

reach Chin and Central Asian States. (Arif, 2014)

3.2.5 The Post Khushans

After the Khushans kingdom, the Persian Sassanis captured the whole region at the start of the

3rd century AD in a dominating way and propagated their traditions throughout the region.

During this period, Buddhism sustained to prosper and this area stayed a famous crossing point

for trips to and from China, India and Central Asia. The junction of mountains made it a very

important place for the ruler in the China and Central Asian region.

3.2.6 The Huns

They were tribes of Central Asia who were fighters. They had craze for hunting and to damage

other people in all the possible ways. They administrated over numerous Shina and Burushasky

rulers called "Rajas" and provoked them with clear instructions to follow and obey. At that time,

Buddhism was still in the process of expanding. Although, Buddhism had caught the attention of

the rulers but the locals in these regions had different versions to follow. (Hauptmann, 1990)

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3.3 Autonomous Hill States

In ancient history, the hilly region, Gilgit-Baltistan was controlled by invaders of Central Asian,

Indian and Chinese empires. During 7th

and eight centuries the region went under the reign of

local dynasties. Gilgit-Baltistan, like ancient Greek city state, was divided into several states

ruled by succession of various local Rajas, Mirs, Khan etc. According to Dr. Ahmad Hassan

Dani (2007), the famous ruling families were following;

1) Tarakhans of Gilgit

(2).Maghlots of Nagar

(3) Ayasho of Hunza

(4) Burshai of Punyal

(5) Kator family of Chitral

(6) Khushwaqat family of Yasin and Mastuj.

(7)Maqpoons of Skardu

(8) Amachas of Shigar

(9) Yabgos of Khaplu

(10) Rajas of Roundu, Astor, Kartakhsha and Tolti

3.4 Dogra Raaj

In 1820 the Maharaja of Lahore Darbar, Ranjeet Sing rewarded his brave soldier Gulab Sing the

ruler of Jammu and made him Raja of Jammu. Gulab Sing was belonging to a Hindu family of

Jammu or Dogra. He set up a large army to expend his reign while serving Ranjeet Sing. In

1830s, conquering the Buddhist majority Kingdom of Himalayan region, under his notable army

general Zorawar Sing, he reached Tibet and he annexed Muslim majority of Baltistan in 1841.

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Baltistan went under the rule of Dogra due to the internecine over successor between Ruler of

Skardu Raja Ahmad Shah and his youngest son Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah went

Jammu and sought help for his legacy and ascendancy from Gulab Sing. At the same time Gilgit

and adjoin sovereignties were subjugated by Sikh the ruler of Lahore Darbaar. In 1842 at the

request of karim Khan , the brother of Raja Shah Sikandar of Gilgit ,the ruler of Kashmir sent a

strong contingent of army led by Colonel Nathu Shah entered Gilgit and defeated Gour Rahman

of Yasim and established their rules in Gilgit . In 1852 the rebellion attack under Gour Rahman

command on Dogra forts at Gilgit Killed Dogra soldiers and Gilgit slipped out of Kashmir‗ s

governor. But in 1860 under the Maharaja Ranbeer Sing Gilgit once again went under the control

of Sikh kingdom of Lahore. (Madhok, 1992)

3.5 Treaty of Lahore

First Anglo-Sikh war battled at Punjab between the Sikh Empire of Lahore Darbar and the East

India Company. This war brought a great detrimental in the Sikh dynasty and started to decline.

On the other hand British got opportunities to firm the foot over subcontinent that led them to

take over whole region. It had great impacts on Kashmir and its adjoining areas which ceded to

company by the Lahore Dar. Consequence to collapse of Sikh rulers of Lahore; Treaty of Lahore

was signed on March 9, 1946 between the Government of British India and Sikh rulers. It says;

―The Maharaja relinquishes to honorable company in individual sovereignty as

equivalent for one crore rupees, all his castles, lands, privileges and benefits in the

alpine countries which are located between the river Bias and Indus, including the

provinces of Kashmir and Hazara‖

―(Annexation of Punjab: http://www.facts-about-india.com/annexation-of-punjab.php‖

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3.6 Treaty of Amritsar Following to the above assignment, a separate contract was signed between the ruler of Jammu

and Kashmir Maharaja Gulab Sing and the Government of British India on March 16, 1946.

Article 1 of the treaty states that, ―The British government shifted to Maharaja Gulab Singh and

inherits all the alpine state in the light of treaty of Lahore‖. The article of Amritsar Treaty proved

that the area of Chilas, Hunza, Nagar and remaining region of the north were not transferred to

the government of Maharaja Kashmir. If we strictly interpret the Gulab Nama, even Astor was

the only land under protection but not a definite territorial part of Kashmir. The Indus River pass

along with Kohistan‘s region but the region never considered as part of Kashmir. It is strange

that the Buddhist majority region Ladakh and Muslim majority region Baltistan are not revealed

in the treaty, while the river Indus passes through the regions. This is understandable, because

these two areas never formed part of Sikh territory. So, if treaty is properly understood in the

historical perception, its meaning has to be restricted to property of the Sikhs in Jammu and

Kashmir.(Haque, 2012)

3.7 British Indian Rules

The British transmitted power and control of region to Dogra in 1846. But continuing expansion

of Czarist Russia, British made Gilgit as it‘s based to curtail the Russian‘s invasion in this

northern frontier. In 1889 the Gilgit Agency was restored under Captain A. Durand as the Agent

of British India. Latter Gilgit Scout was established to topple the local rebellion and protection of

administration. When Soviet activites in Central Asia and their relations with Chinese regimes

in Xingjian developed, the fears of British had increased. , thus, they used these circumstances to

build up pressure on Maharaja Hari Singh to accept their de-jour administration over Gilgit

agency. For this purpose , on 26 March 1935,an agreement of a lease for 60 years was signed by

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Colonel Lang, the Resident of British in Kashmir and the Maharaja of Kashmir, gave the civil

and military authority of Gilgit Agency to British, subject to the condition that this region would

continue under the dominion of Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The lease terminated in 1947

during partition of India and the British returned the administration of Gilgit agency to Maharaja.

But the uprising of freedom movement against Dogras in 1947-48 by local people under Gilgit-

Scout, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir lost it authority over Gilgit and Baltistan and later the

Local rulers affiliated this region with Pakistan. (Warikoo, 2014)

3.8 Gilgit Agency

Gilgit Agency was created in 1877 by the government of British India to protect the northern

region from the invaders of Russia and other powers. During this time the World game was its

peak. British officers were much concerned over the influences of USSR in Himalayan region

and that was creating threat to the empire of British India. To containment the Russian Caser

advancement, the government of British India decided to establish the Gilgit agency. The

Agency was reestablished and it was controlled by the British officers, residing in Jammu and

Kashmir. The Gilgit Agency included, the Gilgit Wazarat, region of Hunza and Nigar States, the

Jagir of Punial, and other of territories of Ishkoman, Chilas, Yasim and Kuh-Ghizr. In 1935, the

international political scenario had been changed, and the British took Gilgit and adjoin areas for

a lease of 60 years from the Maharaja of Kashmir. After lease this region went under the direct

administrative control of British India.

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3.9 The Gilgit Scout

The interest of British had increased in Gilgit and took it under its vigilant to look the Russian

movements in central and Karakoram regions. Under the command of Colonel Algernon Durand,

British Indian government established a force in this border region with the name of Gilgit

Levies with the aim to protect the British from the local unrest and resistance. In 1891, the force

clashes the Hunza‘s army in the battle of Nilt. Major JC Bridges reestablished the force in 1913

on company basis and the name was changed Gilgit Levies to Gilgit scouts. During the formation

of the Gilgit Scout, the strength was only 582. The recruitment and training in Gilgit scout was

depended on the suggestion of local Raja and Mirs of the region. During freedom movement

Gilgit scout mutinied against Dogra commander and play a significant role in the freedom of

Gilgit-Baltistan. (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=162&rnd=462)

Figure 3.2: Gilgit-Scouts

Source: https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/happy-independence-day.406410/page-2

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3.10 End of British Rules

On October 26, 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh singed with India on the Instrument of Accession of

Jammu and Kashmir after a tribal invasion from Pakistan. The residents of Gilgit did not favor

the accession of the State to India. Feeling unhappy, Major William Brown, commander of the

Maharaja Scout Gilgit, mutinied on November 1, 1947, toppling Governor Ghansara Singh. An

interim government was setup by the inhabitants of Gilgit and Raja Shah Rais Khan appointed as

president and Mirza Hassan Khan was mad as commander in chief. Major Brown the

commander of Gilgit Scout had telegraphed Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan asking Pakistan to take

over the region. To affiliation the region with Pakistan, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, the

Pakistani political agent, reached Gilgit on 16 November and took over the administration of

Gilgit (Scholfied , 2003)

The provisional government in Gilgit remained for 16 days. According to Yaqoob Khan Bangash

(2010) highlighted that the residents of Gilgit, as well as those of Chilas, Ishkoman,Koh Ghizr,

Punial, Yasin, Hunza and Nagar merged Pakistan by choice. After taking control of Gilgit,

Scouts of Gilgit and the irregular Azad moved to Baltistan and Ladakh and captured Skardu in

May 1948. They blocked Indian reinforcements and then captured Dras and Kargill, cutting off

Indian communications to Leh in Ladakh. The Indian forces mounted an offensive in the autumn

of 1948 and took over the entire district of Kargil. Baltistan region, however, remained under

Gilgit control.

3.11 United Nations Resolution

After the partition of Subcontinent, the princely states of British India were given choice to join

the new independent states or remained autonomous. Kashmir was a princely state ruled by

Maharaja, a Hindu ruler while the majority of populations were Muslim. In 1947, A Lashkar

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from the Pakistani controlled Tribal areas attacked on Kashmir to help the people to topple the

ruler of Kashmir. This invasion brought India a chance to compel the ruler of Kashmir to sign the

―Instrument of Accession‖. This incursion led a war between Pakistan and India. In 1948, India

brought this issue on International forum to make it Internationalized. In January, 1948, under

the UN Charter, article 35, India brought the issue before United Nation Security Council

(UNSC) and the UN quickly take the matter in hands. The matter was taken seriously for a long

time and Kashmiris were given the right of plebiscite that they are free to choice their future. In

the resolution adopted by members of UNSC, Kashmir issue was to resolve through plebiscite in

which people were given three options, to become part of Pakistan, or India or remain

independent State. But the implementation of the UN resolution did not come true due the

antagonist behavior of both states. The people of Gilgit-Baltistan claimed that the whole region

was kept with Kashmir issue for the Plebiscite. Accordingly, on 20 January 1948, a three

member delegation visited scene of battling. On 21 April 1948, a five member of ―United

Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP)‖ was established to resolve the Kashmir

issue and UNSC resolution 47 on Kashmir adopted. This resolution stated that; “both India and

Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or

Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial

plebiscite”. (Kashmir- the History, http://www.pakun.org/kashmir/history.php)

3.12 Political Development in Gilgit Baltistan 1947-2013

3.12.1 Karachi Agreement 1949

In November, 1947, with the help local population, Gilgit Scouts and Azad army freed Gilgit and

adjoin areas from the Dogra Raj and declared as an Independent State. In 16th

November, this

region affiliated with Pakistan and the representative of Pakistan took the charge of

administration abolishing the new born state. But the fate of this area and its people fell in the

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doldrums when this region kept with Kashmir dispute. Karachi Agreement has a great impact on

Gilgit-Baltistan and it futures political developments. On 28th

April, 1949 an agreement was

signed between the representatives of Azad Kashmir Government and the Representative of

Pakistan. The members of signatories/ representatives were;

1. The representative of Pakistan Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani (Minister without Portfolio)

2. The President of Azad Kashmir Mr. Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan

3. Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas, the leader of ―All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference‖

In this agreement the arrangement of Kashmir affairs were distributed between Pakistan and

Azad Kashmir Government. Under this agreement the administrative power of Gilgit-Baltistan

was granted to Pakistan till Kashmir Resolution and Pakistan became as a de-facto ruler of

Gilgit-Baltistan. The people of Gilgit-Baltistan rejected this agreement on based of following

arguments.

1. According to local people of Gilgit-Baltistan, the region was already affiliated with Pakistan in

1947.

2. In 1947, the people liberated the whole region from the Dogra Raj of Kashmir, so theirs

(Kashmiri) claimed were baseless and unjustified.

3. In the signatories of agreement, there was not a single representative from Gilgit-Baltistan,

and without consensus the locals the agreement about fortunes of GB people would not be

accepted. (Naseem, 2007)

3.12.2 TRANSFER TO MINISTRY OF KASHMIR AFFAIRS

The history of political development and constitutional reforms in Gilgit-Baltistan has a long

journey. Due to annexation with Kashmir issue, the process of constitutional or political reforms

in this region has observed very slow and sluggish. The first political development took place in

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1950 when the administration of Gilgit-Baltistan formally called ―Northern Area‖ shifted to

Ministry of Kashmir Affair from North West Frontiers Province (today, Khaibar Pakhtunkhwa).

Before this arrangement, the appointment of Political agent for the area fell under the control of

NWFP government. This arrangement process continued till 1952 when the charge of the post of

Resident of NA was given under the administration of the Joint Secretary Kashmir Affairs.

3.13 Gilgit-Batistan after Accession with Pakistan

3.13.1 Chronological Order of Administration and Self-government Reforms (1947-2009)

The people of Gilgit-Baltistan affiliated the whole region with Pakistan after the independence

from the Dogra Raj. They abolished their new state to amalgamate with Pakistan; which

remained 16th

days on the map of the world. Pakistan sent a political agent as a representative

and imposed. This law had been launched by Pakistani government in all agencies and tribal

areas. (Hassnain 1978) With the passage of the time, government of Pakistan started to

introduce organizational and political modifications and reforms in order to fulfill the demands

of local people are mentioned below.

3.13.2 Formation of the Ministry 1950

The federal government set up new ministry to look up the affairs of Kashmir and the Norther

areas of Pakistan. For this purpose government introduced the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and

Northern Areas (KANA) and relocated administrative dealings of the whole Northern Areas to

the Ministry.

3.13.3 Appointment of Resident 1950-52

In 1950 the post of political resident and chief advisor in Kashmir affair was created. The

administrative power of Northern Areas transferred from the governor of NWFP to Ministry of

Kashmir Affair and this transformation of power was the political resident for Gilgit and

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Baltistan. This political process remained until 1952, when the federal government bestowed the

post of the resident of NA to the Join Secretary with the additional charge of the Chief advisor

for Kashmir. (Ali & Rehman, 2001)

3.13.3 Empowerment of Resident 1967

In 1967 another administrative changes brought in the affair of Kashmir Ministry. This time the

reform launched about the powers of the resident of Gilgit. The resident was given the power of

―High Court and Revenue Commissioner‖ and selected two political agents one for each Gilgit

and Baltistan agency. Political agent was gifted the District level authority to take command as

judge of session and district court, Revenue Collector, Commissioner for FCR, Chief of police

and controlling officer. (Dani, 2007)

3.13.3 Creation of Representative Body of Northern Areas 1970

Another political reform was introduced by General Yahya Khan in 1970. Through this reform

the first council ―Northern Areas Advisory Council (NAAC)‖ was established and the election of

its sixteen members also held for the first time in same year. Whereas member of the council had

granted a limited powers about the developmental projects and the rest issues were beyond its

powers. (Naseem, 2007)

3.13.5 Z.A Bhutto Government Reforms 1970s

In 1970s, the major political changes took place in Pakistan. During these years, the political and

constitutional demands and awareness rose among the people of Gilgit-Baltistan. In 1971, the

first indigenous political Party ―Tanzeem-e-Millat Party‖ was formed. The main purpose and

manifesto of this political party was to abolish the FCR laws and to award the region as the

provincial setup. The party arranged protests in every nook and cranny of the region. This made

the situation of whole region turmoil. Government of Pakistan set up a committee to introduce

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new reform to control the situation in Gilgit-Baltistan. On the suggestion of the committee

members, the President of Pakistan signed new constitutional and political reforms in August,

1972.

A). Feudal system was stemmed in socio-political and economic system of GB. The new reform

abolished feudal system as well as Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) and tradition political

setup of rajas and mir of Nagar and other states also eradicated.

B). The old system of Agency system converted the new political system. Gilgit and Baltistan

were the Agencies changed into districts set up.

C). The Deputy commissioners and Commissioner were introduced as the head of district,

changed the political agents and the post of the resident.

The reform continued and Diamer was made a new district in December, 1972 and the Prime

Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited the region in September 1974 and announced few more

reforms including the abolishment of Hunza States, formation of the District Ghanche and

creation of Ghizer district. (Dani, 2007)

3.13.6 Imposition of Zia-ul-Haq Martial Law and Zone E 1977

In 1977, when Martial Law was enacted in Pakistan by the General Zia-ul-Haq, Northern Area

(GB) was declared as Zone-E and whole area went under the Martial Law. It was a different step

took by Zia government which was in contradiction of Pakistan‘s stance on Gilgit-Baltistan with

regard to the Kashmir issue. The people‘s representatives of Gilgit-Baltistan were included in the

Majlis-e-Shura.(Naseem, 2007)

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3.13.7 Appointment of Advisor to Kashmir Affairs 1985

So as to bring reforms in GB, government of Pakistan comprised a high-level commission

including ―Federal Secretaries of Finance, Planning, Law, Interior, Education, and Kashmir

Affairs and Northern Areas (KA&NA)‖.After recommendations of the committee, a

representative of Norther Areas ;Agha Ahmed Ali Shah was granted as Counselor to Minister of

Kashmir Affairs.

3.13.8 Advisor to Prime Minister 1988

Another political development observed during Ms. Benazir Bhutto government in 1988. She

was selected Mr. Qurban Ali as advisor to Prime Minister. He was representative of Northern

Area Council. The status of advisor was equal with a State Minister.

3.13.9 Benazir Bhutto Announced new Reforms 1994

To bring improvement in Northern Areas, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto announced new

reforms and the member of the Federal Cabinet approved a set of ―Package of Reforms‖ as

―Legal Framework Order 1994.‖ The new institutions such as ―Northern Area Rules of Business,

Chief Secretary and Civil Secretariats‖ had been created and major developments took place

regarding judicial reforms. After the abolishment judicial commissioner a Chief Court of 3

members had been established under the presidency of a retired judge.―Any senior judicial

officer who was either the member of federation or the provisional High court was able for the

member of chief courts, while a District Session Judge from the Northern Areas is qualified to be

its member. During the governance of Pervez Musharraf, he offered a constitutional package to

the Gilgit Baltistan which ultimately led to the prominent changes in the pre-existing system and

take it to the top prominent level. The council was renamed as Northern Areas Legislative

Assembly.‖ (Gupta and Bansal, 2007)

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3.13.10 Delegation of Legislative power to the NALC (1999)

According to the schedule 2 of the Legal Framework order (LFO), the legislative power over

forty nine of subjects was given to the Legislative Council. These reforms brought a

modification in the LFO of 1994 and the Legislative council power also rose.

3.13.11 Establishment of Apex Court (2005)

In 2005, the first ―Northern Area Court of Appeal‖ was created as well as the number of reserved

seats for technocrats had increased up to six and to empowerment of the women, one additional

woman seat was increased in Northern Areas Legislative Council.

3.13.12 Empowerment of Northern Areas Legislative Council (2006)

After selecting the six (06) advisory from NALC members, they got equal status in incentives,

payments and freedoms as members of AJ & K Assembly had possessed.

3.13.13 The Reforms Package (2007)

On 23rd

October, 2007 General Pervez then the President of Pakistan paid an official visit to

Gilgit, where he announced a set of new constitutional reform for the region. This new package

brought huge changes in the administrative set up of GB. The Reforms Package 2007 changed

the name of Legislative council to Legislative Assembly and the power of the Legislative

assembly was upgraded. Furthermore, the designation of the ―Deputy Chief Executive was made

its Chief Executive and the minister for Kashmir Affairs was granted as the Chairman of the

Legislative Assembly.‖ (gbtribune.blogspot.com) Before the name change it was called Northern

Areas Legislative Council (NALC). It is pertinent to note that this reform lifted the status of the

region without causing the Kashmir issue. Therefore, the whole Kashmiri leadership, for the first

time , had accepted this reforms even in past any setup or reforms related Northern Areas (GB)

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were opposed by all Kashmiri leadership whether they belong to AJK or Indian held Kashmir.

(Mehmud, 2007)

3.13.14 The Gilgit Baltistan Empowerment and self-Governance Order (2009)

Federation is the unique characteristic in the political system of Pakistan. The federation of

Pakistan is comprised four provinces including four non-units of territories. The non-provincial

units of Federalism are Federally Administrative Tribal Areas (FATA), Gilgit-Baltistan

(formally Known Northern Areas), Azad Jammu Kashmir and the capital territory Islamabad.

Unfortunately, the region of Gilgit Baltistan is facing the problem of constitutional vacuum for

over 60 years. The people of this region do not have right to participate in the mainstream

political process in Pakistan. They are not representation in parliament nor have constitutional

mandate to the local assembly. On the other hand Pakistan held Kashmir part known as ―Azad

Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)‖ have possessed a wide range and well defined governance

arrangement operational under an interim constitution approved by Azad Kashmir Legislative

Assembly in 1974. Whereas, Indian-held Jammu & Kashmir is functioning its administrative

responsibilities under ―Indian constitution of article 370‖ and has its own state‘s constitution

(1957), which the importance of G.B; fairly irrational and unwarranted even more contradict as

compared to disputed areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. While the other two, capital city and

FATA have their own representative in parliament and senate. In 2009, Government of Pakistan

introduced a balanced and comprehensive constitutional reform in the region.The ―Gilgit-

Baltistan Self-Empowerment and Governance Order 2009‖ was launched in August 2009, which

is strongly influenced by the AJK pattern and Pakistan's provincial arrangements. It describes

that people of Gilgit-Baltistan were demanding a wide range political and constitutional reforms

and the democratic government of Pakistan led by Pakistan People Party (PPP) took steps to

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bring Gilgit-Baltistan in the mainstream of national political and constitutional process and

increased internal autonomy while giving provincial set-up but did not declared as a province. It

obviously demonstrates that GB is not a part of Pakistan. Article-1 of the constitution of the

Islamic Republic of Pakistan deals with the regional and territorial concern of Pakistan. It clearly

defines the territories and region which fall under the constitutional administration of Pakistan.

However, the current package of reforms is in fact a further improvement in the legal framework

of the Council of Northern Regions.

Under the supervision of the ―Minister of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas‖, the Prime

Minister of Islamic Democratic of Pakistan announced a high powered commission in which the

DG (ISI) and (IB) were the members of this committee along with the ―Minister for Foreign

Affairs, Minister for Law and Justice, Secretary Law and Justice, Secretary Cabinet, Secretary

KANA and Advisor for Interior.‖ In this committee, the current condition and reforms in Gilgit

Baltistan was taken into account and negotiated with the participants of Northern Areas

According to the Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-governance 2009, the name of

Northern Areas was replaced by Gilgit Baltistan along with the separate appointment of the

Officer of Governor, Chief Minister and Ministers. Like AJK, this Gilgit Baltistan Council has

a supremacy of approving funds. The concept of the amalgamated Capitals was introduced and

the legislative power of the Assembly are enhanced from 49-61 subjects with supremacy of the

all the other themes which is not in the range of Gilgit-Baltistan councils. GB has a power to

promulgate on all the 55 subjects. The ―Gilgit Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance

Order 2009‖ was considered as a comprehensive package ever implemented by Federal

government. Through this constitutional package the name of this region changed from Northern

Areas of Pakistan to Gilgit-Baltistan which brought a positive impact on regional socio-political

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and economic system. This package introduced a provincial setup for administration but

constitutionally it kept with Kashmir Affair. This reform brought huge infrastructural changes as

well as increased legislative powers Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly. (Haque, 2012).

3.14 The Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly

The political packages 2009 give a comprehensive and inclusive political and administrative

power to the people of Gilgit-Baltistan. An autonomous provincial set-up for self-rule and a

unicameral legislative body were introduced by the GB Empowerment and Self-Governance

order 2009. The legislative body of Gilgit-Baltistan is called Gilgit Baltistan Legislative

Assembly (GBLA) is constituted of 33 members of which:

(a) 24 members of the assembly choose directly by the people of Gilgit-Baltistan on the basis of

adult franchise.

(b) The six reserved seats for women members nominate on the basis national assembly procedures

of Pakistan. A further seat (7) was assigned for newly made district of Hunza Nagar.

(c) There are three technocrats and professional seats in GBLA elect on the lines of reserved seats in

Pakistan.

3.15 Gilgit Baltistan Council

As the result of the article 33 of Self-Governance Package 2009, Gilgit Baltistan Council has

been formulated to enhance the relations between the central and local governments. The council

entitled power to legislate on 53 subjects as it provided by schedule III of the Order. The prime

minister of the Pakistan is its Chairman and the Governor of GB is the Vice-Chairman of the

Council. The Council comprises of

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― 1). The Prime Minister of Pakistan

2). The Governor of Gilgit Baltistan

3). Six members will appoint by the prime minister of Pakistan from the federal ministers and

parliamentarians on the recommendation of Minister of Kashmir affairs and Gilgit Baltistan.

4). The chief minister of Gilgit Baltistan.

5). Six members of Council will be elected by the Assembly according to the method of

proportional representation by means of a single transferable ballot.‖ (Gilgit-Baltistan Council:

http://www.gbcouncil.com/)

3.16 Election in Gilgit-Baltistan

Election Commission of Gilgit-Baltistan was established under the provision of the Gilgit-

Baltistan Empower and Self-governance order 2009 to conduct a fair and free election in Gilgit-

Baltistan. Prior this order, the Home Department was responsible to conduct the general election

and its affairs. On 12th

November 2009 first general election in 24 Constituencies of Gilgit-

Baltistan was conducted by the Election Commission GB under the guidance of the self-

governance order 2009. As the result of the election of 2009, the PPP led coalition came into

power and Syed Mehdi Shah appointed as first Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan.

In 2015 second general election was held for 24 seats of GBLA. At this time Pakistan Muslim

League Nawaz (PMLN) emerged as the largest party of Gilgit-Baltistan, won 14 seats. Pakistan

People Party (PPP) lost its majority in the Assembly and PMLN appointed Hafiz Hafeez-ur-

Rehman; a Gilgit based political leader of PMLN, as the Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan.

(http://ecgb.gov.pk/elec09.htm)

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3.17 Sectarianism in Gilgit-Baltistan

The issue of Sectarianism in the region called as Gilgit Baltistan is the offshoot of the general ray

of sectarianism spread throughout the country, in fact in the whole Muslim world. On the other

hand, it should be observed with the bird‘s eye view with the assisting factors of the historical

and the political importance which are the core parameters in developing the ethnic and social

clothing of the said area. It was said to the Shiite area dominantly according to some historians

and some other versions like the Afghans who had the nomadic type of life settled there and

were mainly practicing the some other versions of Islam. But still it‘s not controversial that the

area was the center of the two main sects of Islam and they were living harmoniously and

friendly .The other strong doctrine is that sometimes in the same family people were practicing

the religious versions differently. The said population in general constitutes Shiites, Sunnis,

Ismailis and some minor sects like Noorbakhshia in the periphery of the Baltistan near the Indian

Ladakh. Shiites constitute the maximum population of the region and the other sect Sunnis and

Ismaili are constituted high in the region. The majority of the Shia population is in the districts

like Skardu, Ghanche and the Nager valley near to the Hunza. The other parts like Diamer, Darel

and Tangier, and Ghizer they are very negligible and are dominated by other sects of Islam. The

region of the Diamer is solely the place for the Sunnite population and the Ghizer is dominated

by the Ismaili community dominantly. As according to the versions of the old people and orally

passed information the regions of the Diamer and Ghizer are dominated two clans Sheen and

Yushkuns and these are part of other parts of the Gilgit Baltistan except the Baltistan region

where people have different type of the family system. According to the facts the clan and family

system have been more dangerous than the sect and same version is always supported by the

people and they are always at dagger drawn with each other‘s on the time of election and other

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common matters of interest .The issue of sectarianism is a curse for the progress of the region

and this might also create problem to the state as well because taking the shelter of religion the

inimical factors will always protect their distorted version of the nationalism indeed that will be

hostile to the whole country and might create problem for the useful projects like the CPEC in

future. In the tie of the British and prior to them the Dogra rules there were no clues of the

sectarianism and the people have a very peaceful life and even they were practicing the intersect

marriages and he facts supported that the region get the flame of the sectarianism when the Islam

was politicize and the people were used as the tool of the nefarious actors working for the

disability of the region and the country overall. So, with the passage of time there were different

incident which compel the two sects to act against each other. When they are out of the hands

and not controlled then other perceptions were developed in the region and these are as below

• Sectarianism is the child of the state for its convenience

• Sectarianism will lead to the political diversion and let other harmful thing to be intermingled

with the good version making in impure and there is no need of it.

• Sectarianism has created the feeling of the diffidence on the minds of people leading them to a

confusion of mind and ability.

• Sectarianism had been the tool like the British policy of divide and start ruling in a way as

defined by the set policy and make the inhabitant entangled in the net where they can breathe but

not die and not move like a normal being. So people are very cautious about the policies of the

state especially the agency controlled by the state and they are always under the constant fear of

mind as they themselves set all these in their minds.

• And also there is no clear set policy of the government to tackle the issue of sectarianism.

(Hunzai, 2013).

148

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ChapterNo.4

Gilgit-Baltistan: Political, Economic and Security Interest

for Regional Powers

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Introduction

Geographically, Gilgit-Baltistan borders with India, Pakistan, China and Afghanistan.

Historically this region was the passage of ancient traders, invaders, travelers. The famous

Chinese ancient Slik routes passed through Gilgit-Baltistan. It was gateway for Chinese, Indian,

Central Asian traders used these routes for their trades. After Independence of Pakistan, India,

and Communist revolution in China the situation of the region was changed. Sino-India war

1962 and Sino-Pakistan Border agreement 1963 were the two most important developments that

put a huge impact on this region. In 1966-79 after the construction of Karakoram Highway

(KKH); length 1300Km, was constructed which brought dynamic improved in the relations of

Pakistan and China. On the other hand, Sino-India or Pak-India relations remained hostile and

antagonistic. The constitutional status of Gilgit-Baltistan is dubious because the fate of this

region amalgamated with Kashmir issue despite it was freed from the Dogras of Kashmir by

local people without any foreign help and affiliated with Pakistan. China and India are the world

largest populated countries and both states have emerged as economic powers in 21st century.

China has world 2nd

largest economy while India is world‘s seventh largest economy by nominal

GPD. In 2013, Pakistan and China has started a new economic corridor; China Pakistan

Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is considered as a game changer for socio-economic facet in

Pakistan and China .Gilgit-Baltistan serves as gateway for these developments. While India has

much concerned to any development whether it political or economic in Gilgit-Baltistan because

India claimed to be owner of this region. India and Pakistan confronted at Siachen Conflict 1984,

Kargil war 1999, and many border skirmishes in this region. This chapter has focused on the

triangular relationships, Pakistan, China, and India, and their interests in Gilgit-Baltistan.

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4.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: A Corridor for China’s Economic Development

4.1. China Growing Economic

One of the famous cliché of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader then the Emperor,

was supposedly said on China over 200 years ago that : ―Let China Sleep, for when she wakes,

she will shake the world,‖ (Boyle: 2004)

Today, the French Emperor‘s warning has seemed unerringly apposite when we observe the

economic growth and cumulative power of China. In the history of China; the world oldest

civilization and most populous country; has witnessed up and down upheaval, cycles of

prosperity and decline, socio cultural fragmentation, wars, chaos. During the Song Dynasty:

around 1200 Century, the Chinese economic and technological performances were its peak.

China had the highest iron production, the uppermost urbanization rate, and the biggest national

economy in the world. China was economic and technological leader of the world during the Pre-

modern period. It position stagnated between 16th

and 19th

centuries while the economic growth

of Western Europe had increased steadily throughout the same period. There are different

reasons presented by historians about this trample of Chinese economy. According to one school

of thought this declination was happened due to the Industrial revolution in England and the

political system of Ming (1368-1644) and Qing dynasties (1644-1911) that hampered the socio

economical activities in China. (Zhu, 2012) Another School of thought, argue that this economic

recession was happened owing to the imperialist political structure which only sheltered the

nepotism of the elite classes who created restrained to adopt new technologies. The two great

mishaps; Opium Wars between China and Great Britain (1840s-1850s) and the Sino-Japanese

War of 1894–95, brought marginal industrial and economic activities in China but fresh impetus

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for industrial progression kept in thwart till 1950s due to the constant civil wars and the Global

war (1939-1945). (Brandt, Ma, and Rawski , 2012)

4.2 China’s Economic Growth after Civil War (1949-1976)

After a long civil war in October 1949, the Chinese National Party (Kuomintang) was defeated

by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and established the People‘s Republic of China (PRC)

while the nationalist pushed to Taiwan where it proclaimed the Republic of China (ROC). (China

country profile, 2016) Under the leadership of Moe Zedong, China adopted the Soviet model of

economic stratagems that was based on Marxist approach. To boost up the industrial sectors

Chinese government spent huge investments on increasing heavy industries like steel,

machineries etc. A prodigious modification can observe in China during 1958 to 1961 when the

Communist Party of China (CPC) announced the Great Leap Forward; an economic and social

exhortation, led by Mao Zedong. The campaign was aimed to promptly move from agriculture

based economy to industrialization. This policy did not push up the GDP but also created turmoil

in agriculture production that steered Great Leap Famine in China of 1959-1961 which resulted

more than 15 million death and casualties. (Zhu, 2012) From 1952 to 1978 the government led-

industrialization policies did not set a rock to surge the improvement the living standard. In

addition, during these years the average annual growth rate of china‘s real GPD was 4.4.

(Maddison, 2007)

In this period, despite the leadership of Mao Zedong, China‘s economy languished sever

setbacks and downturns, the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) and the Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) exacerbated the situation that provoke socio-economic and political chaos and

dismay among masses.

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4.3 China’s Economic Reforms: After Mao Zedong (1979-the Present)

A long stagnation of Chinese economic development under the Maoist approach, China started

deviating reforms to the rigid authoritarian state controlled policies after the demise of Chairman

Mao in 1976. Deng Xiaoping the new communist leader seizure power in 1978, initiated

different economic reforms to decentralization economic and enterprises to the units. Agriculture

sector was long neglected sector in previous regime, took special consideration in Deng‘s first

initiatives. To overcome the deteriorating situation of food supplies and production, the

government launched price and ownership policies for farmer, which enabled them to promote

the agriculture productions as well as it lift up the living standards of millions communes.

(Marrison 2015)

The modernization and liberation economic policies of Deng in 1978 put countless impression

on China which prepared her to play an imperative role in the global stage. Indebted to the

market-oriented and opening-up reforms in 1970s by leaders, China has achieved astonishing

enactment in last 37 years. During these years (1979-2014) the annual growth rate of China‘s

real GDP is 10% which is the highest rate in the world. In 2011 Chinese become world second

highest GDP defeating Japan. As napoleon proclaimed his famous aphorism around 200 years

ago that China is a sleeping giant now it today it‘s valued when someone observe Chinese

Economic growth. Chinese President Xi himself admitted to announcing that China has been

growing with peace, pleasant and civilized. In his words

―According to history, realizing the Chinese dream would bring opportunities rather

than threats, peace rather than turmoil to the world. It will help the world make

progress in various aspects. Napoleon Bonaparte once said that China 'is a sleeping

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lion and when China wakes up, the world will shake'. In fact, the lion of China has

awoken, but what the world sees now, is a peaceful, amiable, civilized lion."

(Sridharan; 2014)

An impressive upheaval in Chinese economic growth which also increase the GDP per capita to

$ 6075 in 2012 , up from $ 205 in 1980. China has added $3.3 trillion GDP in foreign exchange

reserves, ranked top in the world. (Yang, 2013)

Table 4.1: Chinese Real GDP Growth 1979-2014

Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook

China became a member of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001.Since then its economic

growth jump up sky-high ranked top trading nation of the world involving trade treaties,

organization, pacts, and playing vital role in international trade and business. China is fastest

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economic growth and largest manufacturing economy country, largest in term of exporters and

second major importer of goods in the world. (Sims, 2014)

China is the biggest energy consumer nation of the world. In 2009 China consumed 4% more

than USA, which was 2.252 billion tons of oil equivalent in 2009, surpassing USA which was

consumed 2.170 billion tons of oil equivalent in same year. (Swartz & Oster, 18 July, 2010). To

sustain the economic growth, China needs large number of energy resources, international

markets, global trade, as well as drastic improvement in industrial, agriculture, structural

problem, investment, consumption, manufacturing, job creation etc. In this regard China is

engaged with other nations investing a large amount in different sector in Asia, Africa, Latin

America Europe, oil rich region of world.

Table 4.2: Worldwide Chinese Investments & construction, 2005-16

Source: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/8-facts-about-chinas-economy/

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4.4 China’s Soft Power

In 1990s end of cold war after the collapsed of Communist bloc, United State of America

emerged as super power eliminating the bipolar system of world politics. In 21st century the

world power structure has changed. According many scholars of international politics the global

power projection rapidly is going to be transformed from unipolar to multipolar. Power has been

shifting from West to East. China is the world biggest populous county with estimated over 1.3

billion population. To play china it own role in global scenario, china protect it interest through

the Soft power policies. China , instead the use of mass destructions confrontation preferred to

promote peace and prosperity through trading, diplomacy, investment, infrastructure

development, construction rail and roads, foreign assistance. In addition the People Republic has

involved actively in regional and international organization, helped them providing financial

assistance, strengthening economic ties with other nations to secure its own national interest.

These strategies abetted to promote its influences globally. Now the role of China in global

politics has accepted. (Lum, Morrison, Vaughn, 2008, January 4)

China is the second largest country in the world in term of land area after Russia and has also the

maximum neighbors, borders with 14 countries. Under the Mao‘s administration, government

focused on State-owned enterprises (SOEs), which discouraged the direct foreign investments

and private enterprises resulting pitfalls in economy. From 1978 to 1990s, ―China Open Door‖

reforms and economic modernization helped to elevate the Foreign Direct Investment (FID) in

China. In 2010, according to a report, more than 445,244 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs)

registered, created 55.2 million jobs. (Morrison, 2015)

On the other hand oversees investment by Chinese companies was strictly prohibited.

Nevertheless, Chinese government adopted a new strategy ―Go Global‖ in 2001, aimed to

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encourage the Chinese Firms to finance oversees. Chinese outward direct investment has been

increased since 2000s. State own Enterprises (SOEs) and private owned enterprises (POEs) are

engaging to raise it ODI; generally in construction, petroleum, telecommunication, infrastructure,

shipping, energy and power sectors. Overseas direct investment of China has extensively

increased, last two decades. In 2003 the total size of ODI was less than 3 billion, increased it in

70 billion in 2011.Now china stood world third position of ODI and largest recipient of FDI.

(Brunjes, Levine,Palmer & Smith, 2013)

4.5 China in South Asian

South Asian consisted of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka,

and Bhutan. One fourth of the world population (over 24%) lives in this region, estimated 1.749

billion. In 1985 an economic cooperation organization namely South Asian Association for

Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was establish to promote socio-economic and political

cooperation among these countries. The south Asian region is considered one of the potential but

least economic assimilated regions in the world. This region experienced poor living standard,

downtrodden economic system, weak institutional structure, in and outward conflict, border

tensions, arm races, poverty, terrorism, extremism and a state of contention among its neighbors.

World trade route by lands and maritime, cheap labors, consumer markets, wealth resources are

the key factors of South Asian nations which always attract the imperialist power. There are four

wars including numerous skirmishes could be observed between, India and Pakistan, the two

major countries of South Asian. These catastrophic situation brought South Asian‘s nations on

the edge of nuclear wars. ("South Asia Regional Overview" 2008)

China is neighbor of this region bordering with Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan

directly.. In Asia India another is economic emerging country countering China. China influence

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in South Asian takes serious concern for Indian interest. China engagements with south Asian

states based on many fold. First consideration of China‘s interest in South Asia is about its

growing economy which needs energy and consumer markets. Second facet is thought Chinese

western region development. This region is least developed, and turmoil, prevailing the separatist

movement and fragmented ethnic clashes. China wants to overcome this situation while

eliminating imbalance developmental works in last three decades. For this purpose China has

been increased trade with its western borders especially with South Asian neighboring states.

Third assumption is due the Indian Ocean, China has great ambitious to prolong it influence in

South Asian regions because world major trade and economic activities are ensued in Indian

Ocean. In 2014 the trade between South Asian countries and China reached $105.56 billion.

(Singh, 2016)To understand the Chinese interests in South Asia, it is essential to look at a

succinct view on relations between China and south Asian states and its socio economic

projections which will be helpful to realize the imperative roles of Gilgit-Baltistan as an

economic corridor for Chinese‘s development.

4.5.1 China’s Relations with Afghanistan

Chin and afghan relations always remained since Soviet intervention. US led coalition attack on

Afghanistan and dismantle Taliban regime, and new government in Afghanistan took initiative to

promote relations with China. China has several strategic interests in Afghanistan. China western

region Xinjiang province borders with Afghanistan where Uighur Muslim militant groups have

been involved insurgency, separatist movement, destabilizing whole region for decades. To

combat religious extremism China need a stable and prospectus Afghanistan, which is

considered safe home for Separatist Jihadist. China bilateral and economic relation also

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improved in recent years. China‘s commercial incentives have focused on natural resources.

(Small, 2014)

China is major economic supporter of Afghanistan. During 2001 to 2013, afghan received 1.5

billion Yuan (nearly $240million) aid from China. In 2014 it increased significantly upward $80

million. (Huasheng , 2015) A stable Afghanistan is guarantor to build up the western parts

China‘s One belt initiatives. China also keens interest in TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-

Pakistan-India Gas-pipeline) which is started by UA to protect its interest in Asia. (Maini, 2015)

4.5.2 Sri Lanka: A swift change occurred in China and Sri Relations during President

Mahindra Rajapaksa in 2015. Sri Lankan government sought help from China to defeat Tamil

Separatist. China. To fight against Tamil Tigers China provided $ 37 million aid to Sri Lanka.

The 26-years civil war ended in 2009, the than China led main role to rebuild road,

infrastructure, and ports, home. Among these infrastructure development, Hamantota port and

port city project in Colombo are the major initiatives to boost up the Sri Lankan economy. Now

Sri Lanka ranked fourth in South Asia for Chinese strategic planning. Sri Lanka also has a

pivotal in China‗s Strings of Pearl. (Bhatia, 2016)

4.5.3 Bangladesh: The relationship has been growing between China and Bangladesh since

1974. Now Bangladesh stood up on third in trade partnership for china in South Asia. The trade

between Bangladesh and China increased from 1.1 billion dollars to 4 billion dollars during 2002

to 2008. In 2002, for construction bridges, road, infrastructures, military, China provided more

than 7.25 million financial aids to Bangladesh. Despite close geographical contiguity with India,

the government Look East policy, China now is largest importer for Bangladesh. (Bukhari &

Bakht, 2013)

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4.5.4 Nepal: Nepal has vital position for Chinese strategic outlooks. Both countries shares

111.47 kilometer borders. Beijing has concerned over the Indians involvement in Nepal, because

it is gateway for Tibetan separatist to India. Tibat is key in Chinese‘s foreign policies toward

Nepal. A stable and prosperous Nepal is in favor in Chinese‘s interest, which will help to counter

the separatist movement because Nepal is largest home for Tibetan refugees , numbering around

22,000. By last two decades the bilateral trade increased significantly. From 2009-2010, trade

has risen from 11 percent to 19 percent between Nepal and China and have a total US$ 1.2

billion. (Lama, 2013)

4.5.5 China and Bhutan: the tiny Himalayan state surrounded between India and China.

Chinese involvement in Tibet and border conflict in 1966 nourished distresses in Bhutan‘s

authoritarian regime which brought Indian‘s interference in State, making peace and defense

treaties. To counter the Indian hegemony, China has been trying to develop bilateral relations

with Nepal, offering investment, resolving border issue. China-Bhutan solved the border

demarcation about 500 km since 1984 (Malik ,2001)

4.5.6 China and Maldives: The small island of India ocean got Independence from British and

launched diplomatic relations with China in 1972. Since then, cooperation has been enlarged in

the field of tourism, infrastructure, communication, business and technologies. In 2013, largest

number of Chinese tourist visited to Maldives. China futuristic approach of one belt policy these

initiatives deem a favorable stride to protect Chinese interest in Indian Ocean. (Bukhari & Bakht

, 2013)

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4.5.7 China’s Relations with India

India is major dominated power of South Asia. It ranks world seventh largest by area and second

most populist country in the world. India also has fastest growing economy with a rate around 6

%. Indian‘s nominal GDP increased in recent years with $ 2.25 trillion year place graded seven

positions while stood third in term of Purchasing power parity (PPP) with $8.7 trillion. (Bajpai,

2016). These calculations have been made India as major power in the world. History tells that

both countries had relation from many centuries; however new diplomatic relations was started

during 1950s. Sino-Indian relations have experienced full hitches due to its border conflicts and

hegemonic yearning in the region. Territorial disputes between India and China remained hard

issues. India and China have been confronted three major military conflicts since 1960s, Sino-

Indian war 1962 in Ladakh region, the Chola Dispute in 1967 in Sikkim and the 1987 Skirmish.

Sino-Pak relations are another stake of disturbance between Sino-Indian relations. China do not

recognize legitimate authority over Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, in responding India

also question on Tibet, South Chinese Seas. India claims ownership on Askachin, Tibet and

disputed border territories, blaming unlawful occupation by China, While China also blamce on

India inflicting the situation within its boundaries. India has great concern over Chinese

involvement in Gilgit-Baltistan, the region she claimed to be part of Jammu Kashmir, an integral

Part of India. To counter Chinese‘ ―String Pearl‖ in Indian Ocean, India inception the ―Iron

Curtail‖ which aim to restrain the Chinese influences. Despite of these border skirmishes and

antagonism, China and India have enabled to develop a strong bilateral and economic

cooperation. The volume of bilateral trade between China and India reached $73.9 billion in

2012. (IANS, 2012) The growing competition for economic and energy incentives among major

powers can be observed in this region. To secure it strategic interest, United State is increasing

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relationship with India, enhancing nuclear and military agreements; these are considered a

counter strategy for Chinese Influence in the World. (Brunjes, Levine,Palmer & Smith, 2013)

4.5.8 The Pakistan-China relations

Sino-Pakistan relationship is labeled as ―deeper than the ocean, higher than the Himalaya and

sweeter than honey‖ this attractive metaphor extensively use in Pakistan. Pakistan was the first

Muslim and third non-communist country, recognized the People Republic of China than

established bilateral relations, and later on Sino-India war 1962 and Pak-Sino Border Agreement

1963 provided a stalwart foundation.

China always supported Pakistan in major confrontations with India in 1965, 1972, Kargial war

1999 or other border skirmishes and tension, on national and international level. Pakistan is china

second largest trade partnership in South Asia. In 2006, Pakistan China signed a free trade

agreement, after that the annual trade surged from $1.9 billion in 2002-2011 to $ 13 billion in

2013. China is assisting Pakistan in energy, power, rail highways, agriculture, ports, and defense

sectors. (Bukhari & Bakht , 2013)

India has emerged as economic power in South Asia. Its hegemonic attitudes and historical

antagonistic relations with China and Pakistan have further strengthened Pakistan and China‘s

friendships. To maintain a balance of power in South Asian region, China has assisted Pakistan‘s

conventional and non-conventional weapons, warfare arsenals, and military apparatus, since last

fifty years. Pakistan.(Curtis& Scissors, 2012). China needs more energy and resource to sustain

it economic growth. China‘s energy most depends on Middle East states. For this purpose China

launch One belt one road initiative to revival the old silk routes. China Pakistan economic

corridor CPEC) is an essential part of this great strategy to link China western region from

maritime through Gawader port. This will help China to boos up its economic activities and short

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trade road for International market. To understand the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) importance for

China it is vital to know how China secures its interest in Pakistan because Sino Pakistan trade

activities are happened through GB. Sino- Pakistan agreement 1963 was turning point to reshape

the bilateral relations which bestowed China to access Karakoram. India reserved about this

settlement because it thought that China illegally took large portion of Gilgit Baltistan region

into her administration. (Kumar, 2006)

4.6 Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement 1963

In 1963, Pakistan and China after a series of dialogues and discussions reached a boundary

Agreement. This agreement extended the boundary 325 miles from Afghan border to Karakorum

Pass near Siachen Glacier. This agreement had come into effect after the signatures of Chinese

foreign Minister Chen Yi and Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1963. This

agreement resulted to bring both states into a closed relationship since their Independence. In this

agreement China ceded over 1,942 square kilometers to Pakistan and Pakistan agreed the

sovereignty over Shasgham valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, near Karakorum Pass. The agreement is

controversial for India, protests on this agreement and never accepted this agreement but never

challenged the control of Pakistan control over Siachen areas. (BIR, 1968)

This Pakistan officially announced that Gilgit-Baltistan is part of Jammu Kashmir, as this treaty

showed that after the settlement of Kashmir issue both states will reopen negotiations on border

demarcation. Article 6 of this agreement declares;

“ The two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan

and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of

the People's Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present

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Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement: Provided

that in the event of that sovereign authority being Pakistan, the provisions of this agreement and

the aforesaid Protocol shall be maintained in the formal Boundary Treaty to be signed between

the People’s Republic of China and Pakistan.” (Official Text: The Boundary Agreement between

China and Pakistan, 1963)

4.7 Shasgham Valley

Shasgham valley was discovered by famous British Indian army officer, explorer, Sir Francis

Young husband , the famous writer of “The Heart of a Continent (1896)‖, during his expedition

in Karakoram range. In a discussion ― The Problem of Shasgham Valley, he tells;

“When I reached Yarkand, in September 1887 I found a letter from Colonel Mark Bell (the head of

the Intelligence Department in India), who had preceded me by a month on the way from Peking

to India, recommending me to explore the direct route from Central Asia to India which led by the

Mustagh Pass into Baltistan and Kashmir. This route was formerly used by the natives; but nothing

was known about it. And it was while exploring this route that I discovered the Shasgham Valley. I

had to cross it on the way to the Mustagh Pass.” (Younghusband, 1926)

Figure: 4.1: Shasgham valley

Figure: Source: https://twitter.com/higgsbosan/status/653909367360782337

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Shasgham Valley or Trans-Karakoram Tract is situated on the border of Pakistan and China. The

area ,around 5,800km2, transferred under Chinese administration after Sino-Pakistan Border

agreement in 1963 with the proviso of Kashmir dispute settlement, when Kashmir issue would

resolve , both agree renegotiate on border demarcation. According to local historian this region

was part of Shigar Raja (Royal Family) reign and through Muztag Pass they used to visit during

autumn to play polo match with Hotan rulers and travel to Yarkand for exchange goods by local

merchants. Around 5th

century AD, A polo ground Muztaghi Shagran (The polo-ground of ice-

peak) was established by Raja of Shigar on the South of Shaksgam valley. (Sering, 2013)

4.8 Wakhan Corridor

Wakhan corridor or Wakhan is situated in north-east of Afghanistan, bordering with China,

Tajikistan, and Pakistan. Wakhan corridor was pivotal for trade route of ancient Silk Road used

by European, Chinese to access Indian plain and the Indian Oceans but this 350Km long and 13-

65 kilometers wide strip has got strategic consideration since its political creation in 1893 during

the Great Game between Russian Cesar and British Empire, making a buffer zone between tow

imperialist powers.( Khan, 2015). In 1949, the Wakhjir Pass was blocked by the Chinese Leader

Mao Zedong, to prevent from the threats existing the western part of its border Wakhan shares a

300 Km long borders with Gilgit-Baltistan (Irshan Pass) and Chitral District of Pakistan in the

South, and in northeast it shares a 260 Km with Tajikistan and with 76 Km with China to its east.

This narrow strip has strategic value for Tajikistan, Pakistan, China and India. Tajikistan and

Central Asian Republic States (CARs), are landlocked countries, having enormous natural

resources, need safe access to International trade route, while India has much concerned over the

growing Chinese economic activities as well as to connect the Afghanistan and CARs, it is

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easiest access route for Indians. In this regard Gilgit-Baltistan has a Key role to India and

Pakistan for its economic developments. (Malik, 2014)

Figure 4.2: Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan

Source: http://www.geocurrents.info/geopolitics/the-afghan-%E2%80%9Cgraveyard-of-empires%E2%80%9D-myth-and-the-wakhan-corridor

4.9 Karakoram Highway

The Road and highways is indispensable for socio-economic development for a nation. The

remote, rugged terrain, high mountain region of Gilgit-Baltistan was a gateway for ancient

civilization. This snow covers; glacial and high mountainous land was used by ancient traders,

explorers, and expenditures, religious missionaries to propagate their belief, cultures, and

philosophies. Ancient Slik Route, struggle for power among superpowers, expansion of

Buddhism to Northeast Asia also experienced in this region. Despite being of the bull‘s eye of

the world greatest giants most times this region remained socio- politico-economic and culturally

cut from of the world and thanks to the great game in 19th

century this secluded region got

recognized.(Dani,1995) It is very interesting that GB got independence from Dogra Raj in

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1947-48, than affiliated with Pakistan, but due to the Kashmir Issue the region fallen in the

doldrums situation since inception. India has views that this region is an integral part of Jammu

Kashmir while claiming the owner of whole region as ―Atootang‖ and shows its concern over

every socio-economic and political development of this region (GB). After Sino-Pakistan border

agreement in 1963 which delimited the frontier dispute along the Gilgit-Baltistan and the

autonomous region of China Xingjian province, both countries took impressive strides in

improving the relations constructing the ―Friendship Highway‖ which connected China and

Pakistan through Gilgit-Baltistan. (Sering, 2012) This brought a great socio economic and

cultural revelation in this remote and retrograde area, and opened the door of opulence and

prosperity to this mountainous locked nation. The Karakorum Highway (KKH), also refers world

eight wonder, starts north end from Kashgar, Xingjian Uyghur Autonomous Region China and

crossing Khunjarab Pass (4, 733 meters high) enters Gilgit-Baltistan (Hunza, Giligit, Chilas)

then Thakot, Mansehra, Abbottabad to south-end Havellian (100 Kilometer from Islamabad)

Pakistan . This mighty highway was started to build in 1959, completed and opened for public to

the since 1978 and its length is about 1300 Kilometers (800 miles) , Pakistan sharing 887km

while Chinese part is 413km. more than 2500 Pakistani and Chinese Engineers, mechanics ,

road-builders and workers participated to breached this mountainous steel wall which took over a

period of ten years for its accomplishment but this wonderful and gigantic construction gave a

number of bereavements and heavy casualties of both sides , Pakistan lost about 810 while

around 200 Chinese lost their lives.( Kreutzmann, 1991) On the eve of Karakoram Highway

inauguration in June 1978, the Chinese‘s Deputy Prime Minister Keng Piao said in his speech

that:

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“It has always been our view that the presence in the South Asia sub-continent of a

strong Pakistan firmly adhering to a policy of independence is an important factor for

peace and stability in this region... Our Pakistani friends may rest assured that

whatever the vicissitudes on the international arena, the Chinese Government and

people will remain your reliable friends in your just struggle to build and defend your

country.” (Singh, 1981)

When the KKH construction started in 1960s , India showed strong protest accusing China of ―

Military expansionism‖ and Pakistan for ― Causing threat to the peace and tranquility of the

region. In june 1971 , Surendra Pal Singh Indian Deputy Minister for external affairs expressed

that the road possessed a serous‖ danger to peace ans security in the region‖. Earlier Indians had

viewed that this road had possessed a serious military and security threat to India and thought

any development of this region would led Chinse involment in its region. Indian Minister for

External Affairs , Dinesh Singh, expressed such an apprehension in Loc Sabha. He said:

“This road will help to extend the Chinese road network in the Tibet-Sinkiang

(Xiniang) area into Northern Kashmir. It will give easier access to Chinese troops

from the areas under the illegal occupation of China in North-East Kash- mir and

from Tibet into the Gilgit area in Pakistan-occu- pied Kashmir, which lies to the

north of the cease-fire line. The military significance of this road is, therefore,

self- evident.” (Singh, 1981)

For economic and commercial as well as security perspectives this road network facilitated to

raise the living standard of two far-flung and remote of region of China and Pakistan, it also

opened a new trading mart for countries. The Karakoram Highway provided China a short and

safe road to the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and African continents. It also helped to diminution

the turmoil situation in western province Xingjian. The linkage with China through KKH

facilitated Pakistan to protect its political, strategic and security interests and enabled to expend

its internal communication and transportation linkages to far-flung areas. It has been proved that

Central Asian Republics have a 236 trillion cubic feet gas reserves and 200 billion barrels oil

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reserves and these landlocked countries need road and infrastructures to expand its economy.

Karakoram highway is safest and short route ready to serve for this purpose. (Sering, 2012)

4.10 Slik Road & Gateway for Buddhism

Human beings are developed interaction with each other to fulfill theirs necessities. For this

purpose trade, ideas, skills, goods were exchanged with theirs neighbors. With the passage of

time, this collaboration had expanded in a great extent and reached in its peak when human being

were enabled to discover the world, explored the natural entities, human civilization, new

territories, etc. The magnificent ancient Silk Road was an emblem of this interaction of human

history. This international oldest trade route was built during Han dynasty by the imperial

exploration and missionary envoy led by Ambassador Zhang Qian around 114 BC. These vast

networks used to carry goods, precious commodities, merchandise as well as exchanging ideas,

cultures, knowledge, beliefs, religions, philosophies, technologies and diseases among China

with different cultures of Eurasia, Roman and Persia, Arabia, Greek. ―Silk Road‖ this name was

given by famous German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen in 1877, represents a number of

ancient trade route connecting China with other civilization and Chinese Silk contained at a large

quantity of this trade. (UNESCO, n.d) The Karakoram and Himalayan mountain passes used by

Chinese envoys to interact with Indian civilization, and China also received Buddhism through

this route through Buddhist missionaries from Gandhara reached China crossing Karakoram

Mountains. Different archeological sites, inscription rocks, carving rocks, were discovered in

Gilgit-Baltistan which proved that Buddhism was not only part of this region but always served

as an significant role to intermingle different cultures. Due to different reason the significant of

Silk trade routes were declined in mid-15th

century but in 1960s construction of Karakoram

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Highway between Pakistan and China also created a hope to survival the ancient Silk Route.

(Dani, 1995)

4.11 Turmoil in Xingjian Province

The Growing economic activities can be observed in Eastern Part of China while it far-flung

western part remained downtrodden sanctuaries in the mind of Chinese policy makers and the

negligent attitude promoted a separatist movement in this autonomous region. For centuries more

than 10 million Muslim Uighurs, an ethnically non-Han Turkic people are living in Xingjian, the

northwest province of China. Xingjian, the home of Muslim majority, has a great geo-strategic

position in China; it borders with Afghanistan, Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan), India, CARs and

Russia. It was the main gateway in old Slik road era. Since 1980s this province has been

presenting mayhem by the religious fundamentalism and separatist movements of Uighurs

Muslim as well as cradling the detrimental strategies of Chinese authorities. The Uighurs Muslim

follow the moderate form of Sunni Islam want to create an independent Islamic state ―East

Turkestan‖, rejecting the name and idea of Xingjian. (Curtis, 2016) In 1990s, the most prominent

and well organized group was formed with the name of ―The East Turkestan Islamic Movement

(ETIM)‖. To secure its ideology, this group has been involved attacking Chinese security

personals and apparatus. The rise of Taliban and Al-Qaedah in neighboring countries, Pakistan

and Afghanistan was created serious threat in this region. Chinese government has much concern

over the separatist relationships and influences with the global jihadist groups, which brought

extra vigilant of Chinese‘s authorities in this region. For combat separatist movement, China‘s

new regime shifted the policy to focus in this unprivileged area. (Boehm, 2009) Many

developmental projects including western Himalayan infrastructure plan, were started to provide

equal opportunities to bring back the separatist into mainstream of national integration. Singy

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Hassan (2012) codes the Chinese‘s appraisal investment of $730 billion in the transport sector in

west China and $88 billion in Xingjian; this will help to counter the separatist.

4.12 One-Belt-One Road Initiative

One belt and road initiative is a new strategy for revival of the ancient Routes, started with new

economic and trade paradigms, looking new incentives, connecting China with Europe, Asia,

Africa through overland and marine ways. OBOR initiative comprises of two ambitious

developmental projects;

1. Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB)

2. 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (CMSR)

Chinese President Xi Jinping was announced The Silk Road Economic Belt on September 7,

2013 at Nazarbayev University Kazakhstan while The New Maritime Silk Road was unveiled on

October 3, 2013,before the Indonesian Parliament , during his state visit to Indonesia. China

wants to boost up its economic growth sharing, connecting world through roads, highways,

railway roads, develop a mutual trade and commerce activities. In March 2015 the Chinese

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Commerce issued a paper ―Vision and Actions

on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century

Maritime Silk Road‖ explains that:

―The Belt and Road run through the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa,

connecting the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and developed

European economic circle at the other, and encompassing countries with huge

potential for economic development. The Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on

bringing together China, Central Asia, Russia and Europe (the Baltic); linking

China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asia

and West Asia; and connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia and the

Indian Ocean. The 21st- Century Maritime Silk Road is designed to go from

China‘s coast to Europe through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in

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one route, and from China‘s coast through the South China Sea to the South

Pacific in the other.‖ ( Swaine, 2015)

The Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) is a vision to revive the old Silk Road connecting China

with Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia by land routes through corridors, roads, highways,

railways networks, airports, etc and this strategy basically consists of three corridors.

1. Norther Corridor: It starts from Bejing China through Mascow and Germany to Europe

2.Central Corridor: This road begins from Shanghai to Europe and Persian Gulf via Taskent,

Tehran, and Badar Imam Khomani Port of Iran

3. Southern Corridor: This corridor initiates from Guangzhou via Xingjian the Chinese

Autonomous western Region. From Khunjarab Pass it enters in Pakistan to reach port Gawadar

Port. These three corridors will pass through Xingjian province from its north, centre and south

directions.

Meanwhile the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (CMSR) focus ports, coastal, littoral land,

marine ships, and connects China to Europe, Asia, Africa via marine route crossing South China

Sea, Pacific Ocean and Indian ocean. B & R strategies will cover more than 60 emerging

international markets and developing countries. One belt one Road plan is not mere road and

highway or ports; it includes a large of developmental projects including road , highway,

railways, ports, oil and gas lines, networking, Educational sectors, hospitals, airports, other

infrastructures as well as increase economic coordination, free trade zones, financial integration,

social, cultural and interactions.

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Figure 4.3: One Belt One Road Initiatives

Source: http://www.eurasiareview.com/13042016-one-belt-one-road-one-singapore-analysis/

4.12.1 Importance for China

1) Balance Growth: This strategy will help to boost up the economically downtrodden region

especially Southern and western part of China and will reduce the disparities between East and

West of China.

2) New Markets and Demand: Due to the economic growth and world factory, China needs new

markets because its economic largely export oriented. It will open new the door of the world for

China.

3) Employment opportunities: the OROB will need huge infrastructures, materials, and human

capital, skilled or semi skill labors to complete the projects; China has huge unused capacity in

this regard.

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4) Soft power/Diplomacy: The R&B will provide diplomatic superiority to China that will help

to play its role as a super power.

5) Energy Security: To sustain the economic growth China requires a large amount of energy.

For this purpose R & B initiative will help to fulfill its requirements.

4.13 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CEPC)

Brunner (2013) defines ―Economic corridors connect economic agents along a defined

geography. They provide important connections between economic nodes or hubs that are

usually centered in urban landscapes." The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a significant

segment of China One Belt One Road strategic initiative. The CEPC links Kashgar, China‘s

Western Xingjian Uygar Autonomous Region, with Gawadar Port on Arabian Sea via road,

highways, railway, and pipelines. Gawadar Port is situated near Iranian Chahbahar port. China is

investing more than US $46 billon in this project which has potential to boost up bilateral trade,

economic, cultural interactions between two countries as well as it helps to improve regional

stability, harmony and connectivity. This corridor provides China direct access to deep warm

water port on the Arabian Sea, Middle East, Central and South Asia and beyond which is the

pivotal for China‘s strategic and economic ambitions in 21st century. This economic corridor

cross snow-caped highlands, narrow strip valleys, lush green fields, desert, dry hills while to

reach its destination it passes around 2,700Km long through the terrain of Pakistan. CPEC is not

just a route for container or transit points but it is a collective name for several developmental

ventures that enhance the regional cooperation among stakeholders. According to Pakistan

Government official website, the significance / potential of area of CPEC are included;

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Regional Connectivity

o Transport Arrangement

o Energy Sectors

o Logistic Hub

o Commerce & Trade

o Peace & development of region

o Connectivity/Harmonization/Integration of civilizations

Educational linkage

Industrial Cooperation

Agricultural Cooperation

Tourism

Financial Cooperation

Health Care

Increase in livelihood opportunities

Human resource development

People to people contact

Enhance Security and stability of the region

Diverse Investment opportunities ―CPEC Potential‖(n.d.)

Figure 4.4: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

Source: http://www.currentaffairspk.com/ China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridor.jpg

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4.13.1 Tripartite Road Networks

CPEC is a multiple networks of roads connect not only Gawadar to Kashgar but also connect

major cities of Pakistan. In an interview Minister for Planning Ahsan Iqbal identified three major

routes within the CPEC;

i) Western Alignment: Kashgar – Khunjarab – Peshawar – Dera Ismail Khan – Zhob – Qilla

Saifullah –Queta – Gwadar.

ii) Center Alignment: Kashgar – Khunjerab – Peshawar – Kohat – Dera Ismail Khan – Dera

Gazi Khan – Sukkur – Ratodero – Gwadar, and

iii)Eastern Road: Kashgar – Khunjerab – Islamabad – Lahore- Multan – Sukkur – Hyderabad –

Karachi – Gwadar (Shahzad 2015).

4.13.2 Pakistani Interest

Economic Aspect

1). CPEC is a long term project that brings a positive impact on Pakistan economic dimension. It

will bring more than $46 billion investment which creates job and opportunities. The project will

complete in 2030 that will produce over 700000 new jobs in different sectors and 2 to 2.5

percentage points will add in Pakistan economic annual growth.( Khalid , 2016)

2).It will help to build the trust of foreign investment. Pakistan Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

deeply declined from last few years. Law and order situation in Pakistan drastically affected on

foreign investors. In 2000 Pakistan received only $322 million from FDI, but in 2008 the volume

of FDI increased to $ 5.4 billion and in 2011 it dropped to $1.7 billion. (Yusuf,2013) Due to

CPEC, China plan to spend $ 46 billion foreign direct investment that is biggest FDI in the

history of Pakistan which can build up trust and confidence of foreign investors and it is also

good indication for Pakistan economic growth . (Rafi, Khan & Aslam, 2016)

3.) It will connect major cities and areas through road, highway, and railways. It will upsurge

the local industrial sector as well improve a nation-wide infrastructures which have been

declined last few years. A worth, approximately $11billion will be used for Infrastructure

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development including 1,100 Kilometer long Lahore Karachi Motorway, Karakoram Highway

will be constructed and up graded.

4.) CPEC is a long term project that not only connects Pakistan with China and other regions

but also boost the economic condition of unprivileged provinces of Pakistan.

5). Relations with China is not based on just geopolitical interaction but it is a win-win model or

both countries. A huge investment aim to build a strong and prosperous neighbor brought closed

collaboration between Pakistan and China and CPEC is deepening its more steady and strong.

6). Energy: Energy crisis in Pakistan is lamentable since 2008 and mismanagement and weak

government policies swelled the wound and reached a massive shortfall over 4,500 MW. In this

project $35 billion out of $46 billion will be expended on the power and energy sectors of

Pakistan. It is expected that the energy crisis and shortfall will be overcome after the completing

the short term energy projects under egis of CPEC and in march 2018 Pakistan would be able to

generate 10,400 MW and after the accomplishment of all CPEC projects which is projected to

enhanced a total of 16,400 MW. (Rafi, Khan & Aslam, 2016)

7) Baluchistan is largest province by area, and has significance geo-strategic position and

resourced rich region in Pakistan. Most of the part of Balochistan is unprivileged which

nurtured distant, insurgency and security threat to national integration. Gawadar is Part of

Balochistan, and Pakistan China‘s new economic millennia encircles on this deep port. CPEC

will boost up the socio-economic development of Gawadar that will lead positive effects and

help the stability, peace and harmony Balochistan. China is investing a huge amount around $

793 million in Gawadar. According to Ministry of Planning these projects are included in

CPEC, Eastbay Expressway, Gawadar International Airport, Construction of Breakwaters,

Dredging of berthing area and channels, Infrastructure for Free Zone & EPZs port related

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industries, Necessary Facilities of Fresh Water Treatment and Supply, Hospital at Gawadar ,

Technical and Vocational institute at Gawadar.

8). Pakistan needs financial aids to foster its economy. In history, most of the time Pakistan

economy is based on dependent or support by its coalition or International Monetary Fund

(IMF). Relations with China and CPEC are considered as a substitute for US aids because US

financial assistance perceived unreliable and untrustworthy in Pakistan. It is believed that US

aids are based on vested interest; whenever US interests have decreased it supports also dropped

down considerably. Compare to US, China is most trustworthy, all weather friends, of Pakistan

and she helped in every hardship and setbacks.

Political Aspect:

1). It can help to harmonize a strong relation among provinces as well as to improve state-center

interaction.

2). A successful complete implementation of the CPEC could improve the credibility and

capacities of the civilian government and such strength the process of democratic transition.

3). It can improve the image of Pakistan in international level as self-sufficient, prosperous and

peaceful nations. Since the 9/11 tragedy, Pakistan have been suffering from terrorism, religious

extremism and others security issues. These destructive impressions on Pakistan abridged the

country image on international level as ―terrorist producer‖ or ―beggar nation.‖ But these

projects will be a golden bird for Pakistan to stand up a new international positioning with self-

confidence.

4). It will helpful to play its own due roles on international level making independence and self-

reliant foreign policies, climbing on the bandwagon with China the potential new Superpower.

5). CPEC opens new opportunity of interaction for Pakistan with regional as well international

players. It links Afghanistan, Central Asian Republics (CARs) and resource rich Middle East

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countries and Gawadar will assist these nations to promote their economic growth interacting

with the stakeholders in this project. It will enhance international trade with CARs, Middle East

and South Asia. Pakistan offers shortest trade route to CAR to access to Arabian Sea, via

Afghanistan only 2600km as contrast to Turkey (5000km) or Iran (4500). (Masood, Farooq &

Hussain, 2016)

Social Dimension

1). Extra ordinary development of the Pakistan‘s economy that is constructive ramifications for

the social uplift of the common people is anticipated.

2). The optimistic contemplation of this project is that the consequent upgrading of the living

conditions will help to comprehend religious radicalization, militancy and jihadism.

3). CPEC project will bring jobs and employment opportunities that is a key element to change

people‘s mind and it will lead a terror free Pakistan.

Figure 4.5: Economic Corridor

Source: http://he.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/12-1024x765.png

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4.13.3 Chinese Interest

Political Dimension

1). The CPEC would provide China with another access route to the Indian Ocean.

2). Distant factor. Chinese needs energy resources for its gigantic economic growth and to fulfill

the requirements China depend on Middle East and Gulf states. To reach Persian Gulf from

Western China ship oil takes about 45 days while viva Pakistan it reduces to 10 days. Gawadar

port minimizes the access China to International Market. The blow table is helpful to understand

that how it is beneficial for China to reduce the distance for trades.

Table 4.3: Saving in terms of Distances (Via Shanghai vs. Gawadar)

Source: (Masood, Farooq & Hussain, 2016)

The importance of CPEC for China can be understood from above table. From Central China to

Middle East, China is likely to save a distance of 7580 miles compare to over 10,000 miles to

reach Middle East from Western China. China will save money, fuels and times that certainly

will enlarge her trade and investments potential.

4.14 South China Sea and The Malacca factors

China, world second largest oil consumer and importer, is planning to expand it power all over

the world. One Belt one Road (OBOR) initiative is part of this power projection. Chinese export

and import mostly depends on western Chinese routes through South China Sea. It is estimated

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that over 80 % of its oil and 30 percent of natural gas imports reach China viva Strait of Malacca

to South China Sea. China thinks that this international trade route has several menaces and

drawbacks. Long distance, South China sea Issue, Strait of Malacca, Indian rivalry, US

influences are those factors which Chinese policy makers ruminate peril to its economic

development. The blocked of Strait of Malacca will considerable impact on China‘s international

trades. China claims ownership on South China Sea while it neighbors Philippines, Malaysia,

Vietnam, Brunei, also want share in its but China declines their prerogatives deploying national

army on its islands and the Nine- Dash line area. This bone of contention has a possible conflict

in future if it would not resolve. CPEC will serve as an alternate route for China. (Rafi, Khan &

Aslam, 2016)

4.15 Development of Western China

After the revolutionary movement, and economic and agricultural reforms by Deng Xiaoping

were mainly focused on eastern part of China. Economic and infrastructural development was

due to its coastal admittance while the western parts of china are mainly landlocked and rocky

and dry terrain remained sparse population and underprivileged. The Heihe-Tengchong Line , an

imaginary line that divides China East and West territories , clearly shows that the west of the

line has 57% of the land and only 4 % Chinese population while in Southeast of this line the

total area is covered 36% but 96 % of the population living here. (Naughton, 2007) Despite the

economic growth the inequities of social, economic have been observed profound in these two

parts and this unbalanced economic growth enormous disparity between two parts instigated

many problem especially in Xingjian province, an autonomous region and home of largest

Muslim Uyghurs western China, where separatist movement created turmoil and threat to

national integration of China. Xingjian has historical and strategic significance. It is home of

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many ethnic minority groups, as well as it serves an ancient trade route between China with

Central Asia , South Asia , Middle East, Europe, and it borders eight countries. To eliminate

inequities and balance economic growth Chinese premier Zhu Rongji introduced a new western

development strategy in 1999-2000. The aims of this strategy were to develop transport,

hydropower plants, telecommunications, energy, economic zone, direct foreign investment,

building infrastructures, environment protection etc. (Lai, 2002)Chinese government wanted to

bring transformation through infrastructure in central and western parts. These strategies further

gained importance when Chinese administration announced One Belt one Road initiative in

2013. CPEC is part of this transformation of economic disparity in western region that is

imperative for national integration for China as well as its economic balance growth. Xingjian

borders with Gilgit-Baltistan and CPEC links Xingjian to Persian Gulf and other region. As an

alternate of Strait of Malacca, this old silk route has extended essential for Chinese‘s strategist.

CPEC will contribute in Chinese western development strategy that will supportive to reduce the

ethnic strain and suppress the separatist movement.

4.15.1 Indian Concern

The friendship between China and Pakistan boost up after the agreement of CPEC project in

2013. Pakistani policy makers consider that this project is game changer for Pakistan. A number

of developmental projects and more than $46 billion Chinese direct investment in Pakistan

increased its international role. India has concerned over this project and ruminates as it is part of

Chinese String of Pearls strategy. (Sohail,n.d.). CPEC connects Gawadar to Kashgar passes

through Gilgit-Baltistan; the region India claims as to be part of Jammu & Kashmir and has

expressed its reservation about the project. To counter Pakistan-China nexus Indian strategists

are pondering different optional to minus GB asserting ownership of this region on international

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level. On the other hand analysts look Indian‘s huge investments in Iran and Afghanistan as a

containment policy to Chinese influence in South Asia. (Arif, 2016)

4.16 Gilgit-Baltistan Relation with China

In ancient era, there were historical, trade, geographical, and social relation between the people

of Baltistan and Yarkand through Karakorum Pass. People used to this la (Pass) to enter each

other side. This route was used in fourteen century by Iranian preachers to come Baltistan. These

famous Iranian preachers were included Hazrat Ameer Kabeer Syed Ali Himdani (Shah

Hamdan),Syed Muhammad Noor Bukhsh , Syed Ali Tosi and Syed Nasir Tosi ,whom efforts

brought Islam in Baltistan. (Zakir, 1991, pp. 39-42)

The local people of Saltoro called ―Raga Naq poing‖ in Balti which is meant the People of

China. The figures, habits, mode of life, of local Saltoro inhabitants are same like the people of

Yarkand. Before the raised the Glaciers, there were many routes to access from Baltistan to

Yarkand, Turkistan (China). These routes were Kondus Glacier, Sia La, Siachen Glacier,

Muztagh pass, Turkistan La etc. But passage of time these Las (Passes) close due to the raised of

Glaciers. (Zakir, 1991, p.41) A Pakistani famous historian Salman Rashid (The Apricot Road to

Yarkand) tells about the travel expedition of ‗Godfrey Thomas Vigne -who took a circuitous

route through India and up into Baltistan late in the summer of 1835- in his book and presented

the cause of the closure of the Muztagh Pass in his book Travel in Kashmir.

―The path down the Muztag is one of the best ways to Yarkand, and was formerly

much used by saudagars, or merchants, in their journeys to and from Kashmir.

There were several stories afloat of the reason why it is never, I believe, used by

merchants at present. One of the most current is that they were plundered by the

[Baltis] in times past; and another says, that they took flight in consequence of a

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Yarkandi merchant finding , upon his arrival in that city, that the gold in his box

must have been taken out and replaced by silver during his stay at Shighur.‖

(Rashid, 2011, pp. 18-19)

4.17 Gilgit-Baltistan: An Indian’s Perspective

India, very important country of south Asia, is the seventh largest country by area and second

largest populous country of the world after China. India has multi-cultural tradition as well old

oldest civilization and home of multi-religious diversity of the world. India borders with

Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bengal gulf.

India has a unique history, and became most influential nation in the world. Indian‘s economy is

considered world fastest economy and became world leading nation in the world. In history

Indian‘s economy always have been stayed stable especially during Mughal Empire in 17th

century India had world second largest economy and was estimated at about 24% world

economy but after the British invasion its economic share to world income drastically fell down

from 22.6% in 18th

century to 3.8% in 1952. (Sing, 2005.July 10). In 1980s Indian economic

growth rate was recorded very low around 3.5% (Pakistan economic growth at that time was 5%)

but in 1991 the market based economic liberation announced by central government which

injected its stagnated economy to a highest and fastest economy of the world, in 2006 the GDP

growth rate reached its peak around 9.6 %. Now India, according to US President Obama ―India

is not emerging; India has emerged.‖ (Khambatta, 2013) Today in Asia, China and India are

considered the rising states and stakeholders for power, worlds market and investments

opportunities. Both countries are leading world highest energy consumers and depend on it for

Middle East and central Asian states. Sino-India has been confronted three major conflicts since

1962 on border disputes and competition for power has instigated this disagreement broaden.

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which For sustained economic development needs new worlds markets, routes, advanced

technologies, infrastructure , trade partnerships etc. Gilgit-Baltistan is reflected as a bridge for

both nations including Pakistan to preserve its national interest. This region is very important for

India for its economic development as well as to counter the China-Pakistan nexus because this

region provides shortest route for India to reach Afghanistan and CARs. As India claims the

ownership of the region annexing it‘s as part of disputed region of Kashmir. To understand the

Indian ambition it is vital to study the wars fought by Pakistan and India in this region.

4.18 Indian’s Claim of Ownership of the Region

In the result of sub-continent in 1947, this northern region of British India split into many

fragments and raised a new frontier between new Independent of Pakistan and India. Since its

partition the people of this region are waiting its fate. India asserts over this region as right to

rule and considers the Pakistan administration in this region is illegal. Indian‘s entitlement over

this strategic area is based on her old stance on Kashmir issue. Therefore, it is important to

illuminate the connection of this region with Kashmir and its subsequent dispute between

Pakistan and India.

4.19 Gilgit-Baltistan connection with Kashmir

In ancient history, the hilly region, Gilgit-Baltistan was controlled by invaders of Central Asian,

Indian and Chinese empires. During 7th

and eight centuries the region went under the reign of

local dynasties. Gilgit-Baltistan , like ancient greeck city state, was divided into Several states

ruled by succession of various local Rajas , Mirs, Khan etc. According to Dr. Ahmad Hassan

Dani (2007),the famous ruling families were following;

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1). Tarakhans of Gilgit

(2).Maghlots of Nagar

(3) Ayasho of Hunza

(4) Burshai of Punyal

(5) Kator family of Chitral

(6) Khushwaqat family of Yasin and Mastuj.

(7)Maqpoons of Skardu

(8) Amachas of Shigar

(9) Yabgos of Khaplu

(10) Rajas of Roundu, Astor, Kartakhsha and Tolti

In mid-19th

century these regional states were presenting a political turmoil situation due to

constant warfare for power, wealth and prestige, rebellion movements, quarrel over successions

which were made them paralyzed and many states broken away and political instability

weakened the whole region. The conditions went worse when the British, Sihks, and Dogras

started to set about expanding their empire in 1840s in this region.Due to their divergence, they

not only lost their prestige and kingdom but also whole region fell under the control of foreign

invasion.

4.20 Dogra Raj in Gilgit-Baltistan

In 1820 the Maharaja of Lahore Darbar, Ranjeet Sing rewarded his brave soldier Gulab Sing the

ruler of Jammu and made him Raja of Jammu. Gulab Sing was belonging to a Hindu family of

Jammu or Dogra. He set up a large army to expend his reign while serving Ranjeet Sing. In

1830s, conquering the Buddhist majority Kingdom of Himalayan region, under his notable army

general Zorawar Sing, he reached Tibet and he annexed Muslim majority of Baltistan in 1841.

Baltistan went under the rule of Dogra due to the internecine over successor between Ruler of

Skardu Raja Ahmad Shah and his youngest son Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah went

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Jammu and sought help for his legacy and ascendancy from Gulab Sing. At the same time Gilgit

and adjoin sovereignties were subjugated by Sikh the ruler of Lahore Darbaar. In 1842 at the

request of karim Khan , the brother of Raja Shah Sikandar of Gilgit ,the ruler of Kashmir sent a

strong contingent of army led by Colonel Nathu Shah entered Gilgit and defeated Gour Rahman

of Yasim and established their rules in Gilgit . In 1852 the rebellion attack under Gour Rahman

command on Dogra forts at Gilgit Killed Dogra soldiers and Gilgit slipped out of Kashmir‗ s

governor. But in 1860 under the Maharaja Ranbeer Sing Gilgit once again went under the control

of Sikh kingdom of Lahore. (Madhok, 1992)

4.21 Treat of Lahore and Treat of Amritsar 1846

The first Anglo-Sikh war began in 1845 in which Sikh army were defeated. On 9 March 1846

with the effort of Gulab Sing ―Treaty of Lahore‖ was singed between Lahore Darbar and British.

According to this treaty, Lahore Dar was to pay 15 Lakh pounds and to relinquish the area

between the Sutlej and Beas to the British as indemnity of war. On 16 March 1846, after seven

days of Lahore treaty another agreement was signed by Raja of Jammu Gulab Sing and British

‗Treaty of Amritsar‘ through which the British sold beautiful vale Kashmir and contiguous areas

to Gulab Sing in 75 Lakhs rupees in cash and accepted his independent sovereignty over all

districts and territories in the hills. At the time of these agreements, Baltistan was already control

of Dogra of Jammu while Gilgit region and Kashmir valley was under the control of Sikh rulers.

The ―Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladakh together with routes in the territories of the Maharaja of

Jammu and Kashmir‖ explains that

―When the Treaties of 1846 were made, Gulab Singh held, as Raja of Jammu, the hill

chief ship around Jammu in a more or less complete state subjection, and Ladakh and

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Baltistan by right of conquest, and Gilgit had become an appendage of the Sikh

Governorship of the treaty of Amritsar was to confirm Gulab Singh in what he

already possessed, and to transfer to him the province of Kashmir with its newly

acquired authority over Gilgit.‖

4.22 Lease of Gilgit 1935

The British transmitted power and control of region to Dogra in 1846. But continuing expansion

of Czarist Russia, British made Gilgit as its based to curtail the Russian‘s invasion in this

northern frontier. In 1889 the Gilgit Agency was restored under Captain A. Durand as the Agent

of British India. Latter Gilgit Scout was established to topple the local rebellion and protection of

administration. When Soviet activates in Central Asia and their relations with Chinese regimes

in Xingjian developed, the fears of British had increased. , thus, they used these circumstances to

build up pressure on Maharaja Hari Singh to accept their de-jour administration over Gilgit

agency. For this purpose , on 26 March 1935,an agreement of a lease for 60 years was signed by

Colonel Lang, the Resident of British in Kashmir and the Maharaja of Kashmir, gave the civil

and military authority of Gilgit Agency to British, subject to the condition that this region would

continue under the dominion of Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The lease terminated in 1947

during partition of India and the British returned the administration of Gilgit agency to Maharaja.

But the uprising of freedom movement against Dogras in 1947-48 by local people under Gilgit-

Scout, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir lost it authority over Gilgit and Baltistan and later the

Local rulers affiliated this region with Pakistan. (Warikoo, 2014)

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4.22 Gilgit Baltistan: Nearest Routs for Central Asian States

4.22.1 India-Afghan Relation

After the US invasion in Afghanistan 2001, Indian roles in Afghanistan have increased. In 2011,

Hamid Karzai the Afghan President visited to India and singed a Strategic Partnership

Agreement (SPA) which strengthens the relations between two countries. Now both countries

have developed its strategic, security economic ties. For Afghanistan India is a strategic, world

growing economy, most favorite nation which can be helpful to revival for war shattered its

economy and to prevent the Islamist Taliban government is interest in both states. For India,

Afghanistan is vital for its national interest as well as its rich natural resources offers plenty

opportunities for its economic development. Afghanistan is also a gateway for central Asia. For

its strategic interest protection India is helping in different sectors especially infrastructure road,

dams in Afghanistan. Chabahar Port and the Zaranj-Dehlaram Road are the example of Indian

strategy to counter the Pakistan as well as its futuristic approach of it power projection. But for

India to secure its strategic partnership depends on third nations because there are no routes or

borders to direct access to Afghanistan. (Moradian, 2015)

4.22.2 Central Asian & India

Central Asian Republics (CARs) consist of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan

and Uzbekistan, formally was under ruled of USSR, and got independence after the

disintegration of USSR in 1991. All these states are landlocked and have a very unique

geopolitical position, and situated at the junction of Europe and Asia. This area is blessed plenty

of natural resources especially oil and gas, uranium, hydrocarbon fields, untapped mineral

deposits. A study shows Kazakhstan grips ―65 years of oil reserves and 308 years of coal

reserves‖ while Turkmenistan‘s national gas reveres is for 223 years. Tajikstan and Kyrgyz are

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mountainous regions have great potential for hydro-power generation. (Fadi, Claire & Marina,

2011) Strategically position, abundant national resources, energy potential, largest arable lands

for agriculture, highly literacy rates, highest FDI are some of key factors which could be enticed

the worlds growing economic powers to enhance their national interest in this region.

The relations between India and Central Asian countries could be traced with the ancient silk

routes. The ancient Slik routes has been connected India with Central Asia till 15th

Century when

the sea route discovered by European to reach India. (Sajjanhar, 2016) The fastest economic

growth of India demands energy security, for this purpose India is focusing on CARs as an

alternate energy hub reducing dependence on Middle East. These countries have enormous

natural resources and projected to be home for world‘s 4% natural gas reserves, and about 3 % of

oil reserves. (Campbell, 2013)

4.23 Gilgit-Baltistan: Gateway for Afghanistan and CARs

India geo-strategic and economic interest in Afghanistan and Central Asian states have reshaped

in recent decades. The geo-political position of world scenario has been rapidly changing since

9/11 tragedy. China and India‘s rising as an economic giant‘s transformed world into multi-polar

characteristic. The geographical position of Pakistan is a great disadvantage for India to secure

its national interest in Central Asia. Pakistan is hindrance direct access to Afghanistan.

Afghanistan and CARs are landlocked countries, mostly depends on third one for their economic

activities. Same course for India, it depends either Iran or Pakistan to access central Asia. The

relations between Pakistan and India have been remained hostile since their independence. Sino-

India war in 1962 on border issue brought Pakistan and China proximity that undermined the

strategic interest of India in Gilgit-Baltistan. In history many Central Asian or western Asian

invasions and influences took place in India through this region. The Sino-Pak nexus and China

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unabating diplomatic, logistic, military, financial and physical assistants to Pakistan has made

the situation more deteriorating for Indian security point of views because it facilitated Pakistan

to firm its grip over Gilgit-Baltistan the strategic northern frontier. As this strategic frontline

remained a meeting place during 19th

century in the shadow of the Great Game between British

and Russia. During Dogra Raj , British policy makers took special consideration on this region

and used the topography of this highland for its strategic motivation with monitoring the Russian

movements in Central Asia and the adjoining areas; Pamir, Wakhan and Xingjian region. For

this purpose British took control for 60 years leased of Gilgit-Baltistan from Dogra Raj. The

British influxes in this region had extended its strategic position as E.E. Knight (1905) mentioned

the importance of Gilgit in his famous book ‘Where Three Empires Meet’ that

―…the value of Gilgit to the Kashmir State, commanding as it does the Indus Valley

and the mouth of the Hunza River, and so holding in check the unruly tribes in either

side. Gilgit, the northernmost outpost of the Indian Empire covers all the passes over

the Hindoo Koosh, from the easternmost one —the Shimshal, to those at the head of

the Yasin River. Possession of the Gilgit valley affords a direct communication

through Kashmir territory to the protected state of Chitral‖.

Being a central part of the old caravan routes networking that were connected ancient Slik Route,

this mountainous frontier played as an important India‘s gateway to Central Asia. During 19th

and early 20th century this area was the centre for regional domination among three great

empires; China, Russia and Great Britain and Indo-Central relations were influenced by this

competition.

The policy of Dogra rulers in this strategic frontier gave them opportunities to develop direct and

friendly relations with the chieftains of neighboring central Asians states as well as the effective

control over this frontier kept them aware with the changing events in the neighboring. The

widely divergent of Indo-Central Asian overland trade observed from time to time because of the

great game and political the changing political situation in this area. The trade value between

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Central Asia and India reached its height during 1920-21, but this flow could not maintain due to

the communist regime‘s annexation of Xinjiang and closed the trade routes. Subsequent events

such as people movement against Dogras, affiliation with Pakistan, and Sino-Pakistan diplomatic

relations made the Indo-Central Asian connection impassible. So the government of India and

the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru were aware the geo-political position of Gilgit-Baltistan as

only India‘s overland corridor to Central Asia. On 20th

August 1948, the first Indian prime

minister Nehru wrote a letter to United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan, which had

authority to ceasefire covenant, proclaiming the ownership of Kashmir over Gilgit-Baltistan, He

wrote:

―The authority of Govt. of J&K over the sparsely populated and mountainous region

of the J&K State has not been challenged or disturbed, except by roving bands of

hostiles or in some places like Skardu. The Commission resolution, as you agreed in

the course of our interview on the 18th, does not deal with the problem of

administration or defense in this large area. We desire that, after Pakistan troops and

irregulars have withdrawn from the territory, the responsibility for the administration

of the evacuated areas should revert to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir and

that for defense to us. We must be free to maintain garrisons at selected points in this

area for the dual purpose of preventing the incursion of tribesmen, who obey no

authority and to guard the main trade routes from the state into Central Asia.‖

(Report of UNCIP, 1948)

4.24 Kashmir Dispute

Kashmir is located in the extreme North-West corner of South Asian Sub-continent. Its location

makes it important as it is located between Central Asia and South Asia. Kashmir has shared

borders with India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and China. The total area of the Kashmir valley is

53,452 square Kilometer divided between Pakistan and India according to the Shimla agreement

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(1972) leaved an area of 21,106 square Kilometer in the North and West to Pakistan and the rest

33,346 sq.km is under Indian control.

At the time of partition 1947, the State of Jammu and Kashmir consisted on five districts/region;

the value of Kashmir, Ladakh, Baltistan, Poonch, Gilgit and Jammu. After the Kashmir war

1947-48 India possessed control over Jammu, Mirpur, Poonch, Ladakh and the Valley of

Kashmir while Pakistan have Western Poonch, Muzaffrabad, and a part of Mirpur, Baltistan and

Gilgit. Kashmir dispute is major source of bone of contention between Pakistan and India since

their partition. Due to the Kashmir issue, the relationships and peace negotiated process have

never been come successive. This dispute is linked the great partition of subcontinent in 1947,

which left it unresolved and fuel of hostility and violence between two antagonist states.

Kashmir the nuclear flashpoint has potential to create security threat in south Asia. Both nations

have meet three full-fledged wars (1948, 1965, and 1971) against each other‘s and ample serious

border skirmishes. Maharaja Hari Singh was the ruler of former princely states of Jammu and

Kashmir during the great division of British India. Albeit, he was a Hindu ruler, the majority of

populations were belonging to Muslims sects. According to the 1941 census, Muslims were

encompassed 3,100,000 and Hindus 809,000 of the total population of 4,021,616. (Rizvi, 1993,

p. 45)

With the departure of British from India, many questions were raised over the destiny of the

princely states. These ambiguities had gained more serious when the last Viceroy of British

India, Lord Mountbatten, gave authorities to the rulers of formerly autonomous princely states to

join either Pakistan or India or remain autonomous statues. Joining formula of the princely states

with Pakistan or with India should be considered the criteria presented Lord Mountbatten

himself. He said, ―Normally geographical situation and communal interests and so forth will be

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factors to be considered.‖ (Hajni, 2011) About 530 princely states were to be joined either with

India or Pakistan. The rulers of three princely states –Junagarh, Hyderabad, and Jodhpur –

wished to accede to Pakistan, but rejected by India clamming to be geographical contiguity and

Hindu majority states because the majority populations of these princely states were Hindus. On

the one hand Indian claims over majoritism formula of population or religious factors, but on the

other hand India refused to accept this principal in Kashmir dispute. Because majority of

populations of Kashmir were belong to Muslim and they also rejected the Indian occupation. The

Radcliffe Award, according to Shereen Ilahi, gerrymanders the boundary to India more benefits

providing routes to Kashmir. (Ilahi, 2003, p.77)The whole issue of Kashmir dispute revolves

around the ‗Chairman of Boundary Commission‘, Sir Cyril Radcliff. The Secretary of Sir Cyril

Radcliff, named Christopher Beaumont alleged, on 1992, in London that Radcliff Award was

changed under the high pressure of Lord Mountbatten. District Gurdaspur, was cut of from the

territory of Pakistan and awarded to India with out any reason. Geographically this district linked

Kashmir to Pakistan. This district was the part of Pakistan according to its contiguity, and

majority of Muslim population, according to 3rd June plan. Nehru-Batten collaboration made it,

the part of India.

Geographical contiguity and religious attachments with Pakistan, Kashmir was to be joined with

Pakistan irrespective of the wishes of their ruler. But the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh was not

favor in Pakistan, acceded to India on 26 October 1947. This unacceptable accession brought a

state of conflict and revolt in Kashmir. The accession Kashmir to India, the rebellion movement

against adjustment, Tribal lashkars invasion from NWFP, and the Indio-Pakistan war in the same

year, changed the geography of Kashmir. Kashmir was divided into two parts, resulted by these

calamitous events, Indian Administrative Kashmir (IAK) and Pakistan Administrative Kashmir

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(PAK).Line of Control (LoC) established between two disputed parts of Kashmir in July 1971

Shimla Accord (replacing the 1949 Cease-fire-Line). Despite the Tashkent and Shimla

agreements, their acceptance and of Kashmir issue as a core dispute that need to be solved

through bilateral negotiation, the issue is still remained an unfinished business of Partition and

has possible potential to nuclear flashpoint in South Asia.

4.25 Siachen Issue

―Sia‖ is called a wild rose in Balti language. This hard stem plant generally finds more than

8000 feet high places. The color of this flower is white, yellow and rosy colors. ―Sia‖ in Balti

language refers a wild flower (rose) and ―Chun‖ means abundance or plenty or density. Siachen

glacier was ‗no man-land‘ before 1984. The issue linked with Kashmir issue. When Pakistan and

India armies agreed a Cease Fire Line ( CFL) Agreement in 1949 commonly known as Karachi

Agreement , both state drowned a de facto line between Indian Occupied Kashmir( IOK) and

Pakistani Administrative Kashmir( PaK) under the supervision of UN delegation , this no man-

land areas ( Siachen Glacier) had left without demarcation at a point , known as NJ9842 –

situated in Shoyk – up to Chinese border. The area of above NJ9842 up to Chinese border had

also left unmarked in Tashqand Agreement (1966) and Simla Agreement (1972). Two reasons

commonly said to leave this region unmarked, first, this area was no-man land and there was no

military based or conflict during Pakistan and India ‗wars 1965, 1971. Pakistan and China had

reached a border agreement in 1963 after a series of discussions and dialogues. Both countries

solved their border disputes. This agreement never accepted India. During 1970s many

international mountaineering expedition groups‘ conquered Siachen glacier and adjacent peaks

with the permission of Pakistan government. The above mention factors led a conflict in 1984

when India launched a military operation named ‗Operation Maghdoot‘. Zakir, 1991, p75)

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Figure 4.6: Siachen Glacier Areas

Source: Google image of Siachen Glacier Area: www.google.com/siachen/images/

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4.26 Kargil war

Kargil is the major Muslim populated of region of Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, was

part of Baltistan district before partition in 1947. Majority of Population belongs to Balti races.

This is important strategic district of Ladakh division. Kargil went under Dogra Raj of Jammu

during expedition Gulab Sing‘s army general Zorawar Sing in 1930s. During the Dogra Raj,

Ladakh was a Wazarat (District) and it had three tehsils; Skardu, Kargil and Leh. The India-

Pakistan war 1947-48 on Kashmir divided the whole region between India and Pakistan. India

took control over Kargil, later both countries started peace process and established Cease Fire

Line (CFL), it renamed ―Line of Control (LOC)‖ in Shimla Agreement in 1972. Despite the

demarcation, LOC did not accept as international boundaries between these separated regions by

Pakistan and India and border skimirishes and partial war happened in these boundaries. Kargil

war 1999 and Siachen conflict 1984 are examples of their cynicism and mutual distrust. (Gill,

2011)

Figure 4.6: Kargil war map

Source: http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/august04/inset_rauf.jpg

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4.27 Kargil Road

Kargil is located between Srinagar: headquarter of Jammu and Kashmir and Leh: the capital of

Ladakh region. The northern face of Kargil, Baltistan is situated and there is only 173km of

distance from Skardu to Kargil. Leh is an important strategic town because it serves as a strategic

base for logistic supplies to Indian army stationed and operating in Siachen. The Kargil conflict

was started in 1999, when Pakistan force infiltrated LOC and captured the essential sectors of

Kargil town and its adjacent areas. Behind this operation, many analysis believed, that there

were many strategic motives of Pakistan army. Siachen the no man land was taken by Indian

army in 1984 after operation Maghdood, so Pakistan army wanted to oust the Indian army from

Siachen and highlighted the Kashmir dispute in the world. Pakistan army and Mujahedeen

penetrated almost 10 KM into the territories of Indian side taking the vacant posts of Indian

soldiers. It gave Pakistani forces a strong position to cut off the supplies to Indian forces in

Siachen because it covered the routes including the Indian National Highway (NH 1) and passes.

(Cheema, 2013). The Srinagar – Leh road is an important connectivity that passes Srinagar to

the Zojila pass and further Siachen at it northern end. The Indian army uses this route for

movement and commodities for Siachen and other sectors along of LOC. In May 1999 Pakistan

army infiltrate in Kargil and blocked this vital road for all traffic and transportation. (Mazari,

1999:34-36). This blockade of road instigated Indian army and made furious the Indian nation.

India started operations to regain the Indian position. India used international community to

pressurize on Pakistan to withdrawal from the position as well as started ―Operation Vijay‖ ,

launching air strikes against Pakistan army and intrusion . In July, 1999 Pakistan civil

government announced to pull out Pakistan army from Kargil .(Nayyer, 2003). The Pakistan

army plan failed due to lack of logistic supports to army and diplomatic weakness due to Civil-

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Military strife on this issue. Skardu the capital of Baltistan and its contiguous areas were also

affected by this crisis in Pakistani side. (Adnan, 2015)

4.28 Curtailment of Chinese Influences

8.28.1 Indo-Sino War 1962

India and China are most important country of Asia having world largest population as well as

fastest economic growth which have increased their global, economic and diplomatic powers.

Although, both nations have tried to develop strong diplomatic and economic relations since

1947 but the territorial disputes always remained a stiff concern between them. India and China

have been confronted three major military conflicts since 1960s, Sino-Indian war 1962 in Ladakh

region, the Chola Dispute in 1967 in Sikkim and the 1987 Skirmish. Sino-Pak relations are

another stake of disturbance between Sino-Indian relations. China does not recognize the

legitimate authority of India over Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in responding

India also questions on Tibet, South Chinese Seas. Aksai Chin and Arunchal Pradesh are two

large and significant disputed territories between India and China. Arunchal Pradesh, the

northernmost Indian state, is claimed by China as a part of South Tibet. Aksai Chin, the

uninhabited land is situated among Xingjian, Tibet and Ladakh. Aksai Chen is claimed by as part

of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh region but it is controlled and administered by China as part

of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. These border issues led a conflict between India and China

that happened in 1962. Other issues such as Tibetan Uprising 1959 and Indian‘s conferral

political asylum to the Dalai Lama and subsequent border violent incidents, Indian Forward

Policy which had made the situation more multifaceted. On 20 October 1962, after deadlock on

conflict resolution over Himalayan border dispute, Chinese army launched offensive assault in

Ladakh and crossed the McMahon Line (China never accept the validity of this Line). On 20

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November 1962 the war ended when China declared a ceasefire and Indian posts and patrols

detached from Aksai Chin and all these territories went under direct Chinese control.

4.29 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan De facto Rule and its Interest

4.29.1 Gilgit-Baltistan: Aftermath Freedom Movement 1947

British sized power in the subcontinent after the war of independence, 1857. However after a

long struggle movement started by Muslim of India and Hindus the British‘s rule over India

ended in 1947. But at departure, India was divided between Hindu and Muslim. Two new states

emerged on the map of the worlds, India (Hindustan) and Pakistan. During the movement of

Pakistan, the Muslim of India got independence not only from the British but the majority of

Hindus. Although, the partition happened in 14 August 1947, but this partition raised some

questions about partition credibility of boundary commission and many issues left without

solution and these have become bone of contentions between Pakistan and India. In these

controversies, Kashmir issue is the most divergent point which prompted both nation on the eve

of wars and skirmishes. During the Partition Gilgit –Baltistan was ruled by Dogra rule of Jammu.

The Local peoples with the help of Gilgit Scout defeated Dogra armies and seized the power

under the local commander and declared as an Independence state in November 1st, 1947 and

Raja Shah Raees Khan was made its first president but this newly born state could not maintain

its status because after sixteen days of its independence it was afflicted with Pakistan by local

rulers and Mirs on the desire of the people in November 16, 1947. Pakistan had sent an

administrative officer Sardar Alam Khan as a political agent and representative of Pakistan who

captured the power and declared the Frontier Crime Rules (FCR) law in Gilgit Baltistan. For

affiliation many actors played important roles. This affiliation was happened in three stages:

Firstly the local new ruler and its administration along with commander of Gilgit scout

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connected the leadership of Pakistan and requested to send representative of Pakistan to take

over the government. Lt. Col.(Retd) Sikandar Khan Baloch (2004) mentions in his book ― In the

wonderland of Asia Gilgit and Baltistan‖ about the affiliation process as;

―A military cabinet was set up which was headed by a civilian, Raja Shah Rais Khan

as a caretaker president. It was purely a temporary arrangement before the

Government of Pakistan could take charge. A special messenger was rushed to

Pakistan to apprise the government of the situation and with request to send her

representative as soon as possible‖

Further he mentions that

―Back at Gilgit, repeated telegrams was sent to the Govt. of Pakistan to send her

representative. On 16 November, a Harvard landed near Gilgit, out o which emerged

the first Pakistani Political Agent, Sardar Mohammad Alam Khan. Amidst cheers

and slogans of Pakistan Zindabad, he was escorted to the Agency House, where he

was handed over keys of the treasury. He took over the civil administration.‖

(Baloch, 2004)

And the second and third level of affiliation took place when the rulers of princely states of

Hunza, Nigar, and people representatives of Dareel, Tangair , and Chilas decided to annex

their territories with Pakistan.

205

4.29.2 Gilgit-Baltistan’s Role in Kashmir Issue

The region of Gilgit-Baltistan got independence in 1947. On the other hand in 1947 the

princely states of Kashmir became a puzzle between Pakistan and India. The ruler of

Jammu could not make decision in early due to the affiliation complexities because the

rulers were Hindu while the majority of the populations of its realm were Muslim. So he

decided to remain as an independent which were not acceptable for the Muslim population

as well as the Pakistan. In 1948 the tribal men of Pakistan were attacked on Kashmir which

prompted India and on the request of Dogra Rulers of Jammu, India sent its troops and

captured Jammu and Kashmir since 1948. Meanwhile, Gilgit-Baltistan went under the

supervision of Pakistan till the peaceful settlement of Kashmir issue.

4.29.3 Gilgit-Baltistan: Key for Kashmir Plebiscite

Despite of self-independent of Gilgit-Baltistan, this region put in straw under the Kashmir issue.

Pakistani policy makers and statesmen think that Gilgit-Baltistan has not only important

geographical position but also has a pivotal role in the settlement of Kashmir if the plebiscite

would happen because majority population of Gilgit-Baltistan are Muslims and a staunch

supporters of Pakistan would be a key player in the plebiscite as it was order by the United

Nation resolution.

4.29.4 Trade and Link with China and Central Asian States

Gilgit-Baltistan has imperative value for Pakistan to set up its relations with India and Central

Asian States. The relations of China and Pakistan had started in 1960s after the border agreement

of Pakistan and China in1963. The relations become stronger when both nations constructed a

friendship road: Karakoram Highway, in 1970s from Xingjian, the province of the Western

China to Pakistan. It opened new opportunities for both countries. In recent years, China and

206

Pakistan converted this road and economic corridor and given the appellation ―China-Pakistan

Economic Corridor‖ which is considered a game changer for both nations especially for Pakistan

because it will bring more than 46 billion dollars as direct investment which boosts up the

economic growth of Pakistan. All these activities are possible due to Gilgit-Baltistan because this

region serves as host to Chinese import and export and provides easiest road of connection to

both nations.

4.29.5 Energy and Water Resources

Pakistan‘s economy is much depended on agricultural because agriculture is the main source of

income and for agricultural development water is pivotal element of it. In this regard Gilgit-

Baltistan has possessed vast fresh water as well as glaciers, mountains, peaks, lakes and huge

waters resources. The Indus River which is called the backbone in the growth of Pakistan

agriculture and food productions and this mighty river passed from Gilgit-Baltistan where many

contributories and stream like Shyok River, Shigar River, Gilgit River, and Hunza-Nigar River

added it contribution to give well water to the plain of Punjab and Sindh.

4.29.6 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan’s Energy Security

Pakistan is facing serve energy crises since 2000s. The demand of energy is rapidly increasing

every year especially during summer the gape of demand and production of energy has

increased. There are five to six thousands short fall have been recorded in the demand and

production in every year. These crises brought the economic decline in Pakistan because many

foreign investors transformed their investments from Pakistan which put negative impacts on the

economic growth of Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan has a huge potential for hydropower generation.

The Diamer Basha Dam and Bonji,Stak Dam, and other power projects will be helpful to

207

eliminate the power crises from Pakistan. It is believed that Gilgit-Baltistan is very important for

Pakistan‘s energy security.

4.29.7 Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan’ Security Importance

The unique geography of Gilgit-Baltistan and its natural boundary of highest peaks and mountain

ranges secure the northern frontier of Pakistan. Militarily this region is very vital because its

geographical evaluation and setting give a supreme position during war. As the neighbor of the

emerging superpowers China and India and Central Asian counties this region has militarily

significance for Pakistan. Northern Light Infantry (NLI) regiment is an important and bravest

regiment in Pakistan Army based in Gilgit-Baltistan.

4.29.8 Tourism as a beneficial factor in National Economic Development

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is the most amazing region of Pakistan in terms of its topography, scenic

exquisiteness and amusing culture. Here three great mountain ranges of the world: the

Karakorum, the Hindukush and the Himalayas meet. World‘s second heights peak K-2 and some

of the largest glaciers outside Polar Regions are also located in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is like a

paradise for hikers, explorers, adventure sports enthusiasts and nature lovers. The region has a

rich traditional legacy and assortment of rare fauna and flora. The people of Gilgit-Baltistan are

meticulous and they are considered most hospitable in the whole Northern Pakistan.

According to GB Tourism Department, careful estimates suggests that the foreign tourists

arrived in GB were approximately 10,338 in 2007, which has decreased to 4,524 tourists in 2013

due to worsening law and order situation in GB. On the other hand, the flow of domestic tourism

is gradually increasing. In 2013, GB welcomed 51,914 domestic tourists compared to 22,780 in

2007. It shows that there is a positive trend in domestic tourism market which previously has

been shy to visit far flung areas of GB. (Rana, 2014)

208

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.

Chapter No. 5

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

217

Geography is simply defined as the study of the earth and its environment. Geography is the

combination of two words ‗Geo‘ and ‗graphy‘. Geo originates from the Greek word ‗Ge‘ means

‗Earth‘ and ‗graphy‘ is derived from ‗graphein‘ means ‗to write or describe‘. Hence geography

means to describe about the Earth, its topographies such as the mountains, terrestrial, rivers,

plants, soil, weather, climate, population, and man-mad artificial features such as towns and

cities, farmlands, settlements, economic activities. Geography is the most important determining

factor of one‘s state foreign policy, shaping her attitudes in the direction of other countries.

Geographical position and it sized are the first and foremost entities come into considerations

and targets of the diplomats and policy makers whereas examining the strengths or the weakness

of a state, which reveals its significance in the course of foreign policy formulation. The size and

position of the land, convenience and eccentric of the boundaries, temperature and residents,

natural assets, capability of manufacturing power and transportation services are main concerns

and dynamic features while determining an area globally for any state. Great nations attain much

of their influences because geographical place give them a central strategic point, entrance to sea

routes or worldwide conveyance passages and control over vigorous natural resources. It is

obvious fact of geography that numerous nations of the world are receiving a large of benefits

and privileges by their size, location, natural resources, climate, and by other geographical

aspects.

Political Geography emerged as an important discipline in late nineteen century and Germany is

considered as the cradle of its formation. Political Geography deals with the political territorial

parts, frontiers and governmental sectors. Geopolitics and Geostrategic are intertwined with

geography. To understand the significance of any area, it is essential to know about its

geopolitical and geostrategic position and its dynamic factors.

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Since the term ―geopolitics” was invented in 1899 it has used in different implications. It is

common thought that geography and political practices reciprocally impact one other.

Geopolitical theorists and scholars such as H. Mackinder, A.T. Mahan, Nicholas Spykman and

James Burnham played significant roles in the evaluation of geopolitics. These geopoliticians

beautifully described and joined the previous events with extraordinary predations of future

developments. Mackinder, for instance, anticipated in early 1920s and again in 1943 about the

development of an Alliance of North Atlantic States and in 1949 NATO was established.

Geography is called the mother of strategy. Geostrategy is expected to describe foreign policy of

a state based on geographic dynamics. A geographical location plays a critical role to determined

strategy. Strategic importance of place has manifold explanation. Frequently the term is used for military

and economic connotation of a place and its vital position for the country. There are numerous elements

which enhance the strategic important of a place and in which geographical location of a region is vital

because the position of a places near major communication and transportation lines have much

noteworthy. Other elements such as human resources, large population, manufacturing centers, natural

resources and wealth, mountains, water resources, forest etc. have also excessive role to increase the

strategic importance of a place. Geo-strategic significance means the importance of a nation/state with

virtue to its geographical location. Geopolitics and geostrategic theories developed during the end of 19th

century to the end of Second World War 1945 and this period is thought ―The Golden Era‖ of geopolitical

school thought. This discipline gained a huge appraisal and nourishment during this era. In Europe

Germany was the most important player and it had emerged as superpower, created a threat to the

existence of other powers. The scholars of geopolitics focused on this aspect of hegemonic design. They

presented their theories that how to rule over the World while using the geographical topographies. Some

of the prominent geostratist were Alfred Mahan, Halford Mackinder, Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellen,

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Karl Haushofer, Nicholas Spykman and their writings, ideas left a great impression on international

political system.

The German famous scholars and political scientist Freidrich Ratzel who is known as the father

of political geography presented his theory based on scientific and biological laws. He writes that

states are living organism and it must get continued nourishment like the body of organism. He

states that state expansionism is necessary to the existence of state. Rudolf Kejellel was a

political scientist and Swedish geostratist and had honor to be the first man who coined the term

‗geopolitics‘ in his writings and which later put a countless impact on the global politics.

Sir Halford Mackinder, the British geographer and politician, changed the discourse of

geopolitical discussion when he presented ‗the Heartland Theory‘ in 1904. He states that who

captures the heartland will lead to rule over the world. His famous dictum was; who rules East

Europe commands the Heartland and who rules the Heartland commands the World Island and

who rules the World Island commands the World. Nicholas Spykman, an American political

scientist and geostratist was presented the ‗Rimland Theory‘ and most of his work was an

antidote to Mackinder theory of Heartland. He states that Rimland of Eurasia is the key to rule

over the world. Alfred T. Mahan was an American naval historian and is known as the most

influential American geostratist in nineteen century. For Mahan, Sea and ports (naval power)

were important to gain political power. Karal Haushofer was the German geographer and Army

officer and his contribution in the field of geopolitics provided a solid foundation to Hitler

expansion policies in early 20th

century. His contribution in geopolitical theory was the idea of

dynamics frontiers. Zbigniew Brzezinski is famous American diplomat, political scientist. In his

book ‗The Gran Chessboar(1997)‟ he demarcated four regions of Eurasia : Europe; the

Democratic bridgehead, Russia: the black hole, The Middle East: the Eurasian Balkans and Asia:

the far Eastern anchor.

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The geographical location of Gilgit-Baltistan gives her an enormous position in the world. Gilgit

Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 square kilometers (28,174 miles). It has an estimated

population of two million (2016). Despite being deprived of constitutional rights after 69 years

of independence from the Dogra Raj, Gilgit Baltistan makes its importance as a land of immense

geographic and strategic significance. Occupying an extraordinarily varied and attractive

landscape, Gilgit-Baltistan becomes a meeting point of world's three famous highest mountain

ranges namely the Himalaya, the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. Gilgit-Baltistan shares

its borders with Pakistan's KPK province to the West, Autonomous Xingjian western province of

China in the Northeast, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor to the North, Azad Kashmir to the

Southwest and Indian held Jammu and Kashmir to the East and Southeast. The 16-60 kilometers

wide narrow strip which is called Wakhan corridor separates Gilgit-Baltistan from the Gorno-

Badakhshan region of Tajikistan.

Gilgit Baltistan has an honor to represent some of the largest glaciers of the polar region. Biafo

glacier, Baltoro glacier and Hisper glaciers are the most notified ones. These glaciers make Gilgit

Baltistan potential to generate 50 thousand MW of electricity due to rich in water and having the

mighty Indus River which flows from Gilgit Baltistan to Arabian Sea in the west. Having rich

with enormous types of minerals, it is also consider as one of the best minerals market in the

world and especially in Pakistan. It is the major deposits of Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Tin, Lead,

Bismit, Mica, Coal, Zircon, Quartz and Actinolite having one of the best qualities in the world.

Gilgit Baltistan comprises of three divisions, having 10 districts and 22 tehsils. Gilgit is the

capital city of Gilgit Baltistan which shares equal distance to other district being in the middle of

the area. Silk Route makes it worthy with having the title of the only road link between Gilgit

Baltistan and other parts of Pakistan. In 2013 after the CPEC agreement between Pakistan and

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China, Silk Route has become the major and important route due to the only way between

Pakistan and China for trade. Despite having giant mountains in the region, Gilgit Baltistan host

all four climates (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) with variation from region to region . The

eastern part of Gilgit Baltistan has the moist zone of the Himalayas, but the climate dries

considerably in Karakoram and Hindu Kush regions. Towns like Chilas and the capital city

Gilgit experience more temperature in summer as compare to Skardu, Khaplu, Hunza and Astore

and in winter, Skardu, Khaplu and Astore also have snow falling.

Gilgit-Baltistan has rich in ethnic and cultural values. Language is an important aspect of its

national ethos that embellishes beauty of region with it traditional diversity and communication.

The fastened geographical characteristics of Gilgit-Baltistan provide different dialects and

languages. Shina, Balti, Wakhi, Burushasky, Khowar, Domaaki, Gojari are spoken in Gilgit

Baltistan. Gilgit-Baltistan is blessed of five of the ―eight-thousanders‖ and to more than 101

Peaks over 7000 meters, 5100 Glaciers, 2200 Sq. miles of Snow Covered Areas, 119 Lakes, 4 National

Parks, three wildlife sanctuaries , 230 species of Birds, 54 Species of mammals, 20 species of fresh water

fish, 23 species of reptiles , 6 of amphibians, 6592 Sq. km of Forests, which constitutes 9.1 % of the

total area, seven Asia Pacific Heritage Conservation, UNESCO and British Airways Award Winning

Historical Sites, 23 Historical Forts,65 Archeological sites, more than 39,000 Rock carvings and

inscriptions, Centuries Old trade and travel route, The only part of Pakistan to border and neighbor four

countries, presence of International Road Network . Gilgit and Skardu cities are the two main

destinations for trekking and expeditions to those mountains. Amongst these the notable highest

mountains are K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen), the second highest peak in the world and Nanga

Parbat, also known as the most feared (Killer) mountains in the world.

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The historical evolution of Gilgit-Baltistan remained silent because there are not solid documents

for evidence but on the bases rocks inscriptions and carving, some historian suggest that the

inhabitants in Gilgit-Baltistan had started around 5th millennium BC. The history shows that this

region remained important trading routes and invaders passages for different Kingdoms and also

served as a sacred channel for Buddhist ideologies from the Northern India to North Eastern

China etc.

In ancient history, the hilly region, Gilgit-Baltistan was controlled by invaders of Central Asian,

Indian and Chinese empires. During seventh and eighth centuries the region went under the reign

of local dynasties. Gilgit-Baltistan, like ancient Greek city state, was divided into several states

ruled by succession of various local Rajas, Mirs, Khan, Maqpoon, Amacha etc. These

autonomous local Kings enjoyed monarchial rules and their inner fightings for throne and

powers brought Dogra in Gilgit-Baltistan.

In 1820 , Maharaja of Lahore Darbaar, Ranjeet Sing , rewarded the throne of Jammu to his army

commander Gulab Sing and made him Raja of Jammu. Raja set up an army to expand his

Kingdom‘s frontiers. In 1830s, under his notable army general Zorawar Sing, the army of Gulab

Sing conquered the Buddhist majority Kingdom of Himalayan region, Ladakh and Tibet and they

annexed Muslim majority of Baltistan in 1841 with their Kingdom. Baltistan went under the rule

of Dogra due to the internecine over successor between Ruler of Skardu Raja Ahmad Shah and

his youngest son Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah went Jammu and sought help for his

legacy and ascendancy from Gulab Sing. At the same time Gilgit and adjoined sovereignties

were subjugated by Sikh the ruler of Lahore Darbar. In 1842 at the request of Karim Khan , the

brother of Raja Shah Sikandar of Gilgit ,the ruler of Kashmir sent a strong contingent of army

led by Colonel Nathu Shah entered Gilgit and defeated Gour Rahman of Yasin and established

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their rules in Gilgit . In 1852 the rebellion attacked under Gour Rahman command on Dogra‘s

forts at Gilgit, killed Dogra soldiers and Gilgit slipped out of Kashmir‗s government. But in 1860

under the Maharaja Ranbeer Sing Gilgit once again went under the control of Sikh kingdom of

Lahore.

The British transmitted power and control of region to Dogra in 1846. But continuing expansion

of Czarist Russia, British made Gilgit as it‘s based to curtail the Russian‘s invasion in this

northern frontier. In 1889 the Gilgit Agency was restored under Captain A. Durand as the Agent

of British India. Latter Gilgit Scout was established to topple the local rebellion and protect to

administration. When Soviet activities in Central Asia and their relations with Chinese regimes

in Xingjian developed, the fears of British had increased. , thus, they used these circumstances to

build up pressure on Maharaja Hari Singh to accept their de-jour administration over Gilgit

agency. For this purpose , on 26 March 1935,an agreement of a lease for 60 years was signed by

Colonel Lang, the Resident of British in Kashmir and the Maharaja of Kashmir, gave the civil

and military authority of Gilgit Agency to British, subject to the condition that this region would

continue under the dominion of Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The lease terminated in 1947

during partition of India and the British returned the administration of Gilgit agency to Maharaja.

But the uprising of freedom movement against Dogras in 1947-48 by local people under Gilgit-

Scout, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir lost its authority over Gilgit and Baltistan and later the

Local rulers affiliated this region with Pakistan

Although, the partition happened in 14 August 1947, but this partition raised some questions

about partition credibility of boundary commission and many issues left without solution and

these have become bone of contentions between Pakistan and India. In these controversies,

Kashmir issue is the most divergent point between Pakistan and India which prompted both

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nation on the eve of wars and skirmishes. During the Partition Gilgit –Baltistan was ruled by

Dogra rule of Jammu.

The Local peoples with the help of Gilgit Scout defeated Dogra armies and seized the power

under the local commander and declared as an Independence state in November 1st, 1947 and

Raja Shah Raees Khan was made as its first president but this newly born state could not

maintain its status because after sixteen days of its independence it was afflicted with Pakistan

by local rulers and Mirs on the desire of the people in November 16, 1947. Pakistan had sent an

administrative officer Sardar Alam Khan as a political agent and representative of Pakistan who

became administrative head and declared the Frontier Crime Rules (FCR) as laws in Gilgit

Baltistan.

For affiliation many actors played important roles. This affiliation was happened in three stages:

Firstly the local rulers and its administration along with commander of Gilgit scout connected the

leadership of Pakistan and requested to send representative of Pakistan to take over the

government. And the second and third level of affiliation took place when the rulers of princely

states of Hunza, Nigar, and people representatives of Dareel, Tangair , and Chilas decided to

annex their territories with Pakistan.

The region of Gilgit-Baltistan got independence in 1947. On the other hand in 1947 the princely

states of Kashmir became a puzzle between Pakistan and India. The ruler of Jammu could not

make decision in early due to the affiliation complexities because the ruler was Hindu while the

majority of the populations of his realm were Muslim. So he decided to remain as an

independent which were not acceptable for the Muslim population as well as the Pakistan. In

1948 the tribal men of Pakistan were attacked on Kashmir which prompted India and on the

request of Dogra Rulers of Jammu, India sent its troops and captured Jammu and Kashmir since

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1948. Meanwhile, Gilgit-Baltistan went under the supervision of Pakistan till the peaceful

settlement of Kashmir issue.

Despite of self-independent of Gilgit-Baltistan, this region put in straw under the Kashmir issue.

Pakistani policy makers and statesmen think that Gilgit-Baltistan has not only important

geographical position but also has a pivotal role in the settlement of Kashmir if the plebiscite

would happen because majority population of Gilgit-Baltistan are Muslims and a staunch

supporters of Pakistan would be a key player in the plebiscite as it was order by the United

Nation resolution.

In March 1949 Karachi Agreement was signed between Pakistani representative and Kashmiri

leaderships without consensus of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan, and this region was given to

Pakistan as a de-jure administration by Kashmiri leaderships. Political development had started

in Gilgit-Baltistan during Bhutto regime, when he announced to abolish Frontier Crime Rules

(FCR); most notorious rules (Black Law) in the history of Gilgit-Baltistan introduced by

Pakistani Regime after independence.

After a long civil war in October 1949, the Chinese National Party (Kuomintang) was defeated

by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and established the People‘s Republic of China (PRC)

while the nationalist pushed to Taiwan where it proclaimed the Republic of China (ROC). A long

stagnation of Chinese economic development under the Maoist approach, China started deviating

reforms to the rigid authoritarian state controlled policies after the demise of Chairman Mao in

1976. Deng Xiaoping the new communist leader seizure power in 1978 initiated different

economic reforms to decentralization economic and enterprises to the units.

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The modernization and liberation economic policies of Deng in 1978 put countless impression on China

which prepared her to play an imperative role in the global stage. Indebted to the market-oriented and

opening-up reforms in 1970s by leaders, China has achieved astonishing enactment in last 37 years.

During these years (1979-2014) the annual growth rate of China‘s real GDP is 10% which is the highest

rate in the world. In 2011 Chinese became world second highest GDP defeating Japan.

China is the biggest energy consumer nation of the world. In 2009 China consumed 4% more

than USA, which was 2.252 billion tons of oil equivalent in 2009, surpassing USA which was

consumed 2.170 billion tons of oil equivalent in same year. To sustain the economic growth,

China needs large number of energy resources, international markets, global trade, as well as

drastic improvement in industrial, agriculture, structural problem, investment, consumption,

manufacturing, job creation etc. In this regard China is engaged with other nations investing a

large amount in different sector in Asia, Africa, Latin America Europe, oil rich region of the

world.

In 1963, Pakistan and China after a series of dialogues and discussions reached a boundary

Agreement. This agreement extended the boundary 325 miles from Afghan border to Karakorum

Pass near Siachen Glacier. This agreement had come into effect after the signatures of Chinese

foreign Minister Chen Yi and Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1963. This

agreement resulted to bring both states into a closed relationship since their Independence. In this

agreement China ceded over 1,942 square kilometers to Pakistan and Pakistan agreed the

sovereignty over Shasgham valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, near Karakorum Pass.

The Road and highways is indispensable for socio-economic development for a nation. The

remote, rugged terrain, high mountain region of Gilgit-Baltistan was a gateway for ancient

civilization. This snow covers; glacial and high mountainous land was used by ancient traders,

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explorers, and expenditures, religious missionaries to propagate their belief, cultures, and

philosophies. Ancient Slik Route, struggle for power among superpowers, expansion of

Buddhism to Northeast Asia also experienced in this region

The Karakoram Highway (KKH) was started to build in 1959, completed and opened to public

in 1978 and its length is about 1300 Kilometers (800 miles) , Pakistan sharing 887km while

Chinese part is 413km., more than 2500 Pakistani and Chinese Engineers, mechanics , road-

builders and workers participated to breached this mountainous steel wall which took over a

period of ten years for its accomplishment but this wonderful and gigantic construction gave a

number of bereavements and heavy casualties of both sides , Pakistan lost about 810 while

around 200 Chinese lost their lives.

This international oldest trade route was built up during Han dynasty by the imperial exploration

and missionary envoy led by Ambassador Zhang Qian around 114 BC. The Karakoram and

Himalayan mountain passes used by Chinese envoys to interact with Indian civilization,

Different archeological sites, inscription rocks, carving rocks, were discovered in Gilgit-Baltistan

which proved that Buddhism was not only part of this region but always served as an significant

role to intermingle different cultures. Due to different reason the significant of Silk trade routes

were declined in mid-15th

century but in 1960s construction of Karakoram Highway between

Pakistan and China also created a hope to survival the ancient Silk Route.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a significant segment of China One Belt One Road

strategic initiative. The CEPC links Kashgar, China‘s Western Xingjian Uygar Autonomous

Region, with Gawadar Port on Arabian Sea via road, highways, railway, and pipelines. Gawadar

Port is situated near Iranian Chabahar port. China is investing more than US $46 billon in this

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project which has potential to boost up bilateral trade, economic, cultural interactions between

two countries as well as it helps to improve regional stability, harmony and connectivity. This

corridor provides China direct access to deep warm water port on the Arabian Sea, Middle East,

Central and South Asia and beyond, which is the pivotal for China‘s strategic and economic

ambitions in 21st century.

India, is the seventh largest country by area and second largest populous country of the world

after China. India has multi-cultural tradition as well oldest civilization and home of multi-

religious diversity of the world. In 1991 the market based economic liberation announced by

central government which injected its stagnated economy to a highest and fastest economy of the

world; in 2006 the GDP growth rate reached its peak around 9.6 %. Now India, according to US

President Obama ―India is not emerging; India has emerged.‖ Today in Asia, China and India are

considered the rising states and stakeholders for power, worlds market and investments

opportunities. Both countries are leading world highest energy consumers and depend on it for

Middle East and central Asian states. Sino-India has been confronted three major conflicts since

1962 on border disputes and competition for power has instigated this disagreement broaden. For

sustained economic development both states need new worlds markets, routes, advanced

technologies, infrastructure, trade partnerships etc. Gilgit-Baltistan is reflected as a bridge for

both nations including Pakistan to preserve its national interest. This region is very important for

India to its economic development as well as to counter the China-Pakistan nexus because this

region provides shortest route for India to reach Afghanistan and CARs. As India claims the

ownership of the region, annexing it with disputed region of Kashmir. To understand the Indian

ambition it is vital to study the wars fought by Pakistan and India in this region.

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India geo-strategic and economic interest in Afghanistan and Central Asian states have reshaped

in recent decades. The geo-political position of world scenario has been rapidly changing since

9/11 tragedy. China and India‘s rising as an economic giant‘s transformed world into multi-polar

characteristic. The geographical position of Pakistan is a great disadvantage for India to secure

its national interest in Central Asia. Pakistan is hindrance direct access to Afghanistan.

Afghanistan and CARs are landlocked countries, mostly depends on third one for their economic

activities. Same course for India, it depends either Iran or Pakistan to access central Asia. The

relations between Pakistan and India have been remained hostile since their independence. Sino-

India war in 1962 on border issue brought Pakistan and China proximity that undermined the

strategic interest of India in Gilgit-Baltistan. In history many Central Asian or western Asian

invasions and influences took place in India through this region. The Sino-Pak nexus and China

unabating diplomatic, logistic, military, financial and physical assistants to Pakistan has made

the situation more deteriorating for Indian security point of views because it facilitated Pakistan

to firm its grip over Gilgit-Baltistan the strategic northern frontier. As this strategic frontline

remained a meeting place during 19th

century in the shadow of the Great Game between British

and Russia. During Dogra Raj , British policy makers took special consideration on this region

and used the topography of this highland for its strategic motives with monitoring the Russian

movements in Central Asia and the adjoining areas; Pamir, Wakhan and Xingjian region. For

this purpose British took control for 60 years leased of Gilgit-Baltistan from Dogra Raj.

Gilgit-Baltistan has imperious value for Pakistan to set up its relations with China and Central

Asian States. The relations of China and Pakistan had started in 1960s after the border agreement

of Pakistan and China in1963. The relations became stronger when both nations constructed the

friendship road; the Karakoram Highway (KKH), in 1970s from Xingjian, the province of the

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Western China to Pakistan. It opened new opportunities for both countries. In recent years, China

and Pakistan converted this road as economic corridor and given the appellation ―China-Pakistan

Economic Corridor‖ which is considered a game changer for both nations especially for Pakistan

because it will bring more than 46 billion dollars as direct investment which boosts up the

economic growth of Pakistan. All these activities are possible due to Gilgit-Baltistan because this

region serves as host to Chinese import and export and provides easiest road of connection to

both nations.Pakistan‘s economy is much depended on agricultural because agriculture is the

main source of income and for agricultural development water is pivotal element. In this regard

Gilgit-Baltistan has possessed vast fresh water as well as glaciers, mountains, peaks, lakes and

huge waters resources. The Indus River which is called the backbone in the growth of Pakistan

agriculture and food productions and this mighty river passed from Gilgit-Baltistan where many

contributories and stream like Shyok River, Shigar River, Gilgit River, and Hunza-Nigar River

add into it.

Pakistan is facing serve energy crises since 2000s. The demand of energy is rapidly increasing

every year especially during summer the gape of demand and production of energy has

increased. There are five to six thousands short fall have been recorded in the demand and

production in every year. These crises brought the economic decline in Pakistan because many

foreign investors transformed their investments from Pakistan which put negative impacts on the

economic growth of Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan has a huge potential for hydropower generation.

The Diamer Basha Dam and Bonji,Stak Dam, and other power projects will be helpful to

eliminate the power crises from Pakistan. It is believed that Gilgit-Baltistan is very vital for

Pakistan‘s energy security. Since the independence, political and administrative reforms

introduced by Pakistani regimes did not overcome the grievance of people

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Findings

1. Geographical location of a place determines its importance and the values in the global level

and geopolitics and geostrategic of a place defines its role in global politics while using

geographical elements it setups a state‘s foreign as well as internal policies.

2. Today, in twenty-first century despite the advancement in science and technology and warfare,

it could not be denied the geographical position of a place because most of the conflicts in

present era are also for powers and gaining lands and geopolitical prominent territories.

3. The geographical landscape of Gilgit-Baltistan and its location enhance its importance because

it borders with global political powers like China, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and neighbor for

Central Asian Republics. Three Great Mountain Ranges meet here. It is home of the highest

peaks (including K-2), reservoir for world fresh waters, longest glaciers, beautiful lakes, valleys,

highest potential energy generators, precious natural resource and minerals, attractive tourist

points , historical international trades routes, scarce fauna and flora, world‘s best military,

stunning culture and tradition and the home of more than two million of people.

4. Last seventy year, Pakistan introduced several administrative packages and ordinances in

Gilgit-Baltistan to meet people desires. Although, these political developments were in right

direction but it did not fulfill the cover constitutional demand of people of Gilgit-Baltistan.

5. Despite self-independence from Dogra Raj, the fate of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan kept with

the Kashmir dispute, which created a sense of political deprivation among the masses. Pakistani

policy makers and statesmen think that Gilgit-Baltistan has important not only geographical

position but also has a pivotal role in the settlement of Kashmir if the plebiscite would happen

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because majority population of Gilgit-Baltistan are Muslims and a staunch supporters of Pakistan

that would be a key player in the plebiscite and this referendum was proposed by United Nations

Resolutions to resolve the Kashmir Issue.

6. On 28 April 1949, the Karachi Agreement was signed between the Government of Pakistan

representative Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, ―Minister without portfolio‖ and the President of Azad

Kashmir Sardar Mohammed Ibrahim Khan, Choudhry Ghulam Abbas, head of All Jammu and

Kashmir Muslim Conference. Through this accord, Pakistan was granted an interim

administrative power over Gilgit-Baltistan until the settlement of Kashmir dispute. This was a

strange contract in the history that the fate of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan had decided without

the consent of local population and there was not a single representative from the region in this

agreement. Even people had already affiliated this region with Pakistan and on 16 November

1947 Government of Pakistan had sent Sardar Muhammad Alam as a representative of Pakistan

to Gilgit. Karachi Agreement has undue impacts on Gilgit-Baltistan‘s political and constitutional

status.

7. Due to the border contiguity with Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India, Gilgit-Baltistan has

potential to make global connection more strong and wide-ranging. The study showed that these

elements are also a source of menace for peace and harmony in the region. Because the national

interest of these players meet here.

8. China has become 2nd

largest economy of the world and China needs energy and international

markets. Gilgit-Baltistan as the Gateway to China‘s economic development, offers shortest

routes to international Markets. 1n 1963, China-Pakistan was signed an agreement of border

settlement. Shasgham valley went under the Chinese administration. Connecting Gilgit-Baltistan,

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China also wants to transfer the turmoil situation through developmental projects in Xingjian; the

major Muslim populated of Western borders of China. Karakoram Highway (KKH) and

subsequent major projects including China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) have increased

the geostrategic imperative of Gilgit-Baltistan to China.

9. India; the home second largest population of the world, has also emerged as an economic

giant. Like China, India also imports oil from Middle East and Central Asian Republics (CARs).

Gilgit-Baltistan offers the shortage route for India to reach Afghanistan and CARs. India claimed

ownership over this region as part of its territory and considered any development whether it‘s

economic or political in Gilgit-Baltistan is illegitimate. The study also found that due to the

economic competition and traditional antagonistic relations between China and India, the region

is most import for India. India captured Siachen Glacier because of its security was risked from

China. Furthermore, Karakorum Highway, Kargil war, also enhanced the Indian concern. Indian

claimed over Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) means a great hindrance China-Pakistan relations because

without GB means no connection between Sino-China by land. It will be containment to the

Chinese economic growth.

10. Since independence, Gilgit-Baltistan has been ruling under the interim administration of

Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan is very important for Pakistan in term of its politico-economic, security

interests. Karakoram Highway; the Friendship Road, passes from Gilgit-Baltistan, which are the

most important factors in Sino-Pak relations as well as in Pakistan economic growth.

11. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has boosted up the geo-strategic position of

Gilgit-Baltistan because it connects both countries and offers shortest route to China to reach

international deep water port in Arabian Sea. CPEC is considered as the game changer in the

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region because through this corridor, Pakistan receives direct investment more than 46billion US

dollars from China which reflects an antidote for the morass of economic growth of Pakistan.

12. The natural boundary of mountain ranges protect it from Northern side while these

mountains ranges fulfill the water and power security of Pakistan. Pakistan is facing sever energy

shortages from last two decades and as an agriculture country Pakistan needs water and Gilgit-

Baltistan has potential to overcome this issue.

13. The relations of these regional powers and their conflict of interest in this region have some

positive and negative impacts. Kargil conflicts (1999) and Siachen war (1984) and many border

skirmishes have been fought which brought dire consequences in this area. On the other hand

Sino-Pak warmly relations and the construction of Karakoram in 1970s, has changed the socio-

economic conditions of Gilgit-Baltistan

14. During this study it is concluded that the people of Gilgit-Baltistan believe that Kashmir

issue is their primary concern because due to this reasons they are awaiting last seventeen year

for their constitutional and political rights and identification and this long-lasting issue has

increased the sense of deprivation and disgust among them. In 2009, Pakistan People Party

Government announced an administrative package which is called the ―Gilgit-Baltistan

Empowerment and Self-Governance order 2009‖. Although it was a comprehensive package for

administration but the constitutional status of this region did not clear in this reform.

15. Another most important issue of Gilgit Baltistan was Sectarianism. Shia, Sunni, Ismailia and

Noorbakhshia are the prominent school of thought in Gilgit-Baltistan. Due to its geostrategic

location, ambiguous political and constitutional status, and linkage with Kashmir issue, national

and international players are involved and divided whole region on the sect‘s basis. It is observed

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that sect identification or feelings for fellow sects are stronger than nationalism. When the

sectarian issue arises than the dictum of the mutual understanding and peaceful coextend become

meaningless. But it has been observed that most of the sectarian conflicts were happened within

a confined territory of the Gilgit-city and around its suburbs, which made whole region stagnant

and in the doldrums.

A survey was conduct to find out the people responses about the political and constitutional

status of Gilgit-Baltistan and best option for a long-lasting peaceful solution in this region. The

survey had also aimed to acquire people‘s opinion about the geographical implication with the

references of geopolitical and geo-strategic significance of Gilgit-Baltistan. A questionnaire

survey containing 20 closed-ended questions was conducted with the help of quantitative

research design. The participants in the survey were belonging to all part of Gilgit-Baltistan.

There were 250 participants and in which 20% respondents were professional and 80% were

youth and simple random sampling method was used for their selection with minimum education

level was graduation. 30% of the respondents in this survey were women. Pie chart is used to

show the responses of the participants.

236

Q. 1. Gilgit-Baltistan Should be the fifth province of Pakistan;

This is the most interesting and important question of this survey because after Gilgit-Baltistan

Empowerment and Self-Governance 2009, which named the region as Gilgit-Baltistan, people

started to call Gilgit-Baltistan as the fifth province of Pakistan but reality was divergent of this

notion because due to connection with Kashmir issue , this region did not granted constitutional

rights. Interestingly, the majority, 84 %, of respondents agreed to be part of Pakistan as fifth

province while 14 % rejected this statement.

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 91 80 4 18 10 200

Professional 32 7 0 5 3 50

123 87 4 23 13 250

Strong Agree 49%

Agree 35%

Neutral 2%

Disagree 9%

Strong Disgree 5%

Question.1 Gigit Baltistan Should make fifth province of Pakistan

237

Q. 2.Gilgit-Baltistan should be given interim representation in Parliament of Pakistan until the

Kashmir issue settlements.

This statement is overwhelming accepted by the participants, as 89% agreed with this option, 3%

remained uncertain while 8 % disagreed to the option. The majority respondents believed that

through this choice they would get representation in parliament of Pakistan and this also would

not derail the struggle movement in Kashmir because this would be an interim basis till the

Kashmir dispute settlement.

Stonge Agree 59%

Agree 30%

Neutral 3%

Disagee 5%

Strong Digaree 3%

Question 2. Interim Represetnation

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 119 63 6 8 4 200

Professional 29 11 1 6 3 50

148 74 7 14 7 250

238

Q. 3 The best possible option in the existing circumstances with regard to the inclusion of the Gilgit

Baltistan in the National Agenda is to assimilate it into the Azad Kashmir and make it as “One

Unit”

This was another famous option to end the political and constitutional vacuum in Gilgit-

Baltistan. But the majority of respondents 80 % disagreed with this statement while 15 %

respondents in favored of ‗one unit‘ and 5 % did not have opinion. Majority of the people saw

that One Unite was not core solution of their problem. They were of viewed that amalgamation

with Azad Kashmir meant to remain more underprivileged. This perception or the gap between

two regions is said due to the leadership of Azad Kashmir and their attitude toward Gilgit-

Baltistan. There is a big communication gap between the two region therefore majority of

respondents did not want to part of Azad Kashmir.

Strong Agree 2%

Agree 13% Neutral

5%

Disagree 42%

Strong Disagree 38%

Question No. 3: One Unit (Amalgamation with Azad Kashmir)

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 6 23 9 91 71 200

Professional 3 9 2 13 23 50

9 32 11 104 94 250

239

Q.4 Gilgit-Baltistan is part of Kashmir therefore it is right decision to wait for its independence

Majority of the participant of this research responded that Gilgit-Baltistan is not part of

Kashmir, therefore to keep within the existing system till the independence of Kashmir is not

accepted them. A majority of 49% respondents disagreed with this statement and 43 % had

strong disagreed with this notion. The rejection by majority respondents may be the reflection of

general perception that GB was freed from Dogra Raj in 1947 so Kashmiri had no right to claim

the ownership over GB.

Strong Agree 1%

Agree 4%

Neutral 3%

Disagree 49%

Strong Disagree 43%

Question No. 4: Part of Kashmir

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 3 7 4 109 77 200

Professional 1 2 3 13 31 50

4 9 7 122 108 250

240

Q.5 Self-governing be established in GB like Azad Kashmir

This option was favorite choice of the respondents. 46 % of participants of this survey were

strongly agreed with this option while 41% also agreed with the idea of separate and self-

governing setup like exit in Azad Kashmir. Majority of the respondents saw that this is the best

option for Gilgit-Baltistan having a self- governing political system, flag, constitution, president

and prime minister etc.

Strong Agree 46%

Agree 41%

Neutral 6%

Disagree 5%

Strong Disagree 2%

Question No. 5: Separate Unit Like Azad Kashmir

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 85 91 9 11 4 200

Professional 33 14 0 3 0 50

118 105 9 14 4 250

241

Q.6 The direct administration by the centre in case of Gilgit Baltistan be continued as it has been

now since its amalgamation;

A majority, 55% & 39% (94%) of respondents rejected the traditional style of ruling. Since 1947,

Gilgit-Baltistan has been administered by Pakistan under federal government and this interim

control was bestowed by the Karachi agreement signed in 1949 between Kashmiri leaderships

and Pakistani representative in Karachi. Due to the connection with Kashmir dispute this region

kept out in mainstream political system of Pakistan. For this region, various political and

administrative reforms have been introduced by the governments of Pakistan. But the responses

showed that people of the region were not satisfied to remain under the existing setup.

Strong Agree 1%

Agree 2%

Neutral 4%

Disagree 55%

Strong Disagree 39%

Question No. 6: GB under Federal Administration

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 3 4 5 107 81 200

Professional 0 1 1 31 17 50

3 5 6 138 98 250

242

Q.7 Constitutional annexation of Gilgit-Baltistan with Pakistan would damage the struggle in

Kashmir;

This was an interesting question because many people of Kashmir think that political and

constitutional assimilation of Pakistan with Pakistan would damage the Kashmir cause and it is

also against the traditional perspective of Pakistan. The opinions of the respondents of this

question showed slightly interesting, 16 % are strong agree, 21% agree while 25% and 23 %

thought that annexation with Pakistan would not harm the freedom movement of Kashmir and

15% respondents remained neutral.

Strong Agree 16%

Agree 21%

Neutral 15%

Disagree 23%

Strong Disagree 25%

Q.7 Constitutional annexation of GB with Pakistan would demage Kashmir struggle

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 29 36 35 47 53 200

Professional 12 16 2 11 9 50

41 52 37 58 62 250

243

Q.8 The Gilgit-Baltistan, in the Kashmir Plebiscite will justify its dominating role

Kashmir is the core issue between Pakistan and India. The people of Kashmir are waiting for

freedom and the decision will be happened according to UN resolution. A general view is that

plebiscite is the best option for Kashmir dispute, in which the people of Kashmir will decide that

the state should join India or Pakistan or become independent. In this case Whether Gilgit-

Baltistan has important role to change the result. The 21% respondents showed strong agreed and

27% agreed to this question and 37% people rejected this statement and 15 % remained neutral.

Majority of the respondents, 48%, agreed that GB would dominant role in plebiscite.

Strong Agree 21%

Agree 27%

Neutral 15%

Disagree 21%

Strong Disagree 16%

Q.8 Gilgit-Baltistan role in Plebiscite of Kashmir

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 34 53 31 47 35 200

Professional 18 15 6 5 6 50

52 68 37 52 41 250

244

Q.9 The Kashmir Dispute is directly responsible for keeping the Gilgit-Baltistan under the state of

an ambiguous political and constitutional status

It is the most important question of this survey because Kashmir dispute has vital role in the

process of Gilgit-Baltistan constitutional rights. Majority of the respondents agreed that Kashmir

dispute is the major obstacles for their political and constitutional rights. The 32 % and 26 %

respondents agreed with this statement while 16 % & 9% opposed this statement and 17%

remained neutral.

Strong Agre 26%

Agree 32%

Neutral 17%

Disagree 16%

Strong Disagree 9%

Q. 9 Kashmir Dispute is responsible for GB constitutional problem

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 39 71 38 34 18 200

Professional 25 10 4 7 4 50

64 81 42 41 22 250

245

Q 10. Independent Kashmir (United States of Kashmir) is the best option for Kashmir dispute and

Gilgit-Baltistan should be a part of this new federation?

This was an interesting proposal to settle Kashmir dispute. The responses divided over this

option. 33% of respondents showed strong disagree and 28% disagree. There are 14%

respondents who had strong agreed with this proposal while 16% agreed and 10 % remained

neutral. This question had two parts i.e. one the Idea of Independent Kashmir and other is Gilgit-

Baltistan role in this new state. The first part of this question was mere a proposal made by

Kashmiri leadership, While second part was aimed to ascertain public opinion. The majority of

the respondents 66% were against to include GB in this new federation.

Strong Agree 13%

Agree 16%

Neutral 10%

Diagree 28%

Strong Disagree 33%

Q.10 Independent Kashmir and GB should be part of this new federation

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 27 32 22 58 61 200

Professional 5 9 3 12 21 50

32 41 25 70 82 250

246

Q. 11 The Geostrategic importance of the region in presence of constitutional vacuum would drag

for the regional politics into confusion and ambiguities.

The 43 % & 35% of participants of this survey strongly advocated with this statement that the

land without constitutional rights and recognition always remained a bone of contention among

regional as well as international players. In the case of Gilgit-Baltistan, this region has very

significant location but due the constitutional vacuum this location would be harmful and

distress. 16% people‘s opinion remained silent and 4% disagreed with this notion.

Strong Agree 35%

Agree 43%

Neutral 16%

Disagree 4%

Strong Disagree 2%

Q.11. Geostrategic importance of region without constitutional status create

confusion

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 72 82 36 7 3 200

Professional 15 26 5 2 2 50

87 108 41 9 5 250

247

Q. 12 Do you think CPEC and its importance for china will be very crucial in granting

constitutional rights to Gilgit-Baltistan?

Answering to this question 48 % & 29 respondents responded that China has crucial role, 10 %

remained neutral, 9 % disagree, and 4 % showed strong disagree. The majority of the

respondents looked toward China as a key factor to resolve their identical crises because Chinese

interest in CPEC is immense and Gilgit-Baltistan is the gateway for this new corridor. A disputed

region will never be in the interest of China. Respondents believed that this is the crucial points,

for which China can play her role.

Strong Agree 29% Agree

48%

Neutral 10%

Disagree 9%

Strong Disagree 4%

Q.12.CPEC is importance for GB Constitutional rights

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 57 98 21 17 7 200

Professional 15 23 3 5 4 50

72 121 24 22 11 250

248

Q 13 China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will endow Socio-Economic opportunities to the

region of Gilgit-Baltistan, struggling for the uplifting of the life standard in the region

Gilgit-Baltistan has imperative role to link the CPEC from Gawadar to Kashgar and it is said that

CPEC is the game changer for this region. An overwhelm majority of respondents, 25% strong

and 60 % agreed with this statement. They thought that CPEC would provide socio-economic

benefits to the people of this region and only 5% of respondents disagreed while 9% stayed

impartial.

Stonge Agree 25%

Agree 60%

Neutral 9%

Disagree 5%

Strong Disagree 1%

Q.13 CPEC for Socio Economic development of Giligt-Baltistan

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 47 122 18 11 2 200

Professional 16 26 5 2 1 50

63 148 23 13 3 250

249

Q 14 The Sectarian problem in Gilgit-Baltistan is the direct reflection of the Shia and Sunni

version of Islam politicized by external players working for a longer motive in weakening the region

Sectarian is the major concern of this mountainous region. Many people of the region believe

that external factors are responsible of this problem. The survey also reflected this general

perception, 71% respondents thought that the external players escalate the situation and create

turmoil in this region. The 12 % respondents disagreed with this perception while 15 % remained

neutral.

Strong Agree 28%

Agree 43%

Neutral 15%

Disagree 12%

Strong Disagree 2%

Q.14 Sectarian Problem in GB and external players

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 56 79 33 26 6 200

Professional 14 29 5 2 0 50

70 108 38 29 6 250

250

Q.15 A probable contract between Pakistan and India and opening the Kashmir-Astor and Kargil-

Skardu Roads will be an omen for bringing economic revolution in Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan is a landlocked area and this region had served as ancient trade routes between

central Asian, Chinese and Indian empires. There are many routes that link in this region with its

neighbors but due to Kashmir problem, direct access to Kashmir or Ladakh Kargil areas had

been closed since 1947. The majority of the respondents was in favor and saw the opening old

trade routes would be a good omen for their economic condition. 10 % respondents remained

neutral while 6 % respondents opposed this statement.

Strong Agree 39%

Agree 44%

Neutral 10%

Diagree 6%

Strong Disagree 1%

Q. 15.Kargil-Skardu and Kashmir-Astore Road

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 83 84 23 13 2 200

Professional 14 31 2 3 1 50

97 109 25 16 3 250

251

Q 16 The illusionary status and the poor policy vision of the state for the deprived region of Gilgit-

Baltistan is a centripetal force for the youth to remain under a constant confusion and state of

uncomfortable

To Responses this question majority of respondents 50+38=88% agreed that equivocal status and

poor policies by state about this region created confusion among youth. The reasons of this

unsatisfactory are that the youth is the largest segment of GB population and high literacy rate in

Gilgit-Baltistan compel them to ponder their identical crisis. It has also been observed that due to

advancement in communication and information technology, youth aware their duties and rights

and but the policies of the state did not fulfill their desires. 8% of respondents remained neutral

and 4% showed strong disagree with this question.

Strong Agree 38%

Agree 50%

Neutral 8%

Disagree 4%

Strong Disagree 0%

Q16.Illusionary Status and poor policy vision of the state and youth of GB

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 73 99 17 11 0 200

Professional 21 26 3 0 0 50

94 125 20 11 250

252

Q. 17 Emerging and hostile craving of India and China may sandwich the region being the

important in the geostrategic sense and a place for their future important concerns.

Gilgit-Baltistan borders with India and China and the relations of both countries have been

observed antagonistic and hostile since the Sino-India War 1962. Both have border disputes as

well as confronted border skirmishes in many times. 44% of respondents were point of viewed

that their antagonistic and power struggling attitudes are dangerous for this region, 30%

respondents strongly agreed with this statement while 8% disagreed and 16 % did not have

responses and remained neutral.

Strong Agree 30%

Agree 44%

Neutral 16%

Disagree 8%

Strong Disagree 2%

Q.17. India and China and GB

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 60 85 34 17 4 200

Professional 14 24 7 4 1 50

74 109 41 21 5 250

253

Q.18The geo-strategic location and the parallel unsettled constitutional status would be further

detrimental for the vulnerable Gilgit-Baltistan

Response 18: Responses to this question show that a majority, 33 % & 45 % respondents thought

that although the strategic location of Gilgit-Baltistan is very important but ambiguous and

unsettled constitutional status would derail its significant factor because due to vague status

regional players claimed the ownership over the region which may escalate the situation harmful

to the people of Gilgit-Baltistan. 6% respondents did not agree to this question while 14 %

percent remained neutral.

Strong Agree 33%

Agree 45%

Neutral 14%

Disagree 6%

Strong Disagree 2%

Q.18 The Geostrategic location and unsettled Constitutional Status and GB

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 66 90 29 10 5 200

Professional 16 23 6 5 0 50

82 113 35 15 5 250

254

Q.19 The famous China Pakistan friendship be further heightened and honeyed without the

consideration of the fears of the people of Gilgit Baltistan

Responses: China and Pakistan friendship is very strong since the inception of independence.

The region Gilgit-Baltistan links both countries by land and this is the only geographical

contiguity between them. Majority of the respondent 48%, and 28%, thought that the uncertainty

of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan is importance factor and without consideration the fears of the

people of Gilgit-Baltistan the relation would not fruitful. 17% respondents remained neutral

while only 6% respondents consider that GB factor is not important for them.

Strong Agree 1%

Agree 6%

Neutral 17%

Disagree 48%

Strong Disagree 28%

China Pakistan friendship without GB

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 3 14 38 95 50 200

Professional 0 1 5 25 19 50

3 15 43 120 69 250

255

Q.20 Creation of independent and autonomous State of Gilgit-Baltistan is the best solution to avoid

regional political complexities.

Responses: The people of Gilgit-Baltistan liberated their region from Dogras and affiliated with

Pakistan but due to Kashmir issue government of Pakistan did not included it into mainstream

political system of Pakistan. Independent Gilgit-Baltistan was interesting option in this research.

The 17% of the respondents agreed and majority of respondents 38% & 18 %, rejected this idea

while 22 % respondents remained neutral. This shows that a separate state is not the priority of

the people of Gilgit-Baltistan despite unconstitutional and political status of the region. Some

nationalist groups advocate the independent Gilgit-Baltistan; it could get further popular if this

region remains without consideration of state policies.

Strong Agree 5%

Agree 17%

Neutral 22% Disagree

38%

Strong Disagree 18%

Q.20. Independent Gilgit-Baltistan

Respondents Strong Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Disagree

Total

General 11 37 46 75 31 200

Professional 3 6 8 19 14 50

14 43 54 94 45 250

256

Suggestion

1. India and Pakistan must take step to deescalate the situation in Kashmir and focus on mutual

understanding and composite dialogues to resolve the Kashmir dispute. People of Kashmir have

been suffering since 1947 and millions of people have lost their lives in this conflict. Both

countries are atomic powers and this issue has potential to escalate war between them which

would be destructive to whole region. Resolving the Kashmir issue means less tension in the

region than it will be helpful to both countries to focus on economic developments rather than

defense or military apparatus. Gilgit-Baltistan is a part of this dispute and any development in

Kashmir dispute directly effects on this region.

2. Due to the ambiguous and equivocal constitutional status the feeling of deprivation in the

people of Gilgit-Baltistan have aroused which are considered to be harmful the national

integration of Pakistan. Therefore government of Pakistan should take step to reduce the

grievances of the people. These following options are best to reduce the identical crisis in the

region.

A. Gilgit-Baltistan should grant fifth provincial status as the majority of populations see the best

option for their region‘s status because people liberated the region and affiliated with Pakistan so

there should be no objection.

B. Gilgit-Baltistan should be given an interim representation in the Parliament of Pakistan until

Kashmir dispute would not resolve as such type of agreement happened in Karachi Agreement

and administrative control of the region was granted to Pakistan. This is another best option to

avoid the any turmoil situation in the region.

257

C. A self-governing setup like Azad Kashmir is the third best option for their identical crisis. An

interim self-governing body will work until Kashmir resolution. It will be helpful to reduce the

grievances of people of the region.

4. Tourism is the backbone in the economy of the local people as well as to the country. Gilgit-

Baltistan is considered as the heaven for tourists due to its enormous natural resources and

beautiful sceneries, mountains, highest peaks etc. but lack of well-developed infrastructures and

facilities, the tourism industry could not progress. Government should focus the hindrances in

this way and provide facilities to the foreign as well as local tourists.

5. Gilgit-Baltistan is a mountainous region and neighbors to Indian held Kashmir, Ladakh,

Kargil, China, Tibet, Afghanistan, Tajikistan (Central Asian Republics). Karakorum highway is

the only means of transportation and communication to the region. There are no alternatives

means to the region during the natural disasters or catastrophes. So government should take

measures to open other means of transportation and communication. Skardu-Kargil road, Ghizer-

Tajikistan road, China-Shigar Roads, and Kashmir-Astor road are the best options for

consideration. It will help not only to boost up the local economy but also assist to join the

separated families of frontiers.

6. Gilgit-Baltistan is the gateway for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Without the

consideration of the fear of this region the bones of the CPEC will diminish. Therefore

government should include the region in this project and people‘s fears should be removed.

7. A separate department for Gilgit-Baltistan study should be established in Karakoram

University that will be helpful to policymakers to understand the region and its importance.

258

8. Siachen Glacier should be declared demilitarized zone. The militaries of both states should

redeploy from Siachen to mutually agreed line. The unmarked region above the point NJ 9842

should be demilitarized zone. Siachen may be economically boons for both nations, if the region

is used of mountaineering expedition. Because the there are many world longest glaciers, highest

peaks and ranges are situated. Both states should make a mechanism to vacant the glacier from

military endanger and invite the international mountaineering expedition groups from both sides.

9. Government should take measurements to explore the mineral and natural resources, and

establish of hydropower units throughout Gilgit-Baltistan. It will be helpful to reduce the energy

crisis in Pakistan.

259

.

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Appendixes

282

TREATY OF LAHORE -1846

Article 1. There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and Maharajah

Dhuleep Sing, his heirs and successors.

Article 2. The Maharajah of Lahore renounces for himself, his heirs and successors, all claim to, or

connection with the territories lying to the south of the River Sutlej, and engages never to have any

concern with those territories or the inhabitants thereof.

Article 3. The Maharajah cedes to the Honorable Company, in perpetual sovereignty, all his forts,

territories and rights in the Doab or country, hill and plain, situated between the Rivers Beas and Sutlej.

Article 4. The British Government having demanded from the Lahore State, as indemnification for the

expenses of the war, in addition to the cession of territory described in Article 3, payment of one and half

crore of Rupees, and the Lahore Government being unable to pay the whole of this sum at this time, or to

give security satisfactory to the British Government for its eventual payment, the Maharajah cedes to the

Honorable Company, in perpetual sovereignty, as equivalent for one crore of Rupees, all his forts,

territories, rights and interests in the hill countries, which are situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus,

including the Provinces of Kashmir and Hazara.

Article 5. The Maharajah will pay to the British Government the sum of 60 lakhs of Rupees on or before

the ratification of this Treaty.

Article 6. The Maharajah engages to disband the mutinous troops of the Lahore Army, taking from them

their arms-and His Highness agrees to reorganize the Regular Regiments of Infantry, upon the system,

and according to the Regulations as to pay and allowances, observed in the time of the late Maharajah

Runjeet Sing. The Maharajah further engages to pay up all arrears to the soldiers that are discharged,

under the provisions of this Article.

Article 7. The Regular Army of the Lahore State shall henceforth be limited to 25 Battalions of Infantry,

consisting of 800 bayonets each with twelve thousand Cavalry - this number at no time to be exceeded

without the concurrence of the British Government. Should it be necessary at any time - for any special

cause - that this force should be increased, the cause shall be fully explained to the British Government,

and when the special necessity shall have passed, the regular troops shall be again reduced to the standard

specified in the former Clause of this Article.

Article 8. The Maharajah will surrender to the British Government all the guns-thirty-six in number-

which have been pointed against the British troops-and which, having been placed on the right Bank of

the River Sutlej, were not captured at the battle of Subraon.

Article 9. The control of the Rivers Beas and Sutlej, with the continuations of the latter river, commonly

called the Gharrah and the Punjnud, to the confluence of the Indus at Mithunkote-and the control of the

Indus from Mithunkote to the borders of Balochistan, shall, in respect to tolls and ferries, rest with the

British Government. The provisions of this Article shall not interfere with the passage of boats belonging

to the Lahore Government on the said rivers, for the purpose of traffic or the conveyance of passengers up

and down their course. Regarding the ferries between the two countries respectively, at the several ghats

of the said rivers, it is agreed that the British Government, after defraying all the expenses of management

and establishments, shall account to the Lahore Government for one-half the net profits of the ferry

collections. The provisions of this Article have no reference to the ferries on that part of the River Sutlej

which forms the boundary of Bahawalpur and Lahore respectively.

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Article 10. If the British Government should, at any time, desire to pass troops through the territories of

His Highness the Maharajah, for the protection of the British territories, or those of their Allies, the

British troops shall, on such special occasion, due notice being given, be allowed to pass through the

Lahore territories. In such case the officers of the Lahore State will afford facilities in providing supplies

and boats for the passage of rivers, and the British Government will pay the full price of all such

provisions and boats, and will make fair compensation for all private property that may be damaged. The

British Government will, moreover, observe all due consideration to the religious feelings of the

inhabitants of those tracts through which the army may pass.

Article 11.. The Maharajah engages never to take or to retain in his service any British subject - nor the

subject of any European or American State - without the consent of the British Government.

Article 12 . In consideration of the services rendered by Rajah Golab Sing of Jummoo, to the Lahore

State, towards procuring the restoration of the relations of amity between the Lahore and British

Governments, the Maharajah hereby agrees to recognize the Independent sovereignty of Rajah Golab

Sing in such territories and districts in the hills as may be made over to the said Rajah Golab Sing, by

separate Agreement between himself and the British Government, with the dependencies thereof, which

may have been in the Rajah's possession since the time of the late Maharajah Khurruck Sing, and the

British Government, in consideration of the good conduct of Rajah Golab Sing, also agrees to recognize

his independence in such territories, and to admit him to the privileges of a separate Treaty with the

British Government.

Article 13. In the event of any dispute or difference arising between the Lahore State and Rajah Golab

Sing, the same shall be referred to the arbitration of the British Government, and by its decision the

Maharajah engages to abide.

Article 14.. The limits of the Lahore territories shall not be, at any time, changed without the concurrence

of the British Government.

Article 15.. The British Government will not exercise any interference in the internal administration of

the Lahore State, but in all cases or questions which may be referred to the British Government, the

Governor-General will give the aid of his advice and good offices for the furtherance of the interests of

the Lahore Government.

Article 16.. The subjects of either State shall, on visiting the territories of the other, be on the footing of

the subjects of the most favoured nation.

This Treaty consisting of sixteen articles, has been this day settled by Frederick Currie, Esquire, and

Brevet-Major Henry Montgomery Lawrence acting under the directions of the Right Hon'ble Sir Henry

Hardinge, G.C.B., Governor-General, on the part of the British Government, and by Bhaee Ram Sing,

Rajah Lal Sing, Sirdar Tej Sing, Sirdar Chuttur Sing Attareewalla, Sirdar Runjore Sing Majeethia, Dewan

Deena Nath, and Faqueer Noorooddeen, on the part of the Maharajah Dhuleep Sing, and the said Treaty

has been this day ratified by the seal of the Right Hon'ble Sir Henry Hardinge, G.C.B., Governor-General,

and by that of His Highness Maharajah Dhuleep Sing.

Done at Lahore, this ninth day of March, in year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six;

corresponding with the,tenth day of Rubbee-ool-awul, 1262 Hijree, and ratified on the same date.

1. (Sd.) H. Hardinge (L.S.) 2. (Sd.) Maharajah Dhuleep Sing (L.S.)

3. Bhaee Ram Sing (L.S.) 4. Rajah Lal Sing (L.S.)

5. Sirdar Tej Sing (L.S.) 6. Sirdar Chuttur Sing Attareewalla (L.S.)

7. Sirdar Runjore Sing Majeethia (L.S.) 8.Dewan Deena Nath (L.S.) 9.Faqueer Norooddeen (L.S.)

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Treaty of Amritsar March 16, 1846

The treaty between the British Government on the one part and Maharajah Gulab Singh of Jammu on the

other concluded on the part of the British Government by Frederick Currie, Esq. and Brevet-Major Henry

Montgomery Lawrence, acting under the orders of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, G.C.B., one of her

Britannic Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, Governor-General of the possessions of the East India

Company, to direct and control all the affairs in the East Indies and by Maharajah Gulab Singh in person -

1846.

Article 1 The British Government transfers and makes over for ever in independent possession to

Maharajah Gulab Singh and the heirs male of his body all the hilly or mountainous country with its

dependencies situated to the eastward of the River Indus and the westward of the River Ravi including

Chamba and excluding Lahol, being part of the territories ceded to the British Government by the Lahore

State according to the provisions of Article IV of the Treaty of Lahore, dated 9 March 1846.

Article 2 The eastern boundary of the tract transferred by the foregoing article to Maharajah Gulab Singh

shall be laid down by the Commissioners appointed by the British Government and Maharajah Gulab

Singh respectively for that purpose and shall be defined in a separate engagement after survey.

Article 3 In consideration of the transfer made to him and his heirs by the provisions of the foregoing

article Maharajah Gulab Singh will pay to the British Government the sum of seventy-five lakhs of rupees

(Nanukshahee), fifty lakhs to be paid on or before the 1st October of the current year, A.D., 1846.

Article 4 The limits of territories of Maharajah Gulab Singh shall not be at any time changed without

concurrence of the British Government.

Article 5 Maharajah Gulab Singh will refer to the arbitration of the British Government any disputes or

question that may arise between himself and the Government of Lahore or any other neighboring State,

and will abide by the decision of the British Government.

Article 6 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages for himself and heirs to join, with the whole of his Military

Forces, the British troops when employed within the hills or in the territories adjoining his possessions.

Article 7 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages never to take to retain in his service any British subject nor the

subject of any European or American State without the consent of the British Governnent.

Article 8 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages to respect in regard to the territory transferred to him, the

provisions of Articles V, VI and VII of the separate Engagement between the British Government and the

Lahore Durbar, dated 11 March 1846.

Article 9 The British Government will give its aid to Maharajah Gulab Singh in protecting his territories

from external enemies.

Article 10 Maharajah Gulab Singh acknowledges the supremacy of the British Government and will in

token of such supremacy present annually to the British Government one horse, twelve shawl goats of

approved breed (six male and six female) and three pairs of Cashmere shawls.

This Treaty of ten articles has been this day settled by Frederick Currie, Esq. and Brever-Major Henry

Montgomery Lawrence, acting under directions of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor-General,

on the part of the British Government and by Maharajah Gulab Singh in person, and the said Treaty has

been this day ratified by the seal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor-General. Done at

Amritsar the sixteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six,

corresponding with the seventeenth day of Rubee-ul-Awal (1262 Hijri)

(Signed) (Seal) H. Harding Maharaja Gulab Singh (Signed) (Signed) F. Currie H. M. Lawrence By order

of the Right Honorable the Government of India (Signed) F. Currie

Source: http://www.portmir.org.uk/assets/pdfs/treatyofamritsar.pdf.

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LEASE OF GILGIT-26 MARCH 1935

Article I - The Viceroy and Governor-General of India may at any time after the ratification of this

agreement assume the civil and military administration of so much of the Wazarat of Gilgit province

(herein after referred to as the ―said territory‖) of the State of Jammu and Kashmir as lies beyond the right

bank of the river Indus, but notwithstanding anything in this agreement the said territory shall continue to

be included within the dominions of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article II – In recognition of the fact that the said territory continues to be included within the dominion

of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir salutes and customary honours shall be paid in the

said territory of the administration on the occasion of the birthday of His Highness, Baisakhi, Dussehra,

Basant-Panchmi and on such other occasions as may be agreed upon by His Excellency the Viceroy and

Governor-General of India. The flag of His Highness will be flown at the official headquarters of the

agency throughout the year.

Article III – In normal circumstances no British Indian troops shall be dispatched through that portion of

the Wazarat of Gilgit Province which lies beyond the left bank of the river Indus.

Article IV – All rights pertaining to mining are reserved to His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and

Kashmir. The grant of prospecting licenses and mining leases will be made during the period of the

agreement mentioned below.

Article V – This agreement shall remain in force for sixty years from the date of its ratification and the

leases will terminate at the end of that period.

Source: www.K4Kashmir.com, July 19, 2010, Article by Prof Dr. Shabbir Chaudry

KARACHI AGREEMENT-1949

Text of the agreement signed between Pakistan and Azad Kashmir Governments in March 1949. The

Agreement was signed by the following:

1. Honourable Mushtaque Ahmed Gurmani, Minister without Portfolio, Government of Pakistan.

2. Sardar Mohammed Ibrahim Khan, the president of Azad Kashmir .

3. Choudhry Ghulam Abbas, Head of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference.

A. Matters within the purview of the Government of Pakistan.

1. Defence (as modified under....).

2. Foreign policy of Azad Kashmir.

3. Negotiations with the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.

4. Publicity in foreign countries and in Pakistan.

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5. Co - ordination and arrangement of relief and rehabilitation of refugees.

6. Co - ordination of publicity in connection with plebiscite.

7. All activities within Pakistan regarding Kashmir such as procurement of food, civil supplies running of

refugee camps and medical aid.

8. All affairs of Gilgit - Ladakh under the control of Political Agent.

B. Matters within the purview of Azad Kashmir Government.

1. Policy with regard to administration of AK territory.

2. General supervision of administration in AK territory.

3. Publicity with regard to the activities of the Azad Kashmir Government and administration.

4. Advice to the honourable Minister without Portfolio with regard to negotiations with United Nations

Commission for India and Pakistan.

5. Development of economic resources of AK territory.

C. Matters within the purview of the Muslim Conference.

1. Publicity with regard to plebiscite in the AK territory.

2. Field work and publicity in the Indian occupied area of the State.

3. Organisation of political activities in the AK territory and the Indian occupied area of the State.

4. Preliminary arrangements in connection with the plebiscite.

5. Organisation for contesting the plebiscite.

6. Political work and publicity among the Kashmiri refugees in Pakistan.

7. Advise the honourable minister without Portfolio with regard to the negotiations with the United

Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.

SINO-PAK BORDER AGREEMENT 1963

The Government of the People‘s Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan; HAVING

agreed, with a view to ensuring the prevailing peace and tranquility on their respective border, to

formally delimit and demarcate the boundary between China‘s Sinkiang and the contiguous areas

the defence of which is under the actual control of Pakistan, in a spirit of fairness,

reasonableness, mutual understanding and mutual accommodation, and on the basis of the ten

principles as enunciated in the Bandung conference. Being convinced that this would not only

give full expression to the desire of the people of China and Pakistan for the development of

good neighbourly and friendly relations, but also help safeguard Asian and world peace.

Have resolved for this purpose to conclude the present agreement and have appointed as their

respective plenipotentiaries the following.

For the Government of the People's Republic of China; Chen Yi, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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For the Government of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Minister of External Affairs. Who, having

mutually examined their full powers and found them to be in good and due form have agreed

upon following:

Article 1

In view of the fact that the boundary between China‘s Sinkiang and the contiguous areas

the defence of which is under the actual control of Pakistan has never been formally

delimited, two parties agree to delimit it on the basis of the traditional customary

boundary line including features and in a spirit of equality, mutual benefit and friendly

cooperation.

Article 2

In accordance with the principle expounded in Article 1 of the present agreement, the two

parties have fixed as follows the alignment of the entire boundary line between China‘s

Sinkiang and the contiguous areas the defence of which is under the actual control of

Pakistan.

1 Commencing from its north western extremity at height 5,630 metres (a peak the

reference coordinates of which are approximately longitude 74 degrees 34 minutes east

and latitude 37 degrees 3 minutes north), the boundary line runs generally eastward and

then South-eastward strictly along the main watershed between the tributaries of

the Tashkurgan River of the Tarim river system on the one hand on the tributes of

the Hunza river of the Indus river system on the other hand, passing through the Kilik

Daban (Dawan), the Mintake Daban (pass), the Kharchanai Daban (named on the

Chinese map only), the Mutsgila Daban (named on the Chinese map only) and the Parpik

Pass (named on the Pakistan map only) and reaches the Khunjerab (Yutr) Daban (Pass).

2 After passing through the Khunjerab (Yutr) Daban (pass) the boundary line runs

generally southward along the above-mentioned main watershed up to a mountain-top

south of the Daban (pass), where it leaves the main watershed to follow the crest of a spur

lying generally in a south-easterly direction, which is the watershed between the Akjilga

river ( a nameless corresponding river on the Pakistan map) on the one hand, and the

Taghumbash (Oprang) river and the Koliman Su (Oprang Jilga) on the other hand.

According to the map of the Chinese side, the boundary line, after leaving the south-

eastern extremity of the spur, runs along a small section of the middle line of the bed of

the Koliman Su to reach its confluence with the Kelechin river. According to the map of

the Pakistan side, the boundary line, after leaving the south-eastern extremity of this spur,

reaches the sharp bend of the Shaksgam or Muztagh river.

3 From the aforesaid point, the boundary lines runs up the Kelechin river (Shaksgam or

Muztagh river) along the middle line of its bed its confluence (reference coordinates

approximately longitude 76 degrees 2 minutes east and latitude 36 degrees 26 minutes

north) with the Shorbulak Daria (Shimshal river or Braldu river).

4 From the confluence of the aforesaid two rivers, the boundary line, according to the

map of the Chinese side, ascends the crest of a spur and runs along it to join

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the Karakoram range main watershed at a mountain-top (reference coordinates

approximately longitude 75 degrees 54 minutes east and latitude 36 degrees 15 minutes

north) which on this map is shown as belonging to the Shorgulak mountain. According to

the map of the Pakistan side, the boundary line from the confluence of the above

mentioned two river ascends the crest of a corresponding spur and runs along it, passing

through height 6.520 meters (21,390 feet) until it joins the Karakoram range main

watershed at a peak (reference coordinates approximately longitude 75 degrees 57

minutes east and latitude 36 degrees 3 minutes north).

5 Thence, the boundary line, running generally south-ward and then eastward strictly

follows the Karakoram range main watershed which separates the Tarim river drainage

system from the Indus river drainage system, passing through the east Mustagh

Pass (Muztagh pass), the top of the Chogri peak (K2) the top of the Broad Peak, the top

of the Gasherbrum mountain (8,068), the Indirakoli pass (names of the Chinese maps

only) and the top of the Teram Kangri peak, and reaches its south-eastern extremity at

the Karakoram Pass. Then alignment of the entire boundary line as described in section

one of this article, has been drawn on the one million scale map of the Pakistan side in

English which are signed and attached to the present agreement. In view of the fact that

the maps of the two sides are not fully identical in their representation of topographical

features the two parties have agreed that the actual features on the ground shall prevail, so

far as the location and alignment of the boundary described in section one is concerned,

and that they will be determined as far as possible by bgint survey on the ground.

Article 3

The two parties have agreed that:

i) Wherever the boundary follows a river, the middle line of the river bed shall be the

boundary line; and that

ii) Wherever the boundary passes through a deban (pass) the water-parting line thereof

shall be the boundary line.

Article 4

One the two parties have agreed to set up, as soon as possible, a joint boundary

demarcation commission. Each side will appoint a chairman(Chaudry Mohammad

Aslam for the Pakistani side), one or more members and a certain number of advisers and

technical staff. The joint boundary demarcation commission is charged with the

responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the present agreement, to hold

concrete discussions on and carry out the following tasks jointly.

1) To conduct necessary surveys of the boundary area on the ground, as stated in Article

2 of the present agreement so as to set up boundary markers at places considered to be

appropriate by the two parties and to delineate the boundary line of the jointly prepared

accurate maps.

289

To draft a protocol setting forth in detail the alignment of the entire boundary line and the

location of all the boundary markers and prepare and get printed detailed maps, to be

attached to the protocol, with the boundary line and the location of the boundary markers

shown on them.

2) The aforesaid protocol, upon being signed by representatives of the governments of the

two countries, shall become an annex to the present agreement, and the detailed maps

shall replace the maps attached to the present agreement.

3) Upon the conclusion of the above-mentioned protocol, the tasks of the joint boundary

demarcation commission shall be terminated.

Article 5

The two parties have agreed that any dispute concerning the boundary which may arise

after the delimitation of boundary line actually existing between the two countries shall

be settled peacefully by the two parties through friendly consultations.

Article 6

The two parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir

dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen

negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China on the boundary as

described in Article. Two of the present agreement, so as to sign a formal boundary treaty

to replace the present agreement, provided that in the event of the sovereign authority

being Pakistan, the provisions of the present agreement and of the aforesaid protocol shall

be maintained in the formal boundary treaty to be signed between the People‘s Republic

of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Article 7

The present agreement shall come into force on the data of its signature. Done in

duplicate in Peking on the second day of March 1963, in the Chinese and English

languages, both side being equally authentic.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement

APPOINTMENT OF GOVERNOR OF GILGIT WAZARAT The Jammu and Kashmir Government Gazette, 16th Sawan 2004 No.16

His Highness the Maharaja Bahadur has been pleased to command that:-

1. The Administration of the entire Gilgit territory i.e. Former Gilgit Wazarat North of the Indus

and all Political District be taken over on 1st August.

2. The above together with Bunji will form the Gilgit Frontier Province.

3. A post of Governor in the grade of 700-40-900 with the usual Frontier Allowance and

sumptuary allowance of Rs.200 p.m is sanctioned.

4. Brigadier Ghansara Singh is appointed Governor. He will draw his personal pay Rs.1, 000

together with Frontier and Sumptuary allowances.

290

5. For Revenue and General administration work, 3 officers, one Revenue Assistant and two

Naib-Tehsildars, are sanctioned.

6. Services of two British officers, one as Assistant Governor Chilas and one as Commandant

Gilgit Scouts be taken over in for a period of one year each. The emoluments of these officers

will be sanctioned later when we know the class of officers we are getting.

7. The company stationed at Bunji may be reinforced by one more company.

8. The budget for the Gilgit Frontier province will be sanctioned when full details are known and

have been scrutinized. Prime Minister