Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2–27 February 2015

STUDY MATERIALS SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

& AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs

Copyright © United Nations, 2014

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2–27 February 2015

JUDGE ABDULQAWI YUSUF

Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs

Copyright © United Nations, 2014

RULES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW GOVERNING SELF-DETERMINATION Legal Instruments and Documents 1. Report of the Committee of Jurists on the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations,

1920 (LN Doc. B.7 21/68/106) 10

2. Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples (United Nations General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960)

18

3. Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter (United Nations General Assembly resolution 1541(XV) of 15 December 1960, annex)

22

4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 For text, see Study Materials, International Human Rights Law, The Core International Human Rights Treaties

5. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 For text, see Study Materials, International Human Rights Law, The Core International Human Rights Treaties

6. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (United Nations General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, annex) For text, see Study Materials, Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes

7. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, 1975 268. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981

For text, see, Study Materials, The Work of the African Union Commission on International Law in the Development of International Law in Africa

9. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, World Conference on Human Rights, 1993 (A/CONF.157/23)

58

10. Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights (United Nations General Assembly resolution 48/94 of 20 December 1993)

74

11. Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol relating to the Mechanism For Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security, Economic Community of West African States, 2001

78

12. African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 2007 For text, see, Study Materials, The Work of the African Union Commission on International Law in the Development of International Law in Africa

13. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (United Nations General Assembly resolution 61/295 of 13 September 2007, annex)

92

Case Law 14. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia

(South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 16

100

15. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 14 For text, see Study Materials, Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes

16. Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 1

128

17. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 90 15218. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136 162

19. Separate Opinion of Judge Higgins, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pp. 207-218

198

20. Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pp. 219-234

206

21. Separate Opinion of Judge Elaraby, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pp. 246-259

216

22. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Republic of Mali), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554

224

23. Katangese Peoples’ Congress v. Zaire, No. 75/92, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1992

274

24. Reference by the Governor-General concerning Certain Questions relating to the Secession of Quebec from Canada, Supreme Court of Canada, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217, 20 August 1998

276

25. The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Order for Provisional Measures, No. 004/2011, African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 25 March 2011

304

26. The Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria, No. 155/96, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 27 May 2001

310

Recommended Readings (not reproduced) 27. Anthony Carty, “From the Right to Economic Self-Determination to the Right to

Development: A Crisis in Legal Theory”, Third World Legal Studies, Vol. 1984, pp. 73- 86

28. Theodore Christakis, “The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Kosovo: Has International Law Something to Say about Secession?”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2011, pp. 73-86

29. Emeka Duruigbo, “Permanent Sovereignty and Peoples’ Ownership of Natural Resources in International Law”, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2006), pp. 33-100

30. Richard Falk, “The Kosovo Advisory Opinion: Conflict Resolution and Precedent” in “Agora: The ICJ’s Kosovo Advisory Opinion”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 105, No. 1, 2011, pp. 50-60

31. Alice Farmer, “Towards a Meaningful Rebirth of Economic Self-Determination: Human Rights Realization in Resource-rich Countries”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2007, pp. 417-473

32. Thomas M. Franck, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 86, 1992, pp. 46-91

33. Jan Klabbers, “The Right to be Taken Seriously: Self-Determination in International Law”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2006, pp. 186-206

34. Marcelo G. Kohen and Katherine Del Mar, “The Kosovo Advisory Opinion and UNSCR 1244 (1999): A Declaration of ‘Independence from International Law’?”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2011, pp. 109-126

35. Makau wa Mutua, “Why Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, 1995, pp. 1113-1176

36. Joe Oloka-Onyango, “Heretical Reflections on the Right to Self-Determination: Prospects and Problems for a Democratic Global Future in the New Millennium”, American University International Law Review, vol. 15 (1999-2000), pp. 151-208

37. Marc Weller, “Modesty Can Be a Virtue: Judicial Economy in the ICJ Kosovo Opinion?”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2011, pp. 127-147

38. Ralph Wilde, “Self-Determination, Secession, and Dispute Settlement after the Kosovo Advisory Opinion”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2011, pp. 149- 154

39. S. Kumar Banerjee, “The Concept of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources – An Analysis”, The Indian Journal of International Law, vol. 8 (1968), p 515-546

40. Allen Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination – Moral Foundations for International Law, (New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 2003)

41. Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of peoples: A Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999

42. Matthew Craven, “Statehood, Self-determination and Recognition”, in Malcolm D. Evans (ed.) International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010

43. James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd ed., New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 2006

44. Morton Halperin, David Scheffer and Patricia Small, Self-Determination in the New World Order, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington D.C., Carnegie Endowment, 1992

45. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and The Third World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990

46. Edward McWhinney, Self-Determination of Peoples and Plural-Ethnic States in Contemporary International Law: Failed States, Nation-Building, and the Alternative, Federal Option, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007

47. Oji Umozurike, The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997

48. Alexandra Xanthaki, Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards: Self- Determination, Culture and Land, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007

AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Legal Instruments and Documents 1. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981

For text, see, Study Materials, Introduction to African Union Law and Institutions

2. Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2000 For text, see, Study Materials, Introduction to African Union Law and Institutions

3. Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union, 2002 For text, see, Study Materials, Introduction to African Union Law and Institutions

4. African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 2007 For text, see, Study Materials, Introduction to African Union Law and Institutions

Report of the Committee of Jurists on the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations, 1920

LN Doc. B.7 21/68/106

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16

Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples

(United Nations General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960)

18

19

Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information

called for under Article 73 e of the Charter (United Nations General Assembly resolution 1541(XV) of 15

December 1960, annex)

22

23

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, 1975

1

CO

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IX.

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Co-

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Busi

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26

4.

Sci

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an

d pr

oble

ms o

f life

und

er c

ondi

tions

of c

old

Com

pute

r, co

mm

unic

atio

n an

d in

form

atio

n te

chno

logi

es

Sp

ace

rese

arch

Med

icin

e an

d pu

blic

hea

lth

En

viro

nmen

tal r

esea

rch

Fo

rms a

nd m

etho

ds o

f co-

oper

atio

n

5.

Env

iron

men

t

Aim

s of c

o-op

erat

ion

Fiel

ds o

f co-

oper

atio

n

C

ontr

ol o

f air

pol

lutio

n

W

ater

pol

lutio

n co

ntro

l and

fres

h wa

ter u

tiliz

atio

n

Pr

otec

tion

of th

e m

arin

e en

viro

nmen

t

Land

util

izat

ion

and

soils

Nat

ure

cons

erva

tion

and

natu

re re

serv

es

Im

prov

emen

t of e

nvir

onm

enta

l con

ditio

ns in

are

as

of

hum

an se

ttlem

ent

Fund

amen

tal r

esea

rch,

mon

itori

ng, f

orec

astin

g

an

d as

sess

men

t of e

nvir

onm

enta

l cha

nges

Lega

l and

adm

inis

trat

ive

mea

sure

s

Form

s and

met

hods

of c

o-op

erat

ion

6.

Co-

oper

atio

n in

oth

er a

reas

Dev

elop

men

t of t

rans

port

Prom

otio

n of

tour

ism

Econ

omic

and

soci

al a

spec

ts o

f mig

rant

labo

ur

Trai

ning

of p

erso

nnel

Que

stio

ns r

elat

ing

to S

ecur

ity a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Hum

anita

rian

and

Oth

er F

ield

s

1.

Hum

an C

onta

cts

(a

) Con

tact

s and

regu

lar m

eetin

gs o

n th

e ba

sis o

f fam

ily ti

es

(b) R

euni

ficat

ion

of fa

mili

es

(Hum

an C

onta

cts c

ontin

ued)

(c

) Mar

riag

e be

twee

n ci

tizen

s of d

iffer

ent s

tate

s

(d

) Tra

vel f

or p

erso

nal o

r pro

fess

iona

l rea

sons

(e

) Im

prov

emen

t of c

ondi

tions

for t

ouri

sm o

n

an

Indi

vidu

al o

r col

lect

ive

basi

s

(f) M

eetin

gs a

mon

g yo

ung

peop

le

(g) S

port

(h) E

xpan

sion

of c

onta

cts

2.

Info

rmat

ion

(a) I

mpr

ovem

ent o

f the

cir

cula

tion

of,

Acc

ess t

o, a

nd e

xcha

nge

of in

form

atio

n

(i)

Ora

l inf

orm

atio

n

(ii

) Pri

nted

info

rmat

ion

(ii

i) Fi

lmed

and

bro

adca

st in

form

atio

n

(b) C

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e fie

ld o

f inf

orm

atio

n

(c) I

mpr

ovem

ent o

f wor

king

con

ditio

ns fo

r jou

rnal

ists

3.

Co-

oper

atio

n an

d E

xcha

nges

in th

e Fi

eld

of C

ultu

re

Ex

tens

ion

of re

latio

ns

M

utua

l kno

wle

dge

Exch

ange

s and

dis

sem

inat

ion

Acce

ss

C

onta

cts a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion

Fi

elds

and

form

s of c

o-op

erat

ion

N

atio

nal m

inor

ities

or r

egio

nal c

ultu

res

4.

Co-

oper

atio

n an

d E

xcha

nges

in th

e Fi

eld

of E

duca

tion

(a) E

xten

sion

of r

elat

ions

(b) A

cces

s and

exc

hang

es

(c

) Sci

ence

exac

t and

nat

ural

scie

nces

m

edic

ine

th

e hu

man

ities

and

soci

al sc

ienc

es

(d

) For

eign

lang

uage

s and

civ

iliza

tions

(e) T

each

ing

met

hods

Nat

iona

l min

oriti

es o

r reg

iona

l cul

ture

s

Follo

w-u

p to

the

Con

fere

nce

Abo

ut th

e te

xt o

f the

Hel

sink

i Fin

al A

ct

Si

gnat

ures

A se

lect

ion

of c

onte

mpo

rary

pho

togr

aphs

app

ears

bet

wee

n pa

ges 6

6 an

d 67

. C

opyr

ight

s: A

KG

Pho

to B

erlin

(A, B

and

C);

Vot

ava

Bild

dien

st, V

ienn

a (D

, E a

nd F

); Le

htik

uva

Oy,

Hel

sink

i (G

).

27

2

Th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope,

whi

ch o

pene

d at

Hel

sink

i on

3 Ju

ly 1

973

and

cont

inue

d at

Gen

eva

from

18

Sept

embe

r 197

3 to

21

July

197

5, w

as

conc

lude

d at

Hel

sink

i on

1 A

ugus

t 197

5 by

the

Hig

h R

epre

sent

ativ

es o

f Aus

tria,

Bel

gium

, B

ulga

ria, C

anad

a, C

ypru

s, C

zech

oslo

vaki

a, D

enm

ark,

Fin

land

, Fra

nce,

the

Ger

man

D

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

, the

Fed

eral

Rep

ublic

of G

erm

any,

Gre

ece,

the

Hol

y Se

e, H

unga

ry,

Icel

and,

Irel

and,

Ital

y, L

iech

tens

tein

, Lux

embo

urg,

Mal

ta, M

onac

o, th

e N

ethe

rland

s, N

orw

ay,

Pola

nd, P

ortu

gal,

Rom

ania

, San

Mar

ino,

Spa

in, S

wed

en, S

witz

erla

nd, T

urke

y, th

e U

nion

of

Sovi

et S

ocia

list R

epub

lics,

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

, the

Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a an

d Y

ugos

lavi

a.

D

urin

g th

e op

enin

g an

d cl

osin

g st

ages

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e th

e pa

rtici

pant

s wer

e ad

dres

sed

by th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

s the

ir gu

est o

f hon

our.

The

D

irect

or-G

ener

al o

f UN

ESC

O a

nd th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic

Com

mis

sion

for E

urop

e ad

dres

sed

the

Con

fere

nce

durin

g its

seco

nd st

age.

D

urin

g th

e m

eetin

gs o

f the

seco

nd st

age

of th

e C

onfe

renc

e, c

ontri

butio

ns w

ere

rece

ived

, and

stat

emen

ts h

eard

, fro

m th

e fo

llow

ing

non-

parti

cipa

ting

Med

iterr

anea

n St

ates

on

vario

us a

gend

a ite

ms:

the

Dem

ocra

tic a

nd P

opul

ar R

epub

lic o

f Alg

eria

, the

Ara

b R

epub

lic o

f Eg

ypt,

Isra

el, t

he K

ingd

om o

f Mor

occo

, the

Syr

ian

Ara

b R

epub

lic, T

unis

ia.

M

otiv

ated

by

the

polit

ical

will

, in

the

inte

rest

of p

eopl

es, t

o im

prov

e an

d in

tens

ify

thei

r rel

atio

ns a

nd to

con

tribu

te in

Eur

ope

to p

eace

, sec

urity

, jus

tice

and

coop

erat

ion

as w

ell

as to

rapp

roch

emen

t am

ong

them

selv

es a

nd w

ith th

e ot

her S

tate

s of t

he w

orld

,

D

eter

min

ed, i

n co

nseq

uenc

e, to

giv

e fu

ll ef

fect

to th

e re

sults

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e an

d to

as

sure

, am

ong

thei

r Sta

tes a

nd th

roug

hout

Eur

ope,

the

bene

fits d

eriv

ing

from

thos

e re

sults

an

d th

us to

bro

aden

, dee

pen

and

mak

e co

ntin

uing

and

last

ing

the

proc

ess o

f dét

ente

,

Th

e H

igh

Rep

rese

ntat

ives

of t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es h

ave

sole

mnl

y ad

opte

d th

e fo

llow

ing:

3

Que

stio

ns r

elat

ing

to S

ecur

ity in

Eur

ope

The

Sta

tes p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope,

Re

affir

min

g th

eir o

bjec

tive

of p

rom

otin

g be

tter r

elat

ions

am

ong

them

selv

es a

nd

ensu

ring

cond

ition

s in

whi

ch th

eir p

eopl

e ca

n liv

e in

true

and

last

ing

peac

e fr

ee fr

om a

ny

thre

at to

or a

ttem

pt a

gain

st th

eir s

ecur

ity;

C

onvi

nced

of t

he n

eed

to e

xert

effo

rts to

mak

e dé

tent

e bo

th a

con

tinui

ng a

nd a

n in

crea

sing

ly v

iabl

e an

d co

mpr

ehen

sive

pro

cess

, uni

vers

al in

scop

e, a

nd th

at th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e re

sults

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Coo

pera

tion

in E

urop

e w

ill

be a

maj

or c

ontri

butio

n to

this

pro

cess

;

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at so

lidar

ity a

mon

g pe

ople

s, as

wel

l as t

he c

omm

on p

urpo

se o

f the

pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

in a

chie

ving

the

aim

s as s

et fo

rth b

y th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

C

oope

ratio

n in

Eur

ope,

shou

ld le

ad to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f bet

ter a

nd c

lose

r rel

atio

ns a

mon

g th

em in

all

field

s and

thus

to o

verc

omin

g th

e co

nfro

ntat

ion

stem

min

g fr

om th

e ch

arac

ter o

f th

eir p

ast r

elat

ions

, and

to b

ette

r mut

ual u

nder

stan

ding

;

M

indf

ul o

f the

ir co

mm

on h

isto

ry a

nd re

cogn

izin

g th

at th

e ex

iste

nce

of e

lem

ents

co

mm

on to

thei

r tra

ditio

ns a

nd v

alue

s can

ass

ist t

hem

in d

evel

opin

g th

eir r

elat

ions

, and

de

sirin

g to

sear

ch, f

ully

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

e in

divi

dual

ity a

nd d

iver

sity

of t

heir

posi

tions

an

d vi

ews,

for p

ossi

bilit

ies o

f joi

ning

thei

r eff

orts

with

a v

iew

to o

verc

omin

g di

stru

st a

nd

incr

easi

ng c

onfid

ence

, sol

ving

the

prob

lem

s tha

t sep

arat

e th

em a

nd c

oope

ratin

g in

the

inte

rest

of

man

kind

;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e in

divi

sibi

lity

of se

curit

y in

Eur

ope

as w

ell a

s the

ir co

mm

on in

tere

st

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

oope

ratio

n th

roug

hout

Eur

ope

and

amon

g se

lves

and

exp

ress

ing

thei

r in

tent

ion

to p

ursu

e ef

forts

acc

ordi

ngly

;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e cl

ose

link

betw

een

peac

e an

d se

curit

y in

Eur

ope

and

in th

e w

orld

as a

w

hole

and

con

scio

us o

f the

nee

d fo

r eac

h of

them

to m

ake

its c

ontri

butio

n to

the

stre

ngth

enin

g of

wor

ld p

eace

and

secu

rity

and

to th

e pr

omot

ion

of fu

ndam

enta

l rig

hts,

econ

omic

and

soci

al p

rogr

ess a

nd w

ell-b

eing

for a

ll pe

ople

s;

H

ave

adop

ted

the

follo

win

g:

1

(a)

Dec

lara

tion

on P

rinc

iple

s Gui

ding

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

Part

icip

atin

g

Stat

es

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Re

affir

min

g th

eir c

omm

itmen

t to

peac

e, se

curit

y an

d ju

stic

e an

d th

e co

ntin

uing

de

velo

pmen

t of f

riend

ly re

latio

ns a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at th

is c

omm

itmen

t, w

hich

refle

cts t

he in

tere

st a

nd a

spira

tions

of

peop

les,

cons

titut

es fo

r eac

h pa

rtici

patin

g St

ate

a pr

esen

t and

futu

re re

spon

sibi

lity,

he

ight

ened

by

expe

rienc

e of

the

past

;

28

4

Re

affir

min

g, in

con

form

ity w

ith th

eir m

embe

rshi

p in

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e pu

rpos

es a

nd p

rinci

ples

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, t

heir

full

and

activ

e su

ppor

t for

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

for t

he e

nhan

cem

ent o

f its

role

and

eff

ectiv

enes

s in

stre

ngth

enin

g in

tern

atio

nal p

eace

, sec

urity

and

just

ice,

and

in p

rom

otin

g th

e so

lutio

n of

in

tern

atio

nal p

robl

ems,

as w

ell a

s the

dev

elop

men

t of f

riend

ly re

latio

ns a

nd c

oope

ratio

n am

ong

Stat

es;

Ex

pres

sing

thei

r com

mon

adh

eren

ce to

the

prin

cipl

es w

hich

are

set f

orth

bel

ow a

nd

are

in c

onfo

rmity

with

the

Cha

rter o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, as w

ell a

s the

ir co

mm

on w

ill to

act

, in

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

ese

prin

cipl

es, i

n co

nfor

mity

with

the

purp

oses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f the

C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns;

D

ecla

re th

eir d

eter

min

atio

n to

resp

ect a

nd p

ut in

to p

ract

ice,

eac

h of

them

in it

s re

latio

ns w

ith a

ll ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, i

rres

pect

ive

of th

eir p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

or s

ocia

l sy

stem

s as w

ell a

s of t

heir

size

, geo

grap

hica

l loc

atio

n or

leve

l of e

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t, th

e fo

llow

ing

prin

cipl

es, w

hich

all

are

of p

rimar

y si

gnifi

canc

e, g

uidi

ng th

eir m

utua

l rel

atio

ns:

I. So

vere

ign

equa

lity,

resp

ect f

or th

e ri

ghts

in

here

nt in

sove

reig

nty

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

resp

ect e

ach

othe

r's so

vere

ign

equa

lity

and

indi

vidu

ality

as

wel

l as a

ll th

e rig

hts i

nher

ent i

n an

d en

com

pass

ed b

y its

sove

reig

nty,

incl

udin

g in

pa

rticu

lar t

he ri

ght o

f eve

ry S

tate

to ju

ridic

al e

qual

ity, t

o te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

and

to fr

eedo

m

and

polit

ical

inde

pend

ence

. Th

ey w

ill a

lso

resp

ect e

ach

othe

r's ri

ght f

reel

y to

cho

ose

and

deve

lop

its p

oliti

cal,

soci

al, e

cono

mic

and

cul

tura

l sys

tem

s as w

ell a

s its

righ

t to

dete

rmin

e its

la

ws a

nd re

gula

tions

.

W

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

inte

rnat

iona

l law

, all

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es h

ave

equa

l rig

hts a

nd d

utie

s. T

hey

will

resp

ect e

ach

othe

r's ri

ght t

o de

fine

and

cond

uct a

s it w

ishe

s its

re

latio

ns w

ith o

ther

Sta

tes i

n ac

cord

ance

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

and

in th

e sp

irit o

f the

pre

sent

D

ecla

ratio

n. T

hey

cons

ider

that

thei

r fro

ntie

rs c

an b

e ch

ange

d, in

acc

orda

nce

with

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, b

y pe

acef

ul m

eans

and

by

agre

emen

t. T

hey

also

hav

e th

e rig

ht to

bel

ong

or

not t

o be

long

to in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

, to

be o

r not

to b

e a

party

to b

ilate

ral o

r m

ultil

ater

al tr

eatie

s inc

ludi

ng th

e rig

ht to

be

or n

ot to

be

a pa

rty to

trea

ties o

f alli

ance

; the

y al

so h

ave

the

right

to n

eutra

lity.

II. R

efra

inin

g fr

om th

e th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

refr

ain

in th

eir m

utua

l rel

atio

ns, a

s wel

l as i

n th

eir

inte

rnat

iona

l rel

atio

ns in

gen

eral

, fro

m th

e th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce a

gain

st th

e te

rrito

rial

inte

grity

or p

oliti

cal i

ndep

ende

nce

of a

ny S

tate

, or i

n an

y ot

her m

anne

r inc

onsi

sten

t with

the

purp

oses

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd w

ith th

e pr

esen

t Dec

lara

tion.

No

cons

ider

atio

n m

ay b

e in

voke

d to

serv

e to

war

rant

reso

rt to

the

thre

at o

r use

of f

orce

in c

ontra

vent

ion

of th

is

prin

cipl

e.

A

ccor

ding

ly, t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es w

ill re

frai

n fr

om a

ny a

cts c

onst

itutin

g a

thre

at o

f fo

rce

or d

irect

or i

ndire

ct u

se o

f for

ce a

gain

st a

noth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e.

5

Like

wis

e th

ey w

ill re

frai

n fr

om a

ny m

anife

stat

ion

of fo

rce

for t

he p

urpo

se o

f ind

ucin

g an

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ate

to re

noun

ce th

e fu

ll ex

erci

se o

f its

sove

reig

n rig

hts.

Lik

ewis

e th

ey

will

als

o re

frai

n in

thei

r mut

ual r

elat

ions

from

any

act

of r

epris

al b

y fo

rce.

N

o su

ch th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce w

ill b

e em

ploy

ed a

s a m

eans

of s

ettli

ng d

ispu

tes,

or

ques

tions

like

ly to

giv

e ris

e to

dis

pute

s, be

twee

n th

em.

III.

Invi

olab

ility

of f

ront

iers

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

rega

rd a

s inv

iola

ble

all o

ne a

noth

er's

fron

tiers

as w

ell a

s the

fr

ontie

rs o

f all

Stat

es in

Eur

ope

and

ther

efor

e th

ey w

ill re

frai

n no

w a

nd in

the

futu

re fr

om

assa

ultin

g th

ese

fron

tiers

.

A

ccor

ding

ly, t

hey

will

als

o re

frai

n fr

om a

ny d

eman

d fo

r, or

act

of,

seiz

ure

and

usur

patio

n of

par

t or a

ll of

the

terr

itory

of a

ny p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e.

IV. T

erri

tori

al in

tegr

ity o

f Sta

tes

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

resp

ect t

he te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of e

ach

of th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

.

A

ccor

ding

ly, t

hey

will

refr

ain

from

any

act

ion

inco

nsis

tent

with

the

purp

oses

and

pr

inci

ples

of t

he C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

gain

st th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity,

pol

itica

l in

depe

nden

ce o

r the

uni

ty o

f any

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate,

and

in p

artic

ular

from

any

such

act

ion

cons

titut

ing

a th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

like

wis

e re

frai

n fr

om m

akin

g ea

ch o

ther

's te

rrito

ry th

e ob

ject

of m

ilita

ry o

ccup

atio

n or

oth

er d

irect

or i

ndire

ct m

easu

res o

f for

ce in

con

trave

ntio

n of

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, o

r the

obj

ect o

f acq

uisi

tion

by m

eans

of s

uch

mea

sure

s or t

he th

reat

of

them

. N

o su

ch o

ccup

atio

n or

acq

uisi

tion

will

be

reco

gniz

ed a

s leg

al.

V. P

eace

ful s

ettle

men

t of d

ispu

tes

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

settl

e di

sput

es a

mon

g th

em b

y pe

acef

ul m

eans

in su

ch a

m

anne

r as n

ot to

end

ange

r int

erna

tiona

l pea

ce a

nd se

curit

y, a

nd ju

stic

e.

Th

ey w

ill e

ndea

vour

in g

ood

faith

and

a sp

irit o

f coo

pera

tion

to re

ach

a ra

pid

and

equi

tabl

e so

lutio

n on

the

basi

s of i

nter

natio

nal l

aw.

Fo

r thi

s pur

pose

they

will

use

such

mea

ns a

s neg

otia

tion,

enq

uiry

, med

iatio

n,

conc

iliat

ion,

arb

itrat

ion,

judi

cial

settl

emen

t or o

ther

pea

cefu

l mea

ns o

f the

ir ow

n ch

oice

in

clud

ing

any

settl

emen

t pro

cedu

re a

gree

d to

in a

dvan

ce o

f dis

pute

s to

whi

ch th

ey a

re p

artie

s.

In

the

even

t of f

ailu

re to

reac

h a

solu

tion

by a

ny o

f the

abo

ve p

eace

ful m

eans

, the

pa

rties

to a

dis

pute

will

con

tinue

to se

ek a

mut

ually

agr

eed

way

to se

ttle

the

disp

ute

peac

eful

ly.

29

6

Pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, par

ties t

o a

disp

ute

amon

g th

em, a

s wel

l as o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, will

refr

ain

from

any

act

ion

whi

ch m

ight

agg

rava

te th

e si

tuat

ion

to su

ch a

deg

ree

as to

en

dang

er th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f int

erna

tiona

l pea

ce a

nd se

curit

y an

d th

ereb

y m

ake

a pe

acef

ul

settl

emen

t of t

he d

ispu

te m

ore

diff

icul

t.

VI. N

on-in

terv

entio

n in

inte

rnal

affa

irs

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

refr

ain

from

any

inte

rven

tion,

dire

ct o

r ind

irect

, in

divi

dual

or c

olle

ctiv

e, in

the

inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal a

ffai

rs fa

lling

with

in th

e do

mes

tic

juris

dict

ion

of a

noth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e, re

gard

less

of t

heir

mut

ual r

elat

ions

.

Th

ey w

ill a

ccor

ding

ly re

frai

n fr

om a

ny fo

rm o

f arm

ed in

terv

entio

n or

thre

at o

f suc

h in

terv

entio

n ag

ains

t ano

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate.

Th

ey w

ill li

kew

ise

in a

ll ci

rcum

stan

ces r

efra

in fr

om a

ny o

ther

act

of m

ilita

ry, o

r of

polit

ical

, eco

nom

ic o

r oth

er c

oerc

ion

desi

gned

to su

bord

inat

e to

thei

r ow

n in

tere

st th

e ex

erci

se b

y an

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ate

of th

e rig

hts i

nher

ent i

n its

sove

reig

nty

and

thus

to

secu

re a

dvan

tage

s of a

ny k

ind.

A

ccor

ding

ly, t

hey

will

, int

er a

lia, r

efra

in fr

om d

irect

or i

ndire

ct a

ssis

tanc

e to

terr

oris

t ac

tiviti

es, o

r to

subv

ersi

ve o

r oth

er a

ctiv

ities

dire

cted

tow

ards

the

viol

ent o

verth

row

of t

he

regi

me

of a

noth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e.

VII.

Res

pect

for h

uman

righ

ts a

nd fu

ndam

enta

l fre

edom

s, in

clud

ing

the

free

dom

of t

houg

ht,

cons

cien

ce, r

elig

ion

or b

elie

f

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

resp

ect h

uman

righ

ts a

nd fu

ndam

enta

l fre

edom

s, in

clud

ing

the

free

dom

of t

houg

ht, c

onsc

ienc

e, re

ligio

n or

bel

ief,

for a

ll w

ithou

t dis

tinct

ion

as

to ra

ce, s

ex, l

angu

age

or re

ligio

n.

Th

ey w

ill p

rom

ote

and

enco

urag

e th

e ef

fect

ive

exer

cise

of c

ivil,

pol

itica

l, ec

onom

ic,

soci

al, c

ultu

ral a

nd o

ther

righ

ts a

nd fr

eedo

ms a

ll of

whi

ch d

eriv

e fr

om th

e in

here

nt d

igni

ty o

f th

e hu

man

per

son

and

are

esse

ntia

l for

his

free

and

full

deve

lopm

ent.

W

ithin

this

fram

ewor

k th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

reco

gniz

e an

d re

spec

t the

free

dom

of

the

indi

vidu

al to

pro

fess

and

pra

ctic

e, a

lone

or i

n co

mm

unity

with

oth

ers,

relig

ion

or b

elie

f ac

ting

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e di

ctat

es o

f his

ow

n co

nsci

ence

.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

on

who

se te

rrito

ry n

atio

nal m

inor

ities

exi

st w

ill re

spec

t the

rig

ht o

f per

sons

bel

ongi

ng to

such

min

oriti

es to

equ

ality

bef

ore

the

law

, will

aff

ord

them

the

full

oppo

rtuni

ty fo

r the

act

ual e

njoy

men

t of h

uman

righ

ts a

nd fu

ndam

enta

l fre

edom

s and

will

, in

this

man

ner,

prot

ect t

heir

legi

timat

e in

tere

sts i

n th

is sp

here

.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reco

gniz

e th

e un

iver

sal s

igni

fican

ce o

f hum

an ri

ghts

and

fu

ndam

enta

l fre

edom

s, re

spec

t for

whi

ch is

an

esse

ntia

l fac

tor f

or th

e pe

ace,

just

ice

and

wel

l-be

ing

nece

ssar

y to

ens

ure

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f frie

ndly

rela

tions

and

co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

them

selv

es a

s am

ong

all S

tate

s.

7

They

will

con

stan

tly re

spec

t the

se ri

ghts

and

free

dom

s in

thei

r mut

ual r

elat

ions

and

will

en

deav

our j

oint

ly a

nd se

para

tely

, inc

ludi

ng in

co-

oper

atio

n w

ith th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns, t

o pr

omot

e un

iver

sal a

nd e

ffec

tive

resp

ect f

or th

em.

Th

ey c

onfir

m th

e rig

ht o

f the

indi

vidu

al to

kno

w a

nd a

ct u

pon

his r

ight

s and

dut

ies i

n th

is fi

eld.

In

the

field

of h

uman

righ

ts a

nd fu

ndam

enta

l fre

edom

s, th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

ac

t in

conf

orm

ity w

ith th

e pu

rpos

es a

nd p

rinci

ples

of t

he C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd

with

the

Uni

vers

al D

ecla

ratio

n of

Hum

an R

ight

s. T

hey

will

als

o fu

lfil t

heir

oblig

atio

ns a

s set

fo

rth in

the

inte

rnat

iona

l dec

lara

tions

and

agr

eem

ents

in th

is fi

eld,

incl

udin

g in

ter a

lia th

e In

tern

atio

nal C

oven

ants

on

Hum

an R

ight

s, by

whi

ch th

ey m

ay b

e bo

und.

VIII

. Eq

ual r

ight

s and

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n of

peo

ples

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

resp

ect t

he e

qual

righ

ts o

f peo

ples

and

thei

r rig

ht to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n, a

ctin

g at

all

times

in c

onfo

rmity

with

the

purp

oses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f the

C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd w

ith th

e re

leva

nt n

orm

s of i

nter

natio

nal l

aw, i

nclu

ding

th

ose

rela

ting

to te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of S

tate

s.

B

y vi

rtue

of th

e pr

inci

ple

of e

qual

righ

ts a

nd se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es, a

ll pe

ople

s alw

ays h

ave

the

right

, in

full

free

dom

, to

dete

rmin

e, w

hen

and

as th

ey w

ish,

thei

r in

tern

al a

nd e

xter

nal p

oliti

cal s

tatu

s, w

ithou

t ext

erna

l int

erfe

renc

e, a

nd to

pur

sue

as th

ey w

ish

thei

r pol

itica

l, ec

onom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l dev

elop

men

t.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reaf

firm

the

univ

ersa

l sig

nific

ance

of r

espe

ct fo

r and

eff

ectiv

e ex

erci

se o

f equ

al ri

ghts

and

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n of

peo

ples

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f frie

ndly

re

latio

ns a

mon

g th

emse

lves

as a

mon

g al

l Sta

tes;

they

als

o re

call

the

impo

rtanc

e of

the

elim

inat

ion

of a

ny fo

rm o

f vio

latio

n of

this

prin

cipl

e.

IX.

Coo

pera

tion

amon

g St

ates

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

dev

elop

thei

r co-

oper

atio

n w

ith o

ne a

noth

er a

nd w

ith a

ll St

ates

in a

ll fie

lds i

n ac

cord

ance

with

the

purp

oses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f the

Cha

rter o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

. In

dev

elop

ing

thei

r co-

oper

atio

n th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

pla

ce sp

ecia

l em

phas

is

on th

e fie

lds a

s set

forth

with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope,

with

eac

h of

them

mak

ing

its c

ontri

butio

n in

con

ditio

ns o

f ful

l equ

ality

.

Th

ey w

ill e

ndea

vour

, in

deve

lopi

ng th

eir c

o-op

erat

ion

as e

qual

s, to

pro

mot

e m

utua

l un

ders

tand

ing

and

conf

iden

ce, f

riend

ly a

nd g

ood-

neig

hbou

rly re

latio

ns a

mon

g th

emse

lves

, in

tern

atio

nal p

eace

, sec

urity

and

just

ice.

The

y w

ill e

qual

ly e

ndea

vour

, in

deve

lopi

ng th

eir

coop

erat

ion,

to im

prov

e th

e w

ell-b

eing

of p

eopl

es a

nd c

ontri

bute

to th

e fu

lfilm

ent o

f the

ir as

pira

tions

thro

ugh,

inte

r alia

, the

ben

efits

resu

lting

from

incr

ease

d m

utua

l kno

wle

dge

and

from

pro

gres

s and

ach

ieve

men

t in

the

econ

omic

, sci

entif

ic, t

echn

olog

ical

, soc

ial,

cultu

ral a

nd

hum

anita

rian

field

s. T

hey

will

take

step

s to

prom

ote

cond

ition

s fav

oura

ble

to m

akin

g th

ese

bene

fits a

vaila

ble

to a

ll; th

ey w

ill ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt th

e in

tere

st o

f all

in th

e na

rrow

ing

of

diff

eren

ces i

n th

e le

vels

of e

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t, an

d in

par

ticul

ar th

e in

tere

st o

f de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s thr

ough

out t

he w

orld

.

30

8

Th

ey c

onfir

m th

at g

over

nmen

ts, i

nstit

utio

ns, o

rgan

izat

ions

and

per

sons

hav

e a

rele

vant

and

pos

itive

role

to p

lay

in c

ontri

butin

g to

war

d th

e ac

hiev

emen

t of t

hese

aim

s of

thei

r coo

pera

tion.

Th

ey w

ill st

rive,

in in

crea

sing

thei

r coo

pera

tion

as se

t for

th a

bove

, to

deve

lop

clos

er

rela

tions

am

ong

them

selv

es o

n an

impr

oved

and

mor

e en

durin

g ba

sis f

or th

e be

nefit

of

peop

les.

X. F

ulfil

men

t in

good

faith

of o

blig

atio

ns u

nder

inte

rnat

iona

l law

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

fulfi

l in

good

faith

thei

r obl

igat

ions

und

er i

nter

natio

nal

law

, bot

h th

ose

oblig

atio

ns a

risin

g fr

om th

e ge

nera

lly re

cogn

ized

prin

cipl

es a

nd ru

les o

f in

tern

atio

nal l

aw a

nd th

ose

oblig

atio

ns a

risin

g fr

om tr

eatie

s or o

ther

agr

eem

ents

, in

conf

orm

ity w

ith in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, t

o w

hich

they

are

par

ties.

In

exe

rcis

ing

thei

r sov

erei

gn ri

ghts

, inc

ludi

ng th

e rig

ht to

det

erm

ine

thei

r law

s and

re

gula

tions

, the

y w

ill c

onfo

rm w

ith th

eir l

egal

obl

igat

ions

und

er in

tern

atio

nal l

aw; t

hey

will

fu

rther

mor

e pa

y du

e re

gard

to a

nd im

plem

ent t

he p

rovi

sion

s in

the

Fina

l Act

of t

he

Con

fere

nce

on S

ecur

ity a

nd C

oope

ratio

n in

Eur

ope.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

con

firm

that

in th

e ev

ent o

f a c

onfli

ct b

etw

een

the

oblig

atio

ns

of th

e m

embe

rs o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

und

er th

e C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd th

eir

oblig

atio

ns u

nder

any

trea

ty o

r oth

er in

tern

atio

nal a

gree

men

t, th

eir o

blig

atio

ns u

nder

the

Cha

rter w

ill p

reva

il, in

acc

orda

nce

with

Arti

cle

103

of th

e C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns.

A

ll th

e pr

inci

ples

set f

orth

abo

ve a

re o

f prim

ary

sign

ifica

nce

and,

acc

ordi

ngly

, the

y w

ill b

e eq

ually

and

unr

eser

vedl

y ap

plie

d, e

ach

of th

em b

eing

inte

rpre

ted

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt

the

othe

rs.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

exp

ress

thei

r det

erm

inat

ion

fully

to re

spec

t and

app

ly th

ese

prin

cipl

es, a

s set

forth

in th

e pr

esen

t Dec

lara

tion,

in a

ll as

pect

s, to

thei

r mut

ual r

elat

ions

and

co

oper

atio

n in

ord

er to

ens

ure

to e

ach

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e th

e be

nefit

s res

ultin

g fr

om th

e re

spec

t and

app

licat

ion

of th

ese

prin

cipl

es b

y al

l.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, pay

ing

due

rega

rd to

the

prin

cipl

es a

bove

and

, in

parti

cula

r, to

the

first

sent

ence

of t

he te

nth

prin

cipl

e, "

Fulfi

lmen

t in

good

faith

of o

blig

atio

ns u

nder

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw",

not

e th

at th

e pr

esen

t Dec

lara

tion

does

not

aff

ect t

heir

right

s and

ob

ligat

ions

, nor

the

corr

espo

ndin

g tre

atie

s and

oth

er a

gree

men

ts a

nd a

rran

gem

ents

.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

exp

ress

the

conv

ictio

n th

at re

spec

t for

thes

e pr

inci

ples

will

en

cour

age

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f nor

mal

and

frie

ndly

rela

tions

and

the

prog

ress

of c

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g th

em in

all

field

s. T

hey

also

exp

ress

the

conv

ictio

n th

at re

spec

t for

thes

e pr

inci

ples

w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f pol

itica

l con

tact

s am

ong

them

whi

ch in

tim

e w

ould

co

ntrib

ute

to b

ette

r mut

ual u

nder

stan

ding

of t

heir

posi

tions

and

vie

ws.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

dec

lare

thei

r int

entio

n to

con

duct

thei

r rel

atio

ns w

ith a

ll ot

her

Stat

es in

the

spiri

t of t

he p

rinci

ples

con

tain

ed in

the

pres

ent D

ecla

ratio

n.

9

(b)

Mat

ters

rel

ated

to g

ivin

g ef

fect

to c

erta

in o

f the

abo

ve P

rinc

iple

s

(i)

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Re

affir

min

g th

at th

ey w

ill re

spec

t and

giv

e ef

fect

to re

frai

ning

from

the

thre

at o

r use

of

forc

e an

d co

nvin

ced

of th

e ne

cess

ity to

mak

e it

an e

ffec

tive

norm

of i

nter

natio

nal l

ife,

D

ecla

re th

at th

ey a

re re

solv

ed to

resp

ect a

nd c

arry

out

, in

thei

r rel

atio

ns w

ith o

ne

anot

her,

inte

r alia

, the

follo

win

g pr

ovis

ions

whi

ch a

re in

con

form

ity w

ith th

e D

ecla

ratio

n on

Pr

inci

ples

Gui

ding

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

Parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es:

- To

giv

e ef

fect

and

exp

ress

ion,

by

all t

he w

ays a

nd fo

rms w

hich

they

con

side

r ap

prop

riate

, to

the

duty

to re

frai

n fr

om th

e th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce in

thei

r rel

atio

ns w

ith o

ne

anot

her.

- To

refr

ain

from

any

use

of a

rmed

forc

es in

cons

iste

nt w

ith th

e pu

rpos

es a

nd p

rinci

ples

of

the

Cha

rter

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he D

ecla

ratio

n on

Prin

cipl

es

Gui

ding

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

Pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, aga

inst

ano

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate,

in

parti

cula

r fro

m in

vasi

on o

f or a

ttack

on

its

terr

itory

.

- To

refr

ain

from

any

man

ifest

atio

n of

forc

e fo

r the

pur

pose

of i

nduc

ing

anot

her

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e to

ren

ounc

e th

e fu

ll ex

erci

se o

f its

sove

reig

n rig

hts.

- To

refr

ain

from

any

act

of e

cono

mic

coe

rcio

n de

sign

ed to

subo

rdin

ate

to th

eir o

wn

inte

rest

the

exer

cise

by

anot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e of

the

right

s inh

eren

t in

its so

vere

ignt

y an

d th

us to

secu

re a

dvan

tage

s of a

ny k

ind.

- To

take

eff

ectiv

e m

easu

res w

hich

by

thei

r sco

pe a

nd b

y th

eir n

atur

e co

nstit

ute

step

s to

war

ds th

e ul

timat

e ac

hiev

emen

t of g

ener

al a

nd c

ompl

ete

disa

rmam

ent u

nder

stric

t and

ef

fect

ive

inte

rnat

iona

l con

trol.

- To

pro

mot

e, b

y al

l mea

ns w

hich

eac

h of

them

con

side

rs a

ppro

pria

te, a

clim

ate

of

conf

iden

ce a

nd re

spec

t am

ong

peop

les c

onso

nant

with

thei

r dut

y to

refr

ain

from

pro

paga

nda

for w

ars o

f agg

ress

ion

or fo

r any

thre

at o

r use

of f

orce

inco

nsis

tent

with

the

purp

oses

of t

he

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

with

the

Dec

lara

tion

on P

rinci

ples

Gui

ding

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

Parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, a

gain

st a

noth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e.

- To

mak

e ev

ery

effo

rt to

settl

e ex

clus

ivel

y by

pea

cefu

l mea

ns a

ny d

ispu

te b

etw

een

them

, the

con

tinua

nce

of w

hich

is li

kely

to e

ndan

ger t

he m

aint

enan

ce o

f int

erna

tiona

l pea

ce

and

secu

rity

in E

urop

e, a

nd to

seek

, firs

t of a

ll, a

solu

tion

thro

ugh

the

peac

eful

mea

ns se

t fo

rth in

Arti

cle

33 o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Cha

rter.

To

refr

ain

from

any

act

ion

whi

ch c

ould

hin

der t

he p

eace

ful s

ettle

men

t of d

ispu

tes

betw

een

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es.

(ii)

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Re

affir

min

g th

eir d

eter

min

atio

n to

settl

e th

eir d

ispu

tes a

s set

forth

in th

e Pr

inci

ple

of

Peac

eful

Set

tlem

ent o

f Dis

pute

s;

31

10

C

onvi

nced

that

the

peac

eful

settl

emen

t of d

ispu

tes i

s a c

ompl

emen

t to

refr

aini

ng fr

om

the

thre

at o

r use

of f

orce

, bot

h be

ing

esse

ntia

l tho

ugh

not e

xclu

sive

fact

ors f

or th

e m

aint

enan

ce a

nd c

onso

lidat

ion

of p

eace

and

secu

rity;

D

esir

ing

to re

info

rce

and

to im

prov

e th

e m

etho

ds a

t the

ir di

spos

al fo

r the

pea

cefu

l se

ttlem

ent o

f dis

pute

s;

1.

Are

reso

lved

to p

ursu

e th

e ex

amin

atio

n an

d el

abor

atio

n of

a g

ener

ally

acc

epta

ble

met

hod

for t

he p

eace

ful s

ettle

men

t of d

ispu

tes a

imed

at c

ompl

emen

ting

exis

ting

met

hods

, an

d to

con

tinue

to th

is e

nd to

wor

k up

on th

e "D

raft

Con

vent

ion

on a

Eur

opea

n Sy

stem

for t

he

Peac

eful

Set

tlem

ent o

f Dis

pute

s" su

bmitt

ed b

y Sw

itzer

land

dur

ing

the

seco

nd st

age

of th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope,

as w

ell a

s oth

er p

ropo

sals

rela

ting

to it

an

d di

rect

ed to

war

ds th

e el

abor

atio

n of

such

a m

etho

d.

2.

Dec

ide

that

, on

the

invi

tatio

n of

Sw

itzer

land

, a m

eetin

g of

exp

erts

of a

ll th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

be

conv

oked

in o

rder

to fu

lfil t

he m

anda

te d

escr

ibed

in p

arag

raph

1

abov

e w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k an

d un

der t

he p

roce

dure

s of t

he fo

llow

-up

to th

e C

onfe

renc

e la

id

dow

n in

the

chap

ter "

Follo

w-u

p to

the

Con

fere

nce"

.

3.

This

mee

ting

of e

xper

ts w

ill ta

ke p

lace

afte

r the

mee

ting

of th

e re

pres

enta

tives

ap

poin

ted

by th

e M

inis

ters

of F

orei

gn A

ffai

rs o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to

the

chap

ter "

Follo

w-u

p to

the

Con

fere

nce"

for 1

977;

the

resu

lts o

f the

wor

k of

this

mee

ting

of e

xper

ts w

ill b

e su

bmitt

ed to

Gov

ernm

ents

. 2.D

ocum

ent o

n co

nfid

ence

-bui

ldin

g m

easu

res

and

cert

ain

aspe

cts o

f sec

urity

and

dis

arm

amen

t

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

D

esir

ous o

f elim

inat

ing

the

caus

es o

f ten

sion

that

may

exi

st a

mon

g th

em a

nd th

us o

f co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

stre

ngth

enin

g of

pea

ce a

nd se

curit

y in

the

wor

ld;

D

eter

min

ed to

stre

ngth

en c

onfid

ence

am

ong

them

and

thus

to c

ontri

bute

to in

crea

sing

st

abili

ty a

nd se

curit

y in

Eur

ope;

D

eter

min

ed fu

rther

to re

frai

n in

thei

r mut

ual r

elat

ions

, as w

ell a

s in

thei

r int

erna

tiona

l re

latio

ns in

gen

eral

, fro

m th

e th

reat

or u

se o

f for

ce a

gain

st th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

or p

oliti

cal

inde

pend

ence

of a

ny S

tate

, or i

n an

y ot

her m

anne

r inc

onsi

sten

t with

the

purp

oses

of t

he

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

with

the

Dec

lara

tion

on P

rinci

ples

Gui

ding

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

Parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

s ado

pted

in th

is F

inal

Act

;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e ne

ed to

con

tribu

te to

redu

cing

the

dang

ers o

f arm

ed c

onfli

ct a

nd o

f m

isun

ders

tand

ing

or m

isca

lcul

atio

n of

mili

tary

act

iviti

es w

hich

cou

ld g

ive

rise

to

appr

ehen

sion

, par

ticul

arly

in a

situ

atio

n w

here

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es la

ck c

lear

and

tim

ely

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

nat

ure

of su

ch a

ctiv

ities

;

Ta

king

into

acc

ount

con

side

ratio

ns re

leva

nt to

eff

orts

aim

ed a

t les

seni

ng te

nsio

n an

d pr

omot

ing

disa

rmam

ent;

11

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at th

e ex

chan

ge o

f obs

erve

rs b

y in

vita

tion

at m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s will

he

lp to

pro

mot

e co

ntac

ts a

nd m

utua

l und

erst

andi

ng;

H

avin

g st

udie

d th

e qu

estio

n of

prio

r not

ifica

tion

of m

ajor

mili

tary

mov

emen

ts in

the

cont

ext o

f con

fiden

ce-b

uild

ing;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at th

ere

are

othe

r way

s in

whi

ch in

divi

dual

Sta

tes c

an c

ontri

bute

fu

rther

to th

eir c

omm

on o

bjec

tives

;

C

onvi

nced

of t

he p

oliti

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e of

prio

r not

ifica

tion

of m

ajor

mili

tary

m

anco

uvre

s for

the

prom

otio

n of

mut

ual u

nder

stan

ding

and

the

stre

ngth

enin

g of

con

fiden

ce,

stab

ility

and

secu

rity;

Ac

cept

ing

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y of

eac

h of

them

to p

rom

ote

thes

e ob

ject

ives

and

to

impl

emen

t thi

s mea

sure

, in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e ac

cept

ed c

riter

ia a

nd m

odal

ities

, as e

ssen

tials

fo

r the

real

izat

ion

of th

ese

obje

ctiv

es;

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at th

is m

easu

re d

eriv

ing

from

pol

itica

l dec

isio

n re

sts u

pon

a vo

lunt

ary

basi

s;

H

ave

adop

ted

the

follo

win

g:

IPr

ior n

otifi

catio

n of

maj

or m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s

Th

ey w

ill n

otify

thei

r maj

or m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s to

all o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

th

roug

h us

ual d

iplo

mat

ic c

hann

els i

n ac

cord

ance

with

the

follo

win

g pr

ovis

ions

:

N

otifi

catio

n w

ill b

e gi

ven

of m

ajor

mili

tary

man

oeuv

res e

xcee

ding

a to

tal o

f 25,

000

troop

s, in

depe

nden

tly o

r com

bine

d w

ith a

ny p

ossi

ble

air o

r nav

al c

ompo

nent

s (in

this

con

text

th

e w

ord

"tro

ops"

incl

udes

am

phib

ious

and

airb

orne

troo

ps).

In th

e ca

se o

f ind

epen

dent

m

anoe

uvre

s of a

mph

ibio

us o

r airb

orne

troo

ps, o

r of c

ombi

ned

man

oeuv

res i

nvol

ving

them

, th

ese

troop

s will

be

incl

uded

in th

is to

tal.

Fur

ther

mor

e, in

the

case

of c

ombi

ned

man

oeuv

res

whi

ch d

o no

t rea

ch th

e ab

ove

tota

l but

whi

ch in

volv

e la

nd fo

rces

toge

ther

with

sign

ifica

nt

num

bers

of e

ither

am

phib

ious

or a

irbor

ne tr

oops

, or b

oth,

not

ifica

tion

can

also

be

give

n.

N

otifi

catio

n w

ill b

e gi

ven

of m

ajor

mili

tary

man

oeuv

res w

hich

take

pla

ce o

n th

e te

rrito

ry, i

n Eu

rope

, of a

ny p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e as

wel

l as,

if ap

plic

able

, in

the

adjo

inin

g se

a ar

ea a

nd a

ir sp

ace.

In

the

case

of a

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate

who

se te

rrito

ry e

xten

ds b

eyon

d Eu

rope

, prio

r no

tific

atio

n ne

ed b

e gi

ven

only

of m

anoe

uvre

s whi

ch ta

ke p

lace

in a

n ar

ea w

ithin

250

ki

lom

etre

s fro

m it

s fro

ntie

r fac

ing

or sh

ared

with

any

oth

er E

urop

ean

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e, th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ate

need

not

, how

ever

, giv

e no

tific

atio

n in

cas

es in

whi

ch th

at a

rea

is a

lso

cont

iguo

us to

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e's fr

ontie

r fac

ing

or sh

ared

with

a n

on-E

urop

ean

non-

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e.

N

otifi

catio

n w

ill b

e gi

ven

21 d

ays o

r mor

e in

adv

ance

of t

he st

art o

f the

man

oeuv

re o

r in

the

case

of a

man

oeuv

re a

rran

ged

at sh

orte

r not

ice

at th

e ea

rlies

t pos

sibl

e op

portu

nity

prio

r to

its s

tarti

ng d

ate.

32

12

N

otifi

catio

n w

ill c

onta

in in

form

atio

n of

the

desi

gnat

ion,

if a

ny, t

he g

ener

al p

urpo

se o

f an

d th

e St

ates

invo

lved

in th

e m

anoe

uvre

, the

type

or t

ypes

and

num

eric

al st

reng

th o

f the

fo

rces

eng

aged

, the

are

a an

d es

timat

ed ti

me-

fram

e of

its c

ondu

ct.

The

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es

will

als

o, if

pos

sibl

e, p

rovi

de a

dditi

onal

rele

vant

info

rmat

ion,

par

ticul

arly

that

rela

ted

to th

e co

mpo

nent

s of t

he fo

rces

eng

aged

and

the

perio

d of

invo

lvem

ent o

f the

se fo

rm.

Prio

r not

ifica

tion

of o

ther

mili

tary

man

oeuv

res

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reco

gniz

e th

at th

ey c

an c

ontri

bute

furth

er to

stre

ngth

enin

g co

nfid

ence

and

incr

easi

ng se

curit

y an

d st

abili

ty, a

nd to

this

end

may

als

o no

tify

smal

ler-

scal

e m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s to

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, with

spec

ial r

egar

d fo

r tho

se n

ear t

he a

rea

of su

ch m

anoe

uvre

s.

To

the

sam

e en

d, th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

als

o re

cogn

ize

that

they

may

not

ify o

ther

m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s con

duct

ed b

y th

em.

Exch

ange

of o

bser

vers

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

invi

te o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, vol

unta

rily

and

on a

bi

late

ral b

asis

, in

a sp

irit o

f rec

ipro

city

and

goo

dwill

tow

ards

all

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, t

o se

nd

obse

rver

s to

atte

nd m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s.

Th

e in

vitin

g St

ate

will

det

erm

ine

in e

ach

case

the

num

ber o

f obs

erve

rs, t

he

proc

edur

es a

nd c

ondi

tions

of t

heir

parti

cipa

tion,

and

giv

e ot

her i

nfor

mat

ion

whi

ch it

may

co

nsid

er u

sefu

l. It

will

pro

vide

app

ropr

iate

faci

litie

s and

hos

pita

lity.

Th

e in

vita

tion

will

be

give

n as

far a

head

as i

s con

veni

ently

pos

sibl

e th

roug

h us

ual

dipl

omat

ic c

hann

els.

Prio

r not

ifica

tion

of m

ajor

mili

tary

mov

emen

ts

In

acc

orda

nce

with

the

Fina

l Rec

omm

enda

tions

of t

he H

elsi

nki C

onsu

ltatio

ns th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

stud

ied

the

ques

tion

of p

rior-

notif

icat

ion

of m

ajor

mili

tary

mov

emen

ts a

s a

mea

sure

to st

reng

then

con

fiden

ce.

A

ccor

ding

ly, t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es re

cogn

ize

that

they

may

, at t

heir

own

disc

retio

n an

d w

ith a

vie

w to

con

tribu

ting

to c

onfid

ence

-bui

ldin

g, n

otify

thei

r maj

or m

ilita

ry

mov

emen

ts.

In

the

sam

e sp

irit,

furth

er c

onsi

dera

tion

will

be

give

n by

the

Stat

es p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Coo

pera

tion

in E

urop

e to

the

ques

tion

of p

rior n

otifi

catio

n of

m

ajor

mili

tary

mov

emen

ts, b

earin

g in

min

d, in

par

ticul

ar, t

he e

xper

ienc

e ga

ined

by

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

mea

sure

s whi

ch a

re se

t for

th in

this

doc

umen

t.

Oth

er c

onfid

ence

-bui

ldin

g m

easu

res

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reco

gniz

e th

at th

ere

are

othe

r mea

ns b

y w

hich

thei

r com

mon

ob

ject

ives

can

be

prom

oted

. 13

In

par

ticul

ar, t

hey

will

, with

due

rega

rd to

reci

proc

ity a

nd w

ith a

vie

w to

bet

ter m

utua

l un

ders

tand

ing,

pro

mot

e ex

chan

ges b

y in

vita

tion

amon

g th

eir m

ilita

ry d

eleg

atio

ns.

* *

*

In

ord

er to

mak

e a

fulle

r con

tribu

tion

to th

eir c

omm

on o

bjec

tive

of

conf

iden

ce/b

uild

ing,

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, w

hen

cond

uctin

g th

eir m

ilita

ry a

ctiv

ities

in th

e ar

ea c

over

ed b

y th

e pr

ovis

ions

for t

he p

rior n

otifi

catio

n of

maj

or m

ilita

ry m

anoe

uvre

s, w

ill

duly

take

into

acc

ount

and

resp

ect t

his o

bjec

tive.

Th

ey a

lso

reco

gniz

e th

at th

e ex

perie

nce

gain

ed b

y th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e pr

ovis

ions

set f

orth

abo

ve, t

oget

her w

ith fu

rther

eff

orts

, cou

ld le

ad to

dev

elop

ing

and

enla

rgin

g m

easu

res a

imed

at s

treng

then

ing

conf

iden

ce.

II

Que

stio

ns re

latin

g to

dis

arm

amen

t

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reco

gniz

e th

e in

tere

st o

f all

of th

em in

eff

orts

aim

ed a

t le

ssen

ing

mili

tary

con

fron

tatio

n an

d pr

omot

ing

disa

rmam

ent w

hich

are

des

igne

d to

co

mpl

emen

t pol

itica

l dét

ente

in E

urop

e an

d to

stre

ngth

en th

eir s

ecur

ity.

They

are

con

vinc

ed

of th

e ne

cess

ity to

take

eff

ectiv

e m

easu

res i

n th

ese

field

s whi

ch b

y th

eir s

cope

and

by

thei

r na

ture

con

stitu

te st

eps t

owar

ds th

e ul

timat

e ac

hiev

emen

t of g

ener

al a

nd c

ompl

ete

disa

rmam

ent u

nder

stric

t and

eff

ectiv

e in

tern

atio

nal c

ontro

l, an

d w

hich

shou

ld re

sult

in

stre

ngth

enin

g pe

ace

and

secu

rity

thro

ugho

ut th

e w

orld

.

III

Gen

eral

con

side

ratio

ns

H

avin

g co

nsid

ered

the

view

s exp

ress

ed o

n va

rious

subj

ects

rela

ted

to th

e st

reng

then

ing

of se

curit

y in

Eur

ope

thro

ugh

join

t eff

orts

aim

ed a

t pro

mot

ing

déte

nte

and

disa

rmam

ent,

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, w

hen

enga

ged

in su

ch e

ffor

ts, w

ill, i

n th

is c

onte

xt,

proc

eed,

in p

artic

ular

, fro

m th

e fo

llow

ing

esse

ntia

l con

side

ratio

ns:

- Th

e co

mpl

emen

tary

nat

ure

of th

e po

litic

al a

nd m

ilita

ry a

spec

ts o

f sec

urity

;

- Th

e in

terr

elat

ion

betw

een

the

secu

rity

of e

ach

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e an

d se

curit

y in

Eu

rope

as a

who

le a

nd th

e re

latio

nshi

p w

hich

exi

sts,

in th

e br

oade

r con

text

of w

orld

secu

rity,

be

twee

n se

curit

y in

Eur

ope

and

secu

rity

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean

area

;

- R

espe

ct fo

r the

secu

rity

inte

rest

s of a

ll St

ates

par

ticip

atin

g in

the

Con

fere

nce

on

Secu

rity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope

inhe

rent

in th

eir s

over

eign

equ

ality

;

- Th

e im

porta

nce

that

par

ticip

ants

in n

egot

iatin

g fo

ra se

e to

it th

at in

form

atio

n ab

out

rele

vant

dev

elop

men

ts, p

rogr

ess a

nd re

sults

is p

rovi

ded

on a

n ap

prop

riate

bas

is to

oth

er

Stat

es p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope

and,

in re

turn

, th

e ju

stifi

ed in

tere

st o

f any

of t

hose

Sta

tes i

n ha

ving

thei

r vie

ws c

onsi

dere

d.

33

14

Co-

oper

atio

n in

the

Fiel

d of

Eco

nom

ics,

of S

cien

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y an

d of

the

Env

iron

men

t

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onvi

nced

that

thei

r eff

orts

to d

evel

op c

oope

ratio

n in

the

field

s of t

rade

, ind

ustry

, sc

ienc

e an

d te

chno

logy

, the

env

ironm

ent a

nd o

ther

are

as o

f eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ity c

ontri

bute

to

the

rein

forc

emen

t of p

eace

and

secu

rity

in E

urop

e an

d in

the

wor

ld a

s a w

hole

,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at c

oope

ratio

n in

thes

e fie

lds w

ould

pro

mot

e ec

onom

ic a

nd so

cial

pr

ogre

ss a

nd th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he c

ondi

tions

of l

ife,

Aw

are

of th

e di

vers

ity o

f the

ir ec

onom

ic a

nd so

cial

syst

ems,

Re

affir

min

g th

eir w

ill to

inte

nsify

such

coo

pera

tion

betw

een

one

anot

her,

irres

pect

ive

of th

eir s

yste

ms,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at su

ch c

oope

ratio

n, w

ith d

ue re

gard

for t

he d

iffer

ent l

evel

s of

econ

omic

dev

elop

men

t, ca

n be

dev

elop

ed, o

n th

e ba

sis o

f equ

ality

and

mut

ual s

atis

fact

ion

of

the

partn

ers,

and

of re

cipr

ocity

per

mitt

ing,

as a

who

le, a

n eq

uita

ble

dist

ribut

ion

of a

dvan

tage

s an

d ob

ligat

ions

of c

ompa

rabl

e sc

ale,

with

resp

ect f

or b

ilate

ral a

nd m

ultil

ater

al a

gree

men

ts,

Ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

inte

rest

s of t

he d

evel

opin

g co

untri

es th

roug

hout

the

wor

ld,

incl

udin

g th

ose

amon

g th

e pa

rtici

patin

g co

untri

es a

s lon

g as

they

are

dev

elop

ing

from

the

econ

omic

poi

nt o

f vie

w; r

eaff

irmin

g th

eir w

ill to

co-

oper

ate

for t

he a

chie

vem

ent o

f the

aim

s an

d ob

ject

ives

est

ablis

hed

by th

e ap

prop

riate

bod

ies o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

in th

e pe

rtine

nt

docu

men

ts c

once

rnin

g de

velo

pmen

t, it

bein

g un

ders

tood

that

eac

h pa

rtici

patin

g St

ate

mai

ntai

ns th

e po

sitio

ns it

has

take

n on

them

; giv

ing

spec

ial a

ttent

ion

to th

e le

ast d

evel

oped

co

untri

es

C

onvi

nced

that

the

grow

ing

wor

ld-w

ide

econ

omic

inte

rdep

ende

nce

calls

for

incr

easi

ng c

omm

on a

nd e

ffec

tive

effo

rts to

war

ds th

e so

lutio

n of

maj

or w

orld

eco

nom

ic

prob

lem

s suc

h as

food

, ene

rgy,

com

mod

ities

, mon

etar

y an

d fin

anci

al p

robl

ems,

and

ther

efor

e em

phas

izes

the

need

for p

rom

otin

g st

able

and

equ

itabl

e in

tern

atio

nal e

cono

mic

rela

tions

, thu

s co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

cont

inuo

us a

nd d

iver

sifie

d ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent o

f all

coun

tries

,

H

avin

g ta

ken

into

acc

ount

the

wor

k al

read

y un

derta

ken

by re

leva

nt in

tern

atio

nal

orga

niza

tions

and

wis

hing

to ta

ke a

dvan

tage

of t

he p

ossi

bilit

ies o

ffer

ed b

y th

ese

orga

niza

tions

, in

parti

cula

r by

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope,

for

givi

ng e

ffec

t to

the

prov

isio

ns o

f the

fina

l doc

umen

ts o

f the

Con

fere

nce,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e gu

idel

ines

and

con

cret

e re

com

men

datio

ns c

onta

ined

in th

e fo

llow

ing

text

s are

aim

ed a

t pro

mot

ing

furth

er d

evel

opm

ent o

f the

ir m

utua

l eco

nom

ic

rela

tions

, and

con

vinc

ed th

at th

eir c

oope

ratio

n in

this

fiel

d sh

ould

take

pla

ce in

full

resp

ect

for t

he p

rinci

ples

gui

ding

rela

tions

am

ong

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

s set

forth

in th

e re

leva

nt

docu

men

t,

H

ave

adop

ted

the

follo

win

g:

15

1. C

omm

erci

al E

xcha

nges

Gen

eral

pro

visi

ons

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he g

row

ing

role

of i

nter

natio

nal t

rade

as o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt

fact

ors i

n ec

onom

ic g

row

th a

nd so

cial

pro

gres

s,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at tr

ade

repr

esen

ts a

n es

sent

ial s

ecto

r of t

heir

co-o

pera

tion,

and

bea

ring

in m

ind

that

the

prov

isio

ns c

onta

ined

in th

e ab

ove

prea

mbl

e ap

ply

in p

artic

ular

to th

is se

ctor

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e vo

lum

e an

d st

ruct

ure

of tr

ade

amon

g th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

do

not i

n al

l cas

es c

orre

spon

d to

the

poss

ibili

ties c

reat

ed b

y th

e cu

rren

t lev

el o

f the

ir ec

onom

ic,

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal d

evel

opm

ent,

ar

e re

solv

ed to

pro

mot

e, o

n th

e ba

sis o

f the

mod

aliti

es o

f the

ir ec

onom

ic c

oope

ratio

n,

the

expa

nsio

n of

thei

r mut

ual t

rade

in g

oods

and

serv

ices

, and

to e

nsur

e co

nditi

ons

favo

urab

le to

such

dev

elop

men

t;

re

cogn

ize

the

bene

ficia

l eff

ects

whi

ch c

an re

sult

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f tra

de fr

om th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

mos

t fav

oure

d na

tion

treat

men

t;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

expa

nsio

n of

trad

e on

as b

road

a m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

as p

ossi

ble'

ther

eby

ende

avou

ring

to u

tiliz

e th

e va

rious

eco

nom

ic a

nd c

omm

erci

al p

ossi

bilit

ies;

re

cogn

ize

the

impo

rtanc

e of

bila

tera

l and

mul

tilat

eral

inte

rgov

ernm

enta

l and

oth

er

agre

emen

ts fo

r the

long

-term

dev

elop

men

t of t

rade

;

no

te th

e im

porta

nce

of m

onet

ary

and

finan

cial

que

stio

ns fo

r the

dev

elop

men

t of

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de, a

nd w

ill e

ndea

vour

to d

eal w

ith th

em w

ith a

vie

w to

con

tribu

ting

to th

e co

ntin

uous

exp

ansi

on o

f tra

de;

w

ill e

ndea

vour

to re

duce

or p

rogr

essi

vely

elim

inat

e al

l kin

ds o

f obs

tacl

es to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f tra

de;

w

ill fo

ster

a st

eady

gro

wth

of t

rade

whi

le a

void

ing

as fa

r as p

ossi

ble

abru

pt

fluct

uatio

ns in

thei

r tra

de;

co

nsid

er th

at th

eir t

rade

in v

ario

us p

rodu

cts s

houl

d be

con

duct

ed in

such

a w

ay a

s not

to

cau

se o

r thr

eate

n to

cau

se se

rious

inju

ry -

and

shou

ld th

e si

tuat

ion

aris

e, m

arke

t dis

rupt

ion

- in

dom

estic

mar

kets

for t

hese

pro

duct

s and

in p

artic

ular

to th

e de

trim

ent.

of d

omes

tic

prod

ucer

s of l

ike

or d

irect

ly c

ompe

titiv

e pr

oduc

ts; a

s reg

ards

the

conc

ept o

f mar

ket

disr

uptio

n, it

is u

nder

stoo

d th

at it

shou

ld n

ot b

e in

voke

d in

a w

ay in

cons

iste

nt w

ith th

e re

leva

nt p

rovi

sion

s of t

heir

inte

rnat

iona

l agr

eem

ents

; if t

hey

reso

rt to

safe

guar

d m

easu

res,

they

will

do

so in

con

form

ity w

ith th

eir c

omm

itmen

ts in

this

fiel

d ar

isin

g fr

om in

tern

atio

nal

agre

emen

ts to

whi

ch th

ey a

re p

artie

s and

will

take

acc

ount

of t

he in

tere

sts o

f the

par

ties

dire

ctly

con

cern

ed;

34

16

w

ill g

ive

due

atte

ntio

n to

mea

sure

s for

the

prom

otio

n of

trad

e an

d th

e di

vers

ifica

tion

of it

s stru

ctur

e;

no

te th

at th

e gr

owth

and

div

ersi

ficat

ion

of tr

ade

wou

ld c

ontri

bute

to w

iden

ing

the

poss

ibili

ties o

f cho

ice

of p

rodu

cts;

co

nsid

er it

app

ropr

iate

to c

reat

e fa

vour

able

con

ditio

ns fo

r the

par

ticip

atio

n of

firm

s, or

gani

zatio

ns a

nd e

nter

pris

es in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f tra

de.

Busi

ness

con

tact

s and

faci

litie

s

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

, of t

he im

porta

nce

of th

e co

ntrib

utio

n w

hich

an

impr

ovem

ent o

f bus

ines

s co

ntac

ts, a

nd th

e ac

com

pany

ing

grow

th o

f con

fiden

ce in

bus

ines

s rel

atio

nshi

ps, c

ould

mak

e to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f com

mer

cial

and

eco

nom

ic re

latio

ns,

w

ill ta

ke m

easu

res f

urth

er to

impr

ove

cond

ition

s for

the

expa

nsio

n of

con

tact

s be

twee

n re

pres

enta

tives

of o

ffic

ial b

odie

s, of

the

diff

eren

t org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es, f

irms

and

bank

s con

cern

ed w

ith fo

reig

n tra

de, i

n pa

rticu

lar,

whe

re u

sefu

l, be

twee

n se

llers

and

use

rs

of p

rodu

cts a

nd se

rvic

es, f

or th

e pu

rpos

e of

stud

ying

com

mer

cial

pos

sibi

litie

s, co

nclu

ding

co

ntra

cts,

ensu

ring

thei

r im

plem

enta

tion

and

prov

idin

g af

ter-

sale

s ser

vice

s;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms c

once

rned

with

fore

ign

trade

to

take

mea

sure

s to

acce

lera

te th

e co

nduc

t of b

usin

ess n

egot

iatio

ns;

w

ill fu

rther

take

mea

sure

s aim

ed a

t im

prov

ing

wor

king

con

ditio

ns o

f rep

rese

ntat

ives

of

fore

ign

orga

niza

tions

, ent

erpr

ises

, firm

s and

ban

ks c

once

rned

with

ext

erna

l tra

de,

parti

cula

rly a

s fol

low

s:

- by

pro

vidi

ng th

e ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion,

incl

udin

g in

form

atio

n on

legi

slat

ion

and

proc

edur

es re

latin

g to

the

esta

blis

hmen

t and

ope

ratio

n of

per

man

ent r

epre

sent

atio

n by

the

abov

e m

entio

ned

bodi

es;

- by

exa

min

ing

as fa

vour

ably

as p

ossi

ble

requ

ests

for t

he e

stab

lishm

ent o

f per

man

ent

repr

esen

tatio

n an

d of

off

ices

for t

his p

urpo

se, i

nclu

ding

, whe

re a

ppro

pria

te ,

the

open

ing

of

join

t off

ices

by

two

or m

ore

firm

s.

- by

enc

oura

ging

the

prov

isio

n, o

n co

nditi

ons a

s fav

oura

ble

as p

ossi

ble

and

equa

l for

al

l rep

rese

ntat

ives

of t

he a

bove

/men

tione

d bo

dies

, of h

otel

acc

omm

odat

ion,

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n, a

nd o

f oth

er fa

cilit

ies n

orm

ally

requ

ired

by th

em, a

s wel

l as o

f sui

tabl

e bu

sine

ss a

nd re

side

ntia

l pre

mis

es fo

r pur

pose

s of p

erm

anen

t rep

rese

ntat

ion;

re

cogn

ize

the

impo

rtanc

e of

such

mea

sure

s to

enco

urag

e gr

eate

r par

ticip

atio

n by

sm

all a

nd m

ediu

m si

zed

firm

s in

trade

bet

wee

n pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

.

17

Econ

omic

and

com

mer

cial

info

rmat

ion

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he g

row

ing

role

of e

cono

mic

and

com

mer

cial

info

rmat

ion

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of i

nter

natio

nal t

rade

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at e

cono

mic

info

rmat

ion

shou

ld b

e of

such

a n

atur

e as

to a

llow

ad

equa

te m

arke

t ana

lysi

s and

to p

erm

it th

e pr

epar

atio

n of

med

ium

and

long

term

fore

cast

s, th

us c

ontri

butin

g to

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of a

con

tinui

ng fl

ow o

f tra

de a

nd a

bet

ter u

tiliz

atio

n of

co

mm

erci

al p

ossi

bilit

ies,

Ex

pres

sing

thei

r rea

dine

ss to

impr

ove

the

qual

ity a

nd in

crea

se th

e qu

antit

y an

d su

pply

of e

cono

mic

and

rele

vant

adm

inis

trativ

e in

form

atio

n,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e va

lue

of st

atis

tical

info

rmat

ion

on th

e in

tern

atio

nal l

evel

dep

ends

to

a c

onsi

dera

ble

exte

nt o

n th

e po

ssib

ility

of i

ts c

ompa

rabi

lity,

w

ill p

rom

ote

the

publ

icat

ion

and

diss

emin

atio

n of

eco

nom

ic a

nd c

omm

erci

al

info

rmat

ion

at re

gula

r int

erva

ls a

nd a

s qui

ckly

as p

ossi

ble,

in p

artic

ular

:

st

atis

tics c

once

rnin

g pr

oduc

tion,

nat

iona

l inc

ome,

bud

get,

cons

umpt

ion

and

prod

uctiv

ity;

- fo

reig

n tra

de st

atis

tics d

raw

n up

on

the

basi

s of c

ompa

rabl

e cl

assi

ficat

ion

incl

udin

g br

eakd

own

by p

rodu

ct w

ith in

dica

tion

of v

olum

e an

d va

lue,

as w

ell a

s cou

ntry

of o

rigin

or

dest

inat

ion;

- la

ws a

nd re

gula

tions

con

cern

ing

fore

ign

trade

;

- in

form

atio

n al

low

ing

fore

cast

s of d

evel

opm

ent o

f the

eco

nom

y to

ass

ist i

n tra

de

prom

otio

n, fo

r exa

mpl

e, in

form

atio

n on

the

gene

ral o

rient

atio

n of

nat

iona

l eco

nom

ic p

lans

an

d pr

ogra

mm

es;

- ot

her i

nfor

mat

ion

to h

elp

busi

ness

men

in c

omm

erci

al c

onta

cts,

for e

xam

ple,

per

iodi

c di

rect

orie

s, lis

ts, a

nd w

here

pos

sibl

e, o

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rts o

f firm

s and

org

aniz

atio

ns

conc

erne

d w

ith fo

reig

n tra

de;

w

ill in

add

ition

to th

e ab

ove

enco

urag

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he e

xcha

nge

of e

cono

mic

an

d co

mm

erci

al in

form

atio

n th

roug

h, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, joi

nt c

omm

issi

ons f

or e

cono

mic

, sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nica

l coo

pera

tion,

nat

iona

l and

join

t cha

mbe

rs o

f com

mer

ce, a

nd o

ther

su

itabl

e bo

dies

;

w

ill su

ppor

t a st

udy,

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns E

cono

mic

Com

mis

sion

fo

r Eur

ope,

of t

he p

ossi

bilit

ies o

f cre

atin

g a

mul

tilat

eral

syst

em o

f not

ifica

tion

of la

ws a

nd

regu

latio

ns c

once

rnin

g fo

reig

n tra

de a

nd c

hang

es th

erei

n;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

inte

rnat

iona

l wor

k on

the

harm

oniz

atio

n of

stat

istic

al n

omen

clat

ures

, no

tabl

y in

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope.

35

18

Mar

ketin

g

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e im

porta

nce

of a

dapt

ing

prod

uctio

n to

the

requ

irem

ents

of f

orei

gn

mar

kets

in o

rder

to e

nsur

e th

e ex

pans

ion

of in

tern

atio

nal t

rade

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he n

eed

of e

xpor

ters

to b

e as

fully

fam

iliar

as p

ossi

ble

with

and

take

ac

coun

t of t

he re

quire

men

ts o

f pot

entia

l use

rs,

w

ill e

ncou

rage

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms c

once

rned

with

fore

ign

trade

to

deve

lop

furth

er th

e kn

owle

dge

and

tech

niqu

es re

quire

d fo

r eff

ectiv

e m

arke

ting;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f con

ditio

ns fo

r the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

mea

sure

s to

prom

ote

trade

and

to sa

tisfy

the

need

s of u

sers

in re

spec

t of i

mpo

rted

prod

ucts

, in

parti

cula

r th

roug

h m

arke

t res

earc

h an

d ad

verti

sing

mea

sure

s as w

ell a

s, w

here

use

ful,

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

supp

ly fa

cilit

ies,

the

furn

ishi

ng o

f spa

re p

arts

, the

func

tioni

ng o

f afte

r sal

es se

rvic

es, a

nd

the

train

ing

of th

e ne

cess

ary

loca

l tec

hnic

al p

erso

nnel

;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

inte

rnat

iona

l coo

pera

tion

in th

e fie

ld o

f tra

de p

rom

otio

n, in

clud

ing

mar

ketin

g, a

nd th

e w

ork

unde

rtake

n on

thes

e su

bjec

ts w

ithin

the

inte

rnat

iona

l bod

ies,

in

parti

cula

r the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope.

2.

Indu

stri

al c

o-op

erat

ion

and

proj

ects

of c

omm

on in

tere

st

Indu

stri

al c

o-op

erat

ion

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

bei

ng m

otiv

ated

by

econ

omic

co

nsid

erat

ions

, can

- cr

eate

last

ing

ties t

hus s

treng

then

ing

long

-term

ove

rall

econ

omic

co-

oper

atio

n,

- co

ntrib

ute

to e

cono

mic

gro

wth

as w

ell a

s to

the

expa

nsio

n an

d di

vers

ifica

tion

of

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de a

nd to

a w

ider

util

izat

ion

of m

oder

n te

chno

logy

,

- le

ad to

the

mut

ually

adv

anta

geou

s util

izat

ion

of e

cono

mic

com

plem

enta

ritie

s thr

ough

be

tter u

se o

f all

fact

ors o

f pro

duct

ion,

and

- ac

cele

rate

the

indu

stria

l dev

elop

men

t of a

ll th

ose

who

take

par

t in

such

coo

pera

tion,

pr

opos

e to

enc

oura

ge th

e de

velo

pmen

t of i

ndus

trial

coo

pera

tion

betw

een

the

com

pete

nt o

rgan

izat

ions

, ent

erpr

ises

and

firm

s of t

heir

coun

tries

;

co

nsid

er th

at in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

may

be

faci

litat

ed b

y m

eans

of i

nter

-go

vern

men

tal a

nd o

ther

bila

tera

l and

mul

tilat

eral

agr

eem

ents

bet

wee

n th

e in

tere

sted

par

ties;

19

no

te th

at in

pro

mot

ing

indu

stria

l coo

pera

tion

they

shou

ld b

ear i

n m

ind

the

econ

omic

st

ruct

ures

and

the

deve

lopm

ent l

evel

s of t

heir

coun

tries

;

no

te th

at in

dust

rial c

oope

ratio

n is

impl

emen

ted

by m

eans

of c

ontra

cts c

oncl

uded

be

twee

n co

mpe

tent

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms o

n th

e ba

sis o

f eco

nom

ic

cons

ider

atio

ns;

ex

pres

s the

ir w

illin

gnes

s to

prom

ote

mea

sure

s des

igne

d to

cre

ate

favo

urab

le

cond

ition

s for

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n;

re

cogn

ize

that

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n co

vers

a n

umbe

r of f

orm

s of e

cono

mic

rela

tions

go

ing

beyo

nd th

e fr

amew

ork

of c

onve

ntio

nal t

rade

, and

that

in c

oncl

udin

g co

ntra

cts o

n in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

the

partn

ers w

ill d

eter

min

e jo

intly

the

appr

opria

te fo

rms a

nd

cond

ition

s of c

o-op

erat

ion,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

eir m

utua

l int

eres

ts a

nd c

apab

ilitie

s;

re

cogn

ize

furth

er th

at, i

f it i

s in

thei

r mut

ual i

nter

est,

conc

rete

form

s suc

h as

the

follo

win

g m

ay b

e us

eful

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f ind

ustri

al c

oope

ratio

n: jo

int p

rodu

ctio

n an

d sa

le, s

peci

aliz

atio

n in

pro

duct

ion

and

sale

, con

stru

ctio

n, a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

oder

niza

tion

of

indu

stria

l pla

nts,

coop

erat

ion

for t

he se

tting

up

of c

ompl

ete

indu

stria

l ins

talla

tions

with

a

view

to th

us o

btai

ning

par

t of t

he re

sulta

nt p

rodu

cts,

mix

ed c

ompa

nies

, exc

hang

es o

f <<

know

-how

>>, o

f tec

hnic

al in

form

atio

n, o

f pat

ents

and

of l

icen

ces,

and

join

t ind

ustri

al

rese

arch

with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of sp

ecifi

c co

-ope

ratio

n pr

ojec

ts;

re

cogn

ize

that

new

form

s of i

ndus

trial

co-

oper

atio

n ca

n be

app

lied

with

a v

iew

to

mee

ting

spec

ific

need

s;

no

te th

e im

porta

nce

of e

cono

mic

, com

mer

cial

, tec

hnic

al a

nd a

dmin

istra

tive

info

rmat

ion

such

as t

o en

sure

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f ind

ustri

al c

o-op

erat

ion;

C

onsi

der i

t des

irabl

e:

- to

impr

ove

the

qual

ity a

nd th

e qu

antit

y of

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

in p

artic

ular

the

law

s and

regu

latio

ns, i

nclu

ding

thos

e re

latin

g to

fore

ign

exch

ange

, ge

nera

l orie

ntat

ion

of n

atio

nal e

cono

mic

pla

ns a

nd p

rogr

amm

es a

s wel

l as p

rogr

amm

e pr

iorit

ies a

nd e

cono

mic

con

ditio

ns o

f the

mar

ket;

and

- to

dis

sem

inat

e as

qui

ckly

as p

ossi

ble

publ

ishe

d do

cum

enta

tion

ther

eon;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

all

form

s of e

xcha

nge

of in

form

atio

n an

d co

mm

unic

atio

n of

ex

perie

nce

rele

vant

to in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

incl

udin

g th

roug

h co

ntac

ts b

etw

een

pote

ntia

l pa

rtner

s and

, whe

re a

ppro

pria

te, t

hrou

gh jo

int c

omm

issi

ons f

or e

cono

mic

, ind

ustri

al,

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chni

cal c

o-op

erat

ion,

nat

iona

l and

join

t cha

mbe

rs o

f com

mer

ce, a

nd o

ther

su

itabl

e bo

dies

;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e, w

ith a

vie

w to

exp

andi

ng in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

to e

ncou

rage

th

e ex

plor

atio

n of

co-

oper

atio

n po

ssib

ilitie

s and

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

co-

oper

atio

n pr

ojec

ts

and

will

take

mea

sure

s to

this

end

, int

er a

lia, b

y fa

cilit

atin

g an

d in

crea

sing

all

form

s of

busi

ness

con

tact

s bet

wee

n co

mpe

tent

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms a

nd b

etw

een

thei

r re

spec

tive

qual

ified

per

sonn

el;

36

20

no

te th

at th

e pr

ovis

ions

ado

pted

by

the

Con

fere

nce

rela

ting

to b

usin

ess c

onta

cts i

n th

e ec

onom

ic a

nd c

omm

erci

al fi

elds

als

o ap

ply

to fo

reig

n or

gani

zatio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms

enga

ged

in in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

e sp

ecifi

c co

nditi

ons o

f thi

s co-

oper

atio

n, a

nd w

ill e

ndea

vour

to e

nsur

e, in

par

ticul

ar, t

he e

xist

ence

of a

ppro

pria

te w

orki

ng

cond

ition

s for

per

sonn

el e

ngag

ed in

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

co-

oper

atio

n pr

ojec

ts;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e th

at p

ropo

sals

for i

ndus

trial

co-

oper

atio

n pr

ojec

ts sh

ould

be

suff

icie

ntly

spec

ific

and

shou

ld c

onta

in th

e ne

cess

ary

econ

omic

and

tech

nica

l dat

a, in

pa

rticu

lar p

relim

inar

y es

timat

es o

f the

cos

t of t

he p

roje

ct. i

nfor

mat

ion

on th

e fo

rm o

f co-

oper

atio

n en

visa

ged,

and

mar

ket p

ossi

bilit

ies,

to e

nabl

e po

tent

ial p

artn

ers t

o pr

ocee

d w

ith

initi

al st

udie

s and

to a

rriv

e at

dec

isio

ns in

the

shor

test

pos

sibl

e tim

e;

w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

parti

es c

once

rned

with

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n to

take

mea

sure

s to

acce

lera

te th

e co

nduc

t of n

egot

iatio

ns fo

r the

con

clus

ion

of c

o-op

erat

ion

cont

ract

s,

re

com

men

d fu

rther

the

cont

inue

d ex

amin

atio

n - f

or e

xam

ple

with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope

- of m

eans

of i

mpr

ovin

g th

e pr

ovis

ion

of in

form

atio

n to

thos

e co

ncer

ned

on g

ener

al c

ondi

tions

of i

ndus

trial

co-

oper

atio

n an

d gu

idan

ce o

n th

e pr

epar

atio

n of

con

tract

s in

this

fiel

d;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e to

furth

er im

prov

e co

nditi

ons f

or th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n pr

ojec

ts, i

n pa

rticu

lar w

ith re

spec

t to:

- th

e pr

otec

tion

of th

e in

tere

sts o

f the

par

tner

s in

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n pr

ojec

ts,

incl

udin

g th

e le

gal p

rote

ctio

n of

the

vario

us k

inds

of p

rope

rty in

volv

ed;

- th

e co

nsid

erat

ion,

in w

ays t

hat a

re c

ompa

tible

with

thei

r eco

nom

ic sy

stem

s, of

the

need

s and

pos

sibi

litie

s of i

ndus

trial

co-

oper

atio

n w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

eco

nom

ic p

olic

y an

d pa

rticu

larly

in n

atio

nal e

cono

mic

pla

ns a

nd p

rogr

amm

es;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e th

at th

e pa

rtner

s, w

hen

conc

ludi

ng in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

cont

ract

s, sh

ould

dev

ote

due

atte

ntio

n to

pro

visi

ons c

once

rnin

g th

e ex

tens

ion

of th

e ne

cess

ary

mut

ual a

ssis

tanc

e an

d th

e pr

ovis

ion

of th

e ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

durin

g th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

ese

cont

ract

s, in

par

ticul

ar w

ith a

vie

w to

atta

inin

g th

e re

quire

d te

chni

cal l

evel

and

qu

ality

of t

he p

rodu

cts r

esul

ting

from

such

coo

pera

tion;

re

cogn

ize

the

usef

ulne

ss o

f an

incr

ease

d pa

rtici

patio

n of

smal

l and

med

ium

size

d fir

ms i

n in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

proj

ects

.

Proj

ects

of c

omm

on in

tere

st

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

eir e

cono

mic

pot

entia

l and

thei

r nat

ural

reso

urce

s per

mit,

thro

ugh

com

mon

eff

orts

, lon

g-te

rm c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e im

plem

enta

tion,

incl

udin

g at

the

regi

onal

or

sub-

regi

onal

leve

l, of

maj

or th

at th

ese

may

con

tribu

te to

the

spee

ding

-up

of th

e ec

onom

ic

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

cou

ntrie

s par

ticip

atin

g th

erei

n,

21

C

onsi

deri

ng it

des

irabl

e th

at th

e co

mpe

tent

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms o

f all

coun

tries

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f ind

icat

ing

thei

r int

eres

t in

parti

cipa

ting

in su

ch

proj

ects

, and

, in

case

of a

gree

men

t, of

taki

ng p

art i

n th

eir i

mpl

emen

tatio

n,

N

otin

g th

at th

e pr

ovis

ions

ado

pted

by

the

Con

fere

nce

rela

ting

to in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

are

also

app

licab

le to

pro

ject

s of c

omm

on in

tere

st,

re

gard

it a

s nec

essa

ry to

enc

oura

ge, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, the

inve

stig

atio

n by

com

pete

nt

and

inte

rest

ed o

rgan

izat

ions

, ent

erpr

ises

and

firm

s of t

he p

ossi

bilit

ies f

or th

e ca

rryi

ng o

ut o

f pr

ojec

ts o

f com

mon

inte

rest

in th

e fie

lds o

f ene

rgy

reso

urce

s and

of t

he e

xplo

itatio

n of

raw

m

ater

ials

, as w

ell a

s of t

rans

port

and

com

mun

icat

ions

;

rega

rd it

as d

esira

ble

that

org

aniz

atio

ns, e

nter

pris

es a

nd fi

rms e

xplo

ring

the

poss

ibili

ties o

f tak

ing

part

in p

roje

cts o

f com

mon

inte

rest

exc

hang

e w

ith th

eir p

oten

tial

partn

ers,

thro

ugh

the

appr

opria

te c

hann

els,

the

requ

isite

eco

nom

ic, l

egal

, fin

anci

al a

nd

tech

nica

l inf

orm

atio

n pe

rtain

ing

to th

ese

proj

ects

;

cons

ider

that

the

field

s of e

nerg

y re

sour

ces,

in p

artic

ular

, pet

role

um, n

atur

al g

as a

nd

coal

, and

the

extra

ctio

n an

d pr

oces

sing

of m

iner

al ra

w m

ater

ials

, in

parti

cula

r, iro

n or

e an

d ba

uxite

, are

suita

ble

ones

for s

treng

then

ing

long

-term

eco

nom

ic c

o-op

erat

ion

and

for t

he

deve

lopm

ent o

f tra

de w

hich

cou

ld re

sult;

cons

ider

that

pos

sibi

litie

s for

pro

ject

s of c

omm

on in

tere

st w

ith a

vie

w to

long

term

ec

onom

ic c

o-op

erat

ion

also

exi

st in

the

follo

win

g fie

lds:

- ex

chan

ges o

f ele

ctric

al e

nerg

y w

ithin

Eur

ope

with

a v

iew

to u

tiliz

ing

the

capa

city

of

the

elec

trica

l pow

er st

atio

ns a

s rat

iona

lly a

s pos

sibl

e;

- co

-ope

ratio

n in

rese

arch

for n

ew so

urce

s of e

nerg

y an

d, in

par

ticul

ar, i

n th

e fie

ld o

f nu

clea

r ene

rgy;

- de

velo

pmen

t of r

oad

netw

orks

and

co-

oper

atio

n ai

med

at e

stab

lishi

ng a

coh

eren

t na

viga

ble

netw

ork

in E

urop

e;

- co

-ope

ratio

n in

rese

arch

and

the

perf

ectin

g of

equ

ipm

ent f

or m

ultim

odal

tran

spor

t op

erat

ions

and

for t

he h

andl

ing

of c

onta

iner

s;

re

com

men

d th

at th

e St

ates

inte

rest

ed in

pro

ject

s of c

omm

on in

tere

st sh

ould

con

side

r un

der w

hat c

ondi

tions

it w

ould

be

poss

ible

to e

stab

lish

them

, and

if th

ey so

des

ire, c

reat

e th

e ne

cess

ary

cond

ition

s for

thei

r act

ual i

mpl

emen

tatio

n.

3. P

rovi

sion

s con

cern

ing

trad

e an

d in

dust

rial

co-

oper

atio

n

Har

mon

izat

ion

of st

anda

rds

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e de

velo

pmen

t of i

nter

natio

nal h

arm

oniz

atio

n of

stan

dard

s and

te

chni

cal r

egul

atio

ns a

nd o

f int

erna

tiona

l co-

oper

atio

n in

the

field

of c

ertif

icat

ion

as a

n im

porta

nt m

eans

of e

limin

atin

g te

chni

cal o

bsta

cles

to in

tern

atio

nal t

rade

and

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n, th

ereb

y fa

cilit

atin

g th

eir d

evel

opm

ent a

nd in

crea

sing

pro

duct

ivity

,

37

22

re

affir

m th

eir i

nter

est t

o ac

hiev

e th

e w

ides

t pos

sibl

e in

tern

atio

nal h

arm

oniz

atio

n of

st

anda

rds a

nd te

chni

cal r

egul

atio

ns,

ex

pres

s the

ir re

adin

ess t

o p

rom

ote

inte

rnat

iona

l ag

reem

ents

and

oth

er a

ppro

pria

te

arra

ngem

ents

on

acce

ptan

ce o

f cer

tific

ates

of

conf

orm

ity w

ith s

tand

ards

and

tech

nica

l re

gula

tions

;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e to

incr

ease

inte

rnat

iona

l co-

oper

atio

n on

stan

dard

izat

ion,

in

parti

cula

r by

supp

ortin

g th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f int

ergo

vern

men

tal a

nd o

ther

app

ropr

iate

or

gani

zatio

ns in

this

fiel

d.

Arbi

trat

ion

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e pr

ompt

and

equ

itabl

e se

ttlem

ent o

f dis

pute

s whi

ch m

ay a

rise

from

com

mer

cial

tran

sact

ions

rela

ting

to g

oods

and

serv

ices

and

con

tract

s for

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n w

ould

con

tribu

te to

exp

andi

ng a

nd fa

cilit

atin

g tra

de a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at a

rbitr

atio

n is

an

appr

opria

te m

eans

of s

ettli

ng su

ch d

ispu

tes,

re

com

men

d, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, to

orga

niza

tions

, ent

erpr

ises

and

firm

s in

thei

r co

untri

es, t

o in

clud

e ar

bitra

tion

clau

ses i

n co

mm

erci

al c

ontra

cts a

nd in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion

cont

ract

s, or

in sp

ecia

l agr

eem

ents

;

re

com

men

d th

at th

e pr

ovis

ions

on

arbi

tratio

n sh

ould

pro

vide

for a

rbitr

atio

n un

der a

m

utua

lly a

ccep

tabl

e se

t of a

rbitr

atio

n ru

les,

and

perm

it ar

bitra

tion

in a

third

cou

ntry

, tak

ing

into

acc

ount

exi

stin

g in

terg

over

nmen

tal a

nd o

ther

agr

eem

ents

in th

is fi

eld.

Spec

ific

bila

tera

l arr

ange

men

ts

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he n

eed

to fa

cilit

ate

trade

and

to p

rom

ote

the

appl

icat

ion

of n

ew fo

rms

of in

dust

rial c

o-op

erat

ion,

w

ill c

onsi

der f

avou

rabl

y th

e co

nclu

sion

, in

appr

opria

te c

ases

, of s

peci

fic b

ilate

ral

agre

emen

ts c

once

rnin

g va

rious

pro

blem

s of m

utua

l int

eres

t in

the

field

s of c

omm

erci

al

exch

ange

s and

indu

stria

l co-

oper

atio

n, in

par

ticul

ar w

ith a

vie

w to

avo

idin

g do

uble

taxa

tion

and

to fa

cilit

atin

g th

e tra

nsfe

r of p

rofit

s and

the

retu

rn o

f the

val

ue o

f the

ass

ets i

nves

ted.

23

4. S

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onvi

nced

that

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal c

o-op

erat

ion

cons

titut

es a

n im

porta

nt

cont

ribut

ion

to th

e st

reng

then

ing

of se

curit

y an

d co

-ope

ratio

n am

ong

them

, in

that

it a

ssis

ts

the

effe

ctiv

e so

lutio

n of

pro

blem

s of c

omm

on in

tere

st a

nd th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he c

ondi

tions

of

hum

an li

fe,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at in

dev

elop

ing

such

co-

oper

atio

n, it

is im

porta

nt to

pro

mot

e th

e sh

arin

g of

info

rmat

ion

and

expe

rienc

e, fa

cilit

atin

g th

e st

udy

and

trans

fer o

f sci

entif

ic a

nd

tech

nolo

gica

l ach

ieve

men

ts, a

s wel

l as t

he a

cces

s to

such

ach

ieve

men

ts o

n a

mut

ually

ad

vant

ageo

us b

asis

and

in fi

elds

of c

o-op

erat

ion

agre

ed b

etw

een

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at it

is fo

r the

pot

entia

l par

tner

s, i.e

. the

com

pete

nt o

rgan

izat

ions

, in

stitu

tions

, ent

erpr

ises

, sci

entis

ts a

nd te

chno

logi

sts o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

to d

eter

min

e th

e op

portu

nitie

s for

mut

ually

ben

efic

ial c

o-op

erat

ion

and

to d

evel

op it

s det

ails

,

Af

firm

ing

that

such

co-

oper

atio

n c

an b

e d

evel

oped

and

im

plem

ente

d b

ilate

rally

an

d m

ultil

ater

ally

at t

he g

over

nmen

tal a

nd n

on-g

over

nmen

tal l

evel

s, fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

roug

h in

terg

over

nmen

tal a

nd o

ther

agr

eem

ents

, in

tern

atio

nal

pro

gram

mes

, coo

pera

tive

proj

ects

an

d co

mm

erci

al c

hann

els,

whi

le u

tiliz

ing

also

var

ious

form

s of c

onta

cts,

incl

udin

g di

rect

and

in

divi

dual

con

tact

s,

Aw

are

of th

e ne

ed to

take

mea

sure

s fur

ther

to im

prov

e sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l co

-ope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

em,

Poss

ibili

ties f

or im

prov

ing

co-o

pera

tion

R

ecog

nize

that

pos

sibi

litie

s exi

st fo

r fur

ther

impr

ovin

g sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l co

-ope

ratio

n, a

nd to

this

end

, exp

ress

thei

r int

entio

n to

rem

ove

obst

acle

s to

such

co-

oper

atio

n, in

par

ticul

ar th

roug

h:

- th

e im

prov

emen

t of o

ppor

tuni

ties f

or th

e ex

chan

ge a

nd d

isse

min

atio

n of

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

amon

g th

e pa

rties

inte

rest

ed in

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal

rese

arch

and

co-

oper

atio

n in

clud

ing

info

rmat

ion

rela

ted

to th

e or

gani

zatio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of su

ch c

o-op

erat

ion;

- th

e ex

pedi

tious

impl

emen

tatio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t in

orga

niza

tion,

incl

udin

g pr

ogra

mm

es, o

f int

erna

tiona

l vis

its o

f sci

entis

ts a

nd sp

ecia

lists

in c

onne

xion

with

exc

hang

es,

conf

eren

ces a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion;

- th

e w

ider

use

of c

omm

erci

al c

hann

els a

nd a

ctiv

ities

for a

pplie

d sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l res

earc

h an

d fo

r the

tran

sfer

of a

chie

vem

ents

obt

aine

d in

this

fiel

d w

hile

pr

ovid

ing

info

rmat

ion

on a

nd p

rote

ctio

n of

inte

llect

ual a

nd in

dust

rial p

rope

rty ri

ghts

;

38

24

Fiel

ds o

f co-

oper

atio

n

C

onsi

der t

hat p

ossi

bilit

ies t

o ex

pand

co-

oper

atio

n ex

ist w

ithin

the

area

s giv

en b

elow

as

exa

mpl

es, n

otin

g th

at it

is fo

r pot

entia

l par

tner

s in

the

parti

cipa

ting

coun

tries

to id

entif

y an

d de

velo

p pr

ojec

ts a

nd a

rran

gem

ents

of m

utua

l int

eres

t and

ben

efit:

Agri

cultu

re

R

esea

rch

into

new

met

hods

and

tech

nolo

gies

for i

ncre

asin

g th

e pr

oduc

tivity

of c

rop

culti

vatio

n an

d an

imal

hus

band

ry; t

he a

pplic

atio

n of

che

mis

try to

agr

icul

ture

; the

des

ign,

co

nstru

ctio

n an

d ut

iliza

tion

of a

gric

ultu

ral m

achi

nery

; tec

hnol

ogie

s of i

rrig

atio

n an

d ot

her

agric

ultu

ral l

and

impr

ovem

ent w

orks

;

Ener

gy

N

ew te

chno

logi

es o

f pro

duct

ion,

tran

spor

t and

dis

tribu

tion

of e

nerg

y ai

med

at

impr

ovin

g th

e us

e of

exi

stin

g fu

els a

nd so

urce

s of h

ydro

ener

gy, a

s wel

l as r

esea

rch

in th

e fie

ld o

f new

ene

rgy

sour

ces,

incl

udin

g nu

clea

r, so

lar a

nd g

eoth

erm

al e

nerg

y;

New

tech

nolo

gies

, rat

iona

l use

of r

esou

rces

R

esea

rch

on n

ew te

chno

logi

es a

nd e

quip

men

t des

igne

d in

par

ticul

ar to

redu

ce e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n an

d to

min

imiz

e or

elim

inat

e w

aste

;

Tran

spor

t tec

hnol

ogy

R

esea

rch

on th

e m

eans

of t

rans

port

and

the

tech

nolo

gy a

pplie

d to

the

deve

lopm

ent

and

oper

atio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l, na

tiona

l and

urb

an tr

ansp

ort n

etw

orks

incl

udin

g co

ntai

ner

trans

port

as w

ell a

s tra

nspo

rt sa

fety

;

Phys

ics

St

udy

of p

robl

ems i

n hi

gh e

nerg

y ph

ysic

s and

pla

sma

phys

ics;

rese

arch

in th

e fie

ld o

f th

eore

tical

and

exp

erim

enta

l nuc

lear

phy

sics

;

Che

mis

try

R

esea

rch

on p

robl

ems i

n el

ectro

chem

istry

and

the

chem

istry

of p

olym

ers,

of n

atur

al

prod

ucts

, and

of m

etal

s and

allo

ys, a

s wel

l as t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f im

prov

ed c

hem

ical

te

chno

logy

, esp

ecia

lly m

ater

ials

pro

cess

ing;

pra

ctic

al a

pplic

atio

n of

the

late

st a

chie

vem

ents

of

che

mis

try to

indu

stry

, con

stru

ctio

n an

d ot

her s

ecto

rs o

f the

eco

nom

y;

Met

eoro

logy

and

hyd

rolo

gy

M

eteo

rolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l res

earc

h, in

clud

ing

met

hods

of c

olle

ctio

n,

eval

uatio

n an

d tra

nsm

issi

on o

f dat

a an

d th

eir u

tiliz

atio

n fo

r wea

ther

fore

cast

ing

and

hydr

olog

y fo

reca

stin

g;

25

Oce

anog

raph

y

O

cean

ogra

phic

rese

arch

, inc

ludi

ng th

e st

udy

of a

ir/se

a in

tera

ctio

ns;

Seis

mol

ogic

al re

sear

ch

St

udy

and

fore

cast

ing

of e

arth

quak

es a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d ge

olog

ical

cha

nges

; dev

elop

men

t an

d re

sear

ch o

f tec

hnol

ogy

of se

ism

-res

istin

g co

nstru

ctio

ns;

Rese

arch

on

glac

iolo

gy, p

erm

afro

st a

nd p

robl

ems o

f life

und

er c

ondi

tions

of c

old

R

esea

rch

on g

laci

olog

y an

d pe

rmaf

rost

; tra

nspo

rtatio

n an

d co

nstru

ctio

n te

chno

logi

es;

hum

an a

dapt

atio

n to

clim

atic

ext

rem

es a

nd c

hang

es in

the

livin

g co

nditi

ons o

f ind

igen

ous

popu

latio

ns;

Com

pute

r, co

mm

unic

atio

n an

d in

form

atio

n te

chno

logi

es

D

evel

opm

ent o

f com

pute

rs a

s wel

l as o

f tel

ecom

mun

icat

ions

and

info

rmat

ion

syst

ems;

tech

nolo

gy a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith c

ompu

ters

and

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

, inc

ludi

ng th

eir u

se

for m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s, fo

r pro

duct

ion

proc

esse

s, fo

r aut

omat

ion,

for t

he st

udy

of e

cono

mic

pr

oble

ms,

in sc

ient

ific

rese

arch

and

for t

he c

olle

ctio

n, p

roce

ssin

g an

d di

ssem

inat

ion

of

info

rmat

ion;

Spac

e re

sear

ch

Sp

ace

expl

orat

ion

and

the

stud

y of

the

earth

's na

tura

l res

ourc

es a

nd th

e na

tura

l en

viro

nmen

t by

rem

ote

sens

ing

in p

artic

ular

with

the

assi

stan

ce o

f sat

ellit

es a

nd ro

cket

-pr

obes

;

Med

icin

e an

d pu

blic

hea

lth

R

esea

rch

on c

ardi

ovas

cula

r, tu

mou

r and

viru

s dis

ease

s, m

olec

ular

bio

logy

, ne

urop

hysi

olog

y; d

evel

opm

ent a

nd te

stin

g of

new

dru

gs; s

tudy

of c

onte

mpo

rary

pro

blem

s of

pedi

atric

s, ge

ront

olog

y an

d th

e or

gani

zatio

n an

d te

chni

ques

of m

edic

al se

rvic

es;

Envi

ronm

enta

l res

earc

h

R

esea

rch

on sp

ecifi

c sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l pro

blem

s rel

ated

to h

uman

en

viro

nmen

t.

Form

s and

met

hods

of c

o-op

erat

ion

Ex

pres

s the

ir vi

ew th

at sc

ient

ific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l co-

oper

atio

n sh

ould

, in

parti

cula

r, em

ploy

the

follo

win

g fo

rms a

nd m

etho

ds:

- ex

chan

ge a

nd c

ircul

atio

n of

boo

ks, p

erio

dica

ls a

nd o

ther

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal

publ

icat

ions

and

pap

ers a

mon

g in

tere

sted

org

aniz

atio

ns, s

cien

tific

and

tech

nolo

gica

l in

stitu

tions

, ent

erpr

ises

and

scie

ntis

ts a

nd te

chno

logi

sts,

as w

ell a

s par

ticip

atio

n in

in

tern

atio

nal p

rogr

amm

es fo

r the

abs

tract

ing

and

inde

xing

of p

ublic

atio

ns;

39

26

- ex

chan

ges a

nd v

isits

as w

ell a

s oth

er d

irect

con

tact

s and

com

mun

icat

ions

am

ong

scie

ntis

ts a

nd te

chno

logi

sts,

on th

e ba

sis o

f mut

ual a

gree

men

t and

oth

er a

rran

gem

ents

, for

su

ch p

urpo

ses a

s con

sulta

tions

, lec

turin

g an

d co

nduc

ting

rese

arch

, inc

ludi

ng th

e us

e of

la

bora

torie

s, sc

ient

ific

libra

ries,

and

othe

r doc

umen

tatio

n ce

ntre

s in

conn

exio

n th

erew

ith;

- ho

ldin

g of

inte

rnat

iona

l and

nat

iona

l con

fere

nces

, sym

posi

a, se

min

ars,

cour

ses a

nd

othe

r mee

tings

of a

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal c

hara

cter

, whi

ch w

ould

incl

ude

the

parti

cipa

tion

of fo

reig

n sc

ient

ists

and

tech

nolo

gist

s;

- jo

int p

repa

ratio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of p

rogr

amm

es a

nd p

roje

cts o

f mut

ual i

nter

est

on th

e ba

sis o

f con

sulta

tion

and

agre

emen

t am

ong

all p

artie

s con

cern

ed, i

nclu

ding

, whe

re

poss

ible

and

app

ropr

iate

, exc

hang

es o

f exp

erie

nce

and

rese

arch

resu

lts, a

nd c

orre

latio

n of

re

sear

ch p

rogr

amm

es, b

etw

een

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chno

logi

cal r

esea

rch

inst

itutio

ns a

nd

orga

niza

tions

;

- us

e of

com

mer

cial

cha

nnel

s and

met

hods

for i

dent

ifyin

g an

d tra

nsfe

rrin

g te

ch-

nolo

gica

l and

scie

ntifi

c de

velo

pmen

ts, i

nclu

ding

the

conc

lusi

on o

f mut

ually

ben

efic

ial c

o-op

erat

ion

arra

ngem

ents

bet

wee

n fir

ms a

nd e

nter

pris

es in

fiel

ds a

gree

d up

on b

etw

een

them

an

d fo

r car

ryin

g ou

t, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, joi

nt re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent p

rogr

amm

es a

nd

proj

ects

;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e th

at p

erio

dic

exch

ange

s of v

iew

s and

info

rmat

ion

take

pla

ce o

n sc

ient

ific

polic

y, in

par

ticul

ar o

n ge

nera

l pro

blem

s of o

rient

atio

n an

d ad

min

istra

tion

of

rese

arch

and

the

ques

tion

of a

bet

ter u

se o

f lar

ge-s

cale

scie

ntifi

c an

d ex

perim

enta

l equ

ipm

ent

on a

co-

oper

ativ

e ba

sis;

re

com

men

d th

at, i

n de

velo

ping

co-

oper

atio

n in

the

field

of s

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

, fu

ll us

e be

mad

e of

exi

stin

g pr

actic

es o

f bila

tera

l and

mul

tilat

eral

coo

pera

tion,

incl

udin

g th

at

of a

regi

onal

or s

ub-r

egio

nal c

hara

cter

, tog

ethe

r with

the

form

s and

met

hods

of c

o-op

erat

ion

desc

ribed

in th

is d

ocum

ent;

re

com

men

d fu

rther

that

mor

e ef

fect

ive

utili

zatio

n be

mad

e of

the

poss

ibili

ties a

nd

capa

bilit

ies o

f exi

stin

g in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

, int

ergo

vern

men

tal a

nd n

on-g

over

nmen

tal,

conc

erne

d w

ith sc

ienc

e an

d te

chno

logy

, for

impr

ovin

g ex

chan

ges o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d ex

perie

nce,

as w

ell a

s for

dev

elop

ing

othe

r for

ms o

f coo

pera

tion

in fi

elds

of c

omm

on in

tere

st,

for e

xam

ple:

- in

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope,

stud

y of

pos

sibi

litie

s for

ex

pand

ing

mul

tilat

eral

co-

oper

atio

n, ta

king

into

acc

ount

mod

els f

or p

roje

cts a

nd re

sear

ch

used

in v

ario

us in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

; and

for s

pons

orin

g co

nfer

ence

s, sy

mpo

sia,

and

st

udy

and

wor

king

gro

ups s

uch

as th

ose

whi

ch w

ould

brin

g to

geth

er y

oung

er sc

ient

ists

and

te

chno

logi

sts w

ith e

min

ent s

peci

alis

ts in

thei

r fie

ld;

- th

roug

h th

eir p

artic

ipat

ion

in p

artic

ular

inte

rnat

iona

l sci

entif

ic a

nd te

chno

logi

cal c

o-op

erat

ion

prog

ram

mes

, inc

ludi

ng th

ose

of U

NES

CO

and

oth

er in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

, pu

rsui

t of c

ontin

uing

pro

gres

s tow

ards

the

obje

ctiv

es o

f suc

h pr

ogra

mm

es, n

otab

ly th

ose

of

UN

ISIS

T w

ith p

artic

ular

resp

ect t

o in

form

atio

n po

licy

guid

ance

, tec

hnic

al a

dvic

e,

info

rmat

ion

cont

ribut

ions

and

dat

a pr

oces

sing

.

27

5. E

nvir

onm

ent

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Af

firm

ing

that

the

prot

ectio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t, as

wel

l as t

he

prot

ectio

n of

nat

ure

and

the

ratio

nal u

tiliz

atio

n of

its r

esou

rces

in th

e in

tere

sts o

f pre

sent

and

fu

ture

gen

erat

ions

, is o

ne o

f the

task

s of m

ajor

impo

rtanc

e to

the

wel

l-bei

ng o

f peo

ples

and

th

e ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent o

f all

coun

tries

and

that

man

y en

viro

nmen

tal p

robl

ems,

parti

cula

rly in

Eur

ope,

can

be

solv

ed e

ffec

tivel

y on

ly th

roug

h cl

ose

inte

rnat

iona

l co-

oper

atio

n,

Ac

know

ledg

ing

that

eac

h of

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, i

n ac

cord

ance

with

the

prin

cipl

es

of in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, o

ught

to e

nsur

e, in

a sp

irit o

f co-

oper

atio

n, th

at a

ctiv

ities

car

ried

out o

n its

terr

itory

do

not c

ause

deg

rada

tion

of th

e en

viro

nmen

t in

anot

her S

tate

or i

n ar

eas l

ying

be

yond

the

limits

of n

atio

nal j

uris

dict

ion,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e su

cces

s of a

ny e

nviro

nmen

tal p

olic

y pr

esup

pose

s tha

t all

popu

latio

n gr

oups

and

soci

al fo

rces

, aw

are

of th

eir r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s, he

lp to

pro

tect

and

im

prov

e th

e en

viro

nmen

t, w

hich

nec

essi

tate

s con

tinue

d an

d th

orou

gh e

duca

tive

actio

n,

parti

cula

rly w

ith re

gard

to y

outh

.

Af

firm

ing

that

exp

erie

nce

has s

how

n th

at e

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t and

tech

nolo

gica

l pr

ogre

ss m

ust b

e co

mpa

tible

with

the

prot

ectio

n of

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd th

e pr

eser

vatio

n of

hi

stor

ical

and

cul

tura

l val

ues;

that

dam

age

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t is b

est a

void

ed b

y pr

even

tive

mea

sure

s; a

nd th

at th

e ec

olog

ical

bal

ance

mus

t be

pres

erve

d in

the

expl

oita

tion

and

man

agem

ent o

f nat

ural

reso

urce

s,

Aim

s of c

o-op

erat

ion

A

gree

to th

e fo

llow

ing

aim

s of c

o-op

erat

ion,

in p

artic

ular

:

- to

stud

y, w

ith a

vie

w to

thei

r sol

utio

n, th

ose

envi

ronm

enta

l pro

blem

s whi

ch, b

y th

eir

natu

re, a

re o

f a m

ultil

ater

al, b

ilate

ral,

regi

onal

or s

ub-r

egio

nal d

imen

sion

; as w

ell a

s to

enco

urag

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

n in

terd

isci

plin

ary

appr

oach

to e

nviro

nmen

tal p

robl

ems;

- to

incr

ease

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of n

atio

nal a

nd in

tern

atio

nal m

easu

res f

or th

e pr

otec

tion

of th

e en

viro

nmen

t, by

the

com

paris

on a

nd, i

f app

ropr

iate

, the

har

mon

izat

ion

of m

etho

ds o

f ga

ther

ing

and

anal

yzin

g fa

cts,

by im

prov

ing

the

know

ledg

e of

pol

lutio

n ph

enom

ena

and

ratio

nal u

tiliz

atio

n of

nat

ural

reso

urce

s, by

the

exch

ange

of i

nfor

mat

ion,

by

the

harm

oniz

atio

n of

def

initi

ons a

nd th

e ad

optio

n, a

s far

as p

ossi

ble,

of a

com

mon

term

inol

ogy

in th

e fie

ld o

f th

e en

viro

nmen

t;

- to

take

the

nece

ssar

y m

easu

res t

o br

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l pol

icie

s clo

ser t

oget

her a

nd,

whe

re a

ppro

pria

te a

nd p

ossi

ble,

to h

arm

oniz

e th

em;

- to

enc

oura

ge, w

here

pos

sibl

e an

d ap

prop

riate

, nat

iona

l and

inte

rnat

iona

l eff

orts

by

thei

r int

eres

ted

orga

niza

tions

, ent

erpr

ises

and

firm

s in

the

deve

lopm

ent,

prod

uctio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t of e

quip

men

t des

igne

d fo

r mon

itorin

g, p

rote

ctin

g an

d en

hanc

ing

the

envi

ronm

ent.

40

28

Fiel

ds o

f co-

oper

atio

n

To

atta

in th

ese

aim

s, th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

mak

e us

e of

eve

ry su

itabl

e op

portu

nity

to c

o-op

erat

e in

the

field

of e

nviro

nmen

t and

, in

parti

cula

r, w

ithin

the

area

s de

scrib

ed b

elow

as e

xam

ples

:

Con

trol

of a

ir p

ollu

tion

D

esul

phur

izat

ion

of fo

ssil

fuel

s and

exh

aust

gas

es, p

ollu

tion

cont

rol o

f hea

vy m

etal

s, pa

rticl

es, a

eros

ols,

nitro

gen

oxid

es, i

n pa

rticu

lar t

hose

em

itted

by

trans

port,

pow

er st

atio

ns,

and

othe

r ind

ustri

al p

lant

s; sy

stem

s and

met

hods

of o

bser

vatio

n an

d co

ntro

l of a

ir po

llutio

n an

d its

eff

ects

, inc

ludi

ng lo

ng-r

ange

tran

spor

t of a

ir po

lluta

nts;

Wat

er p

ollu

tion

cont

rol a

nd fr

esh

wat

er u

tiliz

atio

n

Pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol o

f wat

er p

ollu

tion,

in p

artic

ular

of t

rans

boun

dary

rive

rs a

nd

inte

rnat

iona

l lak

es; t

echn

ique

s for

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f the

qua

lity

of w

ater

and

furth

er

deve

lopm

ent o

f way

s and

mea

ns fo

r ind

ustri

al a

nd m

unic

ipal

sew

age

efflu

ent p

urifi

catio

n;

met

hods

of a

sses

smen

t of f

resh

wat

er re

sour

ces a

nd th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

heir

utili

zatio

n, in

pa

rticu

lar b

y de

velo

ping

met

hods

of p

rodu

ctio

n w

hich

are

less

pol

lutin

g an

d le

ad to

less

co

nsum

ptio

n of

fres

h w

ater

;

Prot

ectio

n of

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent

Pr

otec

tion

of th

e m

arin

e en

viro

nmen

t of p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, a

nd e

spec

ially

the

Med

iterr

anea

n Se

a, fr

om p

ollu

tant

s em

anat

ing

from

land

-bas

ed so

urce

s and

thos

e fr

om sh

ips

and

othe

r ves

sels

, not

ably

the

harm

ful s

ubst

ance

s lis

ted

in A

nnex

es I

and

II to

the

Lond

on

Con

vent

ion

on th

e Pr

even

tion

of M

arin

e Po

llutio

n by

the

Dum

ping

of W

aste

s and

Oth

er

Mat

ters

; pro

blem

s of m

aint

aini

ng m

arin

e ec

olog

ical

bal

ance

s and

food

cha

ins,

in p

artic

ular

su

ch p

robl

ems a

s may

aris

e fr

om th

e ex

plor

atio

n an

d ex

ploi

tatio

n of

bio

logi

cal a

nd m

iner

al

reso

urce

s of t

he se

as a

nd th

e se

a-be

d;

Land

util

izat

ion

and

soils

Pr

oble

ms a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith m

ore

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

land

s, in

clud

ing

land

am

elio

ratio

n,

recl

amat

ion

and

recu

ltiva

tion;

con

trol o

f soi

l pol

lutio

n, w

ater

and

air

eros

ion,

as w

ell a

s oth

er

form

s of s

oil d

egra

datio

n; m

aint

aini

ng a

nd in

crea

sing

the

prod

uctiv

ity o

f soi

ls w

ith d

ue

rega

rd fo

r the

pos

sibl

e ne

gativ

e ef

fect

s of t

he a

pplic

atio

n of

che

mic

al fe

rtiliz

ers a

nd

pest

icid

es;

Nat

ure

cons

erva

tion

and

natu

re re

serv

es

Pr

otec

tion

of n

atur

e an

d na

ture

rese

rves

; con

serv

atio

n an

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f exi

stin

g ge

netic

reso

urce

s, es

peci

ally

rare

ani

mal

and

pla

nt sp

ecie

s; c

onse

rvat

ion

of n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l sy

stem

s; e

stab

lishm

ent o

f nat

ure

rese

rves

and

oth

er p

rote

cted

land

scap

es a

nd a

reas

, inc

ludi

ng

thei

r use

for r

esea

rch,

tour

ism

, rec

reat

ion

and

othe

r pur

pose

s;

29

Impr

ovem

ent o

f env

iron

men

tal c

ondi

tions

in a

reas

of h

uman

settl

emen

t

En

viro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

ass

ocia

ted

with

tran

spor

t, ho

usin

g, w

orki

ng a

reas

, urb

an

deve

lopm

ent a

nd p

lann

ing,

wat

er su

pply

and

sew

age

disp

osal

syst

ems;

ass

essm

ent o

f har

mfu

l ef

fect

s of n

oise

, and

noi

se c

ontro

l met

hods

; col

lect

ion,

trea

tmen

t and

util

izat

ion

of w

aste

s, in

clud

ing

the

reco

very

and

recy

clin

g of

mat

eria

ls; r

esea

rch

on su

bstit

utes

for n

on-

biod

egra

dabl

e su

bsta

nces

;

Fund

amen

tal r

esea

rch,

mon

itori

ng, f

orec

astin

g an

d as

sess

men

t of e

nvir

onm

enta

l cha

nges

St

udy

of c

hang

es in

clim

ate,

land

scap

es a

nd e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

s und

er th

e im

pact

of

both

nat

ural

fact

ors a

nd h

uman

act

iviti

es; f

orec

astin

g of

pos

sibl

e ge

netic

cha

nges

in fl

ora

and

faun

a as

a re

sult

of e

nviro

nmen

tal p

ollu

tion;

har

mon

izat

ion

of st

atis

tical

dat

a, d

evel

opm

ent o

f sc

ient

ific

conc

epts

and

syst

ems o

f mon

itorin

g ne

twor

ks, s

tand

ardi

zed

met

hods

of

obse

rvat

ion,

mea

sure

men

t and

ass

essm

ent o

f cha

nges

in th

e bi

osph

ere;

ass

essm

ent o

f the

ef

fect

s of e

nviro

nmen

tal p

ollu

tion

leve

ls a

nd. d

egra

datio

n of

the

envi

ronm

ent u

pon

hum

an

heal

th; s

tudy

and

dev

elop

men

t of c

riter

ia a

nd st

anda

rds f

or v

ario

us e

nviro

nmen

tal p

ollu

tant

s an

d re

gula

tion

rega

rdin

g pr

oduc

tion

and

use

of v

ario

us p

rodu

cts;

Lega

l and

adm

inis

trat

ive

mea

sure

s

Le

gal a

nd a

dmin

istra

tive

mea

sure

s for

the

prot

ectio

n of

the

envi

ronm

ent i

nclu

ding

pr

oced

ures

for e

stab

lishi

ng e

nviro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct a

sses

smen

ts.

Form

s and

met

hods

of c

o-op

erat

ion

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

dec

lare

that

pro

blem

s rel

atin

g to

the

prot

ectio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t will

be

solv

ed o

n bo

th a

bila

tera

l and

a m

ultil

ater

al,

incl

udin

g re

gion

al a

nd su

b-re

gion

al, b

asis

, mak

ing

full

use

of e

xist

ing

patte

rn a

nd fo

rms o

f co

-ope

ratio

n. T

hey

will

dev

elop

co-

oper

atio

n in

the

field

of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t in

parti

cula

r by

taki

ng in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

the

Stoc

khol

m D

ecla

ratio

n on

the

Hum

an E

nviro

nmen

t, re

leva

nt

reso

lutio

ns o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y an

d th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns E

cono

mic

C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope

Prag

ue sy

mpo

sium

on

envi

ronm

enta

l pro

blem

s.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

are

reso

lved

that

co-

oper

atio

n in

the

field

of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t w

ill b

e im

plem

ente

d in

par

ticul

ar th

roug

h:

- ex

chan

ges o

f sci

entif

ic a

nd te

chni

cal i

nfor

mat

ion,

doc

umen

tatio

n an

d re

sear

ch re

sults

, in

clud

ing

info

rmat

ion

on th

e m

eans

of d

eter

min

ing

the

poss

ible

eff

ects

on

the

envi

ronm

ent o

f te

chni

cal a

nd e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es;

- or

gani

zatio

n of

con

fere

nces

, sym

posi

a an

d m

eetin

gs o

f exp

erts

;

- ex

chan

ges o

f sci

entis

ts, s

peci

alis

ts a

nd tr

aine

es;

- jo

int p

repa

ratio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of p

rogr

amm

es a

nd p

roje

cts f

or th

e st

udy

and

solu

tion

of v

ario

us p

robl

ems o

f env

ironm

enta

l pro

tect

ion,

41

30

- ha

rmon

izat

ion,

whe

re a

ppro

pria

te a

nd n

eces

sary

, of e

nviro

nmen

tal p

rote

ctio

n st

anda

rds a

nd n

orm

s, in

par

ticul

ar w

ith th

e ob

ject

of a

void

ing

poss

ible

diff

icul

ties i

n tra

de

whi

ch m

ay a

rise

from

eff

orts

to re

solv

e ec

olog

ical

pro

blem

s of p

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses a

nd

whi

ch re

late

to th

e ac

hiev

emen

t of c

erta

in e

nviro

nmen

tal q

ualit

ies i

n m

anuf

actu

red

prod

ucts

,

- co

nsul

tatio

ns o

n va

rious

asp

ects

of e

nviro

nmen

tal p

rote

ctio

n, a

s agr

eed

upon

am

ong

coun

tries

con

cern

ed, e

spec

ially

in c

onne

xion

with

pro

blem

s whi

ch c

ould

hav

e in

tern

atio

nal

cons

eque

nces

. The

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es w

ill fu

rther

dev

elop

such

co-

oper

atio

n by

:

- pr

omot

ing

the

prog

ress

ive

deve

lopm

ent,

codi

ficat

ion

and

impl

emen

tatio

n of

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw a

s one

mea

ns o

f pre

serv

ing

and

enha

ncin

g th

e hu

man

env

ironm

ent,

incl

udin

g pr

inci

ples

and

pra

ctic

es, a

s acc

epte

d by

them

, rel

atin

g to

pol

lutio

n an

d ot

her

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age

caus

ed b

y ac

tiviti

es w

ithin

the

juris

dict

ion

or c

ontro

l of t

heir

Stat

es

affe

ctin

g ot

her c

ount

ries a

nd re

gion

s;

- su

ppor

ting

and

prom

otin

g th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of re

leva

nt in

tern

atio

nal C

onve

ntio

ns

to w

hich

they

are

par

ties,

in p

artic

ular

thos

e de

sign

ed to

pre

vent

and

com

bat m

arin

e an

d fr

esh

wat

er p

ollu

tion,

reco

mm

endi

ng S

tate

s to

ratif

y C

onve

ntio

ns w

hich

hav

e al

read

y be

en si

gned

, as

wel

l as c

onsi

derin

g po

ssib

ilitie

s of a

ccep

ting

othe

r app

ropr

iate

Con

vent

ions

to w

hich

they

ar

e no

t par

ties a

t pre

sent

;

- ad

voca

ting

the

incl

usio

n, w

here

app

ropr

iate

and

pos

sibl

e, o

f the

var

ious

are

as o

f co-

oper

atio

n in

to th

e pr

ogra

mm

es o

f wor

k of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eu

rope

, sup

porti

ng su

ch c

o-op

erat

ion

with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of th

e C

omm

issi

on a

nd o

f the

U

nite

d N

atio

ns E

nviro

nmen

t Pro

gram

me,

and

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

e w

ork

of o

ther

co

mpe

tent

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns o

f whi

ch th

ey a

re m

embe

rs,

- m

akin

g w

ider

use

, in

all t

ypes

of c

o-op

erat

ion,

of i

nfor

mat

ion

alre

ady

avai

labl

e fr

om

natio

nal a

nd in

tern

atio

nal s

ourc

es, i

nclu

ding

inte

rnat

iona

lly a

gree

d cr

iteria

, and

util

izin

g th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s and

cap

abili

ties o

f var

ious

com

pete

nt in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

.

The

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

gree

on

the

follo

win

g re

com

men

datio

ns o

n sp

ecifi

c m

easu

res:

- to

dev

elop

thro

ugh

inte

rnat

iona

l co-

oper

atio

n an

ext

ensi

ve p

rogr

amm

e fo

r the

m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n of

the

long

-ran

ge tr

ansp

ort o

f air

pollu

tant

s, st

artin

g w

ith su

lphu

r di

oxid

e an

d w

ith p

ossi

ble

exte

nsio

n to

oth

er p

ollu

tant

s, an

d to

this

end

to ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt

basi

c el

emen

ts o

f a c

o-op

erat

ion

prog

ram

me

whi

ch w

ere

iden

tifie

d by

the

expe

rts w

ho m

et in

O

slo

in D

ecem

ber 1

974

at th

e in

vita

tion

of th

e N

orw

egia

n In

stitu

te o

f Air

Res

earc

h;

- to

adv

ocat

e th

at w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on

for E

urop

e a

stud

y be

car

ried

out o

f pro

cedu

res a

nd re

leva

nt e

xper

ienc

e re

latin

g to

the

activ

ities

of G

over

nmen

ts in

dev

elop

ing

the

capa

bilit

ies o

f the

ir co

untri

es to

pre

dict

ad

equa

tely

env

ironm

enta

l con

sequ

ence

s of e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es a

nd te

chno

logi

cal

deve

lopm

ent.

31

6. C

o-op

erat

ion

in o

ther

are

asD

evel

opm

ent o

f tra

nspo

rt

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he c

ondi

tions

of t

rans

port

cons

titut

es o

ne o

f the

fa

ctor

s ess

entia

l to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

them

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at it

is n

eces

sary

to e

ncou

rage

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f tra

nspo

rt an

d th

e so

lutio

n of

exi

stin

g pr

oble

ms b

y em

ploy

ing

appr

opria

te n

atio

nal a

nd in

tern

atio

nal m

eans

,

Ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

wor

k be

ing

carr

ied

out o

n th

ese

subj

ects

by

exis

ting

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns, e

spec

ially

by

the

Inla

nd T

rans

port

Com

mitt

ee o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope,

no

te th

at th

e sp

eed

of te

chni

cal p

rogr

ess i

n th

e va

rious

fiel

ds o

f tra

nspo

rt m

akes

de

sira

ble

a de

velo

pmen

t of c

o-op

erat

ion

and

an in

crea

se in

exc

hang

es o

f inf

orm

atio

n am

ong

them

;

de

clar

e th

emse

lves

in fa

vour

of a

sim

plifi

catio

n an

d a

harm

oniz

atio

n of

adm

inis

trativ

e fo

rmal

ities

in th

e fie

ld o

f int

erna

tiona

l tra

nspo

rt, in

par

ticul

ar a

t fro

ntie

rs;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e to

pro

mot

e, w

hile

allo

win

g fo

r the

ir pa

rticu

lar n

atio

nal

circ

umst

ance

s in

this

sect

or, t

he h

arm

oniz

atio

n of

adm

inis

trativ

e an

d te

chni

cal p

rovi

sion

s co

ncer

ning

safe

ty in

road

, rai

l, riv

er, a

ir an

d se

a tra

nspo

rt;

ex

pres

s the

ir in

tent

ion

to e

ncou

rage

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f int

erna

tiona

l inl

and

trans

port

of p

asse

nger

s and

goo

ds a

s wel

l as t

he p

ossi

bilit

ies o

f ade

quat

e pa

rtici

patio

n in

such

tran

spor

t on

the

basi

s of r

ecip

roca

l adv

anta

ge;

de

clar

e th

emse

lves

in fa

vour

, with

due

resp

ect f

or th

eir r

ight

s and

inte

rnat

iona

l co

mm

itmen

ts, o

f the

elim

inat

ion

of d

ispa

ritie

s aris

ing

from

the

lega

l pro

visi

ons a

pplie

d to

tra

ffic

on

inla

nd w

ater

way

s whi

ch a

re su

bjec

t to

inte

rnat

iona

l con

vent

ions

and

, in

parti

cula

r, of

the

disp

arity

in th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

thos

e pr

ovis

ions

; and

to th

is e

nd in

vite

the

mem

ber

Stat

es o

f the

Cen

tral C

omm

issi

on fo

r the

Nav

igat

ion

of th

e R

hine

, of t

he D

anub

e C

omm

issi

on a

nd o

f oth

er b

odie

s to

deve

lop

the

wor

k an

d st

udie

s now

bei

ng c

arrie

d ou

t, in

pa

rticu

lar w

ithin

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope;

ex

pres

s the

ir w

illin

gnes

s, w

ith a

vie

w to

impr

ovin

g in

tern

atio

nal r

ail t

rans

port

and

with

due

resp

ect f

or th

eir r

ight

s and

inte

rnat

iona

l com

mitm

ents

, to

wor

k to

war

ds th

e el

imin

atio

n of

diff

icul

ties a

risin

g fr

om d

ispa

ritie

s in

exis

ting

inte

rnat

iona

l leg

al p

rovi

sion

s go

vern

ing

the

reci

proc

al ra

ilway

tran

spor

t of p

asse

nger

s and

goo

ds b

etw

een

thei

r ter

ritor

ies;

ex

pres

s the

des

ire fo

r int

ensi

ficat

ion

of th

e w

ork

bein

g ca

rrie

d ou

t by

exis

ting

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns in

the

field

of t

rans

port,

esp

ecia

lly th

at o

f the

Inla

nd T

rans

port

Com

mitt

ee o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope,

and

exp

ress

thei

r in

tent

ion

to c

ontri

bute

ther

eto

by th

eir e

ffor

ts;

42

32

co

nsid

er th

at e

xam

inat

ion

by th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

of t

he p

ossi

bilit

y of

thei

r ac

cess

ion

to th

e di

ffer

ent c

onve

ntio

ns o

r to

mem

bers

hip

of in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

sp

ecia

lizin

g in

tran

spor

t mat

ters

. as w

ell a

s the

ir ef

forts

to im

plem

ent c

onve

ntio

ns w

hen

ratif

ied,

cou

ld c

ontri

bute

to th

e st

reng

then

ing

of th

eir c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

is fi

eld.

Prom

otio

n of

tour

ism

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Aw

are

of th

e co

ntrib

utio

n m

ade

by in

tern

atio

nal t

ouris

m to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f mut

ual

unde

rsta

ndin

g am

ong

peop

les,

to in

crea

sed

know

ledg

e of

oth

er c

ount

ries'

achi

evem

ents

in

vario

us fi

elds

. as w

ell a

s to

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd c

ultu

ral p

rogr

ess,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e in

terr

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f tou

rism

and

mea

sure

s ta

ken

in o

ther

are

as o

f eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ity,

ex

pres

s the

ir in

tent

ion

to e

ncou

rage

incr

ease

d to

uris

m o

n bo

th a

n in

divi

dual

and

gr

oup

basi

s in

parti

cula

r by:

- en

cour

agin

g th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he to

uris

t inf

rast

ruct

ure

and

co-o

pera

tion

in th

is

field

;

- en

cour

agin

g th

e ca

rryi

ng o

ut o

f joi

nt to

uris

t pro

ject

s inc

ludi

ng te

chni

cal c

oope

ratio

n,

parti

cula

rly w

here

this

is su

gges

ted

by te

rrito

rial p

roxi

mity

and

the

conv

erge

nce

of to

uris

t in

tere

sts;

- en

cour

agin

g th

e ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n, in

clud

ing

rele

vant

law

s and

regu

latio

ns,

stud

ies,

data

and

doc

umen

tatio

n re

latin

g to

tour

ism

, and

by

impr

ovin

g st

atis

tics w

ith a

vie

w

to fa

cilit

atin

g th

eir c

ompa

rabi

lity;

- de

alin

g in

a p

ositi

ve sp

irit w

ith q

uest

ions

con

nect

ed w

ith th

e al

loca

tion

of fi

nanc

ial

mea

ns fo

r tou

rist t

rave

l abr

oad,

hav

ing

rega

rd to

thei

r eco

nom

ic p

ossi

bilit

ies,

as w

ell a

s with

th

ose

conn

ecte

d w

ith th

e fo

rmal

ities

requ

ired

for s

uch

trave

l, ta

king

into

acc

ount

oth

er

prov

isio

ns o

n to

uris

m a

dopt

ed b

y th

e C

onfe

renc

e;

- fa

cilit

atin

g th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f for

eign

trav

el a

genc

ies a

nd p

asse

nger

tran

spor

t co

mpa

nies

in th

e pr

omot

ion

of in

tern

atio

nal t

ouris

m;

- en

cour

agin

g to

uris

m o

utsi

de th

e hi

gh se

ason

;

- ex

amin

ing

the

poss

ibili

ties o

f exc

hang

ing

spec

ialis

ts a

nd st

uden

ts in

the

field

of

tour

ism

, with

a v

iew

to im

prov

ing

thei

r qua

lific

atio

ns;

- pr

omot

ing

conf

eren

ces a

nd sy

mpo

sia

on th

e pl

anni

ng a

nd d

evel

opm

ent o

f tou

rism

;

co

nsid

er it

des

irabl

e to

car

ry o

ut in

the

appr

opria

te in

tern

atio

nal f

ram

ewor

k, a

nd w

ith

the

co-o

pera

tion

of th

e re

leva

nt n

atio

nal b

odie

s, de

taile

d st

udie

s on

tour

ism

, in

parti

cula

r:

33

- a

com

para

tive

stud

y on

the

stat

us a

nd a

ctiv

ities

of t

rave

l age

ncie

s as w

ell a

s on

way

s an

d m

eans

of a

chie

ving

bet

ter c

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g th

em;

- a

stud

y of

the

prob

lem

s rai

sed

by th

e se

ason

al c

once

ntra

tion

of v

acat

ions

, with

the

ultim

ate

obje

ctiv

e of

enc

oura

ging

tour

ism

out

side

pea

k pe

riods

;

- st

udie

s of t

he p

robl

ems a

risin

g in

are

as w

here

tour

ism

has

inju

red

the

envi

ronm

ent;

co

nsid

er a

lso

that

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s mig

ht w

ish

to st

udy

the

follo

win

g qu

estio

ns:

- un

iform

ity o

f hot

el c

lass

ifica

tion;

and

- to

uris

t rou

tes c

ompr

isin

g tw

o or

mor

e co

untri

es;

w

ill e

ndea

vour

, whe

re p

ossi

ble,

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

ouris

m d

oes n

ot

inju

re th

e en

viro

nmen

t and

the

artis

tic, h

isto

ric a

nd c

ultu

ral h

erita

ge in

thei

r res

pect

ive

coun

tries

;

w

ill p

ursu

e th

eir c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e fie

ld o

f tou

rism

bila

tera

lly a

nd m

ultil

ater

ally

with

a

view

to a

ttain

ing

the

abov

e ob

ject

ives

.

Econ

omic

and

soci

al a

spec

ts o

f mig

rant

labo

ur

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at th

e m

ovem

ents

of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs in

Eur

ope

have

reac

hed

subs

tant

ial p

ropo

rtion

s, an

d th

at th

ey c

onst

itute

an

impo

rtant

eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l and

hum

an

fact

or fo

r hos

t cou

ntrie

s as w

ell a

s for

cou

ntrie

s of o

rigin

,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

at w

orke

rs' m

igra

tions

hav

e al

so g

iven

rise

to a

num

ber o

f eco

nom

ic,

soci

al, h

uman

and

oth

er p

robl

ems i

n bo

th th

e re

ceiv

ing

coun

tries

and

the

coun

tries

of o

rigin

,

Ta

king

due

acc

ount

of t

he a

ctiv

ities

of t

he c

ompe

tent

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns,

mor

e pa

rticu

larly

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Lab

our O

rgan

isat

ion,

in th

is a

rea,

ar

e of

the

opin

ion

that

the

prob

lem

s aris

ing

bila

tera

lly fr

om th

e m

igra

tion

of w

orke

rs

in E

urop

e as

wel

l as b

etw

een

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es sh

ould

be

deal

t with

by

the

parti

es

dire

ctly

con

cern

ed, i

n or

der t

o re

solv

e th

ese

prob

lem

s in

thei

r mut

ual i

nter

est,

in th

e lig

ht o

f th

e co

ncer

n of

eac

h St

ate

invo

lved

to ta

ke d

ue a

ccou

nt o

f the

requ

irem

ents

resu

lting

from

its

soci

o-ec

onom

ic si

tuat

ion,

hav

ing

rega

rd to

the

oblig

atio

n of

eac

h St

ate

to c

ompl

y w

ith th

e bi

late

ral a

nd m

ultil

ater

al a

gree

men

ts to

whi

ch it

is p

arty

, and

with

the

follo

win

g ai

ms i

n vi

ew:

to

enc

oura

ge th

e ef

forts

of t

he c

ount

ries o

f orig

in d

irect

ed to

war

ds in

crea

sing

the

poss

ibili

ties o

f em

ploy

men

t for

thei

r nat

iona

ls in

thei

r ow

n te

rrito

ries,

in p

artic

ular

by

deve

lopi

ng e

cono

mic

co-

oper

atio

n ap

prop

riate

for t

his p

urpo

se a

nd su

itabl

e fo

r the

hos

t co

untri

es a

nd th

e co

untri

es o

f orig

in c

once

rned

;

43

34

to

ens

ure,

thro

ugh

colla

bora

tion

betw

een

the

host

cou

ntry

and

the

coun

try o

f orig

in,

the

cond

ition

s und

er w

hich

the

orde

rly m

ovem

ent o

f wor

kers

mig

ht ta

ke p

lace

, whi

le a

t the

sa

me

time

prot

ectin

g th

eir p

erso

nal a

nd so

cial

wel

fare

and

, if a

ppro

pria

te, t

o or

gani

ze th

e re

crui

tmen

t of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs a

nd th

e pr

ovis

ion

of e

lem

enta

ry la

ngua

ge a

nd v

ocat

iona

l tra

inin

g;

to

ens

ure

equa

lity

of ri

ghts

bet

wee

n m

igra

nt w

orke

rs a

nd n

atio

nals

of t

he h

ost

coun

tries

with

rega

rd to

con

ditio

ns o

f em

ploy

men

t and

wor

k an

d to

soci

al se

curit

y, a

nd to

en

deav

our t

o en

sure

that

mig

rant

wor

kers

may

enj

oy sa

tisfa

ctor

y liv

ing

cond

ition

s, es

peci

ally

ho

usin

g co

nditi

ons;

to

end

eavo

ur to

ens

ure,

as f

ar a

s pos

sibl

e, th

at m

igra

nt w

orke

rs m

ay e

njoy

the

sam

e op

portu

nitie

s as n

atio

nals

of t

he h

ost c

ount

ries o

f fin

ding

oth

er su

itabl

e em

ploy

men

t in

the

even

t of u

nem

ploy

men

t;

to

rega

rd w

ith fa

vour

the

prov

isio

n of

voc

atio

nal t

rain

ing

to m

igra

nt w

orke

rs a

nd, a

s fa

r as p

ossi

ble,

free

inst

ruct

ion

in th

e la

ngua

ge o

f the

hos

t cou

ntry

, in

the

fram

ewor

k of

thei

r em

ploy

men

t;

to

con

firm

the

right

of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs to

rece

ive,

as f

ar a

s pos

sibl

e, re

gula

r in

form

atio

n in

thei

r ow

n la

ngua

ge, c

over

ing

both

thei

r cou

ntry

of o

rigin

and

the

host

cou

ntry

;

to

ens

ure

that

the

child

ren

of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs e

stab

lishe

d in

the

host

cou

ntry

hav

e ac

cess

to th

e ed

ucat

ion

usua

lly g

iven

ther

e, u

nder

the

sam

e co

nditi

ons a

s the

chi

ldre

n of

that

co

untry

and

, fur

ther

mor

e, to

per

mit

them

to re

ceiv

e su

pple

men

tary

edu

catio

n in

thei

r ow

n la

ngua

ge, n

atio

nal c

ultu

re, h

isto

ry a

nd g

eogr

aphy

;

to

bea

r in

min

d th

at m

igra

nt w

orke

rs, p

artic

ular

ly th

ose

who

hav

e ac

quire

d qu

alifi

catio

ns, c

an b

y re

turn

ing

to th

eir c

ount

ries a

fter a

cer

tain

per

iod

of ti

me

help

to re

med

y an

y de

ficie

ncy

of sk

illed

labo

ur in

thei

r cou

ntry

of o

rigin

;

to

faci

litat

e, a

s far

as p

ossi

ble,

the

reun

iting

of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs w

ith th

eir f

amili

es;

to

rega

rd w

ith fa

vour

the

effo

rts o

f the

cou

ntrie

s of o

rigin

to a

ttrac

t the

savi

ngs o

f m

igra

nt w

orke

rs, w

ith a

vie

w to

incr

easi

ng, w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

thei

r eco

nom

ic

deve

lopm

ent,

appr

opria

te o

ppor

tuni

ties f

or e

mpl

oym

ent,

ther

eby

faci

litat

ing

the

rein

tegr

atio

n of

thes

e w

orke

rs o

n th

eir r

etur

n ho

me.

Trai

ning

of p

erso

nnel

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he im

porta

nce

of th

e tra

inin

g an

d ad

vanc

ed tr

aini

ng o

f pro

fess

iona

l st

aff a

nd te

chni

cian

s for

the

econ

omic

dev

elop

men

t of e

very

cou

ntry

,

de

clar

e th

emse

lves

will

ing

to e

ncou

rage

co-

oper

atio

n in

this

fiel

d no

tabl

y by

pr

omot

ing

exch

ange

of i

nfor

mat

ion

on th

e su

bjec

t of i

nstit

utio

ns, p

rogr

amm

es a

nd m

etho

ds

of tr

aini

ng a

nd a

dvan

ced

train

ing

open

to p

rofe

ssio

nal s

taff

and

tech

nici

ans i

n th

e va

rious

se

ctor

s of e

cono

mic

act

ivity

and

esp

ecia

lly in

thos

e of

man

agem

ent,

publ

ic p

lann

ing,

ag

ricul

ture

and

com

mer

cial

and

ban

king

tech

niqu

es;

35

co

nsid

er th

at it

is d

esira

ble

to d

evel

op, u

nder

mut

ually

acc

epta

ble

cond

ition

s, ex

chan

ges o

f pro

fess

iona

l sta

ff a

nd te

chni

cian

s, pa

rticu

larly

thro

ugh

train

ing

activ

ities

, of

whi

ch it

wou

ld b

e le

ft to

the

com

pete

nt a

nd in

tere

sted

bod

ies i

n th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

to

disc

uss t

he m

odal

ities

- du

ratio

n, fi

nanc

ing,

edu

catio

n an

d qu

alifi

catio

n le

vels

of p

oten

tial

parti

cipa

nts;

de

clar

e th

emse

lves

in fa

vour

of e

xam

inin

g, th

roug

h ap

prop

riate

cha

nnel

s, th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s of c

oope

ratin

g on

the

orga

niza

tion

and

carr

ying

out

of v

ocat

iona

l tra

inin

g on

the

job,

mor

e pa

rticu

larly

in p

rofe

ssio

ns in

volv

ing

mod

ern

tech

niqu

es.

44

36

Que

stio

ns r

elat

ing

to S

ecur

ity a

nd

Co-

oper

atio

n in

the

Med

iterr

anea

n

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he g

eogr

aphi

cal,

hist

oric

al, c

ultu

ral,

econ

omic

and

pol

itica

l asp

ects

of

thei

r rel

atio

nshi

p w

ith th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es,

C

onvi

nced

that

secu

rity

in E

urop

e is

to b

e co

nsid

ered

in th

e br

oade

r con

text

of w

orld

se

curit

y an

d is

clo

sely

link

ed w

ith se

curit

y in

the

Med

iterr

anea

n ar

ea a

s a w

hole

, and

that

ac

cord

ingl

y th

e pr

oces

s of i

mpr

ovin

g se

curit

y sh

ould

not

be

conf

ined

to E

urop

e bu

t sho

uld

exte

nd to

oth

er p

arts

of t

he w

orld

, and

in p

artic

ular

to th

e M

edite

rran

ean

area

,

Be

lievi

ng th

at th

e st

reng

then

ing

of se

curit

y an

d th

e in

tens

ifica

tion

of c

o-op

erat

ion

in

Euro

pe w

ould

stim

ulat

e po

sitiv

e pr

oces

ses i

n th

e M

edite

rran

ean

regi

on, a

nd e

xpre

ssin

g th

eir

inte

ntio

n to

con

tribu

te to

war

ds p

eace

, sec

urity

and

just

ice

in th

e re

gion

, in

whi

ch e

nds t

he

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

nd th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es h

ave

a co

mm

on in

tere

st,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e im

porta

nce

of th

eir m

utua

l eco

nom

ic re

latio

ns w

ith th

e no

npar

ticip

atin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es, a

nd c

onsc

ious

of t

heir

com

mon

inte

rest

in th

e fu

rther

de

velo

pmen

t of c

o-op

erat

ion,

N

otin

g w

ith a

ppre

ciat

ion

the

inte

rest

exp

ress

ed b

y th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es in

the

Con

fere

nce

sinc

e its

ince

ptio

n, a

nd h

avin

g du

ly ta

ken

thei

r co

ntrib

utio

ns in

to a

ccou

nt,

Dec

lare

thei

r int

entio

n:

- to

pro

mot

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of g

ood-

neig

hbou

rly re

latio

ns w

ith th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es in

con

form

ity w

ith th

e pu

rpos

es a

nd p

rinci

ples

of t

he C

harte

r of t

he

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, on

whi

ch th

eir r

elat

ions

are

bas

ed, a

nd w

ith th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns D

ecla

ratio

n on

Prin

cipl

es o

f Int

erna

tiona

l Law

con

cern

ing

Frie

ndly

Rel

atio

ns a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g St

ates

and

acc

ordi

ngly

, in

this

con

text

, to

cond

uct t

heir

rela

tions

with

the

non-

parti

cipa

ting

Med

iterr

anea

n St

ates

in th

e sp

irit o

f the

prin

cipl

es se

t for

th in

the

Dec

lara

tion

on P

rinci

ples

G

uidi

ng R

elat

ions

bet

wee

n Pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

;

- to

seek

, by

furth

er im

prov

ing

thei

r rel

atio

ns w

ith th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es, t

o in

crea

se m

utua

l con

fiden

ce, s

o as

to p

rom

ote

secu

rity

and

stab

ility

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean

area

as a

who

le;

- to

enc

oura

ge w

ith th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

mut

ually

ben

efic

ial c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e va

rious

fiel

ds o

f eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ity, e

spec

ially

by

expa

ndin

g co

mm

erci

al e

xcha

nges

, on

the

basi

s of a

com

mon

aw

aren

ess o

f the

nec

essi

ty fo

r st

abili

ty a

nd p

rogr

ess i

n tra

de re

latio

ns, o

f the

ir m

utua

l eco

nom

ic in

tere

sts,

and

of d

iffer

ence

s in

the

leve

ls o

f eco

nom

ic d

evel

opm

ent,

ther

eby

prom

otin

g th

eir e

cono

mic

adv

ance

men

t and

w

ell-b

eing

;

- to

con

tribu

te to

a d

iver

sifie

d de

velo

pmen

t of t

he e

cono

mie

s of t

he n

on-p

artic

ipat

ing

Med

iterr

anea

n co

untri

es, w

hils

t tak

ing

due

acco

unt o

f the

ir na

tiona

l dev

elop

men

t

37

obje

ctiv

es, a

nd to

coo

pera

te w

ith th

em, e

spec

ially

in th

e se

ctor

s of i

ndus

try, s

cien

ce a

nd

tech

nolo

gy, i

n th

eir e

ffor

ts to

ach

ieve

a b

ette

r util

izat

ion

of th

eir r

esou

rces

, thu

s pro

mot

ing

a m

ore

harm

onio

us d

evel

opm

ent o

f eco

nom

ic re

latio

ns;

- to

inte

nsify

thei

r eff

orts

and

thei

r co-

oper

atio

n on

a b

ilate

ral a

nd m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

w

ith th

e no

n - p

artic

ipat

ing

Med

iterr

anea

n St

ates

dire

cted

tow

ards

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f the

en

viro

nmen

t of t

he M

edite

rran

ean,

esp

ecia

lly th

e sa

fegu

ardi

ng o

f the

bio

logi

cal r

esou

rces

an

d ec

olog

ical

bal

ance

of t

he se

a, b

y ap

prop

riate

mea

sure

s inc

ludi

ng th

e pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol o

f pol

lutio

n; to

this

end

, and

in v

iew

of t

he p

rese

nt si

tuat

ion,

to c

oope

rate

thro

ugh

com

pete

nt in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

and

in p

artic

ular

with

in th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Envi

ronm

ent P

rogr

amm

e (U

NEP

);

- to

pro

mot

e fu

rther

con

tact

s and

co-

oper

atio

n w

ith th

e no

n-pa

rtici

patin

g M

edite

rran

ean

Stat

es in

oth

er re

leva

nt fi

elds

.

In

ord

er to

adv

ance

the

obje

ctiv

es se

t for

th a

bove

, the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

als

o de

clar

e th

eir i

nten

tion

of m

aint

aini

ng a

nd a

mpl

ifyin

g th

e co

ntac

ts a

nd d

ialo

gue

as in

itiat

ed b

y th

e C

SCE

with

the

non-

parti

cipa

ting

Med

iterr

anea

n St

ates

to in

clud

e al

l the

Sta

tes o

f the

M

edite

rran

ean,

with

the

purp

ose

of c

ontri

butin

g to

pea

ce, r

educ

ing

arm

ed fo

rces

in th

e re

gion

, stre

ngth

enin

g se

curit

y, le

ssen

ing

tens

ions

in th

e re

gion

, and

wid

enin

g th

e sc

ope

of c

o-op

erat

ion,

end

s in

whi

ch a

ll sh

are

a co

mm

on in

tere

st, a

s wel

l as w

ith th

e pu

rpos

e of

def

inin

g fu

rther

com

mon

obj

ectiv

es.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

wou

ld se

ek, i

n th

e fr

amew

ork

of th

eir m

ultil

ater

al e

ffor

ts, t

o en

cour

age

prog

ress

and

app

ropr

iate

initi

ativ

es a

nd to

pro

ceed

to a

n ex

chan

ge o

f vie

ws o

n th

e at

tain

men

t of t

he a

bove

pur

pose

s.

45

38

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Hum

anita

rian

an

d O

ther

Fie

lds

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

D

esir

ing

to c

ontri

bute

to th

e st

reng

then

ing

of p

eace

and

und

erst

andi

ng a

mon

g pe

ople

s an

d to

the

spiri

tual

enr

ichm

ent o

f the

hum

an p

erso

nalit

y w

ithou

t dis

tinct

ion

as to

race

, sex

, la

ngua

ge o

r rel

igio

n,

C

onsc

ious

that

incr

ease

d cu

ltura

l and

edu

catio

nal e

xcha

nges

, bro

ader

dis

sem

inat

ion

of in

form

atio

n, c

onta

cts b

etw

een

peop

le, a

nd th

e so

lutio

n of

hum

anita

rian

prob

lem

s will

co

ntrib

ute

to th

e at

tain

men

t of t

hese

aim

s,

D

eter

min

ed th

eref

ore

to c

oope

rate

am

ong

them

selv

es, i

rres

pect

ive

of th

eir p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

and

soci

al sy

stem

s, in

ord

er to

cre

ate

bette

r con

ditio

ns in

the

abov

e fie

lds,

to

deve

lop

and

stre

ngth

en e

xist

ing

form

s of c

o-op

erat

ion

and

to w

ork

out n

ew w

ays a

nd m

eans

ap

prop

riate

to th

ese

aim

s,

C

onvi

nced

that

this

co-

oper

atio

n sh

ould

take

pla

ce in

full

resp

ect f

or th

e pr

inci

ples

gu

idin

g re

latio

ns a

mon

g pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

as s

et fo

rth in

the

rele

vant

doc

umen

t,

H

ave

adop

ted

the

follo

win

g: 1.

Hum

an C

onta

cts

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsi

deri

ng th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

onta

cts t

o be

an

impo

rtant

ele

men

t in

the

stre

ngth

enin

g of

frie

ndly

rela

tions

and

trus

t am

ong

peop

les,

Af

firm

ing,

in re

latio

n to

thei

r pre

sent

eff

ort t

o im

prov

e co

nditi

ons i

n th

is a

rea,

the

impo

rtanc

e th

ey a

ttach

to h

uman

itaria

n co

nsid

erat

ions

,

D

esir

ing

in th

is sp

irit t

o de

velo

p, w

ith th

e co

ntin

uanc

e of

dét

ente

, fur

ther

eff

orts

to

achi

eve

cont

inui

ng p

rogr

ess i

n th

is fi

eld

An

d co

nsci

ous t

hat t

he q

uest

ions

rele

vant

her

eto

mus

t be

settl

ed b

y th

e St

ates

co

ncer

ned

unde

r mut

ually

acc

epta

ble

cond

ition

s,

M

ake

it th

eir a

im to

faci

litat

e fr

eer m

ovem

ent a

nd c

onta

cts,

indi

vidu

ally

and

co

llect

ivel

y, w

heth

er p

rivat

ely

or o

ffic

ially

, am

ong

pers

ons,

inst

itutio

ns a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

of

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, a

nd to

con

tribu

te to

the

solu

tion

of th

e hu

man

itaria

n pr

oble

ms t

hat

aris

e in

that

con

nexi

on,

D

ecla

re th

eir r

eadi

ness

to th

ese

ends

to ta

ke m

easu

res w

hich

they

con

side

r ap

prop

riate

and

to c

oncl

ude

agre

emen

ts o

r arr

ange

men

ts a

mon

g th

emse

lves

, as m

ay b

e ne

eded

, and

Ex

pres

s the

ir in

tent

ion

now

to p

roce

ed to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

follo

win

g:

39

(a) C

onta

cts a

nd R

egul

ar M

eetin

gs o

n th

e Ba

sis o

f Fam

ily T

ies

In

ord

er to

pro

mot

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of c

onta

cts o

n th

e ba

sis o

f fam

ily ti

es th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

favo

urab

ly c

onsi

der a

pplic

atio

ns fo

r tra

vel w

ith th

e pu

rpos

e of

al

low

ing

pers

ons t

o en

ter o

r lea

ve th

eir t

errit

ory

tem

pora

rily,

and

on

a re

gula

r bas

is if

des

ired,

in

ord

er to

vis

it m

embe

rs o

f the

ir fa

mili

es.

A

pplic

atio

ns fo

r tem

pora

ry v

isits

to m

eet m

embe

rs o

f the

ir fa

mili

es w

ill b

e de

alt w

ith

with

out d

istin

ctio

n as

to th

e co

untry

of o

rigin

or d

estin

atio

n: e

xist

ing

requ

irem

ents

for t

rave

l do

cum

ents

and

vis

as w

ill b

e ap

plie

d in

this

spiri

t. T

he p

repa

ratio

n an

d is

sue

of su

ch

docu

men

ts a

nd v

isas

will

be

effe

cted

with

in re

ason

able

tim

e lim

its, c

ases

of u

rgen

t nec

essi

ty

- suc

h as

serio

us il

lnes

s or d

eath

- w

ill b

e gi

ven

prio

rity

treat

men

t. T

hey

will

take

such

step

s as

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

ens

ure

that

the

fees

for o

ffic

ial t

rave

l doc

umen

ts a

nd v

isas

are

ac

cept

able

.

Th

ey c

onfir

m th

at th

e pr

esen

tatio

n of

an

appl

icat

ion

conc

erni

ng c

onta

cts o

n th

e ba

sis

of fa

mily

ties

will

not

mod

ify th

e rig

hts a

nd o

blig

atio

ns o

f the

app

lican

t or o

f mem

bers

of h

is

fam

ily.

(b) R

euni

ficat

ion

of F

amili

es

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

dea

l in

a po

sitiv

e an

d hu

man

itaria

n sp

irit w

ith th

e ap

plic

atio

ns o

f per

sons

who

wis

h to

be

reun

ited

with

mem

bers

of t

heir

fam

ily, w

ith sp

ecia

l at

tent

ion

bein

g gi

ven

to re

ques

ts o

f an

urge

nt c

hara

cter

- su

ch a

s req

uest

s sub

mitt

ed b

y pe

rson

s who

are

ill o

r old

.

Th

ey w

ill d

eal w

ith a

pplic

atio

ns in

this

fiel

d as

exp

editi

ousl

y as

pos

sibl

e

Th

ey w

ill lo

wer

whe

re n

eces

sary

the

fees

cha

rged

in c

onne

xion

with

thes

e ap

plic

atio

ns to

ens

ure

that

they

are

at a

mod

erat

e le

vel.

A

pplic

atio

ns fo

r the

pur

pose

of f

amily

reun

ifica

tion

whi

ch a

re n

ot g

rant

ed m

ay b

e re

new

ed a

t the

app

ropr

iate

leve

l and

will

be

reco

nsid

ered

at r

easo

nabl

y sh

ort i

nter

vals

by

the

auth

oriti

es o

f the

cou

ntry

of r

esid

ence

or d

estin

atio

n, w

hich

ever

is c

once

rned

-, un

der s

uch

circ

umst

ance

s fee

s will

be

char

ged

only

whe

n ap

plic

atio

ns a

re g

rant

ed.

Pe

rson

s who

se a

pplic

atio

ns fo

r fam

ily re

unifi

catio

n ar

e gr

ante

d m

ay b

ring

with

them

or

ship

thei

r hou

seho

ld a

nd p

erso

nal e

ffec

ts; t

o th

is e

nd th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

use

all

poss

ibili

ties p

rovi

ded

by e

xist

ing

regu

latio

ns.

U

ntil

mem

bers

of t

he sa

me

fam

ily a

re re

unite

d m

eetin

gs a

nd c

onta

cts b

etw

een

them

m

ay ta

ke p

lace

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e m

odal

ities

for c

onta

cts o

n th

e ba

sis o

f fam

ily ti

es.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

supp

ort t

he e

ffor

ts o

f Red

Cro

ss a

nd R

ed C

resc

ent

Soci

etie

s con

cern

ed w

ith th

e pr

oble

ms o

f fam

ily re

unifi

catio

n.

Th

ey c

onfir

m th

at th

e pr

esen

tatio

n of

an

appl

icat

ion

conc

erni

ng fa

mily

reun

ifica

tion

will

not

mod

ify th

e rig

hts a

nd o

blig

atio

ns o

f the

app

lican

t or o

f mem

bers

of h

is fa

mily

.

46

40

Th

e re

ceiv

ing

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e w

ill ta

ke a

ppro

pria

te c

are

with

rega

rd to

em

ploy

men

t for

per

sons

from

oth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es w

ho ta

ke u

p pe

rman

ent r

esid

ence

in

that

Sta

te in

con

nexi

on w

ith fa

mily

reun

ifica

tion

with

its c

itize

ns a

nd se

e th

at th

ey a

re

affo

rded

opp

ortu

nitie

s equ

al to

thos

e en

joye

d by

its o

wn

citiz

ens f

or e

duca

tion,

med

ical

as

sist

ance

and

soci

al se

curit

y.

(c) M

arri

age

betw

een

Citi

zens

of D

iffer

ent S

tate

s

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

exa

min

e fa

vour

ably

and

on

the

basi

s of h

uman

itaria

n co

nsid

erat

ions

requ

ests

for e

xit o

r ent

ry p

erm

its fr

om p

erso

ns w

ho h

ave

deci

ded

to m

arry

a

citiz

en fr

om a

noth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e.

Th

e pr

oces

sing

and

issu

ing

of th

e do

cum

ents

requ

ired

for t

he a

bove

pur

pose

s and

for

the

mar

riage

will

be

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e pr

ovis

ions

acc

epte

d fo

r fam

ily re

unifi

catio

n.

In

dea

ling

with

requ

ests

from

cou

ples

from

diff

eren

t par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, onc

e m

arrie

d, to

ena

ble

them

and

the

min

or c

hild

ren

of th

eir m

arria

ge to

tran

sfer

thei

r per

man

ent

resi

denc

e to

a S

tate

in w

hich

eith

er o

ne is

nor

mal

ly a

resi

dent

, the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

will

al

so a

pply

the

prov

isio

ns a

ccep

ted

for f

amily

reun

ifica

tion.

(d)

Trav

el fo

r Per

sona

l or P

rofe

ssio

nal R

easo

ns

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

inte

nd to

faci

litat

e w

ider

trav

el b

y th

eir c

itize

ns fo

r per

sona

l or

pro

fess

iona

l rea

sons

and

to th

is e

nd th

ey in

tend

in p

artic

ular

:

- gr

adua

lly to

sim

plify

and

to a

dmin

iste

r fle

xibl

y th

e pr

oced

ures

for e

xit a

nd e

ntry

;

- to

eas

e re

gula

tions

con

cern

ing

mov

emen

t of c

itize

ns fr

om t

he o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

in th

eir t

errit

ory,

with

due

rega

rd to

secu

rity

requ

irem

ents

.

Th

ey w

ill e

ndea

vour

gra

dual

ly to

low

er, w

here

nec

essa

ry, t

he fe

es fo

r vis

as a

nd

offic

ial t

rave

l doc

umen

ts.

Th

ey in

tend

to c

onsi

der,

as n

eces

sary

, mea

ns -

incl

udin

g, in

so fa

r as a

ppro

pria

te, t

he

conc

lusi

on o

f mul

tilat

eral

or b

ilate

ral c

onsu

lar c

onve

ntio

ns o

r oth

er re

leva

nt a

gree

men

ts o

r un

ders

tand

ings

- fo

r the

impr

ovem

ent o

f arr

ange

men

ts to

pro

vide

con

sula

r ser

vice

s, in

clud

ing

lega

l and

con

sula

r ass

ista

nce.

* *

*

Th

ey c

onfir

m th

at re

ligio

us fa

iths,

inst

itutio

ns a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

, pra

ctis

ing

with

in th

e co

nstit

utio

nal f

ram

ewor

k of

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, a

nd th

eir r

epre

sent

ativ

es c

an, i

n th

e fie

ld

of th

eir a

ctiv

ities

, hav

e co

ntac

ts a

nd m

eetin

gs a

mon

g th

emse

lves

and

exc

hang

e in

form

atio

n.

41

(e) I

mpr

ovem

ent o

f Con

ditio

ns fo

r Tou

rism

on

an

Indi

vidu

al o

r Col

lect

ive

Basi

s

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

con

side

r tha

t tou

rism

con

tribu

tes t

o a

fulle

r kno

wle

dge

of th

e lif

e, c

ultu

re a

nd h

isto

ry o

f oth

er c

ount

ries,

to th

e gr

owth

of u

nder

stan

ding

am

ong

peop

les,

to

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f con

tact

s and

to th

e br

oade

r use

of l

eisu

re.

They

inte

nd to

pro

mot

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

ouris

m, o

n an

indi

vidu

al o

r col

lect

ive

basi

s, an

d, in

par

ticul

ar, t

hey

inte

nd:

- to

pro

mot

e vi

sits

to th

eir r

espe

ctiv

e co

untri

es b

y en

cour

agin

g th

e pr

ovis

ion

of

appr

opria

te fa

cilit

ies a

nd th

e si

mpl

ifica

tion

and

expe

ditin

g of

nec

essa

ry fo

rmal

ities

rela

ting

to

such

vis

its;

- to

incr

ease

, on

the

basi

s of a

ppro

pria

te a

gree

men

ts o

r arr

ange

men

ts w

here

nec

essa

ry,

co-o

pera

tion

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

ouris

m, i

n pa

rticu

lar b

y co

nsid

erin

g bi

late

rally

pos

sibl

e w

ays t

o in

crea

se in

form

atio

n re

latin

g to

trav

el to

oth

er c

ount

ries a

nd to

the

rece

ptio

n an

d se

rvic

e of

tour

ists

, and

oth

er re

late

d qu

estio

ns o

f mut

ual i

nter

est.

(f) M

eetin

gs a

mon

g Yo

ung

Peop

le

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

inte

nd to

furth

er th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

onta

cts a

nd e

xcha

nges

am

ong

youn

g pe

ople

by

enco

urag

ing:

- in

crea

sed

exch

ange

s and

con

tact

s on

a sh

ort o

r lon

g te

rm b

asis

am

ong

youn

g pe

ople

w

orki

ng, t

rain

ing

or u

nder

goin

g ed

ucat

ion

thro

ugh

bila

tera

l or m

ultil

ater

al a

gree

men

ts o

r re

gula

r pro

gram

mes

in a

ll ca

ses w

here

it is

pos

sibl

e;

- st

udy

by th

eir y

outh

org

aniz

atio

ns o

f the

que

stio

n of

pos

sibl

e ag

reem

ents

rela

ting

to

fram

ewor

ks o

f mul

tilat

eral

you

th c

o-op

erat

ion;

- ag

reem

ents

or r

egul

ar p

rogr

amm

es re

latin

g to

the

orga

niza

tion

of e

xcha

nges

of

stud

ents

, of i

nter

natio

nal y

outh

sem

inar

s, of

cou

rses

of p

rofe

ssio

nal t

rain

ing

and

fore

ign

lang

uage

stud

y;

- th

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of y

outh

tour

ism

and

the

prov

isio

n to

this

end

of a

ppro

pria

te

faci

litie

s;

- th

e de

velo

pmen

t, w

here

pos

sibl

e, o

f exc

hang

es, c

onta

cts a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion

on a

bi

late

ral o

r mul

tilat

eral

bas

is b

etw

een

thei

r org

aniz

atio

ns w

hich

repr

esen

t wid

e ci

rcle

s of

youn

g pe

ople

wor

king

, tra

inin

g or

und

ergo

ing

educ

atio

n;

- aw

aren

ess a

mon

g yo

uth

of th

e im

porta

nce

of d

evel

opin

g m

utua

l und

erst

andi

ng a

nd o

f st

reng

then

ing

frie

ndly

rela

tions

and

con

fiden

ce a

mon

g pe

ople

s.

(g) S

port

In

ord

er to

exp

and

exis

ting

links

and

co-

oper

atio

n in

the

fie

ld o

f sp

ort

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es w

ill e

ncou

rage

con

tact

s and

exc

hang

es o

f th

is k

ind,

inc

ludi

ng sp

orts

m

eetin

gs a

nd c

ompe

titio

ns o

f al

l so

rts,

on t

he b

asis

of

the

est

ablis

hed

inte

rnat

iona

l rul

es,

regu

latio

ns a

nd p

ract

ice.

47

42

(h) E

xpan

sion

of C

onta

cts

B

y w

ay o

f fu

rther

dev

elop

ing

con

tact

s am

ong

gov

ernm

enta

l in

stitu

tions

and

no

n-go

vern

men

tal o

rgan

izat

ions

and

ass

ocia

tions

, in

clud

ing

wom

en's

org

aniz

atio

ns, t

he

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es w

ill fa

cilit

ate

the

conv

enin

g of

mee

tings

as

wel

l as

trav

el b

y de

lega

tions

, gro

ups a

nd in

divi

dual

s.

2. In

form

atio

n

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

of t

he n

eed

for a

n ev

er w

ider

kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

vario

us

aspe

cts o

f life

in o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

Ac

know

ledg

ing

the

cont

ribut

ion

of th

is p

roce

ss to

the

grow

th o

f con

fiden

ce b

etw

een

peop

les,

D

esir

ing,

with

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f mut

ual u

nder

stan

ding

bet

wee

n th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

and

with

the

furth

er im

prov

emen

t of t

heir

rela

tions

, to

cont

inue

furth

er e

ffor

ts to

war

ds

prog

ress

in th

is fi

eld,

Re

cogn

izin

g th

e im

porta

nce

of th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of in

form

atio

n fr

om th

e ot

her

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

nd o

f a b

ette

r acq

uain

tanc

e w

ith su

ch in

form

atio

n,

Em

phas

izin

g th

eref

ore

the

esse

ntia

l and

influ

entia

l rol

e of

the

pres

s, ra

dio,

tele

visi

on,

cine

ma

and

new

s age

ncie

s and

of t

he jo

urna

lists

wor

king

in th

ese

field

s,

M

ake

it th

eir a

im to

faci

litat

e th

e fr

eer a

nd w

ider

dis

sem

inat

ion

of in

form

atio

n of

all

kind

s, to

enc

oura

ge c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e fie

ld o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d th

e ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n w

ith o

ther

cou

ntrie

s, an

d. to

impr

ove

the

cond

ition

s und

er w

hich

jour

nalis

ts fr

om o

ne

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e ex

erci

se th

eir p

rofe

ssio

n in

ano

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate,

and

Ex

pres

s the

ir in

tent

ion

in p

artic

ular

:

(a) I

mpr

ovem

ent o

f the

Cir

cula

tion

of,

Acce

ss to

, and

Exc

hang

e of

Info

rmat

ion

(i)

Ora

l Inf

orm

atio

n

- To

faci

litat

e th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of o

ral i

nfor

mat

ion

thro

ugh

the

enco

urag

emen

t of

lect

ures

and

lect

ure

tour

s by

pers

onal

ities

and

spec

ialis

ts fr

om th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es,

as w

ell a

s exc

hang

es o

f opi

nion

s at r

ound

tabl

e m

eetin

gs, s

emin

ars,

sym

posi

a, su

mm

er

scho

ols,

cong

ress

es a

nd o

ther

bila

tera

l and

mul

tilat

eral

mee

tings

.

(ii)

Prin

ted

Info

rmat

ion

- To

faci

litat

e th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he d

isse

min

atio

n, o

n th

eir t

errit

ory,

of n

ewsp

aper

s an

d pr

inte

d pu

blic

atio

ns, p

erio

dica

l and

non

-per

iodi

cal,

from

the

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

. Fo

r thi

s pur

pose

: 43

th

ey w

ill e

ncou

rage

thei

r com

pete

nt fi

rms a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

to c

oncl

ude

agre

emen

ts

and

cont

ract

s des

igne

d gr

adua

lly to

incr

ease

the

quan

titie

s and

the

num

ber o

f titl

es o

f ne

wsp

aper

s and

pub

licat

ions

impo

rted

from

the

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

. Th

ese

agre

emen

ts

and

cont

ract

s sho

uld

in p

artic

ular

men

tion

the

spee

dies

t con

ditio

ns o

f del

iver

y an

d th

e us

e of

th

e no

rmal

cha

nnel

s exi

stin

g in

eac

h co

untry

for t

he d

istri

butio

n of

its o

wn

publ

icat

ions

and

ne

wsp

aper

s, as

wel

l as f

orm

s and

mea

ns o

f pay

men

t agr

eed

betw

een

the

parti

es m

akin

g it

poss

ible

to a

chie

ve th

e ob

ject

ives

aim

ed a

t by

thes

e ag

reem

ents

and

con

tract

s;

w

here

nec

essa

ry, t

hey

will

take

app

ropr

iate

mea

sure

s to

achi

eve

the

abov

e ob

ject

ives

an

d to

impl

emen

t the

pro

visi

ons c

onta

ined

in th

e ag

reem

ents

and

con

tract

s.

- To

con

tribu

te to

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f acc

ess b

y th

e pu

blic

to p

erio

dica

l and

non

-pe

riodi

cal p

rinte

d pu

blic

atio

ns im

porte

d on

the

base

s ind

icat

ed a

bove

. In

par

ticul

ar:

th

ey w

ill e

ncou

rage

an

incr

ease

in th

e nu

mbe

r of p

lace

s whe

re th

ese

publ

icat

ions

are

on

sale

,

th

ey w

ill fa

cilit

ate

the

avai

labi

lity

of th

ese

perio

dica

l pub

licat

ions

dur

ing

cong

ress

es,

conf

eren

ces,

offic

ial v

isits

and

oth

er in

tern

atio

nal e

vent

s and

to to

uris

ts d

urin

g th

e se

ason

,

th

ey w

ill d

evel

op th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s for

taki

ng o

ut su

bscr

iptio

ns a

ccor

ding

to th

e m

odal

ities

par

ticul

ar to

eac

h co

untry

;

th

ey w

ill im

prov

e th

e op

portu

nitie

s for

read

ing

and

borr

owin

g th

ese

publ

icat

ions

In

larg

e pu

blic

libr

arie

s and

thei

r rea

ding

room

s as w

ell a

s in

univ

ersi

ty li

brar

ies.

Th

ey in

tend

to im

prov

e th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s for

acq

uain

tanc

e w

ith b

ulle

tins o

f off

icia

l in

form

atio

n is

sued

by

dipl

omat

ic m

issi

ons a

nd d

istri

bute

d by

thos

e m

issi

ons o

n th

e ba

sis o

f ar

rang

emen

ts a

ccep

tabl

e to

the

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s.

(iii)

Film

ed a

nd B

road

cast

Info

rmat

ion

- To

pro

mot

e th

e im

prov

emen

t of t

he d

isse

min

atio

n of

film

ed a

nd b

road

cast

in

form

atio

n. T

o th

is e

nd:

th

ey w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

wid

er sh

owin

g an

d br

oadc

astin

g of

a g

reat

er v

arie

ty o

f re

cord

ed a

nd fi

lmed

info

rmat

ion

from

the

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, illu

stra

ting

the

vario

us

aspe

cts o

f life

in th

eir c

ount

ries a

nd re

ceiv

ed o

n th

e ba

sis o

f suc

h ag

reem

ents

or

arra

ngem

ents

as m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

betw

een

the

orga

niza

tions

and

firm

s dire

ctly

con

cern

ed;

th

ey w

ill fa

cilit

ate

the

impo

rt by

com

pete

nt o

rgan

izat

ions

and

firm

s of r

ecor

ded

audi

o-vi

sual

mat

eria

l fro

m th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

not

e th

e ex

pans

ion

in th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of in

form

atio

n br

oadc

ast b

y ra

dio,

and

exp

ress

the

hope

for t

he c

ontin

uatio

n of

this

pro

cess

, so

as to

mee

t th

e in

tere

st o

f mut

ual u

nder

stan

ding

am

ong

peop

les a

nd th

e ai

ms s

et fo

rth b

y th

is

Con

fere

nce.

48

44

(b) C

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e Fi

eld

of In

form

atio

n

- To

enc

oura

ge c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e fie

ld o

f inf

orm

atio

n on

the

basi

s of s

hort

or lo

ng

term

agr

eem

ents

or a

rran

gem

ents

. In

par

ticul

ar:

th

ey w

ill fa

vour

incr

ease

d co

-ope

ratio

n am

ong

mas

s med

ia o

rgan

izat

ions

. inc

ludi

ng

pres

s age

ncie

s, as

wel

l as a

mon

g pu

blis

hing

hou

ses a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

:

th

ey w

ill fa

vour

co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

publ

ic o

r priv

ate,

nat

iona

l or i

nter

natio

nal r

adio

an

d te

levi

sion

org

aniz

atio

ns, i

n pa

rticu

lar t

hrou

gh th

e ex

chan

ge o

f bot

h liv

e an

d re

cord

ed

radi

o an

d te

levi

sion

pro

gram

mes

, and

thro

ugh

the

join

t pro

duct

ion

and

the

broa

dcas

ting

and

dist

ribut

ion

of su

ch p

rogr

amm

es;

th

ey w

ill e

ncou

rage

mee

tings

and

con

tact

s bot

h be

twee

n jo

urna

lists

org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd

betw

een

jour

nalis

ts fr

om th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

;

th

ey w

ill v

iew

favo

urab

ly th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s of a

rran

gem

ents

bet

wee

n pe

riodi

cal

publ

icat

ions

as w

ell a

s bet

wee

n ne

wsp

aper

s fro

m th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, for

the

purp

ose

of

exch

angi

ng a

nd p

ublis

hing

arti

cles

;

th

ey w

ill e

ncou

rage

the

exch

ange

of t

echn

ical

info

rmat

ion

as w

ell a

s the

org

aniz

atio

n of

join

t res

earc

h an

d m

eetin

gs d

evot

ed to

the

exch

ange

of e

xper

ienc

e an

d vi

ews b

etw

een

expe

rts in

the

field

of t

he p

ress

, rad

io a

nd te

levi

sion

.

(c) I

mpr

ovem

ent o

f Wor

king

Con

ditio

ns fo

r Jou

rnal

ists

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, des

iring

to im

prov

e th

e co

nditi

ons u

nder

whi

ch jo

urna

lists

fr

om o

ne p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

e ex

erci

se th

eir p

rofe

ssio

n in

ano

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ate,

inte

nd in

pa

rticu

lar t

o:

- ex

amin

e in

a fa

vour

able

spiri

t and

with

in a

suita

ble

and

reas

onab

le ti

me

scal

e re

ques

ts

from

jour

nalis

ts fo

r vis

as;

- gr

ant t

o pe

rman

ently

acc

redi

ted

jour

nalis

ts o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, on

the

basi

s of

arra

ngem

ents

, mul

tiple

ent

ry a

nd e

xit v

isas

for s

peci

fied

perio

ds;

- fa

cilit

ate

the

issu

e to

acc

redi

ted

jour

nalis

ts o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

of p

erm

its fo

r st

ay in

thei

r cou

ntry

of t

empo

rary

resi

denc

e an

d, if

and

whe

n th

ese

are

nece

ssar

y, o

f oth

er

offic

ial p

aper

s whi

ch it

is a

ppro

pria

te fo

r the

m to

hav

e;

- ea

se, o

n a

basi

s of r

ecip

roci

ty, p

roce

dure

s for

arr

angi

ng tr

avel

by

jour

nalis

ts o

f the

pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

in th

e co

untry

whe

re th

ey a

re e

xerc

isin

g th

eir p

rofe

ssio

n, a

nd to

pro

vide

pr

ogre

ssiv

ely

grea

ter o

ppor

tuni

ties f

or su

ch tr

avel

, sub

ject

to th

e ob

serv

ance

of r

egul

atio

ns

rela

ting

to th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

reas

clo

sed

for s

ecur

ity re

ason

s,

- en

sure

that

requ

ests

by

such

jour

nalis

ts fo

r suc

h tra

vel r

ecei

ve, i

n so

far a

s pos

sibl

e,

an e

xped

itiou

s res

pons

e, ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

time

scal

e of

the

requ

est;

- in

crea

se th

e op

portu

nitie

s for

jour

nalis

ts o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

to c

omm

unic

ate

pers

onal

ly w

ith th

eir s

ourc

es, i

nclu

ding

org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd o

ffic

ial i

nstit

utio

ns;

45

- gr

ant t

o jo

urna

lists

of t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es th

e rig

ht to

impo

rt, su

bjec

t onl

y to

its

bein

g ta

ken

out a

gain

, the

tech

nica

l equ

ipm

ent (

phot

ogra

phic

, cin

emat

ogra

phic

, tap

e re

cord

er, r

adio

and

tele

visi

on) n

eces

sary

for t

he e

xerc

ise

of th

eir p

rofe

ssio

n;*)

- en

able

jour

nalis

ts o

f the

oth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, w

heth

er p

erm

anen

tly o

r te

mpo

raril

y ac

cred

ited,

to tr

ansm

it co

mpl

etel

y, n

orm

ally

and

rapi

dly

by m

eans

reco

gniz

ed b

y th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

to th

e in

form

atio

n or

gans

whi

ch th

ey re

pres

ent,

the

resu

lts o

f the

ir pr

ofes

sion

al a

ctiv

ity, i

nclu

ding

tape

reco

rdin

gs a

nd u

ndev

elop

ed fi

lm, f

or th

e pu

rpos

e of

pu

blic

atio

n or

of b

road

cast

ing

on th

e ra

dio

or te

levi

sion

.

Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

reaf

firm

that

the

legi

timat

e pu

rsui

t of t

heir

prof

essi

onal

ac

tivity

will

nei

ther

rend

er jo

urna

lists

liab

le to

exp

ulsi

on n

or o

ther

wis

e pe

naliz

e th

em.

If a

n ac

cred

ited

jour

nalis

t is e

xpel

led,

he

will

be

info

rmed

of t

he re

ason

s for

this

act

and

may

su

bmit

an a

pplic

atio

n fo

r re-

exam

inat

ion

of h

is c

ase.

3. C

o-op

erat

ion

and

Exc

hang

es in

the

Fiel

d of

Cul

ture

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

C

onsi

deri

ng th

at c

ultu

ral e

xcha

nges

and

co-

oper

atio

n co

ntrib

ute

to a

bet

ter

com

preh

ensi

on a

mon

g pe

ople

and

am

ong

peop

les,

and

thus

pro

mot

e a

last

ing

unde

rsta

ndin

g am

ong

Stat

es,

C

onfir

min

g th

e co

nclu

sion

s alre

ady

form

ulat

ed in

this

fiel

d at

the

mul

tilat

eral

leve

l, pa

rticu

larly

at t

he In

terg

over

nmen

tal C

onfe

renc

e on

Cul

tura

l Pol

icie

s in

Euro

pe, o

rgan

ized

by

UN

ESC

O in

Hel

sink

i in

June

197

2, w

here

inte

rest

was

man

ifest

ed in

the

activ

e pa

rtici

patio

n of

the

broa

dest

pos

sibl

e so

cial

gro

ups i

n an

incr

easi

ngly

div

ersi

fied

cultu

ral l

ife,

D

esir

ing,

with

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f mut

ual c

onfid

ence

and

the

furth

er im

prov

emen

t of

rela

tions

bet

wee

n th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, to

cont

inue

furth

er e

ffor

ts to

war

d pr

ogre

ss in

this

fie

ld,

D

ispo

sed

in th

is sp

irit t

o in

crea

se su

bsta

ntia

lly th

eir c

ultu

ral e

xcha

nges

, with

rega

rd

both

to p

erso

ns a

nd to

cul

tura

l wor

ks, a

nd to

dev

elop

am

ong

them

an

activ

e co

-ope

ratio

n,

both

at t

he b

ilate

ral a

nd th

e m

ultil

ater

al le

vel,

in a

ft th

e fie

lds o

f cul

ture

,

C

onvi

nced

that

such

a d

evel

opm

ent o

f th

eir

mut

ual

rela

tions

will

con

tribu

te t

o th

e en

richm

ent o

f the

resp

ectiv

e cu

lture

s, w

hile

res

pect

ing

the

orig

inal

ity o

f ea

ch, a

s wel

l as

to t

he r

einf

orce

men

t am

ong

them

of

a c

onsc

ious

ness

of

com

mon

val

ues,

whi

le

cont

inui

ng to

dev

elop

cul

tura

l co-

oper

atio

n w

ith o

ther

cou

ntrie

s of t

he w

orld

,

*) W

hile

reco

gniz

ing

that

app

ropr

iate

loc

al p

erso

nnel

are

em

ploy

ed b

y fo

reig

n jo

urna

lists

in

man

y in

stan

ces,

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es n

ote

that

the

abov

e pr

ovis

ions

wou

ld b

e ap

plie

d,

subj

ect t

o th

e ob

serv

ance

of t

he a

ppro

pria

te ru

les,

to p

erso

ns fr

om th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, w

ho a

re re

gula

rly a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nally

eng

aged

as t

echn

icia

ns, p

hoto

grap

hers

or

cam

eram

en o

f the

pre

ss, r

adio

, tel

evis

ion

or c

inem

a.

49

46

D

ecla

re th

at th

ey jo

intly

set t

hem

selv

es th

e fo

llow

ing

obje

ctiv

es:

(a

) to

dev

elop

the

mut

ual e

xcha

nge

of in

form

atio

n w

ith a

vie

w to

a b

ette

r

know

ledg

e of

res

pect

ive

cultu

ral a

chie

vem

ents

,

(b

) to

impr

ove

the

faci

litie

s for

the

exch

ange

and

for t

he d

isse

min

atio

n of

cul

tura

l

prop

erty

,

(c

) to

pro

mot

e ac

cess

by

all t

o re

spec

tive

cultu

ral a

chie

vem

ents

,

(d

) to

dev

elop

con

tact

s and

co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

pers

ons a

ctiv

e in

the

field

of

cu

lture

,

(e

) to

seek

new

fiel

ds a

nd fo

rms o

f cul

tura

l co-

oper

atio

n,

Th

us g

ive

expr

essi

on to

thei

r com

mon

will

to ta

ke p

rogr

essi

ve, c

oher

ent a

nd lo

ng-

term

act

ion

in o

rder

to a

chie

ve th

e ob

ject

ives

of t

he p

rese

nt d

ecla

ratio

n; a

nd

Ex

pres

s the

ir in

tent

ion

now

to p

roce

ed to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

follo

win

g:

Exte

nsio

n of

Rel

atio

ns

To

exp

and

and

impr

ove

at th

e va

rious

leve

ls c

o-op

erat

ion

and

links

in th

e fie

ld o

f cu

lture

, in

parti

cula

r by:

- co

nclu

ding

, whe

re a

ppro

pria

te, a

gree

men

ts o

n a

bila

tera

l or m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

, pr

ovid

ing

for t

he e

xten

sion

of r

elat

ions

am

ong

com

pete

nt S

tate

inst

itutio

ns a

nd n

on-

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns in

the

field

of c

ultu

re, a

s wel

l as a

mon

g pe

ople

eng

aged

in

cultu

ral a

ctiv

ities

, tak

ing

into

acc

ount

the

need

bot

h fo

r fle

xibi

lity

and

the

fulle

st p

ossi

ble

use

of e

xist

ing

agre

emen

ts, a

nd b

earin

g in

min

d th

at a

gree

men

ts a

nd a

lso

othe

r arr

ange

men

ts

cons

titut

e im

porta

nt m

eans

of d

evel

opin

g cu

ltura

l coo

pera

tion

and

exch

ange

s;

- co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f dire

ct c

omm

unic

atio

n an

d co

-ope

ratio

n am

ong

rele

vant

Sta

te in

stitu

tions

and

non

-gov

ernm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns, i

nclu

ding

, whe

re n

eces

sary

, su

ch c

omm

unic

atio

n an

d co

-ope

ratio

n ca

rrie

d ou

t on

the

basi

s of s

peci

al a

gree

men

ts a

nd

arra

ngem

ents

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- en

cour

agin

g di

rect

con

tact

s and

com

mun

icat

ions

am

ong

pers

ons e

ngag

ed in

cul

tura

l ac

tiviti

es, i

nclu

ding

, whe

re n

eces

sary

, suc

h co

ntac

ts a

nd c

omm

unic

atio

ns c

arrie

d ou

t on

the

basi

s of s

peci

al a

gree

men

ts. a

nd a

rran

gem

ents

.

Mut

ual K

now

ledg

e

W

ithin

thei

r com

pete

nce

to a

dopt

, on

a bi

late

ral a

nd m

ultil

ater

al l

evel

, ap

prop

riate

m

easu

res

whi

ch w

ould

giv

e th

eir

peop

les

a m

ore

com

preh

ensi

ve a

nd c

ompl

ete

mut

ual

know

ledg

e of

thei

r ach

ieve

men

ts in

the

vario

us f

ield

s of

cul

ture

, an

d am

ong

them

: 47

- to

exa

min

e jo

intly

, if n

eces

sary

with

the

assi

stan

ce o

f app

ropr

iate

inte

rnat

iona

l or

gani

zatio

ns, t

he p

ossi

ble

crea

tion

in E

urop

e an

d th

e st

ruct

ure

of a

ban

k of

cul

tura

l dat

a,

whi

ch w

ould

col

lect

info

rmat

ion

from

the

parti

cipa

ting

coun

tries

and

mak

e it

avai

labl

e to

its

corr

espo

nden

ts o

n th

eir r

eque

st, a

nd to

con

vene

for t

his p

urpo

se a

mee

ting

of e

xper

ts fr

om

inte

rest

ed S

tate

s;

- to

con

side

r, if

nece

ssar

y in

con

junc

tion

with

app

ropr

iate

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns,

way

s of c

ompi

ling

in E

urop

e an

inve

ntor

y of

doc

umen

tary

film

s of a

cul

tura

l or s

cien

tific

na

ture

from

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es;

- to

enc

oura

ge m

ore

freq

uent

boo

k ex

hibi

tions

and

to e

xam

ine

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f or

gani

zing

per

iodi

cally

in E

urop

e a

larg

e-sc

ale

exhi

bitio

n of

boo

ks fr

om th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

;-

to p

rom

ote

the

syst

emat

ic e

xcha

nge,

bet

wee

n th

e in

stitu

tions

con

cern

ed a

nd

publ

ishi

ng h

ouse

s, of

cat

alog

ues o

f ava

ilabl

e bo

oks a

s wel

l as o

f pre

-pub

licat

ion

mat

eria

l w

hich

will

incl

ude,

as f

ar a

s pos

sibl

e, a

ll fo

rthco

min

g pu

blic

atio

ns; a

nd a

lso

to p

rom

ote

the

exch

ange

of m

ater

ial b

etw

een

firm

s pub

lishi

ng e

ncyc

lopa

edia

s, w

ith a

vie

w to

impr

ovin

g th

e pr

esen

tatio

n of

eac

h co

untry

; -

to e

xam

ine

join

tly q

uest

ions

of e

xpan

ding

and

impr

ovin

g ex

chan

ges o

f inf

orm

atio

n in

th

e va

rious

fiel

ds o

f cul

ture

, suc

h as

thea

tre, m

usic

, lib

rary

wor

k as

wel

l as t

he c

onse

rvat

ion

and

rest

orat

ion

of c

ultu

ral p

rope

rty.

Exch

ange

s and

Dis

sem

inat

ion

To

con

tribu

te to

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f fac

ilitie

s for

exc

hang

es a

nd th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of

cultu

ral p

rope

rty, b

y ap

prop

riate

mea

ns, i

n pa

rticu

lar b

y:

- st

udyi

ng th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s for

har

mon

izin

g an

d re

duci

ng th

e ch

arge

s rel

atin

g to

in

tern

atio

nal c

omm

erci

al e

xcha

nges

of b

ooks

and

oth

er c

ultu

ral m

ater

ials

, and

als

o fo

r new

m

eans

of i

nsur

ing

wor

ks o

f art

in fo

reig

n ex

hibi

tions

and

for r

educ

ing

the

risks

of d

amag

e or

lo

ss to

whi

ch th

ese

wor

ks a

re e

xpos

ed b

y th

eir m

ovem

ent;

- fa

cilit

atin

g th

e fo

rmal

ities

of c

usto

ms c

lear

ance

, in

good

tim

e fo

r pro

gram

mes

of

artis

tic e

vent

s, of

the

wor

ks o

f art,

mat

eria

ls a

nd a

cces

sorie

s app

earin

g on

list

s agr

eed

upon

by

the

orga

nize

rs o

f the

se e

vent

s;

- en

cour

agin

g m

eetin

gs a

mon

g re

pres

enta

tives

of c

ompe

tent

org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd re

leva

nt

firm

s to

exam

ine

mea

sure

s with

in th

eir f

ield

of a

ctiv

ity -

such

as t

he si

mpl

ifica

tion

of o

rder

s, tim

e lim

its fo

r sen

ding

supp

lies a

nd m

odal

ities

of p

aym

ent -

whi

ch m

ight

faci

litat

e in

tern

atio

nal c

omm

erci

al e

xcha

nges

of b

ooks

;

- pr

omot

ing

the

loan

and

exc

hang

e of

film

s am

ong

thei

r film

inst

itute

s and

film

lib

rarie

s;

- en

cour

agin

g th

e ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n am

ong

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s con

cern

ing

even

ts

of a

cul

tura

l cha

ract

er fo

rese

en in

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, i

n fie

lds w

here

this

is m

ost

appr

opria

te, s

uch

as m

usic

, the

atre

and

the

plas

tic a

nd g

raph

ic a

rts, w

ith a

vie

w to

co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

com

pila

tion

and

publ

icat

ion

of a

cal

enda

r of s

uch

even

ts, w

ith th

e as

sist

ance

, whe

re n

eces

sary

, of t

he a

ppro

pria

te in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

;

50

48

- en

cour

agin

g a

stud

y of

the

impa

ct w

hich

the

fore

seea

ble

deve

lopm

ent,

and

a po

ssib

le

harm

oniz

atio

n am

ong

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s, of

the

tech

nica

l mea

ns u

sed

for t

he d

isse

min

atio

n of

cu

lture

mig

ht h

ave

on th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

ultu

ral c

o-op

erat

ion

and

exch

ange

s, w

hile

ke

epin

g in

vie

w th

e pr

eser

vatio

n of

the

dive

rsity

and

orig

inal

ity, o

f the

ir re

spec

tive

cultu

res;

- en

cour

agin

g, in

the

way

they

dee

m a

ppro

pria

te, w

ithin

thei

r cul

tura

l pol

icie

s, th

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of i

nter

est i

n th

e cu

ltura

l her

itage

of t

he o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, co

nsci

ous o

f the

mer

its a

nd th

e va

lue

of e

ach

cultu

re;

- en

deav

ourin

g to

ens

ure

the

full

and

effe

ctiv

e ap

plic

atio

n of

the

inte

rnat

iona

l ag

reem

ents

and

con

vent

ions

on

copy

right

s and

on

circ

ulat

ion

of c

ultu

ral p

rope

rty to

whi

ch

they

are

par

ty o

r to

whi

ch th

ey m

ay d

ecid

e in

the

futu

re to

bec

ome

party

.

Acce

ss

To

pro

mot

e fu

ller m

utua

l acc

ess b

y al

l to

the

achi

evem

ents

- w

orks

, exp

erie

nces

and

pe

rfor

min

g ar

ts -

in th

e va

rious

fiel

ds o

f cul

ture

of t

heir

coun

tries

, and

to th

at e

nd to

mak

e th

e be

st p

ossi

ble

effo

rts, i

n ac

cord

ance

with

thei

r com

pete

nce,

mor

e pa

rticu

larly

:

- to

pro

mot

e w

ider

dis

sem

inat

ion

of b

ooks

and

arti

stic

wor

ks, i

n pa

rticu

lar b

y su

ch

mea

ns a

s:

fa

cilit

atin

g, w

hile

taki

ng fu

ll ac

coun

t of t

he in

tern

atio

nal c

opyr

ight

con

vent

ions

to

whi

ch th

ey a

re p

arty

, int

erna

tiona

l con

tact

s and

com

mun

icat

ions

bet

wee

n au

thor

s and

pu

blis

hing

hou

ses a

s wel

l as

othe

r cul

tura

l ins

titut

ions

, with

a v

iew

to a

mor

e co

mpl

ete

mut

ual a

cces

s to

cultu

ral a

chie

vem

ents

;

re

com

men

ding

that

, in

dete

rmin

ing

the

size

of e

ditio

ns, p

ublis

hing

hou

ses t

ake

into

ac

coun

t als

o th

e de

man

d fr

om th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, a

nd th

at ri

ghts

of s

ale

in

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

be

gran

ted,

whe

re p

ossi

ble,

to se

vera

l sal

es o

rgan

izat

ions

of

the

impo

rting

cou

ntrie

s, by

agr

eem

ent b

etw

een

inte

rest

ed p

artn

ers;

en

cour

agin

g co

mpe

tent

org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd re

leva

nt fi

rms t

o co

nclu

de a

gree

men

ts a

nd

cont

ract

s and

con

tribu

ting,

by

this

mea

ns, t

o a

grad

ual i

ncre

ase

in th

e nu

mbe

r and

di

vers

ity o

f wor

ks b

y au

thor

s fro

m th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es a

vaila

ble

in th

e or

igin

al a

nd in

tran

slat

ion

in th

eir l

ibra

ries a

nd b

ooks

hops

;

pr

omot

ing,

whe

re d

eem

ed a

ppro

pria

te, a

n in

crea

se in

the

num

ber o

f sal

es o

utle

ts

whe

re b

ooks

by

auth

ors f

rom

the

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, im

porte

d in

the

orig

inal

on

the

basi

s of a

gree

men

ts a

nd c

ontra

cts,

and

in tr

ansl

atio

n, a

re fo

r sal

e;

pr

omot

ing,

on

a w

ider

scal

e, th

e tra

nsla

tion

of w

orks

in

the

sphe

re o

f lit

erat

ure

and

othe

r fie

lds o

f cul

tura

l act

ivity

, pro

duce

d in

the

lang

uage

s of t

he o

ther

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, esp

ecia

lly fr

om t

he le

ss w

idel

y-sp

oken

lang

uage

s, an

d th

e pu

blic

atio

n an

d di

ssem

inat

ion

of th

e tra

nsla

ted

wor

ks b

y su

ch m

easu

res a

s:

49

enco

urag

ing

mor

e re

gula

r co

ntac

ts b

etw

een

inte

rest

ed p

ublis

hing

hou

ses;

deve

lopi

ng th

eir e

ffor

ts in

the

basi

c an

d ad

vanc

ed tr

aini

ng o

f tra

nsla

tors

;

enco

urag

ing,

by

appr

opria

te m

eans

, the

pub

lishi

ng h

ouse

s of t

heir

coun

tries

to

publ

ish

trans

latio

ns;

faci

litat

ing

the

exch

ange

bet

wee

n pu

blis

hers

and

inte

rest

ed in

stitu

tions

of l

ists

of

boo

ks w

hich

mig

ht b

e tra

nsla

ted;

prom

otin

g be

twee

n th

eir c

ount

ries t

he p

rofe

ssio

nal a

ctiv

ity a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion

of tr

ansl

ator

s;

carr

ying

out

join

t stu

dies

on

way

s of f

urth

er p

rom

otin

g tra

nsla

tions

and

thei

r di

ssem

inat

ion;

impr

ovin

g an

d ex

pand

ing

exch

ange

s of b

ooks

, bib

liogr

aphi

es a

nd c

atal

ogue

ca

rds b

etw

een

libra

ries;

- to

env

isag

e ot

her a

ppro

pria

te m

easu

res w

hich

wou

ld p

erm

it, w

here

nec

essa

ry b

y m

utua

l agr

eem

ent a

mon

g in

tere

sted

par

ties,

the

faci

litat

ion

of a

cces

s to

thei

r res

pect

ive

cultu

ral a

chie

vem

ents

, in

parti

cula

r in

the

field

of b

ooks

; -

to c

ontri

bute

by

appr

opria

te m

eans

to th

e w

ider

use

of t

he m

ass m

edia

in o

rder

to

impr

ove

mut

ual a

cqua

inta

nce

with

the

cultu

ral f

ife o

f eac

h;

- to

seek

to d

evel

op th

e ne

cess

ary

cond

ition

s for

mig

rant

wor

kers

and

thei

r fam

ilies

to

pres

erve

thei

r lin

ks w

ith th

eir n

atio

nal c

ultu

re, a

nd a

lso

to a

dapt

them

selv

es to

thei

r new

cu

ltura

l env

ironm

ent;

- to

enc

oura

ge th

e co

mpe

tent

bod

ies a

nd e

nter

pris

es to

mak

e a

wid

er c

hoic

e an

d ef

fect

w

ider

dis

tribu

tion

of fu

ll-le

ngth

and

doc

umen

tary

film

s fro

m th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es,

and

to p

rom

ote

mor

e fr

eque

nt n

on-c

omm

erci

al sh

owin

gs, s

uch

as p

rem

ière

s, fil

m w

eeks

and

fe

stiv

als,

givi

ng d

ue c

onsi

dera

tion

to fi

lms f

rom

cou

ntrie

s who

se c

inem

atog

raph

ic w

orks

are

le

ss w

ell k

now

n;

- to

pro

mot

e, b

y ap

prop

riate

mea

ns, t

he e

xten

sion

of o

ppor

tuni

ties f

or sp

ecia

lists

from

th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es to

wor

k w

ith m

ater

ials

of a

cul

tura

l cha

ract

er fr

om fi

lm a

nd

audi

o-vi

sual

arc

hive

s, w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

exis

ting

rule

s for

wor

k on

such

arc

hiva

l m

ater

ials

; -

to e

ncou

rage

a jo

int s

tudy

by

inte

rest

ed b

odie

s, w

here

app

ropr

iate

with

the

assi

stan

ce

of th

e co

mpe

tent

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns, o

f the

exp

edie

ncy

and

the

cond

ition

s for

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of a

repe

rtory

of t

heir

reco

rded

tele

visi

on p

rogr

amm

es o

f a c

ultu

ral n

atur

e, a

s w

ell a

s of t

he m

eans

of v

iew

ing

them

rapi

dly

in o

rder

to fa

cilit

ate

thei

r sel

ectio

n an

d po

ssib

le

acqu

isiti

on.

Con

tact

s and

Co-

oper

atio

n

To

con

tribu

te, b

y ap

prop

riate

mea

ns, t

o th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

onta

cts a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion

in th

e va

rious

fiel

ds o

f cul

ture

, esp

ecia

lly a

mon

g cr

eativ

e ar

tists

and

peo

ple

enga

ged

in

cultu

ral a

ctiv

ities

, in

parti

cula

r by

mak

ing

effo

rts to

:

51

50

- pr

omot

e fo

r per

sons

act

ive

in th

e fie

ld o

f cul

ture

, tra

vel a

nd m

eetin

gs in

clud

ing,

w

here

nec

essa

ry, t

hose

car

ried

out o

n th

e ba

sis o

f agr

eem

ents

, con

tract

s or o

ther

spec

ial

arra

ngem

ents

and

whi

ch a

re re

leva

nt to

thei

r cul

tura

l co-

oper

atio

n;

- en

cour

age

in th

is w

ay c

onta

cts a

mon

g cr

eativ

e an

d pe

rfor

min

g ar

tists

and

arti

stic

gr

oups

with

a v

iew

to th

eir w

orki

ng to

geth

er, m

akin

g kn

own

thei

r wor

ks in

oth

er

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es o

r exc

hang

ing

view

s on

topi

cs re

leva

nt to

thei

r com

mon

act

ivity

;

- en

cour

age,

whe

re n

eces

sary

thro

ugh

appr

opria

te a

rran

gem

ents

, exc

hang

es o

f tra

inee

an

d sp

ecia

lists

and

the

gran

ting

of sc

hola

rshi

ps fo

r bas

ic a

nd a

dvan

ced

train

ing

in v

ario

us

field

s of c

ultu

re su

ch a

s the

arts

and

arc

hite

ctur

e, m

useu

ms a

nd li

brar

ies,

liter

ary

stud

ies a

nd

trans

latio

n, a

nd c

ontri

bute

to th

e cr

eatio

n of

favo

urab

le c

ondi

tions

of r

ecep

tion

in th

eir

resp

ectiv

e in

stitu

tions

;

- en

cour

age

the

exch

ange

of e

xper

ienc

e in

the

train

ing

of o

rgan

izer

s of c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

as w

ell a

s of t

each

ers a

nd sp

ecia

lists

in fi

elds

such

as t

heat

re, o

pera

, bal

let,

mus

ic

and

fine

arts

;

- co

ntin

ue to

enc

oura

ge th

e or

gani

zatio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l mee

tings

am

ong

crea

tive

artis

ts, e

spec

ially

you

ng c

reat

ive

artis

ts, o

n cu

rren

t que

stio

ns o

f arti

stic

and

lite

rary

cre

atio

n w

hich

are

of i

nter

est f

or jo

int s

tudy

;

- st

udy

othe

r pos

sibi

litie

s for

dev

elop

ing

exch

ange

s and

co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

pers

ons

activ

e in

the

field

of c

ultu

re, w

ith a

vie

w to

a b

ette

r mut

ual k

now

ledg

e of

the

cultu

ral f

ife o

f th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

.

Fiel

ds a

nd F

orm

s of C

o-op

erat

ion

To

enc

oura

ge th

e se

arch

for n

ew fi

elds

and

form

s of c

ultu

ral c

o-op

erat

ion,

to th

ese

ends

con

tribu

ting

to th

e co

nclu

sion

am

ong

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s, w

here

nec

essa

ry, o

f app

ropr

iate

ag

reem

ents

and

arr

ange

men

ts, a

nd in

this

con

text

to p

rom

ote:

- jo

int s

tudi

es re

gard

ing

cultu

ral p

olic

ies,

in p

artic

ular

in th

eir s

ocia

l asp

ects

, and

as

they

rela

te to

pla

nnin

g, to

wn-

plan

ning

, edu

catio

nal a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal p

olic

ies,

and

the

cultu

ral a

spec

ts o

f tou

rism

;

- th

e ex

chan

ge o

f kno

wle

dge

in th

e re

alm

of c

ultu

ral d

iver

sity

, with

a v

iew

to

cont

ribut

ing

thus

to a

bet

ter u

nder

stan

ding

by

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s of s

uch

dive

rsity

whe

re it

oc

curs

;

- th

e ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n, a

nd a

s may

be

appr

opria

te, m

eetin

gs o

f exp

erts

, the

el

abor

atio

n an

d th

e ex

ecut

ion

of re

sear

ch p

rogr

amm

es a

nd p

roje

cts,

as w

ell a

s the

ir jo

int

eval

uatio

n, a

nd th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of th

e re

sults

, on

the

subj

ects

indi

cate

d ab

ove;

- su

ch fo

rms o

f cul

tura

l co-

oper

atio

n an

d th

e de

velo

pmen

t of s

uch

join

t pro

ject

s as:

inte

rnat

iona

l eve

nts i

n th

e fie

lds o

f the

pla

stic

and

gra

phic

arts

, cin

ema,

thea

tre, b

alle

t, m

usic

, fol

klor

e, e

tc.;

book

fairs

and

exh

ibiti

ons,

join

t per

form

ance

s of o

pera

tic a

nd

dram

atic

wor

ks, a

s wel

l as p

erfo

rman

ces g

iven

by

solo

ists

, in

stru

men

tal e

nsem

bles

, 51

or

ches

tras,

choi

rs a

nd o

ther

arti

stic

gro

ups,

incl

udin

g th

ose

com

pose

d of

am

ateu

rs,

payi

ng d

ue a

ttent

ion

to th

e or

gani

zatio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l cul

tura

l you

th e

vent

s and

the

exch

ange

of y

oung

arti

sts;

th

e in

clus

ion

of w

orks

by

writ

ers a

nd c

ompo

sers

from

the

othe

r par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

in

the

repe

rtoire

s of s

oloi

sts a

nd a

rtist

ic e

nsem

bles

;

th

e pr

epar

atio

n, tr

ansl

atio

n an

d pu

blic

atio

n of

arti

cles

, stu

dies

and

mon

ogra

phs,

as

wel

l as o

f low

-cos

t boo

ks a

nd o

f arti

stic

and

lite

rary

col

lect

ions

, sui

ted

to m

akin

g be

tter k

now

n re

spec

tive

cultu

ral a

chie

vem

ents

, env

isag

ing

for t

his p

urpo

se m

eetin

gs

amon

g ex

perts

and

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f pub

lishi

ng h

ouse

s;

th

e co

-pro

duct

ion

and

the

exch

ange

of f

ilms a

nd o

f rad

io a

nd te

levi

sion

pro

gram

mes

, by

pro

mot

ing,

in p

artic

ular

, mee

tings

am

ong

prod

ucer

s, te

chni

cian

s and

re

pres

enta

tives

of t

he p

ublic

aut

horit

ies w

ith a

vie

w to

wor

king

out

favo

urab

le

cond

ition

s for

the

exec

utio

n of

spec

ific

join

t pro

ject

s and

by

en

cour

agin

g, in

th

e fie

ld o

f co-

prod

uctio

n, th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f int

erna

tiona

l film

ing

team

s;

th

e or

gani

zatio

n of

com

petit

ions

for a

rchi

tect

s and

tow

n-pl

anne

rs, b

earin

g in

min

d th

e po

ssib

le im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e be

st p

roje

cts a

nd th

e fo

rmat

ion,

whe

re p

ossi

ble,

of

inte

rnat

iona

l tea

ms;

th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of jo

int p

roje

cts f

or c

onse

rvin

g, re

stor

ing

and

show

ing

to

adva

ntag

e w

orks

of a

rt, h

isto

rical

and

arc

haeo

logi

cal m

onum

ents

and

site

s of c

ultu

ral

inte

rest

, with

the

help

, in

appr

opria

te c

ases

, of i

nter

natio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

of a

go

vern

men

tal o

r non

-gov

ernm

enta

l cha

ract

er a

s wel

l as o

f pr

ivat

e in

stitu

tions

- co

mpe

tent

and

act

ive

in th

ese

field

s - e

nvis

agin

g fo

r thi

s pur

pose

:

perio

dic

mee

tings

of e

xper

ts o

f the

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s to

elab

orat

e th

e ne

cess

ary

prop

osal

s, w

hile

bea

ring

in m

ind

the

need

to c

onsi

der t

hese

que

stio

ns in

a

wid

er so

cial

and

eco

nom

ic c

onte

xt;

the

publ

icat

ion

in a

ppro

pria

te p

erio

dica

ls o

f arti

cles

des

igne

d to

mak

e kn

own

and

to c

ompa

re, a

mon

g th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, the

mos

t sig

nific

ant

achi

evem

ents

and

inno

vatio

ns;

a jo

int s

tudy

with

a v

iew

to th

e im

prov

emen

t and

pos

sibl

e ha

rmon

izat

ion

of

the

diff

eren

t sys

tem

s use

d to

inve

ntor

y an

d ca

talo

gue

the

hist

oric

al

mon

umen

ts a

nd p

lace

s of c

ultu

ral i

nter

est i

n th

eir c

ount

ries;

the

stud

y of

the

poss

ibili

ties f

or o

rgan

izin

g in

tern

atio

nal c

ours

es fo

r the

tra

inin

g of

spec

ialis

ts in

diff

eren

t dis

cipl

ines

rela

ting

to re

stor

atio

n.

* *

*

Nat

iona

l min

oriti

es o

r reg

iona

l cul

ture

s.Th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, rec

ogni

zing

the

cont

ribut

ion

that

nat

iona

l min

oriti

es o

r reg

iona

l cul

ture

s can

mak

e to

co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

them

in v

ario

us fi

elds

of c

ultu

re, i

nten

d, w

hen

such

min

oriti

es o

r cul

ture

s exi

st w

ithin

thei

r te

rrito

ry, t

o fa

cilit

ate

this

con

tribu

tion,

taki

ng i

nto

acc

ount

the

legi

timat

e in

tere

sts o

f the

ir m

embe

rs.

52

52

4. C

o-op

erat

ion

and

Exc

hang

es in

the

Fiel

d of

Edu

catio

n

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

C

onsc

ious

that

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f rel

atio

ns o

f an

inte

rnat

iona

l cha

ract

er in

the

field

s of

edu

catio

n an

d sc

ienc

e co

ntrib

utes

to a

bet

ter m

utua

l und

erst

andi

ng a

nd is

to th

e ad

vant

age

of a

ll pe

ople

s as w

ell a

s to

the

bene

fit o

f fut

ure

gene

ratio

ns,

Pr

epar

ed to

faci

litat

e, b

etw

een

orga

niza

tions

, ins

titut

ions

and

per

sons

eng

aged

in

educ

atio

n an

d sc

ienc

e, th

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of e

xcha

nges

of k

now

ledg

e an

d ex

perie

nce

as

wel

l as o

f con

tact

s, on

the

basi

s of s

peci

al a

rran

gem

ents

whe

re th

ese

are

nece

ssar

y,

D

esir

ing

to st

reng

then

the

links

am

ong

educ

atio

nal a

nd sc

ient

ific

esta

blis

hmen

ts a

nd

also

to e

ncou

rage

thei

r co-

oper

atio

n in

sect

ors o

f com

mon

inte

rest

, par

ticul

arly

whe

re th

e le

vels

of k

now

ledg

e an

d re

sour

ces r

equi

re e

ffor

ts to

be

conc

erte

d in

tern

atio

nally

, and

C

onvi

nced

that

pro

gres

s in

thes

e fie

lds s

houl

d be

acc

ompa

nied

and

supp

orte

d by

a

wid

er k

now

ledg

e of

fore

ign

lang

uage

s,

Ex

pres

s to

thes

e en

ds th

eir i

nten

tion

in p

artic

ular

:

(a) E

xten

sion

of R

elat

ions

To

exp

and

and

impr

ove

at th

e va

rious

leve

ls c

o-op

erat

ion

and

links

in th

e fie

lds o

f ed

ucat

ion

and

scie

nce,

in p

artic

ular

by:

- co

nclu

ding

, whe

re a

ppro

pria

te, b

ilate

ral o

r mul

tilat

eral

agr

eem

ents

pro

vidi

ng fo

r co-

oper

atio

n an

d ex

chan

ges a

mon

g St

ate

inst

itutio

ns, n

on-g

over

nmen

tal b

odie

s and

per

sons

en

gage

d in

act

iviti

es in

edu

catio

n an

d sc

ienc

e, b

earin

g in

min

d th

e ne

ed b

oth

for f

lexi

bilit

y an

d th

e fu

ller u

se o

f exi

stin

g ag

reem

ents

and

arr

ange

men

ts;

- pr

omot

ing

the

conc

lusi

on o

f dire

ct a

rran

gem

ents

bet

wee

n un

iver

sitie

s and

oth

er

inst

itutio

ns o

f hig

her e

duca

tion

and

rese

arch

, in

the

fram

ewor

k of

agr

eem

ents

bet

wee

n go

vern

men

ts w

here

app

ropr

iate

;

- en

cour

agin

g am

ong

pers

ons e

ngag

ed in

edu

catio

n an

d sc

ienc

e di

rect

con

tact

s and

co

mm

unic

atio

ns"

incl

udin

g th

ose

base

d on

spec

ial a

gree

men

ts o

r arr

ange

men

ts w

here

thes

e ar

e ap

prop

riate

.

(b) A

cces

s and

Exc

hang

es

To

impr

ove

acce

ss, u

nder

mut

ually

acc

epta

ble

con

ditio

ns,

for

stud

ents

, te

ache

rs

and

scho

lars

of t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Sta

tes

to e

ach

oth

er's

edu

catio

nal,

cul

tura

l and

scie

ntifi

c in

stitu

tions

, and

to in

tens

ify e

xcha

nges

am

ong

thes

e in

stitu

tions

in a

ll ar

eas o

f com

mon

in

tere

st, i

n pa

rticu

lar b

y:

53

- in

crea

sing

the

exch

ange

of i

nfor

mat

ion

on fa

cilit

ies f

or st

udy

and

cour

ses o

pen

to

fore

ign

parti

cipa

nts,

as w

ell a

s on

the

cond

ition

s und

er w

hich

they

will

be

adm

itted

and

re

ceiv

ed;

- fa

cilit

atin

g tra

vel b

etw

een

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es b

y sc

hola

rs, t

each

ers a

nd st

uden

ts

for p

urpo

ses o

f stu

dy, t

each

ing

and

rese

arch

as w

ell a

s for

impr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

of e

ach

othe

r's e

duca

tiona

l, cu

ltura

l and

scie

ntifi

c ac

hiev

emen

ts;

- en

cour

agin

g th

e aw

ard

of sc

hola

rshi

ps fo

r stu

dy, t

each

ing

and

rese

arch

in th

eir

coun

tries

to sc

hola

rs, t

each

ers a

nd st

uden

ts o

f oth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es;

- es

tabl

ishi

ng, d

evel

opin

g or

enc

oura

ging

pro

gram

mes

pro

vidi

ng fo

r the

bro

ader

ex

chan

ge o

f sch

olar

s, te

ache

rs a

nd st

uden

ts, i

nclu

ding

the

orga

niza

tion

of sy

mpo

sia,

sem

inar

s an

d co

llabo

rativ

e pr

ojec

ts, a

nd th

e ex

chan

ges o

f edu

catio

nal a

nd sc

hola

rly in

form

atio

n su

ch

as u

nive

rsity

pub

licat

ions

and

mat

eria

ls fr

om li

brar

ies;

- pr

omot

ing

the

effic

ient

impl

emen

tatio

n of

such

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd p

rogr

amm

es b

y pr

ovid

ing

scho

lars

, tea

cher

s and

stud

ents

in g

ood

time

with

mor

e de

taile

d in

form

atio

n ab

out

thei

r pla

cing

in u

nive

rsiti

es a

nd in

stitu

tes a

nd th

e pr

ogra

mm

es e

nvis

aged

for t

hem

; by

gran

ting

them

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

use

rele

vant

scho

larly

, sci

entif

ic a

nd o

pen

arch

ival

m

ater

ials

; and

by

faci

litat

ing

thei

r tra

vel w

ithin

the

rece

ivin

g St

ate

for t

he p

urpo

se o

f stu

dy o

r re

sear

ch a

s wel

l as i

n th

e fo

rm o

f vac

atio

n to

urs o

n th

e ba

sis o

f the

usu

al p

roce

dure

s;

- pr

omot

ing

a m

ore

exac

t ass

essm

ent o

f the

pro

blem

s of c

ompa

rison

and

equ

ival

ence

of

acad

emic

deg

rees

and

dip

lom

as b

y fo

ster

ing

the

exch

ange

of i

nfor

mat

ion

on th

e or

gani

zatio

n,

dura

tion

and

cont

ent o

f stu

dies

, the

com

paris

on o

f met

hods

of a

sses

sing

leve

ls o

f kno

wle

dge,

an

d ac

adem

ic q

ualif

icat

ions

, and

, whe

re fe

asib

le, a

rriv

ing

at th

e m

utua

l rec

ogni

tion

of

acad

emic

deg

rees

and

dip

lom

as e

ither

thro

ugh

gove

rnm

enta

l agr

eem

ents

, whe

re n

eces

sary

, or

dire

ct a

rran

gem

ents

bet

wee

n un

iver

sitie

s and

oth

er in

stitu

tions

of h

ighe

r lea

rnin

g an

d re

sear

ch;

- re

com

men

ding

, mor

eove

r, to

the

appr

opria

te in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

that

they

sh

ould

inte

nsify

thei

r eff

orts

to re

ach

a ge

nera

lly a

ccep

tabl

e so

lutio

n to

the

prob

lem

s of

com

paris

on a

nd e

quiv

alen

ce b

etw

een

acad

emic

deg

rees

and

dip

lom

as.

(c) S

cien

ce

W

ithin

thei

r com

pete

nce

to b

road

en a

nd im

prov

e co

-ope

ratio

n an

d ex

chan

ges i

n th

e fie

ld o

f sci

ence

, in

parti

cula

r:

To

incr

ease

, on

a bi

late

ral o

r mul

tilat

eral

bas

is, t

he e

xcha

nge

and

diss

emin

atio

n of

sc

ient

ific

info

rmat

ion

and

docu

men

tatio

n by

such

mea

ns a

s:

- m

akin

g th

is in

form

atio

n m

ore

wid

ely

avai

labl

e to

scie

ntis

ts a

nd re

sear

ch w

orke

rs o

f th

e ot

her p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es th

roug

h, fo

r ins

tanc

e, p

artic

ipat

ion

in in

tern

atio

nal i

nfor

mat

ion-

shar

ing

prog

ram

mes

or t

hrou

gh o

ther

app

ropr

iate

arr

ange

men

ts;

- br

oade

ning

and

faci

litat

ing

the

exch

ange

of s

ampl

es a

nd o

ther

scie

ntifi

c m

ater

ials

us

ed p

artic

ular

ly fo

r fun

dam

enta

l res

earc

h in

the

field

s of n

atur

al sc

ienc

es a

nd m

edic

ine;

53

54

- in

vitin

g sc

ient

ific

inst

itutio

ns a

nd u

nive

rsiti

es to

kee

p ea

ch o

ther

mor

e fu

lly a

nd

regu

larly

info

rmed

abo

ut th

eir c

urre

nt a

nd c

onte

mpl

ated

rese

arch

wor

k in

fiel

ds o

f com

mon

in

tere

st.

To

faci

litat

e th

e ex

tens

ion

of c

omm

unic

atio

ns a

nd d

irect

con

tact

s bet

wee

n un

iver

sitie

s, sc

ient

ific

inst

itutio

ns a

nd a

ssoc

iatio

ns a

s wel

l as a

mon

g sc

ient

ists

and

rese

arch

w

orke

rs, i

nclu

ding

thos

e ba

sed

whe

re n

eces

sary

on

spec

ial a

gree

men

ts o

r arr

ange

men

ts, b

y su

ch m

eans

as:

- fu

rther

dev

elop

ing

exch

ange

s of s

cien

tists

and

rese

arch

wor

kers

and

enc

oura

ging

the

orga

niza

tion

of p

repa

rato

ry m

eetin

gs o

r wor

king

gro

ups o

n re

sear

ch to

pics

of c

omm

on

inte

rest

;

- en

cour

agin

g th

e cr

eatio

n of

join

t tea

ms o

f sci

entis

ts to

pur

sue

rese

arch

pro

ject

s und

er

arra

ngem

ents

mad

e by

the

scie

ntifi

c in

stitu

tions

of s

ever

al c

ount

ries;

- as

sist

ing

the

orga

niza

tion

and

succ

essf

ul fu

nctio

ning

of i

nter

natio

nal c

onfe

renc

es a

nd

sem

inar

s and

par

ticip

atio

n in

them

by

thei

r sci

entis

ts a

nd re

sear

ch w

orke

rs;

- fu

rther

mor

e en

visa

ging

, in

the

near

futu

re, a

"Sc

ient

ific

Foru

m"

in th

e fo

rm o

f a

mee

ting

of le

adin

g pe

rson

aliti

es in

scie

nce

from

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es to

dis

cuss

in

terr

elat

ed p

robl

ems o

f com

mon

inte

rest

con

cern

ing

curr

ent a

nd fu

ture

dev

elop

men

ts in

sc

ienc

e, a

nd to

pro

mot

e th

e ex

pans

ion

of c

onta

cts,

com

mun

icat

ions

and

the

exch

ange

of

info

rmat

ion

betw

een

scie

ntifi

c in

stitu

tions

and

am

ong

scie

ntis

ts;

- fo

rese

eing

, at a

n ea

rly d

ate,

a m

eetin

g of

exp

erts

repr

esen

ting

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es

and

thei

r nat

iona

l sci

entif

ic in

stitu

tions

, in

orde

r to

prep

are

such

a "

Scie

ntifi

c Fo

rum

" in

co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith a

ppro

pria

te in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

, suc

h as

UN

ESC

O a

nd th

e EC

E;

- co

nsid

erin

g in

due

cou

rse

wha

t fur

ther

step

s mig

ht b

e ta

ken

with

resp

ect t

o th

e "S

cien

tific

For

um".

To

dev

elop

in th

e fie

ld o

f sci

entif

ic re

sear

ch, o

n a

bila

tera

l or m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

, the

co

-ord

inat

ion

of p

rogr

amm

es c

arrie

d ou

t in

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es a

nd th

e or

gani

zatio

n of

jo

int p

rogr

amm

es, e

spec

ially

in th

e ar

eas m

entio

ned

belo

w, w

hich

may

invo

lve

the

com

bine

d ef

forts

of s

cien

tists

and

in c

erta

in c

ases

the

use

of c

ostly

or u

niqu

e eq

uipm

ent.

The

list

of

subj

ects

in th

ese

area

s is i

llust

rativ

e; a

nd sp

ecifi

c pr

ojec

ts w

ould

hav

e to

be

dete

rmin

ed

subs

eque

ntly

by

the

pote

ntia

l par

tner

s in

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, t

akin

g ac

coun

t of t

he

cont

ribut

ion

whi

ch c

ould

be

mad

e by

app

ropr

iate

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd sc

ient

ific

inst

itutio

ns:

- ex

act a

nd n

atur

al sc

ienc

es, i

n pa

rticu

lar f

unda

men

tal r

esea

rch

in su

ch fi

elds

as

mat

hem

atic

s, ph

ysic

s, th

eore

tical

phy

sics

, geo

phys

ics,

chem

istry

, bio

logy

, eco

logy

and

as

trono

my;

m

edic

ine,

in p

artic

ular

bas

ic re

sear

ch in

to c

ance

r and

car

diov

ascu

lar d

isea

ses,

stud

ies

on th

e di

seas

es e

ndem

ic in

the

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries,

as w

ell a

s med

ico-

soci

al re

sear

ch w

ith

spec

ial e

mph

asis

on

occu

patio

nal d

isea

ses,

the

reha

bilit

atio

n of

the

hand

icap

ped

and

the

care

of

mot

hers

, chi

ldre

n an

d th

e el

derly

;

55

- th

e hu

man

ities

and

soci

al sc

ienc

es, s

uch

as h

isto

ry, g

eogr

aphy

, phi

loso

phy,

ps

ycho

logy

, ped

agog

ical

rese

arch

, lin

guis

tics,

soci

olog

y, th

e le

gal,

polit

ical

and

eco

nom

ic

scie

nces

; com

para

tive

stud

ies o

n so

cial

, soc

ioec

onom

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral p

heno

men

a w

hich

are

of

com

mon

inte

rest

to th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

, esp

ecia

lly th

e pr

oble

ms o

f hum

an e

nviro

nmen

t an

d ur

ban

deve

lopm

ent;

and

scie

ntifi

c st

udie

s on

the

met

hods

of c

onse

rvin

g an

d re

stor

ing

mon

umen

ts a

nd w

orks

of a

rt.

(d) F

orei

gn L

angu

ages

and

Civ

iliza

tions

To

enc

oura

ge th

e st

udy

of fo

reig

n la

ngua

ges a

nd c

ivili

zatio

ns a

s an

impo

rtant

mea

ns

of e

xpan

ding

com

mun

icat

ion

amon

g pe

ople

s for

thei

r bet

ter a

cqua

inta

nce

with

the

cultu

re o

f ea

ch c

ount

ry, a

s wel

l as f

or th

e st

reng

then

ing

of in

tern

atio

nal c

o-op

erat

ion;

to th

is e

nd to

st

imul

ate,

with

in th

eir c

ompe

tenc

e, th

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t and

impr

ovem

ent o

f for

eign

la

ngua

ge te

achi

ng a

nd th

e di

vers

ifica

tion

of c

hoic

e of

lang

uage

s tau

ght a

t var

ious

leve

ls,

payi

ng d

ue a

ttent

ion

to le

ss w

idel

y-sp

read

or s

tudi

ed la

ngua

ges,

and

in p

artic

ular

:

- to

inte

nsify

co-

oper

atio

n ai

med

at i

mpr

ovin

g th

e te

achi

ng o

f for

eign

lang

uage

s th

roug

h ex

chan

ges o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d ex

perie

nce

conc

erni

ng th

e de

velo

pmen

t and

ap

plic

atio

n of

eff

ectiv

e m

odem

teac

hing

met

hods

and

tech

nica

l aid

s, ad

apte

d to

the

need

s of

diff

eren

t cat

egor

ies o

f stu

dent

s, in

clud

ing

met

hods

of a

ccel

erat

ed te

achi

ng; a

nd to

con

side

r th

e po

ssib

ility

of c

ondu

ctin

g, o

n a

bila

tera

l or m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

, stu

dies

of n

ew m

etho

ds o

f fo

reig

n la

ngua

ge te

achi

ng;

- to

enc

oura

ge c

o-op

erat

ion

betw

een

inst

itutio

ns c

once

rned

, on

a bi

late

ral o

r m

ultil

ater

al b

asis

, aim

ed a

t exp

loiti

ng m

ore

fully

the

reso

urce

s of m

odem

edu

catio

nal

tech

nolo

gy in

lang

uage

teac

hing

, for

exa

mpl

e th

roug

h co

mpa

rativ

e st

udie

s by

thei

r spe

cial

ists

an

d, w

here

agr

eed,

thro

ugh

exch

ange

s or t

rans

fers

of a

udio

-vis

ual m

ater

ials

, of m

ater

ials

us

ed fo

r pre

parin

g te

xtbo

oks,

as w

ell a

s of i

nfor

mat

ion

abou

t new

type

s of t

echn

ical

eq

uipm

ent u

sed

for t

each

ing

lang

uage

s;

- to

pro

mot

e th

e ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n on

the

expe

rienc

e ac

quire

d in

the

train

ing

of

lang

uage

teac

hers

and

to in

tens

ify e

xcha

nges

on

a bi

late

ral b

asis

of l

angu

age

teac

hers

and

st

uden

ts a

s wel

l as t

o fa

cilit

ate

thei

r par

ticip

atio

n in

sum

mer

cou

rses

in la

ngua

ges a

nd

civi

lizat

ions

, whe

reve

r the

se a

re o

rgan

ized

;

- to

enc

oura

ge c

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g ex

perts

in th

e fie

ld o

f lex

icog

raph

y w

ith th

e ai

m o

f de

finin

g th

e ne

cess

ary

term

inol

ogic

al e

quiv

alen

ts, p

artic

ular

ly in

the

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chni

cal

disc

iplin

es, i

n or

der t

o fa

cilit

ate

rela

tions

am

ong

scie

ntifi

c in

stitu

tions

and

spec

ialis

ts;

- to

pro

mot

e th

e w

ider

spre

ad o

f for

eign

lang

uage

stud

y am

ong

the

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f se

cond

ary

educ

atio

n es

tabl

ishm

ents

and

gre

ater

pos

sibi

litie

s of c

hoic

e be

twee

n an

incr

ease

d nu

mbe

r of E

urop

ean

lang

uage

s; a

nd in

this

con

text

to c

onsi

der,

whe

reve

r app

ropr

iate

, the

po

ssib

ilitie

s for

dev

elop

ing

the

recr

uitm

ent a

nd tr

aini

ng o

f tea

cher

s as w

ell a

s the

or

gani

zatio

n of

the

stud

ent g

roup

s req

uire

d;

- to

favo

ur, i

n hi

gher

edu

catio

n, a

wid

er c

hoic

e in

the

lang

uage

s off

ered

to la

ngua

ge

stud

ents

and

gre

ater

opp

ortu

nitie

s for

oth

er st

uden

ts to

stud

y va

rious

fore

ign

lang

uage

s; a

lso

to fa

cilit

ate,

whe

re d

esira

ble,

the

orga

niza

tion

of c

ours

es in

lang

uage

s and

civ

iliza

tions

, on

the

basi

s of s

peci

al a

rran

gem

ents

as n

eces

sary

to b

e gi

ven

by fo

reig

n le

ctur

ers,

parti

cula

rly

from

Eur

opea

n co

untri

es h

avin

g le

ss w

idel

y-sp

read

or s

tudi

ed la

ngua

ges;

54

56

- to

pro

mot

e, w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

adu

lt ed

ucat

ion,

the

furth

er d

evel

opm

ent o

f sp

ecia

lized

pro

gram

mes

, ada

pted

to v

ario

us n

eeds

and

inte

rest

s, fo

r tea

chin

g fo

reig

n la

ngua

ges t

o th

eir o

wn

inha

bita

nts a

nd th

e la

ngua

ges o

f hos

t cou

ntrie

s to

inte

rest

ed a

dults

fr

om o

ther

cou

ntrie

s; in

this

con

text

to e

ncou

rage

inte

rest

ed in

stitu

tions

to c

oope

rate

, for

ex

ampl

e, in

the

elab

orat

ion

of p

rogr

amm

es fo

r tea

chin

g by

radi

o an

d te

levi

sion

and

by

acce

lera

ted

met

hods

, and

als

o, w

here

des

irabl

e, in

the

defin

ition

of s

tudy

obj

ectiv

es fo

r suc

h pr

ogra

mm

es, w

ith a

vie

w to

arr

ivin

g at

com

para

ble

leve

ls o

f lan

guag

e pr

ofic

ienc

y;

- to

enc

oura

ge th

e as

soci

atio

n, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, of t

he te

achi

ng o

f for

eign

lang

uage

s w

ith th

e st

udy

of th

e co

rres

pond

ing

civi

lizat

ions

and

als

o to

mak

e fu

rther

eff

orts

to st

imul

ate

inte

rest

in th

e st

udy

of fo

reig

n la

ngua

ges,

incl

udin

g re

leva

nt o

ut-o

f-cl

ass a

ctiv

ities

.

(e) T

each

ing

Met

hods

To

pro

mot

e th

e ex

chan

ge o

f exp

erie

nce,

on

a bi

late

ral o

r mul

tilat

eral

bas

is, i

n te

achi

ng m

etho

ds a

t all

leve

ls o

f edu

catio

n, in

clud

ing

thos

e us

ed in

per

man

ent a

nd a

dult

educ

atio

n, a

s wel

l as t

he e

xcha

nge

of te

achi

ng m

ater

ials

, in

parti

cula

r by:

- fu

rther

dev

elop

ing

vario

us fo

rms o

f con

tact

s and

co-

oper

atio

n in

the

diff

eren

t fie

lds o

f pe

dago

gica

l sci

ence

, for

exa

mpl

e th

roug

h co

mpa

rativ

e or

join

t stu

dies

car

ried

out b

y in

tere

sted

inst

itutio

ns o

r thr

ough

exc

hang

es o

f inf

orm

atio

n on

the

resu

lts o

f tea

chin

g ex

perim

ents

;

- in

tens

ifyin

g ex

chan

ges o

f inf

orm

atio

n on

teac

hing

met

hods

use

d in

var

ious

ed

ucat

iona

l sys

tem

s and

on

resu

lts o

f res

earc

h in

to th

e pr

oces

ses b

y w

hich

pup

ils a

nd

stud

ents

acq

uire

kno

wle

dge,

taki

ng a

ccou

nt o

f rel

evan

t exp

erie

nce

in d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of

spec

ializ

ed e

duca

tion;

- fa

cilit

atin

g ex

chan

ges o

f exp

erie

nce

conc

erni

ng th

e or

gani

zatio

n an

d fu

nctio

ning

of

educ

atio

n in

tend

ed fo

r adu

lts a

nd re

curr

ent e

duca

tion,

the

rela

tions

hips

bet

wee

n th

ese

and

othe

r for

ms a

nd le

vels

of e

duca

tion,

as w

ell a

s con

cern

ing

the

mea

ns o

f ada

ptin

g ed

ucat

ion,

in

clud

ing

voca

tiona

l and

tech

nica

l tra

inin

g, to

the

need

s of e

cono

mic

and

soci

al d

evel

opm

ent

in th

eir c

ount

ries;

- en

cour

agin

g ex

chan

ges o

f exp

erie

nce

in th

e ed

ucat

ion

of y

outh

and

adu

lts in

in

tern

atio

nal u

nder

stan

ding

, with

par

ticul

ar re

fere

nce

to th

ose

maj

or p

robl

ems o

f man

kind

w

hose

solu

tion

calls

for a

com

mon

app

roac

h an

d w

ider

inte

rnat

iona

l co-

oper

atio

n;

- en

cour

agin

g ex

chan

ges o

f tea

chin

g m

ater

ials

- in

clud

ing

scho

ol te

xtbo

oks,

havi

ng in

m

ind

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f pro

mot

ing

mut

ual k

now

ledg

e an

d fa

cilit

atin

g th

e pr

esen

tatio

n of

eac

h co

untry

in su

ch b

ooks

- as

wel

l as e

xcha

nges

of i

nfor

mat

ion

on te

chni

cal i

nnov

atio

ns in

the

field

of e

duca

tion.

* *

* N

atio

nal m

inor

ities

or r

egio

nal c

ultu

res.

The

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es, r

ecog

nizi

ng th

e co

ntrib

utio

n th

at n

atio

nal m

inor

ities

or r

egio

nal c

ultu

res c

an m

ake

to c

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g th

em in

var

ious

fiel

ds o

f edu

catio

n, in

tend

, whe

n su

ch m

inor

ities

or c

ultu

res e

xist

with

in th

eir

terr

itory

, to

faci

litat

e th

is c

ontri

butio

n, ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

legi

timat

e in

tere

sts o

f the

ir m

embe

rs.

57

Follo

w-u

p to

the

Con

fere

nce

The

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

,

H

avin

g co

nsid

ered

and

eva

luat

ed th

e pr

ogre

ss m

ade

at th

e C

onfe

renc

e on

Sec

urity

an

d C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e,

C

onsi

deri

ng fu

rthe

r tha

t, w

ithin

the

broa

der c

onte

xt o

f the

wor

ld, t

he C

onfe

renc

e is

an

impo

rtant

par

t of t

he p

roce

ss o

f im

prov

ing

secu

rity

and

deve

lopi

ng c

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e an

d th

at it

s res

ults

will

con

tribu

te si

gnifi

cant

ly to

this

pro

cess

,

In

tend

ing

to im

plem

ent t

he p

rovi

sion

s of t

he F

inal

Act

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e in

ord

er to

gi

ve fu

ll ef

fect

to it

s res

ults

and

thus

to fu

rther

the

proc

ess o

f im

prov

ing

secu

rity

and

deve

lopi

ng c

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e,

C

onvi

nced

that

, in

orde

r to

achi

eve

the

aim

s sou

ght b

y th

e C

onfe

renc

e, th

ey sh

ould

m

ake

furth

er u

nila

tera

l, bi

late

ral a

nd m

ultil

ater

al e

ffor

ts a

nd c

ontin

ue, i

n th

e ap

prop

riate

fo

rms s

et fo

rth b

elow

, the

mul

tilat

eral

pro

cess

initi

ated

by

the

Con

fere

nce,

1.

Dec

lare

thei

r res

olve

, in

the

perio

d fo

llow

ing

the

Con

fere

nce,

to p

ay d

ue re

gard

to

and

impl

emen

t the

pro

visi

ons o

f the

Fin

al A

ct o

f the

Con

fere

nce:

(a)

unila

tera

lly, i

n al

l cas

es w

hich

lend

them

selv

es to

such

act

ion;

(b)

bila

tera

lly, b

y ne

gotia

tions

with

oth

er p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es;

(c)

mul

tilat

eral

ly, b

y m

eetin

gs o

f exp

erts

of t

he p

artic

ipat

ing

Stat

es, a

nd a

lso

with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of e

xist

ing

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

ns, s

uch

as th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns E

cono

mic

C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope

and

UN

ESC

O, w

ith re

gard

to e

duca

tiona

l, sc

ient

ific

and

cultu

ral c

o-op

erat

ion;

2.

Dec

lare

furt

herm

ore

thei

r res

olve

to c

ontin

ue th

e m

ultil

ater

al p

roce

ss in

itiat

ed b

y th

e C

onfe

renc

e:

(a)

by p

roce

edin

g to

a th

orou

gh e

xcha

nge

of v

iew

s bot

h on

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

prov

isio

ns o

f the

Fin

al A

ct a

nd o

f the

task

s def

ined

by

the

Con

fere

nce,

as w

ell a

s, in

the

cont

ext o

f the

que

stio

ns d

ealt

with

by

the

latte

r, on

the

deep

enin

g of

thei

r mut

ual r

elat

ions

, th

e im

prov

emen

t of s

ecur

ity a

nd th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e, a

nd th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he p

roce

ss o

f dét

ente

in th

e fu

ture

;

(b)

by o

rgan

izin

g to

thes

e en

ds m

eetin

gs a

mon

g th

eir r

epre

sent

ativ

es, b

egin

ning

with

a

mee

ting

at th

e le

vel o

f rep

rese

ntat

ives

app

oint

ed b

y th

e M

inis

ters

of f

orei

gn A

ffai

rs.

This

m

eetin

g w

ill d

efin

e th

e ap

prop

riate

mod

aliti

es fo

r the

hol

ding

of o

ther

mee

tings

whi

ch c

ould

in

clud

e fu

rther

sim

ilar m

eetin

gs a

nd th

e po

ssib

ility

of a

new

Con

fere

nce;

3.

The

first

of t

he m

eetin

gs in

dica

ted

abov

e w

ill b

e he

ld a

t Bel

grad

e in

197

7. A

pr

epar

ator

y m

eetin

g to

org

aniz

e th

is m

eetin

g w

ill b

e he

ld a

t Bel

grad

e on

15

June

197

7. T

he

prep

arat

ory

mee

ting

will

dec

ide

on th

e da

te, d

urat

ion,

age

nda

and

othe

r mod

aliti

es o

f the

m

eetin

g of

repr

esen

tativ

es a

ppoi

nted

by

the

Min

iste

rs o

f For

eign

Aff

airs

;

55

58

4.

The

rule

s of p

roce

dure

, the

wor

king

met

hods

and

the

scal

e of

dis

tribu

tion

for t

he

expe

nses

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e w

ill, m

utat

is m

utan

dis,

be a

pplie

d to

the

mee

tings

env

isag

ed in

pa

ragr

aphs

1 (c

), 2

and

3 ab

ove.

All

the

abov

e-m

entio

ned

mee

tings

will

be

held

in th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

in ro

tatio

n. T

he se

rvic

es o

f a te

chni

cal s

ecre

taria

t will

be

prov

ided

by

the

host

cou

ntry

.

59

Th

e or

igin

al o

f thi

s Fin

al A

ct, d

raw

n up

in E

nglis

h, F

renc

h, G

erm

an, I

talia

n, R

ussi

an

and

Span

ish,

will

be

trans

mitt

ed to

the

Gov

ernm

ent o

f the

Rep

ublic

of F

inla

nd, w

hich

will

re

tain

it in

its a

rchi

ves.

Eac

h of

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es w

ill re

ceiv

e fr

om th

e G

over

nmen

t of

the

Rep

ublic

of F

inla

nd a

true

cop

y of

this

Fin

al A

ct.

Th

e te

xt o

f thi

s Fin

al A

ct w

ill b

e pu

blis

hed

in e

ach

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

e, w

hich

will

di

ssem

inat

e it

and

mak

e it

know

n as

wid

ely

as p

ossi

ble.

Th

e G

over

nmen

t of t

he R

epub

lic o

f Fin

land

is re

ques

ted

to tr

ansm

it to

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

the

text

of t

his F

inal

Act

, whi

ch is

not

elig

ible

for r

egis

tratio

n un

der A

rticl

e 10

2 of

the

Cha

rter o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, with

a v

iew

to it

s circ

ulat

ion

to a

ll th

e m

embe

rs o

f the

Org

aniz

atio

n as

an

offic

ial d

ocum

ent o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

.

Th

e G

over

nmen

t of t

he R

epub

lic o

f Fin

land

is a

lso

requ

este

d to

tran

smit

the

text

of

this

Fin

al A

ct to

the

Dire

ctor

-Gen

eral

of U

NES

CO

and

to th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

issi

on fo

r Eur

ope.

W

here

fore

, the

und

ersi

gned

Hig

h R

epre

sent

ativ

es o

f the

par

ticip

atin

g St

ates

, min

dful

of

the

high

pol

itica

l sig

nific

ance

whi

ch th

ey a

ttach

to th

e re

sults

of t

he C

onfe

renc

e, a

nd

decl

arin

g th

eir d

eter

min

atio

n to

act

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e pr

ovis

ions

con

tain

ed in

the

abov

e te

xts,

have

subs

crib

ed th

eir s

igna

ture

s bel

ow:

Don

e at

Hel

sink

i, on

1st

Aug

ust

1975

,in

the

nam

e of

56

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, World Conference on Human Rights, 1993 (A/CONF.157/23)

A/CONF.157/23

page

2

VIENNA

DECLARATION

AND

PROGRAMME

OF

ACTION

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

,

Considering

that

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

is

amatter

of

priority

for

the

international

community,

and

that

the

Conference

affords

aunique

opportunity

to

carry

out

acomprehensive

analysis

of

the

international

human

rights

system

and

of

the

machinery

for

the

protection

of

human

rights,

in

order

to

enhance

and

thus

promote

afuller

observance

of

those

rights,

in

ajust

and

balanced

manner,

Recognizing

and

affirming

that

all

human

rights

derive

from

the

dignity

and

worth

inherent

in

the

human

person,

and

that

the

human

person

is

the

central

subject

of

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms,

and

consequently

should

be

the

principal

beneficiary

and

should

participate

actively

in

the

realization

of

these

rights

and

freedoms,

Reaffirming

their

commitment

to

the

purposes

and

principles

contained

in

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

and

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights, Reaffirming

the

commitment

contained

in

Article

56

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

to

take

joint

and

separate

action,

placing

proper

emphasis

on

developing

effective

international

cooperation

for

the

realization

of

the

purposes

set

out

in

Article

55,

including

universal

respect

for,

and

observance

of,

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

for

all,

Emphasizing

the

responsibilities

of

all

States,

in

conformity

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

to

develop

and

encourage

respect

for

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

for

all,

without

distinction

as

to

race,

sex,

language

or

religion,

Recalling

the

Preamble

to

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

in

particular

the

determination

to

reaffirm

faith

in

fundamental

human

rights,

in

the

dignity

and

worth

of

the

human

person,

and

in

the

equal

rights

of

men

and

women

and

of

nations

large

and

small,

Recalling

also

the

determination

expressed

in

the

Preamble

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

to

save

succeeding

generations

from

the

scourge

of

war,

to

establish

conditions

under

which

justice

and

respect

for

obligations

arising

from

treaties

and

other

sources

of

international

law

can

be

maintained,

to

promote

social

progress

and

better

standards

of

life

in

larger

freedom,

to

practice

tolerance

and

good

neighbourliness,

and

to

employ

international

machinery

for

the

promotion

of

the

economic

and

social

advancement

of

all

peoples,

Emphasizing

that

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights,

which

constitutes

acommon

standard

of

achievement

for

all

peoples

and

all

nations,

is

the

source

of

inspiration

and

has

been

the

basis

for

the

United

Nations

in

making

advances

in

standard

setting

as

contained

in

the

existing

international

human

rights

instruments,

in

particular

the

International

Covenant

on

Civil

and

Political

Rights

and

the

International

Covenant

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights.

A/CONF.157/23

page

3

Considering

the

major

changes

taking

place

on

the

international

scene

and

the

aspirations

of

all

the

peoples

for

an

international

order

based

on

the

principles

enshrined

in

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

including

promoting

and

encouraging

respect

for

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

for

all

and

respect

for

the

principle

of

equal

rights

and

self

-determination

of

peoples,

peace,

democracy,

justice,

equality,

rule

of

law,

pluralism,

development,

better

standards

of

living

and

solidarity,

Deeply

concerned

by

various

forms

of

discrimination

and

violence,

to

which

women

continue

to

be

exposed

all

over

the

world,

Recognizing

that

the

activities

of

the

United

Nations

in

the

field

of

human

rights

should

be

rationalized

and

enhanced

in

order

to

strengthen

the

United

Nations

machinery

in

this

field

and

to

further

the

objectives

of

universal

respect

for

observance

of

international

human

rights

standards,

Having

taken

into

account

the

Declarations

adopted

by

the

three

regional

meetings

at

Tunis,

San

José

and

Bangkok

and

the

contributions

made

by

Governments,

and

bearing

in

mind

the

suggestions

made

by

intergovernmental

and

non-governmental

organizations,

as

well

as

the

studies

prepared

by

independent

experts

during

the

preparatory

process

leading

to

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

Welcoming

the

International

Year

of

the

World’s

Indigenous

People

1993

as

areaffirmation

of

the

commitment

of

the

international

community

to

ensure

their

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

and

to

respect

the

value

and

diversity

of

their

cultures

and

identities,

Recognizing

also

that

the

international

community

should

devise

ways

and

means

to

remove

the

current

obstacles

and

meet

challenges

to

the

full

realization

of

all

human

rights

and

to

prevent

the

continuation

of

human

rights

violations

resulting

thereof

throughout

the

world,

Invoking

the

spirit

of

our

age

and

the

realities

of

our

time

which

call

upon

the

peoples

of

the

world

and

all

States

Members

of

the

United

Nations

to

rededicate

themselves

to

the

global

task

of

promoting

and

protecting

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

so

as

to

secure

full

and

universal

enjoyment

of

these

rights,

Determined

to

take

new

steps

forward

in

the

commitment

of

the

international

community

with

aview

to

achieving

substantial

progress

in

human

rights

endeavours

by

an

increased

and

sustained

effort

of

international

cooperation

and

solidarity,

Solemnly

adopts

the

Vienna

Declaration

and

Programme

of

Action.

I

1.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

solemn

commitment

of

all

States

to

fulfil

their

obligations

to

promote

universal

respect

for,

and

observance

and

protection

of,

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

for

all

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

other

instruments

58

A/CONF.157/23

page

4

relating

to

human

rights,

and

international

law.

The

universal

nature

of

these

rights

and

freedoms

is

beyond

question.

In

this

framework,

enhancement

of

international

cooperation

in

the

field

of

human

rights

is

essential

for

the

full

achievement

of

the

purposes

of

the

United

Nations.

Human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

are

the

birthright

of

all

human

beings;

their

protection

and

promotion

is

the

first

responsibility

of

Governments.

2.

All

peoples

have

the

right

of

self-determination.

By

virtue

of

that

right

they

freely

determine

their

political

status,

and

freely

pursue

their

economic,

social

and

cultural

development.

Taking

into

account

the

particular

situation

of

peoples

under

colonial

or

other

forms

of

alien

domination

or

foreign

occupation,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

right

of

peoples

to

take

any

legitimate

action,

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

to

realize

their

inalienable

right

of

self-determination.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

considers

the

denial

of

the

right

of

self-determination

as

aviolation

of

human

rights

and

underlines

the

importance

of

the

effective

realization

of

this

right.

In

accordance

with

the

Declaration

on

Principles

of

International

Law

concerning

Friendly

Relations

and

Cooperation

Among

States

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

this

shall

not

be

construed

as

authorizing

or

encouraging

any

action

which

would

dismember

or

impair,

totally

or

in

part,

the

territorial

integrity

or

political

unity

of

sovereign

and

independent

States

conducting

themselves

in

compliance

with

the

principle

of

equal

rights

and

self-determination

of

peoples

and

thus

possessed

of

aGovernment

representing

the

whole

people

belonging

to

the

territory

without

distinction

of

any

kind.

3.

Effective

international

measures

to

guarantee

and

monitor

the

implementation

of

human

rights

standards

should

be

taken

in

respect

of

people

under

foreign

occupation,

and

effective

legal

protection

against

the

violation

of

their

human

rights

should

be

provided,

in

accordance

with

human

rights

norms

and

international

law,

particularly

the

Geneva

Convention

relative

to

the

Protection

of

Civilian

Persons

in

Time

of

War,

of

14

August

1949,

and

other

applicable

norms

of

humanitarian

law.

4.

The

promotion

and

protection

of

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

must

be

considered

as

apriority

objective

of

the

United

Nations

in

accordance

with

its

purposes

and

principles,

in

particular

the

purpose

of

international

cooperation.

In

the

framework

of

these

purposes

and

principles,

the

promotion

and

protection

of

all

human

rights

is

alegitimate

concern

of

the

international

community.

The

organs

and

specialized

agencies

related

to

human

rights

should

therefore

further

enhance

the

coordination

of

their

activities

based

on

the

consistent

and

objective

application

of

international

human

rights

instruments.

A/CONF.157/23

page

5

5.

All

human

rights

are

universal,

indivisible

and

interdependent

and

interrelated.

The

international

community

must

treat

human

rights

globally

in

afair

and

equal

manner,

on

the

same

footing,

and

with

the

same

emphasis.

While

the

significance

of

national

and

regional

particularities

and

various

historical,

cultural

and

religious

backgrounds

must

be

borne

in

mind,

it

is

the

duty

of

States,

regardless

of

their

political,

economic

and

cultural

systems,

to

promote

and

protect

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

6.

The

efforts

of

the

United

Nations

system

towards

the

universal

respect

for,

and

observance

of,

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

for

all,

contribute

to

the

stability

and

well-being

necessary

for

peaceful

and

friendly

relations

among

nations,

and

to

improved

conditions

for

peace

and

security

as

well

as

social

and

economic

development,

in

conformity

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations.

7.

The

processes

of

promoting

and

protecting

human

rights

should

be

conducted

in

conformity

with

the

purposes

and

principles

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

and

international

law.

8.

Democracy,

development

and

respect

for

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

are

interdependent

and

mutually

reinforcing.

Democracy

is

based

on

the

freely

expressed

will

of

the

people

to

determine

their

own

political,

economic,

social

and

cultural

systems

and

their

full

participation

in

all

aspects

of

their

lives.

In

the

context

of

the

above,

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

at

the

national

and

international

levels

should

be

universal

and

conducted

without

conditions

attached.

The

international

community

should

support

the

strengthening

and

promoting

of

democracy,

development

and

respect

for

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

in

the

entire

world.

9.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

least

developed

countries

committed

to

the

process

of

democratization

and

economic

reforms,

many

of

which

are

in

Africa,

should

be

supported

by

the

international

community

in

order

to

succeed

in

their

transition

to

democracy

and

economic

development.

10.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

right

to

development,

as

established

in

the

Declaration

on

the

Right

to

Development,

as

auniversal

and

inalienable

right

and

an

integral

part

of

fundamental

human

rights.

As

stated

in

the

Declaration

on

the

Right

to

Development,

the

human

person

is

the

central

subject

of

development.

While

development

facilitates

the

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights,

the

lack

of

development

may

not

be

invoked

to

justify

the

abridgement

of

internationally

recognized

human

rights.

States

should

cooperate

with

each

other

in

ensuring

development

and

eliminating

obstacles

to

development.

The

international

community

should

promote

an

effective

international

cooperation

for

the

realization

of

the

right

to

development

and

the

elimination

of

obstacles

to

development.

59

A/CONF.157/23

page

6

Lasting

progress

towards

the

implementation

of

the

right

to

development

requires

effective

development

policies

at

the

national

level,

as

well

as

equitable

economic

relations

and

afavourable

economic

environment

at

the

international

level.

11.

The

right

to

development

should

be

fulfilled

so

as

to

meet

equitably

the

developmental

and

environmental

needs

of

present

and

future

generations.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

that

illicit

dumping

of

toxic

and

dangerous

substances

and

waste

potentially

constitutes

aserious

threat

to

the

human

rights

to

life

and

health

of

everyone.

Consequently,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

all

States

to

adopt

and

vigorously

implement

existing

conventions

relating

to

the

dumping

of

toxic

and

dangerous

products

and

waste

and

to

cooperate

in

the

prevention

of

illicit

dumping.

Everyone

has

the

right

to

enjoy

the

benefits

of

scientific

progress

and

its

applications.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

notes

that

certain

advances,

notably

in

the

biomedical

and

life

sciences

as

well

as

in

information

technology,

may

have

potentially

adverse

consequences

for

the

integrity,

dignity

and

human

rights

of

the

individual,

and

calls

for

international

cooperation

to

ensure

that

human

rights

and

dignity

are

fully

respected

in

this

area

of

universal

concern

12.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

the

international

community

to

make

all

efforts

to

help

alleviate

the

external

debt

burden

of

developing

countries,

in

order

to

supplement

the

efforts

of

the

Governments

of

such

countries

to

attain

the

full

realization

of

the

economic,

social

and

cultural

rights

of

their

people.

13.

There

is

aneed

for

States

and

international

organizations,

in

cooperation

with

non-governmental

organizations,

to

create

favourable

conditions

at

the

national,

regional

and

international

levels

to

ensure

the

full

and

effective

enjoyment

of

human

rights.

States

should

eliminate

all

violations

of

human

rights

and

their

causes,

as

well

as

obstacles

to

the

enjoyment

of

these

rights.

14.

The

existence

of

widespread

extreme

poverty

inhibits

the

full

and

effective

enjoyment

of

human

rights;

its

immediate

alleviation

and

eventual

elimination

must

remain

ahigh

priority

for

the

international

community.

15.

Respect

for

human

rights

and

for

fundamental

freedoms

without

distinction

of

any

kind

is

afundamental

rule

of

international

human

rights

law.

The

speedy

and

comprehensive

elimination

of

all

forms

of

racism

and

racial

discrimination,

xenophobia

and

related

intolerance

is

apriority

task

for

the

international

community.

Governments

should

take

effective

measures

to

prevent

and

combat

them.

Groups,

institutions,

intergovernmental

and

non-governmental

organizations

and

individuals

are

urged

to

intensify

their

efforts

in

cooperating

and

coordinating

their

activities

against

these

evils.

16.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

progress

made

in

dismantling

apartheid

and

calls

upon

the

international

community

and

the

United

Nations

system

to

assist

in

this

process.

A/CONF.157/23

page

7

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

deplores

the

continuing

acts

of

violence

aimed

at

undermining

the

quest

for

apeaceful

dismantling

of

apartheid.

17.

The

acts,

methods

and

practices

of

terrorism

in

all

its

forms

and

manifestations

as

well

as

linkage

in

some

countries

to

drug

trafficking

are

activities

aimed

at

the

destruction

of

human

rights,

fundamental

freedoms

and

democracy,

threatening

territorial

integrity,

security

of

States

and

destabilizing

legitimately

constituted

Governments.

The

international

community

should

take

the

necessary

steps

to

enhance

cooperation

to

prevent

and

combat

terrorism.

18.

The

human

rights

of

women

and

of

the

girl-child

are

an

inalienable,

integral

and

indivisible

part

of

universal

human

rights.

The

full

and

equal

participation

of

women

in

political,

civil,

economic,

social

and

cultural

life,

at

the

national,

regional

and

international

levels,

and

the

eradication

of

all

forms

of

discrimination

on

grounds

of

sex

are

priority

objectives

of

the

international

community.

Gender-based

violence

and

all

forms

of

sexual

harassment

and

exploitation,

including

those

resulting

from

cultural

prejudice

and

international

trafficking,

are

incompatible

with

the

dignity

and

worth

of

the

human

person,

and

must

be

eliminated.

This

can

be

achieved

by

legal

measures

and

through

national

action

and

international

cooperation

in

such

fields

as

economic

and

social

development,

education,

safe

maternity

and

health

care,

and

social

support.

The

human

rights

of

women

should

form

an

integral

part

of

the

United

Nations

human

rights

activities,

including

the

promotion

of

all

human

rights

instruments

relating

to

women.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

Governments,

institutions,

intergovernmental

and

non-governmental

organizations

to

intensify

their

efforts

for

the

protection

and

promotion

of

human

rights

of

women

and

the

girl-child.

19.

Considering

the

importance

of

the

promotion

and

protection

of

the

rights

of

persons

belonging

to

minorities

and

the

contribution

of

such

promotion

and

protection

to

the

political

and

social

stability

of

the

States

in

which

such

persons

live,

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

obligation

of

States

to

ensure

that

persons

belonging

to

minorities

may

exercise

fully

and

effectively

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

without

any

discrimination

and

in

full

equality

before

the

law

in

accordance

with

the

Declaration

on

the

Rights

of

Persons

Belonging

to

National

or

Ethnic,

Religious

and

Linguistic

Minorities.

The

persons

belonging

to

minorities

have

the

right

to

enjoy

their

own

culture,

to

profess

and

practise

their

own

religion

and

to

use

their

own

language

in

private

and

in

public,

freely

and

without

interference

or

any

form

of

discrimination.

60

A/CONF.157/23

page

8

20.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

inherent

dignity

and

the

unique

contribution

of

indigenous

people

to

the

development

and

plurality

of

society

and

strongly

reaffirms

the

commitment

of

the

international

community

to

their

economic,

social

and

cultural

well-being

and

their

enjoyment

of

the

fruits

of

sustainable

development.

States

should

ensure

the

full

and

free

participation

of

indigenous

people

in

all

aspects

of

society,

in

particular

in

matters

of

concern

to

them.

Considering

the

importance

of

the

promotion

and

protection

of

the

rights

of

indigenous

people,

and

the

contribution

of

such

promotion

and

protection

to

the

political

and

social

stability

of

the

States

in

which

such

people

live,

States

should,

in

accordance

with

international

law,

take

concerted

positive

steps

to

ensure

respect

for

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

of

indigenous

people,

on

the

basis

of

equality

and

non-discrimination,

and

recognize

the

value

and

diversity

of

their

distinct

identities,

cultures

and

social

organization.

21.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

welcoming

the

early

ratification

of

the

Convention

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child

by

alarge

number

of

States

and

noting

the

recognition

of

the

human

rights

of

children

in

the

World

Declaration

on

the

Survival,

Protection

and

Development

of

Children

and

Plan

of

Action

adopted

by

the

World

Summit

for

Children,

urges

universal

ratification

of

the

Convention

by

1995

and

its

effective

implementation

by

States

parties

through

the

adoption

of

all

the

necessary

legislative,

administrative

and

other

measures

and

the

allocation

to

the

maximum

extent

of

the

available

resources.

In

all

actions

concerning

children,

non-discrimination

and

the

best

interest

of

the

child

should

be

primary

considerations

and

the

views

of

the

child

given

due

weight.

National

and

international

mechanisms

and

programmes

should

be

strengthened

for

the

defence

and

protection

of

children,

in

particular,

the

girl-child,

abandoned

children,

street

children,

economically

and

sexually

exploited

children,

including

through

child

pornography,

child

prostitution

or

sale

of

organs,

children

victims

of

diseases

including

acquired

immunodeficiency

syndrome,

refugee

and

displaced

children,

children

in

detention,

children

in

armed

conflict,

as

well

as

children

victims

of

famine

and

drought

and

other

emergencies.

International

cooperation

and

solidarity

should

be

promoted

to

support

the

implementation

of

the

Convention

and

the

rights

of

the

child

should

be

apriority

in

the

United

Nations

system-wide

action

on

human

rights.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

stresses

that

the

child

for

the

full

and

harmonious

development

of

his

or

her

personality

should

grow

up

in

afamily

environment

which

accordingly

merits

broader

protection.

22.

Special

attention

needs

to

be

paid

to

ensuring

non-discrimination,

and

the

equal

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

by

disabled

persons,

including

their

active

participation

in

all

aspects

of

society.

23.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

everyone,

without

distinction

of

any

kind,

is

entitled

to

the

right

to

seek

and

to

enjoy

in

other

countries

asylum

from

persecution,

as

well

as

the

right

to

return

to

one’s

own

country.

In

this

respect

it

stresses

the

importance

of

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights,

the

1951

Convention

relating

to

the

Status

of

Refugees,

its

1967

Protocol

and

regional

instruments.

It

expresses

its

appreciation

to

States

that

continue

to

admit

and

host

large

numbers

of

refugees

in

their

territories,

and

to

the

Office

of

the

United

Nations

High

A/CONF.157/23

page

9

Commissioner

for

Refugees

for

its

dedication

to

its

task.

It

also

expresses

its

appreciation

to

the

United

Nations

Relief

and

Works

Agency

for

Palestine

Refugees

in

the

Near

East.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

that

gross

violations

of

human

rights,

including

in

armed

conflicts,

are

among

the

multiple

and

complex

factors

leading

to

displacement

of

people.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

that,

in

view

of

the

complexities

of

the

global

refugee

crisis

and

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

relevant

international

instruments

and

international

solidarity

and

in

the

spirit

of

burden-sharing,

acomprehensive

approach

by

the

international

community

is

needed

in

coordination

and

cooperation

with

the

countries

concerned

and

relevant

organizations,

bearing

in

mind

the

mandate

of

the

United

Nations

High

Commissioner

for

Refugees.

This

should

include

the

development

of

strategies

to

address

the

root

causes

and

effects

of

movements

of

refugees

and

other

displaced

persons,

the

strengthening

of

emergency

preparedness

and

response

mechanisms,

the

provision

of

effective

protection

and

assistance,

bearing

in

mind

the

special

needs

of

women

and

children,

as

well

as

the

achievement

of

durable

solutions,

primarily

through

the

preferred

solution

of

dignified

and

safe

voluntary

repatriation,

including

solutions

such

as

those

adopted

by

the

international

refugee

conferences.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

underlines

the

responsibilities

of

States,

particularly

as

they

relate

to

the

countries

of

origin.

In

the

light

of

the

comprehensive

approach,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

emphasizes

the

importance

of

giving

special

attention

including

through

intergovernmental

and

humanitarian

organizations

and

finding

lasting

solutions

to

questions

related

to

internally

displaced

persons

including

their

voluntary

and

safe

return

and

rehabilitation.

In

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

and

the

principles

of

humanitarian

law,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

further

emphasizes

the

importance

of

and

the

need

for

humanitarian

assistance

to

victims

of

all

natural

and

man-made

disasters.

24.

Great

importance

must

be

given

to

the

promotion

and

protection

of

the

human

rights

of

persons

belonging

to

groups

which

have

been

rendered

vulnerable,

including

migrant

workers,

the

elimination

of

all

forms

of

discrimination

against

them,

and

the

strengthening

and

more

effective

implementation

of

existing

human

rights

instruments.

States

have

an

obligation

to

create

and

maintain

adequate

measures

at

the

national

level,

in

particular

in

the

fields

of

education,

health

and

social

support,

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

the

rights

of

persons

in

vulnerable

sectors

of

their

populations

and

to

ensure

the

participation

of

those

among

them

who

are

interested

in

finding

asolution

to

their

own

problems.

25.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

affirms

that

extreme

poverty

and

social

exclusion

constitute

aviolation

of

human

dignity

and

that

urgent

steps

are

necessary

to

achieve

better

knowledge

of

extreme

poverty

and

its

causes,

including

those

related

to

the

problem

of

development,

in

order

to

promote

the

human

rights

of

the

poorest,

and

to

put

an

end

to

extreme

poverty

and

social

exclusion

and

to

promote

the

enjoyment

of

the

fruits

of

social

progress.

It

61

A/CONF.157/23

page

10

is

essential

for

States

to

foster

participation

by

the

poorest

people

in

the

decision-making

process

by

the

community

in

which

they

live,

the

promotion

of

human

rights

and

efforts

to

combat

extreme

poverty.

26.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

progress

made

in

the

codification

of

human

rights

instruments,

which

is

adynamic

and

evolving

process,

and

urges

the

universal

ratification

of

human

rights

treaties.

All

States

are

encouraged

to

accede

to

these

international

instruments;

all

States

are

encouraged

to

avoid,

as

far

as

possible,

the

resort

to

reservations.

27.

Every

State

should

provide

an

effective

framework

of

remedies

to

redress

human

rights

grievances

or

violations.

The

administration

of

justice,

including

law

enforcement

and

prosecutorial

agencies

and,

especially,

an

independent

judiciary

and

legal

profession

in

full

conformity

with

applicable

standards

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments,

are

essential

to

the

full

and

non-discriminatory

realization

of

human

rights

and

indispensable

to

the

processes

of

democracy

and

sustainable

development.

In

this

context,

institutions

concerned

with

the

administration

of

justice

should

be

properly

funded,

and

an

increased

level

of

both

technical

and

financial

assistance

should

be

provided

by

the

international

community.

It

is

incumbent

upon

the

United

Nations

to

make

use

of

special

programmes

of

advisory

services

on

apriority

basis

for

the

achievement

of

astrong

and

independent

administration

of

justice.

28.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

expresses

its

dismay

at

massive

violations

of

human

rights

especially

in

the

form

of

genocide,

"ethnic

cleansing"

and

systematic

rape

of

women

in

war

situations,

creating

mass

exodus

of

refugees

and

displaced

persons.

While

strongly

condemning

such

abhorrent

practices

it

reiterates

the

call

that

perpetrators

of

such

crimes

be

punished

and

such

practices

immediately

stopped.

29.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

expresses

grave

concern

about

continuing

human

rights

violations

in

all

parts

of

the

world

in

disregard

of

standards

as

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments

and

international

humanitarian

law

and

about

the

lack

of

sufficient

and

effective

remedies

for

the

victims.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

is

deeply

concerned

about

violations

of

human

rights

during

armed

conflicts,

affecting

the

civilian

population,

especially

women,

children,

the

elderly

and

the

disabled.

The

Conference

therefore

calls

upon

States

and

all

parties

to

armed

conflicts

strictly

to

observe

international

humanitarian

law,

as

set

forth

in

the

Geneva

Conventions

of

1949

and

other

rules

and

principles

of

international

law,

as

well

as

minimum

standards

for

protection

of

human

rights,

as

laid

down

in

international

conventions.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

right

of

the

victims

to

be

assisted

by

humanitarian

organizations,

as

set

forth

in

the

Geneva

Conventions

of

1949

and

other

relevant

instruments

of

international

humanitarian

law,

and

calls

for

the

safe

and

timely

access

for

such

assistance.

A/CONF.157/23

page

11

30.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

expresses

its

dismay

and

condemnation

that

gross

and

systematic

violations

and

situations

that

constitute

serious

obstacles

to

the

full

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights

continue

to

occur

in

different

parts

of

the

world.

Such

violations

and

obstacles

include,

as

well

as

torture

and

cruel,

inhuman

and

degrading

treatment

or

punishment,

summary

and

arbitrary

executions,

disappearances,

arbitrary

detentions,

all

forms

of

racism,

racial

discrimination

and

apartheid,

foreign

occupation

and

alien

domination,

xenophobia,

poverty,

hunger

and

other

denials

of

economic,

social

and

cultural

rights,

religious

intolerance,

terrorism,

discrimination

against

women

and

lack

of

the

rule

of

law.

31.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

States

to

refrain

from

any

unilateral

measure

not

in

accordance

with

international

law

and

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

that

creates

obstacles

to

trade

relations

among

States

and

impedes

the

full

realization

of

the

human

rights

set

forth

in

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights

and

international

human

rights

instruments,

in

particular

the

rights

of

everyone

to

astandard

of

living

adequate

for

their

health

and

well-being,

including

food

and

medical

care,

housing

and

the

necessary

social

services.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

affirms

that

food

should

not

be

used

as

atool

for

political

pressure.

32.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

importance

of

ensuring

the

universality,

objectivity

and

non-selectivity

of

the

consideration

of

human

rights

issues.

33.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

States

are

duty-bound,

as

stipulated

in

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights

and

the

International

Covenant

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights

and

in

other

international

human

rights

instruments,

to

ensure

that

education

is

aimed

at

strengthening

the

respect

of

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

emphasizes

the

importance

of

incorporating

the

subject

of

human

rights

education

programmes

and

calls

upon

States

to

do

so.

Education

should

promote

understanding,

tolerance,

peace

and

friendly

relations

between

the

nations

and

all

racial

or

religious

groups

and

encourage

the

development

of

United

Nations

activities

in

pursuance

of

these

objectives.

Therefore,

education

on

human

rights

and

the

dissemination

of

proper

information,

both

theoretical

and

practical,

play

an

important

role

in

the

promotion

and

respect

of

human

rights

with

regard

to

all

individuals

without

distinction

of

any

kind

such

as

race,

sex,

language

or

religion,

and

this

should

be

integrated

in

the

education

policies

at

the

national

as

well

as

international

levels.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

notes

that

resource

constraints

and

institutional

inadequacies

may

impede

the

immediate

realization

of

these

objectives.

34.

Increased

efforts

should

be

made

to

assist

countries

which

so

request

to

create

the

conditions

whereby

each

individual

can

enjoy

universal

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

Governments,

the

United

Nations

system

as

well

as

other

multilateral

organizations

are

urged

to

increase

considerably

the

resources

allocated

to

programmes

aiming

at

the

establishment

and

strengthening

of

national

legislation,

national

institutions

and

related

infrastructures

which

uphold

the

rule

of

law

and

democracy,

electoral

62

A/CONF.157/23

page

12

assistance,

human

rights

awareness

through

training,

teaching

and

education,

popular

participation

and

civil

society.

The

programmes

of

advisory

services

and

technical

cooperation

under

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

should

be

strengthened

as

well

as

made

more

efficient

and

transparent

and

thus

become

amajor

contribution

to

improving

respect

for

human

rights.

States

are

called

upon

to

increase

their

contributions

to

these

programmes,

both

through

promoting

alarger

allocation

from

the

United

Nations

regular

budget,

and

through

voluntary

contributions.

35.

The

full

and

effective

implementation

of

United

Nations

activities

to

promote

and

protect

human

rights

must

reflect

the

high

importance

accorded

to

human

rights

by

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

and

the

demands

of

the

United

Nations

human

rights

activities,

as

mandated

by

Member

States.

To

this

end,

United

Nations

human

rights

activities

should

be

provided

with

increased

resources.

36.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

the

important

and

constructive

role

played

by

national

institutions

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights,

in

particular

in

their

advisory

capacity

to

the

competent

authorities,

their

role

in

remedying

human

rights

violations,

in

the

dissemination

of

human

rights

information,

and

education

in

human

rights.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

encourages

the

establishment

and

strengthening

of

national

institutions,

having

regard

to

the

"Principles

relating

to

the

status

of

national

institutions"

and

recognizing

that

it

is

the

right

of

each

State

to

choose

the

framework

which

is

best

suited

to

its

particular

needs

at

the

national

level.

37.

Regional

arrangements

play

afundamental

role

in

promoting

and

protecting

human

rights.

They

should

reinforce

universal

human

rights

standards,

as

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments,

and

their

protection.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

endorses

efforts

under

way

to

strengthen

these

arrangements

and

to

increase

their

effectiveness,

while

at

the

same

time

stressing

the

importance

of

cooperation

with

the

United

Nations

human

rights

activities.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reiterates

the

need

to

consider

the

possibility

of

establishing

regional

and

subregional

arrangements

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

where

they

do

not

already

exist.

38.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

important

role

of

non-governmental

organizations

in

the

promotion

of

all

human

rights

and

in

humanitarian

activities

at

national,

regional

and

international

levels.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

appreciates

their

contribution

to

increasing

public

awareness

of

human

rights

issues,

to

the

conduct

of

education,

training

and

research

in

this

field,

and

to

the

promotion

and

protection

of

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

While

recognizing

that

the

primary

responsibility

for

standard-setting

lies

with

States,

the

conference

also

appreciates

the

contribution

of

non-governmental

organizations

to

this

process.

In

this

respect,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

emphasizes

the

importance

of

continued

dialogue

and

cooperation

between

Governments

and

non-governmental

organizations.

Non-governmental

organizations

and

their

A/CONF.157/23

page

13

members

genuinely

involved

in

the

field

of

human

rights

should

enjoy

the

rights

and

freedoms

recognized

in

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights,

and

the

protection

of

the

national

law.

These

rights

and

freedoms

may

not

be

exercised

contrary

to

the

purposes

and

principles

of

the

United

Nations.

Non-governmental

organizations

should

be

free

to

carry

out

their

human

rights

activities,

without

interference,

within

the

framework

of

national

law

and

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights.

39.

Underlining

the

importance

of

objective,

responsible

and

impartial

information

about

human

rights

and

humanitarian

issues,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

encourages

the

increased

involvement

of

the

media,

for

whom

freedom

and

protection

should

be

guaranteed

within

the

framework

of

national

law.

II

A.

Increased

coordination

on

human

rights

within

the

United

Nations

system

1.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

increased

coordination

in

support

of

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

within

the

United

Nations

system.

To

this

end,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

all

United

Nations

organs,

bodies

and

the

specialized

agencies

whose

activities

deal

with

human

rights

to

cooperate

in

order

to

strengthen,

rationalize

and

streamline

their

activities,

taking

into

account

the

need

to

avoid

unnecessary

duplication.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

recommends

to

the

Secretary-General

that

high-level

officials

of

relevant

United

Nations

bodies

and

specialized

agencies

at

their

annual

meeting,

besides

coordinating

their

activities,

also

assess

the

impact

of

their

strategies

and

policies

on

the

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights.

2.

Furthermore,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

regional

organizations

and

prominent

international

and

regional

finance

and

development

institutions

to

assess

also

the

impact

of

their

policies

and

programmes

on

the

enjoyment

of

human

rights.

3.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

that

relevant

specialized

agencies

and

bodies

and

institutions

of

the

United

Nations

system

as

well

as

other

relevant

intergovernmental

organizations

whose

activities

deal

with

human

rights

play

avital

role

in

the

formulation,

promotion

and

implementation

of

human

rights

standards,

within

their

respective

mandates,

and

should

take

into

account

the

outcome

of

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

within

their

fields

of

competence.

4.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

strongly

recommends

that

aconcerted

effort

be

made

to

encourage

and

facilitate

the

ratification

of

and

accession

or

succession

to

international

human

rights

treaties

and

protocols

adopted

within

the

framework

of

the

United

Nations

system

with

the

aim

of

universal

acceptance.

The

Secretary-General,

in

consultation

with

treaty

bodies,

should

consider

opening

adialogue

with

States

not

having

acceded

to

these

human

rights

treaties,

in

order

to

identify

obstacles

and

to

seek

ways

of

overcoming

them.

63

A/CONF.157/23

page

14

5.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

encourages

States

to

consider

limiting

the

extent

of

any

reservations

they

lodge

to

international

human

rights

instruments,

formulate

any

reservations

as

precisely

and

narrowly

as

possible,

ensure

that

none

is

incompatible

with

the

object

and

purpose

of

the

relevant

treaty

and

regularly

review

any

reservations

with

aview

to

withdrawing

them.

6.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

recognizing

the

need

to

maintain

consistency

with

the

high

quality

of

existing

international

standards

and

to

avoid

proliferation

of

human

rights

instruments,

reaffirms

the

guidelines

relating

to

the

elaboration

of

new

international

instruments

contained

in

General

Assembly

resolution

41/120

of

4December

1986

and

calls

on

the

United

Nations

human

rights

bodies,

when

considering

the

elaboration

of

new

international

standards,

to

keep

those

guidelines

in

mind,

to

consult

with

human

rights

treaty

bodies

on

the

necessity

for

drafting

new

standards

and

to

request

the

Secretariat

to

carry

out

technical

reviews

of

proposed

new

instruments.

7.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

human

rights

officers

be

assigned

if

and

when

necessary

to

regional

offices

of

the

United

Nations

Organization

with

the

purpose

of

disseminating

information

and

offering

training

and

other

technical

assistance

in

the

field

of

human

rights

upon

the

request

of

concerned

Member

States.

Human

rights

training

for

international

civil

servants

who

are

assigned

to

work

relating

to

human

rights

should

be

organized.

8.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

convening

of

emergency

sessions

of

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

as

apositive

initiative

and

that

other

ways

of

responding

to

acute

violations

of

human

rights

be

considered

by

the

relevant

organs

of

the

United

Nations

system.

Resources

9.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

concerned

by

the

growing

disparity

between

the

activities

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

and

the

human,

financial

and

other

resources

available

to

carry

them

out,

and

bearing

in

mind

the

resources

needed

for

other

important

United

Nations

programmes,

requests

the

Secretary-General

and

the

General

Assembly

to

take

immediate

steps

to

increase

substantially

the

resources

for

the

human

rights

programme

from

within

the

existing

and

future

regular

budgets

of

the

United

Nations,

and

to

take

urgent

steps

to

seek

increased

extrabudgetary

resources.

10.

Within

this

framework,

an

increased

proportion

of

the

regular

budget

should

be

allocated

directly

to

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

to

cover

its

costs

and

all

other

costs

borne

by

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights,

including

those

related

to

the

United

Nations

human

rights

bodies.

Voluntary

funding

of

the

Centre’s

technical

cooperation

activities

should

reinforce

this

enhanced

budget;

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

for

generous

contributions

to

the

existing

trust

funds.

11.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

requests

the

Secretary-General

and

the

General

Assembly

to

provide

sufficient

human,

financial

and

other

A/CONF.157/23

page

15

resources

to

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

to

enable

it

effectively,

efficiently

and

expeditiously

to

carry

out

its

activities.

12.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

noting

the

need

to

ensure

that

human

and

financial

resources

are

available

to

carry

out

the

human

rights

activities,

as

mandated

by

intergovernmental

bodies,

urges

the

Secretary-General,

in

accordance

with

Article

101

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

and

Member

States

to

adopt

acoherent

approach

aimed

at

securing

that

resources

commensurate

to

the

increased

mandates

are

allocated

to

the

Secretariat.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

invites

the

Secretary-General

to

consider

whether

adjustments

to

procedures

in

the

programme

budget

cycle

would

be

necessary

or

helpful

to

ensure

the

timely

and

effective

implementation

of

human

rights

activities

as

mandated

by

Member

States.

Centre

for

Human

Rights

13.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

stresses

the

importance

of

strengthening

the

United

Nations

Centre

for

Human

Rights.

14.

The

Centre

for

Human

Rights

should

play

an

important

role

in

coordinating

system-wide

attention

for

human

rights.

The

focal

role

of

the

Centre

can

best

be

realized

if

it

is

enabled

to

cooperate

fully

with

other

United

Nations

bodies

and

organs.

The

coordinating

role

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

also

implies

that

the

office

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

in

New

York

is

strengthened.

15.

The

Centre

for

Human

Rights

should

be

assured

adequate

means

for

the

system

of

thematic

and

country

rapporteurs,

experts,

working

groups

and

treaty

bodies.

Follow-up

on

recommendations

should

become

apriority

matter

for

consideration

by

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights.

16.

The

Centre

for

Human

Rights

should

assume

alarger

role

in

the

promotion

of

human

rights.

This

role

could

be

given

shape

through

cooperation

with

Member

States

and

by

an

enhanced

programme

of

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance.

The

existing

voluntary

funds

will

have

to

be

expanded

substantially

for

these

purposes

and

should

be

managed

in

amore

efficient

and

coordinated

way.

All

activities

should

follow

strict

and

transparent

project

management

rules

and

regular

programme

and

project

evaluations

should

be

held

periodically.

To

this

end,

the

results

of

such

evaluation

exercises

and

other

relevant

information

should

be

made

available

regularly.

The

Centre

should,

in

particular,

organize

at

least

once

ayear

information

meetings

open

to

all

Member

States

and

organizations

directly

involved

in

these

projects

and

programmes.

Adaptation

and

strengthening

of

the

United

Nations

machinery

for

human

rights,

including

the

question

of

the

establishment

of

aUnited

Nations

High

Commissioner

for

Human

Rights

17.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

necessity

for

acontinuing

adaptation

of

the

United

Nations

human

rights

machinery

to

the

current

and

future

needs

in

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights,

as

reflected

in

the

present

Declaration

and

within

the

framework

of

abalanced

64

A/CONF.157/23

page

16

and

sustainable

development

for

all

people.

In

particular,

the

United

Nations

human

rights

organs

should

improve

their

coordination,

efficiency

and

effectiveness.

18.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

to

the

General

Assembly

that

when

examining

the

report

of

the

Conference

at

its

forty-eighth

session,

it

begin,

as

amatter

of

priority,

consideration

of

the

question

of

the

establishment

of

aHigh

Commissioner

for

Human

Rights

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

all

human

rights.

B.

Equality,

dignity

and

tolerance

1.

Racism,

racial

discrimination,

xenophobia

and

other

forms

of

intolerance

19.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

considers

the

elimination

of

racism

and

racial

discrimination,

in

particular

in

their

institutionalized

forms

such

as

apartheid

or

resulting

from

doctrines

of

racial

superiority

or

exclusivity

or

contemporary

forms

and

manifestations

of

racism,

as

aprimary

objective

for

the

international

community

and

aworldwide

promotion

programme

in

the

field

of

human

rights.

United

Nations

organs

and

agencies

should

strengthen

their

efforts

to

implement

such

aprogramme

of

action

related

to

the

third

decade

to

combat

racism

and

racial

discrimination

as

well

as

subsequent

mandates

to

the

same

end.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

strongly

appeals

to

the

international

community

to

contribute

generously

to

the

Trust

Fund

for

the

Programme

for

the

Decade

for

Action

to

Combat

Racism

and

Racial

Discrimination.

20.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

all

Governments

to

take

immediate

measures

and

to

develop

strong

policies

to

prevent

and

combat

all

forms

and

manifestations

of

racism,

xenophobia

or

related

intolerance,

where

necessary

by

enactment

of

appropriate

legislation,

including

penal

measures,

and

by

the

establishment

of

national

institutions

to

combat

such

phenomena.

21.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

decision

of

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

to

appoint

aSpecial

Rapporteur

on

contemporary

forms

of

racism,

racial

discrimination,

xenophobia

and

related

intolerance.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

appeals

to

all

States

parties

to

the

International

Convention

on

the

Elimination

of

All

Forms

of

Racial

Discrimination

to

consider

making

the

declaration

under

article

14

of

the

Convention.

22.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

all

Governments

to

take

all

appropriate

measures

in

compliance

with

their

international

obligations

and

with

due

regard

to

their

respective

legal

systems

to

counter

intolerance

and

related

violence

based

on

religion

or

belief,

including

practices

of

discrimination

against

women

and

including

the

desecration

of

religious

sites,

recognizing

that

every

individual

has

the

right

to

freedom

of

thought,

conscience,

expression

and

religion.

The

Conference

also

invites

all

States

to

put

into

practice

the

provisions

of

the

Declaration

on

the

Elimination

of

All

Forms

of

Intolerance

and

of

Discrimination

Based

on

Religion

or

Belief.

A/CONF.157/23

page

17

23.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

stresses

that

all

persons

who

perpetrate

or

authorize

criminal

acts

associated

with

ethnic

cleansing

are

individually

responsible

and

accountable

for

such

human

rights

violations,

and

that

the

international

community

should

exert

every

effort

to

bring

those

legally

responsible

for

such

violations

to

justice.

24.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

all

States

to

take

immediate

measures,

individually

and

collectively,

to

combat

the

practice

of

ethnic

cleansing

to

bring

it

quickly

to

an

end.

Victims

of

the

abhorrent

practice

of

ethnic

cleansing

are

entitled

to

appropriate

and

effective

remedies.

2.

Persons

belonging

to

national

or

ethnic,

religious

and

linguistic

minorities

25.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

to

examine

ways

and

means

to

promote

and

protect

effectively

the

rights

of

persons

belonging

to

minorities

as

set

out

in

the

Declaration

on

the

Rights

of

Persons

belonging

to

National

or

Ethnic,

Religious

and

Linguistic

Minorities.

In

this

context,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

to

provide,

at

the

request

of

Governments

concerned

and

as

part

of

its

programme

of

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance,

qualified

expertise

on

minority

issues

and

human

rights,

as

well

as

on

the

prevention

and

resolution

of

disputes,

to

assist

in

existing

or

potential

situations

involving

minorities.

26.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

States

and

the

international

community

to

promote

and

protect

the

rights

of

persons

belonging

to

national

or

ethnic,

religious

and

linguistic

minorities

in

accordance

with

the

Declaration

on

the

Rights

of

Persons

belonging

to

National

or

Ethnic,

Religious

and

Linguistic

Minorities.

27.

Measures

to

be

taken,

where

appropriate,

should

include

facilitation

of

their

full

participation

in

all

aspects

of

the

political,

economic,

social,

religious

and

cultural

life

of

society

and

in

the

economic

progress

and

development

in

their

country.

Indigenous

people

28.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

the

Working

Group

on

Indigenous

Populations

of

the

Sub-Commission

on

Prevention

of

Discrimination

and

Protection

of

Minorities

to

complete

the

drafting

of

adeclaration

on

the

rights

of

indigenous

people

at

its

eleventh

session.

29.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

consider

the

renewal

and

updating

of

the

mandate

of

the

Working

Group

on

Indigenous

Populations

upon

completion

of

the

drafting

of

adeclaration

on

the

rights

of

indigenous

people.

30.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

recommends

that

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance

programmes

within

the

United

Nations

system

respond

positively

to

requests

by

States

for

assistance

which

would

be

of

direct

benefit

to

indigenous

people.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

65

A/CONF.157/23

page

18

further

recommends

that

adequate

human

and

financial

resources

be

made

available

to

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

within

the

overall

framework

of

strengthening

the

Centre’s

activities

as

envisaged

by

this

document.

31.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

States

to

ensure

the

full

and

free

participation

of

indigenous

people

in

all

aspects

of

society,

in

particular

in

matters

of

concern

to

them.

32.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

General

Assembly

proclaim

an

international

decade

of

the

world’s

indigenous

people,

to

begin

from

January

1994,

including

action-orientated

programmes,

to

be

decided

upon

in

partnership

with

indigenous

people.

An

appropriate

voluntary

trust

fund

should

be

set

up

for

this

purpose.

In

the

framework

of

such

adecade,

the

establishment

of

apermanent

forum

for

indigenous

people

in

the

United

Nations

system

should

be

considered.

Migrant

workers

33.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

all

States

to

guarantee

the

protection

of

the

human

rights

of

all

migrant

workers

and

their

families.

34.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

considers

that

the

creation

of

conditions

to

foster

greater

harmony

and

tolerance

between

migrant

workers

and

the

rest

of

the

society

of

the

State

in

which

they

reside

is

of

particular

importance.

35.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

invites

States

to

consider

the

possibility

of

signing

and

ratifying,

at

the

earliest

possible

time,

the

International

Convention

on

the

Rights

of

All

Migrant

Workers

and

Members

of

Their

Families.

3.

The

equal

status

and

human

rights

of

women

36.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

the

full

and

equal

enjoyment

by

women

of

all

human

rights

and

that

this

be

apriority

for

Governments

and

for

the

United

Nations.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

underlines

the

importance

of

the

integration

and

full

participation

of

women

as

both

agents

and

beneficiaries

in

the

development

process,

and

reiterates

the

objectives

established

on

global

action

for

women

towards

sustainable

and

equitable

development

set

forth

in

the

Rio

Declaration

on

Environment

and

Development

and

chapter

24

of

Agenda

21,

adopted

by

the

United

Nations

Conference

on

Environment

and

Development

(Rio

de

Janeiro,

Brazil,

3-14

June

1992).

37.

The

equal

status

of

women

and

the

human

rights

of

women

should

be

integrated

into

the

mainstream

of

United

Nations

system-wide

activity.

These

issues

should

be

regularly

and

systematically

addressed

throughout

relevant

United

Nations

bodies

and

mechanisms.

In

particular,

steps

should

be

taken

to

increase

cooperation

and

promote

further

integration

of

objectives

and

goals

between

the

Commission

on

the

Status

of

Women,

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights,

the

Committee

for

the

Elimination

of

Discrimination

against

Women,

the

United

Nations

Development

Fund

for

Women,

the

United

Nations

Development

Programme

and

other

United

Nations

agencies.

In

this

context,

cooperation

and

A/CONF.157/23

page

19

coordination

should

be

strengthened

between

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

and

the

Division

for

the

Advancement

of

Women.

38.

In

particular,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

stresses

the

importance

of

working

towards

the

elimination

of

violence

against

women

in

public

and

private

life,

the

elimination

of

all

forms

of

sexual

harassment,

exploitation

and

trafficking

in

women,

the

elimination

of

gender

bias

in

the

administration

of

justice

and

the

eradication

of

any

conflicts

which

may

arise

between

the

rights

of

women

and

the

harmful

effects

of

certain

traditional

or

customary

practices,

cultural

prejudices

and

religious

extremism.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

the

General

Assembly

to

adopt

the

draft

declaration

on

violence

against

women

and

urges

States

to

combat

violence

against

women

in

accordance

with

its

provisions.

Violations

of

the

human

rights

of

women

in

situations

of

armed

conflict

are

violations

of

the

fundamental

principles

of

international

human

rights

and

humanitarian

law.

All

violations

of

this

kind,

including

in

particular

murder,

systematic

rape,

sexual

slavery,

and

forced

pregnancy,

require

aparticularly

effective

response.

39.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

the

eradication

of

all

forms

of

discrimination

against

women,

both

hidden

and

overt.

The

United

Nations

should

encourage

the

goal

of

universal

ratification

by

all

States

of

the

Convention

on

the

Elimination

of

All

Forms

of

Discrimination

against

Women

by

the

year

2000.

Ways

and

means

of

addressing

the

particularly

large

number

of

reservations

to

the

Convention

should

be

encouraged.

Inter

alia,

the

Committee

on

the

Elimination

of

Discrimination

against

Women

should

continue

its

review

of

reservations

to

the

Convention.

States

are

urged

to

withdraw

reservations

that

are

contrary

to

the

object

and

purpose

of

the

Convention

or

which

are

otherwise

incompatible

with

international

treaty

law.

40.

Treaty

monitoring

bodies

should

disseminate

necessary

information

to

enable

women

to

make

more

effective

use

of

existing

implementation

procedures

in

their

pursuits

of

full

and

equal

enjoyment

of

human

rights

and

non-discrimination.

New

procedures

should

also

be

adopted

to

strengthen

implementation

of

the

commitment

to

women’s

equality

and

the

human

rights

of

women.

The

Commission

on

the

Status

of

Women

and

the

Committee

on

the

Elimination

of

Discrimination

against

Women

should

quickly

examine

the

possibility

of

introducing

the

right

of

petition

through

the

preparation

of

an

optional

protocol

to

the

Convention

on

the

Elimination

of

All

Forms

of

Discrimination

against

Women.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

decision

of

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

to

consider

the

appointment

of

aspecial

rapporteur

on

violence

against

women

at

its

fiftieth

session.

41.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

importance

of

the

enjoyment

by

women

of

the

highest

standard

of

physical

and

mental

health

throughout

their

life

span.

In

the

context

of

the

World

Conference

on

Women

and

the

Convention

on

the

Elimination

of

All

Forms

of

Discrimination

against

Women,

as

well

as

the

Proclamation

of

Tehran

of

1968,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms,

on

the

basis

of

equality

between

women

and

men,

awoman’s

right

to

accessible

and

adequate

health

care

and

the

widest

range

of

family

planning

services,

as

well

as

equal

access

to

education

at

all

levels.

66

A/CONF.157/23

page

20

42.

Treaty

monitoring

bodies

should

include

the

status

of

women

and

the

human

rights

of

women

in

their

deliberations

and

findings,

making

use

of

gender-specific

data.

States

should

be

encouraged

to

supply

information

on

the

situation

of

women

de

jure

and

de

facto

in

their

reports

to

treaty

monitoring

bodies.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

notes

with

satisfaction

that

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

adopted

at

its

forty-ninth

session

resolution

1993/46

of

8March

1993

stating

that

rapporteurs

and

working

groups

in

the

field

of

human

rights

should

also

be

encouraged

to

do

so.

Steps

should

also

be

taken

by

the

Division

for

the

Advancement

of

Women

in

cooperation

with

other

United

Nations

bodies,

specifically

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights,

to

ensure

that

the

human

rights

activities

of

the

United

Nations

regularly

address

violations

of

women’s

human

rights,

including

gender-specific

abuses.

Training

for

United

Nations

human

rights

and

humanitarian

relief

personnel

to

assist

them

to

recognize

and

deal

with

human

rights

abuses

particular

to

women

and

to

carry

out

their

work

without

gender

bias

should

be

encouraged.

43.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

Governments

and

regional

and

international

organizations

to

facilitate

the

access

of

women

to

decision-making

posts

and

their

greater

participation

in

the

decision-making

process.

It

encourages

further

steps

within

the

United

Nations

Secretariat

to

appoint

and

promote

women

staff

members

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations,

and

encourages

other

principal

and

subsidiary

organs

of

the

United

Nations

to

guarantee

the

participation

of

women

under

conditions

of

equality.

44.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

World

Conference

on

Women

to

be

held

in

Beijing

in

1995

and

urges

that

human

rights

of

women

should

play

an

important

role

in

its

deliberations,

in

accordance

with

the

priority

themes

of

the

World

Conference

on

Women

of

equality,

development

and

peace.

4.

The

rights

of

the

child

45.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reiterates

the

principle

of

"First

Call

for

Children"

and,

in

this

respect,

underlines

the

importance

of

major

national

and

international

efforts,

especially

those

of

the

United

Nations

Children’s

Fund,

for

promoting

respect

for

the

rights

of

the

child

to

survival,

protection,

development

and

participation.

46.

Measures

should

be

taken

to

achieve

universal

ratification

of

the

Convention

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child

by

1995

and

the

universal

signing

of

the

World

Declaration

on

the

Survival,

Protection

and

Development

of

Children

and

Plan

of

Action

adopted

by

the

World

Summit

for

Children,

as

well

as

their

effective

implementation.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

States

to

withdraw

reservations

to

the

Convention

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child

contrary

to

the

object

and

purpose

of

the

Convention

or

otherwise

contrary

to

international

treaty

law.

47.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

all

nations

to

undertake

measures

to

the

maximum

extent

of

their

available

resources,

with

the

support

of

international

cooperation,

to

achieve

the

goals

in

the

World

Summit

Plan

of

Action.

The

Conference

calls

on

States

to

integrate

the

Convention

on

the

A/CONF.157/23

page

21

Rights

of

the

Child

into

their

national

action

plans.

By

means

of

these

national

action

plans

and

through

international

efforts,

particular

priority

should

be

placed

on

reducing

infant

and

maternal

mortality

rates,

reducing

malnutrition

and

illiteracy

rates

and

providing

access

to

safe

drinking

water

and

to

basic

education.

Whenever

so

called

for,

national

plans

of

action

should

be

devised

to

combat

devastating

emergencies

resulting

from

natural

disasters

and

armed

conflicts

and

the

equally

grave

problem

of

children

in

extreme

poverty.

48.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

all

States,

with

the

support

of

international

cooperation,

to

address

the

acute

problem

of

children

under

especially

difficult

circumstances.

Exploitation

and

abuse

of

children

should

be

actively

combated,

including

by

addressing

their

root

causes.

Effective

measures

are

required

against

female

infanticide,

harmful

child

labour,

sale

of

children

and

organs,

child

prostitution,

child

pornography,

as

well

as

other

forms

of

sexual

abuse.

49.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

supports

all

measures

by

the

United

Nations

and

its

specialized

agencies

to

ensure

the

effective

protection

and

promotion

of

human

rights

of

the

girl

child.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

States

to

repeal

existing

laws

and

regulations

and

remove

customs

and

practices

which

discriminate

against

and

cause

harm

to

the

girl

child.

50.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

strongly

supports

the

proposal

that

the

Secretary-General

initiate

astudy

into

means

of

improving

the

protection

of

children

in

armed

conflicts.

Humanitarian

norms

should

be

implemented

and

measures

taken

in

order

to

protect

and

facilitate

assistance

to

children

in

war

zones.

Measures

should

include

protection

for

children

against

indiscriminate

use

of

all

weapons

of

war,

especially

anti-personnel

mines.

The

need

for

aftercare

and

rehabilitation

of

children

traumatized

by

war

must

be

addressed

urgently.

The

Conference

calls

on

the

Committee

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child

to

study

the

question

of

raising

the

minimum

age

of

recruitment

into

armed

forces.

51.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

matters

relating

to

human

rights

and

the

situation

of

children

be

regularly

reviewed

and

monitored

by

all

relevant

organs

and

mechanisms

of

the

United

Nations

system

and

by

the

supervisory

bodies

of

the

specialized

agencies

in

accordance

with

their

mandates.

52.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recognizes

the

important

role

played

by

non-governmental

organizations

in

the

effective

implementation

of

all

human

rights

instruments

and,

in

particular,

the

Convention

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child.

53.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

Committee

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child,

with

the

assistance

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights,

be

enabled

expeditiously

and

effectively

to

meet

its

mandate,

especially

in

view

of

the

unprecedented

extent

of

ratification

and

subsequent

submission

of

country

reports.

67

A/CONF.157/23

page

22

5.

Freedom

from

torture

54.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

ratification

by

many

Member

States

of

the

Convention

against

Torture

and

Other

Cruel,

Inhuman

or

Degrading

Treatment

or

Punishment

and

encourages

its

speedy

ratification

by

all

other

Member

States.

55.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

emphasizes

that

one

of

the

most

atrocious

violations

against

human

dignity

is

the

act

of

torture,

the

result

of

which

destroys

the

dignity

and

impairs

the

capability

of

victims

to

continue

their

lives

and

their

activities.

56.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

under

human

rights

law

and

international

humanitarian

law,

freedom

from

torture

is

aright

which

must

be

protected

under

all

circumstances,

including

in

times

of

internal

or

international

disturbance

or

armed

conflicts.

57.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

therefore

urges

all

States

to

put

an

immediate

end

to

the

practice

of

torture

and

eradicate

this

evil

forever

through

full

implementation

of

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights

as

well

as

the

relevant

conventions

and,

where

necessary,

strengthening

of

existing

mechanisms.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

all

States

to

cooperate

fully

with

the

Special

Rapporteur

on

the

question

of

torture

in

the

fulfilment

of

his

mandate.

58.

Special

attention

should

be

given

to

ensure

universal

respect

for,

and

effective

implementation

of,

the

Principles

of

Medical

Ethics

relevant

to

the

Role

of

Health

Personnel,

particularly

Physicians,

in

the

Protection

of

Prisoners

and

Detainees

against

Torture

and

other

Cruel,

Inhuman

or

Degrading

Treatment

or

Punishment

adopted

by

the

General

Assembly

of

the

United

Nations.

59.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

stresses

the

importance

of

further

concrete

action

within

the

framework

of

the

United

Nations

with

the

view

to

providing

assistance

to

victims

of

torture

and

ensure

more

effective

remedies

for

their

physical,

psychological

and

social

rehabilitation.

Providing

the

necessary

resources

for

this

purpose

should

be

given

high

priority,

inter

alia,

by

additional

contributions

to

the

United

Nations

Voluntary

Fund

for

the

Victims

of

Torture.

60.

States

should

abrogate

legislation

leading

to

impunity

for

those

responsible

for

grave

violations

of

human

rights

such

as

torture

and

prosecute

such

violations,

thereby

providing

afirm

basis

for

the

rule

of

law.

61.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

efforts

to

eradicate

torture

should,

first

and

foremost,

be

concentrated

on

prevention

and,

therefore,

calls

for

the

early

adoption

of

an

optional

protocol

to

the

Convention

against

Torture

and

Other

Cruel,

Inhuman

and

Degrading

Treatment

or

Punishment,

which

is

intended

to

establish

apreventive

system

of

regular

visits

to

places

of

detention.

A/CONF.157/23

page

23

Enforced

disappearances

62.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

welcoming

the

adoption

by

the

General

Assembly

of

the

Declaration

on

the

Protection

of

All

Persons

from

Enforced

Disappearance,

calls

upon

all

States

to

take

effective

legislative,

administrative,

judicial

or

other

measures

to

prevent,

terminate

and

punish

acts

of

enforced

disappearances.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

it

is

the

duty

of

all

States,

under

any

circumstances,

to

make

investigations

whenever

there

is

reason

to

believe

that

an

enforced

disappearance

has

taken

place

on

aterritory

under

their

jurisdiction

and,

if

allegations

are

confirmed,

to

prosecute

its

perpetrators.

6.

The

rights

of

the

disabled

person

63.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

all

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms

are

universal

and

thus

unreservedly

include

persons

with

disabilities.

Every

person

is

born

equal

and

has

the

same

rights

to

life

and

welfare,

education

and

work,

living

independently

and

active

participation

in

all

aspects

of

society.

Any

direct

discrimination

or

other

negative

discriminatory

treatment

of

adisabled

person

is

therefore

aviolation

of

his

or

her

rights.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

Governments,

where

necessary,

to

adopt

or

adjust

legislation

to

assure

access

to

these

and

other

rights

for

disabled

persons.

64.

The

place

of

disabled

persons

is

everywhere.

Persons

with

disabilities

should

be

guaranteed

equal

opportunity

through

the

elimination

of

all

socially

determined

barriers,

be

they

physical,

financial,

social

or

psychological,

which

exclude

or

restrict

full

participation

in

society.

65.

Recalling

the

World

Programme

of

Action

concerning

Disabled

Persons,

adopted

by

the

General

Assembly

at

its

thirty-seventh

session,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

upon

the

General

Assembly

and

the

Economic

and

Social

Council

to

adopt

the

draft

standard

rules

on

the

equalization

of

opportunities

for

persons

with

disabilities,

at

their

meetings

in

1993.

C.

Cooperation,

development

and

strengthening

of

human

rights

66.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

priority

be

given

to

national

and

international

action

to

promote

democracy,

development

and

human

rights.

67.

Special

emphasis

should

be

given

to

measures

to

assist

in

the

strengthening

and

building

of

institutions

relating

to

human

rights,

strengthening

of

apluralistic

civil

society

and

the

protection

of

groups

which

have

been

rendered

vulnerable.

In

this

context,

assistance

provided

upon

the

request

of

Governments

for

the

conduct

of

free

and

fair

elections,

including

assistance

in

the

human

rights

aspects

of

elections

and

public

information

about

elections,

is

of

particular

importance.

Equally

important

is

the

assistance

to

be

given

to

the

strengthening

of

the

rule

of

law,

the

promotion

of

freedom

of

expression

and

the

administration

of

justice,

and

to

the

real

and

effective

participation

of

the

people

in

the

decision-making

processes.

68

A/CONF.157/23

page

24

68.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

stresses

the

need

for

the

implementation

of

strengthened

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance

activities

by

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights.

The

Centre

should

make

available

to

States

upon

request

assistance

on

specific

human

rights

issues,

including

the

preparation

of

reports

under

human

rights

treaties

as

well

as

for

the

implementation

of

coherent

and

comprehensive

plans

of

action

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights.

Strengthening

the

institutions

of

human

rights

and

democracy,

the

legal

protection

of

human

rights,

training

of

officials

and

others,

broad-based

education

and

public

information

aimed

at

promoting

respect

for

human

rights

should

all

be

available

as

components

of

these

programmes.

69.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

strongly

recommends

that

acomprehensive

programme

be

established

within

the

United

Nations

in

order

to

help

States

in

the

task

of

building

and

strengthening

adequate

national

structures

which

have

adirect

impact

on

the

overall

observance

of

human

rights

and

the

maintenance

of

the

rule

of

law.

Such

aprogramme,

to

be

coordinated

by

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights,

should

be

able

to

provide,

upon

the

request

of

the

interested

Government,

technical

and

financial

assistance

to

national

projects

in

reforming

penal

and

correctional

establishments,

education

and

training

of

lawyers,

judges

and

security

forces

in

human

rights,

and

any

other

sphere

of

activity

relevant

to

the

good

functioning

of

the

rule

of

law.

That

programme

should

make

available

to

States

assistance

for

the

implementation

of

plans

of

action

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights.

70.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

requests

the

Secretary-General

of

the

United

Nations

to

submit

proposals

to

the

United

Nations

General

Assembly,

containing

alternatives

for

the

establishment,

structure,

operational

modalities

and

funding

of

the

proposed

programme.

71.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

each

State

consider

the

desirability

of

drawing

up

anational

action

plan

identifying

steps

whereby

that

State

would

improve

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights.

72.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

on

Human

Rights

reaffirms

that

the

universal

and

inalienable

right

to

development,

as

established

in

the

Declaration

on

the

Right

to

Development,

must

be

implemented

and

realized.

In

this

context,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

welcomes

the

appointment

by

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

of

athematic

working

group

on

the

right

to

development

and

urges

that

the

Working

Group,

in

consultation

and

cooperation

with

other

organs

and

agencies

of

the

United

Nations

system,

promptly

formulate,

for

early

consideration

by

the

United

Nations

General

Assembly,

comprehensive

and

effective

measures

to

eliminate

obstacles

to

the

implementation

and

realization

of

the

Declaration

on

the

Right

to

Development

and

recommending

ways

and

means

towards

the

realization

of

the

right

to

development

by

all

States.

73.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

non-governmental

and

other

grass-roots

organizations

active

in

development

and/or

human

rights

should

be

enabled

to

play

amajor

role

on

the

national

and

international

levels

in

the

debate,

activities

and

implementation

relating

to

the

right

to

A/CONF.157/23

page

25

development

and,

in

cooperation

with

Governments,

in

all

relevant

aspects

of

development

cooperation.

74.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

appeals

to

Governments,

competent

agencies

and

institutions

to

increase

considerably

the

resources

devoted

to

building

well-functioning

legal

systems

able

to

protect

human

rights,

and

to

national

institutions

working

in

this

area.

Actors

in

the

field

of

development

cooperation

should

bear

in

mind

the

mutually

reinforcing

interrelationship

between

development,

democracy

and

human

rights.

Cooperation

should

be

based

on

dialogue

and

transparency.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

calls

for

the

establishment

of

comprehensive

programmes,

including

resource

banks

of

information

and

personnel

with

expertise

relating

to

the

strengthening

of

the

rule

of

law

and

of

democratic

institutions.

75.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

encourages

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights,

in

cooperation

with

the

Committee

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights,

to

continue

the

examination

of

optional

protocols

to

the

International

Covenant

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights.

76.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

more

resources

be

made

available

for

the

strengthening

or

the

establishment

of

regional

arrangements

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

under

the

programmes

of

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights.

States

are

encouraged

to

request

assistance

for

such

purposes

as

regional

and

subregional

workshops,

seminars

and

information

exchanges

designed

to

strengthen

regional

arrangements

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

in

accord

with

universal

human

rights

standards

as

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments.

77.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

supports

all

measures

by

the

United

Nations

and

its

relevant

specialized

agencies

to

ensure

the

effective

promotion

and

protection

of

trade

union

rights,

as

stipulated

in

the

International

Covenant

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights

and

other

relevant

international

instruments.

It

calls

on

all

States

to

abide

fully

by

their

obligations

in

this

regard

contained

in

international

instruments.

D.

Human

rights

education

78.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

considers

human

rights

education,

training

and

public

information

essential

for

the

promotion

and

achievement

of

stable

and

harmonious

relations

among

communities

and

for

fostering

mutual

understanding,

tolerance

and

peace.

79.

States

should

strive

to

eradicate

illiteracy

and

should

direct

education

towards

the

full

development

of

the

human

personality

and

to

the

strengthening

of

respect

for

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

calls

on

all

States

and

institutions

to

include

human

rights,

humanitarian

law,

democracy

and

rule

of

law

as

subjects

in

the

curricula

of

all

learning

institutions

in

formal

and

non-formal

settings.

80.

Human

rights

education

should

include

peace,

democracy,

development

and

social

justice,

as

set

forth

in

international

and

regional

human

rights

69

A/CONF.157/23

page

26

instruments,

in

order

to

achieve

common

understanding

and

awareness

with

aview

to

strengthening

universal

commitment

to

human

rights.

81.

Taking

into

account

the

World

Plan

of

Action

on

Education

for

Human

Rights

and

Democracy,

adopted

in

March

1993

by

the

International

Congress

on

Education

for

Human

Rights

and

Democracy

of

the

United

Nations

Educational,

Scientific

and

Cultural

Organization,

and

other

human

rights

instruments,

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

States

develop

specific

programmes

and

strategies

for

ensuring

the

widest

human

rights

education

and

the

dissemination

of

public

information,

taking

particular

account

of

the

human

rights

needs

of

women.

82.

Governments,

with

the

assistance

of

intergovernmental

organizations,

national

institutions

and

non-governmental

organizations,

should

promote

an

increased

awareness

of

human

rights

and

mutual

tolerance.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

underlines

the

importance

of

strengthening

the

World

Public

Information

Campaign

for

Human

Rights

carried

out

by

the

United

Nations.

They

should

initiate

and

support

education

in

human

rights

and

undertake

effective

dissemination

of

public

information

in

this

field.

The

advisory

services

and

technical

assistance

programmes

of

the

United

Nations

system

should

be

able

to

respond

immediately

to

requests

from

States

for

educational

and

training

activities

in

the

field

of

human

rights

as

well

as

for

special

education

concerning

standards

as

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments

and

in

humanitarian

law

and

their

application

to

special

groups

such

as

military

forces,

law

enforcement

personnel,

police

and

the

health

profession.

The

proclamation

of

aUnited

Nations

decade

for

human

rights

education

in

order

to

promote,

encourage

and

focus

these

educational

activities

should

be

considered.

E.

Implementation

and

monitoring

methods

83.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

urges

Governments

to

incorporate

standards

as

contained

in

international

human

rights

instruments

in

domestic

legislation

and

to

strengthen

national

structures,

institutions

and

organs

of

society

which

play

arole

in

promoting

and

safeguarding

human

rights.

84.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

the

strengthening

of

United

Nations

activities

and

programmes

to

meet

requests

for

assistance

by

States

which

want

to

establish

or

strengthen

their

own

national

institutions

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights.

85.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

also

encourages

the

strengthening

of

cooperation

between

national

institutions

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights,

particularly

through

exchanges

of

information

and

experience,

as

well

as

cooperation

with

regional

organizations

and

the

United

Nations.

86.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

strongly

recommends

in

this

regard

that

representatives

of

national

institutions

for

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

convene

periodic

meetings

under

the

auspices

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

to

examine

ways

and

means

of

improving

their

mechanisms

and

sharing

experiences.

A/CONF.157/23

page

27

87.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

to

the

human

rights

treaty

bodies,

to

the

meetings

of

chairpersons

of

the

treaty

bodies

and

to

the

meetings

of

States

parties

that

they

continue

to

take

steps

aimed

at

coordinating

the

multiple

reporting

requirements

and

guidelines

for

preparing

State

reports

under

the

respective

human

rights

conventions

and

study

the

suggestion

that

the

submission

of

one

overall

report

on

treaty

obligations

undertaken

by

each

State

would

make

these

procedures

more

effective

and

increase

their

impact.

88.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

States

parties

to

international

human

rights

instruments,

the

General

Assembly

and

the

Economic

and

Social

Council

should

consider

studying

the

existing

human

rights

treaty

bodies

and

the

various

thematic

mechanisms

and

procedures

with

aview

to

promoting

greater

efficiency

and

effectiveness

through

better

coordination

of

the

various

bodies,

mechanisms

and

procedures,

taking

into

account

the

need

to

avoid

unnecessary

duplication

and

overlapping

of

their

mandates

and

tasks.

89.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

continued

work

on

the

improvement

of

the

functioning,

including

the

monitoring

tasks,

of

the

treaty

bodies,

taking

into

account

multiple

proposals

made

in

this

respect,

in

particular

those

made

by

the

treaty

bodies

themselves

and

by

the

meetings

of

the

chairpersons

of

the

treaty

bodies.

The

comprehensive

national

approach

taken

by

the

Committee

on

the

Rights

of

the

Child

should

also

be

encouraged.

90.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

States

parties

to

human

rights

treaties

consider

accepting

all

the

available

optional

communication

procedures.

91.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

views

with

concern

the

issue

of

impunity

of

perpetrators

of

human

rights

violations,

and

supports

the

efforts

of

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

and

the

Sub-Commission

on

Prevention

of

Discrimination

and

Protection

of

Minorities

to

examine

all

aspects

of

the

issue.

92.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

examine

the

possibility

for

better

implementation

of

existing

human

rights

instruments

at

the

international

and

regional

levels

and

encourages

the

International

Law

Commission

to

continue

its

work

on

an

international

criminal

court.

93.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

appeals

to

States

which

have

not

yet

done

so

to

accede

to

the

Geneva

Conventions

of

12

August

1949

and

the

Protocols

thereto,

and

to

take

all

appropriate

national

measures,

including

legislative

ones,

for

their

full

implementation.

94.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

the

speedy

completion

and

adoption

of

the

draft

declaration

on

the

right

and

responsibility

of

individuals,

groups

and

organs

of

society

to

promote

and

protect

universally

recognized

human

rights

and

fundamental

freedoms.

95.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

underlines

the

importance

of

preserving

and

strengthening

the

system

of

special

procedures,

rapporteurs,

representatives,

experts

and

working

groups

of

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

70

A/CONF.157/23

page

28

and

the

Sub-Commission

on

the

Prevention

of

Discrimination

and

Protection

of

Minorities,

in

order

to

enable

them

to

carry

out

their

mandates

in

all

countries

throughout

the

world,

providing

them

with

the

necessary

human

and

financial

resources.

The

procedures

and

mechanisms

should

be

enabled

to

harmonize

and

rationalize

their

work

through

periodic

meetings.

All

States

are

asked

to

cooperate

fully

with

these

procedures

and

mechanisms.

96.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

United

Nations

assume

amore

active

role

in

the

promotion

and

protection

of

human

rights

in

ensuring

full

respect

for

international

humanitarian

law

in

all

situations

of

armed

conflict,

in

accordance

with

the

purposes

and

principles

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations.

97.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

recognizing

the

important

role

of

human

rights

components

in

specific

arrangements

concerning

some

peace-keeping

operations

by

the

United

Nations,

recommends

that

the

Secretary-General

take

into

account

the

reporting,

experience

and

capabilities

of

the

Centre

for

Human

Rights

and

human

rights

mechanisms,

in

conformity

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations.

98.

To

strengthen

the

enjoyment

of

economic,

social

and

cultural

rights,

additional

approaches

should

be

examined,

such

as

asystem

of

indicators

to

measure

progress

in

the

realization

of

the

rights

set

forth

in

the

International

Covenant

on

Economic,

Social

and

Cultural

Rights.

There

must

be

aconcerted

effort

to

ensure

recognition

of

economic,

social

and

cultural

rights

at

the

national,

regional

and

international

levels.

F.

Follow-up

to

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

99.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

on

Human

Rights

recommends

that

the

General

Assembly,

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

and

other

organs

and

agencies

of

the

United

Nations

system

related

to

human

rights

consider

ways

and

means

for

the

full

implementation,

without

delay,

of

the

recommendations

contained

in

the

present

Declaration,

including

the

possibility

of

proclaiming

aUnited

Nations

decade

for

human

rights.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

further

recommends

that

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

annually

review

the

progress

towards

this

end.

100.

The

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights

requests

the

Secretary-General

of

the

United

Nations

to

invite

on

the

occasion

of

the

fiftieth

anniversary

of

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights

all

States,

all

organs

and

agencies

of

the

United

Nations

system

related

to

human

rights,

to

report

to

him

on

the

progress

made

in

the

implementation

of

the

present

Declaration

and

to

submit

areport

to

the

General

Assembly

at

its

fifty-third

session,

through

the

Commission

on

Human

Rights

and

the

Economic

and

Social

Council.

Likewise,

regional

and,

as

appropriate,

national

human

rights

institutions,

as

well

as

non-governmental

organizations,

may

present

their

views

to

the

Secretary-General

on

the

progress

made

in

the

implementation

of

the

present

Declaration.

Special

attention

should

be

paid

to

assessing

the

progress

towards

the

goal

of

universal

ratification

of

international

human

rights

treaties

and

protocols

adopted

within

the

framework

of

the

United

Nations

system.

-----

71

Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of

independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights

(United Nations General Assembly resolution 48/94 of 20 December 1993)

UN

ITE

DU

NIT

ED

AAN

AT

ION

SN

AT

ION

S

General

Assembly

Distr.

GENERAL

A/RES/48/94

16

February

1994

Forty-eighth

session

Agenda

item

108

(a) RESOLUTION

ADOPTED

BY

THE

GENERAL

ASSEMBLY

[on

the

report

of

the

Third

Committee

(A/48/626)]

48/94.

Importance

of

the

universal

realization

of

the

right

of

peoples

to

self-determination

and

of

the

speedy

granting

of

independence

to

colonial

countries

and

peoples

for

the

effective

guarantee

and

observance

of

human

rights

The

General

Assembly,

Reaffirming

its

faith

in

the

importance

of

the

implementation

of

the

Declaration

on

the

Granting

of

Independence

to

Colonial

Countries

and

Peoples

contained

in

its

resolution

1514

(XV)

of

14

December

1960,

Reaffirming

also

the

importance

of

the

universal

realization

of

the

right

of

peoples

to

self-determination,

national

sovereignty

and

territorial

integrity

and

of

the

speedy

granting

of

independence

to

colonial

countries

and

peoples

as

imperatives

for

the

full

enjoyment

of

all

human

rights,

Reaffirming

further

the

obligation

of

all

Member

States

to

comply

with

the

principles

of

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations

and

the

resolutions

of

the

United

Nations

regarding

the

exercise

of

the

right

to

self-determination

by

peoples

under

colonial

and

foreign

domination,

Recalling

the

Vienna

Declaration

and

Programme

of

Action

1/

adopted

at

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

Considering

the

urgent

need

of

Namibia

for

assistance

in

its

efforts

to

reconstruct

and

strengthen

its

fledgling

economic

and

social

structures,

__________

1/

Report

of

the

World

Conference

on

Human

Rights,

Vienna,

14-25

June

1993

(A/CONF.157/24

(Part

I)),

chap.

III.

/...

A/RES/48/94

Page

2

Recalling

the

Abuja

Declaration

on

South

Africa,

adopted

by

the

Assembly

of

Heads

of

State

and

Government

of

the

Organization

of

African

Unity

at

its

twenty-seventh

ordinary

session,

held

at

Abuja

from

3to

5June

1991,

2/

and

the

statement

on

developments

in

South

Africa,

adopted

by

the

Ad

Hoc

Committee

of

the

Organization

of

African

Unity

on

Southern

Africa

at

its

extraordinary

session

of

the

Ministers

for

Foreign

Affairs,

held

on

29

September

1993,

3/

Affirming

the

need

to

exercise

vigilance

with

respect

to

developments

in

South

Africa

to

ensure

that

the

common

objective

of

the

international

community

and

the

peoples

of

South

Africa

is

achieved

by

the

establishment

of

aunited,

democratic

and

non-racial

South

Africa

without

deviation

or

obstruction,

Recalling

the

signing

of

the

General

Peace

Agreement

for

Mozambique

4/

at

Rome

on

4October

1992,

which

provides

for

the

termination

of

the

armed

conflict

in

that

country,

Reaffirming

the

national

unity

and

territorial

integrity

of

the

Comoros,

Deeply

concerned

by

Israel’s

continuing

occupation

of

parts

of

southern

Lebanon

and

its

frequent

attacks

against

Lebanese

territory

and

people,

as

well

as

its

refusal

to

implement

Security

Council

resolution

425

(1978)

of

19

March

1978,

Bearing

in

mind

United

Nations

resolutions

related

to

the

question

of

Palestine,

Taking

note

of

the

recent

positive

evolution

in

the

Middle

East

peace

process,

in

particular

the

signing

on

13

September

1993

of

the

Declaration

of

Principles

on

Interim

Self-Government

Arrangements

5/

by

the

Government

of

the

State

of

Israel

and

the

Palestine

Liberation

Organization,

1.

Calls

upon

all

States

to

implement

fully

and

faithfully

all

the

relevant

resolutions

of

the

United

Nations

regarding

the

exercise

of

the

right

to

self-determination

and

independence

by

peoples

under

colonial

and

foreign

domination;

2.

Reaffirms

the

legitimacy

of

the

struggle

of

peoples

for

independence,

territorial

integrity,

national

unity

and

liberation

from

colonial

domination,

apartheid

and

foreign

occupation,

in

all

its

forms

and

by

all

available

means;

3.

Reaffirms

also

the

inalienable

right

of

the

Palestinian

people

and

all

peoples

under

foreign

occupation

and

colonial

domination

to

self-

determination,

independence

and

sovereignty;

__________

2/

A/46/390,

annex

II.

3/

A/48/461-S/26514,

annex.

4/

S/24635,

annex.

5/

See

A/48/486-S/26560.

/...

74

A/RES/48/94

Page

3

4.

Calls

upon

those

Governments

which

do

not

recognize

the

right

to

self-determination

and

independence

of

all

peoples

still

under

colonial

domination,

alien

subjugation

and

foreign

occupation

to

do

so;

5.

Calls

upon

Israel

to

refrain

from

violation

of

the

fundamental

rights

of

the

Palestinian

people

and

from

denial

of

its

right

to

self-

determination;

6.

Urges

all

States,

the

specialized

agencies

and

organizations

of

the

United

Nations

system,

as

well

as

other

international

organizations,

to

extend

their

support

to

the

Palestinian

people

through

its

sole

and

legitimate

representative,

the

Palestine

Liberation

Organization,

in

its

struggle

to

regain

its

right

to

self-determination

and

independence

in

accordance

with

the

Charter

of

the

United

Nations;

7.

Urgently

appeals

to

all

States,

the

organizations

of

the

United

Nations

system

and

other

international

organizations

to

render

assistance

to

Namibia

in

order

to

enhance

its

efforts

to

promote

democracy

and

economic

development;

8.

Strongly

urges

the

Government

of

South

Africa

to

take

additional

steps

to

implement

fully

the

provisions

of

the

statement

on

developments

in

South

Africa,

adopted

on

29

September

1993

by

the

Ad

Hoc

Committee

of

the

Organization

of

African

Unity

on

Southern

Africa,

3/

in

order

to

achieve

the

objectives

of

the

Declaration

on

Apartheid

and

its

Destructive

Consequences

in

Southern

Africa;

6/

9.

Calls

upon

all

parties

to

refrain

immediately

from

acts

of

violence

and

calls

upon

the

Government

of

South

Africa

to

exercise

its

responsibility

to

end

the

ongoing

violence

through,

inter

alia,

strict

adherence

to

the

National

Peace

Accord

signed

on

14

September

1991;

7/

10.

Calls

upon

all

signatories

to

the

National

Peace

Accord

to

manifest

their

commitment

to

peace

by

fully

implementing

its

provisions,

and

calls

upon

other

parties

to

contribute

to

the

attainment

of

its

objectives;

11.

Strongly

condemns

the

establishment

and

use

of

armed

groups

with

aview

to

pitting

them

against

the

national

liberation

movements;

12.

Demands

that

the

Government

of

South

Africa

repeal

the

security

legislation

that

remains

in

force,

which

inhibits

free

and

peaceful

political

activity;

13.

Requests

the

Secretary-General

to

act

speedily

to

implement

Security

Council

resolution

772

(1992)

of

17

August

1992

in

its

entirety,

including

those

parts

pertaining

to

the

investigation

of

criminal

conduct

and

the

monitoring

of

all

armed

formations

in

the

country;

14.

Demands

the

full

application

of

the

mandatory

arms

embargo

against

South

Africa,

imposed

under

Security

Council

resolution

418

(1977)

of

4

__________

6/

Resolution

S-16/1,

annex.

7/

See

Centre

against

Apartheid,

Notes

and

Documents,

No.

23/91.

/...

A/RES/48/94

Page

4

November

1977,

by

all

countries

and

more

particularly

by

those

countries

which

maintain

military

and

nuclear

cooperation

with

the

Government

of

South

Africa

and

continue

to

supply

it

with

related

matériel;

15.

Appeals

to

the

international

community,

pursuant

to

General

Assembly

resolution

47/82

of

16

December

1992,

to

continue

to

extend

assistance

to

Lesotho

to

enable

it

to

fulfil

its

international

humanitarian

obligations

towards

refugees;

16.

Pays

tribute

to

the

Government

and

people

of

Angola

for

their

noble

contribution

to

the

evolving

climate

of

peace

in

southern

Angola,

and

addresses

its

strongest

appeal

to

the

National

Union

for

the

Total

Independence

of

Angola

to

undertake

to

commit

itself

to

the

peace

process

that

will

lead

to

acomprehensive

settlement

in

Angola

on

the

basis

of

the

Peace

Accords;

8/

17.

Demands

that

the

Government

of

South

Africa

pay

compensation

to

Angola

for

damages

caused,

in

accordance

with

the

relevant

resolutions

and

decisions

of

the

Security

Council;

18.

Demands

also

that

the

Government

of

South

Africa

pay

full

and

adequate

compensation

to

Botswana

for

the

loss

of

life

and

damage

to

property

resulting

from

the

unprovoked

and

unwarranted

military

attacks

of

14

June

1985,

19

May

1986

and

20

June

1988

on

the

capital

of

Botswana;

19.

Calls

upon

the

international

community

to

continue

to

extend

its

generous

support

to

the

ongoing

efforts

aimed

at

ensuring

respect

for

and

the

successful

implementation

of

the

General

Peace

Agreement

for

Mozambique

4/

and

at

assisting

the

Government

of

Mozambique

in

the

establishment

of

lasting

peace

and

democracy

and

in

the

promotion

of

an

effective

programme

of

national

reconstruction

in

that

country;

20.

Fully

supports

the

Secretary-General

in

his

efforts

to

implement

the

plan

for

the

settlement

of

the

question

of

Western

Sahara

by

organizing,

in

cooperation

with

the

Organization

of

African

Unity,

areferendum

for

the

self-determination

of

the

people

of

Western

Sahara;

21.

Notes

the

contacts

between

the

Government

of

the

Comoros

and

the

Government

of

France

in

the

search

for

ajust

solution

to

the

problem

of

the

integration

of

the

Comorian

island

of

Mayotte

into

the

Comoros,

in

accordance

with

the

resolutions

of

the

Organization

of

African

Unity

and

the

United

Nations

on

the

question;

22.

Strongly

condemns

the

continued

violation

of

the

human

rights

of

the

peoples

still

under

colonial

domination

and

alien

subjugation;

23.

Calls

for

asubstantial

increase

in

all

forms

of

assistance

given

by

all

States,

United

Nations

organs,

the

specialized

agencies

and

non-

governmental

organizations

to

the

victims

of

racism,

racial

discrimination

and

apartheid

through

anti-apartheid

organizations

and

national

liberation

movements

recognized

by

the

Organization

of

African

Unity;

__________

8/

See

S/22609,

annex.

/...

75

A/RES/48/94

Page

5

24.

Reaffirms

that

the

practice

of

using

mercenaries

against

sovereign

States

and

national

liberation

movements

constitutes

acriminal

act,

and

calls

upon

the

Governments

of

all

countries

to

enact

legislation

declaring

the

recruitment,

financing

and

training

of

mercenaries

in

their

territories

and

the

transit

of

mercenaries

through

their

territories

to

be

punishable

offences

and

prohibiting

their

nationals

from

serving

as

mercenaries,

and

to

report

on

such

legislation

to

the

Secretary-General;

25.

Demands

the

immediate

and

unconditional

release

of

all

persons

detained

or

imprisoned

as

aresult

of

their

struggle

for

self-determination

and

independence,

full

respect

for

their

fundamental

individual

rights

and

compliance

with

article

5of

the

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights,

9/

under

which

no

one

shall

be

subjected

to

torture

or

to

cruel,

inhuman

or

degrading

treatment;

26.

Expresses

its

appreciation

for

the

material

and

other

forms

of

assistance

that

peoples

under

colonial

rule

continue

to

receive

from

Governments,

organizations

of

the

United

Nations

system

and

other

intergovernmental

organizations,

and

calls

for

asubstantial

increase

in

that

assistance;

27.

Urges

all

States,

the

specialized

agencies

and

other

competent

organizations

of

the

United

Nations

system

to

do

their

utmost

to

ensure

the

full

implementation

of

the

Declaration

on

the

Granting

of

Independence

to

Colonial

Countries

and

Peoples

and

to

intensify

their

efforts

to

support

peoples

under

colonial,

foreign

and

racist

domination

in

their

just

struggle

for

self-determination

and

independence;

28.

Decides

to

consider

this

question

at

its

forty-ninth

session

under

the

item

entitled

"Right

of

peoples

to

self-determination". 85th

plenary

meeting

20

December

1993

__________

9/

Resolution

217

A(III).

76

Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol relating to the

Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security, Economic

Community of West African States, 2001

Econ

omic

Com

mun

ity

of W

est

Afr

ican

Sta

tes

Com

mun

auté

Eco

nom

ique

des

Eta

ts d

e l’A

friq

ue

d

e l’O

uest

Prot

ocol

A/S

P1/1

2/01

on

Dem

ocra

cy a

nd G

ood

Gove

rnan

ce

Supp

lem

enta

ry to

the

Prot

ocol

rela

ting

to th

e M

echa

nism

Fo

r Con

flict

Pre

vent

ion,

Man

agem

ent,

Reso

luti

on,

Pea

ceke

epin

g an

d Se

curi

ty

Exec

utiv

e Se

cret

aria

t Da

kar,

Dece

mbe

r 200

1

Page

2

PREA

MBL

E

WE,

TH

E H

EADS

OF

STAT

E AN

D GO

VERN

MEN

T O

F TH

E M

EMBE

R ST

ATES

OF

THE

ECO

NOM

IC C

OM

MU

NITY

OF

WES

T AF

RICA

N ST

ATES

(ECO

WAS

);

MIN

DFU

L O

F th

e EC

OW

AS T

reat

y si

gned

in C

oton

ou o

n 24

Jul

y 19

93,

nota

bly

its

Arti

cle

58;

MIN

DFU

L O

F th

e Pr

otoc

ol

rela

ting

to

th

e M

echa

nism

fo

r Co

nflic

t Pr

even

tion

,

Man

agem

ent,

Res

olut

ion,

Pea

ceke

epin

g an

d Se

curi

ty s

igne

d in

Lom

e on

10

Dece

mbe

r

1999

;

CONS

IDER

ING

all t

he is

sues

enu

mer

ated

or

reaf

firm

ed in

the

pre

ambl

e to

the

Pro

toco

l

of 1

0 De

cem

ber

1999

ref

erre

d to

abo

ve;

MIN

DFU

L O

F th

e pr

inci

ples

set

out

in

the

OAU

Sol

emn

Decl

arat

ion

on S

ecur

ity,

Stab

ility

, De

velo

pmen

t an

d Co

oper

atio

n in

Afr

ica

adop

ted

in A

buja

on

8 an

d 9

May

2000

and

the

Dec

isio

n AH

G.

DEC

142

(XXV

) on

the

fra

mew

ork

for

OAU

’s r

eact

ion

to

unco

nsti

tuti

onal

cha

nge

of g

over

nmen

t, a

dopt

ed in

Alg

iers

in J

uly

1999

;

CONS

IDER

ING

the

Hara

re D

ecla

rati

on a

dopt

ed b

y th

e Co

mm

onw

ealt

h on

20

Oct

ober

1991

an

d th

e Ba

mak

o De

clar

atio

n ad

opte

d by

th

e m

embe

r co

untr

ies

of

the

Fran

coph

onie

on

3 No

vem

ber

2000

;

CONS

IDER

ING

also

the

Cot

onou

Dec

lara

tion

ado

pted

on

6 De

cem

ber

2000

at

the

end

of

the

4th in

tern

atio

nal c

onfe

renc

e on

new

or

rest

ored

dem

ocra

cies

;

RECA

LLIN

G th

at

wom

en’s

ri

ghts

ha

ve

been

re

cogn

ised

an

d gu

aran

teed

in

al

l

inte

rnat

iona

l hu

man

rig

hts

inst

rum

ents

, no

tabl

y th

e Un

iver

sal

Decl

arat

ion

of H

uman

Righ

ts,

the

Afri

can

Char

ter

on H

uman

and

Peo

ples

Rig

hts

and

the

Conv

enti

on o

n th

e

Elim

inat

ion

of a

ll fo

rms

of D

iscr

imin

atio

n Ag

ains

t W

omen

;

78

Page

3

MIN

DFU

L of

the

rat

ifica

tion

of

the

Afri

can

Char

ter

on H

uman

and

Peo

ples

Rig

hts

and

othe

r in

tern

atio

nal

hum

an r

ight

s in

stru

men

ts b

y th

e m

ajor

ity

of t

he M

embe

r St

ates

and

thei

r so

lem

n co

mm

itm

ent

to e

limin

ate

all

form

s of

dis

crim

inat

ion

and

harm

ful

prac

tice

s ag

ains

t w

omen

;

CONC

ERNE

D ab

out

the

incr

easi

ng w

ave

of in

tern

atio

nal t

erro

rism

;

CONC

ERNE

D al

so a

bout

the

inc

reas

ing

inci

denc

e of

con

flict

s ca

used

by

relig

ious

into

lera

nce,

pol

itic

al m

argi

nalis

atio

n an

d no

n-tr

ansp

aren

t el

ecti

ons;

HAV

ING

OBS

ERVE

D th

at t

o be

com

e re

ally

eff

ecti

ve,

the

Prot

ocol

of

10 D

ecem

ber

1999

need

s to

be

com

plem

ente

d th

roug

h th

e in

corp

orat

ion

of p

rovi

sion

s co

ncer

ning

iss

ues

such

as

prev

enti

on o

f in

tern

al c

rise

s, d

emoc

racy

and

goo

d go

vern

ance

, th

e ru

le o

f

law

, and

hum

an r

ight

s;

HAV

ING

DECI

DED

to

enha

nce

the

ECO

WAS

M

echa

nism

fo

r Co

nflic

t Pr

even

tion

,

Man

agem

ent,

Res

olut

ion,

Pea

ceke

epin

g an

d Se

curi

ty;

HAV

E AG

REED

AS

FOLL

OW

S:

DEFI

NITI

ONS

:

The

term

s an

d ex

pres

sion

s us

ed in

the

pre

sent

Sup

plem

enta

ry P

roto

col h

ave

the

sam

e

mea

ning

s as

tho

se u

sed

in t

he P

roto

col o

f 10

th D

ecem

ber

1999

.

The

list

of d

efin

itio

ns is

com

plet

ed a

s fo

llow

s:

“Tre

aty”

mea

ns t

he R

evis

ed T

reat

y of

the

Eco

nom

ic C

omm

unit

y of

Wes

t Af

rica

n

Stat

es (E

COW

AS) s

igne

d in

Cot

onou

on

24 J

uly

1993

;

“Pro

toco

l” m

eans

the

Pro

toco

l re

lati

ng t

o th

e M

echa

nism

for

Con

flict

Pre

vent

ion,

Man

agem

ent,

Re

solu

tion

, Pe

acek

eepi

ng

and

Secu

rity

, si

gned

in

Lo

me

on

10th

Dece

mbe

r 19

99;

Page

4

“Sup

plem

enta

ry P

roto

col”

mea

ns t

he P

roto

col

on D

emoc

racy

and

Goo

d G

over

nanc

e

Supp

lem

enta

ry t

o th

e Pr

otoc

ol r

elat

ing

to t

he M

echa

nism

for

Con

flict

Pre

vent

ion,

Man

agem

ent,

Res

olut

ion,

Pea

ceke

epin

g an

d Se

curi

ty;

“Com

mun

ity”

mea

ns t

he E

cono

mic

Com

mun

ity

of W

est

Afri

can

Stat

es r

efer

red

to

unde

r Ar

ticl

e 2

of t

he T

reat

y;

“Mem

ber

Stat

e” o

r “M

embe

r St

ates

” m

eans

a M

embe

r St

ate

or M

embe

r St

ates

of

the

Com

mun

ity

as d

efin

ed in

par

agra

ph 2

of

Arti

cle

2 of

the

Tre

aty;

“Com

mun

ity

citi

zen

or c

itiz

ens”

mea

ns a

ny n

atio

nal (

s) o

f M

embe

r St

ates

who

sat

isfy

the

cond

itio

ns s

tipu

late

d in

the

Pro

toco

l def

inin

g Co

mm

unit

y ci

tize

nshi

p;

“Cou

rt o

f Ju

stic

e” m

eans

the

Cou

rt o

f Ju

stic

e of

the

Com

mun

ity

esta

blis

hed

unde

r

Arti

cle

15 o

f the

Tre

aty;

“Aut

hori

ty”

mea

ns t

he A

utho

rity

of

Head

s of

Sta

te a

nd G

over

nmen

t of

the

Eco

nom

ic

Com

mun

ity

of W

est

Afri

can

Stat

es e

stab

lishe

d by

Art

icle

7 o

f the

Tre

aty;

“Med

iati

on a

nd S

ecur

ity

Coun

cil”

mea

ns t

he M

edia

tion

and

Sec

urit

y Co

unci

l as

defin

ed b

y Ar

ticl

e 8

of t

he P

roto

col;

“Def

ence

and

Sec

urit

y Co

mm

issi

on”

mea

ns t

he D

efen

ce a

nd S

ecur

ity

Com

mis

sion

as

defin

ed in

Art

icle

18

of t

he P

roto

col;

“Exe

cuti

ve

Secr

etar

y”

mea

ns

the

ECO

WAS

Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y ap

poin

ted

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith

Arti

cle

18 o

f the

Tre

aty;

“Exe

cuti

ve S

ecre

tari

at”

mea

ns t

he E

xecu

tive

Sec

reta

riat

est

ablis

hed

unde

r Ar

ticl

e 17

of t

he T

reat

y;

“Dep

uty

Exec

utiv

e Se

cret

ary”

mea

ns t

he D

eput

y Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y in

cha

rge

of

Polit

ical

Aff

airs

, Def

ence

and

Sec

urit

y as

ref

erre

d to

in A

rtic

le 1

6 of

the

Pro

toco

l;

79

Page

5

“ECO

MO

G” m

eans

the

ECO

WAS

Cea

se-f

ire

Mon

itor

ing

Gro

up,

whi

ch c

onst

itut

es t

he

Com

mun

ity’

s in

terv

enti

on f

orce

as

defin

ed in

Art

icle

21

of t

he P

roto

col r

elat

ing

to t

he

Mec

hani

sm e

tc;

“Arm

ed F

orce

s” in

clud

es t

he a

rmy,

Air

forc

e, N

avy,

and

Gen

darm

erie

;

“Sec

urit

y Fo

rces

” th

e Po

lice,

G

enda

rmer

ie,

Nati

onal

G

uard

s an

d ot

her

Forc

es

assi

gned

wit

h se

curi

ty.

CHAP

TER

1

PRIN

CIPL

ES

The

prov

isio

ns o

f th

is c

hapt

er c

ompl

emen

t an

d cl

arify

the

pri

ncip

les

set

out

in A

rtic

le

2 of

the

Pro

toco

l of 1

0 De

cem

ber

1999

.

SECT

ION

I: CO

NSTI

TUTI

ONA

L CO

NVER

GENC

E PR

INCI

PLES

Arti

cle

1: The

follo

win

g sh

all

be

decl

ared

as

co

nsti

tuti

onal

pr

inci

ples

sh

ared

by

al

l

Mem

ber

Stat

es:

a)

- Se

para

tion

of

po

wer

s -

the

Exec

utiv

e,

Legi

slat

ive

and

Ju

dici

ary.

- Em

pow

erm

ent

and

stre

ngth

enin

g of

par

liam

ents

and

gua

rant

ee o

f

parl

iam

enta

ry im

mun

ity.

- In

depe

nden

ce o

f th

e Ju

dici

ary:

Jud

ges

shal

l be

inde

pend

ent

in t

he

disc

harg

e of

the

ir d

utie

s.

- Th

e fr

eedo

m o

f th

e m

embe

rs o

f th

e Ba

r sh

all

be g

uara

ntee

d;

wit

hout

pre

judi

ce t

o th

eir

pena

l or

dis

cipl

inar

y re

spon

sibi

lity

in

the

even

t of

con

tem

pt o

f co

urt

or b

reac

hes

of t

he c

omm

on la

w.

Page

6

b)Ev

ery

acce

ssio

n to

po

wer

m

ust

be

mad

e th

roug

h fr

ee,

fair

an

d

tran

spar

ent

elec

tion

s.

c)Ze

ro t

oler

ance

for

pow

er o

btai

ned

or m

aint

aine

d by

unc

onst

itut

iona

l

mea

ns.

d)Po

pula

r pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing,

str

ict

adhe

renc

e to

dem

ocra

tic

prin

cipl

es a

nd d

ecen

tral

isat

ion

of p

ower

at

all l

evel

s of

gov

erna

nce.

e)Th

e ar

med

for

ces

mus

t be

apo

litic

al a

nd m

ust

be u

nder

the

com

man

d of

a le

gally

con

stit

uted

pol

itic

al a

utho

rity

; no

ser

ving

mem

ber

of t

he a

rmed

forc

es m

ay s

eek

to r

un fo

r el

ecti

ve p

olit

ical

.

f)Se

cula

rism

and

neu

tral

ity

of t

he S

tate

in a

ll m

atte

rs r

elat

ing

to r

elig

ion;

free

dom

for

eac

h in

divi

dual

to

prac

tise

, w

ithi

n th

e lim

its

of e

xist

ing

law

s, t

he r

elig

ion

of h

is/h

er c

hoic

e ev

eryw

here

on

the

nati

onal

ter

rito

ry.

The

secu

lari

sm s

hall

exte

nd t

o al

l pa

rts

of t

he S

tate

, bu

t sh

all

not

depr

ive

the

Stat

e of

the

rig

ht t

o re

gula

te,

wit

h du

e re

spec

t to

hum

an

righ

ts,

the

diff

eren

t re

ligio

ns p

ract

ised

on

the

nati

onal

ter

rito

ry o

r to

inte

rven

e w

hen

law

and

ord

er b

reak

dow

n as

a r

esul

t of

any

rel

igio

us

acti

vity

.

g)Th

e St

ate

and

all

its

inst

itut

ions

bel

ong

to a

ll th

e ci

tize

ns;

ther

efor

e

none

of

th

eir

deci

sion

s an

d ac

tion

s sh

all

invo

lve

any

form

of

disc

rim

inat

ion,

be

it o

n an

eth

nic,

rac

ial,

relig

ion

or r

egio

nal b

asis

.

h)Th

e ri

ghts

set

out

in

the

Afri

can

Char

ter

on H

uman

and

Peo

ple’

s Ri

ghts

and

othe

r in

tern

atio

nal

inst

rum

ents

sha

ll be

gua

rant

eed

in e

ach

of t

he

ECO

WAS

Mem

ber

Stat

es;

each

ind

ivid

ual

or o

rgan

isat

ion

shal

l be

fre

e to

have

rec

ours

e to

the

com

mon

or

civi

l la

w c

ourt

s, a

cou

rt o

f sp

ecia

l

juri

sdic

tion

, or

any

oth

er n

atio

nal

inst

itut

ion

esta

blis

hed

wit

hin

the

fram

ewor

k of

an

inte

rnat

iona

l in

stru

men

t on

Hum

an R

ight

s, t

o en

sure

the

prot

ecti

on o

f hi

s/he

r ri

ghts

.

80

Page

7

In

the

abse

nce

of

a co

urt

of

spec

ial

juri

sdic

tion

, th

e pr

esen

t

Supp

lem

enta

ry P

roto

col s

hall

be r

egar

ded

as g

ivin

g th

e ne

cess

ary

pow

ers

to c

omm

on o

r ci

vil l

aw ju

dici

al b

odie

s.

i)Po

litic

al p

arti

es s

hall

be f

orm

ed a

nd s

hall

have

the

rig

ht t

o ca

rry

out

thei

r ac

tivi

ties

fre

ely,

wit

hin

the

limit

s of

the

law

.

Thei

r fo

rmat

ion

and

acti

viti

es s

hall

not

be b

ased

on

ethn

ic,

relig

ious

,

regi

onal

or

ra

cial

co

nsid

erat

ions

. Th

ey

shal

l pa

rtic

ipat

e fr

eely

an

d

wit

hout

hi

ndra

nce

or

disc

rim

inat

ion

in

any

elec

tora

l pr

oces

s.

The

free

dom

of

the

oppo

siti

on s

hall

be g

uara

nted

.

Each

Mem

ber

Stat

e m

ay a

dopt

a s

yste

m f

or f

inan

cing

pol

itic

al p

arti

es,

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith

crit

eria

set

und

er t

he la

w.

j)Th

e fr

eedo

m o

f as

soci

atio

n an

d th

e ri

ght

to m

eet

and

orga

nise

pea

cefu

l

dem

onst

rati

ons

shal

l als

o be

gua

rant

eed.

k)Th

e fr

eedo

m o

f the

pre

ss s

hall

be g

uara

ntee

d.

l)Al

l fo

rmer

Hea

ds o

f St

ate

shal

l en

joy

a sp

ecia

l st

atus

inc

ludi

ng f

reed

om

of m

ovem

ent.

The

y sh

all

enjo

y sp

ecia

l be

nefit

s co

mpa

tibl

e to

the

ir

stat

us a

s fo

rmer

Hea

ds o

f Sta

te.

SECT

ION

II:

ELEC

TIO

NS

Arti

cle2 1.

No

sub

stan

tial

mod

ifica

tion

sha

ll be

mad

e to

the

ele

ctor

al l

aws

in t

he

last

six

(6)

mon

ths

befo

re t

he e

lect

ions

, ex

cept

wit

h th

e co

nsen

t of

a

maj

orit

y of

Pol

itic

al a

ctor

s.

2.Al

l th

e el

ecti

ons

shal

l be

org

anis

ed o

n th

e da

tes

or a

t pe

riod

s fix

ed b

y

the

Cons

titu

tion

or

the

elec

tora

l law

s.

Page

8

3.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke a

ll ap

prop

riat

e m

easu

res

to e

nsur

e th

at w

omen

have

equ

al r

ight

s w

ith

men

to

vote

and

be

vote

d fo

r in

ele

ctio

ns,

to

part

icip

ate

in

the

form

ulat

ion

of

gove

rnm

ent

polic

ies

and

the

impl

emen

tati

on t

here

of a

nd t

o ho

ld p

ublic

off

ices

and

per

form

pub

lic

func

tion

s at

all

leve

ls o

f go

vern

ance

.

Arti

cle

3 The

bodi

es r

espo

nsib

le f

or o

rgan

isin

g th

e el

ecti

ons

shal

l be

ind

epen

dent

or

neut

ral

and

shal

l ha

ve

the

conf

iden

ce

of

all

the

polit

ical

ac

tors

. W

here

nece

ssar

y, a

ppro

pria

te n

atio

nal

cons

ulta

tion

s sh

all

be o

rgan

ised

to

dete

rmin

e

the

natu

re a

nd t

he s

truc

ture

of

the

bodi

es.

Arti

cle

4 1.

Each

ECO

WAS

Mem

ber

Stat

e sh

all

ensu

re t

he e

stab

lishm

ent

of a

rel

iabl

e

regi

stry

of

birt

hs a

nd d

eath

s.

A ce

ntra

l re

gist

ry s

hall

be e

stab

lishe

d in

each

Mem

ber

Stat

e.

2.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll co

oper

ate

in t

his

area

wit

h a

view

to

exch

angi

ng

expe

rien

ces

and

whe

re n

eces

sary

pro

vidi

ng t

echn

ical

ass

ista

nce

to e

ach

othe

r in

the

pro

duct

ion

of r

elia

ble

vote

rs’ l

ists

.

Arti

cle

5 The

vote

rs’

lists

sha

ll be

pre

pare

d in

a t

rans

pare

nt a

nd r

elia

ble

man

ner,

wit

h

the

colla

bora

tion

of

the

polit

ical

par

ties

and

vot

ers

who

may

hav

e ac

cess

to

them

whe

neve

r th

e ne

ed a

rise

s.

Arti

cle

6 The

prep

arat

ion

and

cond

uct

of e

lect

ions

and

the

ann

ounc

emen

t of

res

ults

sha

ll

be d

one

in a

tra

nspa

rent

man

ner.

81

Page

9

Arti

cle

7 Adeq

uate

arr

ange

men

ts s

hall

be m

ade

to h

ear

and

disp

ose

of a

ll pe

titi

ons

rela

ting

to

the

cond

uct

of e

lect

ions

and

ann

ounc

emen

t of

res

ults

.

Arti

cle

8 Mem

ber

Stat

es s

hall

use

the

serv

ices

of

civi

l so

ciet

y or

gani

sati

ons

invo

lved

in

elec

tora

l mat

ters

to

educ

ate

and

enlig

hten

the

pub

lic o

n th

e ne

ed f

or p

eace

ful

elec

tion

s de

void

of

all a

cts

of v

iole

nce.

Arti

cle

9 The

part

y an

d/or

can

dida

te w

ho lo

ses

the

elec

tion

s sh

all c

once

de d

efea

t to

the

polit

ical

par

ty a

nd/o

r ca

ndid

ate

final

ly d

ecla

red

the

win

ner,

fol

low

ing

the

guid

elin

es a

nd w

ithi

n th

e de

adlin

e st

ipul

ated

by

the

law

.

Arti

cle

10 All

hold

ers

of p

ower

at

all

leve

ls s

hall

refr

ain

from

act

s of

int

imid

atio

n or

hara

ssm

ent

agai

nst

defe

ated

can

dida

tes

or t

heir

sup

port

ers.

SECT

ION

III: E

LECT

ION

MO

NITO

RING

AND

ECO

WAS

ASS

ISTA

NCE

Arti

cle

11 The

prov

isio

ns o

f Ar

ticl

e 42

of

the

Prot

ocol

of

10th

Dec

embe

r 19

99 a

re h

ereb

y

com

plem

ente

d by

the

pro

visi

ons

unde

r th

is s

ecti

on.

Arti

cle

12 1.At

the

req

uest

of

any

Mem

ber

Stat

e, E

COW

AS m

ay p

rovi

de a

ssis

tanc

e in

the

cond

uct

of a

ny e

lect

ion.

Page

10

2. S

uch

assi

stan

ce m

ay t

ake

any

form

.

3.Al

so,

ECO

WAS

may

dis

patc

h a

mon

itor

ing

team

to

the

coun

try

conc

erne

d

for

the

purp

ose

of m

onit

orin

g th

e el

ecti

ons.

4.Th

e de

cisi

on in

thi

s re

spec

t sh

all b

e ta

ken

by t

he E

xecu

tive

Sec

reta

ry.

Arti

cle

13

1.As

ele

ctio

ns i

n a

Mem

ber

Stat

e ap

proa

ch,

the

Exec

utiv

e Se

cret

ary

shal

l

disp

atch

a f

act-

findi

ng M

issi

on t

o th

e M

embe

r St

ate

cond

ucti

ng a

n el

ecti

on.

2.Th

is m

issi

on m

ay b

e fo

llow

ed b

y an

exp

lora

tory

Mis

sion

aim

ed a

t:

colle

ctin

g al

l te

xts

gove

rnin

g th

e el

ecti

ons

conc

erne

d;

gath

erin

g al

l in

form

atio

n on

the

con

diti

ons

unde

r w

hich

the

ele

ctio

ns

shal

l be

cond

ucte

d;

colle

ctin

g al

l per

tine

nt in

form

atio

n re

lati

ng t

o th

e co

ntes

ting

can

dida

tes

or p

olit

ical

par

ties

;

mee

ting

all

cand

idat

es,

polit

ical

par

ty l

eade

rs,

gove

rnm

ent

auth

orit

ies

and

othe

r co

mpe

tent

bod

ies;

asse

ssin

g th

e st

atus

of p

repa

rati

ons

for

the

elec

tion

s;

gath

erin

g an

y ot

her

usef

ul i

nfor

mat

ion

that

may

pro

vide

a c

lear

pic

ture

of t

he s

itua

tion

.

82

Page

11

Arti

cle

14:

1.Th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y sh

all

appo

int

the

lead

er a

nd t

he m

embe

rs o

f th

e

Obs

erve

r/Su

perv

isor

y M

issi

on,

who

sh

all

be

inde

pend

ent

pers

ons

and

nati

onal

s of

Mem

ber

Stat

es o

ther

tha

n th

e M

embe

r St

ate

cond

ucti

ng t

he

elec

tion

s.

2.Th

e M

embe

rs o

f th

e M

issi

on s

hall

incl

ude

wom

en.

3.St

aff

of t

he E

xecu

tive

Sec

reta

riat

sha

ll be

des

igna

ted

to a

ssis

t th

e M

issi

on.

Arti

cle

15:

1.Th

e O

bser

ver/

Supe

rvis

ory

Mis

sion

, w

ith

the

docu

men

ts c

olle

cted

by

the

expl

orat

ory

Mis

sion

and

the

rep

ort

prep

ared

by

the

Mis

sion

, sh

all

arri

ve i

n

the

Mem

ber

Stat

e co

ncer

ned

at l

east

for

ty-e

ight

hou

rs p

rior

to

the

cond

uct

of t

he e

lect

ions

.

2.Th

e O

bser

ver/

Supe

rvis

ory

Mis

sion

may

be

prec

eded

by

ECO

WAS

Sta

ff,

who

shal

l pre

pare

the

mee

ting

s to

be

held

bet

wee

n th

e M

issi

on a

nd t

he n

atio

nal

auth

orit

ies.

3.Th

e M

issi

on s

hall

be e

xpec

ted

to h

old

cons

ulta

tion

s w

ith

the

rele

vant

auth

orit

ies

of t

he h

ost

gove

rnm

ent

for

an e

xcha

nge

of v

iew

s an

d in

ord

er t

o

dete

rmin

e th

e m

ode

of d

eplo

ymen

t in

the

hos

t M

embe

r St

ate.

4.It

may

est

ablis

h co

-ope

rati

on l

inks

wit

h NG

O o

r an

y ot

her

obse

rver

tea

ms

whi

le m

aint

aini

ng it

s au

tono

my.

5.Th

e m

embe

rs o

f th

e M

issi

on s

hall

show

res

trai

nt a

nd r

efra

in f

rom

mak

ing

any

indi

vidu

al s

tate

men

t. A

ny s

tate

men

t sh

all

be m

ade

colle

ctiv

ely

and

on

beha

lf of

the

Mis

sion

by

the

team

lea

der

or a

spo

kesp

erso

n ap

poin

ted

for

this

pur

pose

.

Page

12

Arti

cle

16:

1.Th

e M

issi

on s

hall

rem

ain

in t

he c

ount

ry t

hrou

ghou

t th

e el

ecti

on p

erio

d an

d

unti

l the

ele

ctio

n re

sult

s ar

e an

noun

ced.

2.Th

e M

issi

on s

hall

also

sub

mit

a r

epor

t to

the

Exe

cuti

ve S

ecre

tary

.

3.Th

e Re

port

sha

ll co

mpr

ise:

the

Mis

sion

’s o

wn

obse

rvat

ions

;

stat

emen

ts b

y w

itne

sses

;

its

asse

ssm

ent

of t

he c

ondu

ct o

f th

e el

ecti

ons

from

the

poi

nt o

f vi

ew o

f

the

nati

onal

law

s go

vern

ing

the

elec

tion

s an

d th

e un

iver

sal

prin

cipl

es i

n

elec

tora

l mat

ters

;

its

reco

mm

enda

tion

s fo

r th

e im

prov

emen

t of

the

con

duct

of

futu

re

elec

tion

s an

d m

onit

orin

g M

issi

ons.

Arti

cle

17:

1.Th

e O

bser

ver/

Supe

rvis

ory

Mis

sion

’s r

epor

t sh

all b

e si

gned

by

all M

embe

rs o

f

the

Mis

sion

and

sub

mit

ted

to t

he E

xecu

tive

Sec

reta

ry b

y th

e M

issi

on’s

lead

er

wit

hin

fifte

en (

15)

days

wit

h ef

fect

fro

m t

he d

ate

of a

ccom

plis

hmen

t of

the

Mis

sion

.

2.Be

fore

lea

ving

the

hos

t co

untr

y, t

he M

issi

on s

hall

conv

ene

a co

nsul

tati

ve

mee

ting

for

the

pre

para

tion

of

the

repo

rt.

3.An

y m

embe

r of

the

Mis

sion

, w

ho i

s un

able

to

atte

nd t

he m

eeti

ng,

shal

l

subm

it a

rep

ort

in w

riti

ng t

o th

e M

issi

on’s

lead

er b

efor

e le

avin

g th

e co

untr

y.

4.EC

OW

AS S

taff

sha

ll as

sist

the

Mis

sion

in t

he p

repa

rati

on o

f th

e re

port

.

83

Page

13

Arti

cle

18:

The

repo

rt s

hall

be f

orw

arde

d by

the

Exe

cuti

ve S

ecre

tary

, to

geth

er w

ith

his

own

obse

rvat

ions

, if

nece

ssar

y, t

o th

e M

edia

tion

and

Sec

urit

y Co

unci

l fo

r

reco

mm

enda

tion

s to

be

mad

e to

the

cou

ntry

con

cern

ed a

nd/o

r to

all

Mem

ber

Stat

es, a

nd fo

r m

easu

res

to b

e ta

ken,

whe

re n

eces

sary

.

SECT

ION

IV: T

HE

ROLE

OF

THE

ARM

ED F

ORC

ES, T

HE

POLI

CE A

ND T

HE

SECU

RITY

FORC

ES IN

A D

EMO

CRAC

Y

Arti

cle

19:

1.Th

e ar

med

for

ces

and

polic

e sh

all b

e no

n-pa

rtis

an a

nd s

hall

rem

ain

loya

l to

the

nati

on.

The

role

of

th

e ar

med

fo

rces

sh

all

be

to

defe

nd

the

inde

pend

ence

and

the

ter

rito

rial

int

egri

ty o

f th

e St

ate

and

its

dem

ocra

tic

inst

itut

ions

.

2.Th

e po

lice

and

othe

r se

curi

ty

agen

cies

sh

all

be

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

mai

nten

ance

of

law

and

ord

er a

nd t

he p

rote

ctio

n of

per

sons

and

the

ir

prop

erti

es.

3.Th

e ar

med

for

ces,

the

pol

ice

and

othe

r se

curi

ty a

genc

ies

shal

l par

tici

pate

in

ECO

MO

G m

issi

ons

as p

rovi

ded

for

in A

rtic

le 2

8 of

the

Pro

toco

l.

4.Th

ey

may

al

so,

on

the

deci

sion

of

th

e co

nsti

tuti

onal

ly

cons

titu

ted

auth

orit

ies,

par

tici

pate

in

peac

ekee

ping

mis

sion

s un

der

the

ausp

ices

of

the

Afri

can

Unio

n or

the

Uni

ted

Nati

ons.

5.M

embe

rs o

f th

e ar

med

for

ces

may

be

draf

ted

to p

arti

cipa

te i

n na

tion

al

deve

lopm

ent

proj

ects

.

Page

14

Arti

cle

20:

1.Th

e ar

med

for

ces,

the

pol

ice

and

othe

r se

curi

ty a

genc

ies

shal

l be

unde

r th

e

auth

orit

y of

lega

lly c

onst

itut

ed c

ivili

an a

utho

riti

es.

2.Th

e ci

vilia

n au

thor

itie

s sh

all

resp

ect

the

apol

itic

al n

atur

e of

the

arm

ed

forc

es a

nd p

olic

e. A

ll po

litic

al o

r tr

ade

unio

n ac

tivi

ties

and

pro

paga

nda

shal

l

be fo

rbid

den

in t

he b

arra

cks

and

wit

hin

the

arm

ed fo

rces

.

Arti

cle

21:

The

arm

ed a

nd s

ecur

ity

forc

es p

erso

nnel

as

citi

zens

, sh

all b

e en

titl

ed t

o al

l the

righ

ts s

et o

ut i

n th

e co

nsti

tuti

on,

exce

pt a

s m

ay b

e st

ated

oth

erw

ise

in t

heir

spec

ial r

egul

atio

ns.

Arti

cle

22:

1.Th

e us

e of

arm

s to

dis

pers

e no

n-vi

olen

t m

eeti

ngs

or d

emon

stra

tion

s sh

all b

e

forb

idde

n. W

hene

ver

a de

mon

stra

tion

bec

omes

vio

lent

, on

ly t

he u

se o

f

min

imal

and

/or

prop

orti

onat

e fo

rce

shal

l be

auth

oris

ed.

2.Al

l cru

el, i

nhum

an a

nd d

egra

ding

tre

atm

ent

shal

l be

forb

idde

n.

3.Th

e se

curi

ty f

orce

s, w

hile

car

ryin

g ou

t in

vest

igat

ions

, sh

all

not

dist

urb

or

arre

st

fam

ily

mem

bers

or

re

lati

ons

of

the

pers

on

pres

umed

gu

ilty

or

susp

ecte

d of

hav

ing

com

mit

ted

an o

ffen

ce.

Arti

cle

23:

1.Th

e ar

med

for

ces,

the

pol

ice

and

othe

r se

curi

ty a

genc

ies

shal

l du

ring

the

ir

trai

ning

rec

eive

ins

truc

tion

s on

the

Con

stit

utio

n of

the

ir c

ount

ry,

ECO

WAS

prin

cipl

es a

nd r

egul

atio

ns,

hum

an r

ight

s, h

uman

itar

ian

law

and

dem

ocra

tic

prin

cipl

es.

In t

his

rega

rd,

sem

inar

s an

d m

eeti

ngs

brin

ging

tog

ethe

r m

embe

rs

of t

he a

rmed

for

ces,

Pol

ice

and

othe

r Se

curi

ty A

genc

ies

and

othe

r se

ctor

s of

soci

ety

shal

l be

orga

nise

d fr

om t

ime

to t

ime.

84

Page

15

2.Jo

int

trai

ning

ses

sion

s sh

all

also

be

arra

nged

for

mem

bers

of

the

arm

ed

forc

es f

rom

diff

eren

t EC

OW

AS c

ount

ries

, th

e po

lice,

oth

er s

ecur

ity

forc

es,

univ

ersi

ty d

ons

and

mem

bers

of

the

civi

l soc

iety

.

Arti

cle

24:

1.

The

Mem

ber

Stat

es u

nder

take

to

stre

ngth

en t

heir

nat

iona

l ag

enci

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

prev

enti

ng a

nd c

omba

ting

ter

rori

sm.

2.

In

acco

rdan

ce

wit

h Ar

ticl

es

3 (d

) an

d 16

(1

) of

th

e Pr

otoc

ol,

the

Depa

rtm

ent

of P

olit

ical

Aff

airs

, De

fenc

e an

d Se

curi

ty o

f th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

iat

shal

l in

itia

te j

oint

act

ivit

ies

for

the

nati

onal

age

ncie

s of

Mem

ber

Stat

es in

cha

rge

of p

reve

ntin

g an

d co

mba

ting

ter

rori

sm.

SECT

ION

V: P

OVE

RTY

ALLE

VIAT

ION

AND

PRO

MO

TIO

N O

F SO

CIAL

DIA

LOGU

E

Arti

cle

25:

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

gree

tha

t po

vert

y al

levi

atio

n an

d pr

omot

ion

of s

ocia

l di

alog

ue

are

impo

rtan

t fa

ctor

s fo

r pe

ace.

Arti

cle

26:

Mem

ber

Stat

es

unde

rtak

e to

pr

ovid

e th

e ba

sic

hum

an

need

s of

th

eir

popu

lati

ons.

Arti

cle

27:

Mem

ber

Stat

es

unde

rtak

e to

fig

ht

pove

rty

effe

ctiv

ely

in

thei

r re

spec

tive

coun

trie

s an

d w

ithi

n th

e Co

mm

unit

y, e

spec

ially

by:

crea

ting

an

en

viro

nmen

t co

nduc

ive

to

priv

ate

inve

stm

ent

and

the

deve

lopm

ent

of a

dyn

amic

and

com

peti

tive

pri

vate

sec

tor;

Page

16

prov

idin

g th

e in

stru

men

ts n

eces

sary

for

the

enh

ance

men

t of

job

cre

atio

n

and

for

the

deve

lopm

ent

of t

he s

ocia

l sec

tor

as a

mat

ter

of p

rior

ity;

ensu

ring

equ

itab

le d

istr

ibut

ion

of r

esou

rces

and

inc

ome

in o

rder

to

cons

olid

ate

nati

onal

uni

ty a

nd s

olid

arit

y;

enha

ncin

g th

e in

tegr

atio

n of

eco

nom

ic,

finan

cial

and

ban

king

act

ivit

ies

thro

ugh

harm

onis

atio

n of

co

mm

erci

al

and

finan

cial

la

ws

and

esta

blis

hmen

t of

Com

mun

ity

mul

ti-n

atio

nal c

orpo

rati

ons.

Arti

cle

28:

1.Em

ploy

ers

asso

ciat

ions

an

d tr

ade

unio

ns

shal

l be

or

gani

sed

and/

or

stre

ngth

ened

in e

ach

Mem

ber

Stat

e an

d at

the

reg

iona

l lev

el o

f EC

OW

AS.

2.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll pr

omot

e so

cial

dia

logu

e. I

n th

is r

egar

d, e

mpl

oyer

s

asso

ciat

ions

and

wor

kers

uni

ons

shal

l m

eet

regu

larl

y am

ong

them

selv

es

and

wit

h po

litic

al

and

adm

inis

trat

ive

auth

orit

ies

wit

h a

view

to

prev

enti

ng s

ocia

l con

flict

.

3.Th

ere

shal

l be

ass

ocia

tion

s of

far

mer

s, a

rtis

ans

and

arti

sts

in e

ach

Mem

ber

Stat

e an

d at

the

sub

-reg

iona

l lev

el o

f EC

OW

AS.

SECT

ION

VI:

EDU

CATI

ON,

CU

LTU

RE A

ND R

ELIG

ION

Arti

cle

29:

Educ

atio

n, c

ultu

re a

nd r

elig

ion

are

esse

ntia

l fa

ctor

s fo

r pe

ace,

sta

bilit

y an

d

deve

lopm

ent

in e

ach

Mem

ber

Stat

e.

Arti

cle

30:

1.Th

ere

shal

l be

reg

ular

exc

hang

es o

f st

uden

ts a

nd a

cade

mic

s be

twee

n

Mem

ber

Stat

es.

85

Page

17

2.Co

mm

unit

y in

stit

utio

ns

shal

l be

es

tabl

ishe

d to

pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng

for

stud

ents

from

the

sub

-reg

ion.

3.-

In a

ccor

danc

e w

ith

Arti

cle

36 o

f th

e Pr

otoc

ol,

the

Exec

utiv

e

Secr

etar

iat

shal

l, fr

om n

ow o

n, p

rovi

de b

udge

tary

allo

cati

ons

for

imm

edia

te f

undi

ng o

f th

e pr

ogra

mm

es a

s co

ntai

ned

in t

his

Arti

cle.

- Ea

ch M

embe

r St

ate

shal

l in

the

shor

test

pos

sibl

e ti

me

also

mak

e a

cont

ribu

tion

fo

r th

e ta

ke-o

ff

and

impl

emen

tati

on

of

the

prog

ram

mes

con

tain

ed in

thi

s Ar

ticl

e;

- A

perc

enta

ge o

f th

e Co

mm

unit

y le

vy s

hall

be a

lloca

ted

for

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

a f

und

for

the

impl

emen

tati

on o

f th

e ac

tivi

ties

outl

ined

in t

his

Arti

cle;

4.A

polic

y to

pro

mot

e w

omen

’s e

duca

tion

at

all

leve

ls a

nd i

n al

l fie

lds

of

trai

ning

sha

ll be

ado

pted

and

im

plem

ente

d in

eac

h M

embe

r St

ate

and

at

the

leve

l of

ECO

WAS

.

5.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll gu

aran

tee

wom

en e

qual

rig

hts

wit

h m

en in

the

fie

ld o

f

educ

atio

n an

d in

par

ticu

lar,

sha

ll en

sure

the

sam

e co

ndit

ions

for

car

eer

and

voca

tion

al

guid

ance

, ac

cess

to

th

e sa

me

curr

icul

a,

acce

ss

to

oppo

rtun

itie

s to

ben

efit

fro

m s

chol

arsh

ips

and

othe

r st

udy

gran

ts.

They

shal

l al

so e

nsur

e th

e el

imin

atio

n of

ste

reot

yped

con

cept

s of

rol

es o

f m

en

and

wom

en a

t al

l lev

els

and

in a

ll fo

rms

of e

duca

tion

.

Arti

cle

31:

1.Th

e cu

ltur

e of

eve

ry g

roup

of

peop

le i

n ea

ch M

embe

r St

ate

shal

l be

resp

ecte

d an

d de

velo

ped.

Page

18

2.Th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y sh

all

take

the

nec

essa

ry m

easu

res

to o

rgan

ise,

wit

hin

the

sub-

regi

on,

peri

odic

int

er-s

tate

cul

tura

l ev

ents

: fe

stiv

als

of a

rts

and

cult

ure,

sym

posi

a, v

ario

us c

ultu

ral e

vent

s on

lite

ratu

re,

mus

ic,

arts

, an

d

spor

ts.

3.M

embe

r St

ates

und

erta

ke t

o ta

ke m

easu

res

to e

limin

ate

or p

reve

nt r

elig

ious

conf

licts

and

to

prom

ote

relig

ious

tol

eran

ce a

nd h

arm

ony.

To

this

end

,

perm

anen

t st

ruct

ures

for

con

sult

atio

ns a

mon

g th

e di

ffer

ent

relig

ions

on

the

one

hand

and

bet

wee

n th

e di

ffer

ent

relig

ions

and

the

Sta

te o

n th

e ot

her

hand

, sha

ll be

est

ablis

hed

at n

atio

nal l

evel

s.

4.Th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

y sh

all

take

the

nec

essa

ry m

easu

res

to p

rom

ote,

thro

ugh

peri

odic

mee

ting

s, c

onsu

ltat

ions

am

ong

the

relig

ious

org

anis

atio

ns

of M

embe

r St

ates

.

SECT

ION

VII :

RULE

OF

LAW

, HU

MAN

RIG

HTS

AND

GO

OD

GOVE

RNAN

CE

Arti

cle

32:

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

gree

tha

t go

od g

over

nanc

e an

d pr

ess

free

dom

are

ess

enti

al f

or

pres

ervi

ng s

ocia

l Ju

stic

e, p

reve

ntin

g co

nflic

t, g

uara

ntee

ing

polit

ical

sta

bilit

y

and

peac

e an

d fo

r st

reng

then

ing

dem

ocra

cy.

Arti

cle

33:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

re

cogn

ise

that

th

e ru

le

of

law

in

volv

es

not

only

th

e

prom

ulga

tion

of

good

law

s th

at a

re i

n co

nfor

mit

y w

ith

the

prov

isio

ns o

n

hum

an

righ

ts,

but

also

a

good

ju

dici

al

syst

em,

a go

od

syst

em

of

adm

inis

trat

ion,

and

goo

d m

anag

emen

t of

the

Sta

te a

ppar

atus

.

2.Th

ey a

re a

lso

conv

ince

d th

at a

sys

tem

tha

t gu

aran

tees

the

sm

ooth

run

ning

of t

he S

tate

and

its

adm

inis

trat

ive

and

judi

cial

ser

vice

s, c

ontr

ibut

es t

o th

e

cons

olid

atio

n of

the

rul

e of

law

.

86

Page

19

Arti

cle

34:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

and

the

Exe

cuti

ve S

ecre

tari

at s

hall

ende

avou

r to

ado

pt a

t

nati

onal

and

reg

iona

l lev

els,

pra

ctic

al m

odal

itie

s fo

r th

e en

forc

emen

t of

the

rule

of l

aw, h

uman

rig

hts,

just

ice

and

good

gov

erna

nce.

2.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll en

sure

acc

ount

abili

ty,

prof

essi

onal

ism

, tr

ansp

aren

cy

and

expe

rtis

e in

the

pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te s

ecto

rs.

Arti

cle

35:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll es

tabl

ish

inde

pend

ent

nati

onal

ins

titu

tion

s to

pro

mot

e

and

prot

ect

hum

an r

ight

s.

2.Th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

iat

shal

l tak

e m

easu

res

to s

tren

gthe

n th

eir

capa

citi

es.

The

inst

itut

ions

sha

ll be

org

anis

ed in

to a

reg

iona

l net

wor

k.

Wit

hin

the

fram

ewor

k of

th

is

netw

ork,

ea

ch

nati

onal

in

stit

utio

n sh

all

syst

emat

ical

ly s

ubm

it t

o th

e Ex

ecut

ive

Secr

etar

iat,

any

rep

ort

on h

uman

righ

ts v

iola

tion

s ob

serv

ed o

n it

s te

rrit

ory.

Such

rep

orts

and

rea

ctio

ns o

f go

vern

men

ts s

hall

be w

idel

y di

ssem

inat

ed

thro

ugh

the

mos

t ap

prop

riat

e m

eans

.

Arti

cle

36:

Mem

ber

Stat

es s

hall

inst

itut

iona

lise

a na

tion

al m

edia

tion

sys

tem

.

Arti

cle

37:

1.Ea

ch M

embe

r St

ate

shal

l wor

k to

war

ds e

nsur

ing

plur

alis

m o

f th

e in

form

atio

n

sect

or a

nd t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of t

he m

edia

.

Page

20

2.Ea

ch M

embe

r St

ate

may

giv

e fin

anci

al a

ssis

tanc

e to

pri

vate

ly-o

wne

d m

edia

.

The

dist

ribu

tion

and

allo

cati

on o

f su

ch a

ssis

tanc

e sh

all

be d

one

by a

n

inde

pend

ent

nati

onal

bod

y or

by

a bo

dy f

reel

y in

stit

uted

by

the

jour

nalis

ts

them

selv

es.

Arti

cle

38:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

und

erta

ke t

o fig

ht c

orru

ptio

n an

d m

anag

e th

eir

nati

onal

reso

urce

s in

a

tran

spar

ent

man

ner,

en

suri

ng

that

th

ey

are

equi

tabl

y

dist

ribu

ted.

2.In

thi

s re

gard

, M

embe

r St

ates

and

the

Exe

cuti

ve S

ecre

tari

at u

nder

take

to

esta

blis

h ap

prop

riat

e m

echa

nism

s to

add

ress

issu

es o

f co

rrup

tion

wit

hin

the

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

nd a

t th

e Co

mm

unit

y le

vel.

Arti

cle

39:

Prot

ocol

A/P

.1/7

/91

adop

ted

in A

buja

on

6 Ju

ly 1

991

rela

ting

to

the

Com

mun

ity

Cour

t of

Jus

tice

, sh

all

be r

evie

wed

so

as t

o gi

ve t

he C

ourt

the

pow

er t

o he

ar,

inte

r-al

ia,

case

s re

lati

ng t

o vi

olat

ions

of

hum

an r

ight

s, a

fter

all

atte

mpt

s to

reso

lve

the

mat

ter

at t

he n

atio

nal l

evel

hav

e fa

iled.

SECT

ION

VIII:

WO

MEN

, CH

ILDR

EN A

ND T

HE

YOU

TH

Arti

cle

40:

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

gree

tha

t th

e de

velo

pmen

t an

d pr

omot

ion

of t

he w

elfa

re o

f

wom

en a

re e

ssen

tial

fac

tors

for

dev

elop

men

t, p

rogr

ess

and

peac

e in

the

soc

iety

.

Cons

eque

ntly

, th

ey u

nder

take

to

elim

inat

e al

l for

ms

of d

iscr

imin

atio

n an

d ha

rmfu

l

and

degr

adin

g pr

acti

ces

agai

nst

wom

en.

87

Page

21

Arti

cle

41:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll gu

aran

tee

child

ren’

s ri

ghts

and

giv

e th

em a

cces

s to

basi

c ed

ucat

ion.

2.Sp

ecia

l la

ws

shal

l be

ena

cted

in e

ach

Mem

ber

Stat

e an

d at

the

lev

el o

f th

e

Com

mun

ity

agai

nst

child

tra

ffic

king

and

chi

ld p

rost

itut

ion.

3.Th

e Co

mm

unit

y sh

all a

dopt

law

s an

d re

gula

tion

s on

Chi

ld L

abou

r in

line

wit

h

the

prov

isio

ns o

f th

e In

tern

atio

nal L

abou

r O

rgan

isat

ion

(ILO

).

Arti

cle

42:

1.M

embe

r St

ates

sha

ll ag

ree

on r

ules

to

be a

dopt

ed o

n th

e tr

aini

ng a

nd

deve

lopm

ent

of t

he y

outh

.

2.Un

iform

law

s sh

all b

e ad

opte

d w

ithi

n th

e Co

mm

unit

y to

pre

vent

and

han

dle

case

s of

juve

nile

del

inqu

ency

.

Arti

cle

43:

The

Exec

utiv

e Se

cret

aria

t sh

all

put

in p

lace

all

nece

ssar

y st

ruct

ures

wit

hin

its

esta

blis

hmen

t to

ens

ure

the

effe

ctiv

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

com

mon

pol

icie

s an

d

prog

ram

mes

rel

atin

g to

the

edu

cati

on a

nd t

he p

rom

otio

n of

the

wel

fare

of

wom

en a

nd y

outh

.

CHAP

TER

II

MO

DALI

TIES

FO

R IM

PLEM

ENTA

TIO

N AN

D SA

NCTI

ONS

Arti

cle

44:

1.Th

is A

rtic

le c

ompl

emen

ts t

he p

rovi

sion

s of

Cha

pter

V o

f th

e Pr

otoc

ol o

f

10th

Dec

embe

r 19

99.

Page

22

2.In

ord

er t

o gi

ve f

ull f

orce

to

the

prov

isio

n of

Art

icle

28

of t

his

Supp

lem

enta

ry P

roto

col a

nd in

acc

orda

nce

wit

h Ar

ticl

e 57

of

the

Trea

ty,

a le

gal c

onve

ntio

n in

corp

orat

ing,

if n

eed

be, C

onve

ntio

n A/

P.1/

7/92

rela

ting

to

mut

ual a

ssis

tanc

e in

cri

min

al m

atte

rs, a

nd t

he C

onve

ntio

n

A/P1

/8/9

4 on

Ext

radi

tion

sha

ll be

ela

bora

ted

and

adop

ted

not

late

r th

an

twel

ve m

onth

s af

ter

the

entr

y in

to f

orce

of

this

Sup

plem

enta

ry P

roto

col.

Arti

cle

45:

1.

In t

he e

vent

tha

t de

moc

racy

is a

brup

tly

brou

ght

to a

n en

d by

any

mea

ns

or w

here

the

re is

mas

sive

vio

lati

on o

f Hu

man

Rig

hts

in a

Mem

ber

Stat

e,

ECO

WAS

may

impo

se s

anct

ions

on

the

Stat

e co

ncer

ned.

2.

The

sanc

tion

s w

hich

sha

ll be

dec

ided

by

the

Auth

orit

y m

ay t

ake

the

follo

win

g fo

rms,

in in

crea

sing

ord

er o

f sev

erit

y:

Refu

sal

to s

uppo

rt t

he c

andi

date

s pr

esen

ted

by t

he M

embe

r St

ate

conc

erne

d fo

r el

ecti

ve p

osts

in in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

isat

ions

;

Refu

sal t

o or

gani

se E

COW

AS m

eeti

ngs

in t

he M

embe

r St

ate

conc

erne

d;

Susp

ensi

on o

f th

e M

embe

r St

ate

conc

erne

d fr

om a

ll EC

OW

AS d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing

bodi

es.

Duri

ng t

he p

erio

d of

the

sus

pens

ion

the

Mem

ber

Stat

e

conc

erne

d sh

all b

e ob

liged

to

pay

its

dues

for

the

per

iod.

3.Du

ring

the

per

iod

of s

uspe

nsio

n, E

COW

AS s

hall

cont

inue

to

mon

itor

,

enco

urag

e an

d su

ppor

t th

e ef

fort

s be

ing

mad

e by

the

sus

pend

ed M

embe

r

Stat

e to

ret

urn

to n

orm

alcy

and

con

stit

utio

nal o

rder

;

4.O

n th

e re

com

men

dati

on o

f th

e M

edia

tion

and

Sec

urit

y Co

unci

l, a

deci

sion

may

be

take

n at

the

app

ropr

iate

tim

e to

pro

ceed

as

stip

ulat

ed in

Art

icle

45 o

f th

e Pr

otoc

ol o

f 10

th D

ecem

ber

1999

.

88

89

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

(United Nations General Assembly resolution 61/295 of 13 September 2007, annex)

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

A

/RES

/61/

295

Gen

era

l A

ssem

bly

D

istr.

: Gen

eral

2

Oct

ober

200

7

Six

ty-f

irst

sessio

n

Age

nda

item

68

06-5

1207

Reso

luti

on

ad

op

ted

by

th

e G

en

era

l A

ssem

bly

[with

out r

efer

ence

to a

Mai

n C

omm

ittee

(A/6

1/L.

67 a

nd A

dd.1

)]

61

/29

5.

Un

ited

Na

tio

ns D

ecla

ra

tio

n o

n t

he R

igh

ts o

f

In

dig

en

ou

s P

eo

ple

s

The

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y,

Taki

ng n

ote

of th

e re

com

men

datio

n of

the

Hum

an R

ight

s C

ounc

il co

ntai

ned

in

its r

esol

utio

n 1/

2 of

29

June

200

6,1 b

y w

hich

the

Cou

ncil

adop

ted

the

text

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Dec

lara

tion

on th

e R

ight

s of

Indi

geno

us P

eopl

es,

Reca

lling

its

res

olut

ion

61/1

78 o

f 20

Dec

embe

r 20

06, b

y w

hich

it

deci

ded

to

defe

r co

nsid

erat

ion

of a

nd a

ctio

n on

the

Dec

lara

tion

to a

llow

tim

e fo

r fu

rthe

r co

nsul

tatio

ns th

ereo

n, a

nd a

lso

deci

ded

to c

oncl

ude

its c

onsi

dera

tion

befo

re th

e en

d of

the

sixt

y-fi

rst s

essi

on o

f the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y,

Adop

ts th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns D

ecla

ratio

n on

the

Rig

hts

of I

ndig

enou

s Pe

ople

s as

co

ntai

ned

in th

e an

nex

to th

e pr

esen

t res

olut

ion.

107t

h pl

enar

y m

eetin

g 13

Sep

tem

ber

2007

An

nex

Un

ited

Na

tio

ns D

ecla

ra

tio

n o

n t

he R

igh

ts o

f I

nd

igen

ou

s P

eo

ple

s

The

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y,

Gui

ded

by t

he p

urpo

ses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f th

e C

hart

er o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

and

good

fai

th in

the

fulf

ilmen

t of

the

oblig

atio

ns a

ssum

ed b

y St

ates

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e C

hart

er,

Affir

min

g th

at

indi

geno

us

peop

les

are

equa

l to

al

l ot

her

peop

les,

w

hile

re

cogn

izin

g th

e ri

ght o

f al

l peo

ples

to b

e di

ffer

ent,

to c

onsi

der

them

selv

es d

iffer

ent,

and

to b

e re

spec

ted

as s

uch,

Affir

min

g al

so t

hat

all

peop

les

cont

ribu

te t

o th

e di

vers

ity a

nd r

ichn

ess

of

civi

lizat

ions

and

cul

ture

s, w

hich

con

stitu

te th

e co

mm

on h

erita

ge o

f hum

anki

nd,

____

___

___

___

__

1 See

Offi

cial

Rec

ords

of t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

Six

ty-fi

rst S

essi

on, S

uppl

emen

t No.

53

(A/6

1/53

), pa

rt on

e,

chap

. II,

sect

. A.

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

2

Affir

min

g fu

rthe

r th

at

all

doct

rine

s,

polic

ies

and

prac

tices

ba

sed

on

or

advo

catin

g su

peri

ority

of

peop

les

or i

ndiv

idua

ls o

n th

e ba

sis

of n

atio

nal

orig

in o

r ra

cial

, rel

igio

us, e

thni

c or

cul

tura

l diff

eren

ces

are

raci

st, s

cien

tific

ally

fal

se, l

egal

ly

inva

lid, m

oral

ly c

onde

mna

ble

and

soci

ally

unj

ust,

Reaf

firm

ing

that

ind

igen

ous

peop

les,

in

the

exer

cise

of

thei

r ri

ghts

, sho

uld

be

free

from

dis

crim

inat

ion

of a

ny k

ind,

Con

cern

ed t

hat

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es h

ave

suff

ered

fro

m h

isto

ric

inju

stic

es a

s a

resu

lt of

, in

ter

alia

, th

eir

colo

niza

tion

and

disp

osse

ssio

n of

the

ir l

ands

, te

rrito

ries

an

d re

sour

ces,

thu

s pr

even

ting

them

fro

m e

xerc

isin

g, i

n pa

rtic

ular

, th

eir

righ

t to

de

velo

pmen

t in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

eir o

wn

need

s an

d in

tere

sts,

Reco

gniz

ing

the

urge

nt n

eed

to r

espe

ct a

nd p

rom

ote

the

inhe

rent

rig

hts

of

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es w

hich

der

ive

from

thei

r pol

itica

l, ec

onom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l str

uctu

res

and

from

the

ir c

ultu

res,

spi

ritu

al t

radi

tions

, hi

stor

ies

and

philo

soph

ies,

esp

ecia

lly

thei

r rig

hts

to th

eir l

ands

, ter

rito

ries

and

reso

urce

s,

Reco

gniz

ing

also

th

e ur

gent

ne

ed

to

resp

ect

and

prom

ote

the

righ

ts

of

indi

geno

us

peop

les

affi

rmed

in

tr

eatie

s,

agre

emen

ts

and

othe

r co

nstr

uctiv

e ar

rang

emen

ts w

ith S

tate

s,

Wel

com

ing

the

fact

tha

t in

dige

nous

peo

ples

are

org

aniz

ing

them

selv

es f

or

polit

ical

, eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l enh

ance

men

t and

in o

rder

to b

ring

to a

n en

d al

l for

ms

of d

iscr

imin

atio

n an

d op

pres

sion

whe

reve

r the

y oc

cur,

Con

vinc

ed t

hat

cont

rol

by i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s ov

er d

evel

opm

ents

aff

ectin

g th

em a

nd t

heir

lan

ds,

terr

itori

es a

nd r

esou

rces

will

ena

ble

them

to

mai

ntai

n an

d st

reng

then

th

eir

inst

itutio

ns,

cultu

res

and

trad

ition

s,

and

to

prom

ote

thei

r de

velo

pmen

t in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

eir a

spir

atio

ns a

nd n

eeds

,

Reco

gniz

ing

that

res

pect

for

ind

igen

ous

know

ledg

e, c

ultu

res

and

trad

ition

al

prac

tices

co

ntri

bute

s to

su

stai

nabl

e an

d eq

uita

ble

deve

lopm

ent

and

prop

er

man

agem

ent o

f the

env

iron

men

t,

Emph

asiz

ing

the

cont

ribu

tion

of

the

dem

ilita

riza

tion

of

the

land

s an

d te

rrito

ries

of

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es t

o pe

ace,

eco

nom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l pr

ogre

ss a

nd

deve

lopm

ent,

unde

rsta

ndin

g an

d fr

iend

ly re

latio

ns a

mon

g na

tions

and

peo

ples

of t

he

wor

ld, Re

cogn

izin

g in

par

ticul

ar th

e ri

ght o

f in

dige

nous

fam

ilies

and

com

mun

ities

to

reta

in s

hare

d re

spon

sibi

lity

for t

he u

pbri

ngin

g, tr

aini

ng, e

duca

tion

and

wel

l-be

ing

of

thei

r chi

ldre

n, c

onsi

sten

t with

the

righ

ts o

f the

chi

ld,

Con

side

ring

th

at

the

righ

ts

affi

rmed

in

tr

eatie

s,

agre

emen

ts

and

othe

r co

nstr

uctiv

e ar

rang

emen

ts b

etw

een

Stat

es a

nd i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s ar

e, i

n so

me

situ

atio

ns, m

atte

rs o

f int

erna

tiona

l con

cern

, int

eres

t, re

spon

sibi

lity

and

char

acte

r,

Con

side

ring

al

so

that

tr

eatie

s,

agre

emen

ts

and

othe

r co

nstr

uctiv

e ar

rang

emen

ts,

and

the

rela

tions

hip

they

rep

rese

nt,

are

the

basi

s fo

r a

stre

ngth

ened

pa

rtne

rshi

p be

twee

n in

dige

nous

peo

ples

and

Sta

tes,

Ackn

owle

dgin

g th

at t

he C

hart

er o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l C

oven

ant o

n Ec

onom

ic, S

ocia

l and

Cul

tura

l Rig

hts2 a

nd th

e In

tern

atio

nal C

oven

ant

on C

ivil

and

Polit

ical

Rig

hts,

2 as

wel

l as

the

Vie

nna

Dec

lara

tion

and

Prog

ram

me

of

____

___

___

___

__

2 See

reso

lutio

n 22

00 A

(XX

I), a

nnex

.

92

A/R

ES

/61/2

95 3

Act

ion,

3 aff

irm

the

fun

dam

enta

l im

port

ance

of

the

righ

t to

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

of a

ll pe

ople

s, b

y vi

rtue

of

whi

ch t

hey

free

ly d

eter

min

e th

eir

polit

ical

sta

tus

and

free

ly

purs

ue th

eir e

cono

mic

, soc

ial a

nd c

ultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent,

Bear

ing

in m

ind

that

not

hing

in

this

Dec

lara

tion

may

be

used

to

deny

any

pe

ople

s th

eir

righ

t to

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion,

exe

rcis

ed in

con

form

ity w

ith in

tern

atio

nal

law

,

Con

vinc

ed t

hat

the

reco

gniti

on o

f th

e ri

ghts

of

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es i

n th

is

Dec

lara

tion

will

enh

ance

har

mon

ious

and

coo

pera

tive

rela

tions

bet

wee

n th

e St

ate

and

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es,

base

d on

pri

ncip

les

of j

ustic

e, d

emoc

racy

, re

spec

t fo

r hu

man

righ

ts, n

on-d

iscr

imin

atio

n an

d go

od fa

ith,

Enco

urag

ing

Stat

es

to

com

ply

with

an

d ef

fect

ivel

y im

plem

ent

all

thei

r ob

ligat

ions

as

they

app

ly t

o in

dige

nous

peo

ples

und

er i

nter

natio

nal

inst

rum

ents

, in

pa

rtic

ular

tho

se r

elat

ed t

o hu

man

rig

hts,

in

cons

ulta

tion

and

coop

erat

ion

with

the

pe

ople

s co

ncer

ned,

Emph

asiz

ing

that

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

has

an

impo

rtan

t an

d co

ntin

uing

rol

e to

pl

ay in

pro

mot

ing

and

prot

ectin

g th

e ri

ghts

of i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s,

Belie

ving

tha

t th

is D

ecla

ratio

n is

a f

urth

er i

mpo

rtan

t st

ep f

orw

ard

for

the

reco

gniti

on,

prom

otio

n an

d pr

otec

tion

of t

he r

ight

s an

d fr

eedo

ms

of i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s an

d in

the

dev

elop

men

t of

rel

evan

t ac

tiviti

es o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns s

yste

m

in th

is fi

eld,

Reco

gniz

ing

and

reaf

firm

ing

that

ind

igen

ous

indi

vidu

als

are

entit

led

with

out

disc

rim

inat

ion

to

all

hum

an

righ

ts

reco

gniz

ed

in

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w,

and

that

in

dige

nous

peo

ples

pos

sess

col

lect

ive

righ

ts w

hich

are

ind

ispe

nsab

le f

or t

heir

ex

iste

nce,

wel

l-be

ing

and

inte

gral

dev

elop

men

t as

peop

les,

Reco

gniz

ing

that

the

situ

atio

n of

ind

igen

ous

peop

les

vari

es f

rom

reg

ion

to

regi

on a

nd fr

om c

ount

ry to

cou

ntry

and

that

the

sign

ific

ance

of n

atio

nal a

nd re

gion

al

part

icul

ariti

es a

nd v

ario

us h

isto

rica

l an

d cu

ltura

l ba

ckgr

ound

s sh

ould

be

take

n in

to

cons

ider

atio

n,

Sole

mnl

y pr

ocla

ims

the

follo

win

g U

nite

d N

atio

ns D

ecla

ratio

n on

the

Rig

hts

of

Indi

geno

us P

eopl

es a

s a

stan

dard

of

achi

evem

ent

to b

e pu

rsue

d in

a s

piri

t of

pa

rtne

rshi

p an

d m

utua

l res

pect

:

Artic

le 1

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

he f

ull

enjo

ymen

t, as

a c

olle

ctiv

e or

as

indi

vidu

als,

of

all

hum

an r

ight

s an

d fu

ndam

enta

l fr

eedo

ms

as r

ecog

nize

d in

the

C

hart

er o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

the

Uni

vers

al D

ecla

ratio

n of

Hum

an R

ight

s4 and

in

tern

atio

nal h

uman

righ

ts la

w.

Artic

le 2

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

and

indi

vidu

als

are

free

and

equ

al to

all

othe

r pe

ople

s an

d in

divi

dual

s an

d ha

ve t

he r

ight

to

be f

ree

from

any

kin

d of

dis

crim

inat

ion,

in

the

exer

cise

of

thei

r ri

ghts

, in

par

ticul

ar t

hat

base

d on

the

ir i

ndig

enou

s or

igin

or

iden

tity.

____

___

___

___

__

3 A/C

ON

F.15

7/24

(Par

t I),

chap

. III

. 4 R

esol

utio

n 21

7 A

(III

).

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

4

Artic

le 3

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o se

lf-d

eter

min

atio

n. B

y vi

rtue

of

that

rig

ht

they

fre

ely

dete

rmin

e th

eir

polit

ical

sta

tus

and

free

ly p

ursu

e th

eir

econ

omic

, soc

ial

and

cultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent.

Artic

le 4

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

, in

exe

rcis

ing

thei

r ri

ght

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n, h

ave

the

righ

t to

aut

onom

y or

sel

f-go

vern

men

t in

mat

ters

rel

atin

g to

the

ir i

nter

nal

and

loca

l af

fair

s, a

s w

ell a

s w

ays

and

mea

ns fo

r fin

anci

ng th

eir a

uton

omou

s fu

nctio

ns.

Artic

le 5

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to m

aint

ain

and

stre

ngth

en t

heir

dis

tinct

po

litic

al, l

egal

, eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l ins

titut

ions

, whi

le r

etai

ning

thei

r ri

ght

to p

artic

ipat

e fu

lly, i

f th

ey s

o ch

oose

, in

the

polit

ical

, eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l lif

e of

the

Stat

e.

Artic

le 6

Ev

ery

indi

geno

us in

divi

dual

has

the

righ

t to

a na

tiona

lity.

Artic

le 7

1.

In

dige

nous

ind

ivid

uals

hav

e th

e ri

ghts

to

life,

phy

sica

l an

d m

enta

l in

tegr

ity, l

iber

ty a

nd s

ecur

ity o

f per

son.

2.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e co

llect

ive

righ

t to

liv

e in

fre

edom

, pe

ace

and

secu

rity

as

dist

inct

peo

ples

and

sha

ll no

t be

subj

ecte

d to

any

act

of

geno

cide

or

any

othe

r ac

t of

vio

lenc

e, i

nclu

ding

for

cibl

y re

mov

ing

child

ren

of t

he g

roup

to

anot

her g

roup

.

Artic

le 8

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

and

ind

ivid

uals

hav

e th

e ri

ght

not

to b

e su

bjec

ted

to

forc

ed a

ssim

ilatio

n or

des

truc

tion

of th

eir c

ultu

re.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll pr

ovid

e ef

fect

ive

mec

hani

sms

for

prev

entio

n of

, and

red

ress

fo

r:

( a

) A

ny a

ctio

n w

hich

has

the

aim

or

effe

ct o

f de

priv

ing

them

of

thei

r in

tegr

ity a

s di

stin

ct p

eopl

es, o

r of t

heir

cul

tura

l val

ues

or e

thni

c id

entit

ies;

(b

) A

ny a

ctio

n w

hich

has

the

aim

or

effe

ct o

f di

spos

sess

ing

them

of

thei

r la

nds,

terr

itori

es o

r res

ourc

es;

(c

) A

ny f

orm

of

forc

ed p

opul

atio

n tr

ansf

er w

hich

has

the

aim

or

effe

ct o

f vi

olat

ing

or u

nder

min

ing

any

of th

eir r

ight

s;

(d

) A

ny fo

rm o

f for

ced

assi

mila

tion

or in

tegr

atio

n;

( e

) A

ny f

orm

of

prop

agan

da d

esig

ned

to p

rom

ote

or i

ncite

rac

ial

or e

thni

c di

scri

min

atio

n di

rect

ed a

gain

st th

em.

Artic

le 9

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

and

ind

ivid

uals

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to b

elon

g to

an

indi

geno

us

com

mun

ity

or

natio

n,

in

acco

rdan

ce

with

th

e tr

aditi

ons

and

cust

oms

of

the

93

A/R

ES

/61/2

95 5

com

mun

ity o

r na

tion

conc

erne

d. N

o di

scri

min

atio

n of

any

kin

d m

ay a

rise

fro

m t

he

exer

cise

of s

uch

a ri

ght.

Artic

le 1

0

In

dige

nous

pe

ople

s sh

all

not

be

forc

ibly

re

mov

ed

from

th

eir

land

s or

te

rrito

ries

. N

o re

loca

tion

shal

l ta

ke p

lace

with

out

the

free

, pr

ior

and

info

rmed

co

nsen

t of

the

ind

igen

ous

peop

les

conc

erne

d an

d af

ter

agre

emen

t on

jus

t an

d fa

ir

com

pens

atio

n an

d, w

here

pos

sibl

e, w

ith th

e op

tion

of re

turn

.

Artic

le 1

1

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o pr

actis

e an

d re

vita

lize

thei

r cu

ltura

l tr

aditi

ons

and

cust

oms.

Thi

s in

clud

es th

e ri

ght t

o m

aint

ain,

pro

tect

and

dev

elop

the

past

, pre

sent

and

fut

ure

man

ifes

tatio

ns o

f th

eir

cultu

res,

suc

h as

arc

haeo

logi

cal a

nd

hist

oric

al

site

s,

arte

fact

s,

desi

gns,

ce

rem

onie

s,

tech

nolo

gies

an

d vi

sual

an

d pe

rfor

min

g ar

ts a

nd li

tera

ture

.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll pr

ovid

e re

dres

s th

roug

h ef

fect

ive

mec

hani

sms,

whi

ch m

ay

incl

ude

rest

itutio

n, d

evel

oped

in

conj

unct

ion

with

ind

igen

ous

peop

les,

with

res

pect

to

the

ir c

ultu

ral,

inte

llect

ual,

relig

ious

and

spi

ritu

al p

rope

rty

take

n w

ithou

t th

eir

free

, pr

ior

and

info

rmed

con

sent

or

in v

iola

tion

of t

heir

law

s, t

radi

tions

and

cu

stom

s.

Artic

le 1

2

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to m

anif

est,

prac

tise,

dev

elop

and

te

ach

thei

r sp

iritu

al a

nd r

elig

ious

tra

ditio

ns,

cust

oms

and

cere

mon

ies;

the

rig

ht t

o m

aint

ain,

pro

tect

, and

hav

e ac

cess

in p

riva

cy to

thei

r rel

igio

us a

nd c

ultu

ral s

ites;

the

righ

t to

the

use

and

con

trol

of

thei

r ce

rem

onia

l ob

ject

s; a

nd t

he r

ight

to

the

repa

tria

tion

of th

eir h

uman

rem

ains

.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll se

ek t

o en

able

the

acc

ess

and/

or r

epat

riat

ion

of c

erem

onia

l ob

ject

s an

d hu

man

re

mai

ns

in

thei

r po

sses

sion

th

roug

h fa

ir,

tran

spar

ent

and

effe

ctiv

e m

echa

nism

s de

velo

ped

in c

onju

nctio

n w

ith in

dige

nous

peo

ples

con

cern

ed.

Artic

le 1

3

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o re

vita

lize,

use

, dev

elop

and

tran

smit

to f

utur

e ge

nera

tions

thei

r hi

stor

ies,

lang

uage

s, o

ral t

radi

tions

, phi

loso

phie

s, w

ritin

g sy

stem

s an

d lit

erat

ures

, an

d to

de

sign

ate

and

reta

in

thei

r ow

n na

mes

fo

r co

mm

uniti

es, p

lace

s an

d pe

rson

s.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s to

ens

ure

that

thi

s ri

ght

is p

rote

cted

an

d al

so t

o en

sure

tha

t in

dige

nous

peo

ples

can

und

erst

and

and

be u

nder

stoo

d in

po

litic

al,

lega

l an

d ad

min

istr

ativ

e pr

ocee

ding

s,

whe

re

nece

ssar

y th

roug

h th

e pr

ovis

ion

of in

terp

reta

tion

or b

y ot

her a

ppro

pria

te m

eans

.

Artic

le 1

4

1.

In

dige

nous

pe

ople

s ha

ve

the

righ

t to

es

tabl

ish

and

cont

rol

thei

r ed

ucat

iona

l sys

tem

s an

d in

stitu

tions

pro

vidi

ng e

duca

tion

in th

eir

own

lang

uage

s, in

a

man

ner a

ppro

pria

te to

thei

r cul

tura

l met

hods

of t

each

ing

and

lear

ning

.

2.

In

dige

nous

ind

ivid

uals

, par

ticul

arly

chi

ldre

n, h

ave

the

righ

t to

all

leve

ls

and

form

s of

edu

catio

n of

the

Stat

e w

ithou

t dis

crim

inat

ion.

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

6

3.

St

ates

sha

ll, i

n co

njun

ctio

n w

ith i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s, t

ake

effe

ctiv

e m

easu

res,

in o

rder

for

indi

geno

us in

divi

dual

s, p

artic

ular

ly c

hild

ren,

incl

udin

g th

ose

livin

g ou

tsid

e th

eir

com

mun

ities

, to

have

acc

ess,

whe

n po

ssib

le, t

o an

edu

catio

n in

th

eir o

wn

cultu

re a

nd p

rovi

ded

in th

eir o

wn

lang

uage

.

Artic

le 1

5

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

he d

igni

ty a

nd d

iver

sity

of

thei

r cu

lture

s, t

radi

tions

, his

tori

es a

nd a

spir

atio

ns w

hich

sha

ll be

app

ropr

iate

ly r

efle

cted

in

edu

catio

n an

d pu

blic

info

rmat

ion.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s, in

con

sulta

tion

and

coop

erat

ion

with

th

e in

dige

nous

peo

ples

con

cern

ed, t

o co

mba

t pre

judi

ce a

nd e

limin

ate

disc

rim

inat

ion

and

to p

rom

ote

tole

ranc

e, u

nder

stan

ding

and

goo

d re

latio

ns a

mon

g in

dige

nous

pe

ople

s an

d al

l oth

er s

egm

ents

of s

ocie

ty.

Artic

le 1

6

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to e

stab

lish

thei

r ow

n m

edia

in

thei

r ow

n la

ngua

ges

and

to h

ave

acce

ss t

o al

l fo

rms

of n

on-i

ndig

enou

s m

edia

with

out

disc

rim

inat

ion.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s to

ens

ure

that

Sta

te-o

wne

d m

edia

du

ly r

efle

ct i

ndig

enou

s cu

ltura

l di

vers

ity. S

tate

s, w

ithou

t pr

ejud

ice

to e

nsur

ing

full

free

dom

of

expr

essi

on,

shou

ld e

ncou

rage

pri

vate

ly o

wne

d m

edia

to

adeq

uate

ly

refl

ect i

ndig

enou

s cu

ltura

l div

ersi

ty.

Artic

le 1

7

1.

In

dige

nous

indi

vidu

als

and

peop

les

have

the

righ

t to

enjo

y fu

lly a

ll ri

ghts

es

tabl

ishe

d un

der a

pplic

able

inte

rnat

iona

l and

dom

estic

labo

ur la

w.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll in

con

sulta

tion

and

coop

erat

ion

with

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es ta

ke

spec

ific

mea

sure

s to

pro

tect

ind

igen

ous

child

ren

from

eco

nom

ic e

xplo

itatio

n an

d fr

om p

erfo

rmin

g an

y w

ork

that

is

likel

y to

be

haza

rdou

s or

to

inte

rfer

e w

ith t

he

child

’s e

duca

tion,

or

to b

e ha

rmfu

l to

the

chi

ld’s

hea

lth o

r ph

ysic

al,

men

tal,

spir

itual

, mor

al o

r soc

ial d

evel

opm

ent,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

eir s

peci

al v

ulne

rabi

lity

and

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f edu

catio

n fo

r the

ir e

mpo

wer

men

t.

3.

In

dige

nous

in

divi

dual

s ha

ve

the

righ

t no

t to

be

su

bjec

ted

to

any

disc

rim

inat

ory

cond

ition

s of

labo

ur a

nd, i

nter

alia

, em

ploy

men

t or s

alar

y.

Artic

le 1

8

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o pa

rtic

ipat

e in

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g in

mat

ters

w

hich

wou

ld a

ffec

t th

eir

righ

ts,

thro

ugh

repr

esen

tativ

es c

hose

n by

the

mse

lves

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

eir

own

proc

edur

es, a

s w

ell a

s to

mai

ntai

n an

d de

velo

p th

eir

own

indi

geno

us d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing

inst

itutio

ns.

Artic

le 1

9

St

ates

sha

ll co

nsul

t an

d co

oper

ate

in g

ood

faith

with

the

ind

igen

ous

peop

les

conc

erne

d th

roug

h th

eir

own

repr

esen

tativ

e in

stitu

tions

in o

rder

to o

btai

n th

eir

free

, pr

ior

and

info

rmed

co

nsen

t be

fore

ad

optin

g an

d im

plem

entin

g le

gisl

ativ

e or

ad

min

istr

ativ

e m

easu

res

that

may

aff

ect t

hem

.

94

A/R

ES

/61/2

95 7

Artic

le 2

0

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o m

aint

ain

and

deve

lop

thei

r po

litic

al,

econ

omic

and

soc

ial

syst

ems

or i

nstit

utio

ns, t

o be

sec

ure

in t

he e

njoy

men

t of

the

ir

own

mea

ns o

f su

bsis

tenc

e an

d de

velo

pmen

t, an

d to

eng

age

free

ly i

n al

l th

eir

trad

ition

al a

nd o

ther

eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

.

2.

In

dige

nous

pe

ople

s de

priv

ed

of

thei

r m

eans

of

su

bsis

tenc

e an

d de

velo

pmen

t are

ent

itled

to ju

st a

nd fa

ir re

dres

s.

Artic

le 2

1

1.

In

dige

nous

pe

ople

s ha

ve

the

righ

t, w

ithou

t di

scri

min

atio

n,

to

the

impr

ovem

ent

of t

heir

eco

nom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l co

nditi

ons,

inc

ludi

ng,

inte

r al

ia,

in t

he

area

s of

ed

ucat

ion,

em

ploy

men

t, vo

catio

nal

trai

ning

an

d re

trai

ning

, ho

usin

g,

sani

tatio

n, h

ealth

and

soc

ial s

ecur

ity.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s an

d, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, sp

ecia

l m

easu

res

to

ensu

re

cont

inui

ng

impr

ovem

ent

of

thei

r ec

onom

ic

and

soci

al

cond

ition

s. P

artic

ular

atte

ntio

n sh

all

be p

aid

to t

he r

ight

s an

d sp

ecia

l ne

eds

of

indi

geno

us e

lder

s, w

omen

, you

th, c

hild

ren

and

pers

ons

with

dis

abili

ties.

Artic

le 2

2

1.

Pa

rtic

ular

atte

ntio

n sh

all

be p

aid

to t

he r

ight

s an

d sp

ecia

l ne

eds

of

indi

geno

us e

lder

s, w

omen

, yo

uth,

chi

ldre

n an

d pe

rson

s w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s in

the

im

plem

enta

tion

of th

is D

ecla

ratio

n.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke m

easu

res,

in

conj

unct

ion

with

ind

igen

ous

peop

les,

to

ensu

re th

at in

dige

nous

wom

en a

nd c

hild

ren

enjo

y th

e fu

ll pr

otec

tion

and

guar

ante

es

agai

nst a

ll fo

rms

of v

iole

nce

and

disc

rim

inat

ion.

Artic

le 2

3

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to d

eter

min

e an

d de

velo

p pr

iori

ties

and

stra

tegi

es fo

r exe

rcis

ing

thei

r rig

ht to

dev

elop

men

t. In

par

ticul

ar, i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s ha

ve th

e ri

ght t

o be

act

ivel

y in

volv

ed in

dev

elop

ing

and

dete

rmin

ing

heal

th, h

ousi

ng

and

othe

r eco

nom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l pro

gram

mes

aff

ectin

g th

em a

nd, a

s fa

r as

poss

ible

, to

adm

inis

ter s

uch

prog

ram

mes

thro

ugh

thei

r ow

n in

stitu

tions

.

Artic

le 2

4

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

heir

tra

ditio

nal

med

icin

es a

nd t

o m

aint

ain

thei

r he

alth

pra

ctic

es,

incl

udin

g th

e co

nser

vatio

n of

the

ir v

ital

med

icin

al

plan

ts,

anim

als

and

min

eral

s. I

ndig

enou

s in

divi

dual

s al

so h

ave

the

righ

t to

acc

ess,

w

ithou

t any

dis

crim

inat

ion,

to a

ll so

cial

and

hea

lth s

ervi

ces.

2.

In

dige

nous

ind

ivid

uals

hav

e an

equ

al r

ight

to

the

enjo

ymen

t of

the

hi

ghes

t at

tain

able

sta

ndar

d of

phy

sica

l an

d m

enta

l he

alth

. St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke t

he

nece

ssar

y st

eps

with

a v

iew

to

achi

evin

g pr

ogre

ssiv

ely

the

full

real

izat

ion

of t

his

righ

t.

Artic

le 2

5

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to m

aint

ain

and

stre

ngth

en t

heir

dis

tinct

ive

spir

itual

rel

atio

nshi

p w

ith th

eir

trad

ition

ally

ow

ned

or o

ther

wis

e oc

cupi

ed a

nd u

sed

land

s, t

erri

tori

es,

wat

ers

and

coas

tal

seas

and

oth

er r

esou

rces

and

to

upho

ld t

heir

re

spon

sibi

litie

s to

futu

re g

ener

atio

ns in

this

rega

rd.

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

8

Artic

le 2

6

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

he l

ands

, ter

rito

ries

and

res

ourc

es

whi

ch th

ey h

ave

trad

ition

ally

ow

ned,

occ

upie

d or

oth

erw

ise

used

or a

cqui

red.

2.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to o

wn,

use

, de

velo

p an

d co

ntro

l th

e la

nds,

terr

itori

es a

nd r

esou

rces

that

they

pos

sess

by

reas

on o

f tr

aditi

onal

ow

ners

hip

or o

ther

tra

ditio

nal

occu

patio

n or

use

, as

wel

l as

tho

se w

hich

the

y ha

ve o

ther

wis

e ac

quir

ed.

3.

St

ates

sh

all

give

le

gal

reco

gniti

on

and

prot

ectio

n to

th

ese

land

s,

terr

itori

es a

nd r

esou

rces

. Su

ch r

ecog

nitio

n sh

all

be c

ondu

cted

with

due

res

pect

to

the

cust

oms,

tr

aditi

ons

and

land

te

nure

sy

stem

s of

th

e in

dige

nous

pe

ople

s co

ncer

ned.

Artic

le 2

7

St

ates

sha

ll es

tabl

ish

and

impl

emen

t, in

con

junc

tion

with

ind

igen

ous

peop

les

conc

erne

d, a

fai

r, in

depe

nden

t, im

part

ial,

open

and

tra

nspa

rent

pro

cess

, giv

ing

due

reco

gniti

on

to

indi

geno

us

peop

les’

la

ws,

tr

aditi

ons,

cu

stom

s an

d la

nd

tenu

re

syst

ems,

to

reco

gniz

e an

d ad

judi

cate

the

rig

hts

of i

ndig

enou

s pe

ople

s pe

rtai

ning

to

thei

r la

nds,

ter

rito

ries

and

res

ourc

es,

incl

udin

g th

ose

whi

ch w

ere

trad

ition

ally

ow

ned

or o

ther

wis

e oc

cupi

ed o

r us

ed.

Indi

geno

us p

eopl

es s

hall

have

the

rig

ht t

o pa

rtic

ipat

e in

this

pro

cess

.

Artic

le 2

8

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to r

edre

ss, b

y m

eans

tha

t ca

n in

clud

e re

stitu

tion

or,

whe

n th

is i

s no

t po

ssib

le,

just

, fa

ir a

nd e

quita

ble

com

pens

atio

n, f

or

the

land

s, te

rrito

ries

and

reso

urce

s w

hich

they

hav

e tr

aditi

onal

ly o

wne

d or

oth

erw

ise

occu

pied

or

used

, an

d w

hich

hav

e be

en c

onfi

scat

ed,

take

n, o

ccup

ied,

use

d or

da

mag

ed w

ithou

t the

ir fr

ee, p

rior

and

info

rmed

con

sent

.

2.

U

nles

s ot

herw

ise

free

ly

agre

ed

upon

by

th

e pe

ople

s co

ncer

ned,

co

mpe

nsat

ion

shal

l tak

e th

e fo

rm o

f la

nds,

terr

itori

es a

nd r

esou

rces

equ

al in

qua

lity,

si

ze a

nd le

gal s

tatu

s or

of m

onet

ary

com

pens

atio

n or

oth

er a

ppro

pria

te re

dres

s.

Artic

le 2

9

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

he c

onse

rvat

ion

and

prot

ectio

n of

th

e en

viro

nmen

t an

d th

e pr

oduc

tive

capa

city

of

thei

r la

nds

or t

erri

tori

es a

nd

reso

urce

s.

Stat

es

shal

l es

tabl

ish

and

impl

emen

t as

sist

ance

pr

ogra

mm

es

for

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es fo

r suc

h co

nser

vatio

n an

d pr

otec

tion,

with

out d

iscr

imin

atio

n.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s to

ens

ure

that

no

stor

age

or d

ispo

sal

of h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls s

hall

take

pla

ce i

n th

e la

nds

or t

erri

tori

es o

f in

dige

nous

pe

ople

s w

ithou

t the

ir fr

ee, p

rior

and

info

rmed

con

sent

.

3.

St

ates

sha

ll al

so t

ake

effe

ctiv

e m

easu

res

to e

nsur

e, a

s ne

eded

, th

at

prog

ram

mes

for

mon

itori

ng,

mai

ntai

ning

and

res

tori

ng t

he h

ealth

of

indi

geno

us

peop

les,

as

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d by

the

peo

ples

aff

ecte

d by

suc

h m

ater

ials

, ar

e du

ly im

plem

ente

d.

95

A/R

ES

/61/2

95 9

Artic

le 3

0

1.

M

ilita

ry a

ctiv

ities

sha

ll no

t ta

ke p

lace

in

the

land

s or

ter

rito

ries

of

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es, u

nles

s ju

stif

ied

by a

rel

evan

t pub

lic in

tere

st o

r ot

herw

ise

free

ly

agre

ed w

ith o

r req

uest

ed b

y th

e in

dige

nous

peo

ples

con

cern

ed.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll un

dert

ake

effe

ctiv

e co

nsul

tatio

ns w

ith th

e in

dige

nous

peo

ples

co

ncer

ned,

th

roug

h ap

prop

riat

e pr

oced

ures

an

d in

pa

rtic

ular

th

roug

h th

eir

repr

esen

tativ

e in

stitu

tions

, pr

ior

to u

sing

the

ir l

ands

or

terr

itori

es f

or m

ilita

ry

activ

ities

.

Artic

le 3

1

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to m

aint

ain,

con

trol

, pr

otec

t an

d de

velo

p th

eir

cultu

ral

heri

tage

, tr

aditi

onal

kn

owle

dge

and

trad

ition

al

cultu

ral

expr

essi

ons,

as

wel

l as

the

man

ifes

tatio

ns o

f th

eir

scie

nces

, te

chno

logi

es a

nd

cultu

res,

inc

ludi

ng h

uman

and

gen

etic

res

ourc

es,

seed

s, m

edic

ines

, kn

owle

dge

of

the

prop

ertie

s of

fau

na a

nd f

lora

, or

al t

radi

tions

, lit

erat

ures

, de

sign

s, s

port

s an

d tr

aditi

onal

gam

es a

nd v

isua

l an

d pe

rfor

min

g ar

ts.

They

als

o ha

ve t

he r

ight

to

mai

ntai

n, c

ontr

ol, p

rote

ct a

nd d

evel

op t

heir

int

elle

ctua

l pr

oper

ty o

ver

such

cul

tura

l he

rita

ge, t

radi

tiona

l kno

wle

dge,

and

trad

ition

al c

ultu

ral e

xpre

ssio

ns.

2.

In

co

njun

ctio

n w

ith

indi

geno

us

peop

les,

St

ates

sh

all

take

ef

fect

ive

mea

sure

s to

reco

gniz

e an

d pr

otec

t the

exe

rcis

e of

thes

e ri

ghts

.

Artic

le 3

2

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght t

o de

term

ine

and

deve

lop

prio

ritie

s an

d st

rate

gies

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

r use

of t

heir

land

s or

terr

itori

es a

nd o

ther

reso

urce

s.

2.

St

ates

sha

ll co

nsul

t an

d co

oper

ate

in g

ood

faith

with

the

ind

igen

ous

peop

les

conc

erne

d th

roug

h th

eir

own

repr

esen

tativ

e in

stitu

tions

in

orde

r to

obt

ain

thei

r fr

ee a

nd i

nfor

med

con

sent

pri

or t

o th

e ap

prov

al o

f an

y pr

ojec

t af

fect

ing

thei

r la

nds

or

terr

itori

es

and

othe

r re

sour

ces,

pa

rtic

ular

ly

in

conn

ectio

n w

ith

the

deve

lopm

ent,

utili

zatio

n or

exp

loita

tion

of m

iner

al, w

ater

or o

ther

reso

urce

s.

3.

St

ates

sha

ll pr

ovid

e ef

fect

ive

mec

hani

sms

for j

ust a

nd fa

ir re

dres

s fo

r any

su

ch

activ

ities

, an

d ap

prop

riat

e m

easu

res

shal

l be

ta

ken

to

miti

gate

ad

vers

e en

viro

nmen

tal,

econ

omic

, soc

ial,

cultu

ral o

r spi

ritu

al im

pact

.

Artic

le 3

3

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to d

eter

min

e th

eir

own

iden

tity

or

mem

bers

hip

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith t

heir

cus

tom

s an

d tr

aditi

ons.

Thi

s do

es n

ot i

mpa

ir

the

righ

t of

indi

geno

us in

divi

dual

s to

obt

ain

citiz

ensh

ip o

f th

e St

ates

in w

hich

they

liv

e.

2.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to d

eter

min

e th

e st

ruct

ures

and

to

sele

ct th

e m

embe

rshi

p of

thei

r ins

titut

ions

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

eir o

wn

proc

edur

es.

Artic

le 3

4

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to p

rom

ote,

dev

elop

and

mai

ntai

n th

eir

inst

itutio

nal

stru

ctur

es

and

thei

r di

stin

ctiv

e cu

stom

s,

spir

itual

ity,

trad

ition

s,

proc

edur

es,

prac

tices

and

, in

the

cas

es w

here

the

y ex

ist,

juri

dica

l sy

stem

s or

cu

stom

s, in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l hum

an ri

ghts

sta

ndar

ds.

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

10

Artic

le 3

5

In

dige

nous

pe

ople

s ha

ve

the

righ

t to

de

term

ine

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

of

indi

vidu

als

to th

eir c

omm

uniti

es.

Artic

le 3

6

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

, in

part

icul

ar t

hose

div

ided

by

inte

rnat

iona

l bo

rder

s,

have

the

righ

t to

mai

ntai

n an

d de

velo

p co

ntac

ts, r

elat

ions

and

coo

pera

tion,

incl

udin

g ac

tiviti

es f

or s

piri

tual

, cu

ltura

l, po

litic

al,

econ

omic

and

soc

ial

purp

oses

, w

ith t

heir

ow

n m

embe

rs a

s w

ell a

s ot

her p

eopl

es a

cros

s bo

rder

s.

2.

St

ates

, in

con

sulta

tion

and

coop

erat

ion

with

ind

igen

ous

peop

les,

sha

ll ta

ke e

ffec

tive

mea

sure

s to

fac

ilita

te t

he e

xerc

ise

and

ensu

re t

he i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

th

is ri

ght.

Artic

le 3

7

1.

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to t

he r

ecog

nitio

n, o

bser

vanc

e an

d en

forc

emen

t of

trea

ties,

agr

eem

ents

and

oth

er c

onst

ruct

ive

arra

ngem

ents

con

clud

ed

with

Sta

tes

or t

heir

suc

cess

ors

and

to h

ave

Stat

es h

onou

r an

d re

spec

t su

ch t

reat

ies,

ag

reem

ents

and

oth

er c

onst

ruct

ive

arra

ngem

ents

.

2.

N

othi

ng

in

this

D

ecla

ratio

n m

ay

be

inte

rpre

ted

as

dim

inis

hing

or

el

imin

atin

g th

e ri

ghts

of

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es c

onta

ined

in

trea

ties,

agr

eem

ents

and

ot

her c

onst

ruct

ive

arra

ngem

ents

.

Artic

le 3

8

St

ates

in

cons

ulta

tion

and

coop

erat

ion

with

ind

igen

ous

peop

les,

sha

ll ta

ke t

he

appr

opri

ate

mea

sure

s, i

nclu

ding

leg

isla

tive

mea

sure

s, t

o ac

hiev

e th

e en

ds o

f th

is

Dec

lara

tion.

Artic

le 3

9

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to h

ave

acce

ss t

o fi

nanc

ial

and

tech

nica

l as

sist

ance

fro

m S

tate

s an

d th

roug

h in

tern

atio

nal

coop

erat

ion,

for

the

enj

oym

ent

of

the

righ

ts c

onta

ined

in th

is D

ecla

ratio

n.

Artic

le 4

0

In

dige

nous

peo

ples

hav

e th

e ri

ght

to a

cces

s to

and

pro

mpt

dec

isio

n th

roug

h ju

st a

nd f

air

proc

edur

es f

or t

he r

esol

utio

n of

con

flic

ts a

nd d

ispu

tes

with

Sta

tes

or

othe

r pa

rtie

s, a

s w

ell

as t

o ef

fect

ive

rem

edie

s fo

r al

l in

frin

gem

ents

of

thei

r in

divi

dual

and

col

lect

ive

righ

ts. S

uch

a de

cisi

on s

hall

give

due

con

side

ratio

n to

the

cust

oms,

trad

ition

s, ru

les

and

lega

l sys

tem

s of

the

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es c

once

rned

and

in

tern

atio

nal h

uman

righ

ts.

Artic

le 4

1

Th

e or

gans

and

spe

cial

ized

age

ncie

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

sys

tem

and

oth

er

inte

rgov

ernm

enta

l or

gani

zatio

ns

shal

l co

ntri

bute

to

th

e fu

ll re

aliz

atio

n of

th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

this

Dec

lara

tion

thro

ugh

the

mob

iliza

tion,

int

er a

lia,

of f

inan

cial

co

oper

atio

n an

d te

chni

cal

assi

stan

ce.

Way

s an

d m

eans

of

ensu

ring

par

ticip

atio

n of

in

dige

nous

peo

ples

on

issu

es a

ffec

ting

them

sha

ll be

est

ablis

hed.

96

A/R

ES

/61/2

95

11

Artic

le 4

2

Th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns, i

ts b

odie

s, in

clud

ing

the

Perm

anen

t For

um o

n In

dige

nous

Is

sues

, an

d sp

ecia

lized

age

ncie

s, i

nclu

ding

at

the

coun

try

leve

l, an

d St

ates

sha

ll pr

omot

e re

spec

t fo

r an

d fu

ll ap

plic

atio

n of

the

pro

visi

ons

of t

his

Dec

lara

tion

and

follo

w u

p th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

is D

ecla

ratio

n.

Artic

le 4

3

Th

e ri

ghts

re

cogn

ized

he

rein

co

nstit

ute

the

min

imum

st

anda

rds

for

the

surv

ival

, dig

nity

and

wel

l-be

ing

of th

e in

dige

nous

peo

ples

of t

he w

orld

.

Artic

le 4

4

A

ll th

e ri

ghts

and

fre

edom

s re

cogn

ized

her

ein

are

equa

lly g

uara

ntee

d to

mal

e an

d fe

mal

e in

dige

nous

indi

vidu

als.

Artic

le 4

5

N

othi

ng in

this

Dec

lara

tion

may

be

cons

true

d as

dim

inis

hing

or

extin

guis

hing

th

e ri

ghts

indi

geno

us p

eopl

es h

ave

now

or m

ay a

cqui

re in

the

futu

re.

Artic

le 4

6

1.

N

othi

ng in

this

Dec

lara

tion

may

be

inte

rpre

ted

as im

plyi

ng f

or a

ny S

tate

, pe

ople

, gr

oup

or p

erso

n an

y ri

ght

to e

ngag

e in

any

act

ivity

or

to p

erfo

rm a

ny a

ct

cont

rary

to

the

Cha

rter

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

or

cons

true

d as

aut

hori

zing

or

enco

urag

ing

any

actio

n w

hich

wou

ld d

ism

embe

r or

im

pair,

tot

ally

or

in p

art,

the

terr

itori

al in

tegr

ity o

r pol

itica

l uni

ty o

f sov

erei

gn a

nd in

depe

nden

t Sta

tes.

2.

In

the

exer

cise

of t

he ri

ghts

enu

ncia

ted

in th

e pr

esen

t Dec

lara

tion,

hum

an

righ

ts a

nd f

unda

men

tal f

reed

oms

of a

ll sh

all b

e re

spec

ted.

The

exe

rcis

e of

the

righ

ts

set

fort

h in

thi

s D

ecla

ratio

n sh

all

be s

ubje

ct o

nly

to s

uch

limita

tions

as

are

dete

rmin

ed b

y la

w a

nd i

n ac

cord

ance

with

int

erna

tiona

l hu

man

rig

hts

oblig

atio

ns.

Any

suc

h lim

itatio

ns s

hall

be n

on-d

iscr

imin

ator

y an

d st

rict

ly n

eces

sary

sol

ely

for

the

purp

ose

of s

ecur

ing

due

reco

gniti

on a

nd r

espe

ct f

or t

he r

ight

s an

d fr

eedo

ms

of

othe

rs a

nd f

or m

eetin

g th

e ju

st a

nd m

ost

com

pelli

ng r

equi

rem

ents

of

a de

moc

ratic

so

ciet

y.

3.

Th

e pr

ovis

ions

set

for

th i

n th

is D

ecla

ratio

n sh

all

be i

nter

pret

ed i

n ac

cord

ance

with

the

pri

ncip

les

of j

ustic

e, d

emoc

racy

, re

spec

t fo

r hu

man

rig

hts,

eq

ualit

y, n

on-d

iscr

imin

atio

n, g

ood

gove

rnan

ce a

nd g

ood

faith

.

97

International Court of Justice

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding

Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 1971

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

International Court of Justice

Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo

Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 2010

TA

BL

E O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

Para

grap

hs

Chr

onol

ogy

of th

e pr

oced

ure

1–16

I.

Juris

dict

ion

and

disc

retio

n 17

–48

A.

Juris

dict

ion

18–2

8

B.

Dis

cret

ion

29–4

8

II

. Sc

ope

and

mea

ning

of t

he q

uest

ion

49–5

6

II

I. Fa

ctua

l bac

kgro

und

57–7

7

A.

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

an

d th

e re

leva

nt

UN

MIK

regu

latio

ns

58–6

3

B.

The

rele

vant

ev

ents

in

th

e fin

al

stat

us

proc

ess

prio

r to

17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08

64–7

3

C.

The

even

ts o

f 17

Febr

uary

200

8 an

d th

erea

fter

74–7

7

IV

. Th

e qu

estio

n w

heth

er

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

is

in

ac

cord

ance

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

78

–121

A.

Gen

eral

inte

rnat

iona

l law

79

–84

B.

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

an

d th

e U

NM

IK

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

crea

ted

ther

eund

er

85–1

21

1.

Inte

rpre

tatio

n of

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

94

–100

2.

The

ques

tion

whe

ther

the

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce is

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

and

the

mea

sure

s ado

pted

ther

eund

er

101–

121

(a)

The

iden

tity

of t

he a

utho

rs o

f th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce

102–

109

(b)

The

ques

tion

whe

ther

the

auth

ors o

f the

dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

act

ed i

n vi

olat

ion

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

or

the

mea

sure

s ad

opte

d th

ereu

nder

11

0–12

1

V

. G

ener

al c

oncl

usio

n 12

2

Ope

rativ

e C

laus

e 12

3

____

____

___

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

L C

OU

RT

OF

JUST

ICE

YE

AR

201

0

2010

22 J

uly

G

ener

al L

ist

N

o. 1

41

22 J

uly

2010

AC

CO

RD

AN

CE

WIT

H IN

TE

RN

AT

ION

AL

LA

W O

F T

HE

UN

ILA

TE

RA

L

DE

CL

AR

AT

ION

OF

IND

EPE

ND

EN

CE

IN R

ESP

EC

T O

F K

OSO

VO

Juri

sdic

tion

of th

e C

ourt

to g

ive

the

advi

sory

opi

nion

requ

este

d.

Artic

le 6

5, p

arag

raph

1, o

f the

Sta

tute

A

rtic

le 9

6, p

arag

raph

1, o

f the

Cha

rter

P

ower

of

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y to

req

uest

adv

isor

y op

inio

ns

Art

icle

s 10

and

11 o

f th

e C

hart

er

Con

tent

ion

that

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ac

ted

outs

ide

its p

ower

s un

der

the

Cha

rter

A

rtic

le 1

2,

para

grap

h 1,

of

the

Cha

rter

A

utho

riza

tion

to r

eque

st a

n ad

viso

ry o

pini

on n

ot l

imite

d by

Ar

ticle

12.

Re

quir

emen

t tha

t the

que

stio

n on

whi

ch th

e C

ourt

is r

eque

sted

to g

ive

its o

pini

on is

a “

lega

l qu

estio

n” C

onte

ntio

n th

at t

he a

ct o

f m

akin

g a

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

is g

over

ned

by

dom

estic

con

stitu

tiona

l law

T

he C

ourt

can

res

pond

to th

e qu

estio

n by

ref

eren

ce to

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w w

ithou

t the

nee

d to

add

ress

dom

estic

law

T

he fa

ct th

at a

que

stio

n ha

s pol

itica

l asp

ects

doe

s no

t dep

rive

it o

f its

cha

ract

er a

s a

lega

l que

stio

n T

he C

ourt

is n

ot c

once

rned

with

the

polit

ical

m

otiv

es b

ehin

d a

requ

est o

r the

pol

itica

l im

plic

atio

ns w

hich

its o

pini

on m

ay h

ave.

Th

e C

ourt

has

juri

sdic

tion

to g

ive

advi

sory

opi

nion

requ

este

d.

*

*

D

iscr

etio

n of

the

Cou

rt to

dec

ide

whe

ther

it sh

ould

giv

e an

opi

nion

.

In

tegr

ity o

f th

e C

ourt

’s j

udic

ial

func

tion

Onl

y “c

ompe

lling

rea

sons

” sh

ould

lea

d th

e C

ourt

to d

eclin

e to

exe

rcis

e its

judi

cial

func

tion

The

mot

ives

of i

ndiv

idua

l Sta

tes

whi

ch s

pons

or

128

- 2 -

a re

solu

tion

requ

estin

g an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n ar

e no

t re

leva

nt t

o th

e C

ourt

’s e

xerc

ise

of i

ts

disc

retio

n R

eque

stin

g or

gan

to a

sses

s pu

rpos

e, u

sefu

lnes

s an

d po

litic

al c

onse

quen

ces

of

opin

ion.

D

elim

itatio

n of

the

resp

ectiv

e po

wer

s of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

and

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y N

atur

e of

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil’

s in

volv

emen

t in

rel

atio

n to

Kos

ovo

Art

icle

12

of t

he C

hart

er

does

not

bar

act

ion

by t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

in r

espe

ct o

f th

reat

s to

int

erna

tiona

l pe

ace

and

secu

rity

whi

ch a

re b

efor

e th

e Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

take

n ac

tion

with

reg

ard

to th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o.

N

o co

mpe

lling

reas

ons f

or C

ourt

to u

se it

s dis

cret

ion

not t

o gi

ve a

n ad

viso

ry o

pini

on.

*

*

Sc

ope

and

mea

ning

of t

he q

uest

ion.

Te

xt o

f the

que

stio

n in

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

63/3

P

ower

of t

he C

ourt

to c

lari

fy th

e qu

estio

n N

o ne

ed to

ref

orm

ulat

e th

e qu

estio

n po

sed

by th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

For

the

prop

er

exer

cise

of

its j

udic

ial

func

tion,

the

Cou

rt m

ust

esta

blis

h th

e id

entit

y of

the

aut

hors

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

No

inte

ntio

n by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y to

res

tric

t th

e C

ourt

’s

free

dom

to d

eter

min

e th

at is

sue

The

Cou

rt’s

task

is to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

or

not t

he d

ecla

ratio

n w

as a

dopt

ed in

vio

latio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. *

*

Fa

ctua

l bac

kgro

und.

Fr

amew

ork

for

inte

rim

adm

inis

trat

ion

of K

osov

o pu

t in

pla

ce b

y th

e Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il Se

curi

ty

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

Esta

blis

hmen

t of

th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Inte

rim

Ad

min

istr

atio

n M

issi

on

in

Kos

ovo

(UN

MIK

)

Role

of

Sp

ecia

l Re

pres

enta

tive

of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al

“Fo

ur p

illar

s” o

f th

e U

NM

IK r

égim

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k fo

r Pr

ovis

iona

l Sel

f-Gov

ernm

ent

Rel

atio

ns b

etw

een

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Sel

f-Gov

ernm

ent

and

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al.

Re

leva

nt e

vent

s in

the

final

sta

tus

proc

ess

App

oint

men

t by

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f Spe

cial

En

voy

for

the

futu

re s

tatu

s pr

oces

s fo

r K

osov

o G

uidi

ng P

rinc

iple

s of

the

Con

tact

Gro

up

Failu

re o

f con

sulta

tive

proc

ess

Com

preh

ensi

ve P

ropo

sal f

or th

e K

osov

o St

atus

Set

tlem

ent b

y Sp

ecia

l Env

oy

Fai

lure

of n

egot

iatio

ns o

n th

e fu

ture

sta

tus

of K

osov

o un

der

the

ausp

ices

of t

he

Troi

ka E

lect

ions

hel

d fo

r th

e As

sem

bly

of K

osov

o on

17

Nove

mbe

r 200

7 A

dopt

ion

of t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce o

n 17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08.

*

*

- 3 -

W

heth

er th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

.

N

o pr

ohib

ition

of d

ecla

ratio

ns o

f ind

epen

denc

e ac

cord

ing

to S

tate

pra

ctic

e C

onte

ntio

n th

at p

rohi

bitio

n of

uni

late

ral d

ecla

ratio

ns o

f ind

epen

denc

e is

impl

icit

in th

e pr

inci

ple

of te

rrito

rial

in

tegr

ity S

cope

of

the

prin

cipl

e of

ter

rito

rial

int

egri

ty i

s co

nfin

ed t

o th

e sp

here

of

rela

tions

be

twee

n St

ates

N

o ge

nera

l pro

hibi

tion

may

be

infe

rred

from

the

prac

tice

of th

e Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il w

ith r

egar

d to

dec

lara

tions

of

inde

pend

ence

I

ssue

s re

latin

g to

the

ext

ent

of t

he r

ight

of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n an

d th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

ny r

ight

of “

rem

edia

l sec

essi

on”

are

beyo

nd th

e sc

ope

of

the

ques

tion

pose

d by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y.

G

ener

al

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w

cont

ains

no

ap

plic

able

pr

ohib

ition

of

de

clar

atio

ns

of

inde

pend

ence

Dec

lara

tion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008

did

not

viol

ate

gene

ral

inte

rnat

iona

l law

.

Se

curi

ty

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44

and

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

Reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

im

pose

s in

tern

atio

nal

lega

l ob

ligat

ions

and

is

part

of

the

appl

icab

le

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w

C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k po

sses

ses

inte

rnat

iona

l le

gal

char

acte

r C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k is

pa

rt

of

spec

ific

lega

l or

der

crea

ted

purs

uant

to

re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

regu

late

s m

atte

rs w

hich

are

the

sub

ject

of

inte

rnal

law

S

uper

viso

ry p

ower

s of

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd t

he C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k w

ere

in f

orce

and

ap

plic

able

as

at 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008

Nei

ther

of t

hem

con

tain

s a

clau

se p

rovi

ding

for

term

inat

ion

and

neith

er h

as b

een

repe

aled

T

he S

peci

al R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al c

ontin

ues t

o ex

erci

se h

is fu

nctio

ns in

Kos

ovo.

Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k fo

rm p

art o

f the

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw to

be

cons

ider

ed in

repl

ying

to th

e qu

estio

n be

fore

the

Cou

rt.

In

terp

reta

tion

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

R

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

est

ablis

hed

an

inte

rnat

iona

l ci

vil

and

secu

rity

pre

senc

e in

Kos

ovo

Tem

pora

ry s

uspe

nsio

n of

exe

rcis

e of

Se

rbia

’s a

utho

rity

flo

win

g fr

om i

ts c

ontin

uing

sov

erei

gnty

ove

r th

e te

rrito

ry o

f K

osov

o Re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

crea

ted

an

inte

rim

ré

gim

e

Obj

ect

and

purp

ose

of

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

.

Id

entit

y of

the

aut

hors

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

Whe

ther

the

dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

was

an

act o

f the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

Aut

hors

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n di

d no

t see

k to

ac

t with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of in

teri

m se

lf-ad

min

istr

atio

n of

Kos

ovo

Aut

hors

und

erto

ok to

fulfi

l the

in

tern

atio

nal o

blig

atio

ns o

f Kos

ovo

No

refe

renc

e in

ori

gina

l Alb

ania

n te

xt to

the

decl

arat

ion

bein

g th

e w

ork

of t

he A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o S

ilenc

e of

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al

Aut

hors

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

act

ed to

geth

er in

thei

r ca

paci

ty

as re

pres

enta

tives

of t

he p

eopl

e of

Kos

ovo

outs

ide

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

inte

rim

adm

inis

trat

ion.

W

heth

er o

r no

t the

aut

hors

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

act

ed in

vio

latio

n of

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

Res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) a

ddre

ssed

to

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

nd o

rgan

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

N

o sp

ecifi

c ob

ligat

ions

add

ress

ed to

oth

er a

ctor

s Th

e re

solu

tion

did

not c

onta

in a

ny p

rovi

sion

dea

ling

with

the

final

sta

tus

of K

osov

o S

ecur

ity

Cou

ncil

did

not

rese

rve

for

itsel

f th

e fin

al d

eter

min

atio

n of

the

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) d

id n

ot b

ar t

he a

utho

rs o

f th

e de

clar

atio

n of

17

Febr

uary

200

8 fr

om i

ssui

ng a

dec

lara

tion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

Dec

lara

tion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

did

not

viol

ate

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

.

129

- 4 -

D

ecla

ratio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce

was

no

t is

sued

by

th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l In

stitu

tions

of

Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t D

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

did

not

vio

late

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork.

Adop

tion

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e di

d no

t vi

olat

e an

y ap

plic

able

rul

e of

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

AD

VIS

OR

Y O

PIN

ION

Pres

ent:

Pres

iden

tO

WA

DA

;Vi

ce-P

resi

dent

TOM

KA

;Ju

dges

KO

RO

MA

,A

L-K

HA

SAW

NEH

,B

UER

GEN

THA

L,SI

MM

A,

AB

RA

HA

M,

KEI

TH,

SEPÚ

LVED

A-A

MO

R,

BEN

NO

UN

A,

S KO

TNIK

OV

,CA

NÇ

AD

O T

RIN

DA

DE,

YU

SUF,

GR

EEN

WO

OD

;Re

gist

rar C

OU

VR

EUR

.

O

n th

e ac

cord

ance

with

int

erna

tiona

l la

w o

f th

e un

ilate

ral

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

in

resp

ect o

f Kos

ovo,

T H

EC

OU

RT,

co

mpo

sed

as a

bove

,

give

s the

follo

win

g Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on:

1.

The

que

stio

n on

whi

ch th

e ad

viso

ry o

pini

on o

f the

Cou

rt ha

s be

en re

ques

ted

is s

et fo

rth in

re

solu

tion

63/3

ado

pted

by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

(he

rein

afte

r th

e G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y) o

n 8

Oct

ober

200

8.

By

a le

tter

date

d 9

Oct

ober

200

8 an

d re

ceiv

ed in

the

Reg

istry

by

facs

imile

on

10

Oct

ober

200

8,

the

orig

inal

of

w

hich

w

as

rece

ived

in

th

e R

egis

try

on

15 O

ctob

er 2

008,

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

off

icia

lly c

omm

unic

ated

to th

e C

ourt

the

deci

sion

tak

en b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

to s

ubm

it th

e qu

estio

n fo

r an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n.

Cer

tifie

d tru

e co

pies

of

the

Engl

ish

and

Fren

ch v

ersi

ons

of th

e re

solu

tion

wer

e en

clos

ed w

ith th

e le

tter.

The

reso

lutio

n re

ads a

s fol

low

s:

“T

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

Min

dful

of t

he p

urpo

ses a

nd p

rinci

ples

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

Bear

ing

in m

ind

its f

unct

ions

and

pow

ers

unde

r th

e C

harte

r of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, Reca

lling

th

at

on

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l In

stitu

tions

of

Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t of K

osov

o de

clar

ed in

depe

nden

ce fr

om S

erbi

a,

Awar

e th

at th

is a

ct h

as b

een

rece

ived

with

var

ied

reac

tions

by

the

Mem

bers

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

as t

o its

com

patib

ility

with

the

exis

ting

inte

rnat

iona

l leg

al o

rder

,

- 5 -

Dec

ides

, in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith A

rticl

e 96

of

the

Cha

rter

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns to

re

ques

t the

Int

erna

tiona

l Cou

rt of

Jus

tice,

pur

suan

t to

Arti

cle

65 o

f th

e St

atut

e of

the

Cou

rt, to

rend

er a

n ad

viso

ry o

pini

on o

n th

e fo

llow

ing

ques

tion:

‘I

s th

e un

ilate

ral

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

by t

he P

rovi

sion

al

Inst

itutio

ns

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent

of

Kos

ovo

in

acco

rdan

ce

with

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw?’

”

2.

By

lette

rs d

ated

10

Oct

ober

200

8, th

e R

egis

trar,

purs

uant

to A

rticl

e 66

, par

agra

ph 1

, of t

he

Stat

ute,

gav

e no

tice

of th

e re

ques

t for

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

to a

ll St

ates

ent

itled

to a

ppea

r bef

ore

the

Cou

rt.

3.

By

an O

rder

dat

ed 1

7 O

ctob

er 2

008,

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith A

rticl

e 66

, par

agra

ph 2

, of

the

Stat

ute,

the

Cou

rt de

cide

d th

at th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd it

s M

embe

r Sta

tes

wer

e lik

ely

to b

e ab

le to

fu

rnis

h in

form

atio

n on

th

e qu

estio

n.

B

y th

e sa

me

Ord

er,

the

Cou

rt fix

ed,

resp

ectiv

ely,

17

Apr

il 20

09 a

s th

e tim

e-lim

it w

ithin

whi

ch w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

mig

ht b

e su

bmitt

ed t

o it

on t

he

ques

tion,

and

17

July

200

9 as

the

tim

e-lim

it w

ithin

whi

ch S

tate

s an

d or

gani

zatio

ns h

avin

g pr

esen

ted

writ

ten

stat

emen

ts m

ight

sub

mit

writ

ten

com

men

ts o

n th

e ot

her

writ

ten

stat

emen

ts i

n ac

cord

ance

with

Arti

cle

66, p

arag

raph

4, o

f the

Sta

tute

.

Th

e C

ourt

also

dec

ided

tha

t, ta

king

acc

ount

of

the

fact

tha

t th

e un

ilate

ral

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

is

the

subj

ect

of t

he q

uest

ion

subm

itted

to

the

Cou

rt fo

r an

ad

viso

ry o

pini

on, t

he a

utho

rs o

f the

abo

ve d

ecla

ratio

n w

ere

cons

ider

ed li

kely

to b

e ab

le to

furn

ish

info

rmat

ion

on t

he q

uest

ion.

It

ther

efor

e fu

rther

dec

ided

to

invi

te t

hem

to

mak

e w

ritte

n co

ntrib

utio

ns to

the

Cou

rt w

ithin

the

sam

e tim

e-lim

its.

4.

By

lette

rs d

ated

20

Oct

ober

200

8, t

he R

egis

trar

info

rmed

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

its

Mem

ber S

tate

s of

the

Cou

rt’s

deci

sion

s an

d tra

nsm

itted

to th

em a

cop

y of

the

Ord

er.

By

lette

r of

the

sam

e da

te,

the

Reg

istra

r in

form

ed t

he a

utho

rs o

f th

e ab

ove-

men

tione

d de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce o

f the

Cou

rt’s d

ecis

ions

, and

tran

smitt

ed to

them

a c

opy

of th

e O

rder

.

5.

Pu

rsua

nt

to

Arti

cle

65,

para

grap

h 2,

of

th

e St

atut

e,

on

30 Ja

nuar

y 20

09

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

com

mun

icat

ed to

the

Cou

rt a

doss

ier o

f doc

umen

ts li

kely

to

thro

w li

ght u

pon

the

ques

tion.

The

dos

sier

was

subs

eque

ntly

pla

ced

on th

e C

ourt’

s web

site

.

6.

With

in th

e tim

e-lim

it fix

ed b

y th

e C

ourt

for t

hat p

urpo

se, w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

wer

e fil

ed, i

n or

der o

f the

ir re

ceip

t, by

: C

zech

Rep

ublic

, Fra

nce,

Cyp

rus,

Chi

na, S

witz

erla

nd, R

oman

ia, A

lban

ia,

Aus

tria,

Egy

pt,

Ger

man

y, S

lova

kia,

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion,

Fin

land

, Po

land

, Lu

xem

bour

g, L

ibya

n A

rab

Jam

ahiri

ya, U

nite

d K

ingd

om, U

nite

d St

ates

of

Am

eric

a, S

erbi

a, S

pain

, Isl

amic

Rep

ublic

of

Iran

, Est

onia

, Nor

way

, Net

herla

nds,

Slov

enia

, Lat

via,

Jap

an, B

razi

l, Ir

elan

d, D

enm

ark,

Arg

entin

a,

Aze

rbai

jan,

Mal

dive

s, Si

erra

Leo

ne a

nd B

oliv

ia.

The

aut

hors

of

the

unila

tera

l de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce f

iled

a w

ritte

n co

ntrib

utio

n.

On

21 A

pril

2009

, the

Reg

istra

r co

mm

unic

ated

cop

ies

of t

he w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

and

writ

ten

cont

ribut

ion

to a

ll St

ates

hav

ing

subm

itted

a w

ritte

n st

atem

ent,

as w

ell a

s to

the

auth

ors o

f the

uni

late

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

.

130

- 6 -

7.

On

29 A

pril

2009

, th

e C

ourt

deci

ded

to a

ccep

t th

e w

ritte

n st

atem

ent

filed

by

the

Bol

ivar

ian

Rep

ublic

of

Ven

ezue

la,

subm

itted

on

24 A

pril

2009

, af

ter

expi

ry o

f th

e re

leva

nt

time-

limit.

O

n 15

May

200

9, th

e R

egis

trar

com

mun

icat

ed c

opie

s of

this

writ

ten

stat

emen

t to

all

Stat

es h

avin

g su

bmitt

ed a

writ

ten

stat

emen

t, as

wel

l as t

o th

e au

thor

s of t

he u

nila

tera

l dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

.

8.

By

lette

rs d

ated

8 Ju

ne 2

009,

the

Reg

istra

r in

form

ed th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd it

s M

embe

r St

ates

tha

t th

e C

ourt

had

deci

ded

to h

old

hear

ings

, ope

ning

on

1 D

ecem

ber 2

009,

at

whi

ch t

hey

coul

d pr

esen

t or

al s

tate

men

ts a

nd c

omm

ents

, re

gard

less

of

whe

ther

or

not

they

had

sub

mitt

ed

writ

ten

stat

emen

ts a

nd, a

s the

cas

e m

ay b

e, w

ritte

n co

mm

ents

. Th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd it

s Mem

ber

Stat

es w

ere

invi

ted

to in

form

the

Reg

istry

, by

15 S

epte

mbe

r 200

9, if

they

inte

nded

to ta

ke p

art i

n th

e or

al p

roce

edin

gs.

The

lette

rs f

urth

er in

dica

ted

that

the

auth

ors

of th

e un

ilate

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce c

ould

pre

sent

an

oral

con

tribu

tion.

B

y le

tter o

f the

sam

e da

te, t

he R

egis

trar i

nfor

med

the

auth

ors

of th

e un

ilate

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce o

f th

e C

ourt’

s de

cisi

on to

hol

d he

arin

gs, i

nviti

ng th

em to

indi

cate

, with

in th

e sa

me

time-

limit,

whe

ther

they

inte

nded

to ta

ke p

art i

n th

e or

al p

roce

edin

gs.

9.

With

in th

e tim

e-lim

it fix

ed b

y th

e C

ourt

for t

hat p

urpo

se, w

ritte

n co

mm

ents

wer

e fil

ed, i

n or

der

of t

heir

rece

ipt,

by:

Fra

nce,

Nor

way

, C

ypru

s, Se

rbia

, A

rgen

tina,

Ger

man

y, N

ethe

rland

s, A

lban

ia, S

love

nia,

Sw

itzer

land

, Bol

ivia

, Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

, Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f A

mer

ica

and

Spai

n.

The

auth

ors

of t

he u

nila

tera

l de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e su

bmitt

ed a

writ

ten

cont

ribut

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

.

10

. U

pon

rece

ipt

of t

he a

bove

-men

tione

d w

ritte

n co

mm

ents

and

writ

ten

cont

ribut

ion,

the

R

egis

trar,

on 2

4 Ju

ly 2

009,

com

mun

icat

ed c

opie

s th

ereo

f to

all

Stat

es h

avin

g su

bmitt

ed w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

, as w

ell a

s to

the

auth

ors o

f the

uni

late

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

.

11

. By

lette

rs d

ated

30

July

200

9, th

e R

egis

trar c

omm

unic

ated

to th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns, a

nd to

al

l of

its M

embe

r St

ates

that

had

not

par

ticip

ated

in th

e w

ritte

n pr

ocee

ding

s, co

pies

of

all w

ritte

n st

atem

ents

and

writ

ten

com

men

ts,

as w

ell

as t

he w

ritte

n co

ntrib

utio

ns o

f th

e au

thor

s of

the

un

ilate

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

.

12

. By

lette

rs d

ated

29

Sept

embe

r 200

9, th

e R

egis

try tr

ansm

itted

a d

etai

led

timet

able

of t

he

hear

ings

to th

ose

who

, with

in th

e tim

e-lim

it fix

ed fo

r tha

t pur

pose

by

the

Cou

rt, h

ad e

xpre

ssed

thei

r in

tent

ion

to ta

ke p

art i

n th

e af

orem

entio

ned

proc

eedi

ngs.

13

. Pur

suan

t to

Arti

cle

106

of t

he R

ules

of

Cou

rt, t

he C

ourt

deci

ded

to m

ake

the

writ

ten

stat

emen

ts a

nd w

ritte

n co

mm

ents

sub

mitt

ed to

the

Cou

rt, a

s w

ell a

s th

e w

ritte

n co

ntrib

utio

ns o

f the

au

thor

s of

the

unila

tera

l dec

lara

tion

of in

depe

nden

ce, a

cces

sibl

e to

the

publ

ic, w

ith e

ffec

t fro

m th

e op

enin

g of

the

oral

pro

ceed

ings

.

14

. In

the

cou

rse

of h

earin

gs h

eld

from

1 t

o 11

Dec

embe

r 200

9, t

he C

ourt

hear

d or

al

stat

emen

ts, i

n th

e fo

llow

ing

orde

r, by

:

- 7 -

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Ser

bia:

H

.E. M

r. D

ušan

T. B

atak

ovi

, PhD

in

His

tory

, Uni

vers

ity

of

Paris

-Sor

bonn

e (P

aris

IV),

Am

bass

ador

of

th

e R

epub

lic o

f Se

rbia

to

Fran

ce,

Vic

e-D

irect

or o

f th

e In

stitu

te f

or B

alka

n St

udie

s an

d A

ssis

tant

Pro

fess

or a

t th

e U

nive

rsity

of B

elgr

ade,

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion,

M

r. V

ladi

mir

Dje

ri, S

.J.D

. (M

ichi

gan)

, Atto

rney

at

Law

, M

ikije

lj, Ja

nkov

i &

Bog

dano

vi,

Bel

grad

e, C

ouns

el

and

Adv

ocat

e,

M

r. A

ndre

as Z

imm

erm

ann,

LL.

M. (

Har

vard

), Pr

ofes

sor

of

Inte

rnat

iona

l La

w,

Uni

vers

ity o

f Po

tsda

m,

Dire

ctor

of

the

Pots

dam

Cen

ter

of H

uman

Rig

hts,

Mem

ber

of t

he

Perm

anen

t Cou

rt of

Arb

itrat

ion,

Cou

nsel

and

Adv

ocat

e,

M

r. M

alco

lm N

. Sha

w Q

.C.,

Sir R

ober

t Jen

ning

s Pr

ofes

sor

of I

nter

natio

nal

Law

, U

nive

rsity

of

Leic

este

r, U

nite

d K

ingd

om, C

ouns

el a

nd A

dvoc

ate,

M

r. M

arce

lo G

. K

ohen

, Pr

ofes

sor

of I

nter

natio

nal

Law

, G

radu

ate

Inst

itute

of

Inte

rnat

iona

l an

d D

evel

opm

ent

Stud

ies,

Gen

eva,

Ass

ocia

te M

embe

r of

the

Ins

titut

de

droi

t int

erna

tiona

l, C

ouns

el a

nd A

dvoc

ate,

M

r. Sa

ša O

brad

ovi

, Ins

pect

or G

ener

al in

the

Min

istry

of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

, Dep

uty

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he a

utho

rs o

f the

uni

late

ral

Mr.

Sken

der

Hys

eni,

Hea

d of

D

eleg

atio

n,de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

: Si

r Mic

hael

Woo

d, K

.C.M

.G.,

mem

ber

of t

he E

nglis

h B

ar,

Mem

ber o

f the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Law

Com

mis

sion

, Cou

nsel

,

M

r. D

anie

l M

ülle

r, R

esea

rche

r at

th

e C

entre

de

dr

oit

inte

rnat

iona

l de

N

ante

rre

(CED

IN),

Uni

vers

ity

of

Paris

Oue

st, N

ante

rre-

La D

éfen

se, C

ouns

el,

M

r. Se

an D

. M

urph

y, P

atric

ia R

ober

ts H

arris

Res

earc

h Pr

ofes

sor

of

Law

, G

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n U

nive

rsity

, C

ouns

el;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Alb

ania

: H

.E. M

r. G

azm

end

Barb

ullu

shi,

Am

bass

ador

Ex

traor

dina

ryan

d Pl

enip

oten

tiary

of

the

Repu

blic

of

Alb

ania

to

the

Kin

gdom

of t

he N

ethe

rland

s, Le

gal A

dvise

r,

M

r. Jo

chen

A. F

row

ein,

M.C

.L.,

Dire

ctor

em

eritu

s of

the

M

ax P

lanc

k In

stitu

te f

or I

nter

natio

nal

law

, Pr

ofes

sor

emer

itus

of t

he U

nive

rsity

of

Hei

delb

erg,

Mem

ber

of

the

Inst

itute

of I

nter

natio

nal L

aw, L

egal

Adv

iser

,

131

- 8 -

M

r. Te

rry

D. G

ill,

Prof

esso

r of

M

ilita

ry

Law

at

th

e U

nive

rsity

of

Am

ster

dam

and

Ass

ocia

te P

rofe

ssor

of

Publ

ic I

nter

natio

nal

Law

at

Utre

cht

Uni

vers

ity,

Lega

l A

dvis

er;

For t

he F

eder

al R

epub

lic

Ms S

usan

ne W

asum

-Rai

ner,

Lega

l Adv

iser

, Fed

eral

For

eign

of

Ger

man

y:

O

ffic

e (B

erlin

);

For t

he K

ingd

om o

f Sau

di A

rabi

a:

H.E

. Mr.

Abd

ulla

h A

. A

lsha

ghro

od,

Am

bass

ador

of

the

Kin

gdom

of

Saud

i A

rabi

a to

the

Kin

gdom

of

the

Net

herla

nds,

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he A

rgen

tine

Repu

blic

: H

.E. M

adam

Sus

ana

Rui

z C

erut

ti,

Am

bass

ador

, Le

gal

Adv

iser

to th

e M

inis

try o

f For

eign

Aff

airs

, Int

erna

tiona

l Tr

ade

and

Wor

ship

, Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Aus

tria

: H

.E. M

r. H

elm

ut

Tich

y,

Am

bass

ador

, D

eput

y Le

gal

Adv

iser

, Fe

dera

l M

inis

try

of

Euro

pean

an

d In

tern

atio

nal A

ffai

rs;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Aze

rbai

jan:

H

.E. M

r. A

gshi

n M

ehdi

yev,

Am

bass

ador

and

Per

man

ent

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of A

zerb

aija

n to

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Bel

arus

: H

.E. M

adam

Ele

na G

ritse

nko,

Am

bass

ador

of t

he R

epub

lic

of B

elar

us to

the

Kin

gdom

of t

he N

ethe

rland

s, H

ead

of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he P

luri

natio

nal S

tate

of B

oliv

ia:

H.E

. Mr.

Rob

erto

Cal

zadi

lla S

arm

ient

o, A

mba

ssad

or o

f the

Pl

urin

atio

nal

Stat

e of

Bol

ivia

to

the

Kin

gdom

of

the

Net

herla

nds;

For t

he F

eder

ativ

e Re

publ

ic

H.E

. Mr.

José

Artu

r D

enot

Med

eiro

s, A

mba

ssad

or o

f th

e of

Bra

zil:

Fe

dera

tive

Rep

ublic

of

Bra

zil

to t

he K

ingd

om o

f th

e

N

ethe

rland

s;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Bul

garia

: M

r. Zl

atko

Dim

itrof

f, S.

J.D.,

Dire

ctor

of

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l La

w D

epar

tmen

t, M

inis

try o

f Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs, H

ead

of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Bur

undi

: M

r. Th

omas

Bar

anki

tse,

Leg

al A

ttach

é, C

ouns

el,

M

r. Je

an d

’Asp

rem

ont,

Ass

ocia

te P

rofe

ssor

, Uni

vers

ity o

f A

mst

erda

m, C

harg

é de

cou

rs in

vité

, Cat

holic

Uni

vers

ity

of L

ouva

in, C

ouns

el;

For t

he P

eopl

e’s R

epub

lic o

f Chi

na:

H.E

. Mad

am X

ue H

anqi

n, A

mba

ssad

or to

the

Ass

ocia

tion

of S

outh

east

Asi

an N

atio

ns (A

SEA

N),

Lega

l Cou

nsel

of

the

Min

istry

of

Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs,

Mem

ber

of

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Law

Com

mis

sion

, Mem

ber

of th

e In

stitu

t de

dro

it in

tern

atio

nal,

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion;

- 9 -

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Cyp

rus:

H

.E. M

r. Ja

mes

Dro

ushi

otis

, Am

bass

ador

of

the

Rep

ublic

of

Cyp

rus t

o th

e K

ingd

om o

f the

Net

herla

nds,

M

r. V

augh

an L

owe

Q.C

., m

embe

r of

the

Eng

lish

Bar

, C

hich

ele

Prof

esso

r of

Int

erna

tiona

l Law

, Uni

vers

ity o

f O

xfor

d, C

ouns

el a

nd A

dvoc

ate,

M

r. Po

lyvi

os G

. Pol

yvio

u, C

ouns

el a

nd A

dvoc

ate;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Cro

atia

: H

.E. M

adam

And

reja

M

etel

ko-Z

gom

bi,

Am

bass

ador

, C

hief

Leg

al A

dvis

er in

the

Min

istry

of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

an

d Eu

rope

an In

tegr

atio

n;

For t

he K

ingd

om o

f Den

mar

k:

H.E

. Mr.

Thom

as W

inkl

er,

Am

bass

ador

, U

nder

-Sec

reta

ry

for

Lega

l Aff

airs

, Min

istry

of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

, Hea

d of

D

eleg

atio

n;

For t

he K

ingd

om o

f Spa

in:

Ms C

once

pció

n Es

coba

r H

erná

ndez

, Leg

al A

dvis

er, H

ead

of

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l La

w

Dep

artm

ent,

Min

istry

of

Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion,

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion

and

Adv

ocat

e;

For t

he U

nite

d St

ates

of A

mer

ica:

M

r. H

arol

d H

ongj

u K

oh,

Lega

l A

dvis

er,

Dep

artm

ent

of

Stat

e, H

ead

of D

eleg

atio

n an

d A

dvoc

ate;

For t

he R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n:

H.E

. Mr.

Kiri

ll G

evor

gian

, Am

bass

ador

, Hea

d of

the

Lega

l D

epar

tmen

t, M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

, H

ead

of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he R

epub

lic o

f Fin

land

: M

s Päi

vi K

auko

rant

a, D

irect

or G

ener

al,

Lega

l Se

rvic

e,

Min

istry

of F

orei

gn A

ffai

rs,

M

r. M

artti

Kos

kenn

iem

i, Pr

ofes

sor

at t

he U

nive

rsity

of

Hel

sink

i;

For t

he F

renc

h Re

publ

ic:

Ms E

dwig

e B

ellia

rd, D

irect

or o

f Leg

al A

ffai

rs, M

inis

try o

f Fo

reig

n an

d Eu

rope

an A

ffai

rs,

M

r. M

athi

as F

orte

au,

Prof

esso

r at

th

e U

nive

rsity

of

Pa

ris O

uest

, Nan

terr

e-La

Déf

ense

;

For t

he H

ashe

mite

Kin

gdom

H

.R.H

. Prin

ce Z

eid

Raa

d Ze

id A

l H

usse

in, A

mba

ssad

or o

fof

Jor

dan:

the

Has

hem

ite K

ingd

om o

f Jo

rdan

to

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

of A

mer

ica,

Hea

d of

Del

egat

ion;

For t

he K

ingd

om o

f Nor

way

: M

r. R

olf

Eina

r Fi

fe,

Dire

ctor

G

ener

al,

Lega

l A

ffai

rs

Dep

artm

ent,

Min

istry

of

Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs,

Hea

d of

D

eleg

atio

n;

For t

he K

ingd

om o

f the

Net

herl

ands

: M

s Lie

sbet

h Li

jnza

ad, L

egal

Adv

iser

, Min

istry

of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

;

132

- 10

-

For R

oman

ia:

Mr.

Bog

dan

Aur

escu

, Se

cret

ary

of

Stat

e,

Min

istry

of

Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs,

M

r. C

osm

in D

ines

cu,

Dire

ctor

-Gen

eral

for

Leg

al A

ffai

rs,

Min

istry

of F

orei

gn A

ffai

rs;

For t

he U

nite

d K

ingd

om o

f Gre

at

Mr.

Dan

iel

Bet

hleh

em Q

.C.,

Lega

l A

dvis

er t

o th

e Fo

reig

n Br

itain

and

Nor

ther

n Ir

elan

d:

an

d C

omm

onw

ealth

O

ffic

e,

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

of

Gre

at B

ritai

n an

d N

orth

ern

Irel

and,

C

ouns

el a

nd A

dvoc

ate,

M

r. Ja

mes

C

raw

ford

, S.

C.,

Whe

wel

l Pr

ofes

sor

of

Inte

rnat

iona

l La

w,

Uni

vers

ity o

f C

ambr

idge

, M

embe

r of

th

e In

stitu

t de

dr

oit

inte

rnat

iona

l, C

ouns

el

and

Adv

ocat

e;

For t

he B

oliv

aria

n Re

publ

ic

Mr.

Ale

jand

ro F

lem

ing,

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r fo

r Eu

rope

of

the

of V

enez

uela

:

Min

istry

of t

he P

eopl

e’s P

ower

for F

orei

gn A

ffai

rs;

For t

he S

ocia

list R

epub

lic

H.E

. Mad

am N

guye

n Th

i H

oang

A

nh,

Doc

tor

of

Law

, of

Vie

t Nam

:

Dire

ctor

-Gen

eral

, D

epar

tmen

t of

In

tern

atio

nal

Law

an

d Tr

eatie

s, M

inis

try o

f For

eign

Aff

airs

.

15

. Que

stio

ns w

ere

put

by M

embe

rs o

f th

e C

ourt

to p

artic

ipan

ts i

n th

e or

al p

roce

edin

gs;

seve

ral o

f the

m re

plie

d in

writ

ing,

as r

eque

sted

, with

in th

e pr

escr

ibed

tim

e-lim

it.

16

. Jud

ge S

hi to

ok p

art i

n th

e or

al p

roce

edin

gs;

he s

ubse

quen

tly r

esig

ned

from

the

Cou

rt w

ith e

ffec

t fro

m 2

8 M

ay 2

010.

*

*

*

I.J U

RIS

DIC

TIO

N A

ND

DIS

CR

ET

ION

17

. Whe

n se

ised

of a

requ

est f

or a

n ad

viso

ry o

pini

on, t

he C

ourt

mus

t firs

t con

side

r whe

ther

it

has

juris

dict

ion

to g

ive

the

opin

ion

requ

este

d an

d w

heth

er, s

houl

d th

e an

swer

be

in th

e af

firm

ativ

e,

ther

e is

any

reas

on w

hy th

e C

ourt,

in it

s di

scre

tion,

sho

uld

decl

ine

to e

xerc

ise

any

such

juris

dict

ion

in th

e ca

se b

efor

e it

(Leg

ality

of t

he T

hrea

t or

Use

of N

ucle

ar W

eapo

ns, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J.

Repo

rts

1996

(I)

, p.

232

, pa

ra. 1

0;

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of t

he C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

144

, par

a. 1

3).

- 11

-

A. J

uris

dict

ion

18

. The

Cou

rt w

ill th

us fi

rst a

ddre

ss th

e qu

estio

n w

heth

er it

pos

sess

es ju

risdi

ctio

n to

giv

e th

e ad

viso

ry o

pini

on re

ques

ted

by th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

on 8

Oct

ober

200

8. T

he p

ower

of t

he C

ourt

to g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

is b

ased

upo

n A

rticl

e 65

, par

agra

ph 1

, of

its S

tatu

te, w

hich

pro

vide

s th

at:

“T

he C

ourt

may

giv

e an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n on

any

lega

l que

stio

n at

the

requ

est o

f w

hate

ver b

ody

may

be

auth

oriz

ed b

y or

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns to

mak

e su

ch a

requ

est.”

19

. In

its a

pplic

atio

n of

this

pro

visi

on, t

he C

ourt

has i

ndic

ated

that

:

“I

t is .

. . a

pre

cond

ition

of t

he C

ourt’

s co

mpe

tenc

e th

at th

e ad

viso

ry o

pini

on b

e re

ques

ted

by a

n or

gan

duly

aut

horiz

ed to

see

k it

unde

r the

Cha

rter,

that

it b

e re

ques

ted

on a

leg

al q

uest

ion,

and

tha

t, ex

cept

in

the

case

of

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y or

the

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, th

at q

uest

ion

shou

ld b

e on

e ar

isin

g w

ithin

the

scop

e of

the

activ

ities

of

the

requ

estin

g or

gan.

” (A

pplic

atio

n fo

r Re

view

of J

udge

men

t No.

273

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns A

dmin

istr

ativ

e Tr

ibun

al, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

982,

pp.

333

-334

, pa

ra. 2

1.)

20

. It i

s fo

r the

Cou

rt to

sat

isfy

itse

lf th

at th

e re

ques

t for

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

com

es fr

om a

n or

gan

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns o

r a

spec

ializ

ed a

genc

y ha

ving

com

pete

nce

to m

ake

it.

The

Gen

eral

A

ssem

bly

is a

utho

rized

to re

ques

t an

advi

sory

opi

nion

by

Arti

cle

96 o

f the

Cha

rter,

whi

ch p

rovi

des

that

:

“1

. The

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y or

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

may

requ

est t

he In

tern

atio

nal

Cou

rt of

Just

ice

to g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

on a

ny le

gal q

uest

ion.

2.

Oth

er o

rgan

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

spe

cial

ized

age

ncie

s, w

hich

may

at

any

time

be s

o au

thor

ized

by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y, m

ay a

lso

requ

est

advi

sory

op

inio

ns o

f the

Cou

rt on

lega

l que

stio

ns a

risin

g w

ithin

the

scop

e of

thei

r act

iviti

es.”

21

. W

hile

par

agra

ph 1

of

Arti

cle

96 c

onfe

rs o

n th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

the

com

pete

nce

to

requ

est

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

on “

any

lega

l qu

estio

n”, t

he C

ourt

has

som

etim

es i

n th

e pa

st g

iven

ce

rtain

indi

catio

ns a

s to

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

ques

tion

whi

ch is

the

subj

ect o

f a re

ques

t for

an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n an

d th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

(Int

erpr

etat

ion

of P

eace

Tre

atie

s w

ith B

ulga

ria,

Hun

gary

and

Rom

ania

, Fir

st P

hase

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

195

0, p

. 70;

Le

galit

y of

the

Thr

eat

or U

se o

f N

ucle

ar W

eapo

ns,

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

996

(I),

pp. 2

32-2

33,

para

s. 11

-12;

Le

gal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all

in t

he O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

145

, par

as. 1

6-17

).

22

. The

Cou

rt ob

serv

es th

at A

rticl

e 10

of t

he C

harte

r pro

vide

s tha

t:

“T

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

may

dis

cuss

any

que

stio

ns o

r an

y m

atte

rs w

ithin

the

sc

ope

of t

he p

rese

nt C

harte

r or

rel

atin

g to

the

pow

ers

and

func

tions

of

any

orga

ns

prov

ided

for

in th

e pr

esen

t Cha

rter,

and,

exc

ept a

s pr

ovid

ed in

Arti

cle

12, m

ay m

ake

reco

mm

enda

tions

to th

e M

embe

rs o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

or t

o th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il or

to

bot

h on

any

such

que

stio

ns o

r mat

ters

.”

133

- 12

-

Mor

eove

r, A

rticl

e 11

, par

agra

ph 2

, of t

he C

harte

r has

spe

cific

ally

pro

vide

d th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

with

com

pete

nce

to d

iscu

ss “

any

ques

tions

rel

atin

g to

the

mai

nten

ance

of

inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ce a

nd

secu

rity

brou

ght

befo

re i

t by

any

Mem

ber

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns”

and,

sub

ject

aga

in t

o th

e lim

itatio

n in

Arti

cle

12, t

o m

ake

reco

mm

enda

tions

with

resp

ect t

here

to.

23

. Arti

cle

12, p

arag

raph

1, o

f the

Cha

rter p

rovi

des t

hat:

“W

hile

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

is e

xerc

isin

g in

resp

ect o

f any

dis

pute

or s

ituat

ion

the

func

tions

ass

igne

d to

it

in t

he p

rese

nt C

harte

r, th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

shal

l no

t m

ake

any

reco

mm

enda

tion

with

rega

rd to

that

dis

pute

or s

ituat

ion

unle

ss th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il so

requ

ests

.”

24

. In

the

pres

ent p

roce

edin

gs, i

t was

sug

gest

ed th

at, s

ince

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

was

sei

sed

of th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o, th

e ef

fect

of A

rticl

e 12

, par

agra

ph 1

, was

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y’s

requ

est

for

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

was

out

side

its

pow

ers

unde

r th

e C

harte

r an

d th

us d

id n

ot f

all

with

in th

e au

thor

izat

ion

conf

erre

d by

Arti

cle

96, p

arag

raph

1.

As

the

Cou

rt ha

s st

ated

on

an e

arlie

r oc

casi

on, h

owev

er, “

[a] r

eque

st fo

r an

advi

sory

opi

nion

is n

ot in

itse

lf a

‘rec

omm

enda

tion’

by

the

Gen

eral

A

ssem

bly

‘with

re

gard

to

[a

] di

sput

e or

si

tuat

ion’

” (L

egal

C

onse

quen

ces

of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a

Wal

l in

th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Ad

viso

ry

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 2

004

(I),

p. 1

48, p

ara.

25)

. A

ccor

ding

ly, w

hile

Arti

cle

12 m

ay li

mit

the

scop

e of

the

actio

n w

hich

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y m

ay ta

ke s

ubse

quen

t to

its r

ecei

pt o

f th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n (a

m

atte

r on

whi

ch it

is u

nnec

essa

ry fo

r the

Cou

rt to

dec

ide

in th

e pr

esen

t con

text

), it

does

not

in it

self

limit

the

auth

oriz

atio

n to

req

uest

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

whi

ch i

s co

nfer

red

upon

the

Gen

eral

A

ssem

bly

by A

rticl

e 96

, par

agra

ph 1

. W

heth

er t

he d

elim

itatio

n of

the

res

pect

ive

pow

ers

of t

he

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

and

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y o

f whi

ch A

rticl

e 12

is o

ne a

spec

t sh

ould

lead

the

Cou

rt, in

the

circ

umst

ance

s of

the

pres

ent c

ase,

to d

eclin

e to

exe

rcis

e its

juris

dict

ion

to r

ende

r an

ad

viso

ry o

pini

on is

ano

ther

mat

ter (

whi

ch th

e C

ourt

will

con

side

r in

para

grap

hs 2

9 to

48

belo

w).

25

. It i

s als

o fo

r the

Cou

rt to

satis

fy it

self

that

the

ques

tion

on w

hich

it is

requ

este

d to

giv

e its

op

inio

n is

a “

lega

l que

stio

n” w

ithin

the

mea

ning

of A

rticl

e 96

of t

he C

harte

r and

Arti

cle

65 o

f the

St

atut

e. I

n th

e pr

esen

t cas

e, th

e qu

estio

n pu

t to

the

Cou

rt by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y as

ks w

heth

er

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

to w

hich

it

refe

rs i

s “i

n ac

cord

ance

with

int

erna

tiona

l la

w”.

A

qu

estio

n w

hich

exp

ress

ly a

sks

the

Cou

rt w

heth

er o

r no

t a

parti

cula

r ac

tion

is c

ompa

tible

with

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw c

erta

inly

app

ears

to b

e a

lega

l que

stio

n; a

s th

e C

ourt

has

rem

arke

d on

a p

revi

ous

occa

sion

, que

stio

ns “

fram

ed in

term

s of

law

and

rais

[ing]

pro

blem

s of

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. . .

are

by

thei

r ve

ry n

atur

e su

scep

tible

of

a re

ply

base

d on

law

” (W

este

rn S

ahar

a, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

975,

p. 1

8, p

ara.

15)

and

ther

efor

e ap

pear

to b

e qu

estio

ns o

f a le

gal c

hara

cter

for t

he

purp

oses

of A

rticl

e 96

of t

he C

harte

r and

Arti

cle

65 o

f the

Sta

tute

.

26

. Nev

erth

eles

s, so

me

of th

e pa

rtici

pant

s in

the

pres

ent p

roce

edin

gs h

ave

sugg

este

d th

at th

e qu

estio

n po

sed

by t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

is n

ot,

in r

ealit

y, a

leg

al q

uest

ion.

A

ccor

ding

to

this

su

bmis

sion

, int

erna

tiona

l law

doe

s no

t reg

ulat

e th

e ac

t of

mak

ing

a de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

, w

hich

sho

uld

be r

egar

ded

as a

pol

itica

l act

; on

ly d

omes

tic c

onst

itutio

nal l

aw g

over

ns th

e ac

t of

mak

ing

such

a d

ecla

ratio

n, w

hile

the

Cou

rt’s

juris

dict

ion

to g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

is c

onfin

ed to

qu

estio

ns o

f int

erna

tiona

l law

. In

the

pres

ent c

ase,

how

ever

, the

Cou

rt ha

s no

t bee

n as

ked

to g

ive

an o

pini

on o

n w

heth

er th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

any

rule

of d

omes

tic

law

but

onl

y w

heth

er i

t is

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith i

nter

natio

nal

law

. Th

e C

ourt

can

resp

ond

to t

hat

ques

tion

by re

fere

nce

to in

tern

atio

nal l

aw w

ithou

t the

nee

d to

enq

uire

into

any

sys

tem

of d

omes

tic

law

.

- 13

-

27

. M

oreo

ver,

the

Cou

rt ha

s re

peat

edly

sta

ted

that

the

fac

t th

at a

que

stio

n ha

s po

litic

al

aspe

cts

does

not

suf

fice

to d

epriv

e it

of it

s ch

arac

ter a

s a

lega

l que

stio

n (A

pplic

atio

n fo

r Re

view

of

Judg

emen

t N

o. 1

58

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Ad

min

istr

ativ

e Tr

ibun

al,

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

197

3, p

. 172

, par

a. 1

4).

Wha

teve

r its

pol

itica

l as

pect

s, th

e C

ourt

cann

ot r

efus

e to

re

spon

d to

the

lega

l ele

men

ts o

f a q

uest

ion

whi

ch in

vite

s it

to d

isch

arge

an

esse

ntia

lly ju

dici

al ta

sk,

nam

ely,

in th

e pr

esen

t cas

e, a

n as

sess

men

t of a

n ac

t by

refe

renc

e to

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. Th

e C

ourt

has

also

mad

e cl

ear

that

, in

dete

rmin

ing

the

juris

dict

iona

l iss

ue o

f w

heth

er it

is c

onfr

onte

d w

ith a

le

gal q

uest

ion,

it is

not

con

cern

ed w

ith th

e po

litic

al n

atur

e of

the

mot

ives

whi

ch m

ay h

ave

insp

ired

the

requ

est o

r the

pol

itica

l im

plic

atio

ns w

hich

its o

pini

on m

ight

hav

e (C

ondi

tions

of A

dmis

sion

of a

St

ate

in M

embe

rshi

p of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

(Ar

ticle

4 o

f th

e C

hart

er),

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, 19

48,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

194

7-19

48, p

. 61,

and

Leg

ality

of t

he T

hrea

t or

Use

of N

ucle

ar W

eapo

ns, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

996

(I),

p. 2

34, p

ara.

13)

.

28

. Th

e C

ourt

ther

efor

e co

nsid

ers

that

it

has

juris

dict

ion

to g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

in

resp

onse

to th

e re

ques

t mad

e by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y.

B. D

iscr

etio

n

29

. The

fac

t th

at t

he C

ourt

has

juris

dict

ion

does

not

mea

n, h

owev

er, t

hat

it is

obl

iged

to

exer

cise

it:

“T

he C

ourt

has

reca

lled

man

y tim

es in

the

past

that

Arti

cle

65, p

arag

raph

1, o

f its

Sta

tute

, w

hich

pro

vide

s th

at ‘

The

Cou

rt m

ay g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

. . .’

(e

mph

asis

add

ed),

shou

ld b

e in

terp

rete

d to

mea

n th

at t

he C

ourt

has

a di

scre

tiona

ry

pow

er to

dec

line

to g

ive

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

even

if th

e co

nditi

ons

of ju

risdi

ctio

n ar

e m

et.”

(Le

gal C

onse

quen

ces o

f the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all i

n th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

156

, par

a. 4

4.)

The

disc

retio

n w

heth

er o

r not

to re

spon

d to

a re

ques

t for

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

exi

sts

so a

s to

pro

tect

th

e in

tegr

ity o

f th

e C

ourt’

s ju

dici

al f

unct

ion

and

its n

atur

e as

the

prin

cipa

l ju

dici

al o

rgan

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

(Sta

tus o

f Eas

tern

Car

elia

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, 1

923,

P.C

.I.J.

, Ser

ies B

, No.

5, p

. 29;

Ap

plic

atio

n fo

r Re

view

of

Judg

emen

t N

o. 1

58 o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns A

dmin

istr

ativ

e Tr

ibun

al,

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

973,

p. 1

75,

para

. 24;

Ap

plic

atio

n fo

r Re

view

of

Judg

emen

t N

o. 2

73 o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns A

dmin

istr

ativ

e Tr

ibun

al,

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

982,

p. 3

34,

para

. 22;

an

d Le

gal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all

in t

he O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), pp

. 156

-157

, par

as. 4

4-45

).

30

. The

Cou

rt is

, nev

erth

eles

s, m

indf

ul o

f the

fact

that

its

answ

er to

a re

ques

t for

an

advi

sory

op

inio

n “r

epre

sent

s its

par

ticip

atio

n in

the

activ

ities

of

the

Org

aniz

atio

n, a

nd, i

n pr

inci

ple,

sho

uld

not

be r

efus

ed”

(Int

erpr

etat

ion

of P

eace

Tre

atie

s w

ith B

ulga

ria,

Hun

gary

and

Rom

ania

, Fi

rst

Phas

e, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

950,

p. 7

1; D

iffer

ence

Rel

atin

g to

Imm

unity

from

Leg

al

Proc

ess

of a

Spe

cial

Rap

port

eur

of t

he C

omm

issi

on o

n H

uman

Rig

hts,

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

999

(I),

pp. 7

8-79

, par

a. 2

9; L

egal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all i

n th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

156

, pa

ra. 4

4).

Acc

ordi

ngly

, th

e co

nsis

tent

jur

ispr

uden

ce o

f th

e C

ourt

has

dete

rmin

ed t

hat

only

“co

mpe

lling

re

ason

s” s

houl

d le

ad t

he C

ourt

to r

efus

e its

opi

nion

in

resp

onse

to

a re

ques

t fa

lling

with

in i

ts ju

risdi

ctio

n (J

udgm

ents

of t

he A

dmin

istr

ativ

e Tr

ibun

al o

f the

ILO

upo

n co

mpl

aint

s m

ade

agai

nst

the

Une

sco,

I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

956,

p. 8

6;

Lega

l Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all i

n th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

156

, par

a. 4

4).

134

- 14

-

31

. The

Cou

rt m

ust s

atis

fy it

self

as to

the

prop

riety

of t

he e

xerc

ise

of it

s ju

dici

al fu

nctio

n in

th

e pr

esen

t ca

se.

It

has

ther

efor

e gi

ven

care

ful

cons

ider

atio

n as

to

whe

ther

, in

the

lig

ht o

f its

pr

evio

us ju

rispr

uden

ce, t

here

are

com

pelli

ng re

ason

s fo

r it t

o re

fuse

to re

spon

d to

the

requ

est f

rom

th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

32

. O

ne a

rgum

ent,

adva

nced

by

a nu

mbe

r of

par

ticip

ants

in

the

pres

ent

proc

eedi

ngs,

conc

erns

the

mot

ives

beh

ind

the

requ

est.

Tho

se p

artic

ipan

ts d

rew

atte

ntio

n to

a s

tate

men

t mad

e by

th

e so

le s

pons

or o

f the

reso

lutio

n by

whi

ch th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

requ

este

d th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n to

th

e ef

fect

that

“the

C

ourt’

s ad

viso

ry

opin

ion

wou

ld

prov

ide

polit

ical

ly

neut

ral,

yet

judi

cial

ly

auth

orita

tive,

gui

danc

e to

man

y co

untri

es s

till d

elib

erat

ing

how

to a

ppro

ach

unila

tera

l de

clar

atio

ns o

f ind

epen

denc

e in

line

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

.

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

Su

ppor

ting

this

dra

ft re

solu

tion

wou

ld a

lso

serv

e to

rea

ffirm

a f

unda

men

tal

prin

cipl

e: t

he ri

ght o

f any

Mem

ber S

tate

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns to

pos

e a

sim

ple,

bas

ic

ques

tion

on a

mat

ter

it co

nsid

ers

vita

lly i

mpo

rtant

to

the

Cou

rt.

To v

ote

agai

nst

it w

ould

be

in e

ffec

t a v

ote

to d

eny

the

right

of

any

coun

try to

see

k n

ow o

r in

the

futu

re ju

dici

al re

cour

se th

roug

h th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns sy

stem

.” (

A/6

3/PV

.22,

p. 1

.)

Acc

ordi

ng t

o th

ose

parti

cipa

nts,

this

sta

tem

ent

dem

onst

rate

d th

at t

he o

pini

on o

f th

e C

ourt

was

be

ing

soug

ht n

ot in

ord

er to

ass

ist t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

but r

athe

r to

ser

ve th

e in

tere

sts

of o

ne

Stat

e an

d th

at th

e C

ourt

shou

ld, t

here

fore

, dec

line

to re

spon

d.

33

. The

adv

isor

y ju

risdi

ctio

n is

not

a f

orm

of

judi

cial

rec

ours

e fo

r St

ates

but

the

mea

ns b

y w

hich

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y an

d th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, a

s w

ell

as o

ther

org

ans

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd b

odie

s sp

ecifi

cally

em

pow

ered

to d

o so

by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y in

acc

orda

nce

with

A

rticl

e 96

, par

agra

ph 2

, of

the

Cha

rter,

may

obt

ain

the

Cou

rt’s

opin

ion

in o

rder

to a

ssis

t the

m in

th

eir a

ctiv

ities

. Th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n is

giv

en n

ot to

Sta

tes

but t

o th

e or

gan

whi

ch h

as re

ques

ted

it (I

nter

pret

atio

n of

Pea

ce T

reat

ies

with

Bul

gari

a, H

unga

ry a

nd R

oman

ia,

Firs

t Ph

ase,

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

195

0, p

. 71)

. N

ever

thel

ess,

prec

isel

y fo

r th

at r

easo

n, t

he m

otiv

es o

f in

divi

dual

Sta

tes

whi

ch s

pons

or, o

r vo

te in

fav

our

of, a

res

olut

ion

requ

estin

g an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n ar

e no

t rel

evan

t to

the

Cou

rt’s e

xerc

ise

of it

s dis

cret

ion

whe

ther

or n

ot to

resp

ond.

As t

he C

ourt

put

it in

its A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

on

Lega

lity

of th

e Th

reat

or U

se o

f Nuc

lear

Wea

pons

,

“onc

e th

e A

ssem

bly

has

aske

d, b

y ad

optin

g a

reso

lutio

n, fo

r an

advi

sory

opi

nion

on

a le

gal q

uest

ion,

the

Cou

rt, in

det

erm

inin

g w

heth

er th

ere

are

any

com

pelli

ng re

ason

s fo

r it

to r

efus

e to

giv

e su

ch a

n op

inio

n, w

ill n

ot h

ave

rega

rd t

o th

e or

igin

s or

to

the

polit

ical

his

tory

of t

he re

ques

t, or

to th

e di

strib

utio

n of

vot

es in

resp

ect o

f the

ado

pted

re

solu

tion”

(I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

996

(I),

p. 2

37, p

ara.

16)

.

34

. It

was

al

so

sugg

este

d by

so

me

of

thos

e pa

rtici

patin

g in

th

e pr

ocee

ding

s th

at

reso

lutio

n 63

/3 g

ave

no i

ndic

atio

n of

the

pur

pose

for

whi

ch t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

need

ed t

he

Cou

rt’s

opin

ion

and

that

ther

e w

as n

othi

ng to

indi

cate

that

the

opin

ion

wou

ld h

ave

any

usef

ul le

gal

effe

ct.

This

arg

umen

t can

not b

e ac

cept

ed.

The

Cou

rt ha

s co

nsis

tent

ly m

ade

clea

r tha

t it i

s fo

r the

- 15

-

orga

n w

hich

requ

ests

the

opin

ion,

and

not

for t

he C

ourt,

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er it

nee

ds th

e op

inio

n fo

r th

e pr

oper

per

form

ance

of

its f

unct

ions

. In

its

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n Le

galit

y of

the

Thre

at o

r U

se o

f Nuc

lear

Wea

pons

, the

Cou

rt re

ject

ed a

n ar

gum

ent t

hat i

t sho

uld

refu

se to

res

pond

to th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly’

s re

ques

t on

the

gro

und

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

d no

t ex

plai

ned

to t

he

Cou

rt th

e pu

rpos

es fo

r whi

ch it

soug

ht a

n op

inio

n, st

atin

g th

at

“it i

s no

t for

the

Cou

rt its

elf t

o pu

rpor

t to

deci

de w

heth

er o

r not

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

is

need

ed b

y th

e A

ssem

bly

for t

he p

erfo

rman

ce o

f its

func

tions

. Th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

the

right

to d

ecid

e fo

r its

elf o

n th

e us

eful

ness

of a

n op

inio

n in

the

light

of i

ts o

wn

need

s.” (

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

199

6 (I

), p.

237

, par

a. 1

6.)

Sim

ilarly

, in

the

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n Le

gal C

onse

quen

ces

of th

e C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

Occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n Te

rrito

ry,

the

Cou

rt co

mm

ente

d th

at “

[t]he

Cou

rt ca

nnot

sub

stitu

te i

ts

asse

ssm

ent o

f the

use

fuln

ess

of th

e op

inio

n re

ques

ted

for t

hat o

f the

org

an th

at s

eeks

suc

h op

inio

n,

nam

ely

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y” (I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I)

, p. 1

63, p

ara.

62)

.

35

. Nor

doe

s th

e C

ourt

cons

ider

that

it s

houl

d re

fuse

to re

spon

d to

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y’s

requ

est o

n th

e ba

sis

of s

ugge

stio

ns, a

dvan

ced

by s

ome

of th

ose

parti

cipa

ting

in th

e pr

ocee

ding

s, th

at it

s op

inio

n m

ight

lead

to a

dver

se p

oliti

cal c

onse

quen

ces.

Jus

t as

the

Cou

rt ca

nnot

sub

stitu

te it

s ow

n as

sess

men

t for

that

of t

he re

ques

ting

orga

n in

resp

ect o

f whe

ther

its

opin

ion

will

be

usef

ul to

th

at o

rgan

, it

cann

ot

in

parti

cula

r w

here

the

re i

s no

bas

is o

n w

hich

to

mak

e su

ch a

n as

sess

men

t s

ubst

itute

its

own

view

as

to w

heth

er a

n op

inio

n w

ould

be

likel

y to

hav

e an

adv

erse

ef

fect

. A

s th

e C

ourt

stat

ed in

its

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n Le

galit

y of

the

Thre

at o

r U

se o

f Nuc

lear

W

eapo

ns,

in r

espo

nse

to a

sub

mis

sion

tha

t a

repl

y fr

om t

he C

ourt

mig

ht a

dver

sely

aff

ect

disa

rmam

ent n

egot

iatio

ns, f

aced

with

con

trary

pos

ition

s on

this

issu

e “t

here

are

no

evid

ent c

riter

ia

by w

hich

it

can

pref

er o

ne a

sses

smen

t to

ano

ther

” (L

egal

ity o

f th

e Th

reat

or

Use

of

Nuc

lear

W

eapo

ns, A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

996

(I),

p. 2

37,

para

. 17;

se

e al

so W

este

rn S

ahar

a,

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

197

5,

p. 3

7,

para

. 73;

and

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a

Wal

l in

th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Ad

viso

ry

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 2

004

(I),

pp. 1

59-1

60, p

aras

. 51-

54).

36

. An

impo

rtant

issu

e w

hich

the

Cou

rt m

ust c

onsi

der i

s w

heth

er, i

n vi

ew o

f the

resp

ectiv

e ro

les

of th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il an

d th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

in re

latio

n to

the

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo,

the

Cou

rt, a

s th

e pr

inci

pal j

udic

ial o

rgan

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, s

houl

d de

clin

e to

ans

wer

the

ques

tion

whi

ch h

as b

een

put t

o it

on th

e gr

ound

that

the

requ

est f

or th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n ha

s be

en m

ade

by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ra

ther

than

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

37

. The

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo

had

been

the

subj

ect o

f ac

tion

by th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, in

the

exer

cise

of i

ts re

spon

sibi

lity

for t

he m

aint

enan

ce o

f int

erna

tiona

l pea

ce a

nd s

ecur

ity, f

or m

ore

than

te

n ye

ars

prio

r to

the

pre

sent

req

uest

for

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

. T

he C

ounc

il fir

st t

ook

actio

n sp

ecifi

cally

rel

atin

g to

the

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo

on 3

1 M

arch

199

8, w

hen

it ad

opte

d re

solu

tion

1160

(199

8).

That

was

fol

low

ed b

y re

solu

tions

119

9 (1

998)

, 120

3 (1

998)

and

123

9 (1

999)

. O

n 10

June

199

9, t

he C

ounc

il ad

opte

d re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9),

whi

ch a

utho

rized

the

cre

atio

n of

an

inte

rnat

iona

l m

ilita

ry p

rese

nce

(sub

sequ

ently

kno

wn

as “

KFO

R”)

and

an

inte

rnat

iona

l ci

vil

pres

ence

(th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns I

nter

im A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in

Kos

ovo,

“U

NM

IK”)

and

lai

d

135

- 16

-

dow

n a

fram

ewor

k fo

r th

e ad

min

istra

tion

of K

osov

o.

By

reso

lutio

n 13

67 (2

001)

, th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il de

cide

d to

ter

min

ate

the

proh

ibiti

ons

on t

he s

ale

or s

uppl

y of

arm

s es

tabl

ishe

d by

pa

ragr

aph

8 of

res

olut

ion

1160

(199

8).

The

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

has

rece

ived

per

iodi

c re

ports

fro

m

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

n th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f U

NM

IK.

The

dos

sier

sub

mitt

ed t

o th

e C

ourt

by t

he

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al r

ecor

ds t

hat

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

met

to

cons

ider

the

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo

on

29 o

ccas

ions

bet

wee

n 20

00 a

nd th

e en

d of

200

8. A

lthou

gh th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

whi

ch

is th

e su

bjec

t of

the

pres

ent r

eque

st w

as d

iscu

ssed

by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil,

the

Cou

ncil

took

no

actio

n in

res

pect

of

it (S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il, p

rovi

sion

al v

erba

tim r

ecor

d, 1

8 Fe

brua

ry 2

008,

3 p

.m.

(S/P

V.5

839)

; Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, p

rovi

sion

al v

erba

tim re

cord

, 11

Mar

ch 2

008,

3 p

.m. (

S/PV

.585

0)).

38

. The

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

s al

so a

dopt

ed r

esol

utio

ns r

elat

ing

to th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o.

Prio

r to

the

ado

ptio

n by

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

of r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

adop

ted

five

reso

lutio

ns o

n th

e si

tuat

ion

of h

uman

rig

hts

in K

osov

o (r

esol

utio

ns 4

9/20

4, 5

0/19

0,

51/1

11, 5

2/13

9 an

d 53

/164

). F

ollo

win

g re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

adop

ted

one

furth

er

reso

lutio

n on

th

e si

tuat

ion

of

hum

an

right

s in

K

osov

o (r

esol

utio

n 54

/183

of

17

Dec

embe

r 199

9) a

nd 1

5 re

solu

tions

con

cern

ing

the

finan

cing

of

UN

MIK

(re

solu

tions

53/

241,

54

/245

A,

54/2

45B

, 55

/227

A,

55/2

27B

, 55

/295

, 57

/326

, 58

/305

, 59

/286

A,

59/2

86B

, 60

/275

, 61

/285

, 62/

262,

63/

295

and

64/2

79).

How

ever

, the

bro

ader

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo

was

not

par

t of t

he

agen

da o

f the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y at

the

time

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

and

it w

as th

eref

ore

nece

ssar

y in

Sep

tem

ber 2

008

to c

reat

e a

new

age

nda

item

for t

he c

onsi

dera

tion

of th

e pr

opos

al to

re

ques

t an

opin

ion

from

the

Cou

rt.

39

. Aga

inst

this

bac

kgro

und,

it h

as b

een

sugg

este

d th

at, g

iven

the

resp

ectiv

e po

wer

s of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

and

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y, i

f th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n w

ere

to b

e so

ught

reg

ardi

ng

whe

ther

the

dec

lara

tion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

was

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith i

nter

natio

nal

law

, th

e re

ques

t sh

ould

rat

her

have

bee

n m

ade

by th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il an

d th

at th

is f

act c

onst

itute

s a

com

pelli

ng

reas

on fo

r the

Cou

rt no

t to

resp

ond

to th

e re

ques

t fro

m th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

Tha

t con

clus

ion

is

said

to fo

llow

bot

h fr

om th

e na

ture

of t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il’s i

nvol

vem

ent a

nd th

e fa

ct th

at, i

n or

der

to a

nsw

er t

he q

uest

ion

pose

d, t

he C

ourt

will

nec

essa

rily

have

to

inte

rpre

t an

d ap

ply

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

in

or

der

to

dete

rmin

e w

heth

er

or

not

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

.

40

. Whi

le th

e re

ques

t put

to th

e C

ourt

conc

erns

one

asp

ect o

f a s

ituat

ion

whi

ch th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il ha

s ch

arac

teriz

ed a

s a

thre

at t

o in

tern

atio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y an

d w

hich

con

tinue

s to

fe

atur

e on

the

agen

da o

f the

Cou

ncil

in th

at c

apac

ity, t

hat d

oes n

ot m

ean

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

s no

legi

timat

e in

tere

st in

the

ques

tion.

Arti

cles

10

and

11 o

f the

Cha

rter,

to w

hich

the

Cou

rt ha

s al

read

y re

ferr

ed, c

onfe

r upo

n th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

a ve

ry b

road

pow

er to

dis

cuss

mat

ters

with

in

the

scop

e of

the

activ

ities

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, i

nclu

ding

que

stio

ns re

latin

g to

inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ce

and

secu

rity.

Th

at p

ower

is n

ot li

mite

d by

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f in

tern

atio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y w

hich

is c

onfe

rred

upo

n th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il by

Arti

cle

24, p

arag

raph

1.

As t

he

Cou

rt ha

s mad

e cl

ear i

n its

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n Le

gal C

onse

quen

ces o

f the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all

in t

he O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, pa

ragr

aph

26,

“Arti

cle

24 r

efer

s to

a p

rimar

y, b

ut n

ot

nece

ssar

ily e

xclu

sive

, com

pete

nce”

. Th

e fa

ct th

at th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o is

bef

ore

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

and

the

Cou

ncil

has

exer

cise

d its

Cha

pter

VII

pow

ers

in re

spec

t of t

hat s

ituat

ion

does

not

pr

eclu

de t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

from

dis

cuss

ing

any

aspe

ct o

f th

at s

ituat

ion,

inc

ludi

ng t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce.

The

limit

whi

ch th

e C

harte

r pl

aces

upo

n th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

to

prot

ect

the

role

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

is c

onta

ined

in

Arti

cle

12 a

nd r

estri

cts

the

pow

er o

f th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

to m

ake

reco

mm

enda

tions

fol

low

ing

a di

scus

sion

, not

its

pow

er to

eng

age

in

such

a d

iscu

ssio

n.

- 17

-

41

. M

oreo

ver,

Arti

cle

12 d

oes

not

bar

all

actio

n by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y in

res

pect

of

thre

ats

to i

nter

natio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y w

hich

are

bef

ore

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

Th

e C

ourt

cons

ider

ed th

is q

uest

ion

in s

ome

deta

il in

par

agra

phs 2

6 to

27

of it

s A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

on

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of th

e C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

Occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n Te

rrito

ry, i

n w

hich

the

Cou

rt no

ted

that

ther

e ha

s be

en a

n in

crea

sing

tend

ency

ove

r tim

e fo

r the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y an

d th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il to

dea

l in

par

alle

l w

ith t

he s

ame

mat

ter

conc

erni

ng t

he m

aint

enan

ce o

f in

tern

atio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y an

d ob

serv

ed t

hat

it is

ofte

n th

e ca

se t

hat,

whi

le t

he S

ecur

ity

Cou

ncil

has

tend

ed t

o fo

cus

on t

he a

spec

ts o

f su

ch m

atte

rs r

elat

ed t

o in

tern

atio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y, t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

take

n a

broa

der

view

, co

nsid

erin

g al

so t

heir

hum

anita

rian,

so

cial

and

eco

nom

ic a

spec

ts.

42

. The

Cou

rt’s

exam

inat

ion

of th

is s

ubje

ct in

its

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n Le

gal C

onse

quen

ces

of th

e C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

Occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n Te

rrito

ry w

as m

ade

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith

an a

rgum

ent

rela

ting

to w

heth

er o

r no

t th

e C

ourt

poss

esse

d th

e ju

risdi

ctio

n to

giv

e an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n, ra

ther

than

whe

ther

it s

houl

d ex

erci

se it

s di

scre

tion

not t

o gi

ve a

n op

inio

n. I

n th

e pr

esen

t ca

se, t

he C

ourt

has

alre

ady

held

that

Arti

cle

12 o

f the

Cha

rter d

oes

not d

epriv

e it

of th

e ju

risdi

ctio

n co

nfer

red

by A

rticl

e 96

, par

agra

ph 1

(pa

ragr

aphs

23

to 2

4 ab

ove)

. It

cons

ider

s, ho

wev

er, t

hat t

he

anal

ysis

con

tain

ed in

the

2004

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on is

als

o pe

rtine

nt to

the

issu

e of

dis

cret

ion

in th

e pr

esen

t ca

se.

Tha

t an

alys

is d

emon

stra

tes

that

the

fac

t th

at a

mat

ter

falls

with

in t

he p

rimar

y re

spon

sibi

lity

of t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il fo

r si

tuat

ions

whi

ch m

ay a

ffec

t th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f in

tern

atio

nal p

eace

and

sec

urity

and

that

the

Cou

ncil

has

been

exe

rcis

ing

its p

ower

s in

that

resp

ect

does

not

pre

clud

e th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

from

dis

cuss

ing

that

situ

atio

n or

, with

in th

e lim

its s

et b

y A

rticl

e 12

, mak

ing

reco

mm

enda

tions

with

rega

rd th

eret

o. I

n ad

ditio

n, a

s th

e C

ourt

poin

ted

out i

n its

200

4 A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

, Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

377A

(V) (

“Uni

ting

for P

eace

”) p

rovi

des

for t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

to m

ake

reco

mm

enda

tions

for c

olle

ctiv

e m

easu

res t

o re

stor

e in

tern

atio

nal

peac

e an

d se

curit

y in

any

cas

e w

here

ther

e ap

pear

s to

be

a th

reat

to th

e pe

ace,

bre

ach

of th

e pe

ace

or a

ct o

f agg

ress

ion

and

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

is u

nabl

e to

act

bec

ause

of l

ack

of u

nani

mity

of t

he

perm

anen

t m

embe

rs (

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of t

he C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

Occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n Te

rrito

ry,

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

200

4 (I

), p.

150

, pa

ra. 3

0).

Th

ese

cons

ider

atio

ns a

re o

f re

leva

nce

to t

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

the

del

imita

tion

of p

ower

s be

twee

n th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il an

d th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

cons

titut

es a

com

pelli

ng r

easo

n fo

r th

e C

ourt

to

decl

ine

to re

spon

d to

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y’s r

eque

st fo

r an

opin

ion

in th

e pr

esen

t cas

e.

43

. It i

s tru

e, o

f cou

rse,

that

the

fact

s of

the

pres

ent c

ase

are

quite

diff

eren

t fro

m th

ose

of th

e A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

on

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of t

he C

onst

ruct

ion

of a

Wal

l in

the

Occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n Te

rrito

ry.

The

situ

atio

n in

the

occ

upie

d Pa

lest

inia

n te

rrito

ry h

ad b

een

unde

r ac

tive

cons

ider

atio

n by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y fo

r se

vera

l de

cade

s pr

ior

to i

ts d

ecis

ion

to r

eque

st a

n op

inio

n fr

om th

e C

ourt

and

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

d di

scus

sed

the

prec

ise

subj

ect o

n w

hich

the

Cou

rt’s

opin

ion

was

sou

ght.

In th

e pr

esen

t cas

e, w

ith re

gard

to th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o, it

was

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

whi

ch h

ad b

een

activ

ely

seis

ed o

f th

e m

atte

r. I

n th

at c

onte

xt, i

t di

scus

sed

the

futu

re st

atus

of K

osov

o an

d th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

(see

par

agra

ph 3

7 ab

ove)

.

44

. H

owev

er,

the

purp

ose

of t

he a

dvis

ory

juris

dict

ion

is t

o en

able

org

ans

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd o

ther

aut

horiz

ed b

odie

s to

obta

in o

pini

ons f

rom

the

Cou

rt w

hich

will

ass

ist t

hem

in th

e fu

ture

exe

rcis

e of

thei

r fu

nctio

ns.

The

Cou

rt ca

nnot

det

erm

ine

wha

t ste

ps th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

may

wis

h to

tak

e af

ter

rece

ivin

g th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n or

wha

t ef

fect

tha

t op

inio

n m

ay h

ave

in

rela

tion

to th

ose

step

s. A

s th

e pr

eced

ing

para

grap

hs d

emon

stra

te, t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

is e

ntitl

ed

136

- 18

-

to d

iscu

ss th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

and

, with

in th

e lim

its c

onsi

dere

d in

par

agra

ph 4

2, a

bove

, to

mak

e re

com

men

datio

ns i

n re

spec

t of

tha

t or

oth

er a

spec

ts o

f th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o w

ithou

t tre

spas

sing

on

the

pow

ers

of th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il. T

hat b

eing

the

case

, the

fact

that

, hith

erto

, the

de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

has

bee

n di

scus

sed

only

in th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il an

d th

at th

e C

ounc

il ha

s be

en t

he o

rgan

whi

ch h

as t

aken

act

ion

with

reg

ard

to t

he s

ituat

ion

in K

osov

o do

es n

ot

cons

titut

e a

com

pelli

ng r

easo

n fo

r th

e C

ourt

to r

efus

e to

res

pond

to th

e re

ques

t fro

m th

e G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y.

45

. Mor

eove

r, w

hile

it is

the

scop

e fo

r fut

ure

disc

ussi

on a

nd a

ctio

n w

hich

is th

e de

term

inin

g fa

ctor

in a

nsw

erin

g th

is o

bjec

tion

to th

e C

ourt

rend

erin

g an

opi

nion

, the

Cou

rt al

so n

otes

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

s ta

ken

actio

n w

ith re

gard

to th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o in

the

past

. A

s st

ated

in

para

grap

h 38

abo

ve,

betw

een

1995

and

199

9, t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

adop

ted

six

reso

lutio

ns

addr

essi

ng th

e hu

man

righ

ts s

ituat

ion

in K

osov

o. T

he la

st o

f the

se, r

esol

utio

n 54

/183

, was

ado

pted

on

17

Dec

embe

r 199

9,

som

e si

x m

onth

s af

ter

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

had

adop

ted

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

. W

hile

the

focu

s of

this

reso

lutio

n w

as o

n hu

man

righ

ts a

nd h

uman

itaria

n is

sues

, it

also

ad

dres

sed

(in

para

. 7)

the

Gen

eral

A

ssem

bly’

s co

ncer

n ab

out

a po

ssib

le

“can

toni

zatio

n” o

f Kos

ovo.

In

addi

tion,

sin

ce 1

999

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ha

s ea

ch y

ear a

ppro

ved,

in

acc

orda

nce

with

Arti

cle

17, p

arag

raph

1, o

f the

Cha

rter,

the

budg

et o

f UN

MIK

(see

par

agra

ph 3

8 ab

ove)

. Th

e C

ourt

obse

rves

ther

efor

e th

at th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has e

xerc

ised

func

tions

of i

ts o

wn

in th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o.

46

. Fur

ther

, in

the

view

of

the

Cou

rt, th

e fa

ct th

at it

will

nec

essa

rily

have

to in

terp

ret a

nd

appl

y th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

in

the

cour

se o

f an

swer

ing

the

ques

tion

put b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

does

not

con

stitu

te a

com

pelli

ng r

easo

n no

t to

resp

ond

to

that

que

stio

n. W

hile

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

a d

ecis

ion

of o

ne o

f the

pol

itica

l org

ans

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns is

, in

the

first

pla

ce, t

he re

spon

sibi

lity

of th

e or

gan

whi

ch to

ok th

at d

ecis

ion,

th

e C

ourt,

as t

he p

rinci

pal j

udic

ial o

rgan

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, h

as a

lso

freq

uent

ly b

een

requ

ired

to

cons

ider

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d le

gal e

ffec

ts o

f suc

h de

cisi

ons.

It h

as d

one

so b

oth

in th

e ex

erci

se o

f its

adv

isor

y ju

risdi

ctio

n (s

ee f

or e

xam

ple,

Cer

tain

Exp

ense

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, (A

rtic

le 1

7,

para

grap

h 2,

of

th

e C

hart

er),

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

196

2,

p. 1

75;

an

d Le

gal

Con

sequ

ence

s for

Sta

tes o

f the

Con

tinue

d Pr

esen

ce o

f Sou

th A

fric

a in

Nam

ibia

(Sou

th W

est A

fric

a)

notw

ithst

andi

ng S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il Re

solu

tion

276

(197

0),

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

971,

pp. 5

1-54

, pa

ras.

107-

116)

, an

d in

the

exe

rcis

e of

its

con

tent

ious

jur

isdi

ctio

n (s

ee f

or e

xam

ple,

Q

uest

ions

of t

he In

terp

reta

tion

and

Appl

icat

ion

of th

e 19

71 M

ontr

eal C

onve

ntio

n ar

isin

g fr

om th

e Ae

rial

Inci

dent

at L

ocke

rbie

(Lib

yan

Arab

Jam

ahir

iya

v. U

nite

d Ki

ngdo

m),

Prov

isio

nal M

easu

res,

Ord

er o

f 14

Apri

l 199

2, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

199

2, p

. 15,

par

as. 3

9-41

; Q

uest

ions

of I

nter

pret

atio

n an

d Ap

plic

atio

n of

the

1971

Mon

trea

l Con

vent

ion

aris

ing

from

the

Aeri

al In

cide

nt a

t Loc

kerb

ie (L

ibya

n Ar

ab J

amah

iriya

v.

Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a),

Prov

isio

nal

Mea

sure

s, O

rder

of

14 A

pril

1992

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

992,

pp.

126

-127

, par

as. 4

2-44

).

47

. The

re is

, the

refo

re, n

othi

ng in

com

patib

le w

ith th

e in

tegr

ity o

f the

judi

cial

func

tion

in th

e C

ourt

unde

rtaki

ng s

uch

a ta

sk.

The

ques

tion

is, r

athe

r, w

heth

er it

sho

uld

decl

ine

to u

nder

take

that

ta

sk u

nles

s it i

s the

org

an w

hich

has

take

n th

e de

cisi

on th

at a

sks t

he C

ourt

to d

o so

. In

its A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

on

Cer

tain

Exp

ense

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, how

ever

, the

Cou

rt re

spon

ded

to th

e qu

estio

n po

sed

by th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

eve

n th

ough

this

nec

essa

rily

requ

ired

it to

inte

rpre

t a n

umbe

r of

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

(na

mel

y, r

esol

utio

ns 1

43, 1

45 a

nd 1

46 o

f 19

60 a

nd 1

61 a

nd 1

69 o

f

- 19

-

1961

) (C

erta

in E

xpen

ses

of th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns (A

rtic

le 1

7, p

arag

raph

2, o

f the

Cha

rter

), Ad

viso

ry

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

962,

pp.

175

-177

). T

he C

ourt

also

not

es th

at, i

n its

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

n C

ondi

tions

of

Ad

mis

sion

of

a

Stat

e in

th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

(Art

icle

4

of

the

Cha

rter

) (I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

194

7-19

48, p

p. 6

1-62

), it

resp

onde

d to

a r

eque

st f

rom

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y ev

en

thou

gh th

at r

eque

st r

efer

red

to s

tate

men

ts m

ade

in a

mee

ting

of th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il an

d it

had

been

sub

mitt

ed t

hat

the

Cou

rt sh

ould

the

refo

re e

xerc

ise

its d

iscr

etio

n to

dec

line

to r

eply

(C

ondi

tions

of A

dmis

sion

of a

Sta

te in

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

(Ar

ticle

4 o

f the

Cha

rter

),Pl

eadi

ngs,

Ora

l Ar

gum

ents

, D

ocum

ents

, p.

90)

. W

here

, as

her

e, t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

a le

gitim

ate

inte

rest

in th

e an

swer

to a

que

stio

n, th

e fa

ct th

at th

at a

nsw

er m

ay tu

rn, i

n pa

rt, o

n a

deci

sion

of t

he

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

is n

ot s

uffic

ient

to ju

stify

the

Cou

rt in

dec

linin

g to

giv

e its

opi

nion

to th

e G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y.

48

. Acc

ordi

ngly

, the

Cou

rt co

nsid

ers

that

ther

e ar

e no

com

pelli

ng re

ason

s fo

r it t

o de

clin

e to

ex

erci

se it

s jur

isdi

ctio

n in

resp

ect o

f the

pre

sent

requ

est.

II.S

CO

PE A

ND

ME

AN

ING

OF

TH

E Q

UE

STIO

N

49

. The

Cou

rt w

ill n

ow tu

rn to

the

scop

e an

d m

eani

ng o

f the

que

stio

n on

whi

ch th

e G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y ha

s re

ques

ted

that

it

give

its

opi

nion

. T

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

form

ulat

ed t

hat

ques

tion

in th

e fo

llow

ing

term

s:

“I

s th

e un

ilate

ral d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

by

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t of K

osov

o in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

?”

50

. The

Cou

rt re

calls

that

in s

ome

prev

ious

cas

es it

has

dep

arte

d fr

om th

e la

ngua

ge o

f th

e qu

estio

n pu

t to

it

whe

re t

he q

uest

ion

was

not

ade

quat

ely

form

ulat

ed (

see

for

exam

ple,

in

Inte

rpre

tatio

n of

the

Gre

co-T

urki

sh A

gree

men

t of

1 D

ecem

ber 1

926

(Fin

al P

roto

col,

Artic

le IV

), Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on, 1

928,

P.C

.I.J.

, Ser

ies B

, No.

16)

or w

here

the

Cou

rt de

term

ined

, on

the

basi

s of

its

exa

min

atio

n of

the

back

grou

nd to

the

requ

est,

that

the

requ

est d

id n

ot re

flect

the

“leg

al q

uest

ions

re

ally

in is

sue”

(In

terp

reta

tion

of th

e Ag

reem

ent o

f 25

Mar

ch 1

951

betw

een

the

WH

O a

nd E

gypt

, Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

198

0, p

. 89,

par

a. 3

5).

Sim

ilarly

, whe

re th

e qu

estio

n as

ked

was

un

clea

r or

vag

ue, t

he C

ourt

has

clar

ified

the

que

stio

n be

fore

giv

ing

its o

pini

on (

Appl

icat

ion

for

Revi

ew o

f Jud

gem

ent N

o. 2

73 o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Adm

inis

trat

ive

Trib

unal

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

198

2, p

. 348

, par

a. 4

6).

51

. In

the

pres

ent c

ase,

the

ques

tion

pose

d by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y is

cle

arly

for

mul

ated

. Th

e qu

estio

n is

nar

row

and

spe

cific

; i

t as

ks f

or t

he C

ourt’

s op

inio

n on

whe

ther

or

not

the

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

It do

es n

ot a

sk a

bout

the

lega

l co

nseq

uenc

es o

f tha

t dec

lara

tion.

In

parti

cula

r, it

does

not

ask

whe

ther

or n

ot K

osov

o ha

s ach

ieve

d st

ateh

ood.

Nor

doe

s it

ask

abou

t the

val

idity

or l

egal

eff

ects

of t

he re

cogn

ition

of K

osov

o by

thos

e St

ates

whi

ch h

ave

reco

gniz

ed it

as

an in

depe

nden

t Sta

te.

The

Cou

rt no

tes

that

, in

past

requ

ests

for

advi

sory

opi

nion

s, th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

and

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil,

whe

n th

ey h

ave

wan

ted

the

Cou

rt’s

opin

ion

on th

e le

gal c

onse

quen

ces

of a

n ac

tion,

hav

e fr

amed

the

ques

tion

in s

uch

a w

ay

that

thi

s as

pect

is

expr

essl

y st

ated

(se

e, f

or e

xam

ple,

Leg

al C

onse

quen

ces

for

Stat

es o

f th

e C

ontin

ued

Pres

ence

of

Sout

h Af

rica

in

Nam

ibia

(So

uth

Wes

t Af

rica

) no

twith

stan

ding

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il Re

solu

tion

276

(197

0),

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

197

1,

p. 1

6 an

d Le

gal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a W

all

in t

he O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Ad

viso

ry

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 2

004

(I),

p. 1

36).

Acc

ordi

ngly

, th

e C

ourt

does

not

con

side

r th

at i

t is

137

- 20

-

nece

ssar

y to

add

ress

suc

h is

sues

as

whe

ther

or n

ot th

e de

clar

atio

n ha

s le

d to

the

crea

tion

of a

Sta

te

or th

e st

atus

of t

he a

cts o

f rec

ogni

tion

in o

rder

to a

nsw

er th

e qu

estio

n pu

t by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y.

The

Cou

rt ac

cord

ingl

y se

es n

o re

ason

to re

form

ulat

e th

e sc

ope

of th

e qu

estio

n.

52

. Th

ere

are,

how

ever

, tw

o as

pect

s of

the

que

stio

n w

hich

req

uire

com

men

t. F

irst,

the

ques

tion

refe

rs t

o “t

he u

nila

tera

l de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e by

the

Pro

visi

onal

Ins

titut

ions

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent

of

Kos

ovo”

(G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

63/3

of

8

Oct

ober

200

8,

sing

le

oper

ativ

e pa

ragr

aph;

em

phas

is a

dded

). In

add

ition

, the

third

pre

ambu

lar p

arag

raph

of t

he G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

“[r]

ecal

l[s]

th

at

on

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l In

stitu

tions

of

Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t of

Kos

ovo

decl

ared

ind

epen

denc

e fr

om S

erbi

a”.

Whe

ther

it

was

ind

eed

the

Prov

isio

nal

Inst

itutio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t of

Kos

ovo

whi

ch p

rom

ulga

ted

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

was

con

test

ed b

y a

num

ber

of th

ose

parti

cipa

ting

in th

e pr

esen

t pro

ceed

ings

. Th

e id

entit

y of

th

e au

thor

s of

th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce,

as

is

dem

onst

rate

d be

low

(p

arag

raph

s 102

to

109)

, is

a m

atte

r w

hich

is

capa

ble

of a

ffec

ting

the

answ

er t

o th

e qu

estio

n w

heth

er th

at d

ecla

ratio

n w

as in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. It

wou

ld b

e in

com

patib

le w

ith

the

prop

er e

xerc

ise

of t

he j

udic

ial

func

tion

for

the

Cou

rt to

tre

at t

hat

mat

ter

as h

avin

g be

en

dete

rmin

ed b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

53

. Nor

doe

s th

e C

ourt

cons

ider

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y in

tend

ed to

res

trict

the

Cou

rt’s

free

dom

to d

eter

min

e th

is is

sue

for i

tsel

f. T

he C

ourt

note

s th

at th

e ag

enda

item

und

er w

hich

wha

t be

cam

e re

solu

tion

63/3

was

dis

cuss

ed d

id n

ot re

fer t

o th

e id

entit

y of

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n an

d w

as e

ntitl

ed s

impl

y “R

eque

st f

or a

n ad

viso

ry o

pini

on o

f th

e In

tern

atio

nal C

ourt

of J

ustic

e on

w

heth

er t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e of

Kos

ovo

is i

n ac

cord

ance

with

int

erna

tiona

l la

w”

(Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

63/3

of

8 O

ctob

er 2

008;

em

phas

is a

dded

). T

he w

ordi

ng o

f th

is

agen

da i

tem

had

bee

n pr

opos

ed b

y th

e R

epub

lic o

f Se

rbia

, th

e so

le s

pons

or o

f re

solu

tion

63/3

, w

hen

it re

ques

ted

the

incl

usio

n of

a s

uppl

emen

tary

item

on

the

agen

da o

f th

e 63

rd se

ssio

n of

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y (L

ette

r of

the

Per

man

ent

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of S

erbi

a to

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

ad

dres

sed

to th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

, 22

Aug

ust 2

008,

A/6

3/19

5).

That

age

nda

item

then

bec

ame

the

title

of

the

draf

t res

olut

ion

and,

in tu

rn, o

f re

solu

tion

63/3

. Th

e co

mm

on e

lem

ent i

n th

e ag

enda

ite

m a

nd th

e tit

le o

f the

reso

lutio

n its

elf i

s whe

ther

the

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith i

nter

natio

nal

law

. M

oreo

ver,

ther

e w

as n

o di

scus

sion

of

the

iden

tity

of t

he a

utho

rs o

f th

e de

clar

atio

n, o

r of

the

diff

eren

ce i

n w

ordi

ng b

etw

een

the

title

of

the

reso

lutio

n an

d th

e qu

estio

n w

hich

it p

osed

to th

e C

ourt

durin

g th

e de

bate

on

the

draf

t res

olut

ion

(A/6

3/PV

.22)

.

54

. As t

he C

ourt

has s

tate

d in

a d

iffer

ent c

onte

xt:

“I

t is

not t

o be

ass

umed

that

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y w

ould

. . .

see

k to

fet

ter

or

ham

per

the

Cou

rt in

the

disc

harg

e of

its

judi

cial

fun

ctio

ns;

the

Cou

rt m

ust h

ave

full

liber

ty to

con

side

r all

rele

vant

dat

a av

aila

ble

to it

in fo

rmin

g an

opi

nion

on

a qu

estio

n po

sed

to i

t fo

r an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n.”

(C

erta

in E

xpen

ses

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns

(Art

icle

17,

par

agra

ph 2

, of

the

Cha

rter

), Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

196

2,p.

157

.)

This

con

side

ratio

n is

app

licab

le in

the

pres

ent c

ase.

In

asse

ssin

g w

heth

er o

r not

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

, the

Cou

rt m

ust b

e fr

ee to

exa

min

e th

e en

tire

reco

rd a

nd d

ecid

e fo

r its

elf

whe

ther

tha

t de

clar

atio

n w

as p

rom

ulga

ted

by t

he P

rovi

sion

al

Inst

itutio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t or s

ome

othe

r ent

ity.

- 21

-

55

. W

hile

man

y of

tho

se p

artic

ipat

ing

in t

he p

rese

nt p

roce

edin

gs m

ade

refe

renc

e to

the

op

inio

n of

the

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

of C

anad

a in

Ref

eren

ce b

y th

e G

over

nor-

Gen

eral

con

cern

ing

Cer

tain

Que

stio

ns r

elat

ing

to t

he S

eces

sion

of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

([19

98]

2 S.

C.R

. 217

; 16

1D

.L.R

. (4t

h) 3

85;

115

Int.

Law

Rep

s. 53

6), t

he C

ourt

obse

rves

that

the

ques

tion

in th

e pr

esen

t ca

se is

mar

kedl

y di

ffer

ent f

rom

that

pos

ed to

the

Supr

eme

Cou

rt of

Can

ada.

Th

e re

leva

nt q

uest

ion

in th

at c

ase

was

“D

oes

inte

rnat

iona

l law

giv

e th

e N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure

or g

over

nmen

t of

Que

bec

the

right

to e

ffec

t the

sec

essi

on o

f Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

? I

n th

is r

egar

d, i

s th

ere

a rig

ht t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

unde

r in

tern

atio

nal

law

tha

t w

ould

gi

ve th

e N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure

or g

over

nmen

t of

Que

bec

the

right

to e

ffec

t th

e se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

?”

56

. The

que

stio

n pu

t to

the

Supr

eme

Cou

rt of

Can

ada

inqu

ired

whe

ther

ther

e w

as a

righ

t to

“eff

ect

sece

ssio

n”, a

nd w

heth

er t

here

was

a r

ule

of i

nter

natio

nal

law

whi

ch c

onfe

rred

a p

ositi

ve

entit

lem

ent o

n an

y of

the

orga

ns n

amed

. B

y co

ntra

st, t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

aske

d w

heth

er th

e de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e w

as “

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith”

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w.

The

ans

wer

to

that

qu

estio

n tu

rns

on w

heth

er o

r no

t th

e ap

plic

able

int

erna

tiona

l la

w p

rohi

bite

d th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce.

If th

e C

ourt

conc

lude

s th

at it

did

, the

n it

mus

t ans

wer

the

ques

tion

put b

y sa

ying

th

at th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

was

not

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

It fo

llow

s th

at

the

task

whi

ch th

e C

ourt

is c

alle

d up

on to

per

form

is to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

or n

ot th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce w

as a

dopt

ed i

n vi

olat

ion

of i

nter

natio

nal

law

. T

he C

ourt

is n

ot r

equi

red

by t

he

ques

tion

it ha

s be

en a

sked

to

take

a p

ositi

on o

n w

heth

er i

nter

natio

nal

law

con

ferr

ed a

pos

itive

en

title

men

t on

K

osov

o un

ilate

rally

to

de

clar

e its

in

depe

nden

ce

or,

a fo

rtio

ri,

on

whe

ther

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw g

ener

ally

con

fers

an

entit

lem

ent o

n en

titie

s si

tuat

ed w

ithin

a S

tate

uni

late

rally

to

brea

k aw

ay f

rom

it.

Ind

eed,

it

is e

ntire

ly p

ossi

ble

for

a pa

rticu

lar

act

suc

h as

a u

nila

tera

l de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e n

ot t

o be

in

viol

atio

n of

int

erna

tiona

l la

w w

ithou

t ne

cess

arily

co

nstit

utin

g th

e ex

erci

se o

f a ri

ght c

onfe

rred

by

it. T

he C

ourt

has

been

ask

ed fo

r an

opin

ion

on th

e fir

st p

oint

, not

the

seco

nd.

III.

FAC

TU

AL

BA

CK

GR

OU

ND

57

. Th

e de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e of

17

Febr

uary

200

8 m

ust

be c

onsi

dere

d w

ithin

the

fa

ctua

l co

ntex

t w

hich

led

to

its a

dopt

ion.

Th

e C

ourt

ther

efor

e w

ill b

riefly

des

crib

e th

e re

leva

nt

char

acte

ristic

s of

the

fra

mew

ork

put

in p

lace

by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

to e

nsur

e th

e in

terim

ad

min

istra

tion

of K

osov

o, n

amel

y, S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd t

he r

egul

atio

ns

prom

ulga

ted

ther

eund

er b

y th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns M

issi

on in

Kos

ovo.

Th

e C

ourt

will

then

pro

ceed

w

ith a

brie

f de

scrip

tion

of th

e de

velo

pmen

ts r

elat

ing

to th

e so

-cal

led

“fin

al s

tatu

s pr

oces

s” in

the

year

s pr

eced

ing

the

adop

tion

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

, bef

ore

turn

ing

to th

e ev

ents

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

. A. S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd th

e re

leva

nt

UN

MIK

reg

ulat

ions

58

. Res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) w

as a

dopt

ed b

y th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, a

ctin

g un

der

Cha

pter

VII

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Cha

rter,

on 1

0 Ju

ne 1

999.

In

thi

s re

solu

tion,

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil,

“d

eter

min

ed t

o re

solv

e th

e gr

ave

hum

anita

rian

situ

atio

n” w

hich

it

had

iden

tifie

d (s

ee t

he f

ourth

138

- 22

-

prea

mbu

lar

para

grap

h) a

nd to

put

an

end

to th

e ar

med

con

flict

in K

osov

o, a

utho

rized

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al to

est

ablis

h an

inte

rnat

iona

l civ

il pr

esen

ce in

Kos

ovo

in o

rder

to p

rovi

de

“an

inte

rim a

dmin

istra

tion

for

Kos

ovo

. . .

whi

ch w

ill p

rovi

de t

rans

ition

al a

dmin

istra

tion

whi

le

esta

blis

hing

and

ove

rsee

ing

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f pro

visi

onal

dem

ocra

tic s

elf-

gove

rnin

g in

stitu

tions

” (p

ara.

10)

.

Pa

ragr

aph

3 de

man

ded

“in

parti

cula

r th

at t

he F

eder

al R

epub

lic o

f Y

ugos

lavi

a pu

t an

im

med

iate

and

ver

ifiab

le e

nd t

o vi

olen

ce a

nd r

epre

ssio

n in

Kos

ovo,

and

beg

in a

nd c

ompl

ete

verif

iabl

e ph

ased

with

draw

al fr

om K

osov

o of

all

mili

tary

, pol

ice

and

para

mili

tary

forc

es a

ccor

ding

to

a r

apid

tim

etab

le”.

Pu

rsua

nt to

par

agra

ph 5

of

the

reso

lutio

n, th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il de

cide

d on

th

e de

ploy

men

t in

Kos

ovo,

und

er t

he a

uspi

ces

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

of i

nter

natio

nal

civi

l an

d se

curit

y pr

esen

ces

and

wel

com

ed t

he a

gree

men

t of

the

Fed

eral

Rep

ublic

of

Yug

osla

via

to s

uch

pres

ence

s. T

he p

ower

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

the

sec

urity

pre

senc

e w

ere

furth

er c

larif

ied

in

para

grap

hs 7

and

9.

Para

grap

h 15

of r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

dem

ande

d th

at th

e K

osov

o Li

bera

tion

Arm

y (K

LA) a

nd o

ther

arm

ed K

osov

o A

lban

ian

grou

ps e

nd im

med

iate

ly a

ll of

fens

ive

actio

ns a

nd

com

ply

with

the

requ

irem

ents

for d

emili

tariz

atio

n. I

mm

edia

tely

pre

cedi

ng th

e ad

optio

n of

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9),

vario

us i

mpl

emen

ting

step

s ha

d al

read

y be

en t

aken

thr

ough

a

serie

s of

mea

sure

s, in

clud

ing,

inte

r al

ia, t

hose

stip

ulat

ed in

the

Mili

tary

Tec

hnic

al A

gree

men

t of

9 Ju

ne 1

999,

who

se A

rticl

e I.2

pro

vide

d fo

r the

dep

loym

ent o

f KFO

R, p

erm

ittin

g th

ese

to “

oper

ate

with

out h

indr

ance

with

in K

osov

o an

d w

ith th

e au

thor

ity to

take

all

nece

ssar

y ac

tion

to e

stab

lish

and

mai

ntai

n a

secu

re e

nviro

nmen

t for

all

citiz

ens

of K

osov

o an

d ot

herw

ise

carr

y ou

t its

mis

sion

.”

The

Mili

tary

Tec

hnic

al A

gree

men

t als

o pr

ovid

ed fo

r the

with

draw

al o

f FR

Y g

roun

d an

d ai

r for

ces,

save

for

“an

agr

eed

num

ber

of Y

ugos

lav

and

Serb

mili

tary

and

pol

ice

pers

onne

l” a

s fo

rese

en in

pa

ragr

aph

4 of

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

.

59

. Par

agra

ph 1

1 of

the

reso

lutio

n de

scrib

ed th

e pr

inci

pal r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s of

the

inte

rnat

iona

l ci

vil p

rese

nce

in K

osov

o as

follo

ws:

“(a)

Pro

mot

ing

the

esta

blis

hmen

t, pe

ndin

g a

final

set

tlem

ent,

of s

ubst

antia

l aut

onom

y an

d se

lf-go

vern

men

t in

Kos

ovo,

tak

ing

full

acco

unt

of a

nnex

2 a

nd o

f th

e R

ambo

uille

t acc

ords

(S/1

999/

648)

;

(b)

Perf

orm

ing

basi

c ci

vilia

n ad

min

istra

tive

func

tions

whe

re a

nd a

s lon

g as

requ

ired;

(c)

Org

aniz

ing

and

over

seei

ng

the

deve

lopm

ent

of

prov

isio

nal

inst

itutio

ns

for

dem

ocra

tic

and

auto

nom

ous

self-

gove

rnm

ent

pend

ing

a po

litic

al

settl

emen

t, in

clud

ing

the

hold

ing

of e

lect

ions

;

(d)

Tran

sfer

ring,

as t

hese

inst

itutio

ns a

re e

stab

lishe

d, it

s adm

inis

trativ

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s w

hile

ove

rsee

ing

and

supp

ortin

g th

e co

nsol

idat

ion

of K

osov

o’s

loca

l pro

visi

onal

in

stitu

tions

and

oth

er p

eace

-bui

ldin

g ac

tiviti

es;

(e)

Faci

litat

ing

a po

litic

al p

roce

ss d

esig

ned

to d

eter

min

e K

osov

o’s

futu

re s

tatu

s, ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

Ram

boui

llet a

ccor

ds (S

/199

9/64

8);

(f) I

n a

final

sta

ge,

over

seei

ng t

he t

rans

fer

of a

utho

rity

from

Kos

ovo’

s pr

ovis

iona

l in

stitu

tions

to in

stitu

tions

est

ablis

hed

unde

r a p

oliti

cal s

ettle

men

t . .

. ”

- 23

-

60

. On

12 Ju

ne 1

999,

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al p

rese

nted

to th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il “a

pre

limin

ary

oper

atio

nal c

once

pt f

or th

e ov

eral

l org

aniz

atio

n of

the

civi

l pre

senc

e, w

hich

will

be

know

n as

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Inte

rim A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in K

osov

o (U

NM

IK)”

, pur

suan

t to

para

grap

h 10

of

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, acc

ordi

ng to

whi

ch U

NM

IK w

ould

be

head

ed b

y a

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al,

to b

e ap

poin

ted

by t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

in

cons

ulta

tion

with

the

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il (R

epor

t of

th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

of

12

June

199

9 (U

nite

d N

atio

ns

doc.

S/1

999/

672,

12

June

199

9)).

The

Rep

ort o

f th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

pro

vide

d th

at th

ere

wou

ld

be fo

ur D

eput

y Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ives

wor

king

with

in U

NM

IK, e

ach

resp

onsi

ble

for o

ne o

f fou

r m

ajor

com

pone

nts

(the

so-c

alle

d “f

our

pilla

rs”)

of

the

UN

MIK

rég

ime

(par

a. 5

): (a

) int

erim

civ

il ad

min

istra

tion

(with

a le

ad r

ole

assi

gned

to th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns);

(b) h

uman

itaria

n af

fairs

(w

ith a

le

ad r

ole

assi

gned

to

the

Off

ice

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns H

igh

Com

mis

sion

er f

or R

efug

ees

(UN

HC

R))

;(c

) ins

titut

ion

build

ing

(with

a le

ad ro

le a

ssig

ned

to th

e O

rgan

izat

ion

for S

ecur

ity a

nd

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope

(OSC

E));

and

(d) r

econ

stru

ctio

n (w

ith a

lead

role

ass

igne

d to

the

Euro

pean

U

nion

).

61

. On

25 Ju

ly 1

999,

the

first

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

pro

mul

gate

d U

NM

IK r

egul

atio

n 19

99/1

, whi

ch p

rovi

ded

in it

s Se

ctio

n 1.

1 th

at “

[a]ll

legi

slat

ive

and

exec

utiv

e au

thor

ity w

ith re

spec

t to

Kos

ovo,

incl

udin

g th

e ad

min

istra

tion

of th

e ju

dici

ary,

is v

este

d in

UN

MIK

an

d is

exe

rcis

ed b

y th

e Sp

ecia

l R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al”.

U

nder

Sec

tion

3 of

U

NM

IK r

egul

atio

n 19

99/1

, the

law

s ap

plic

able

in th

e te

rrito

ry o

f K

osov

o pr

ior

to 2

4 M

arch

199

9 w

ere

to c

ontin

ue t

o ap

ply,

but

onl

y to

the

ext

ent

that

the

se d

id n

ot c

onfli

ct w

ith i

nter

natio

nally

reco

gniz

ed h

uman

rig

hts

stan

dard

s an

d no

n-di

scrim

inat

ion

or th

e fu

lfilm

ent o

f th

e m

anda

te g

iven

to

UN

MIK

und

er r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

. Se

ctio

n 3

was

rep

eale

d by

UN

MIK

reg

ulat

ion

1999

/25

prom

ulga

ted

by t

he S

peci

al R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al o

n 12

Dec

embe

r 199

9, w

ith

retro

activ

e ef

fect

to

10

June

199

9.

Se

ctio

n 1.

1 of

U

NM

IK

regu

latio

n 19

99/2

4 of

12

Dec

embe

r 199

9 pr

ovid

es t

hat

“[t]h

e la

w a

pplic

able

in

Kos

ovo

shal

l be

:(a

) The

reg

ulat

ions

pr

omul

gate

d by

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

and

sub

sidi

ary

inst

rum

ents

is

sued

the

reun

der;

and

(b)

The

law

in

forc

e in

Kos

ovo

on 2

2 M

arch

198

9”.

Sect

ion

4, e

ntitl

ed

“Tra

nsiti

onal

Pro

visi

on”,

read

s as f

ollo

ws:

“A

ll le

gal

acts

, in

clud

ing

judi

cial

dec

isio

ns,

and

the

lega

l ef

fect

s of

eve

nts

whi

ch o

ccur

red,

dur

ing

the

perio

d fr

om 1

0 Ju

ne 1

999

up t

o th

e da

te o

f th

e pr

esen

t re

gula

tion,

pur

suan

t to

the

law

s in

forc

e du

ring

that

per

iod

unde

r sec

tion

3 of

UN

MIK

R

egul

atio

n N

o. 1

999/

1 of

25

July

199

9, s

hall

rem

ain

valid

, in

sofa

r as

the

y do

not

co

nflic

t w

ith t

he s

tand

ards

ref

erre

d to

in

sect

ion

1 of

the

pre

sent

reg

ulat

ion

or a

ny

UN

MIK

regu

latio

n in

forc

e at

the

time

of su

ch a

cts.”

62

. The

pow

ers

and

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

thus

laid

out

in S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

wer

e se

t ou

t in

mor

e de

tail

in U

NM

IK r

egul

atio

n 20

01/9

of

15 M

ay 2

001

on a

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

for

Prov

isio

nal

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent

(her

eina

fter

“Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork”

), w

hich

de

fined

th

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s re

latin

g to

th

e ad

min

istra

tion

of

Kos

ovo

betw

een

the

Spec

ial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

and

the

Pro

visi

onal

Ins

titut

ions

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent

of

Kos

ovo.

With

reg

ard

to th

e ro

le e

ntru

sted

to th

e Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

un

der C

hapt

er 1

2 of

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork,

139

- 24

-

“[t]h

e ex

erci

se

of

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

of

the

Prov

isio

nal

Inst

itutio

ns

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent u

nder

this

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

shal

l not

aff

ect o

r dim

inis

h th

e au

thor

ity

of

the

SRSG

to

en

sure

fu

ll im

plem

enta

tion

of

UN

SCR

124

4 (1

999)

, in

clud

ing

over

seei

ng th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l Ins

titut

ions

of S

elf-

Gov

ernm

ent,

its o

ffic

ials

and

its

age

ncie

s, an

d ta

king

app

ropr

iate

mea

sure

s w

hene

ver

thei

r ac

tions

are

inco

nsis

tent

w

ith U

NSC

R 1

244

(199

9) o

r thi

s Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork”

.

Mor

eove

r, pu

rsua

nt to

Cha

pter

2 (a

), “[

t]he

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t and

thei

r of

ficia

ls s

hall

. . .

[e]x

erci

se th

eir a

utho

ritie

s co

nsis

tent

with

the

prov

isio

ns o

f UN

SCR

124

4 (1

999)

an

d th

e te

rms

set

forth

in

this

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork”

. S

imila

rly,

acco

rdin

g to

the

nin

th

prea

mbu

lar p

arag

raph

of t

he C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k, “

the

exer

cise

of t

he re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t in

Kos

ovo

shal

l not

in a

ny w

ay a

ffec

t or d

imin

ish

the

ultim

ate

auth

ority

of t

he S

RSG

for t

he im

plem

enta

tion

of U

NSC

R 1

244

(199

9)”.

In

his

perio

dica

l re

port

to th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il of

7 Ju

ne 2

001,

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al s

tate

d th

at th

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k co

ntai

ned

“bro

ad a

utho

rity

for m

y Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ive

to in

terv

ene

and

corr

ect a

ny a

ctio

ns o

f th

e pr

ovis

iona

l in

stitu

tions

of

self-

gove

rnm

ent

that

are

inc

onsi

sten

t w

ith S

ecur

ity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, in

clud

ing

the

pow

er t

o ve

to A

ssem

bly

legi

slat

ion,

w

here

nec

essa

ry”

(Rep

ort

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

on

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Int

erim

A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in K

osov

o, S

/200

1/56

5, 7

June

200

1).

63

. H

avin

g de

scrib

ed t

he f

ram

ewor

k pu

t in

pla

ce b

y th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il to

ens

ure

the

inte

rim a

dmin

istra

tion

of th

e te

rrito

ry o

f Kos

ovo,

the

Cou

rt no

w tu

rns

to th

e re

leva

nt e

vent

s in

the

final

stat

us p

roce

ss w

hich

pre

cede

d th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008.

B. T

he r

elev

ant e

vent

s in

the

final

stat

us p

roce

ss p

rior

to

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

64

. In

June

200

5, t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

app

oint

ed K

ai E

ide,

Per

man

ent

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of

Nor

way

to

the

Nor

th A

tlant

ic T

reat

y O

rgan

izat

ion,

as

his

Spec

ial

Envo

y to

car

ry o

ut a

co

mpr

ehen

sive

revi

ew o

f Kos

ovo.

In

the

wak

e of

the

Com

preh

ensi

ve R

evie

w re

port

he s

ubm

itted

to

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al (a

ttach

ed to

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

doc

. S/2

005/

635

(7 O

ctob

er 2

005)

), th

ere

was

co

nsen

sus w

ithin

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

that

the

final

stat

us p

roce

ss sh

ould

be

com

men

ced:

“T

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il ag

rees

with

Am

bass

ador

Eid

e’s

over

all a

sses

smen

t tha

t, no

twith

stan

ding

the

chal

leng

es s

till f

acin

g K

osov

o an

d th

e w

ider

regi

on, t

he ti

me

has

com

e to

mov

e to

the

nex

t ph

ase

of t

he p

oliti

cal

proc

ess.

The

Cou

ncil

ther

efor

e su

ppor

ts t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

’s i

nten

tion

to s

tart

a po

litic

al p

roce

ss t

o de

term

ine

Kos

ovo’

s Fu

ture

Sta

tus,

as f

ores

een

in S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9).”

(S

tate

men

t by

th

e Pr

esid

ent

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

of

24 O

ctob

er 2

005,

S/

PRST

/200

5/51

.)

- 25

-

65

. In

N

ovem

ber 2

005,

th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

ap

poin

ted

Mr.

Mar

tti A

htis

aari,

fo

rmer

Pr

esid

ent

of F

inla

nd,

as h

is S

peci

al E

nvoy

for

the

fut

ure

stat

us p

roce

ss f

or K

osov

o.

This

ap

poin

tmen

t was

end

orse

d by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

(see

Let

ter

date

d 10

Nov

embe

r 200

5 fr

om th

e Pr

esid

ent o

f the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

addr

esse

d to

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al, S

/200

5/70

9).

Mr.

Aht

isaa

ri’s

Lette

r of A

ppoi

ntm

ent i

nclu

ded,

as a

n an

nex

to it

, a d

ocum

ent e

ntitl

ed “

Term

s of R

efer

ence

” w

hich

st

ated

tha

t th

e Sp

ecia

l En

voy

“is

expe

cted

to

reve

rt to

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al a

t al

l st

ages

of

the

proc

ess”

. Fu

rther

mor

e, “

[t]he

pac

e an

d du

ratio

n of

the

futu

re s

tatu

s pr

oces

s w

ill b

e de

term

ined

by

the

Spec

ial E

nvoy

on

the

basi

s of

con

sulta

tions

with

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al, t

akin

g in

to a

ccou

nt th

e co

oper

atio

n of

th

e pa

rties

an

d th

e si

tuat

ion

on

the

grou

nd”

(Ter

ms

of

Ref

eren

ce,

date

d 10

Nov

embe

r 200

5, a

s an

App

endi

x to

the

Lette

r of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al to

Mr.

Mar

tti A

htis

aari

of 1

4 N

ovem

ber 2

005,

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

dos

sier

No.

198

).

66

. Th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il di

d no

t co

mm

ent

on t

hese

Ter

ms

of R

efer

ence

. I

nste

ad,

the

mem

bers

of

the

Cou

ncil

atta

ched

to

thei

r ap

prov

al o

f M

r. A

htis

aari’

s ap

poin

tmen

t th

e G

uidi

ng

Prin

cipl

es o

f th

e C

onta

ct G

roup

(an

inf

orm

al g

roup

ing

of S

tate

s fo

rmed

in

1994

to

addr

ess

the

situ

atio

n in

the

Bal

kans

and

com

pose

d of

Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y, I

taly

, th

e R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n, t

he

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es).

Mem

bers

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

furth

er in

dica

ted

that

th

e G

uidi

ng P

rinci

ples

wer

e m

eant

for

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al’s

(an

d th

eref

ore

also

for

the

Spec

ial

Envo

y’s)

“re

fere

nce”

. Th

ese

Prin

cipl

es st

ated

, int

er a

lia, t

hat

“[t]h

e C

onta

ct G

roup

. . .

wel

com

es th

e in

tent

ion

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

to a

ppoi

nt a

Sp

ecia

l Env

oy to

lead

this

pro

cess

. . .

A

neg

otia

ted

solu

tion

shou

ld b

e an

inte

rnat

iona

l prio

rity.

Onc

e th

e pr

oces

s ha

s st

arte

d, it

can

not b

e bl

ocke

d an

d m

ust b

e br

ough

t to

a co

nclu

sion

. Th

e C

onta

ct G

roup

ca

lls o

n th

e pa

rties

to

enga

ge i

n go

od f

aith

and

con

stru

ctiv

ely,

to

refr

ain

from

un

ilate

ral s

teps

and

to re

ject

any

form

of v

iole

nce.

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

Th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il w

ill r

emai

n ac

tivel

y se

ized

of

the

mat

ter.

The

fin

al

deci

sion

on

the

stat

us o

f K

osov

o sh

ould

be

endo

rsed

by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

”

(Gui

ding

prin

cipl

es o

f the

Con

tact

Gro

up fo

r a s

ettle

men

t of t

he s

tatu

s of

Kos

ovo,

as

anne

xed

to t

he L

ette

r da

ted

10 N

ovem

ber 2

005

from

the

Pre

side

nt o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il ad

dres

sed

to th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

, S/2

005/

709.

)

67

. Bet

wee

n 20

Feb

ruar

y 20

06 a

nd 8

Sep

tem

ber 2

006,

sev

eral

rou

nds

of n

egot

iatio

ns w

ere

held

, at w

hich

del

egat

ions

of

Serb

ia a

nd K

osov

o ad

dres

sed,

in p

artic

ular

, the

dec

entra

lizat

ion

of

Kos

ovo’

s go

vern

men

tal

and

adm

inis

trativ

e fu

nctio

ns,

cultu

ral

herit

age

and

relig

ious

si

tes,

econ

omic

issu

es, a

nd c

omm

unity

rig

hts

(Rep

orts

of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Inte

rim A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in K

osov

o, S

/200

6/36

1, S

/200

6/70

7 an

d S/

2006

/906

). A

ccor

ding

to

the

repo

rts o

f th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

, “th

e pa

rties

rem

ain[

ed] f

ar a

part

on m

ost i

ssue

s” (

Rep

orts

of

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns I

nter

im A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in

Kos

ovo,

S/

2006

/707

; S/

2006

/906

).

140

- 26

-

68

. O

n 2

Febr

uary

200

7, t

he S

peci

al E

nvoy

of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al s

ubm

itted

a d

raft

com

preh

ensi

ve p

ropo

sal f

or th

e K

osov

o st

atus

set

tlem

ent t

o th

e pa

rties

and

invi

ted

them

to e

ngag

e in

a c

onsu

ltativ

e pr

oces

s (r

ecal

led

in t

he R

epor

t of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Inte

rim A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in

Kos

ovo,

S/2

007/

134,

9 M

arch

200

7).

On

10 M

arch

200

7, a

fin

al ro

und

of n

egot

iatio

ns w

as h

eld

in V

ienn

a to

dis

cuss

the

settl

emen

t pro

posa

l. A

s re

porte

d by

th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

, “t

he p

artie

s w

ere

unab

le t

o m

ake

any

addi

tiona

l pr

ogre

ss”

at t

hose

ne

gotia

tions

(R

epor

t of

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns I

nter

im A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in K

osov

o, S

/200

7/39

5, 2

9 Ju

ne 2

007,

p. 1

).

69

. On

26 M

arch

200

7, th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

sub

mitt

ed th

e re

port

of h

is S

peci

al E

nvoy

to

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

Th

e Sp

ecia

l En

voy

stat

ed t

hat

“afte

r m

ore

than

one

yea

r of

dire

ct t

alks

, bi

late

ral n

egot

iatio

ns a

nd e

xper

t con

sulta

tions

, it [

had]

bec

ome

clea

r to

[him

] tha

t the

par

ties [

wer

e]

not a

ble

to r

each

an

agre

emen

t on

Kos

ovo’

s fu

ture

sta

tus”

(Le

tter

date

d 26

Mar

ch 2

007

from

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al a

ddre

ssed

to th

e Pr

esid

ent o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il at

tach

ing

the

Rep

ort o

f th

e Sp

ecia

l Env

oy o

f th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

on

Kos

ovo’

s fu

ture

sta

tus,

S/20

07/1

68, 2

6 M

arch

200

7).

Afte

r em

phas

izin

g th

at h

is

“man

date

exp

licitl

y pr

ovid

es th

at [

he]

dete

rmin

e th

e pa

ce a

nd d

urat

ion

of th

e fu

ture

st

atus

pro

cess

on

the

basi

s of

con

sulta

tions

with

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al,

taki

ng i

nto

acco

unt t

he c

oope

ratio

n of

the

parti

es a

nd th

e si

tuat

ion

on th

e gr

ound

” (ib

id.,

para

. 3),

the

Spec

ial E

nvoy

con

clud

ed:

“I

t is

my

firm

vie

w t

hat

the

nego

tiatio

ns’

pote

ntia

l to

pro

duce

any

mut

ually

ag

reea

ble

outc

ome

on K

osov

o’s

stat

us is

exh

aust

ed.

No

amou

nt o

f ad

ditio

nal t

alks

, w

hate

ver t

he fo

rmat

, will

ove

rcom

e th

is im

pass

e.

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

Th

e tim

e ha

s co

me

to r

esol

ve K

osov

o’s

stat

us.

Upo

n ca

refu

l con

side

ratio

n of

K

osov

o’s

rece

nt h

isto

ry,

the

real

ities

of

Kos

ovo

toda

y an

d ta

king

int

o ac

coun

t th

e ne

gotia

tions

with

the

parti

es, I

hav

e co

me

to th

e co

nclu

sion

that

the

only

via

ble

optio

n fo

r Kos

ovo

is in

depe

nden

ce, t

o be

sup

ervi

sed

for a

n in

itial

per

iod

by th

e in

tern

atio

nal

com

mun

ity.”

(Ib

id.,

para

s. 3

and

5.)

70

. Th

e Sp

ecia

l En

voy’

s co

nclu

sion

s w

ere

acco

mpa

nied

by

his

final

ized

Com

preh

ensi

ve

Prop

osal

for

the

Kos

ovo

Stat

us S

ettle

men

t (S

/200

7/16

8/A

dd. 1

, 26

Mar

ch 2

007)

, w

hich

, in

his

w

ords

, set

forth

“in

tern

atio

nal s

uper

viso

ry s

truct

ures

, [an

d] p

rovi

de[d

] the

foun

datio

ns fo

r a fu

ture

in

depe

nden

t Kos

ovo”

(S/

2007

/168

, 26

Mar

ch 2

007,

par

a. 5

). T

he C

ompr

ehen

sive

Pro

posa

l cal

led

for

the

imm

edia

te c

onve

ning

of

a C

onst

itutio

nal C

omm

issi

on to

dra

ft a

Con

stitu

tion

for

Kos

ovo

(S/2

007/

168/

Add

. 1, 2

6 M

arch

200

7, A

rt. 1

0.1)

, est

ablis

hed

guid

elin

es c

once

rnin

g th

e m

embe

rshi

p of

tha

t C

omm

issi

on (

ibid

., A

rt. 1

0.2)

, se

t nu

mer

ous

requ

irem

ents

con

cern

ing

prin

cipl

es a

nd

prov

isio

ns t

o be

con

tain

ed i

n th

at C

onst

itutio

n (ib

id.,

Art.

1.3

and

Ann

. I),

and

requ

ired

that

the

- 27

-

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

appr

ove

the

Con

stitu

tion

by a

tw

o-th

irds

vote

with

in 1

20 d

ays

(ibid

.,A

rt. 1

0.4)

. M

oreo

ver,

it ca

lled

for

the

expi

ry o

f th

e U

NM

IK m

anda

te a

fter

a 12

0-da

y tra

nsiti

on

perio

d, a

fter w

hich

“al

l leg

isla

tive

and

exec

utiv

e au

thor

ity v

este

d in

UN

MIK

shal

l be

trans

ferr

ed e

nbl

oc t

o th

e go

vern

ing

auth

oriti

es o

f K

osov

o, u

nles

s ot

herw

ise

prov

ided

for

in

this

Set

tlem

ent”

(ib

id.,

Art.

15.

1).

It m

anda

ted

the

hold

ing

of g

ener

al a

nd m

unic

ipal

ele

ctio

ns n

o la

ter

than

nin

e m

onth

s fr

om th

e en

try in

to fo

rce

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n (ib

id.,

Art.

11.

1).

The

Cou

rt fu

rther

not

es th

at

the

Com

preh

ensi

ve P

ropo

sal f

or th

e K

osov

o St

atus

Set

tlem

ent p

rovi

ded

for t

he a

ppoi

ntm

ent o

f an

Inte

rnat

iona

l C

ivili

an R

epre

sent

ativ

e (I

CR

), w

ho w

ould

hav

e th

e fin

al a

utho

rity

in K

osov

o re

gard

ing

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

the

Set

tlem

ent

(ibid

., A

rt. 1

2).

The

Com

preh

ensi

ve P

ropo

sal

also

sp

ecifi

ed th

at th

e m

anda

te o

f th

e IC

R w

ould

be

revi

ewed

“no

late

r th

an tw

o ye

ars

afte

r th

e en

try

into

forc

e of

[the

] Set

tlem

ent,

with

a v

iew

to g

radu

ally

redu

cing

the

scop

e of

the

pow

ers o

f the

ICR

an

d th

e fr

eque

ncy

of in

terv

entio

n” (i

bid.

, Ann

. IX

, Art.

5.1

) and

that

“[t]h

e m

anda

te o

f the

ICR

sha

ll be

term

inat

ed w

hen

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ste

erin

g G

roup

[a

bod

y co

mpo

sed

of F

ranc

e, G

erm

any,

Ita

ly,

the

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion,

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

, th

e U

nite

d St

ates

, th

e Eu

rope

an U

nion

, th

e Eu

rope

an C

omm

issi

on a

nd

NA

TO]

dete

rmin

e[d]

that

Kos

ovo

ha[d

] im

plem

ente

d th

e te

rms

of [

the]

Set

tlem

ent”

(ib

id.,

Art.

5.2

).

71

. Th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

“fu

lly s

uppo

rt[ed

] bo

th t

he r

ecom

men

datio

n m

ade

by [

his]

Sp

ecia

l En

voy

in h

is r

epor

t on

Kos

ovo’

s fu

ture

sta

tus

and

the

Com

preh

ensi

ve P

ropo

sal

for

the

Kos

ovo

Stat

us S

ettle

men

t” (

Lette

r da

ted

26 M

arch

200

7 fr

om th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

add

ress

ed to

th

e Pr

esid

ent o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, S

/200

7/16

8).

The

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil,

for

its

part,

dec

ided

to

unde

rtake

a m

issi

on to

Kos

ovo

(see

Rep

ort o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il m

issi

on o

n th

e K

osov

o is

sue,

S/

2007

/256

, 4 M

ay 2

007)

, but

was

not

abl

e to

reac

h a

deci

sion

rega

rdin

g th

e fin

al st

atus

of K

osov

o.

A d

raft

reso

lutio

n w

as c

ircul

ated

am

ong

the

Cou

ncil’

s m

embe

rs (s

ee d

raft

reso

lutio

n sp

onso

red

by

Bel

gium

, Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y, I

taly

, the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es, S

/200

7/43

7 Pr

ov.,

17 Ju

ly 2

007)

but

was

with

draw

n af

ter s

ome

wee

ks w

hen

it ha

d be

com

e cl

ear t

hat i

t wou

ld n

ot b

e ad

opte

d by

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

72

. B

etw

een

9 A

ugus

t an

d 3

Dec

embe

r 200

7, f

urth

er n

egot

iatio

ns o

n th

e fu

ture

sta

tus

of

Kos

ovo

wer

e he

ld u

nder

the

aus

pice

s of

a T

roik

a co

mpr

isin

g re

pres

enta

tives

of

the

Euro

pean

U

nion

, the

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

On

4 D

ecem

ber 2

007,

the

Troi

ka s

ubm

itted

its

re

port

to

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al,

whi

ch

cam

e to

th

e co

nclu

sion

th

at,

desp

ite

inte

nsiv

e ne

gotia

tions

, “th

e pa

rties

wer

e un

able

to

reac

h an

agr

eem

ent

on K

osov

o’s

stat

us”

and

“[n]

eith

er

side

was

will

ing

to y

ield

on

the

basi

c qu

estio

n of

sov

erei

gnty

” (R

epor

t of

the

Eur

opea

n U

nion

/Uni

ted

Stat

es/R

ussi

an

Fede

ratio

n Tr

oika

on

K

osov

o,

4 D

ecem

ber 2

007,

an

nexe

d to

S/

2007

/723

).

73

. On

17 N

ovem

ber 2

007,

ele

ctio

ns w

ere

held

for

the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo,

30

mun

icip

al

asse

mbl

ies

and

thei

r re

spec

tive

may

ors

(Rep

ort

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

on

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

In

terim

Adm

inis

tratio

n M

issi

on i

n K

osov

o S/

2007

/768

). T

he A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o he

ld i

ts

inau

gura

l ses

sion

on

4 an

d 9

Janu

ary

2008

(Rep

ort o

f the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Inte

rim A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in K

osov

o, S

/200

8/21

1).

141

- 28

-

C. T

he e

vent

s of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008

and

ther

eaft

er

74

. It

is a

gain

st t

his

back

grou

nd t

hat

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

was

ado

pted

on

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

. Th

e C

ourt

obse

rves

that

the

orig

inal

lang

uage

of

the

decl

arat

ion

is A

lban

ian.

Fo

r the

pur

pose

s of

the

pres

ent O

pini

on, w

hen

quot

ing

from

the

text

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n, th

e C

ourt

has

used

the

trans

latio

ns in

to E

nglis

h an

d Fr

ench

incl

uded

in th

e do

ssie

r sub

mitt

ed o

n be

half

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

.

In

its

rel

evan

t pa

ssag

es,

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

stat

es t

hat

its a

utho

rs w

ere

“[c]

onve

ned

in a

n ex

traor

dina

ry m

eetin

g on

Feb

ruar

y 17

, 200

8, in

Pris

tina,

the

capi

tal o

f Kos

ovo”

(f

irst p

ream

bula

r pa

ragr

aph)

; it

“[r]

ecal

l[ed]

the

year

s of

inte

rnat

iona

lly-s

pons

ored

neg

otia

tions

be

twee

n B

elgr

ade

and

Pris

tina

over

the

que

stio

n of

[K

osov

o’s]

fut

ure

polit

ical

sta

tus”

and

“[

r]eg

rett[

ed]

that

no

mut

ually

-acc

epta

ble

stat

us o

utco

me

was

pos

sibl

e” (

tent

h an

d el

even

th

prea

mbu

lar

para

grap

hs).

It

furth

er d

ecla

red

that

the

aut

hors

wer

e “[

d]et

erm

in[e

d] t

o se

e [K

osov

o’s]

sta

tus

reso

lved

in o

rder

to g

ive

[its]

peo

ple

clar

ity a

bout

thei

r fut

ure,

mov

e be

yond

the

conf

licts

of t

he p

ast a

nd re

alis

e th

e fu

ll de

moc

ratic

pot

entia

l of [

its] s

ocie

ty”

(thirt

eent

h pr

eam

bula

r pa

ragr

aph)

.

75

. In

its o

pera

tive

part,

the

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Febr

uary

200

8 st

ates

:

“1

. W

e, t

he d

emoc

ratic

ally

-ele

cted

lea

ders

of

our

peop

le,

here

by d

ecla

re

Kos

ovo

to b

e an

inde

pend

ent a

nd s

over

eign

sta

te.

This

dec

lara

tion

refle

cts

the

will

of

our p

eopl

e an

d it

is in

full

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e re

com

men

datio

ns o

f UN

Spe

cial

Env

oy

Mar

tti A

htis

aari

and

his C

ompr

ehen

sive

Pro

posa

l for

the

Kos

ovo

Stat

us S

ettle

men

t.

2.

We

decl

are

Kos

ovo

to b

e a

dem

ocra

tic,

secu

lar

and

mul

ti-et

hnic

rep

ublic

, gu

ided

by

the

prin

cipl

es o

f no

n-di

scrim

inat

ion

and

equa

l pr

otec

tion

unde

r th

e la

w.

We

shal

l pro

tect

and

pro

mot

e th

e rig

hts

of a

ll co

mm

uniti

es in

Kos

ovo

and

crea

te th

e co

nditi

ons

nece

ssar

y fo

r th

eir

effe

ctiv

e pa

rtici

patio

n in

pol

itica

l and

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g pr

oces

ses.

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

5.

We

wel

com

e th

e in

tern

atio

nal

com

mun

ity’s

con

tinue

d su

ppor

t of

our

de

moc

ratic

dev

elop

men

t thr

ough

inte

rnat

iona

l pre

senc

es e

stab

lishe

d in

Kos

ovo

on th

e ba

sis

of U

N S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(19

99).

We

invi

te a

nd w

elco

me

an

inte

rnat

iona

l civ

ilian

pre

senc

e to

sup

ervi

se o

ur im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e A

htis

aari

Plan

, an

d a

Euro

pean

Uni

on-le

d ru

le o

f law

mis

sion

.

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

9.

We

here

by u

nder

take

the

inte

rnat

iona

l obl

igat

ions

of K

osov

o, in

clud

ing

thos

e co

nclu

ded

on o

ur b

ehal

f by

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Int

erim

Adm

inis

tratio

n M

issi

on i

n K

osov

o (U

NM

IK),

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

- 29

-

12

. We

here

by a

ffirm

, cle

arly

, spe

cific

ally

, and

irre

voca

bly,

that

Kos

ovo

shal

l be

leg

ally

bou

nd t

o co

mpl

y w

ith t

he p

rovi

sion

s co

ntai

ned

in t

his

Dec

lara

tion,

in

clud

ing,

esp

ecia

lly, t

he o

blig

atio

ns f

or it

und

er th

e A

htis

aari

Plan

. . .

W

e de

clar

e pu

blic

ly th

at a

ll st

ates

are

ent

itled

to re

ly u

pon

this

dec

lara

tion

. . .”

76

. The

dec

lara

tion

of in

depe

nden

ce w

as a

dopt

ed a

t a m

eetin

g he

ld o

n 17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08 b

y 10

9 ou

t of t

he 1

20 m

embe

rs o

f the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo,

incl

udin

g th

e Pr

ime

Min

iste

r of K

osov

o an

d by

the

Pres

iden

t of K

osov

o (w

ho w

as n

ot a

mem

ber o

f the

Ass

embl

y).

The

ten

mem

bers

of t

he

Ass

embl

y re

pres

entin

g th

e K

osov

o Se

rb c

omm

unity

and

one

mem

ber

repr

esen

ting

the

Kos

ovo

Gor

ani c

omm

unity

dec

ided

not

to a

ttend

this

mee

ting.

Th

e de

clar

atio

n w

as w

ritte

n do

wn

on tw

o sh

eets

of p

apyr

us a

nd re

ad o

ut, v

oted

upo

n an

d th

en s

igne

d by

all

repr

esen

tativ

es p

rese

nt.

It w

as

not t

rans

mitt

ed to

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al a

nd w

as n

ot p

ublis

hed

in th

e O

ffic

ial G

azet

te o

f the

Pro

visi

onal

Inst

itutio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t of K

osov

o.

77

. Afte

r th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

was

issu

ed, t

he R

epub

lic o

f Se

rbia

info

rmed

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al th

at it

had

ado

pted

a d

ecis

ion

stat

ing

that

that

dec

lara

tion

repr

esen

ted

a fo

rcef

ul

and

unila

tera

l sec

essi

on o

f a p

art o

f the

terr

itory

of S

erbi

a, a

nd d

id n

ot p

rodu

ce le

gal e

ffec

ts e

ither

in

Ser

bia

or in

the

inte

rnat

iona

l leg

al o

rder

(S/

PV.5

839;

R

epor

t of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns In

terim

Adm

inis

tratio

n M

issi

on in

Kos

ovo,

S/2

008/

211)

. Fu

rther

to a

requ

est f

rom

Se

rbia

, an

emer

genc

y pu

blic

mee

ting

of th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il to

ok p

lace

on

18 F

ebru

ary

2008

, in

whi

ch M

r. B

oris

Tad

i, t

he P

resi

dent

of

the

Rep

ublic

of

Serb

ia, p

artic

ipat

ed a

nd d

enou

nced

the

de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e as

an

unla

wfu

l ac

t w

hich

had

bee

n de

clar

ed n

ull

and

void

by

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y of

Ser

bia

(S/P

V.5

839)

.

IV.T

HE

QU

EST

ION

WH

ET

HE

R T

HE

DE

CL

AR

AT

ION

OF

IND

EPE

ND

EN

CE

IS

IN A

CC

OR

DA

NC

E W

ITH

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

L L

AW

78

. The

Cou

rt no

w tu

rns

to th

e su

bsta

nce

of th

e re

ques

t sub

mitt

ed b

y th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

Th

e C

ourt

reca

lls th

at it

has

bee

n as

ked

by th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

to a

sses

s th

e ac

cord

ance

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08 w

ith “

inte

rnat

iona

l law

” (r

esol

utio

n 63

/3 o

f th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

8 O

ctob

er 2

008)

. T

he C

ourt

will

firs

t tu

rn i

ts a

ttent

ion

to c

erta

in q

uest

ions

co

ncer

ning

the

law

fuln

ess

of d

ecla

ratio

ns o

f ind

epen

denc

e un

der g

ener

al in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, a

gain

st

the

back

grou

nd o

f w

hich

the

que

stio

n po

sed

falls

to

be c

onsi

dere

d, a

nd S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) i

s to

be

unde

rsto

od a

nd a

pplie

d.

Onc

e th

is g

ener

al f

ram

ewor

k ha

s be

en

dete

rmin

ed, t

he C

ourt

will

turn

to th

e le

gal r

elev

ance

of

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, an

d de

term

ine

whe

ther

the

res

olut

ion

crea

tes

spec

ial

rule

s, an

d en

suin

g ob

ligat

ions

, un

der

inte

rnat

iona

l law

app

licab

le to

the

issu

es ra

ised

by

the

pres

ent r

eque

st a

nd h

avin

g a

bear

ing

on th

e la

wfu

lnes

s of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008.

A. G

ener

al in

tern

atio

nal l

aw

79

. D

urin

g th

e ei

ghte

enth

, ni

nete

enth

and

ear

ly t

wen

tieth

cen

turie

s, th

ere

wer

e nu

mer

ous

inst

ance

s of

dec

lara

tions

of

inde

pend

ence

, of

ten

stre

nuou

sly

oppo

sed

by t

he S

tate

fro

m w

hich

in

depe

nden

ce w

as b

eing

dec

lare

d. S

omet

imes

a d

ecla

ratio

n re

sulte

d in

the

crea

tion

of a

new

Sta

te,

142

- 30

-

at o

ther

s it

did

not.

In n

o ca

se, h

owev

er, d

oes

the

prac

tice

of S

tate

s as

a w

hole

sug

gest

that

the

act

of p

rom

ulga

ting

the

decl

arat

ion

was

reg

arde

d as

con

trary

to in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

On

the

cont

rary

, St

ate

prac

tice

durin

g th

is p

erio

d po

ints

cle

arly

to th

e co

nclu

sion

that

inte

rnat

iona

l law

con

tain

ed n

o pr

ohib

ition

of

decl

arat

ions

of

inde

pend

ence

. D

urin

g th

e se

cond

hal

f of

the

twen

tieth

cen

tury

, the

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

deve

lope

d in

such

a w

ay a

s to

crea

te a

righ

t to

inde

pend

ence

fo

r th

e pe

ople

s of

non

-sel

f-go

vern

ing

terr

itorie

s an

d pe

ople

s su

bjec

t to

alie

n su

bjug

atio

n,

dom

inat

ion

and

expl

oita

tion

(cf.

Lega

l Con

sequ

ence

s for

Sta

tes o

f the

Con

tinue

d Pr

esen

ce o

f Sou

th

Afri

ca i

n N

amib

ia (

Sout

h W

est

Afri

ca)

notw

ithst

andi

ng S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il Re

solu

tion

276

(197

0),

Advi

sory

O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Re

port

s 19

71,

pp. 3

1-32

, pa

ras.

52-5

3;

Ea

st

Tim

or

(Por

tuga

l v.

Aust

ralia

), Ju

dgm

ent,

I.C.J

. Re

port

s 19

95,

p. 1

02,

para

. 29;

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

of

the

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a

Wal

l in

th

e O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

, Ad

viso

ry

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J.

Repo

rts 2

004

(I),

pp. 1

71-1

72, p

ara.

88)

. A

gre

at m

any

new

Sta

tes

have

com

e in

to e

xist

ence

as

a re

sult

of t

he e

xerc

ise

of t

his

right

. T

here

wer

e, h

owev

er,

also

ins

tanc

es o

f de

clar

atio

ns o

f in

depe

nden

ce o

utsi

de th

is c

onte

xt.

The

prac

tice

of S

tate

s in

thes

e la

tter c

ases

doe

s no

t poi

nt to

the

emer

genc

e in

int

erna

tiona

l la

w o

f a

new

rul

e pr

ohib

iting

the

mak

ing

of a

dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

in su

ch c

ases

.

80

. Se

vera

l pa

rtici

pant

s in

the

pro

ceed

ings

bef

ore

the

Cou

rt ha

ve c

onte

nded

tha

t a

proh

ibiti

on o

f un

ilate

ral

decl

arat

ions

of

inde

pend

ence

is

impl

icit

in t

he p

rinci

ple

of t

errit

oria

l in

tegr

ity.

Th

e C

ourt

reca

lls t

hat

the

prin

cipl

e of

ter

ritor

ial

inte

grity

is

an i

mpo

rtant

par

t of

the

in

tern

atio

nal

lega

l or

der

and

is e

nshr

ined

in

the

Cha

rter

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

in p

artic

ular

in

Arti

cle

2, p

arag

raph

4, w

hich

pro

vide

s tha

t:

“A

ll M

embe

rs s

hall

refr

ain

in th

eir i

nter

natio

nal r

elat

ions

from

the

thre

at o

r use

of

for

ce a

gain

st t

he t

errit

oria

l in

tegr

ity o

r po

litic

al i

ndep

ende

nce

of a

ny S

tate

, or

in

any

othe

r man

ner i

ncon

sist

ent w

ith th

e Pu

rpos

es o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

.”

In

G

ener

al

Ass

embl

y re

solu

tion

2625

(XX

V),

entit

led

“Dec

lara

tion

on

Prin

cipl

es

of

Inte

rnat

iona

l La

w c

once

rnin

g Fr

iend

ly R

elat

ions

and

Co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

Stat

es i

n A

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns”,

whi

ch re

flect

s cu

stom

ary

inte

rnat

iona

l law

(Mili

tary

and

Pa

ram

ilita

ry A

ctiv

ities

in a

nd a

gain

st N

icar

agua

(Nic

arag

ua v

. Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a), M

erits

, Ju

dgm

ent,

I.C.J

. Re

port

s 19

86,

pp. 1

01-1

03,

para

s. 19

1-19

3),

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y re

itera

ted

“[t]h

e pr

inci

ple

that

Sta

tes s

hall

refr

ain

in th

eir i

nter

natio

nal r

elat

ions

from

the

thre

at o

r use

of f

orce

ag

ains

t th

e te

rrito

rial

inte

grity

or

polit

ical

ind

epen

denc

e of

any

Sta

te”.

Th

is r

esol

utio

n th

en

enum

erat

ed v

ario

us o

blig

atio

ns i

ncum

bent

upo

n St

ates

to

refr

ain

from

vio

latin

g th

e te

rrito

rial

inte

grity

of o

ther

sov

erei

gn S

tate

s. In

the

sam

e ve

in, t

he F

inal

Act

of t

he H

elsi

nki C

onfe

renc

e on

Se

curit

y an

d C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e of

1 A

ugus

t 197

5 (th

e H

elsi

nki

Con

fere

nce)

stip

ulat

ed t

hat

“[t]h

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

will

res

pect

the

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y of

eac

h of

the

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es”

(Art.

IV).

Thu

s, th

e sc

ope

of t

he p

rinci

ple

of t

errit

oria

l in

tegr

ity i

s co

nfin

ed t

o th

e sp

here

of

rela

tions

bet

wee

n St

ates

.

81

. Se

vera

l pa

rtici

pant

s ha

ve i

nvok

ed r

esol

utio

ns o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il co

ndem

ning

pa

rticu

lar

decl

arat

ions

of

inde

pend

ence

: se

e, in

ter

alia

, Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

216

(196

5)

and

217

(196

5),

conc

erni

ng

Sout

hern

R

hode

sia;

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 54

1 (1

983)

, co

ncer

ning

no

rther

n C

ypru

s;

an

d Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

787

(199

2),

conc

erni

ng

the

Rep

ublik

a Sr

pska

.

- 31

-

Th

e C

ourt

note

s, ho

wev

er, t

hat i

n al

l of

thos

e in

stan

ces

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

was

mak

ing

a de

term

inat

ion

as r

egar

ds t

he c

oncr

ete

situ

atio

n ex

istin

g at

the

tim

e th

at t

hose

dec

lara

tions

of

inde

pend

ence

wer

e m

ade;

the

ille

galit

y at

tach

ed to

the

decl

arat

ions

of i

ndep

ende

nce

thus

ste

mm

ed

not f

rom

the

unila

tera

l cha

ract

er o

f the

se d

ecla

ratio

ns a

s su

ch, b

ut fr

om th

e fa

ct th

at th

ey w

ere,

or

wou

ld h

ave

been

, con

nect

ed w

ith th

e un

law

ful u

se o

f for

ce o

r oth

er e

greg

ious

vio

latio

ns o

f nor

ms

of g

ener

al i

nter

natio

nal

law

, in

par

ticul

ar t

hose

of

a pe

rem

ptor

y ch

arac

ter

(jus

coge

ns).

In

the

cont

ext o

f Kos

ovo,

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

has n

ever

take

n th

is p

ositi

on.

The

exce

ptio

nal c

hara

cter

of

the

reso

lutio

ns e

num

erat

ed a

bove

app

ears

to

the

Cou

rt to

con

firm

tha

t no

gen

eral

pro

hibi

tion

agai

nst u

nila

tera

l dec

lara

tions

of

inde

pend

ence

may

be

infe

rred

fro

m th

e pr

actic

e of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

*

82

. A n

umbe

r of

par

ticip

ants

in th

e pr

esen

t pro

ceed

ings

hav

e cl

aim

ed, a

lthou

gh in

alm

ost

ever

y in

stan

ce o

nly

as a

sec

onda

ry a

rgum

ent,

that

the

popu

latio

n of

Kos

ovo

has

the

right

to c

reat

e an

inde

pend

ent S

tate

eith

er a

s a

man

ifest

atio

n of

a r

ight

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n or

pur

suan

t to

wha

t th

ey d

escr

ibed

as a

righ

t of “

rem

edia

l sec

essi

on”

in th

e fa

ce o

f the

situ

atio

n in

Kos

ovo.

Th

e C

ourt

has

alre

ady

note

d (s

ee p

arag

raph

79

abov

e) th

at o

ne o

f the

maj

or d

evel

opm

ents

of

inte

rnat

iona

l law

dur

ing

the

seco

nd h

alf o

f the

twen

tieth

cen

tury

has

bee

n th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e rig

ht

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n.

Whe

ther

, out

side

the

cont

ext o

f no

n-se

lf-go

vern

ing

terr

itorie

s an

d pe

ople

s su

bjec

t to

al

ien

subj

ugat

ion,

do

min

atio

n an

d ex

ploi

tatio

n,

the

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w

of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n co

nfer

s up

on p

art o

f the

pop

ulat

ion

of a

n ex

istin

g St

ate

a rig

ht to

sep

arat

e fr

om

that

Sta

te is

, how

ever

, a s

ubje

ct o

n w

hich

radi

cally

diff

eren

t vie

ws

wer

e ex

pres

sed

by th

ose

taki

ng

part

in t

he p

roce

edin

gs a

nd e

xpre

ssin

g a

posi

tion

on t

he q

uest

ion.

Si

mila

r di

ffer

ence

s ex

iste

d re

gard

ing

whe

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l law

pro

vide

s fo

r a ri

ght o

f “re

med

ial s

eces

sion

” an

d, if

so,

in w

hat

circ

umst

ance

s. T

here

was

als

o a

shar

p di

ffer

ence

of v

iew

s as

to w

heth

er th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

whi

ch

som

e pa

rtici

pant

s m

aint

aine

d w

ould

giv

e ris

e to

a r

ight

of

“rem

edia

l se

cess

ion”

wer

e ac

tual

ly

pres

ent i

n K

osov

o.

83

. The

Cou

rt co

nsid

ers

that

it is

not

nec

essa

ry to

reso

lve

thes

e qu

estio

ns in

the

pres

ent c

ase.

Th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly

has

requ

este

d th

e C

ourt’

s op

inio

n on

ly o

n w

heth

er o

r not

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. D

ebat

es re

gard

ing

the

exte

nt o

f the

righ

t of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n an

d th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

ny r

ight

of

“rem

edia

l se

cess

ion”

, how

ever

, con

cern

the

rig

ht to

sep

arat

e fr

om a

Sta

te.

As

the

Cou

rt ha

s al

read

y no

ted

(see

par

agra

phs 4

9 to

56

abov

e), a

nd

as a

lmos

t al

l pa

rtici

pant

s ag

reed

, th

at i

ssue

is

beyo

nd t

he s

cope

of

the

ques

tion

pose

d by

the

G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

To

ans

wer

tha

t qu

estio

n, t

he C

ourt

need

onl

y de

term

ine

whe

ther

the

de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

vio

late

d ei

ther

gen

eral

inte

rnat

iona

l law

or t

he le

x sp

ecia

lis c

reat

ed b

y Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9).

*

143

- 32

-

84

. For

the

reas

ons

alre

ady

give

n, th

e C

ourt

cons

ider

s th

at g

ener

al in

tern

atio

nal l

aw c

onta

ins

no a

pplic

able

pro

hibi

tion

of d

ecla

ratio

ns o

f in

depe

nden

ce.

Acc

ordi

ngly

, it

conc

lude

s th

at t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Febr

uary

200

8 di

d no

t vio

late

gen

eral

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. H

avin

g ar

rived

at

that

con

clus

ion,

the

Cou

rt no

w t

urns

to

the

lega

l re

leva

nce

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

, ado

pted

on

10 Ju

ne 1

999.

B. S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd th

e U

NM

IK

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

crea

ted

ther

eund

er

85

. W

ithin

the

leg

al f

ram

ewor

k of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Cha

rter,

nota

bly

on t

he b

asis

of

Arti

cles

24,

25

and

Cha

pter

VII

the

reof

, th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il m

ay a

dopt

res

olut

ions

im

posi

ng

oblig

atio

ns u

nder

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. Th

e C

ourt

has

had

the

occa

sion

to in

terp

ret a

nd a

pply

suc

h Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

on

a nu

mbe

r of o

ccas

ions

and

has

con

sist

ently

trea

ted

them

as

part

of

the

fram

ewor

k of

obl

igat

ions

und

er i

nter

natio

nal

law

(Le

gal

Con

sequ

ence

s fo

r St

ates

of

the

Con

tinue

d Pr

esen

ce o

f So

uth

Afri

ca i

n N

amib

ia (

Sout

h W

est

Afri

ca)

notw

ithst

andi

ng S

ecur

ity

Cou

ncil

Reso

lutio

n 27

6 (1

970)

, Ad

viso

ry O

pini

on,

I.C.J

. Re

port

s 197

1, p

. 16)

; Q

uest

ions

of

Inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d Ap

plic

atio

n of

the

1971

Mon

trea

l Con

vent

ion

aris

ing

from

the

Aeri

al In

cide

nt a

t Lo

cker

bie

(Lib

yan

Arab

Ja

mah

iriy

a v.

U

nite

d K

ingd

om),

Prov

isio

nal

Mea

sure

s, O

rder

of

14

Apr

il 19

92,

I.C.J

. Rep

orts

199

2,

p. 1

5,

para

s. 39

-41;

Que

stio

ns

of

Inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d Ap

plic

atio

n of

the

1971

Mon

trea

l Con

vent

ion

aris

ing

from

the

Aeri

al In

cide

nt a

t Loc

kerb

ie (L

ibya

n Ar

ab J

amah

iriya

v.

Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a),

Prov

isio

nal

Mea

sure

s, O

rder

of

14 A

pril

1992

, I.C

.J. R

epor

ts 1

992,

pp.

126

-127

, par

as. 4

2-44

). R

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

exp

ress

ly a

dopt

ed b

y th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il on

the

bas

is o

f C

hapt

er V

II o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns C

harte

r, an

d th

eref

ore

clea

rly im

pose

s in

tern

atio

nal l

egal

obl

igat

ions

. Th

e C

ourt

note

s th

at n

one

of th

e pa

rtici

pant

s ha

s qu

estio

ned

the

fact

tha

t re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9),

whi

ch s

peci

fical

ly d

eals

with

the

situ

atio

n in

K

osov

o, is

par

t of t

he la

w re

leva

nt in

the

pres

ent s

ituat

ion.

86

. The

Cou

rt no

tes

that

ther

e ar

e a

num

ber o

f oth

er S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

ado

pted

on

the

ques

tion

of

Kos

ovo,

no

tabl

y Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

116

0 (1

998)

, 11

99 (1

998)

, 12

03 (1

998)

and

123

9 (1

999)

; h

owev

er,

the

Cou

rt se

es n

o ne

ed t

o pr

onou

nce

spec

ifica

lly o

n re

solu

tions

of t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il ad

opte

d pr

ior t

o re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), w

hich

are

, in

any

case

, re

calle

d in

the

seco

nd p

ream

bula

r par

agra

ph o

f the

latte

r.

*

87

. A

cer

tain

num

ber

of p

artic

ipan

ts h

ave

deal

t w

ith t

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

reg

ulat

ions

ad

opte

d on

beh

alf o

f UN

MIK

by

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al, n

otab

ly th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k (s

ee p

arag

raph

62

abov

e), a

lso

form

par

t of t

he a

pplic

able

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w w

ithin

the

mea

ning

of t

he G

ener

al A

ssem

bly’

s req

uest

.

88

. In

parti

cula

r, it

has

been

arg

ued

befo

re th

e C

ourt

that

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

is a

n ac

t of

an in

tern

al la

w r

athe

r th

an a

n in

tern

atio

nal l

aw c

hara

cter

. A

ccor

ding

to th

at a

rgum

ent,

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

wou

ld n

ot b

e pa

rt of

the

int

erna

tiona

l la

w a

pplic

able

in

the

pres

ent

inst

ance

and

the

ques

tion

of th

e co

mpa

tibili

ty o

f the

dec

lara

tion

of in

depe

nden

ce th

erew

ith w

ould

th

us fa

ll ou

tsid

e th

e sc

ope

of th

e G

ener

al A

ssem

bly’

s req

uest

.

- 33

-

Th

e C

ourt

obse

rves

th

at

UN

MIK

re

gula

tions

, in

clud

ing

regu

latio

n 20

01/9

, w

hich

pr

omul

gate

d th

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k, a

re a

dopt

ed b

y th

e Sp

ecia

l R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

on

th

e ba

sis

of

the

auth

ority

de

rived

fr

om

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, not

ably

its

para

grap

hs 6

, 10,

and

11,

and

thus

ulti

mat

ely

from

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Cha

rter.

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

deriv

es i

ts b

indi

ng f

orce

fro

m t

he b

indi

ng

char

acte

r of

res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) a

nd t

hus

from

int

erna

tiona

l la

w.

In

that

sen

se i

t th

eref

ore

poss

esse

s an

inte

rnat

iona

l leg

al c

hara

cter

.

89

. At t

he s

ame

time,

the

Cou

rt ob

serv

es th

at th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k fu

nctio

ns a

s pa

rt of

a s

peci

fic l

egal

ord

er, c

reat

ed p

ursu

ant

to r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, whi

ch i

s ap

plic

able

onl

y in

K

osov

o an

d th

e pu

rpos

e of

whi

ch i

s to

reg

ulat

e, d

urin

g th

e in

terim

pha

se e

stab

lishe

d by

re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9),

mat

ters

whi

ch w

ould

ord

inar

ily b

e th

e su

bjec

t of

int

erna

l, ra

ther

tha

n in

tern

atio

nal,

law

. R

egul

atio

n 20

01/9

ope

ns w

ith th

e st

atem

ent t

hat t

he C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k w

as p

rom

ulga

ted

“[f]

or t

he p

urpo

ses

of d

evel

opin

g m

eani

ngfu

l sel

f-go

vern

men

t in

Kos

ovo

pend

ing

a fin

al s

ettle

men

t, an

d es

tabl

ishi

ng p

rovi

sion

al i

nstit

utio

ns o

f se

lf-go

vern

men

t in

the

le

gisl

ativ

e, e

xecu

tive

and

judi

cial

fie

lds

thro

ugh

the

parti

cipa

tion

of t

he p

eopl

e of

K

osov

o in

free

and

fair

elec

tions

”.

Th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k th

eref

ore

took

eff

ect a

s pa

rt of

the

body

of

law

ado

pted

for

th

e ad

min

istra

tion

of K

osov

o du

ring

the

inte

rim p

hase

. T

he i

nstit

utio

ns w

hich

it

crea

ted

wer

e em

pow

ered

by

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

to ta

ke d

ecis

ions

whi

ch to

ok e

ffec

t with

in th

at b

ody

of la

w.

In p

artic

ular

, the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

was

em

pow

ered

to a

dopt

legi

slat

ion

whi

ch w

ould

ha

ve t

he f

orce

of

law

with

in t

hat

lega

l or

der,

subj

ect

alw

ays

to t

he o

verr

idin

g au

thor

ity o

f th

e Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

.

90

. The

Cou

rt no

tes t

hat b

oth

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

and

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

entru

st

the

Spec

ial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al

with

co

nsid

erab

le

supe

rvis

ory

pow

ers

with

reg

ard

to t

he P

rovi

sion

al I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

the

auth

ority

of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Int

erim

Adm

inis

tratio

n M

issi

on in

Kos

ovo.

A

s no

ted

abov

e (s

ee

para

grap

h 58

), Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

envi

sage

s “a

n in

terim

ad

min

istra

tion

for K

osov

o . .

. w

hich

will

pro

vide

tran

sitio

nal a

dmin

istra

tion

whi

le e

stab

lishi

ng a

nd

over

seei

ng t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of p

rovi

sion

al d

emoc

ratic

sel

f-go

vern

ing

inst

itutio

ns”

(par

a. 1

0).

Res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) f

urth

er s

tate

s th

at “

the

mai

n re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

the

int

erna

tiona

l ci

vil

pres

ence

will

incl

ude

. . .

[o]rg

aniz

ing

and

over

seei

ng th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

prov

isio

nal i

nstit

utio

ns

for

dem

ocra

tic a

nd a

uton

omou

s se

lf-go

vern

men

t pe

ndin

g a

polit

ical

set

tlem

ent,

incl

udin

g th

e ho

ldin

g of

ele

ctio

ns”

(par

agra

ph 1

1 (c

)).

Sim

ilarly

, as

desc

ribed

abo

ve (

see

para

grap

h 62

), un

der

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork,

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t wer

e to

func

tion

in

conj

unct

ion

with

and

subj

ect t

o th

e di

rect

ion

of th

e Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

in

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

.

91

. Th

e C

ourt

note

s th

at S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd t

he C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k w

ere

still

in

forc

e an

d ap

plic

able

as

at 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008.

Pa

ragr

aph

19 o

f Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) e

xpre

ssly

pro

vide

s th

at “

the

inte

rnat

iona

l ci

vil

and

secu

rity

pres

ence

s ar

e es

tabl

ishe

d fo

r an

ini

tial

perio

d of

12

mon

ths,

to c

ontin

ue t

here

afte

r un

less

the

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il de

cide

s ot

herw

ise”

. N

o de

cisi

on a

men

ding

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

take

n by

144

- 34

-

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

at

its

mee

ting

held

on

18

Feb

ruar

y 20

08,

whe

n th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce w

as d

iscu

ssed

for

the

firs

t tim

e, o

r at

any

sub

sequ

ent

mee

ting.

Th

e Pr

esid

entia

l St

atem

ent o

f 26

Nov

embe

r 200

8 (S

/PR

ST/2

008/

44) m

erel

y “w

elco

m[e

d] th

e co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n th

e U

N

and

othe

r in

tern

atio

nal

acto

rs,

with

in

the

fram

ewor

k of

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)”

(em

phas

is a

dded

). I

n ad

ditio

n, p

ursu

ant

to p

arag

raph

21

of S

ecur

ity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il de

cide

d “t

o re

mai

n ac

tivel

y se

ized

of

the

mat

ter”

an

d m

aint

aine

d th

e ite

m

“Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

116

0 (1

998)

, 11

99 (1

998)

, 12

03 (1

998)

, 12

39 (1

999)

and

124

4 (1

999)

” on

its

age

nda

(see

, m

ost

rece

ntly

, R

epor

t of

the

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il, 1

Aug

ust 2

008-

31 Ju

ly 2

009,

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y, O

ffic

ial R

ecor

ds, 6

4th

sess

ion,

Su

pple

men

t N

o. 2

, pp

. 39

ff.

and

132

ff.).

Fu

rther

mor

e, C

hapt

er 1

4.3

of t

he C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k se

ts f

orth

tha

t “[

t]he

SRSG

. . .

may

eff

ect

amen

dmen

ts t

o th

is C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k”.

M

inor

am

endm

ents

w

ere

effe

cted

by

vi

rtue

of

UN

MIK

re

gula

tions

U

NM

IK/R

EG/2

002/

9 of

3

May

200

2,

UN

MIK

/REG

/200

7/29

of

4

Oct

ober

200

7,

UN

MIK

/REG

/200

8/1

of 8

Janu

ary

2008

and

UN

MIK

/REG

/200

8/9

of 8

Feb

ruar

y 20

08.

Fin

ally

, ne

ither

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

nor

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

cont

ains

a

clau

se p

rovi

ding

for

its

term

inat

ion

and

neith

er h

as b

een

repe

aled

; th

ey th

eref

ore

cons

titut

ed th

e in

tern

atio

nal l

aw a

pplic

able

to th

e si

tuat

ion

prev

ailin

g in

Kos

ovo

on 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008.

92

. In

addi

tion,

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al c

ontin

ues

to e

xerc

ise

his

func

tions

in K

osov

o. M

oreo

ver,

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al h

as c

ontin

ued

to s

ubm

it pe

riodi

c re

ports

to

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil,

as

requ

ired

by p

arag

raph

20

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) (s

ee

the

mos

t re

cent

qua

rterly

Rep

ort

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

on

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Int

erim

A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in

Kos

ovo,

S/2

010/

169,

6 A

pril

2010

, as

wel

l as

the

pre

cedi

ng R

epor

ts

S/20

08/6

92 o

f 24

Nov

embe

r 200

8, S

/200

9/14

9 of

17

Mar

ch 2

009,

S/2

009/

300

of 1

0 Ju

ne 2

009,

S/

2009

/497

of 3

0 Se

ptem

ber 2

009

and

S/20

10/5

of 5

Janu

ary

2010

).

93

. Fro

m t

he f

oreg

oing

, the

Cou

rt co

nclu

des

that

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

an

d th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k fo

rm p

art o

f th

e in

tern

atio

nal l

aw w

hich

is to

be

cons

ider

ed in

re

plyi

ng to

the

ques

tion

pose

d by

the

Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y in

its r

eque

st fo

r the

adv

isor

y op

inio

n.

1. In

terp

reta

tion

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

94

. B

efor

e co

ntin

uing

fur

ther

, th

e C

ourt

mus

t re

call

seve

ral

fact

ors

rele

vant

in

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

res

olut

ions

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil.

W

hile

the

rul

es o

n tre

aty

inte

rpre

tatio

n em

bodi

ed i

n A

rticl

es 3

1 an

d 32

of

the

Vie

nna

Con

vent

ion

on t

he L

aw o

f Tr

eatie

s m

ay p

rovi

de

guid

ance

, diff

eren

ces b

etw

een

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

ns a

nd tr

eatie

s mea

n th

at th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

als

o re

quire

tha

t ot

her

fact

ors

be t

aken

int

o ac

coun

t. Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

are

issu

ed b

y a

sing

le, c

olle

ctiv

e bo

dy a

nd a

re d

rafte

d th

roug

h a

very

diff

eren

t pr

oces

s th

an th

at u

sed

for t

he c

oncl

usio

n of

a tr

eaty

. Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

are

the

prod

uct

of a

vot

ing

proc

ess

as p

rovi

ded

for

in A

rticl

e 27

of

the

Cha

rter,

and

the

final

tex

t of

suc

h re

solu

tions

rep

rese

nts

the

view

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

as a

bod

y.

Mor

eove

r, Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

can

be

bind

ing

on a

ll M

embe

r Sta

tes

(Leg

al C

onse

quen

ces

for

Stat

es o

f the

Con

tinue

d Pr

esen

ce o

f So

uth

Afri

ca i

n N

amib

ia (

Sout

h W

est

Afri

ca)

notw

ithst

andi

ng S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il Re

solu

tion

276

(197

0),

Advi

sory

Opi

nion

, I.C

.J.

Repo

rts

1971

, p.

54,

par

a. 1

16),

irres

pect

ive

of

whe

ther

the

y pl

ayed

any

par

t in

the

ir fo

rmul

atio

n.

The

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

- 35

-

reso

lutio

ns m

ay r

equi

re t

he C

ourt

to a

naly

se s

tate

men

ts b

y re

pres

enta

tives

of

mem

bers

of

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

mad

e at

the

time

of th

eir

adop

tion,

oth

er r

esol

utio

ns o

f th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il on

th

e sa

me

issu

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e su

bseq

uent

pra

ctic

e of

rele

vant

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

org

ans

and

of S

tate

s af

fect

ed b

y th

ose

give

n re

solu

tions

.

*

95

. The

Cou

rt fir

st n

otes

that

res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) m

ust b

e re

ad in

con

junc

tion

with

the

gene

ral

prin

cipl

es s

et o

ut i

n an

nexe

s 1 a

nd 2

the

reto

, sin

ce i

n th

e re

solu

tion

itsel

f, th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il: “

1. D

ecid

e[d]

that

a p

oliti

cal s

olut

ion

to th

e K

osov

o cr

isis

sha

ll be

bas

ed o

n th

e ge

nera

l pr

inci

ples

in

anne

x 1

and

as f

urth

er e

labo

rate

d in

the

prin

cipl

es a

nd o

ther

req

uire

d el

emen

ts i

n an

nex

2.”

Tho

se g

ener

al p

rinci

ples

sou

ght t

o de

fuse

the

Kos

ovo

cris

is fi

rst b

y en

surin

g an

end

to

the

viol

ence

and

rep

ress

ion

in K

osov

o an

d by

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

an in

terim

adm

inis

tratio

n.

A

long

er-te

rm so

lutio

n w

as a

lso

envi

sage

d, in

that

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

to in

itiat

e

“[a]

pol

itica

l pr

oces

s to

war

ds t

he e

stab

lishm

ent

of a

n in

terim

pol

itica

l fr

amew

ork

agre

emen

t pro

vidi

ng fo

r a s

ubst

antia

l sel

f-go

vern

men

t for

Kos

ovo,

taki

ng fu

ll ac

coun

t of

the

Ram

boui

llet a

ccor

ds a

nd th

e pr

inci

ples

of s

over

eign

ty a

nd te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of

the

Fede

ral

Rep

ublic

of

Yug

osla

via

and

the

othe

r co

untri

es o

f th

e re

gion

, an

d th

e de

mili

tariz

atio

n of

th

e K

LA”

(Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

of

10 Ju

ne 1

999,

Ann

. 1, s

ixth

prin

cipl

e; i

bid.

, Ann

. 2, p

ara.

8).

Furth

er,

it be

ars

reca

lling

tha

t th

e te

nth

prea

mbu

lar

para

grap

h of

res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) a

lso

reca

lled

the

sove

reig

nty

and

the

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y of

the

Fede

ral R

epub

lic o

f Yug

osla

via.

96

. H

avin

g ea

rlier

ou

tline

d th

e pr

inci

pal

char

acte

ristic

s of

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) (

see

para

grap

hs 5

8 to

59)

, th

e C

ourt

next

obs

erve

s th

at t

hree

dis

tinct

fe

atur

es o

f tha

t res

olut

ion

are

rele

vant

for d

isce

rnin

g its

obj

ect a

nd p

urpo

se.

97

. Firs

t, re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) e

stab

lishe

s an

int

erna

tiona

l ci

vil

and

secu

rity

pres

ence

in

Kos

ovo

with

full

civi

l and

pol

itica

l aut

horit

y an

d so

le re

spon

sibi

lity

for t

he g

over

nanc

e of

Kos

ovo.

A

s de

scrib

ed a

bove

(se

e pa

ragr

aph

60),

on 1

2 Ju

ne 1

999,

the

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al p

rese

nted

to

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

his

prel

imin

ary

oper

atio

nal

conc

ept

for

the

over

all

orga

niza

tion

of t

he c

ivil

pres

ence

und

er U

NM

IK.

On

25 Ju

ly 1

999,

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

pr

omul

gate

d U

NM

IK re

gula

tion

1999

/1, d

eem

ed to

hav

e en

tere

d in

to fo

rce

as o

f 10

June

199

9, th

e da

te o

f ad

optio

n of

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

. U

nder

thi

s re

gula

tion,

“[a

]ll

legi

slat

ive

and

exec

utiv

e au

thor

ity w

ith r

espe

ct t

o K

osov

o, i

nclu

ding

the

adm

inis

tratio

n of

the

ju

dici

ary”

, was

ves

ted

in U

NM

IK a

nd e

xerc

ised

by

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e. V

iew

ed to

geth

er,

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

and

UN

MIK

reg

ulat

ion

1999

/1 th

eref

ore

had

the

effe

ct o

f su

pers

edin

g th

e le

gal o

rder

in fo

rce

at th

at ti

me

in th

e te

rrito

ry o

f Kos

ovo

and

setti

ng u

p an

inte

rnat

iona

l ter

ritor

ial

adm

inis

tratio

n.

For

this

rea

son,

the

est

ablis

hmen

t of

civ

il an

d se

curit

y pr

esen

ces

in K

osov

o de

ploy

ed o

n th

e ba

sis

of r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

mus

t be

und

erst

ood

as a

n ex

cept

iona

l m

easu

re

rela

ting

to c

ivil,

pol

itica

l and

sec

urity

asp

ects

and

aim

ed a

t add

ress

ing

the

cris

is e

xist

ing

in th

at

terr

itory

in 1

999.

145

- 36

-

98

. Sec

ondl

y, th

e so

lutio

n em

bodi

ed in

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, nam

ely,

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

an

inte

rim in

tern

atio

nal t

errit

oria

l adm

inis

tratio

n, w

as d

esig

ned

for

hum

anita

rian

purp

oses

: to

pr

ovid

e a

mea

ns fo

r the

sta

biliz

atio

n of

Kos

ovo

and

for t

he re

-est

ablis

hmen

t of a

bas

ic p

ublic

ord

er

in a

n ar

ea b

eset

by

cris

is.

This

bec

omes

app

aren

t in

the

text

of r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

itse

lf w

hich

, in

its

se

cond

pr

eam

bula

r pa

ragr

aph,

re

calls

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1239

, ad

opte

d on

14

May

199

9, i

n w

hich

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

had

expr

esse

d “g

rave

con

cern

at

the

hum

anita

rian

cris

is

in

and

arou

nd

Kos

ovo”

.

The

prio

ritie

s w

hich

ar

e id

entif

ied

in

para

grap

h 11

of

re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) w

ere

elab

orat

ed f

urth

er i

n th

e so

-cal

led

“fou

r pi

llars

” re

latin

g to

the

go

vern

ance

of

K

osov

o de

scrib

ed

in

the

Rep

ort

of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al

of

12 Ju

ne 1

999

(par

agra

ph 6

0 ab

ove)

. B

y pl

acin

g an

em

phas

is o

n th

ese

“fou

r pi

llars

”, n

amel

y, i

nter

im c

ivil

adm

inis

tratio

n, h

uman

itaria

n af

fairs

, in

stitu

tion

build

ing

and

reco

nstru

ctio

n, a

nd b

y as

sign

ing

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r th

ese

core

com

pone

nts

to d

iffer

ent

inte

rnat

iona

l or

gani

zatio

ns a

nd a

genc

ies,

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

cle

arly

inte

nded

to b

ring

abou

t sta

biliz

atio

n an

d re

cons

truct

ion.

Th

e in

terim

adm

inis

tratio

n in

Kos

ovo

was

des

igne

d to

sus

pend

tem

pora

rily

Serb

ia’s

exe

rcis

e of

its

au

thor

ity fl

owin

g fr

om it

s co

ntin

uing

sov

erei

gnty

ove

r the

terr

itory

of K

osov

o. T

he p

urpo

se o

f the

le

gal r

égim

e es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

to e

stab

lish,

org

aniz

e an

d ov

erse

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

loc

al i

nstit

utio

ns o

f se

lf-go

vern

men

t in

Kos

ovo

unde

r th

e ae

gis

of t

he i

nter

im

inte

rnat

iona

l pre

senc

e.

99

. Th

irdly

, re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) c

lear

ly e

stab

lishe

s an

int

erim

rég

ime;

it

cann

ot b

e un

ders

tood

as p

uttin

g in

pla

ce a

per

man

ent i

nstit

utio

nal f

ram

ewor

k in

the

terr

itory

of K

osov

o. T

his

reso

lutio

n m

anda

ted

UN

MIK

mer

ely

to f

acili

tate

the

des

ired

nego

tiate

d so

lutio

n fo

r K

osov

o’s

futu

re st

atus

, with

out p

reju

dgin

g th

e ou

tcom

e of

the

nego

tiatin

g pr

oces

s.

10

0. T

he C

ourt

thus

con

clud

es th

at th

e ob

ject

and

pur

pose

of r

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

was

to

esta

blis

h a

tem

pora

ry, e

xcep

tiona

l leg

al ré

gim

e w

hich

, sav

e to

the

exte

nt th

at it

exp

ress

ly p

rese

rved

it,

sup

erse

ded

the

Serb

ian

lega

l ord

er a

nd w

hich

aim

ed a

t the

sta

biliz

atio

n of

Kos

ovo,

and

that

it

was

des

igne

d to

do

so o

n an

inte

rim b

asis

.

2. T

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

the

dec

lara

tion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

is i

n ac

cord

ance

with

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) a

nd th

e m

easu

res a

dopt

ed th

ereu

nder

10

1.

The

Cou

rt w

ill

now

tu

rn

to

the

ques

tion

whe

ther

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), o

r th

e m

easu

res

adop

ted

ther

eund

er, i

ntro

duce

s a

spec

ific

proh

ibiti

on o

n is

suin

g a

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce,

app

licab

le t

o th

ose

who

ado

pted

the

dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

. I

n or

der

to a

nsw

er t

his

ques

tion,

it

is f

irst

nece

ssar

y, a

s ex

plai

ned

in p

arag

raph

52

abov

e, fo

r the

Cou

rt to

det

erm

ine

prec

isel

y w

ho is

sued

that

dec

lara

tion.

(a)

The

iden

tity

of th

e au

thor

s of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

10

2.

The

Cou

rt ne

eds

to

dete

rmin

e w

heth

er

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

of

17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08 w

as a

n ac

t of

the

“Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo”

, one

of

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t, es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

Cha

pter

9 o

f th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k, o

r w

heth

er th

ose

who

ado

pted

the

decl

arat

ion

wer

e ac

ting

in a

diff

eren

t cap

acity

.

- 37

-

10

3. T

he C

ourt

note

s th

at d

iffer

ent v

iew

s ha

ve b

een

expr

esse

d re

gard

ing

this

que

stio

n. O

n th

e on

e ha

nd, i

t has

bee

n su

gges

ted

in th

e pr

ocee

ding

s be

fore

the

Cou

rt th

at th

e m

eetin

g in

whi

ch

the

decl

arat

ion

was

ado

pted

was

a s

essi

on o

f the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo,

ope

ratin

g as

a P

rovi

sion

al

Inst

itutio

n of

Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t w

ithin

the

lim

its o

f th

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k.

Oth

er

parti

cipa

nts

have

obs

erve

d th

at b

oth

the

lang

uage

of

the

docu

men

t an

d th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

unde

r w

hich

it w

as a

dopt

ed c

lear

ly in

dica

te th

at th

e de

clar

atio

n of

17

Febr

uary

200

8 w

as n

ot th

e w

ork

of

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t and

did

not

take

eff

ect w

ithin

the

lega

l fra

mew

ork

crea

ted

for t

he g

over

nmen

t of K

osov

o du

ring

the

inte

rim p

hase

.

10

4. T

he C

ourt

note

s th

at,

whe

n op

enin

g th

e m

eetin

g of

17

Febr

uary

200

8 at

whi

ch t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce w

as a

dopt

ed, t

he P

resi

dent

of t

he A

ssem

bly

and

the

Prim

e M

inis

ter o

f K

osov

o m

ade

refe

renc

e to

the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

and

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork.

The

Cou

rt co

nsid

ers,

how

ever

, tha

t the

dec

lara

tion

of in

depe

nden

ce m

ust b

e se

en in

its

larg

er c

onte

xt, t

akin

g in

to a

ccou

nt t

he e

vent

s pr

eced

ing

its a

dopt

ion,

not

ably

rel

atin

g to

the

so-

calle

d “f

inal

sta

tus

proc

ess”

(see

par

agra

phs 6

4 to

73)

. Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) w

as m

ostly

con

cern

ed

with

set

ting

up a

n in

terim

fra

mew

ork

of s

elf-

gove

rnm

ent

for

Kos

ovo

(see

par

agra

ph 5

8 ab

ove)

. A

lthou

gh,

at t

he t

ime

of t

he a

dopt

ion

of t

he r

esol

utio

n, i

t w

as e

xpec

ted

that

the

fin

al s

tatu

s of

K

osov

o w

ould

flo

w f

rom

, and

be

deve

lope

d w

ithin

, the

fra

mew

ork

set u

p by

the

reso

lutio

n, th

e sp

ecifi

c co

ntou

rs,

let

alon

e th

e ou

tcom

e, o

f th

e fin

al s

tatu

s pr

oces

s w

ere

left

open

by

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

. A

ccor

ding

ly, i

ts p

arag

raph

11,

esp

ecia

lly in

its

subp

arag

raph

s (d)

,(e

) an

d (f)

, de

als

with

fin

al s

tatu

s is

sues

onl

y in

so

far

as i

t is

mad

e pa

rt of

UN

MIK

’s

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

to “

[f]a

cilit

at[e

] a

polit

ical

pro

cess

des

igne

d to

det

erm

ine

Kos

ovo’

s fu

ture

sta

tus,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt th

e R

ambo

uille

t acc

ords

” an

d “[

i]n a

fin

al s

tage

, [to

ove

rsee

] th

e tra

nsfe

r of

au

thor

ity f

rom

Kos

ovo’

s pr

ovis

iona

l in

stitu

tions

to

inst

itutio

ns e

stab

lishe

d un

der

a po

litic

al

settl

emen

t”.

10

5. T

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e re

flect

s th

e aw

aren

ess

of i

ts a

utho

rs t

hat

the

final

st

atus

neg

otia

tions

had

faile

d an

d th

at a

crit

ical

mom

ent f

or th

e fu

ture

of K

osov

o ha

d be

en re

ache

d.

The

Prea

mbl

e of

the

dec

lara

tion

refe

rs t

o th

e “y

ears

of

inte

rnat

iona

lly-s

pons

ored

neg

otia

tions

be

twee

n B

elgr

ade

and

Pris

tina

over

the

ques

tion

of o

ur f

utur

e po

litic

al s

tatu

s” a

nd e

xpre

ssly

put

s th

e de

clar

atio

n in

the

cont

ext o

f the

failu

re o

f the

fina

l sta

tus n

egot

iatio

ns, i

nasm

uch

as it

stat

es th

at

“no

mut

ually

-acc

epta

ble

stat

us o

utco

me

was

pos

sibl

e” (t

enth

and

ele

vent

h pr

eam

bula

r par

agra

phs)

. Pr

ocee

ding

fr

om

ther

e,

the

auth

ors

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

em

phas

ize

thei

r de

term

inat

ion

to “

reso

lve”

the

stat

us o

f K

osov

o an

d to

giv

e th

e pe

ople

of

Kos

ovo

“cla

rity

abou

t th

eir

futu

re”

(thirt

eent

h pr

eam

bula

r pa

ragr

aph)

. T

his

lang

uage

ind

icat

es t

hat

the

auth

ors

of t

he

decl

arat

ion

did

not

seek

to

act

with

in t

he s

tand

ard

fram

ewor

k of

int

erim

sel

f-ad

min

istra

tion

of

Kos

ovo,

but

aim

ed a

t est

ablis

hing

Kos

ovo

“as

an in

depe

nden

t and

sov

erei

gn s

tate

” (p

ara.

1).

The

de

clar

atio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e, t

here

fore

, was

not

int

ende

d by

tho

se w

ho a

dopt

ed i

t to

tak

e ef

fect

w

ithin

the

leg

al o

rder

cre

ated

for

the

int

erim

pha

se,

nor

was

it

capa

ble

of d

oing

so.

O

n th

e co

ntra

ry, t

he C

ourt

cons

ider

s th

at th

e au

thor

s of

that

dec

lara

tion

did

not a

ct, o

r int

end

to a

ct, i

n th

e ca

paci

ty o

f an

inst

itutio

n cr

eate

d by

and

em

pow

ered

to a

ct w

ithin

that

lega

l ord

er b

ut, r

athe

r, se

t ou

t to

adop

t a m

easu

re th

e si

gnifi

canc

e an

d ef

fect

s of w

hich

wou

ld li

e ou

tsid

e th

at o

rder

.

146

- 38

-

10

6. T

his

conc

lusi

on is

rein

forc

ed b

y th

e fa

ct th

at th

e au

thor

s of

the

decl

arat

ion

unde

rtook

to

fulfi

l th

e in

tern

atio

nal

oblig

atio

ns o

f K

osov

o, n

otab

ly t

hose

cre

ated

for

Kos

ovo

by U

NM

IK

(dec

lara

tion

of in

depe

nden

ce, p

ara.

9),

and

expr

essl

y an

d so

lem

nly

decl

ared

Kos

ovo

to b

e bo

und

vis-

à-vi

s th

ird S

tate

s by

the

com

mitm

ents

mad

e in

the

decl

arat

ion

(ibid

., pa

ra. 1

2).

By

cont

rast

, un

der

the

régi

me

of th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k, a

ll m

atte

rs r

elat

ing

to th

e m

anag

emen

t of

the

exte

rnal

rel

atio

ns o

f K

osov

o w

ere

the

excl

usiv

e pr

erog

ativ

e of

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al:

“(m

) con

clud

ing

agre

emen

ts w

ith s

tate

s an

d in

tern

atio

nal

orga

niza

tions

in

all

mat

ters

w

ithin

the

scop

e of

UN

SCR

124

4 (1

999)

;

(n)

over

seei

ng th

e fu

lfilm

ent o

f com

mitm

ents

in in

tern

atio

nal a

gree

men

ts e

nter

ed in

to

on b

ehal

f of U

NM

IK;

(o)

exte

rnal

re

latio

ns,

incl

udin

g w

ith

stat

es

and

inte

rnat

iona

l or

gani

satio

ns .

. .”

(Cha

p. 8

.1

of

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork,

“P

ower

s an

d R

espo

nsib

ilitie

s R

eser

ved

to th

e SR

SG”)

,

with

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

nly

cons

ultin

g an

d co

-ope

ratin

g w

ith th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l Ins

titut

ions

of S

elf-

Gov

ernm

ent i

n th

ese

mat

ters

.

10

7. C

erta

in fe

atur

es o

f the

text

of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n an

d th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

of it

s ad

optio

n al

so

poin

t to

the

sam

e co

nclu

sion

. N

owhe

re in

the

orig

inal

Alb

ania

n te

xt o

f th

e de

clar

atio

n (w

hich

is

the

sole

aut

hent

ic te

xt) i

s an

y re

fere

nce

mad

e to

the

decl

arat

ion

bein

g th

e w

ork

of th

e A

ssem

bly

of

Kos

ovo.

Th

e w

ords

“A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o” a

ppea

r at

the

hea

d of

the

dec

lara

tion

only

in

the

Engl

ish

and

Fren

ch

trans

latio

ns

cont

aine

d in

th

e do

ssie

r su

bmitt

ed

on

beha

lf of

th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

. Th

e la

ngua

ge u

sed

in th

e de

clar

atio

n di

ffer

s fr

om th

at e

mpl

oyed

in a

cts

of th

e A

ssem

bly

of

Kos

ovo

in

that

th

e fir

st

para

grap

h co

mm

ence

s w

ith

the

phra

se

“We,

th

e de

moc

ratic

ally

-ele

cted

lead

ers o

f our

peo

ple

. . .”

, whe

reas

act

s of t

he A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o em

ploy

th

e th

ird p

erso

n si

ngul

ar.

M

oreo

ver,

the

proc

edur

e em

ploy

ed in

rela

tion

to th

e de

clar

atio

n di

ffer

ed fr

om th

at e

mpl

oyed

by

the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

for

the

adop

tion

of l

egis

latio

n.

In p

artic

ular

, th

e de

clar

atio

n w

as

sign

ed b

y al

l tho

se p

rese

nt w

hen

it w

as a

dopt

ed, i

nclu

ding

the

Pres

iden

t of K

osov

o, w

ho (a

s no

ted

in p

arag

raph

76

abov

e) w

as n

ot a

mem

ber o

f the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo.

In

fact

, the

self-

refe

renc

e of

th

e pe

rson

s ad

optin

g th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

as

“the

dem

ocra

tical

ly-e

lect

ed le

ader

s of

our

pe

ople

” im

med

iate

ly p

rece

des

the

actu

al d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e w

ithin

the

tex

t (“

here

by

decl

are

Kos

ovo

to b

e an

inde

pend

ent a

nd s

over

eign

sta

te”;

par

a. 1

). It

is a

lso

notic

eabl

e th

at th

e de

clar

atio

n w

as n

ot f

orw

arde

d to

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

for

pu

blic

atio

n in

the

Off

icia

l Gaz

ette

.

10

8. T

he re

actio

n of

the

Spec

ial R

epre

sent

ativ

e of

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al to

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

is

also

of

som

e si

gnifi

canc

e.

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

gave

the

Spe

cial

R

epre

sent

ativ

e po

wer

to

over

see

and,

in

certa

in c

ircum

stan

ces,

annu

l th

e ac

ts o

f th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l In

stitu

tions

of S

elf-

Gov

ernm

ent.

On

prev

ious

occ

asio

ns, i

n pa

rticu

lar i

n th

e pe

riod

betw

een

2002

an

d 20

05, w

hen

the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo

took

initi

ativ

es to

pro

mot

e th

e in

depe

nden

ce o

f Kos

ovo,

- 39

-

the

Spec

ial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

had

qual

ified

a n

umbe

r of

act

s as

bei

ng i

ncom

patib

le w

ith t

he

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

on th

e gr

ound

s th

at th

ey w

ere

deem

ed to

be

“bey

ond

the

scop

e of

[th

e A

ssem

bly’

s] c

ompe

tenc

ies”

(U

nite

d N

atio

ns d

ossi

er N

o. 1

89,

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

003)

and

the

refo

re

outs

ide

the

pow

ers o

f the

Ass

embl

y of

Kos

ovo.

Th

e si

lenc

e of

the

Spe

cial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he S

ecre

tary

-Gen

eral

in

the

face

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008

sugg

ests

tha

t he

did

not

con

side

r th

at t

he

decl

arat

ion

was

an

act o

f th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l Ins

titut

ions

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent d

esig

ned

to ta

ke e

ffec

t w

ithin

the

lega

l ord

er fo

r the

sup

ervi

sion

of w

hich

he

was

resp

onsi

ble.

As

the

prac

tice

show

s, he

w

ould

hav

e be

en u

nder

a d

uty

to ta

ke a

ctio

n w

ith re

gard

to a

cts

of th

e A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o w

hich

he

con

side

red

to b

e ul

tra

vire

s.

Th

e C

ourt

acce

pts

that

the

Rep

ort o

f th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

on

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Int

erim

A

dmin

istra

tion

Mis

sion

in

Kos

ovo,

sub

mitt

ed t

o th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il on

28

Mar

ch 2

008,

sta

ted

that

“th

e A

ssem

bly

of K

osov

o he

ld a

ses

sion

dur

ing

whi

ch i

t ad

opte

d a

‘dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

’, de

clar

ing

Kos

ovo

an

inde

pend

ent

and

sove

reig

n St

ate”

(U

nite

d N

atio

ns

doc.

S/2

008/

211,

par

a. 3

). T

his

was

the

norm

al p

erio

dic

repo

rt on

UN

MIK

act

iviti

es, t

he p

urpo

se

of w

hich

was

to in

form

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

abou

t dev

elop

men

ts in

Kos

ovo;

it w

as n

ot in

tend

ed a

s a

lega

l ana

lysi

s of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n or

the

capa

city

in w

hich

thos

e w

ho a

dopt

ed it

had

act

ed.

10

9. T

he C

ourt

thus

arr

ives

at t

he c

oncl

usio

n th

at, t

akin

g al

l fac

tors

toge

ther

, the

aut

hors

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of i

ndep

ende

nce

of 1

7 Fe

brua

ry 2

008

did

not

act

as o

ne o

f th

e Pr

ovis

iona

l In

stitu

tions

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent w

ithin

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork,

but

rat

her

as p

erso

ns w

ho

acte

d to

geth

er in

thei

r cap

acity

as r

epre

sent

ativ

es o

f the

peo

ple

of K

osov

o ou

tsid

e th

e fr

amew

ork

of

the

inte

rim a

dmin

istra

tion.

(b)

The

ques

tion

whe

ther

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

act

ed in

vio

latio

n of

Se

curi

ty C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) o

r the

mea

sure

s ado

pted

ther

eund

er

11

0. H

avin

g es

tabl

ishe

d th

e id

entit

y of

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

, the

C

ourt

turn

s to

the

ques

tion

whe

ther

thei

r ac

t in

prom

ulga

ting

the

decl

arat

ion

was

con

trary

to a

ny

proh

ibiti

on c

onta

ined

in S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) o

r the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

adop

ted

ther

eund

er.

11

1. T

he C

ourt

reca

lls t

hat

this

que

stio

n ha

s be

en a

mat

ter

of c

ontro

vers

y in

the

pre

sent

pr

ocee

ding

s. S

ome

parti

cipa

nts

to t

he p

roce

edin

gs h

ave

cont

ende

d th

at t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Feb

ruar

y 20

08 w

as a

uni

late

ral

atte

mpt

to

brin

g to

an

end

the

inte

rnat

iona

l pr

esen

ce e

stab

lishe

d by

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, a

resu

lt w

hich

it

is s

aid

coul

d on

ly b

e ef

fect

uate

d by

a d

ecis

ion

of t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il its

elf.

It

has

also

bee

n ar

gued

tha

t a

perm

anen

t se

ttlem

ent

for

Kos

ovo

coul

d on

ly b

e ac

hiev

ed e

ither

by

agre

emen

t of

all

parti

es

invo

lved

(not

ably

incl

udin

g th

e co

nsen

t of t

he R

epub

lic o

f Ser

bia)

or b

y a

spec

ific

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n en

dors

ing

a sp

ecifi

c fin

al s

tatu

s fo

r Kos

ovo,

as

prov

ided

for i

n th

e G

uidi

ng P

rinci

ples

of

the

Con

tact

Gro

up.

Acc

ordi

ng to

this

vie

w, t

he u

nila

tera

l act

ion

on th

e pa

rt of

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

can

not b

e re

conc

iled

with

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

and

th

us c

onst

itute

s a v

iola

tion

of th

at re

solu

tion.

147

- 40

-

11

2.

Oth

er

parti

cipa

nts

have

su

bmitt

ed

to

the

Cou

rt th

at

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

did

not

pre

vent

or e

xclu

de th

e po

ssib

ility

of K

osov

o’s

inde

pend

ence

. Th

ey

argu

ed th

at th

e re

solu

tion

only

reg

ulat

es th

e in

terim

adm

inis

tratio

n of

Kos

ovo,

but

not

its

final

or

perm

anen

t st

atus

.

In

parti

cula

r, th

e ar

gum

ent

was

pu

t fo

rwar

d th

at

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

doe

s no

t cre

ate

oblig

atio

ns u

nder

inte

rnat

iona

l law

pro

hibi

ting

the

issu

ance

of

a d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e or

mak

ing

it in

valid

, an

d do

es n

ot m

ake

the

auth

ors

of t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce it

s ad

dres

sees

. A

ccor

ding

to th

is p

ositi

on, i

f the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

had

wan

ted

to p

recl

ude

a de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

, it w

ould

hav

e do

ne s

o in

cle

ar a

nd u

nequ

ivoc

al

term

s in

the

tex

t of

the

res

olut

ion,

as

it di

d in

res

olut

ion

787

(199

2) c

once

rnin

g th

e R

epub

lika

Srps

ka.

In

addi

tion,

it

was

arg

ued

that

the

ref

eren

ces,

in t

he a

nnex

es o

f Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), t

o th

e R

ambo

uille

t acc

ords

and

thus

indi

rect

ly to

the

“will

of

the

peop

le”

(see

Cha

pter

8.3

of

the

Ram

boui

llet a

ccor

ds)

of K

osov

o, s

uppo

rt th

e vi

ew th

at S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) n

ot o

nly

did

not

oppo

se t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

ind

epen

denc

e, b

ut i

ndee

d co

ntem

plat

ed it

. O

ther

par

ticip

ants

con

tend

ed th

at a

t lea

st o

nce

the

nego

tiatin

g pr

oces

s ha

d be

en

exha

uste

d, S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) w

as n

o lo

nger

an

obst

acle

to a

dec

lara

tion

of

inde

pend

ence

.

*

11

3. T

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

pro

hibi

ts th

e au

thor

s of

the

decl

arat

ion

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

from

dec

larin

g in

depe

nden

ce fr

om th

e R

epub

lic o

f Ser

bia

can

only

be

answ

ered

th

roug

h a

care

ful r

eadi

ng o

f thi

s res

olut

ion

(see

par

as. 9

4 et

seq.

).

11

4. F

irst,

the

Cou

rt ob

serv

es th

at S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) w

as e

ssen

tially

de

sign

ed to

cre

ate

an in

terim

régi

me

for K

osov

o, w

ith a

vie

w to

cha

nnel

ling

the

long

-term

pol

itica

l pr

oces

s to

est

ablis

h its

fina

l sta

tus.

The

reso

lutio

n di

d no

t con

tain

any

pro

visi

on d

ealin

g w

ith th

e fin

al st

atus

of K

osov

o or

with

the

cond

ition

s for

its a

chie

vem

ent.

In

this

rega

rd th

e C

ourt

note

s th

at c

onte

mpo

rane

ous

prac

tice

of th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il sh

ows

that

in s

ituat

ions

whe

re th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il ha

s de

cide

d to

est

ablis

h re

stric

tive

cond

ition

s fo

r the

pe

rman

ent

stat

us o

f a

terr

itory

, th

ose

cond

ition

s ar

e sp

ecifi

ed i

n th

e re

leva

nt r

esol

utio

n.

For

exam

ple,

alth

ough

the

fact

ual c

ircum

stan

ces

diff

ered

fro

m th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o, o

nly

19 d

ays

afte

r th

e ad

optio

n of

res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9),

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil,

in

its r

esol

utio

n 12

51 o

f 29

June

199

9, re

affir

med

its

posi

tion

that

a “

Cyp

rus

settl

emen

t mus

t be

base

d on

a S

tate

of C

ypru

s w

ith

a si

ngle

so

vere

ignt

y an

d in

tern

atio

nal

pers

onal

ity

and

a si

ngle

ci

tizen

ship

, w

ith

its

inde

pend

ence

and

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y sa

fegu

arde

d” (

para

. 11)

. Th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il th

us s

et o

ut

the

spec

ific

cond

ition

s rel

atin

g to

the

perm

anen

t sta

tus o

f Cyp

rus.

B

y co

ntra

st, u

nder

the

term

s of

res

olut

ion

1244

(199

9) th

e Se

curit

y C

ounc

il di

d no

t res

erve

fo

r its

elf

the

final

det

erm

inat

ion

of th

e si

tuat

ion

in K

osov

o an

d re

mai

ned

sile

nt o

n th

e co

nditi

ons

for t

he fi

nal s

tatu

s of K

osov

o.

R

esol

utio

n 12

44 (1

999)

th

us

does

no

t pr

eclu

de

the

issu

ance

of

th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Febr

uary

200

8 be

caus

e th

e tw

o in

stru

men

ts o

pera

te o

n a

diff

eren

t lev

el:

unlik

e re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

is a

n at

tem

pt to

det

erm

ine

final

ly th

e st

atus

of

Kos

ovo.

- 41

-

11

5.

Seco

ndly

, tu

rnin

g to

th

e qu

estio

n of

th

e ad

dres

sees

of

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9), a

s de

scrib

ed a

bove

(see

par

agra

ph 5

8), i

t set

s ou

t a g

ener

al fr

amew

ork

for

the

“dep

loym

ent

in K

osov

o, u

nder

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

aus

pice

s, of

int

erna

tiona

l ci

vil

and

secu

rity

pres

ence

s” (p

ara.

5).

It is

mos

tly c

once

rned

with

cre

atin

g ob

ligat

ions

and

aut

horiz

atio

ns fo

r Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Mem

ber S

tate

s as

wel

l as

for o

rgan

s of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

suc

h as

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al

and

his

Spec

ial

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

(see

not

ably

par

as. 3

, 5,

6,

7, 9

, 10

and

11

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)).

The

onl

y po

int a

t whi

ch re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) e

xpre

ssly

men

tions

oth

er

acto

rs r

elat

es to

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil’

s de

man

d, o

n th

e on

e ha

nd, “

that

the

KLA

and

oth

er a

rmed

K

osov

o A

lban

ian

grou

ps e

nd im

med

iate

ly a

ll of

fens

ive

actio

ns a

nd c

ompl

y w

ith th

e re

quire

men

ts

for

dem

ilita

rizat

ion”

(pa

ra. 1

5) a

nd, o

n th

e ot

her

hand

, for

the

“ful

l coo

pera

tion

by a

ll co

ncer

ned,

in

clud

ing

the

inte

rnat

iona

l se

curit

y pr

esen

ce,

with

the

Int

erna

tiona

l Tr

ibun

al f

or t

he F

orm

er

Yug

osla

via”

(p

ara.

14)

.

Ther

e is

no

in

dica

tion,

in

th

e te

xt

of

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

, th

at t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il in

tend

ed t

o im

pose

, be

yond

tha

t, a

spec

ific

oblig

atio

n to

act

or a

pro

hibi

tion

from

act

ing,

add

ress

ed to

such

oth

er a

ctor

s.

11

6. T

he C

ourt

reca

lls in

this

rega

rd th

at it

has

not

bee

n un

com

mon

for t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il to

mak

e de

man

ds o

n ac

tors

oth

er t

han

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Mem

ber

Stat

es a

nd i

nter

gove

rnm

enta

l or

gani

zatio

ns.

Mor

e sp

ecifi

cally

, a n

umbe

r of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

ado

pted

on

the

subj

ect

of

Kos

ovo

prio

r to

Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9)

cont

aine

d de

man

ds

addr

esse

d eo

nom

ine

to t

he K

osov

o A

lban

ian

lead

ersh

ip.

For

exa

mpl

e, r

esol

utio

n 11

60 (1

998)

“[c

]all[

ed]

upon

the

auth

oriti

es in

Bel

grad

e an

d th

e le

ader

ship

of t

he K

osov

ar A

lban

ian

com

mun

ity u

rgen

tly to

en

ter

with

out

prec

ondi

tions

in

to

a m

eani

ngfu

l di

alog

ue

on

polit

ical

st

atus

is

sues

” (r

esol

utio

n 11

60 (1

998)

, par

a. 4

; em

phas

is a

dded

). R

esol

utio

n 11

99 (1

998)

incl

uded

four

sep

arat

e de

man

ds o

n th

e K

osov

o A

lban

ian

lead

ersh

ip, i

.e.,

impr

ovin

g th

e hu

man

itaria

n si

tuat

ion,

ent

erin

g in

to a

dia

logu

e w

ith th

e Fe

dera

l Rep

ublic

of

Yug

osla

via,

pur

suin

g th

eir

goal

s by

pea

cefu

l mea

ns

only

, an

d co

-ope

ratin

g fu

lly w

ith t

he P

rose

cuto

r of

the

Int

erna

tiona

l C

rimin

al T

ribun

al f

or t

he

Form

er Y

ugos

lavi

a (r

esol

utio

n 11

99 (1

998)

, pa

ras.

2, 3

, 6

and

13).

Res

olut

ion

1203

(199

8)

“[d]

eman

d[ed

] . .

. th

at t

he K

osov

o A

lban

ian

lead

ersh

ip a

nd a

ll ot

her

elem

ents

of

the

Kos

ovo

Alb

ania

n co

mm

unity

com

ply

fully

and

sw

iftly

with

res

olut

ions

116

0 (1

998)

and

119

9 (1

998)

and

co

oper

ate

fully

with

the

OSC

E V

erifi

catio

n M

issi

on in

Kos

ovo”

(res

olut

ion

1203

(199

8), p

ara.

4).

Th

e sa

me

reso

lutio

n al

so c

alle

d up

on th

e “K

osov

o A

lban

ian

lead

ersh

ip to

ent

er im

med

iate

ly in

to a

m

eani

ngfu

l di

alog

ue w

ithou

t pr

econ

ditio

ns a

nd w

ith i

nter

natio

nal

invo

lvem

ent,

and

to a

cle

ar

timet

able

, le

adin

g to

an

end

of t

he c

risis

and

to

a ne

gotia

ted

polit

ical

sol

utio

n to

the

iss

ue o

f K

osov

o”;

dem

ande

d th

at “

the

Kos

ovo

Alb

ania

n le

ader

ship

and

all

othe

rs c

once

rned

res

pect

the

free

dom

of

mov

emen

t of

the

OSC

E V

erifi

catio

n M

issi

on a

nd o

ther

int

erna

tiona

l pe

rson

nel”

; “[

i]nsi

st[e

d] t

hat

the

Kos

ovo

Alb

ania

n le

ader

ship

con

dem

n al

l te

rror

ist

actio

ns”;

an

d de

man

ded

that

th

e K

osov

o A

lban

ian

lead

ersh

ip

“coo

pera

te

with

in

tern

atio

nal

effo

rts

to

impr

ove

the

hum

anita

rian

situ

atio

n an

d to

av

ert

the

impe

ndin

g hu

man

itaria

n ca

tast

roph

e”

(res

olut

ion

1203

(199

8), p

aras

. 5, 6

, 10

and

11).

11

7. S

uch

refe

renc

e to

the

Kos

ovo

Alb

ania

n le

ader

ship

or o

ther

act

ors,

notw

ithst

andi

ng th

e so

mew

hat

gene

ral

refe

renc

e to

“al

l co

ncer

ned”

(pa

ra. 1

4),

is m

issi

ng f

rom

the

tex

t of

Sec

urity

C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9).

Whe

n in

terp

retin

g Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

, the

Cou

rt m

ust

esta

blis

h, o

n a

case

-by-

case

bas

is, c

onsi

derin

g al

l rel

evan

t circ

umst

ance

s, fo

r w

hom

the

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

inte

nded

to

crea

te b

indi

ng l

egal

obl

igat

ions

. Th

e la

ngua

ge u

sed

by t

he r

esol

utio

n m

ay

148

- 42

-

serv

e as

an

impo

rtant

indi

cato

r in

this

rega

rd.

The

appr

oach

take

n by

the

Cou

rt w

ith re

gard

to th

e bi

ndin

g ef

fect

of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tions

in g

ener

al is

, mut

atis

mut

andi

s, al

so re

leva

nt h

ere.

In

this

con

text

, the

Cou

rt re

calls

its p

revi

ous s

tate

men

t tha

t:

“T

he l

angu

age

of a

res

olut

ion

of t

he S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il sh

ould

be

care

fully

an

alys

ed b

efor

e a

conc

lusi

on c

an b

e m

ade

as t

o its

bin

ding

eff

ect.

In

view

of

the

natu

re o

f th

e po

wer

s un

der

Arti

cle

25, t

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

the

y ha

ve b

een

in f

act

exer

cise

d is

to b

e de

term

ined

in e

ach

case

, hav

ing

rega

rd to

the

term

s of

the

reso

lutio

n to

be

inte

rpre

ted,

the

disc

ussi

ons

lead

ing

to it

, the

Cha

rter p

rovi

sion

s in

voke

d an

d, in

ge

nera

l, al

l circ

umst

ance

s th

at m

ight

ass

ist i

n de

term

inin

g th

e le

gal c

onse

quen

ces

of

the

reso

lutio

n of

the

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil.

” (

Lega

l C

onse

quen

ces

for

Stat

es o

f th

e C

ontin

ued

Pres

ence

of S

outh

Afr

ica

in N

amib

ia (

Sout

h W

est A

fric

a) n

otw

ithst

andi

ng

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

Reso

lutio

n 27

6 (1

970)

, Adv

isor

y O

pini

on, I

.C.J

. Rep

orts

197

1, p

. 53,

pa

ra. 1

14.)

11

8. B

earin

g th

is i

n m

ind,

the

Cou

rt ca

nnot

acc

ept

the

argu

men

t th

at S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) c

onta

ins

a pr

ohib

ition

, bi

ndin

g on

the

aut

hors

of

the

decl

arat

ion

of

inde

pend

ence

, ag

ains

t de

clar

ing

inde

pend

ence

; n

or c

an s

uch

a pr

ohib

ition

be

deriv

ed f

rom

the

la

ngua

ge o

f th

e re

solu

tion

unde

rsto

od in

its

cont

ext a

nd c

onsi

derin

g its

obj

ect a

nd p

urpo

se.

The

lang

uage

of

Secu

rity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

is

at b

est

ambi

guou

s in

thi

s re

gard

. T

he

obje

ct a

nd p

urpo

se o

f the

reso

lutio

n, a

s ha

s be

en e

xpla

ined

in d

etai

l (se

e pa

ragr

aphs

96

to 1

00),

is

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

an

inte

rim a

dmin

istra

tion

for

Kos

ovo,

with

out

mak

ing

any

defin

itive

de

term

inat

ion

on fi

nal s

tatu

s iss

ues.

The

text

of t

he re

solu

tion

expl

ains

that

the

“mai

n re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

the

inte

rnat

iona

l civ

il pr

esen

ce w

ill in

clud

e . .

. [o

]rgan

izin

g an

d ov

erse

eing

the

dev

elop

men

t of

pro

visi

onal

ins

titut

ions

for

dem

ocra

tic a

nd

auto

nom

ous

self-

gove

rnm

ent

pend

ing

a po

litic

al s

ettle

men

t” (

para

. 11

(c)

of t

he

reso

lutio

n; e

mph

asis

add

ed).

The

phra

se “

polit

ical

set

tlem

ent”

, of

ten

cite

d in

the

pre

sent

pro

ceed

ings

, do

es n

ot m

odify

thi

s co

nclu

sion

. Fi

rst,

that

ref

eren

ce is

mad

e w

ithin

the

cont

ext o

f en

umer

atin

g th

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

ivil

pres

ence

, i.e

., th

e Sp

ecia

l Rep

rese

ntat

ive

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

Gen

eral

in K

osov

o an

d U

NM

IK, a

nd n

ot o

f oth

er a

ctor

s. S

econ

dly,

as

the

dive

rgin

g vi

ews

pres

ente

d to

the

Cou

rt on

th

is m

atte

r illu

stra

te, t

he te

rm “

polit

ical

set

tlem

ent”

is s

ubje

ct to

var

ious

inte

rpre

tatio

ns.

The

Cou

rt th

eref

ore

conc

lude

s tha

t thi

s par

t of S

ecur

ity C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) c

anno

t be

cons

trued

to

incl

ude

a pr

ohib

ition

, add

ress

ed in

par

ticul

ar to

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

17

Febr

uary

200

8,

agai

nst d

ecla

ring

inde

pend

ence

.

11

9. T

he C

ourt

acco

rdin

gly

finds

that

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

did

not

bar

th

e au

thor

s of t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

17

Febr

uary

200

8 fr

om is

suin

g a

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce fr

om

the

Rep

ublic

of

Serb

ia.

Hen

ce, t

he d

ecla

ratio

n of

inde

pend

ence

did

not

vio

late

Sec

urity

Cou

ncil

reso

lutio

n 12

44 (1

999)

.

*

- 43

-

12

0. T

he C

ourt

ther

efor

e tu

rns

to th

e qu

estio

n w

heth

er th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

has

vio

late

d th

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

the

ausp

ices

of

UN

MIK

. C

hapt

er 5

of

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fr

amew

ork

dete

rmin

es t

he p

ower

s of

the

Pro

visi

onal

In

stitu

tions

of

Self-

Gov

ernm

ent

of K

osov

o.

It w

as a

rgue

d by

a n

umbe

r of

Sta

tes

whi

ch

parti

cipa

ted

in t

he p

roce

edin

gs b

efor

e th

e C

ourt

that

the

pro

mul

gatio

n of

a d

ecla

ratio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce is

an

act o

utsi

de th

e po

wer

s of

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Sel

f-G

over

nmen

t as

set

out i

n th

e C

onst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k.

12

1. T

he C

ourt

has

alre

ady

held

, ho

wev

er (

see

para

grap

hs 1

02 t

o 10

9 ab

ove)

, th

at t

he

decl

arat

ion

of in

depe

nden

ce o

f 17

Febr

uary

200

8 w

as n

ot is

sued

by

the

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t, no

r was

it a

n ac

t int

ende

d to

take

eff

ect,

or a

ctua

lly ta

king

eff

ect,

with

in th

e le

gal

orde

r in

whi

ch th

ose

Prov

isio

nal I

nstit

utio

ns o

pera

ted.

It f

ollo

ws

that

the

auth

ors

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

wer

e no

t bou

nd b

y th

e fr

amew

ork

of p

ower

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s es

tabl

ishe

d to

go

vern

the

con

duct

of

the

Prov

isio

nal

Inst

itutio

ns o

f Se

lf-G

over

nmen

t. A

ccor

ding

ly,

the

Cou

rt fin

dsth

at th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

did

not

vio

late

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork.

*

*

*

V.G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NC

LU

SIO

N

12

2. T

he C

ourt

has

conc

lude

d ab

ove

that

the

adop

tion

of th

e de

clar

atio

n of

inde

pend

ence

of

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

di

d no

t vi

olat

e ge

nera

l in

tern

atio

nal

law

, Se

curit

y C

ounc

il re

solu

tion

1244

(199

9) o

r th

e C

onst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k.

Con

sequ

ently

the

ado

ptio

n of

tha

t de

clar

atio

n di

d no

t vio

late

any

app

licab

le ru

le o

f int

erna

tiona

l law

.

*

*

*

12

3. F

or th

ese

reas

ons,

T H

EC

OU

RT,

(1

) Una

nim

ousl

y,

Find

s tha

t it h

as ju

risdi

ctio

n to

giv

e th

e ad

viso

ry o

pini

on re

ques

ted;

(2

) By

nine

vot

es to

five

,

Dec

ides

to c

ompl

y w

ith th

e re

ques

t for

an

advi

sory

opi

nion

;

149

- 44

-

IN F

AV

OU

R:Pr

esid

ent

Ow

ada;

Ju

dges

Al-K

hasa

wne

h, B

uerg

enth

al,

Sim

ma,

Abr

aham

, Se

púlv

eda-

Am

or, C

ança

do T

rinda

de, Y

usuf

, Gre

enw

ood;

AG

AIN

ST:

Vice

-Pre

side

nt T

omka

; Ju

dges

Kor

oma,

Kei

th, B

enno

una,

Sko

tnik

ov;

(3) B

y te

n vo

tes t

o fo

ur,

Is

of

the

opin

ion

that

th

e de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce

of

Kos

ovo

adop

ted

on

17 F

ebru

ary

2008

did

not

vio

late

inte

rnat

iona

l law

.

IN F

AV

OU

R:Pr

esid

ent

Ow

ada;

Ju

dges

Al-K

hasa

wne

h, B

uerg

enth

al,

Sim

ma,

Abr

aham

, K

eith

, Sep

úlve

da-A

mor

, Can

çado

Trin

dade

, Yus

uf, G

reen

woo

d;

AG

AIN

ST:

Vice

-Pre

side

nt T

omka

; Ju

dges

Kor

oma,

Ben

noun

a, S

kotn

ikov

.

D

one

in E

nglis

h an

d in

Fre

nch,

the

Eng

lish

text

bei

ng a

utho

ritat

ive,

at

the

Peac

e Pa

lace

, Th

e H

ague

, thi

s tw

enty

-sec

ond

day

of J

uly,

two

thou

sand

and

ten,

in tw

o co

pies

, one

of w

hich

will

be

pla

ced

in t

he a

rchi

ves

of t

he C

ourt

and

the

othe

r tra

nsm

itted

to

the

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns.

(Sig

ned)

Hisa

shi O

WA

DA

,

Pres

iden

t.

(Sig

ned)

Phi

lippe

CO

UV

REU

R,

Reg

istra

r.

V

ice-

Pres

iden

t TO

MK

Aap

pend

s a

decl

arat

ion

to t

he A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt;

Judg

e K

OR

OM

A a

ppen

ds a

dis

sent

ing

opin

ion

to th

e A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

of t

he C

ourt;

Jud

ge S

IMM

A

appe

nds a

dec

lara

tion

to th

e A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

of t

he C

ourt;

Jud

ges K

EITH

and

SEP

ÚLV

EDA

-AM

OR

appe

nd s

epar

ate

opin

ions

to

the

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

f th

e C

ourt;

Ju

dges

BEN

NO

UN

A a

nd

S KO

TNIK

OV

ap

pend

di

ssen

ting

opin

ions

to

th

e A

dvis

ory

Opi

nion

of

th

e C

ourt;

Judg

esC

AN

ÇA

DO

TR

IND

AD

E an

d Y

USU

F ap

pend

sep

arat

e op

inio

ns to

the

Adv

isor

y O

pini

on o

f the

C

ourt.

(Ini

tialle

d)

H. O

.

(Ini

tialle

d)

Ph. C

.

____

____

___

150

International Court of Justice

East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) Judgment

I.C.J. Reports 1995

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

International Court of Justice

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 2004

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

International Court of Justice

Separate Opinion of Judge Higgins, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 2004

198

199

200

201

202

203

International Court of Justice

Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 2004

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

International Court of Justice

Separate Opinion of Judge Elaraby, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Advisory Opinion

I.C.J. Reports 2004

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

International Court of Justice

Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Republic of Mali) Judgment

I.C.J. Reports 1986

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights

Katangese Peoples’ Congress v. Zaire Decision of 1992

1

75/92 Katangese Peoples' Congress v. Zaire THE FACTS 1. The communication was submitted in 1992 by Mr. Gerard Moke, President of the

Katangese Peoples' Congress requesting the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights:

- To recognise the Katangese Peoples' Congress as a liberation movement entitled to support in the achievement of independence for Katanga. - To recognise the independence of Katanga. - To help secure the evacuation of Zaire from Katanga. THE LAW 2. The claim is brought under Article 20(1) of the African Charter on Human Rights'.

There are no allegations of specific breaches of other human rights apart from the claim of the denial of self-determination.

3. All peoples have a right to self-determination. There may however be controversy as to

the definition of peoples and the content of the right. The issue in the case is not self-determination for all Zaireoise as a people but specifically for the Katangese. Whether The Katangese consist of one or more ethnic groups is, for this purpose immaterial and no evidence has been adduced to that effect.

4. The Commission believes that self-determination may be exercised in any of the

following ways - independence, self-government, local government, federalism, confederalism, unitarism or any other form of relations that accords with the wishes of the people but fully cognisant of other recognised principles such as sovereignty and territorial integrity.

5. The Commission is obligated to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Zaire,

a member of the OAU and a party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. 6. In the absence of concrete evidence of violations of human rights to the point that the

territorial integrity of Zaire should be called to question and in the absence of evidence that the people of Katanga are denied the right to participate in government as guaranteed by Article 13(1) of the African Charter, the Commission holds the view that Katanga is obliged to exercise a variant of self-determination that is compatible with the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Zaire.

FOR THE ABOVE REASONS, THE COMMISSION declares that the case holds no evidence of violations of any rights under the African Charter. The request for independence for Katanga therefore has no merit under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

274

Supreme Court of Canada

Reference by the Governor-General concerning Certain Questions relating to the Secession of Quebec

from Canada 20 August 1998

[1998] 2 S.C.R. 217

Ref

eren

ce re

Sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec,

[199

8] 2

S.C

.R. 2

17

IN T

HE

MA

TT

ER

OF

Sect

ion

53 o

f the

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Act

, R.S

.C.,

1985

, c. S

-26;

AN

D I

N T

HE

MA

TT

ER

OF

a R

efer

ence

by

the

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

conc

erni

ng c

erta

in

ques

tions

rela

ting

to th

e sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec f

rom

Can

ada,

as s

et o

ut in

Ord

er in

Cou

ncil

P.C

. 19

96-1

497,

dat

ed th

e 30

th d

ay o

f Sep

tem

ber,

199

6

Inde

xed

as:

Ref

eren

ce r

e Se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c

File

No.

: 25

506.

1998

: Fe

brua

ry 1

6, 1

7, 1

8, 1

9; 1

998:

Aug

ust 2

0.

Pres

ent:

Lam

er C

.J. a

nd L

’Heu

reux

-Dub

é, G

onth

ier,

Cor

y, M

cLac

hlin

, Ia

cobu

cci,

Maj

or,

Bas

tara

che

and

Bin

nie

JJ.

refe

renc

e by

gov

erno

r in

coun

cil

Co

nstit

utio

nal l

aw --

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt of

Can

ada

-- Re

fere

nce j

urisd

ictio

n --

Whe

ther

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

's re

fere

nce j

uris

dict

ion

cons

titut

iona

l -- C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67, s

. 101

-- S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

, R.

S.C

., 19

85, c

. S-2

6, s.

53.

C

ourt

s --

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

of

Can

ada

-- R

efer

ence

jur

isdi

ctio

n --

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

refe

rrin

g to

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt th

ree q

uesti

ons r

elat

ing

to se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fro

m C

anad

a --

Whe

ther

qu

estio

ns s

ubm

itted

fall

outs

ide

scop

e of

ref

eren

ce p

rovi

sion

of S

upre

me

Cou

rt A

ct -

- W

heth

er

ques

tions

subm

itted

jus

ticia

ble

-- S

upre

me

Cou

rt A

ct, R

.S.C

., 19

85, c

. S-2

6, s.

53.

C

onst

itutio

nal l

aw --

Sec

essi

on o

f pro

vinc

e --

Uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

-- W

heth

er Q

uebe

c ca

n se

cede

uni

late

rally

from

Can

ada

unde

r Con

stitu

tion.

In

tern

atio

nal

law

--

Se

cess

ion

of

prov

ince

of

C

anad

ian

fede

ratio

n --

Ri

ght

of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n --

Effe

ctiv

ity p

rinc

iple

-- W

heth

er in

tern

atio

nal l

aw g

ives

Que

bec r

ight

to se

cede

un

ilate

rally

from

Can

ada.

1.

Purs

uant

to

s. 53

of

the

Supr

eme

Cou

rt A

ct, t

he G

over

nor

in C

ounc

il re

ferr

ed t

he

follo

win

g qu

estio

ns to

this

Cou

rt:

2.U

nder

the C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada,

can

the N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Q

uebe

c ef

fect

the

sece

ssio

n of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly?

3.D

oes i

nter

natio

nal l

aw g

ive t

he N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec t

he

right

to e

ffec

t the

sece

ssio

n of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly?

In th

is re

gard

, is t

here

a

right

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

unde

r int

erna

tiona

l law

that

wou

ld g

ive

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec t

he ri

ght t

o ef

fect

the s

eces

sion

of Q

uebe

c fro

m C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

?

- 2 -

4.In

the e

vent

of a

conf

lict b

etw

een

dom

estic

and

inte

rnat

iona

l law

on

the r

ight

of t

he N

atio

nal

Ass

embl

y, le

gisl

atur

e or

gov

ernm

ent o

f Q

uebe

c to

eff

ect t

he s

eces

sion

of

Que

bec

from

C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

, whi

ch w

ould

take

pre

cede

nce

in C

anad

a?

Issu

es re

gard

ing

the C

ourt'

s ref

eren

ce ju

risdi

ctio

n w

ere r

aise

d by

the a

mic

us cu

riae

. He a

rgue

d th

at

s. 53

of t

he S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

was

unc

onst

itutio

nal;

that

, eve

n if

the C

ourt'

s ref

eren

ce ju

risdi

ctio

n w

as co

nstit

utio

nally

val

id, t

he q

uest

ions

subm

itted

wer

e out

side

the s

cope

of s

. 53;

and,

fina

lly, t

hat

thes

e qu

estio

ns w

ere

not j

ustic

iabl

e.

Hel

d: S

ectio

n 53

of t

he S

upre

me C

ourt

Act i

s con

stitu

tiona

l and

the C

ourt

shou

ld an

swer

the

refe

renc

e qu

estio

ns.

(1)

Supr

eme

Cou

rt's

Refe

renc

e Ju

risd

ictio

n

Sect

ion

101

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67 g

ives

Par

liam

ent t

he a

utho

rity

to g

rant

this

Cou

rt th

e re

fere

nce j

uris

dict

ion

prov

ided

for i

n s.

53 o

f the

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt A

ct. T

he w

ords

"gen

eral

cour

t of

appe

al" i

n s.

101

deno

te th

e sta

tus o

f the

Cou

rt w

ithin

the n

atio

nal c

ourt

stru

ctur

e and

shou

ld n

ot

be ta

ken

as a

rest

rictiv

e def

initi

on o

f the

Cou

rt's f

unct

ions

. Whi

le, i

n m

ost i

nsta

nces

, thi

s Cou

rt ac

ts

as t

he e

xclu

sive

ulti

mat

e ap

pella

te c

ourt

in t

he c

ount

ry, a

n ap

pella

te c

ourt

can

rece

ive,

on

an

exce

ptio

nal b

asis

, orig

inal

juris

dict

ion

not i

ncom

patib

le w

ith it

s app

ella

te ju

risdi

ctio

n. E

ven

if th

ere

wer

e an

y co

nflic

t bet

wee

n th

is C

ourt'

s re

fere

nce

juris

dict

ion

and

the

orig

inal

juris

dict

ion

of th

e pr

ovin

cial

supe

rior c

ourts

, any

such

con

flict

mus

t be

reso

lved

in fa

vour

of P

arlia

men

t's e

xerc

ise

of

its p

lena

ry p

ower

to e

stab

lish

a "g

ener

al c

ourt

of a

ppea

l".

A "

gene

ral c

ourt

of a

ppea

l" m

ay a

lso

prop

erly

und

erta

ke o

ther

lega

l fun

ctio

ns, s

uch

as th

e re

nder

ing

of a

dvis

ory

opin

ions

. The

re is

no

cons

titut

iona

l bar

to th

is C

ourt'

s rec

eipt

of j

uris

dict

ion

to u

nder

take

an

advi

sory

role

.

The r

efer

ence

que

stio

ns ar

e with

in t

he sc

ope o

f s. 5

3 of

the S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

. Que

stio

n 1

is d

irect

ed, a

t lea

st in

par

t, to

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

the

Con

stitu

tion

Acts

, whi

ch a

re re

ferr

ed to

in

s. 53

(1)(

a).

Bot

h Q

uest

ions

1 a

nd 2

fall

with

in s

. 53(

1)(d

), si

nce

they

rela

te to

the

pow

ers

of th

e le

gisl

atur

e or

gov

ernm

ent

of a

Can

adia

n pr

ovin

ce.

Fina

lly, a

ll th

ree

ques

tions

are

"im

porta

nt

ques

tions

of

law

or

fact

con

cern

ing

any

mat

ter"

and

thus

com

e w

ithin

s. 5

3(2)

. In

ans

wer

ing

Que

stio

n 2,

the

Cou

rt is

not

exc

eedi

ng it

s ju

risdi

ctio

n by

pur

porti

ng to

act

as

an in

tern

atio

nal

tribu

nal.

The

Cou

rt is

pro

vidi

ng an

advi

sory

opi

nion

to th

e Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

in it

s cap

acity

as a

natio

nal c

ourt

on le

gal q

uest

ions

touc

hing

and

con

cern

ing

the

futu

re o

f the

Can

adia

n fe

dera

tion.

Fu

rther

, Que

stio

n 2

is n

ot b

eyon

d th

e co

mpe

tenc

e of

this

Cou

rt, a

s a

dom

estic

cou

rt, b

ecau

se it

re

quire

s th

e C

ourt

to l

ook

at i

nter

natio

nal

law

rat

her

than

dom

estic

law

. M

ore

impo

rtant

ly,

Que

stio

n 2

does

not

ask

an ab

stra

ct q

uest

ion

of "

pure

" int

erna

tiona

l law

but

seek

s to

dete

rmin

e the

le

gal r

ight

s and

obl

igat

ions

of t

he le

gisl

atur

e or g

over

nmen

t of Q

uebe

c, in

stitu

tions

that

exis

t as p

art

of th

e C

anad

ian

lega

l ord

er.

Inte

rnat

iona

l law

mus

t be

addr

esse

d si

nce

it ha

s be

en in

voke

d as

a

cons

ider

atio

n in

the

cont

ext o

f thi

s Ref

eren

ce.

The r

efer

ence

que

stio

ns ar

e jus

ticia

ble a

nd sh

ould

be a

nsw

ered

. The

y do

not

ask

the C

ourt

to

usur

p an

y de

moc

ratic

dec

isio

n th

at t

he p

eopl

e of

Que

bec

may

be

calle

d up

on t

o m

ake.

Th

e qu

estio

ns, a

s int

erpr

eted

by

the C

ourt,

are s

trict

ly li

mite

d to

aspe

cts o

f the

lega

l fra

mew

ork

in w

hich

276

- 3 -

that

dem

ocra

tic d

ecis

ion

is to

be t

aken

. Si

nce t

he re

fere

nce q

uest

ions

may

clea

rly b

e int

erpr

eted

as

dire

cted

to le

gal i

ssue

s, th

e C

ourt

is in

a p

ositi

on to

ans

wer

them

. The

Cou

rt ca

nnot

exe

rcis

e its

di

scre

tion

to r

efus

e to

ans

wer

the

ques

tions

on

a pr

agm

atic

bas

is. T

he q

uest

ions

rai

se is

sues

of

fund

amen

tal p

ublic

impo

rtanc

e and

they

are n

ot to

o im

prec

ise o

r am

bigu

ous t

o pe

rmit

a pro

per l

egal

an

swer

. Nor

has

the C

ourt

been

pro

vide

d w

ith in

suffi

cien

t inf

orm

atio

n re

gard

ing

the p

rese

nt co

ntex

t in

whi

ch th

e qu

estio

ns a

rise.

Fin

ally

, the

Cou

rt m

ay d

eal o

n a

refe

renc

e w

ith is

sues

that

mig

ht

othe

rwis

e be

con

side

red

not y

et "

ripe"

for d

ecis

ion.

(2) Q

uest

ion

1

The

Con

stitu

tion

is m

ore

than

a w

ritte

n te

xt.

It em

brac

es th

e en

tire

glob

al sy

stem

of r

ules

an

d pr

inci

ples

whi

ch g

over

n th

e ex

erci

se o

f co

nstit

utio

nal

auth

ority

. A

sup

erfic

ial

read

ing

of

sele

cted

pro

visi

ons o

f the

writ

ten

cons

titut

iona

l ena

ctm

ent,

with

out m

ore,

may

be m

isle

adin

g. I

t is

nece

ssar

y to

mak

e a

mor

e pr

ofou

nd in

vest

igat

ion

of th

e un

derly

ing

prin

cipl

es a

nim

atin

g th

e w

hole

of

the C

onst

itutio

n, in

clud

ing

the p

rinci

ples

of f

eder

alis

m, d

emoc

racy

, con

stitu

tiona

lism

and

the r

ule

of la

w, a

nd re

spec

t for

min

oriti

es.

Thos

e pr

inci

ples

mus

t inf

orm

our

ove

rall

appr

ecia

tion

of th

e co

nstit

utio

nal r

ight

s and

obl

igat

ions

that

wou

ld c

ome

into

pla

y in

the

even

t tha

t a c

lear

maj

ority

of

Que

bece

rs v

otes

on

a cl

ear q

uest

ion

in fa

vour

of s

eces

sion

.

The

Cou

rt in

this

Ref

eren

ce is

requ

ired

to co

nsid

er w

heth

er Q

uebe

c has

a rig

ht to

uni

late

ral

sece

ssio

n. A

rgum

ents

in

supp

ort

of t

he e

xist

ence

of

such

a r

ight

wer

e pr

imar

ily b

ased

on

the

prin

cipl

e of

de

moc

racy

.

Dem

ocra

cy,

how

ever

, m

eans

mor

e th

an s

impl

e m

ajor

ity r

ule.

C

onsti

tutio

nal j

uris

prud

ence

show

s tha

t dem

ocra

cy ex

ists i

n th

e lar

ger c

onte

xt o

f oth

er co

nstit

utio

nal

valu

es.

Sinc

e C

onfe

dera

tion,

the

peop

le o

f the

pro

vinc

es a

nd te

rrito

ries h

ave

crea

ted

clos

e tie

s of

inte

rdep

ende

nce

(eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l, po

litic

al a

nd c

ultu

ral)

base

d on

sha

red

valu

es t

hat

incl

ude

fede

ralis

m,

dem

ocra

cy,

cons

titut

iona

lism

and

the

rul

e of

law

, an

d re

spec

t fo

r m

inor

ities

. A

de

moc

ratic

dec

isio

n of

Que

bece

rs in

favo

ur o

f sec

essi

on w

ould

put

thos

e rel

atio

nshi

ps at

risk

. Th

e C

onst

itutio

n vo

uchs

afes

ord

er a

nd s

tabi

lity,

and

acc

ordi

ngly

sec

essi

on o

f a p

rovi

nce

"und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n" c

ould

not

be

achi

eved

uni

late

rally

, tha

t is,

with

out p

rinci

pled

neg

otia

tion

with

oth

er

parti

cipa

nts i

n C

onfe

dera

tion

with

in th

e ex

istin

g co

nstit

utio

nal f

ram

ewor

k.

Our

dem

ocra

tic in

stitu

tions

nec

essa

rily

acco

mm

odat

e a co

ntin

uous

pro

cess

of d

iscus

sion

and

evol

utio

n, w

hich

is re

flect

ed in

the c

onst

itutio

nal r

ight

of e

ach

parti

cipa

nt in

the f

eder

atio

n to

initi

ate

cons

titut

iona

l cha

nge.

Thi

s rig

ht im

plie

s a

reci

proc

al d

uty

on th

e ot

her p

artic

ipan

ts to

eng

age

in

disc

ussi

ons t

o ad

dres

s any

legi

timat

e ini

tiativ

e to

chan

ge th

e con

stitu

tiona

l ord

er.

A cl

ear m

ajor

ity

vote

in Q

uebe

c on

a cle

ar q

uest

ion

in fa

vour

of s

eces

sion

wou

ld co

nfer

dem

ocra

tic le

gitim

acy

on th

e se

cess

ion

initi

ativ

e w

hich

all

of th

e ot

her p

artic

ipan

ts in

Con

fede

ratio

n w

ould

hav

e to

reco

gniz

e.

Que

bec

coul

d no

t, de

spite

a c

lear

ref

eren

dum

res

ult,

purp

ort

to i

nvok

e a

right

of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n to

dic

tate

the t

erm

s of a

pro

pose

d se

cess

ion

to th

e oth

er p

artie

s to

the f

eder

atio

n. T

he

dem

ocra

tic v

ote,

by

how

ever

stro

ng a

maj

ority

, wou

ld h

ave n

o le

gal e

ffec

t on

its o

wn

and

coul

d no

t pu

sh a

side

the

prin

cipl

es o

f fed

eral

ism

and

the

rule

of l

aw, t

he ri

ghts

of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

nd m

inor

ities

, or

the

oper

atio

n of

dem

ocra

cy in

the

othe

r pro

vinc

es o

r in

Can

ada

as a

who

le.

Dem

ocra

tic ri

ghts

un

der t

he C

onst

itutio

n ca

nnot

be

divo

rced

from

con

stitu

tiona

l obl

igat

ions

. N

or, h

owev

er, c

an th

e

- 4 -

reve

rse

prop

ositi

on b

e ac

cept

ed:

the

cont

inue

d ex

iste

nce

and

oper

atio

n of

the

Can

adia

n co

nstit

utio

nal o

rder

cou

ld n

ot b

e in

diff

eren

t to

a cl

ear e

xpre

ssio

n of

a c

lear

maj

ority

of Q

uebe

cers

th

at th

ey n

o lo

nger

wis

h to

rem

ain

in C

anad

a. T

he o

ther

pro

vinc

es a

nd th

e fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent

wou

ld h

ave

no b

asis

to d

eny

the

right

of t

he g

over

nmen

t of Q

uebe

c to

pur

sue

sece

ssio

n sh

ould

a

clea

r maj

ority

of t

he p

eopl

e of Q

uebe

c cho

ose t

hat g

oal,

so lo

ng as

in d

oing

so, Q

uebe

c res

pect

s the

rig

hts

of o

ther

s. T

he n

egot

iatio

ns th

at f

ollo

wed

suc

h a

vote

wou

ld a

ddre

ss th

e po

tent

ial a

ct o

f se

cess

ion

as w

ell

as i

ts p

ossi

ble

term

s sh

ould

in

fact

sec

essi

on p

roce

ed.

Ther

e w

ould

be

no

conc

lusi

ons p

rede

term

ined

by

law

on

any

issu

e. N

egot

iatio

ns w

ould

nee

d to

addr

ess t

he in

tere

sts o

f th

e oth

er p

rovi

nces

, the

fede

ral g

over

nmen

t and

Que

b ec a

nd in

deed

the r

ight

s of a

ll C

anad

ians

bot

h w

ithin

and

out

side

Que

bec,

and

spec

ifica

lly th

e rig

hts o

f min

oriti

es.

The n

egot

iatio

n pr

oces

s wou

ld re

quire

the r

econ

cilia

tion

of v

ario

us ri

ghts

and

oblig

atio

ns b

y ne

gotia

tion

betw

een

two

legi

timat

e m

ajor

ities

, nam

ely,

the

maj

ority

of t

he p

opul

atio

n of

Que

bec,

an

d th

at o

f Can

ada

as a

who

le.

A p

oliti

cal m

ajor

ity a

t eith

er le

vel t

hat d

oes n

ot a

ct in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

unde

rlyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

put

s at r

isk

the

legi

timac

y of

its e

xerc

ise

of it

s rig

hts,

and

the

ultim

ate

acce

ptan

ce o

f the

resu

lt by

the

inte

rnat

iona

l com

mun

ity.

The t

ask

of th

e Cou

rt ha

s bee

n to

clar

ify th

e leg

al fr

amew

ork

with

in w

hich

pol

itica

l dec

ision

s ar

e to

be ta

ken

"und

er th

e Con

stitu

tion"

and

not t

o us

urp

the p

rero

gativ

es o

f the

pol

itica

l for

ces t

hat

oper

ate w

ithin

that

fram

ewor

k. T

he o

blig

atio

ns id

entif

ied

by th

e Cou

rt ar

e bin

ding

obl

igat

ions

und

er

the

Con

stitu

tion.

How

ever

, it w

ill b

e fo

r the

pol

itica

l act

ors t

o de

term

ine

wha

t con

stitu

tes "

a cl

ear

maj

ority

on

a cl

ear q

uest

ion"

in th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

unde

r whi

ch a

futu

re re

fere

ndum

vot

e m

ay b

e ta

ken.

Equ

ally

, in

the e

vent

of d

emon

stra

ted

maj

ority

supp

ort f

or Q

uebe

c sec

essi

on, t

he co

nten

t and

pr

oces

s of t

he n

egot

iatio

ns w

ill b

e for

the p

oliti

cal a

ctor

s to

settl

e. T

he re

conc

iliat

ion

of th

e var

ious

le

gitim

ate

cons

titut

iona

l int

eres

ts is

nec

essa

rily

com

mitt

ed to

the

polit

ical

rath

er th

an th

e ju

dici

al

real

m p

reci

sely

bec

ause

that

rec

onci

liatio

n ca

n on

ly b

e ac

hiev

ed th

roug

h th

e gi

ve a

nd ta

ke o

f po

litic

al n

egot

iatio

ns.

To th

e ex

tent

issu

es a

ddre

ssed

in th

e co

urse

of n

egot

iatio

n ar

e po

litic

al, t

he

cour

ts, a

ppre

ciat

ing

thei

r pro

per r

ole i

n th

e con

stitu

tiona

l sch

eme,

wou

ld h

ave n

o su

perv

isor

y ro

le.

(3) Q

uest

ion

2

The

Cou

rt w

as al

so re

quire

d to

con

side

r whe

ther

a rig

ht to

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

exis

ts u

nder

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw. S

ome s

uppo

rting

an af

firm

ativ

e ans

wer

did

so o

n th

e bas

is o

f the

reco

gniz

ed ri

ght

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n th

at b

elon

gs t

o al

l "p

eopl

es".

A

lthou

gh m

uch

of t

he Q

uebe

c po

pula

tion

certa

inly

sha

res

man

y of

the

char

acte

ristic

s of a

peo

ple,

it is

not

nec

essa

ry to

dec

ide

the

"peo

ple"

is

sue

beca

use,

wha

teve

r may

be

the

corr

ect d

eter

min

atio

n of

this

issu

e in

the

cont

ext o

f Que

bec,

a

right

to se

cess

ion

only

aris

es u

nder

the p

rinci

ple o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

e at i

nter

natio

nal l

aw

whe

re "

a pe

ople

" is

gov

erne

d as

par

t of

a co

loni

al e

mpi

re; w

here

"a

peop

le"

is s

ubje

ct to

alie

n su

bjug

atio

n, d

omin

atio

n or

exp

loita

tion;

and

pos

sibl

y w

here

"a

peop

le"

is d

enie

d an

y m

eani

ngfu

l ex

erci

se o

f its

rig

ht t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

with

in t

he s

tate

of

whi

ch i

t fo

rms

a pa

rt.

In o

ther

ci

rcum

stan

ces,

peop

les

are

expe

cted

to a

chie

ve s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

thei

r ex

istin

g st

ate.

A s

tate

who

se g

over

nmen

t rep

rese

nts

the

who

le o

f the

peo

ple

or p

eopl

es re

side

nt

with

in it

s ter

ritor

y, o

n a b

asis

of e

qual

ity an

d w

ithou

t dis

crim

inat

ion,

and

resp

ects

the p

rinci

ples

of

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n in

its i

nter

nal a

rran

gem

ents

, is e

ntitl

ed to

mai

ntai

n its

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y un

der

277

- 5 -

inte

rnat

iona

l law

and

to h

ave

that

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y re

cogn

ized

by

othe

r sta

tes.

Que

bec

does

not

m

eet

the

thre

shol

d of

a c

olon

ial

peop

le o

r an

opp

ress

ed p

eopl

e, n

or c

an i

t be

sug

gest

ed t

hat

Que

bece

rs h

ave

been

den

ied

mea

ning

ful a

cces

s to

gove

rnm

ent t

o pu

rsue

thei

r pol

itica

l, ec

onom

ic,

cultu

ral a

nd so

cial

dev

elop

men

t. In

the

circ

umst

ance

s, th

e "N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

the

legi

slat

ure

or

the

gove

rnm

ent o

f Q

uebe

c" d

o no

t enj

oy a

rig

ht a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

to e

ffec

t the

sec

essi

on o

f Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

.

Alth

ough

the

re i

s no

rig

ht, u

nder

the

Con

stitu

tion

or a

t in

tern

atio

nal

law

, to

unila

tera

l se

cess

ion,

the

pos

sibi

lity

of a

n un

cons

titut

iona

l de

clar

atio

n of

sec

essi

on l

eadi

ng t

o a

de f

acto

sece

ssio

n is

not

rul

ed o

ut.

The

ultim

ate

succ

ess

of s

uch

a se

cess

ion

wou

ld b

e de

pend

ent

on

reco

gniti

on b

y th

e int

erna

tiona

l com

mun

ity, w

hich

is li

kely

to co

nsid

er th

e leg

ality

and

legi

timac

y of

se

cess

ion

havi

ng re

gard

to, a

mon

gst o

ther

fact

s, th

e con

duct

of Q

uebe

c and

Can

ada,

in d

eter

min

ing

whe

ther

to g

rant

or w

ithho

ld re

cogn

ition

. Ev

en if

gra

nted

, suc

h re

cogn

ition

wou

ld n

ot, h

owev

er,

prov

ide a

ny re

troac

tive j

ustif

icat

ion

for t

he ac

t of s

eces

sion

, eith

er u

nder

the C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada

or a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

.

(4) Q

uest

ion

3

In v

iew

of

the

answ

ers

to Q

uest

ions

1 a

nd 2

, the

re is

no

conf

lict b

etw

een

dom

estic

and

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw to

be

addr

esse

d in

the

cont

ext o

f thi

s Ref

eren

ce.

Cas

es C

ited

Ref

erre

d to

:Re

fere

nce r

eMan

itoba

Lan

guag

e Rig

hts,

[198

5] 1

S.C

.R. 7

21; R

e Ref

eren

ces

by G

over

nor-

Gen

eral

in C

ounc

il (1

910)

, 43

S.C

.R. 5

36, a

ff'd

[191

2] A

.C. 5

71; Q

uebe

c Nor

th S

hore

Pa

per C

o. v

. Can

adia

n Pa

cific

Ltd

., [1

977]

2 S

.C.R

. 105

4; D

e D

emko

v. H

ome

Secr

etar

y, [1

959]

A

.C. 6

54; R

e Fo

rest

and

Reg

istr

ar o

f Cou

rt o

f App

eal o

f Man

itoba

(197

7), 7

7 D

.L.R

. (3d

) 445

; At

torn

ey-G

ener

al fo

r Ont

ario

v. A

ttorn

ey-G

ener

al fo

r Can

ada,

[194

7] A

.C. 1

27; M

uskr

at v.

Uni

ted

Stat

es, 2

19 U

.S. 3

46 (1

911)

; Ref

eren

ce r

e Po

wer

s to

Lev

y Ra

tes

on F

orei

gn L

egat

ions

and

Hig

h Co

mm

issio

ners

' Res

iden

ces,

[194

3] S

.C.R

. 208

; Ref

eren

ce re

Own

ersh

ip o

f Offs

hore

Min

eral

Rig

hts

of B

ritis

h C

olum

bia,

[196

7] S

.C.R

. 792

; Ref

eren

ce re

New

foun

dlan

d C

ontin

enta

l She

lf, [1

984]

1

S.C

.R. 8

6; R

efer

ence

re C

anad

a As

sist

ance

Pla

n (B

.C.),

[199

1] 2

S.C

.R. 5

25; M

cEvo

y v.

Atto

rney

G

ener

al fo

r New

Bru

nsw

ick,

[198

3] 1

S.C

.R. 7

04; R

efer

ence

re W

ater

s and

Wat

er-P

ower

s, [1

929]

S.

C.R

. 200

; Ref

eren

ce re

Goo

ds a

nd S

ervi

ces T

ax, [

1992

] 2 S

.C.R

. 445

; Ref

eren

ce re

Rem

uner

atio

n of

Jud

ges

of t

he P

rovi

ncia

l C

ourt

of

Prin

ce E

dwar

d Is

land

, [19

97]

3 S.

C.R

. 3;

Refe

renc

e re

Ed

ucat

ion

Syste

m in

Isla

nd o

f Mon

treal

, [19

26] S

.C.R

. 246

; Ref

eren

ce re

Aut

horit

y of P

arlia

men

t in

rela

tion

to th

e Upp

er H

ouse

, [19

80] 1

S.C

.R. 5

4; R

efer

ence

re R

esol

utio

n to

am

end

the C

onsti

tutio

n,[1

981]

1 S

.C.R

. 753

; Ref

eren

ce re

Obj

ectio

n by

Que

bec t

o a

Reso

lutio

n to

Am

end

the C

onst

itutio

n,[1

982]

2 S

.C.R

. 79

3; O

PSEU

v.

Ont

ario

(At

torn

ey G

ener

al),

[198

7] 2

S.C

.R.

2; E

dwar

ds v

. At

torn

ey-G

ener

al fo

r Can

ada,

[193

0] A

.C. 1

24; N

ew B

runs

wic

k Br

oadc

astin

g C

o. v

. Nov

a Sc

otia

(S

peak

er o

f the

Hou

se o

f Ass

embl

y), [

1993

] 1 S

.C.R

. 319

; Fra

ser v

. Pub

lic S

ervi

ce S

taff

Rela

tions

Bo

ard,

[198

5] 2

S.C

.R. 4

55; L

iqui

dato

rs o

f the

Mar

itim

e Ba

nk o

f Can

ada

v. R

ecei

ver-

Gen

eral

of

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

[189

2] A

.C. 4

37; N

orth

ern

Tele

com

Can

ada

Ltd.

v. C

omm

unic

atio

n W

orke

rs o

f C

anad

a, [

1983

] 1

S.C

.R. 7

33; R

e th

eIn

itiat

ive

and

Refe

rend

um A

ct, [

1919

] A

.C. 9

35; H

aig

v.

- 6 -

Can

ada,

[199

3] 2

S.C

.R. 9

95; R

. v. S

. (S.

), [1

990]

2 S

.C.R

. 254

; Sw

itzm

an v.

Elb

ling,

[195

7] S

.C.R

. 28

5; S

aum

ur v

. City

of Q

uebe

c, [

1953

] 2 S

.C.R

. 299

; Bou

cher

v. T

he K

ing,

[195

1] S

.C.R

. 265

; Re

fere

nce

reAl

bert

a St

atut

es, [

1938

] S.C

.R. 1

00; R

efer

ence

re

Prov

inci

alEl

ecto

ral B

ound

arie

s (S

ask.

), [1

991]

2 S

.C.R

. 158

; R. v

. Oak

es, [

1986

] 1 S

.C.R

. 103

; Har

vey v

. New

Bru

nsw

ick (

Atto

rney

G

ener

al),

[199

6] 2

S.C

.R. 8

76; R

onca

relli

v. D

uple

ssis

, [19

59] S

.C.R

. 121

; Ope

ratio

n D

ism

antle

In

c. v

. The

Que

en, [

1985

] 1 S

.C.R

. 441

; Ref

eren

ce re

Bill

30,

An

Act t

o am

end

the

Educ

atio

n Ac

t (O

nt.),

[198

7] 1

S.C

.R. 1

148;

Ref

eren

ce r

e Ed

ucat

ion

Act (

Que

.), [1

993]

2 S

.C.R

. 511

; Gre

ater

M

ontr

eal P

rote

stan

t Sch

ool B

oard

v. Q

uebe

c (A

ttorn

ey G

ener

al),

[198

9] 1

S.C

.R. 3

77; A

dler

v.

Ont

ario

, [19

96] 3

S.C

.R. 6

09; S

ocié

té d

es A

cadi

ens d

u N

ouve

au-B

runs

wic

k In

c. v

. Ass

ocia

tion

of

Pare

nts f

or F

airn

ess i

n Ed

ucat

ion,

[198

6] 1

S.C

.R. 5

49; R

efer

ence

re P

ublic

Sch

ools

Act

(Man

.),

s. 79

(3),

(4) a

nd (7

), [1

993]

1 S

.C.R

. 839

; Mah

e v.

Alb

erta

, [19

90] 1

S.C

.R. 3

42; R

. v. S

parr

ow,

[199

0] 1

S.C

.R. 1

075;

Can

ada

(Aud

itor

Gen

eral

) v.

Can

ada

(Min

iste

r of

Ene

rgy,

Min

es a

nd

Reso

urce

s), [

1989

] 2 S

.C.R

. 49.

Stat

utes

and

Reg

ulat

ions

Cite

d

Ala

. Cod

e 19

75 §

12-

2-10

.

Bill

of R

ight

s of 1

689

(Eng

.), 1

Will

. & M

ar. s

ess.

2, c

. 2.

Can

adia

n C

hart

er o

f Rig

hts a

nd F

reed

oms,

ss. 2

, 3, 4

, 7 to

14,

15,

25,

33.

Cha

rter

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, C

an. T

.S. 1

945

No.

7, A

rts. 1

(2),

55.

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

, pre

ambl

e, ss

. 91,

92(

14),

96, 1

01.

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1982

, ss.

25, 3

5, 5

2(1)

, (2)

.

Conv

entio

n fo

r the

Pro

tect

ion

of H

uman

Rig

hts a

nd F

unda

men

tal F

reed

oms,

Prot

ocol

No.

2, E

urop

. T.

S. N

o. 5

, p. 3

6.

Del

. Cod

e A

nn. t

it. 1

0, §

141

(199

6 Su

pp.).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cov

enan

t on

Civ

il an

d Po

litic

al R

ight

s, 99

9 U

.N.T

.S. 1

71, A

rt. 1

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cov

enan

t on

Econ

omic

, Soc

ial a

nd C

ultu

ral R

ight

s, 99

3 U

.N.T

.S. 3

, Art.

1.

Mag

na C

arta

(121

5).

Stat

ute

of th

e In

ter-

Amer

ican

Cou

rt o

f Hum

an R

ight

s (19

79),

Art.

2.

Stat

ute

of W

estm

inst

er, 1

931

(U.K

.), 2

2 &

23

Geo

. 5, c

. 4 [r

eprin

ted

in R

.S.C

., 19

85, A

pp. I

I, N

o.

27].

Supr

eme

Cou

rt A

ct, R

.S.C

., 19

85, c

. S-2

6, ss

. 3, 5

3(1)

(a),

(d),

(2).

278

- 7 -

Trea

ty e

stab

lishi

ng th

e Eu

rope

an C

omm

unity

, Art.

228

(6).

Uni

on A

ct, 1

840

(U.K

.), 3

-4 V

ict.,

c. 3

5 [r

eprin

ted

in R

.S.C

., 19

85, A

pp. I

I, N

o. 4

].

Uni

ted

Stat

es C

onst

itutio

n, a

rt. II

I, §

2.

Aut

hors

Cite

d

Can

ada.

Leg

isla

ture

. Par

liam

enta

ry D

ebat

es o

n th

e sub

ject

of t

he C

onfe

dera

tion

of th

e Brit

ish N

orth

Am

eric

an P

rovi

nces

, 3rd

Ses

s., 8

th P

rovi

ncia

l Par

liam

ent o

f Can

ada.

Que

bec:

Hun

ter,

Ros

e &

Co.

, 186

5.

Cas

sese

, Ant

onio

. Se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es:

A le

gal r

eapp

rais

al.

Cam

brid

ge:

Cam

brid

ge

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

, 199

5.

Con

fere

nce o

n Se

curit

y an

d C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e. C

oncl

udin

g D

ocum

ent o

f the

Vie

nna

Mee

ting

1986

, Vie

nna

1989

. O

ttaw

a: D

epar

tmen

t of E

xter

nal A

ffai

rs, 1

989.

Con

fere

nce

on S

ecur

ity a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e. F

inal

Act

, 14

I.L.M

. 129

2 (1

975)

.

de S

mith

, S. A

. "C

onst

itutio

nal L

awye

rs in

Rev

olut

iona

ry S

ituat

ions

" (19

68),

7 W

est.

Ont

. L. R

ev.

93.

Doe

hrin

g, K

arl.

"Sel

f-D

eter

min

atio

n". I

n B

runo

Sim

ma,

ed.,

The C

hart

er o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

: A

Com

men

tary

. O

xfor

d: O

xfor

d U

nive

rsity

Pre

ss, 1

994.

Euro

pean

Com

mun

ity. D

ecla

ratio

n. G

uide

lines

on

the R

ecog

nitio

n of

New

Sta

tes i

n Ea

stern

Eur

ope

and

in th

e So

viet

Uni

on, D

ecem

ber 1

6, 1

991,

31

I.L.M

. 148

6 (1

992)

.

Favo

reu,

Lou

is. "

Am

eric

an an

d Eu

rope

an M

odel

s of C

onst

itutio

nal J

ustic

e". I

n D

avid

S. C

lark

, ed.

, C

ompa

rativ

e an

d Pr

ivat

e In

tern

atio

nal L

aw:

Essa

ys in

Hon

or o

f Joh

n H

enry

Mer

rym

an o

n hi

s Sev

entie

th B

irth

day.

Ber

lin:

Dun

cker

& H

umbl

ot, 1

990,

105

.

Hog

g, P

eter

W.

Con

stitu

tiona

l Law

of C

anad

a, 4

th e

d. S

carb

orou

gh, O

nt.:

Car

swel

l, 19

97.

Jenn

ings

, R

ober

t Y

ewda

ll.

The

Acqu

isiti

on o

f Te

rrito

ry i

n In

tern

atio

nal

Law

. M

anch

este

r: M

anch

este

r Uni

vers

ity P

ress

, 196

3.

Mac

Lauc

hlan

, H. W

ade.

"A

ccou

ntin

g fo

r Dem

ocra

cy an

d th

e Rul

e of L

aw in

the Q

uebe

c Sec

essi

on

Ref

eren

ce"

(199

7), 7

6 C

an. B

ar R

ev. 1

55.

Pope

, Jos

eph,

ed.

Con

fede

ratio

n: B

eing

a S

erie

s of H

ither

to U

npub

lishe

d D

ocum

ents

Bea

ring

on

the

Briti

sh N

orth

Am

eric

a Ac

t. T

oron

to:

Car

swel

l, 18

95.

- 8 -

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

. G

ener

al A

ssem

bly.

Dec

lara

tion

on P

rinc

iple

s of I

nter

natio

nal L

aw c

once

rnin

g Fr

iend

ly R

elat

ions

and

Co-

oper

atio

n am

ong

Stat

es in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

Cha

rter

of t

he

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, GA

Res

. 262

5 (X

XV

), 24

Oct

ober

197

0.

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

. Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y. D

ecla

ratio

n on

the O

ccas

ion

of th

e Fift

ieth

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, G

A R

es. 5

0/6,

9 N

ovem

ber 1

995.

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

. W

orld

Con

fere

nce

on H

uman

Rig

hts.

Vie

nna

Dec

lara

tion

and

Prog

ram

me

of

Actio

n, A

/CO

NF.

157/

24 (P

art I

), 25

June

199

3, c

hapt

er II

I.

Wad

e, H

. W. R

. "T

he B

asis

of L

egal

Sov

erei

gnty

", [1

955]

Cam

b. L

.J. 1

72.

Whe

are,

Ken

neth

Clin

ton.

Fed

eral

Gov

ernm

ent,

4th

ed.

Lond

on:

Oxf

ord

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

, 196

3.

REF

EREN

CE

by th

e Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil,

pur

suan

t to

s. 53

of t

he S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

,co

ncer

ning

the

sece

ssio

n of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada.

L. Y

ves F

ortie

r,Q

.C.,

Pier

re B

ienv

enu,

War

ren

J. N

ewm

an,J

ean-

Mar

c Aub

ry,Q

.C., a

nd

Mar

y D

awso

n,Q

.C.,

for t

he A

ttorn

ey G

ener

al o

f Can

ada.

Andr

é Jo

li-C

{oe}

ur,M

iche

l Par

adis

,Lou

is M

asso

n,An

dré

Bine

tte,C

lém

ent S

amso

n,M

artin

Béd

ard

and

Mar

tin S

t-Am

ant,

for t

he a

mic

us c

uria

e.

Don

na J

. Mill

er,Q

.C.,

and

Deb

orah

L. C

arlso

n, fo

r the

inte

rven

er th

e Atto

rney

Gen

eral

of

Man

itoba

. Gra

eme

G. M

itche

ll an

d Jo

hn D

. Why

te,Q

.C.,

for t

he in

terv

ener

the

Atto

rney

Gen

eral

fo

r Sas

katc

hew

an.

Bern

ard

W.

Funs

ton,

for

the

int

erve

ner

the

Min

iste

r of

Jus

tice

of t

he N

orth

wes

t Te

rrito

ries.

Stua

rt J

. Whi

tley,

Q.C

., an

d H

owar

d L.

Kus

hner

, for

the

inte

rven

er th

e M

inis

ter

of

Just

ice

for t

he G

over

nmen

t of t

he Y

ukon

Ter

ritor

y.

Agnè

s Lap

orte

and

Ric

hard

Gau

drea

u, fo

r the

inte

rven

er K

itiga

n Zi

bi A

nish

inab

eg.

Cla

ude-

Arm

and

Shep

pard

,Pau

l Jof

fe a

nd A

ndre

w O

rkin

, for

the

inte

rven

er th

e G

rand

C

ounc

il of

the

Cre

es (E

eyou

Est

chee

).

Pete

r W. H

utch

ins a

nd C

arol

Hill

ing,

for t

he in

terv

ener

the

Mak

ivik

Cor

pora

tion.

Mic

hael

She

rry,

for t

he in

terv

ener

the

Chi

efs o

f Ont

ario

.

279

- 9 -

Raj A

nand

and

M. K

ate

Step

hens

on, f

or th

e in

terv

ener

the

Min

ority

Adv

ocac

y an

d R

ight

s Cou

ncil.

Mar

y Ebe

rts a

nd A

nne B

ayef

sky,

for t

he in

terv

ener

the A

d H

oc C

omm

ittee

of C

anad

ian

Wom

en o

n th

e C

onst

itutio

n.

Guy

Ber

tran

d an

d Pa

tric

k M

onah

an, f

or th

e in

terv

ener

Guy

Ber

trand

.

Step

hen

A. S

cott,

for t

he in

terv

ener

s Roo

pnar

ine S

ingh

, Kei

th O

wen

Hen

ders

on, C

laud

e Le

cler

c, K

enne

th O

’Don

nell

and

Van

Hov

en P

ette

way

.

Vinc

ent P

oulio

t, on

his

ow

n be

half.

//The

Cou

rt// Th

e fo

llow

ing

is th

e ju

dgm

ent d

eliv

ered

by

T HE

CO

UR

T --

I. In

trodu

ctio

n

1Th

is R

efer

ence

requ

ires u

s to

cons

ider

mom

ento

us q

uest

ions

that

go

to th

e hea

rt of

our

sy

stem

of

cons

titut

iona

l go

vern

men

t. T

he o

bser

vatio

n w

e m

ade

mor

e th

an a

dec

ade

ago

in

Refe

renc

e re

Man

itoba

Lan

guag

e Ri

ghts

, [1

985]

1 S

.C.R

. 72

1 (M

anito

ba L

angu

age

Righ

ts

Refe

renc

e), a

t p. 7

28, a

pplie

s with

equa

l for

ce h

ere:

as in

that

case

, the

pre

sent

one

"com

bine

s leg

al

and

cons

titut

iona

l que

stio

ns o

f the

utm

ost s

ubtle

ty an

d co

mpl

exity

with

pol

itica

l que

stio

ns o

f gre

at

sens

itivi

ty".

In

our v

iew

, it i

s not

pos

sibl

e to

answ

er th

e que

stio

ns th

at h

ave b

een

put t

o us

with

out a

co

nsid

erat

ion

of a

num

ber o

f und

erly

ing

prin

cipl

es.

An

expl

orat

ion

of th

e m

eani

ng a

nd n

atur

e of

th

ese u

nder

lyin

g pr

inci

ples

is n

ot m

erel

y of

acad

emic

inte

rest

. On

the c

ontra

ry, s

uch

an ex

plor

atio

n is

of i

mm

ense

pra

ctic

al u

tility

. O

nly

once

thos

e un

derly

ing

prin

cipl

es h

ave

been

exa

min

ed a

nd

delin

eate

d m

ay a

con

side

red

resp

onse

to th

e qu

estio

ns w

e ar

e re

quire

d to

ans

wer

em

erge

.

2Th

e que

stio

ns p

osed

by

the G

over

nor i

n C

ounc

il by

way

of O

rder

in C

ounc

il P.

C. 1

996-

1497

, dat

ed S

epte

mbe

r 30,

199

6, re

ad a

s fol

low

s:

1.

Und

er t

he C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada,

can

the

Nat

iona

l A

ssem

bly,

leg

isla

ture

or

gove

rnm

ent o

f Que

bec

effe

ct th

e se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

?

2.

Doe

s int

erna

tiona

l law

giv

e th

e N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure

or g

over

nmen

t of

Que

bec

the

right

to e

ffec

t the

sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly?

In

this

rega

rd, i

s the

re a

right

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

unde

r int

erna

tiona

l law

that

wou

ld

give

the N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec t

he ri

ght t

o ef

fect

th

e se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

?

- 10

-

3.

In th

e eve

nt o

f a co

nflic

t bet

wee

n do

mes

tic an

d in

tern

atio

nal l

aw o

n th

e rig

ht o

f the

N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec t

o ef

fect

the s

eces

sion

of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly, w

hich

wou

ld ta

ke p

rece

denc

e in

Can

ada?

3B

efor

e tu

rnin

g to

Que

stio

n 1,

as

a pr

elim

inar

y m

atte

r, it

is n

eces

sary

to d

eal w

ith th

e is

sues

rais

ed w

ith re

gard

to th

is C

ourt'

s ref

eren

ce ju

risdi

ctio

n.

II.

The

Prel

imin

ary

Obj

ectio

ns to

the

Cou

rt's R

efer

ence

Juris

dict

ion

4Th

e am

icus

cur

iae

argu

ed t

hat

s. 10

1 of

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

doe

s no

t gi

ve

Parli

amen

t the

aut

horit

y to

gra

nt th

is C

ourt

the

juris

dict

ion

prov

ided

for i

n s.

53 o

f the

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Act

, R.S

.C.,

1985

, c. S

-26.

Alte

rnat

ivel

y, it

is su

bmitt

ed th

at ev

en if

Par

liam

ent w

ere e

ntitl

ed

to en

act s

. 53

of th

e Sup

rem

e Cou

rt Ac

t, th

e sco

pe o

f tha

t sec

tion

shou

ld b

e int

erpr

eted

to ex

clud

e the

ki

nds

of q

uest

ions

the

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

has

subm

itted

in th

is R

efer

ence

. In

par

ticul

ar, i

t is

cont

ende

d th

at th

is C

ourt

cann

ot an

swer

Que

stio

n 2,

sinc

e it i

s a q

uest

ion

of "p

ure"

inte

rnat

iona

l law

ov

er w

hich

this

Cou

rt ha

s no

juris

dict

ion.

Fi

nally

, eve

n if

this

Cou

rt's

refe

renc

e ju

risdi

ctio

n is

co

nstit

utio

nally

val

id, a

nd ev

en if

the q

uest

ions

are w

ithin

the p

urvi

ew o

f s. 5

3 of

the S

upre

me C

ourt

Act,

it is

arg

ued

that

the

thre

e qu

estio

ns re

ferr

ed to

the

Cou

rt ar

e sp

ecul

ativ

e, o

f a p

oliti

cal n

atur

e,

and,

in a

ny e

vent

, are

not

ripe

for j

udic

ial d

ecis

ion,

and

ther

efor

e ar

e no

t jus

ticia

ble.

5N

otw

ithst

andi

ng ce

rtain

form

al o

bjec

tions

by

the A

ttorn

ey G

ener

al o

f Can

ada,

it is

our

vi

ew th

at th

e am

icus

cur

iae

was

with

in h

is ri

ghts

to m

ake

the

prel

imin

ary

obje

ctio

ns, a

nd th

at w

e sh

ould

dea

l with

them

.

A.

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Val

idity

of S

ectio

n 53

of t

he S

upre

me

Cou

rt A

ct

6In

Re R

efer

ence

sby

Gov

erno

r-G

ener

al in

Cou

ncil

(191

0), 4

3 S.

C.R

. 536

, aff

irmed

on

appe

al to

the

Priv

y C

ounc

il, [1

912]

A.C

. 571

(sub

nom

. Atto

rney

-Gen

eral

for O

ntar

io v.

Atto

rney

-G

ener

al fo

r Can

ada)

, the

cons

titut

iona

lity

of th

is C

ourt'

s spe

cial

juris

dict

ion

was

twic

e uph

eld.

The

C

ourt

is a

sked

to re

visi

t the

se d

ecis

ions

. In

ligh

t of t

he si

gnifi

cant

cha

nges

in th

e ro

le o

f thi

s Cou

rt si

nce

1912

, and

the

very

impo

rtant

issu

es ra

ised

in th

is R

efer

ence

, it i

s ap

prop

riate

to re

cons

ider

br

iefly

the

cons

titut

iona

l val

idity

of t

he C

ourt'

s ref

eren

ce ju

risdi

ctio

n.

7Se

ctio

n 3

of th

e Su

prem

e C

ourt

Act

est

ablis

hes

this

Cou

rt bo

th a

s a

"gen

eral

cou

rt of

ap

peal

" for

Can

ada a

nd as

an "a

dditi

onal

cour

t for

the b

ette

r adm

inis

tratio

n of

the l

aws o

f Can

ada"

. Th

ese

two

role

s ref

lect

the

two

head

s of p

ower

enu

mer

ated

in s.

101

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67.

How

ever

, the

"la

ws

of C

anad

a" re

ferr

ed to

in s

. 101

con

sist

onl

y of

fede

ral l

aw a

nd s

tatu

te:

see

Q

uebe

c Nor

th S

hore

Pap

er C

o. v.

Can

adia

n Pa

cific

Ltd

., [1

977]

2 S

.C.R

. 105

4, at

pp.

106

5-66

. As

a re

sult,

the

phra

se "

addi

tiona

l cou

rts"

cont

aine

d in

s. 1

01 is

an

insu

ffic

ient

bas

is u

pon

whi

ch to

gr

ound

the s

peci

al ju

risdi

ctio

n es

tabl

ishe

d in

s. 5

3 of

the S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

, whi

ch cl

early

exce

eds

a co

nsid

erat

ion

of f

eder

al la

w a

lone

(se

e, e

.g.,

s. 53

(2))

. Se

ctio

n 53

mus

t the

refo

re b

e ta

ken

as

enac

ted

purs

uant

to P

arlia

men

t's p

ower

to c

reat

e a

"gen

eral

cou

rt of

app

eal"

for C

anad

a.

280

- 11

-

8Se

ctio

n 53

of t

he S

upre

me C

ourt

Act

is in

tra

vire

s Par

liam

ent's

pow

er u

nder

s. 1

01 if

, in

"pith

and

sub

stan

ce",

it is

legi

slat

ion

in re

latio

n to

the

cons

titut

ion

or o

rgan

izat

ion

of a

"ge

nera

l co

urt o

f app

eal"

. Se

ctio

n 53

is d

efin

ed b

y tw

o le

adin

g ch

arac

teris

tics

-- it

est

ablis

hes

an o

rigin

al

juris

dict

ion

in th

is C

ourt

and

impo

ses a

dut

y on

the C

ourt

to re

nder

advi

sory

opi

nion

s. S

ectio

n 53

is

ther

efor

e co

nstit

utio

nally

val

id o

nly

if (1

) a

"gen

eral

cou

rt of

app

eal"

may

pro

perly

exe

rcis

e an

or

igin

al j

uris

dict

ion;

and

(2)

a "

gene

ral

cour

t of

app

eal"

may

pro

perly

und

erta

ke o

ther

leg

al

func

tions

, suc

h as

the

rend

erin

g of

adv

isor

y op

inio

ns.

(1)

May

a C

ourt

of A

ppea

l Exe

rcis

e an

Orig

inal

Juris

dict

ion ?

9Th

e w

ords

"gen

eral

cou

rt of

app

eal"

in s.

101

den

ote

the

stat

us o

f the

Cou

rt w

ithin

the

natio

nal c

ourt

stru

ctur

e and

shou

ld n

ot b

e tak

en as

a re

stric

tive d

efin

ition

of t

he C

ourt'

s fun

ctio

ns. I

n m

ost i

nsta

nces

, thi

s Cou

rt ac

ts as

the e

xclu

sive

ulti

mat

e app

ella

te co

urt i

n th

e cou

ntry

, and

, as s

uch,

is

pro

perly

con

stitu

ted

as th

e "g

ener

al c

ourt

of a

ppea

l" fo

r Can

ada.

Mor

eove

r, it

is c

lear

that

an

appe

llate

cou

rt ca

n re

ceiv

e, o

n an

exc

eptio

nal b

asis

, orig

inal

juris

dict

ion

not i

ncom

patib

le w

ith it

s ap

pella

te ju

risdi

ctio

n.

10Th

e En

glis

h C

ourt

of A

ppea

l, th

e U

.S. S

upre

me

Cou

rt an

d ce

rtain

cou

rts o

f app

eal i

n C

anad

a ex

erci

se a

n or

igin

al ju

risdi

ctio

n in

add

ition

to th

eir a

ppel

late

func

tions

. Se

e D

e D

emko

v.

Hom

e Se

cret

ary,

[195

9] A

.C. 6

54 (H

.L.),

at p

. 660

; Re

Fore

st a

nd R

egis

trar

of C

ourt

of A

ppea

l of

Man

itoba

(197

7), 7

7 D

.L.R

. (3d

) 445

(Man

. C.A

.), at

p. 4

53; U

nite

d St

ates

Con

stitu

tion,

art.

III,

§ 2.

A

lthou

gh th

ese

cour

ts a

re n

ot c

onst

itute

d un

der a

hea

d of

pow

er s

imila

r to

s. 10

1, th

ey c

erta

inly

pr

ovid

e exa

mpl

es w

hich

sugg

est t

hat t

here

is n

othi

ng in

here

ntly

self-

cont

radi

ctor

y ab

out a

n ap

pella

te

cour

t exe

rcis

ing

orig

inal

juris

dict

ion

on a

n ex

cept

iona

l bas

is.

11It

is a

lso

argu

ed th

at th

is C

ourt'

s or

igin

al ju

risdi

ctio

n is

unc

onst

itutio

nal b

ecau

se it

co

nflic

ts w

ith t

he o

rigin

al ju

risdi

ctio

n of

the

prov

inci

al s

uper

ior

cour

ts a

nd u

surp

s th

e no

rmal

ap

pella

te p

roce

ss.

How

ever

, Par

liam

ent's

pow

er to

est

ablis

h a

gene

ral c

ourt

of a

ppea

l pur

suan

t to

s. 10

1 is

ple

nary

, and

take

s prio

rity

over

the p

rovi

nce's

pow

er to

cont

rol t

he ad

min

istra

tion

of ju

stic

e in

s. 9

2(14

). S

ee A

ttorn

ey-G

ener

al fo

r Ont

ario

v. A

ttorn

ey-G

ener

al fo

r Can

ada,

[194

7] A

.C. 1

27

(P.C

.).

Thus

, eve

n if

it co

uld

be s

aid

that

ther

e is

any

con

flict

bet

wee

n th

is C

ourt'

s re

fere

nce

juris

dict

ion

and

the o

rigin

al ju

risdi

ctio

n of

the p

rovi

ncia

l sup

erio

r cou

rts, a

ny su

ch co

nflic

t mus

t be

reso

lved

in f

avou

r of

Par

liam

ent's

exe

rcis

e of

its

plen

ary

pow

er to

est

ablis

h a

"gen

eral

cou

rt of

ap

peal

" pro

vide

d, as

dis

cuss

ed b

elow

, adv

isor

y fu

nctio

ns ar

e not

to b

e con

side

red

inco

nsis

tent

with

th

e fu

nctio

ns o

f a g

ener

al c

ourt

of a

ppea

l.

(2)

May

a C

ourt

of A

ppea

l Und

erta

ke A

dvis

ory

Func

tions

?

12Th

e am

icus

cur

iae

subm

its th

at

[ TR

AN

SLA

TIO

N]

[e]it

her

this

con

stitu

tiona

l po

wer

[to

giv

e th

e hi

ghes

t co

urt

in t

he

fede

ratio

n ju

risdi

ctio

n to

giv

e ad

viso

ry o

pini

ons]

is

expr

essl

y pr

ovid

ed f

or b

y th

e C

onst

itutio

n, as

is th

e cas

e in

Indi

a (Co

nstit

utio

n of

Indi

a, ar

t. 14

3), o

r it i

s not

pro

vide

d

- 12

-

for

ther

ein

and

so it

sim

ply

does

not

exi

st.

This

is w

hat t

he S

upre

me

Cou

rt of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es h

as h

eld.

[Em

phas

is a

dded

.]

13H

owev

er, t

he U

.S. S

upre

me C

ourt

did

not c

oncl

ude t

hat i

t was

una

ble t

o re

nder

advi

sory

op

inio

ns b

ecau

se n

o su

ch e

xpre

ss p

ower

was

incl

uded

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

Con

stitu

tion.

Qui

te th

e co

ntra

ry, i

t bas

ed th

is c

oncl

usio

n on

the

expr

ess

limita

tion

in a

rt. II

I, §

2 re

stric

ting

fede

ral c

ourt

juris

dict

ion

to a

ctua

l "ca

ses"

or "

cont

rove

rsie

s".

See,

e.g

., M

uskr

at v

. Uni

ted

Stat

es, 2

19 U

.S. 3

46

(191

1), a

t p. 3

62.

This

sec

tion

refle

cts

the

stric

t sep

arat

ion

of p

ower

s in

the

Am

eric

an f

eder

al

cons

titut

iona

l ar

rang

emen

t. W

here

the

"ca

se o

r co

ntro

vers

y" l

imita

tion

is m

issi

ng f

rom

the

ir re

spec

tive s

tate

cons

titut

ions

, som

e Am

eric

an st

ate c

ourts

do

unde

rtake

advi

sory

func

tions

(e.g

., in

at

lea

st t

wo

stat

es -

- A

laba

ma

and

Del

awar

e --

adv

isor

y op

inio

ns a

re a

utho

rized

, in

cer

tain

ci

rcum

stan

ces,

by s

tatu

te:

see

Ala

. Cod

e 19

75 §

12-

2-10

; Del

. Cod

e A

nn. t

it. 1

0, §

141

(19

96

Supp

.)).

14In

add

ition

, the

jud

icia

l sy

stem

s in

sev

eral

Eur

opea

n co

untri

es (

such

as

Ger

man

y,

Fran

ce, I

taly

, Spa

in, P

ortu

gal a

nd B

elgi

um) i

nclu

de co

urts

ded

icat

ed to

the r

evie

w o

f con

stitu

tiona

l cl

aim

s; th

ese

tribu

nals

do

not r

equi

re a

con

cret

e di

sput

e in

volv

ing

indi

vidu

al ri

ghts

to e

xam

ine

the

cons

titut

iona

lity

of a

new

law

-- a

n "a

bstra

ct o

r obj

ectiv

e qu

estio

n" is

suff

icie

nt.

See

L. F

avor

eu,

"Am

eric

an a

nd E

urop

ean

Mod

els o

f Con

stitu

tiona

l Jus

tice"

, in

D. S

. Cla

rk, e

d., C

ompa

rativ

e an

d Pr

ivat

e In

tern

atio

nal L

aw (1

990)

, 105

, at p

. 113

. Th

e Eu

rope

an C

ourt

of J

ustic

e, th

e Eu

rope

an

Cou

rt of

Hum

an R

ight

s, an

d th

e Int

er-A

mer

ican

Cou

rt of

Hum

an R

ight

s also

all e

njoy

expl

icit

gran

ts of

juris

dict

ion

to r

ende

r ad

viso

ry o

pini

ons.

See

Tre

aty

esta

blis

hing

the

Euro

pean

Com

mun

ity,

Art.

228

(6);

Prot

ocol

No.

2 o

f the

Con

vent

ion

for t

he P

rote

ctio

n of

Hum

an R

ight

s and

Fun

dam

enta

l Fr

eedo

ms,

Euro

p. T

.S. N

o. 5

, p. 3

6; S

tatu

te o

f the

Inte

r-Am

eric

an C

ourt

of H

uman

Rig

hts,

Art.

2.

Ther

e is

no

plau

sibl

e ba

sis o

n w

hich

to c

oncl

ude

that

a c

ourt

is, b

y its

nat

ure,

inhe

rent

ly p

recl

uded

fr

om u

nder

taki

ng a

noth

er le

gal f

unct

ion

in ta

ndem

with

its j

udic

ial d

utie

s.

15M

oreo

ver,

the

Can

adia

n C

onst

itutio

n do

es n

ot in

sist

on

a st

rict s

epar

atio

n of

pow

ers.

Pa

rliam

ent a

nd th

e pr

ovin

cial

legi

slat

ures

may

pro

perly

con

fer o

ther

lega

l fun

ctio

ns o

n th

e co

urts

, an

d m

ay c

onfe

r cer

tain

judi

cial

func

tions

on

bodi

es th

at a

re n

ot c

ourts

. Th

e ex

cept

ion

to th

is ru

le

rela

tes o

nly

to s.

96

cour

ts.

Thus

, eve

n th

ough

the

rend

erin

g of

adv

isor

y op

inio

ns is

qui

te c

lear

ly

done

out

side

the f

ram

ewor

k of

adve

rsar

ial l

itiga

tion,

and

such

opi

nion

s are

trad

ition

ally

obt

aine

d by

th

e exe

cutiv

e fro

m th

e law

off

icer

s of t

he C

row

n, th

ere i

s no

cons

titut

iona

l bar

to th

is C

ourt'

s rec

eipt

of

juris

dict

ion

to u

nder

take

suc

h an

adv

isor

y ro

le.

The

legi

slat

ive

gran

t of r

efer

ence

juris

dict

ion

foun

d in

s. 5

3 of

the

Supr

eme

Cou

rt A

ct is

ther

efor

e co

nstit

utio

nally

val

id.

B.

The

Cou

rt's

Juri

sdic

tion

Und

er S

ectio

n 53

16Se

ctio

n 53

pro

vide

s in

its re

leva

nt p

arts

as f

ollo

ws:

53.

(1)

Th

e G

over

nor

in C

ounc

il m

ay r

efer

to

the

Cou

rt fo

r he

arin

g an

d co

nsid

erat

ion

impo

rtant

que

stio

ns o

f law

or f

act c

once

rnin

g

(a)

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

the

Con

stitu

tion

Acts

;

281

- 13

-

. .

.

(d)

the p

ower

s of t

he P

arlia

men

t of C

anad

a, o

r of t

he le

gisl

atur

es o

f the

pro

vinc

es,

or o

f the

resp

ectiv

e go

vern

men

ts th

ereo

f, w

heth

er o

r not

the

parti

cula

r pow

er in

qu

estio

n ha

s bee

n or

is p

ropo

sed

to b

e ex

erci

sed.

(2)

The

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

may

refe

r to

the C

ourt

for h

earin

g an

d co

nsid

erat

ion

impo

rtant

que

stio

ns o

f law

or f

act c

once

rnin

g an

y m

atte

r, w

heth

er o

r not

in th

e opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt ej

usde

m g

ener

is w

ith th

e en

umer

atio

ns c

onta

ined

in su

bsec

tion

(1),

with

re

fere

nce

to w

hich

the

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil

sees

fit t

o su

bmit

any

such

que

stio

n.

(3)

Any

que

stio

n co

ncer

ning

any

of t

he m

atte

rs m

entio

ned

in su

bsec

tions

(1) a

nd

(2),

and

refe

rred

to th

e Cou

rt by

the G

over

nor i

n C

ounc

il, sh

all b

e con

clus

ivel

y de

emed

to

be

an im

porta

nt q

uest

ion.

17It

is ar

gued

that

even

if P

arlia

men

t wer

e ent

itled

to en

act s

. 53

of th

e Sup

rem

e Cou

rt Ac

t,th

e qu

estio

ns su

bmitt

ed b

y th

e G

over

nor i

n C

ounc

il fa

ll ou

tsid

e th

e sc

ope

of th

at se

ctio

n.

18Th

is s

ubm

issi

on c

anno

t be

acce

pted

. Q

uest

ion

1 is

dire

cted

, at l

east

in p

art,

to th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

ts, w

hich

are

refe

rred

to in

s. 5

3(1)

(a).

Bot

h Q

uest

ion

1 an

d Q

uest

ion

2 fa

ll w

ithin

s. 5

3(1)

(d),

sinc

e the

y re

late

to th

e pow

ers o

f the

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f a

Can

adia

n pr

ovin

ce.

Fina

lly, a

ll th

ree

ques

tions

are

cle

arly

"im

porta

nt q

uest

ions

of l

aw o

r fac

t co

ncer

ning

any

mat

ter"

so th

at th

ey m

ust c

ome

with

in s.

53(

2).

19H

owev

er, t

he a

mic

us c

uria

e ha

s al

so r

aise

d so

me

spec

ific

conc

erns

reg

ardi

ng t

his

Cou

rt's j

uris

dict

ion

to a

nsw

er Q

uest

ion

2. T

he q

uest

ion,

on

its fa

ce, f

alls

with

in th

e sc

ope

of s.

53,

bu

t the

con

cern

is a

mor

e ge

nera

l one

with

resp

ect t

o th

e ju

risdi

ctio

n of

this

Cou

rt, a

s a

dom

estic

tri

buna

l, to

ans

wer

wha

t is d

escr

ibed

as a

que

stio

n of

"pu

re" i

nter

natio

nal l

aw.

20Th

e fir

st c

onte

ntio

n is

that

in a

nsw

erin

g Q

uest

ion

2, th

e C

ourt

wou

ld b

e ex

ceed

ing

its

juris

dict

ion

by p

urpo

rting

to ac

t as a

n in

tern

atio

nal t

ribun

al. T

he si

mpl

e ans

wer

to th

is su

bmis

sion

is

that

thi

s C

ourt

wou

ld n

ot, i

n pr

ovid

ing

an a

dvis

ory

opin

ion

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f a

refe

renc

e, b

e pu

rpor

ting

to "

act a

s" o

r su

bstit

ute

itsel

f fo

r an

inte

rnat

iona

l trib

unal

. In

acc

orda

nce

with

wel

l ac

cept

ed p

rinci

ples

of i

nter

natio

nal l

aw, t

his C

ourt'

s ans

wer

to Q

uest

ion

2 w

ould

not

pur

port

to b

ind

any

othe

r sta

te o

r int

erna

tiona

l trib

unal

that

mig

ht su

bseq

uent

ly c

onsi

der a

sim

ilar q

uest

ion.

The

C

ourt

neve

rthel

ess h

as ju

risdi

ctio

n to

pro

vide

an ad

viso

ry o

pini

on to

the G

over

nor i

n C

ounc

il in

its

capa

city

as a

nat

iona

l cou

rt on

lega

l que

stio

ns to

uchi

ng a

nd c

once

rnin

g th

e fu

ture

of t

he C

anad

ian

fede

ratio

n.

21Se

cond

, the

re is

a c

once

rn th

at Q

uest

ion

2 is

bey

ond

the c

ompe

tenc

e of t

his C

ourt,

as a

dom

estic

cou

rt, b

ecau

se it

requ

ires t

he C

ourt

to lo

ok a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

rath

er th

an d

omes

tic la

w.

- 14

-

22Th

is co

ncer

n is

gro

undl

ess.

In a

num

ber o

f pre

viou

s cas

es, i

t has

bee

n ne

cess

ary

for t

his

Cou

rt to

look

to in

tern

atio

nal l

aw to

det

erm

ine

the

right

s or

obl

igat

ions

of s

ome

acto

r with

in th

e C

anad

ian

lega

l sys

tem

. Fo

r exa

mpl

e, in

Ref

eren

ce re

Pow

ers t

o Le

vy R

ates

on

Fore

ign

Lega

tions

an

d H

igh

Com

mis

sion

ers'

Resi

denc

es, [

1943

] S.

C.R

. 208

, the

Cou

rt w

as r

equi

red

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er, t

akin

g in

to ac

coun

t the

prin

cipl

es o

f int

erna

tiona

l law

with

resp

ect t

o di

plom

atic

imm

unity

, a m

unic

ipal

coun

cil h

ad th

e pow

er to

levy

rate

s on

certa

in p

rope

rties

ow

ned

by fo

reig

n go

vern

men

ts.

In tw

o su

bseq

uent

refe

renc

es, t

his

Cou

rt us

ed in

tern

atio

nal l

aw to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

the

fede

ral

gove

rnm

ent o

r a p

rovi

nce

poss

esse

d pr

oprie

tary

righ

ts in

cer

tain

por

tions

of t

he te

rrito

rial s

ea a

nd

cont

inen

tal s

helf

(Ref

eren

ce re

Ow

ners

hip

of O

ffsho

re M

iner

al R

ight

s of B

ritis

h C

olum

bia,

[196

7]

S.C

.R. 7

92; R

efer

ence

re N

ewfo

undl

and

Con

tinen

tal S

helf,

[198

4] 1

S.C

.R. 8

6).

23M

ore

impo

rtant

ly, Q

uest

ion

2 of

this

Ref

eren

ce d

oes

not a

sk a

n ab

stra

ct q

uest

ion

of

"pur

e" in

tern

atio

nal l

aw b

ut s

eeks

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

gal r

ight

s an

d ob

ligat

ions

of

the

Nat

iona

l A

ssem

bly,

legi

slatu

re o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec,

insti

tutio

ns th

at cl

early

exist

as p

art o

f the

Can

adia

n le

gal o

rder

. A

s will

be

seen

, the

am

icus

cur

iae

him

self

subm

itted

that

the

succ

ess o

f any

initi

ativ

e on

the

part

of Q

uebe

c to

sece

de fr

om th

e C

anad

ian

fede

ratio

n w

ould

be

gove

rned

by

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w.

In th

ese

circ

umst

ance

s, a

cons

ider

atio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l law

in th

e co

ntex

t of t

his R

efer

ence

ab

out t

he le

gal a

spec

ts of

the u

nila

tera

l sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec i

s not

onl

y pe

rmis

sibl

e but

una

void

able

.

C.

Just

icia

bilit

y

24It

is s

ubm

itted

that

eve

n if

the

Cou

rt ha

s ju

risdi

ctio

n ov

er th

e qu

estio

ns re

ferr

ed, t

he

ques

tions

them

selv

es a

re n

ot ju

stic

iabl

e. T

hree

mai

n ar

gum

ents

are

rais

ed in

this

rega

rd:

(1)

the

ques

tions

are

not

just

icia

ble

beca

use

they

are

too

"the

oret

ical

" or s

pecu

lativ

e;

(2)

the

ques

tions

are

not

just

icia

ble

beca

use

they

are

pol

itica

l in

natu

re;

(3)

the

ques

tions

are

not

yet

ripe

for j

udic

ial c

onsi

dera

tion.

25In

the c

onte

xt o

f a re

fere

nce,

the C

ourt,

rath

er th

an ac

ting

in it

s tra

ditio

nal a

djud

icat

ive

func

tion,

is a

ctin

g in

an

advi

sory

cap

acity

. Th

e ve

ry fa

ct th

at th

e C

ourt

may

be

aske

d hy

poth

etic

al

ques

tions

in a

refe

renc

e, su

ch a

s the

con

stitu

tiona

lity

of p

ropo

sed

legi

slat

ion,

eng

ages

the

Cou

rt in

an

exer

cise

it w

ould

nev

er en

terta

in in

the c

onte

xt o

f liti

gatio

n. N

o m

atte

r how

clos

ely

the p

roce

dure

on

a r

efer

ence

may

mirr

or t

he l

itiga

tion

proc

ess,

a re

fere

nce

does

not

eng

age

the

Cou

rt in

a

disp

ositi

on o

f rig

hts.

For

the s

ame r

easo

n, th

e Cou

rt m

ay d

eal o

n a r

efer

ence

with

issu

es th

at m

ight

ot

herw

ise

be c

onsi

dere

d no

t yet

"rip

e" fo

r dec

isio

n.

26Th

ough

a re

fere

nce d

iffer

s fro

m th

e Cou

rt's u

sual

adju

dica

tive f

unct

ion,

the C

ourt

shou

ld

not,

even

in th

e co

ntex

t of a

refe

renc

e, e

nter

tain

que

stio

ns th

at w

ould

be

inap

prop

riate

to a

nsw

er.

How

ever

, giv

en th

e ve

ry d

iffer

ent n

atur

e of

a r

efer

ence

, the

que

stio

n of

the

appr

opria

tene

ss o

f an

swer

ing

a qu

estio

n sh

ould

not

focu

s on

whe

ther

the

disp

ute

is fo

rmal

ly a

dver

saria

l or w

heth

er it

di

spos

es o

f co

gniz

able

rig

hts.

Rat

her,

it sh

ould

con

side

r w

heth

er t

he d

ispu

te i

s ap

prop

riate

ly

282

- 15

-

addr

esse

d by

a co

urt o

f law

. As w

e sta

ted

in R

efer

ence

re C

anad

a As

sist

ance

Pla

n (B

.C.),

[199

1] 2

S.

C.R

. 525

, at p

. 545

:

Whi

le th

ere

may

be

man

y re

ason

s why

a q

uest

ion

is n

on-ju

stic

iabl

e, in

this

app

eal

the A

ttorn

ey G

ener

al o

f Can

ada s

ubm

itted

that

to an

swer

the q

uest

ions

wou

ld d

raw

the

Cou

rt in

to a

polit

ical

cont

rove

rsy

and

invo

lve i

t in

the l

egis

lativ

e pro

cess

. In

exer

cisi

ng

its d

iscr

etio

n w

heth

er to

det

erm

ine

a m

atte

r tha

t is

alle

ged

to b

e no

n-ju

stic

iabl

e, th

e C

ourt'

s prim

ary

conc

ern

is to

reta

in it

s pro

per r

ole w

ithin

the c

onst

itutio

nal f

ram

ewor

k of

our

dem

ocra

tic fo

rm o

f gov

ernm

ent.

. . .

In co

nsid

erin

g its

appr

opria

te ro

le th

e Cou

rt m

ust d

eter

min

e whe

ther

the q

uest

ion

is p

urel

y po

litic

al in

nat

ure a

nd sh

ould

, the

refo

re,

be d

eter

min

ed i

n an

othe

r fo

rum

or

whe

ther

it

has

a su

ffic

ient

leg

al c

ompo

nent

to

war

rant

the

inte

rven

tion

of th

e ju

dici

al b

ranc

h. [

Emph

asis

add

ed.]

Thus

the c

ircum

stan

ces i

n w

hich

the C

ourt

may

dec

line t

o an

swer

a re

fere

nce q

uest

ion

on th

e bas

is

of "

non-

just

icia

bilit

y" in

clud

e:

(i) i

f to

do so

wou

ld ta

ke th

e C

ourt

beyo

nd it

s ow

n as

sess

men

t of i

ts p

rope

r rol

e in

the

cons

titut

iona

l fra

mew

ork

of o

ur d

emoc

ratic

form

of g

over

nmen

t or

(ii)

if th

e C

ourt

coul

d no

t giv

e an

ans

wer

that

lies

with

in it

s ar

ea o

f ex

perti

se:

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

law

.

27A

s to

the

"pr

oper

rol

e" o

f th

e C

ourt,

it

is i

mpo

rtant

to

unde

rline

, co

ntra

ry t

o th

e su

bmis

sion

of t

he a

mic

us c

uria

e, th

at th

e qu

estio

ns p

osed

in th

is R

efer

ence

do

not a

sk th

e C

ourt

to

usur

p an

y de

moc

ratic

dec

isio

n th

at t

he p

eopl

e of

Que

bec

may

be

calle

d up

on t

o m

ake.

Th

e qu

estio

ns p

osed

by

the

Gov

erno

r in

Cou

ncil,

as w

e in

terp

ret t

hem

, are

stric

tly li

mite

d to

asp

ects

of

the l

egal

fram

ewor

k in

whi

ch th

at d

emoc

ratic

dec

isio

n is

to b

e tak

en. T

he at

tem

pted

anal

ogy

to th

e U

.S. "

polit

ical

que

stio

ns" d

octri

ne th

eref

ore

has n

o ap

plic

atio

n. T

he le

gal f

ram

ewor

k ha

ving

bee

n cl

arifi

ed, i

t will

be

for t

he p

opul

atio

n of

Que

bec,

act

ing

thro

ugh

the

polit

ical

pro

cess

, to

deci

de

whe

ther

or n

ot to

pur

sue

sece

ssio

n. A

s will

be

seen

, the

lega

l fra

mew

ork

invo

lves

the

right

s an

d ob

ligat

ions

of C

anad

ians

who

live

out

side

the p

rovi

nce o

f Que

bec,

as w

ell a

s tho

se w

ho li

ve w

ithin

Q

uebe

c.

28A

s to

the

"leg

al"

natu

re o

f the

que

stio

ns p

osed

, if t

he C

ourt

is o

f the

opi

nion

that

it is

be

ing

aske

d a q

uest

ion

with

a si

gnifi

cant

extra

lega

l com

pone

nt, i

t may

inte

rpre

t the

que

stio

n so

as to

an

swer

onl

y its

lega

l asp

ects

; if t

his i

s not

pos

sibl

e, th

e Cou

rt m

ay d

eclin

e to

answ

er th

e que

stio

n. I

n th

e pr

esen

t Ref

eren

ce th

e qu

estio

ns m

ay c

lear

ly b

e in

terp

rete

d as

dire

cted

to le

gal i

ssue

s, an

d, s

o in

terp

rete

d, th

e C

ourt

is in

a p

ositi

on to

ans

wer

them

.

29Fi

nally

, we

turn

to th

e pr

opos

ition

that

eve

n th

ough

the

ques

tions

refe

rred

to u

s ar

e ju

stic

iabl

e in

the

"ref

eren

ce"

sens

e, th

e C

ourt

mus

t stil

l det

erm

ine

whe

ther

it s

houl

d ex

erci

se it

s di

scre

tion

to re

fuse

to a

nsw

er th

e qu

estio

ns o

n a

prag

mat

ic b

asis

.

- 16

-

30G

ener

ally

, the

inst

ance

s in

whi

ch th

e C

ourt

has

exer

cise

d its

dis

cret

ion

to r

efus

e to

an

swer

a re

fere

nce q

uest

ion

that

is o

ther

wis

e jus

ticia

ble c

an b

e bro

adly

div

ided

into

two

cate

gorie

s.

Firs

t, w

here

the

ques

tion

is to

o im

prec

ise

or a

mbi

guou

s to

per

mit

a co

mpl

ete

or a

ccur

ate

answ

er:

see,

e.g.

, McE

voy v

. Atto

rney

Gen

eral

for N

ew B

runs

wick

, [19

83] 1

S.C

.R. 7

04; R

efer

ence

re W

ater

s an

d W

ater

-Pow

ers,

[192

9] S

.C.R

. 200

; Ref

eren

ce re

Goo

ds a

nd S

ervi

ces T

ax, [

1992

] 2 S

.C.R

. 445

; Re

fere

nce

re R

emun

erat

ion

of J

udge

s of t

he P

rovi

ncia

l Cou

rt o

f Pri

nce

Edw

ard

Isla

nd, [

1997

] 3

S.C

.R. 3

(Pro

vinc

ial J

udge

s Ref

eren

ce),

at p

ara.

256

. Se

cond

, whe

re th

e par

ties h

ave n

ot p

rovi

ded

suff

icie

nt in

form

atio

n to

allo

w th

e C

ourt

to p

rovi

de a

com

plet

e or

acc

urat

e an

swer

: se

e, e

.g.,

Refe

renc

e re E

duca

tion

Syst

em in

Isla

nd o

f Mon

trea

l, [1

926]

S.C

.R. 2

46; R

efer

ence

re A

utho

rity

of

Parl

iam

ent i

n re

latio

n to

the

Upp

er H

ouse

, [19

80]

1 S.

C.R

. 54

(Sen

ate

Refe

renc

e);P

rovi

ncia

l Ju

dges

Ref

eren

ce, a

t par

a. 2

57.

31Th

ere i

s no

doub

t tha

t the

que

stio

ns p

osed

in th

is R

efer

ence

rais

e diff

icul

t iss

ues a

nd ar

e su

scep

tible

to v

aryi

ng in

terp

reta

tions

. H

owev

er, r

athe

r tha

n re

fusi

ng to

ans

wer

at a

ll, th

e C

ourt

is

guid

ed b

y th

e ap

proa

ch a

dvoc

ated

by

the

maj

ority

on

the

"con

vent

ions

" is

sue

in R

efer

ence

re

Reso

lutio

n to

Am

end

the

Con

stitu

tion,

[198

1] 1

S.C

.R. 7

53 (P

atri

atio

n Re

fere

nce)

, at p

p. 8

75-7

6:

If t

he q

uest

ions

are

tho

ught

to

be a

mbi

guou

s, th

is C

ourt

shou

ld n

ot,

in a

co

nstit

utio

nal r

efer

ence

, be

in a

wor

se p

ositi

on th

an th

at o

f a w

itnes

s in

a tri

al a

nd fe

el

com

pelle

d si

mpl

y to

ans

wer

yes

or

no.

Sho

uld

it fin

d th

at a

que

stio

n m

ight

be

mis

lead

ing,

or s

houl

d it

sim

ply

avoi

d th

e ris

k of

mis

unde

rsta

ndin

g, th

e C

ourt

is fr

ee

eith

er to

inte

rpre

t the

que

stio

n . .

. or i

t may

qua

lify

both

the q

uest

ion

and

the a

nsw

er. .

. .

The

Ref

eren

ce q

uest

ions

rais

e is

sues

of f

unda

men

tal p

ublic

i mpo

rtanc

e. I

t can

not b

e sa

id th

at th

e qu

estio

ns ar

e too

impr

ecis

e or a

mbi

guou

s to

perm

it a p

rope

r leg

al an

swer

. Nor

can

it be

said

that

the

Cou

rt ha

s bee

n pr

ovid

ed w

ith in

suff

icie

nt in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

pres

ent c

onte

xt in

whi

ch th

e qu

estio

ns a

rise.

Thu

s, th

e C

ourt

is d

uty

boun

d in

the

circ

umst

ance

s to

prov

ide

its a

nsw

ers.

III.

Ref

eren

ce Q

uest

ions

A.

Que

stio

n 1 Und

er t

he C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada,

can

the

Nat

iona

l A

ssem

bly,

leg

isla

ture

or

gove

rnm

ent o

f Que

bec

effe

ct th

e se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

?

(1)

Intro

duct

ion

32A

s w

e co

nfirm

ed in

Ref

eren

ce r

e O

bjec

tion

by Q

uebe

c to

a R

esol

utio

n to

am

end

the

Con

stitu

tion,

[198

2] 2

S.C

.R. 7

93, a

t p. 8

06, "

The C

onsti

tutio

n Ac

t, 19

82 is

now

in fo

rce.

Its

lega

lity

is n

eith

er c

halle

nged

nor

ass

aila

ble.

" T

he "

Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a" c

erta

inly

inc

lude

s th

e co

nstit

utio

nal t

exts

enum

erat

ed in

s. 5

2(2)

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 19

82. A

lthou

gh th

ese t

exts

hav

e a

prim

ary

plac

e in

det

erm

inin

g co

nstit

utio

nal r

ules

, the

y ar

e no

t exh

aust

ive.

The

Con

stitu

tion

also

"e

mbr

aces

unw

ritte

n, a

s w

ell a

s w

ritte

n ru

les"

,as

we

rece

ntly

obs

erve

din

the

Prov

inci

al J

udge

s

283

- 17

-

Refe

renc

e,su

pra,

at p

ara.

92.

Fin

ally

, as w

as sa

id in

the

Patr

iatio

n Re

fere

nce,

supr

a, at

p. 8

74, t

he

Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a in

clud

es

the

glob

al s

yste

m o

f rul

es a

nd p

rinci

ples

whi

ch g

over

n th

e ex

erci

se o

f con

stitu

tiona

l au

thor

ity in

the

who

le a

nd in

eve

ry p

art o

f the

Can

adia

n st

ate.

Thes

e sup

porti

ng p

rinci

ples

and

rule

s, w

hich

incl

ude c

onsti

tutio

nal c

onve

ntio

ns an

d th

e wor

king

s of

Parli

amen

t, ar

e a n

eces

sary

par

t of o

ur C

onst

itutio

n be

caus

e pro

blem

s or s

ituat

ions

may

aris

e whi

ch

are

not

expr

essl

y de

alt

with

by

the

text

of

the

Con

stitu

tion.

In

ord

er t

o en

dure

ove

r tim

e,

a co

nstit

utio

n m

ust c

onta

in a

com

preh

ensi

ve se

t of r

ules

and

prin

cipl

es w

hich

are c

apab

le o

f pro

vidi

ng

an e

xhau

stiv

e le

gal f

ram

ewor

k fo

r our

sys

tem

of g

over

nmen

t. S

uch

prin

cipl

es a

nd ru

les

emer

ge

from

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

cons

titut

iona

l tex

t its

elf,

the

hist

oric

al c

onte

xt, a

nd p

revi

ous j

udic

ial

inte

rpre

tatio

ns o

f con

stitu

tiona

l mea

ning

. In

our

vie

w, t

here

are

four

fund

amen

tal a

nd o

rgan

izin

g pr

inci

ples

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n w

hich

are r

elev

ant t

o ad

dres

sing

the q

uest

ion

befo

re u

s (al

thou

gh th

is

enum

erat

ion

is b

y no

mea

ns e

xhau

stiv

e): f

eder

alis

m; d

emoc

racy

; con

stitu

tiona

lism

and

the

rule

of

law

; and

resp

ect f

or m

inor

ities

. Th

e fo

unda

tion

and

subs

tanc

e of

thes

e pr

inci

ples

are

add

ress

ed in

th

e fo

llow

ing

para

grap

hs.

We

will

then

turn

to th

eir

spec

ific

appl

icat

ion

to th

e fir

st r

efer

ence

qu

estio

n be

fore

us.

(2)

His

toric

al C

onte

xt: T

he S

igni

fican

ce o

f Con

fede

ratio

n

33In

our

cons

titut

iona

l tra

ditio

n, le

galit

y an

d le

gitim

acy

are l

inke

d. T

he p

reci

se n

atur

e of

this

link

will

be

disc

usse

d be

low

. H

owev

er, a

t thi

s st

age,

we

wis

h to

em

phas

ize

only

that

our

co

nstit

utio

nal h

isto

ry d

emon

stra

tes

that

our

gov

erni

ng in

stitu

tions

hav

e ad

apte

d an

d ch

ange

d to

re

flect

chan

ging

soci

al an

d po

litic

al v

alue

s. T

his h

as g

ener

ally

bee

n ac

com

plis

hed

by m

etho

ds th

at

have

ens

ured

con

tinui

ty, s

tabi

lity

and

lega

l ord

er.

34B

ecau

se th

is R

efer

ence

dea

ls w

ith q

uest

ions

fund

amen

tal t

o th

e na

ture

of C

anad

a, it

sh

ould

not

be

surp

risin

g th

at it

is n

eces

sary

to re

view

the

cont

ext i

n w

hich

the

Can

adia

n un

ion

has

evol

ved.

To

this

end

, we

will

brie

fly d

escr

ibe

the

lega

l evo

lutio

n of

the

Con

stitu

tion

and

the

foun

datio

nal p

rinci

ples

gov

erni

ng co

nstit

utio

nal a

men

dmen

ts. O

ur p

urpo

se is

not

to b

e exh

aust

ive,

bu

t to

high

light

the

feat

ures

mos

t rel

evan

t in

the

cont

ext o

f thi

s Ref

eren

ce.

35C

onfe

dera

tion

was

an in

itiat

ive o

f ele

cted

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f the

peo

ple t

hen

livin

g in

the

colo

nies

scat

tere

d ac

ross

par

t of w

hat i

s now

Can

ada.

It w

as n

ot in

itiat

ed b

y Im

peria

l fia

t. In

Mar

ch

1864

, a se

lect

com

mitt

ee o

f the

Leg

isla

tive A

ssem

bly

of th

e Pro

vinc

e of C

anad

a, ch

aire

d by

Geo

rge

Bro

wn,

beg

an to

exp

lore

pro

spec

ts fo

r con

stitu

tiona

l ref

orm

. Th

e co

mm

ittee

's re

port,

rele

ased

in

June

186

4, re

com

men

ded

that

a fe

dera

l uni

on e

ncom

pass

ing

Can

ada

East

and

Can

ada

Wes

t, an

d pe

rhap

s the

oth

er B

ritis

h N

orth

Am

eric

an co

loni

es, b

e pur

sued

. A g

roup

of R

efor

mer

s fro

m C

anad

a W

est,

led

by B

row

n, jo

ined

with

tie

nne P

. Tac

hé an

d Jo

hn A

. Mac

dona

ld in

a co

aliti

on g

over

nmen

t fo

r the

pur

pose

of e

ngag

ing

in co

nstit

utio

nal r

efor

m al

ong

the l

ines

of t

he fe

dera

l mod

el p

ropo

sed

by

the

com

mitt

ee's

repo

rt.

- 18

-

36A

n op

enin

g to

pur

sue

fede

ral u

nion

soon

aro

se.

The

lead

ers o

f the

mar

itim

e co

loni

es

had

plan

ned

to m

eet a

t Cha

rlotte

tow

n in

the

fall

to d

iscu

ss th

e pe

renn

ial t

opic

of m

ariti

me

unio

n.

The P

rovi

nce o

f Can

ada s

ecur

ed in

vita

tions

to se

nd a

Can

adia

n de

lega

tion.

On

Sept

embe

r 1, 1

864,

23

del

egat

es (f

ive f

rom

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

five

from

Nov

a Sco

tia, f

ive f

rom

Prin

ce E

dwar

d Is

land

, and

ei

ght

from

the

Pro

vinc

e of

Can

ada)

met

in

Cha

rlotte

tow

n.

Afte

r fiv

e da

ys o

f di

scus

sion

, the

de

lega

tes r

each

ed a

gree

men

t on

a pl

an fo

r fed

eral

uni

on.

37Th

e sa

lient

aspe

cts o

f the

agr

eem

ent m

ay b

e brie

fly o

utlin

ed. T

here

was

to b

e a fe

dera

l un

ion

feat

urin

g a b

icam

eral

cent

ral l

egis

latu

re. R

epre

sent

atio

n in

the L

ower

Hou

se w

as to

be b

ased

on

pop

ulat

ion,

whe

reas

in th

e U

pper

Hou

se it

was

to b

e ba

sed

on re

gion

al e

qual

ity, t

he re

gion

s co

mpr

isin

g C

anad

a Ea

st, C

anad

a W

est a

nd th

e M

ariti

mes

. Th

e si

gnifi

canc

e of

the

adop

tion

of a

fe

dera

l fo

rm o

f go

vern

men

t ca

nnot

be

exag

gera

ted.

W

ithou

t it,

nei

ther

the

agr

eem

ent

of t

he

dele

gate

s fro

m C

anad

a Ea

st n

or th

at o

f the

del

egat

es fr

om th

e m

ariti

me

colo

nies

cou

ld h

ave

been

ob

tain

ed.

38Se

vera

l mat

ters

rem

aine

d to

be

reso

lved

, and

so th

e C

harlo

tteto

wn

dele

gate

s agr

eed

to

mee

t aga

in at

Que

bec i

n O

ctob

er, a

nd to

invi

te N

ewfo

undl

and

to se

nd a

dele

gatio

n to

join

them

. The

Q

uebe

c C

onfe

renc

e be

gan

on O

ctob

er 1

0, 1

864.

Thi

rty-th

ree

dele

gate

s (tw

o fr

om N

ewfo

undl

and,

se

ven

from

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

five

from

Nov

a Sc

otia

, sev

en fr

om P

rince

Edw

ard

Isla

nd, a

nd tw

elve

fr

om th

e Pro

vinc

e of C

anad

a) m

et o

ver a

two

and

a hal

f wee

k pe

riod.

Pre

cise

cons

ider

atio

n of

each

as

pect

of

the

fede

ral

stru

ctur

e pr

eocc

upie

d th

e po

litic

al a

gend

a.

The

dele

gate

s ap

prov

ed

72 re

solu

tions

, add

ress

ing

alm

ost a

ll of

wha

t sub

sequ

ently

mad

e its

way

into

the

final

text

of t

he

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

. Th

ese

incl

uded

gua

rant

ees

to p

rote

ct F

renc

h la

ngua

ge a

nd c

ultu

re, b

oth

dire

ctly

(by

mak

ing

Fren

ch a

n of

ficia

l lan

guag

e in

Que

bec

and

Can

ada

as a

who

le) a

nd in

dire

ctly

(b

y al

loca

ting

juris

dict

ion

over

edu

catio

n an

d "P

rope

rty a

nd C

ivil

Rig

hts

in th

e Pr

ovin

ce"

to th

e pr

ovin

ces)

. Th

e pr

otec

tion

of m

inor

ities

was

thus

reaf

firm

ed.

39Le

gally

, the

re re

mai

ned

only

the

requ

irem

ent t

o ha

ve th

e Q

uebe

c R

esol

utio

ns p

ut in

to

prop

er fo

rm an

d pa

ssed

by

the I

mpe

rial P

arlia

men

t in

Lond

on. H

owev

er, p

oliti

cally

, it w

as th

ough

t th

at m

ore

was

requ

ired.

Ind

eed,

Res

olut

ion

70 p

rovi

ded

that

"Th

e Sa

nctio

n of

the

Impe

rial a

nd

Loca

l Par

liam

ents

shal

l be

soug

ht fo

r the

Uni

on o

f the

Pro

vinc

es, o

n th

e pr

inci

ples

ado

pted

by

the

Con

fere

nce.

" (

Cite

d in

J. P

ope,

ed.

, C

onfe

dera

tion:

Bei

ng a

Ser

ies

of H

ither

to U

npub

lishe

d D

ocum

ents

Bea

ring

on

the

Briti

sh N

orth

Am

eric

a Ac

t (18

95),

at p

. 52

(em

phas

is a

dded

).)

40C

onfir

mat

ion

of th

e Que

bec R

esol

utio

ns w

as ac

hiev

ed m

ore s

moo

thly

in ce

ntra

l Can

ada

than

in th

e M

ariti

mes

. In

Feb

ruar

y an

d M

arch

186

5, th

e Q

uebe

c R

esol

utio

ns w

ere

the

subj

ect o

f al

mos

t six

wee

ks o

f sus

tain

ed d

ebat

e in

bot

h ho

uses

of t

he C

anad

ian

legi

slat

ure.

The

Can

adia

n Le

gisl

ativ

e A

ssem

bly

appr

oved

the

Que

bec

Res

olut

ions

in

Mar

ch 1

865

with

the

sup

port

of a

m

ajor

ity o

f mem

bers

from

bot

h C

anad

a Ea

st a

nd C

anad

a W

est.

The

gov

ernm

ents

of b

oth

Prin

ce

Edw

ard

Isla

nd an

d N

ewfo

undl

and

chos

e, in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith p

opul

ar se

ntim

ent i

n bo

th co

loni

es, n

ot

to a

cced

e to

the

Que

bec

Res

olut

ions

. In

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

a g

ener

al e

lect

ion

was

requ

ired

befo

re

Prem

ier

Tille

y's

pro-

Con

fede

ratio

n pa

rty p

reva

iled.

In

Nov

a Sc

otia

, Pre

mie

r Tu

pper

ulti

mat

ely

obta

ined

a re

solu

tion

from

the

Hou

se o

f Ass

embl

y fa

vour

ing

Con

fede

ratio

n.

284

- 19

-

41Si

xtee

n de

lega

tes (

five

from

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

five

from

Nov

a Sc

otia

, and

six

from

the

Prov

ince

of C

anad

a) m

et in

Lon

don

in D

ecem

ber 1

866

to fi

naliz

e th

e pl

an fo

r Con

fede

ratio

n. T

o th

is e

nd, t

hey

agre

ed to

som

e sl

ight

mod

ifica

tions

and

addi

tions

to th

e Que

bec R

esol

utio

ns.

Min

or

chan

ges w

ere

mad

e to

the

dist

ribut

ion

of p

ower

s, pr

ovis

ion

was

mad

e fo

r the

app

oint

men

t of e

xtra

se

nato

rs in

the

even

t of a

dea

dloc

k be

twee

n th

e H

ouse

of C

omm

ons

and

the

Sena

te, a

nd c

erta

in

relig

ious

min

oriti

es w

ere

give

n th

e rig

ht t

o ap

peal

to

the

fede

ral

gove

rnm

ent

whe

re t

heir

deno

min

atio

nal s

choo

l rig

hts w

ere

adve

rsel

y af

fect

ed b

y pr

ovin

cial

legi

slat

ion.

The

Brit

ish

Nor

th

Am

eric

a B

ill w

as d

rafte

d af

ter t

he L

ondo

n C

onfe

renc

e w

ith th

e as

sist

ance

of t

he C

olon

ial O

ffic

e,

and

was

intro

duce

d in

to th

e H

ouse

of L

ords

in F

ebru

ary

1867

. Th

e A

ct p

asse

d th

ird re

adin

g in

the

Hou

se o

f Com

mon

s on

Mar

ch 8

, rec

eive

d ro

yal a

ssen

t on

Mar

ch 2

9, an

d w

as p

rocl

aim

ed o

n Ju

ly 1

, 18

67.

The

Dom

inio

n of

Can

ada

thus

bec

ame

a re

ality

.

42Th

ere

was

an

early

atte

mpt

at s

eces

sion

. In

the

first

Dom

inio

n el

ectio

n in

Sep

tem

ber

1867

, Pre

mie

r Tup

per's

forc

es w

ere d

ecim

ated

: mem

bers

opp

osed

to C

onfe

dera

tion

won

18

of N

ova

Scot

ia's

19 f

eder

al s

eats

, and

in th

e si

mul

tane

ous

prov

inci

al e

lect

ion,

36

of th

e 38

sea

ts in

the

prov

inci

al l

egis

latu

re.

New

ly-e

lect

ed P

rem

ier

Jose

ph H

owe

led

a de

lega

tion

to t

he I

mpe

rial

Parli

amen

t in

Lond

on in

an

effo

rt to

und

o th

e ne

w c

onst

itutio

nal a

rran

gem

ents

, but

it w

as to

o la

te.

The

Col

onia

l O

ffic

e re

ject

ed P

rem

ier

How

e's p

lea

to p

erm

it N

ova

Scot

ia t

o w

ithdr

aw f

rom

C

onfe

dera

tion.

As t

he C

olon

ial S

ecre

tary

wro

te in

186

8:

The n

eigh

bour

ing

prov

ince

of N

ew B

runs

wic

k ha

s ent

ered

into

the u

nion

in re

lianc

e on

hav

ing

with

it th

e si

ster

pro

vinc

e of

Nov

a Sc

otia

; and

vas

t obl

igat

ions

, pol

itica

l an

d co

mm

erci

al, h

ave

alre

ady

been

con

tract

ed o

n th

e fa

ith o

f a

mea

sure

so

long

di

scus

sed

and

so so

lem

nly

adop

ted.

. . .

I tru

st th

at th

e A

ssem

bly

and

the

peop

le o

f N

ova

Scot

ia w

ill n

ot b

e su

rpris

ed th

at th

e Q

ueen

's go

vern

men

t fee

l tha

t the

y w

ould

no

t be

war

rant

ed in

adv

isin

g th

e re

vers

al o

f a g

reat

mea

sure

of s

tate

, atte

nded

by

so

man

y ex

tens

ive

cons

eque

nces

alre

ady

in o

pera

tion.

. . .

(Quo

ted

in H

. Wad

e Mac

Lauc

hlan

, "A

ccou

ntin

g fo

r Dem

ocra

cy an

d th

e Rul

e of L

aw

in th

e Q

uebe

c Se

cess

ion

Ref

eren

ce"

(199

7), 7

6 C

an. B

ar R

ev. 1

55, a

t p. 1

68.)

The i

nter

depe

nden

ce ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y "v

ast o

blig

atio

ns, p

oliti

cal a

nd co

mm

erci

al",

refe

rred

to b

y th

e C

olon

ial S

ecre

tary

in 1

868,

has

, of c

ours

e, m

ultip

lied

imm

easu

rabl

y in

the

last

130

yea

rs.

43Fe

dera

lism

was

a le

gal r

espo

nse

to th

e un

derly

ing

polit

ical

and

cul

tura

l rea

litie

s th

at

exis

ted

at C

onfe

dera

tion

and

cont

inue

to e

xist

toda

y. A

t Con

fede

ratio

n, p

oliti

cal l

eade

rs to

ld th

eir

resp

ectiv

e com

mun

ities

that

the C

anad

ian

unio

n w

ould

be a

ble t

o re

conc

ile d

iver

sity

with

uni

ty. I

t is

perti

nent

, in

the

cont

ext o

f the

pre

sent

Ref

eren

ce, t

o m

entio

n th

e w

ords

of G

eorg

e-tie

nne

Car

tier

(cite

d in

the

Parl

iam

enta

ry D

ebat

es o

n th

e su

bjec

t of t

he C

onfe

dera

tion

(186

5), a

t p. 6

0):

Now

, whe

n w

e [a

re] u

nite

d to

geth

er, i

f uni

on [i

s] a

ttain

ed, w

e [s

hall]

form

a p

oliti

cal

natio

nalit

y w

ith w

hich

nei

ther

the

natio

nal o

rigin

, nor

the

relig

ion

of a

ny in

divi

dual

, [w

ill] i

nter

fere

. It

was

lam

ente

d by

som

e th

at w

e had

this

div

ersi

ty o

f rac

es, a

nd h

opes

- 20

-

wer

e exp

ress

ed th

at th

is d

istin

ctiv

e fea

ture

wou

ld ce

ase.

The

idea

of u

nity

of r

aces

[is]

ut

opia

n --

it [i

s] im

poss

ible

. Dis

tinct

ions

of t

his k

ind

[will

] alw

ays e

xist

. Dis

sim

ilarit

y,

in fa

ct, a

ppea

r[s]

to b

e the

ord

er o

f the

phy

sica

l wor

ld an

d of

the m

oral

wor

ld, a

s wel

l as

in th

e po

litic

al w

orld

. B

ut w

ith re

gard

to th

e ob

ject

ion

base

d on

this

fact

, to

the

effe

ct

that

a g

reat

nat

ion

[can

]not

be

form

ed b

ecau

se L

ower

Can

ada

[is] i

n gr

eat p

art F

renc

h an

d C

atho

lic, a

nd U

pper

Can

ada

[is] B

ritis

h an

d Pr

otes

tant

, and

the

Low

er P

rovi

nces

[a

re] m

ixed

, it [

is] f

utile

and

wor

thle

ss in

the

extre

me.

. . .

In

our o

wn

Fede

ratio

n w

e [w

ill] h

ave

Cat

holic

and

Pro

test

ant,

Engl

ish,

Fre

nch,

Iris

h an

d Sc

otch

, and

eac

h by

his

ef

forts

an

d hi

s su

cces

s [w

ill]

incr

ease

th

e pr

ospe

rity

and

glor

y of

the

ne

w

Con

fede

racy

. . .

. [W

]e [a

re] o

f diff

eren

t rac

es, n

ot fo

r the

pur

pose

of w

arrin

g ag

ains

t ea

ch o

ther

, but

in o

rder

to c

ompe

te a

nd e

mul

ate

for t

he g

ener

al w

elfa

re.

The f

eder

al-p

rovi

ncia

l div

isio

n of

pow

ers w

as a

lega

l rec

ogni

tion

of th

e div

ersi

ty th

at ex

iste

d am

ong

the

initi

al m

embe

rs o

f C

onfe

dera

tion,

and

man

ifest

ed a

con

cern

to a

ccom

mod

ate

that

div

ersi

ty

with

in a

sing

le n

atio

n by

gra

ntin

g si

gnifi

cant

pow

ers t

o pr

ovin

cial

gov

ernm

ents

. Th

e Co

nstit

utio

n Ac

t, 18

67 w

as a

n ac

t of

nat

ion-

build

ing.

It

was

the

firs

t st

ep i

n th

e tra

nsiti

on f

rom

col

onie

s se

para

tely

dep

ende

nt o

n th

e Im

peria

l Par

liam

ent f

or th

eir g

over

nanc

e to

a u

nifie

d an

d in

depe

nden

t po

litic

al st

ate i

n w

hich

diff

eren

t peo

ples

coul

d re

solv

e the

ir di

sagr

eem

ents

and

wor

k to

geth

er to

war

d co

mm

on g

oals

and

a com

mon

inte

rest

. Fed

eral

ism

was

the p

oliti

cal m

echa

nism

by

whi

ch d

iver

sity

co

uld

be re

conc

iled

with

uni

ty.

44A

fed

eral

-pro

vinc

ial

divi

sion

of

pow

ers

nece

ssita

ted

a w

ritte

n co

nstit

utio

n w

hich

ci

rcum

scrib

ed th

e po

wer

s of

the

new

Dom

inio

n an

d Pr

ovin

ces

of C

anad

a.

Des

pite

its

fede

ral

stru

ctur

e, th

e ne

w D

omin

ion

was

to h

ave

"a C

onst

itutio

n si

mila

r in

Prin

cipl

e to

that

of t

he U

nite

d K

ingd

om"

(Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

, pre

ambl

e).

Allo

win

g fo

r the

obv

ious

diff

eren

ces b

etw

een

the

gove

rnan

ce o

f C

anad

a an

d th

e U

nite

d K

ingd

om, i

t was

nev

erth

eles

s th

ough

t im

porta

nt to

thus

em

phas

ize t

he co

ntin

uity

of c

onst

itutio

nal p

rinci

ples

, inc

ludi

ng d

emoc

ratic

inst

itutio

ns an

d th

e rul

e of

law

; and

the

cont

inui

ty o

f the

exe

rcis

e of

sove

reig

n po

wer

tran

sfer

red

from

Wes

tmin

ster

to th

e fe

dera

l and

pro

vinc

ial c

apita

ls o

f Can

ada.

45A

fter 1

867,

the C

anad

ian

fede

ratio

n co

ntin

ued

to ev

olve

bot

h te

rrito

rially

and

polit

ical

ly.

New

terr

itorie

s wer

e adm

itted

to th

e uni

on an

d ne

w p

rovi

nces

wer

e for

med

. In

1870

, Rup

ert’s

Lan

d an

d th

e N

orth

wes

t Ter

ritor

ies

wer

e ad

mitt

ed a

nd M

anito

ba w

as f

orm

ed a

s a

prov

ince

. B

ritis

h C

olum

bia w

as ad

mitt

ed in

187

1, P

rince

Edw

ard

Isla

nd in

187

3, an

d th

e Arc

tic Is

land

s wer

e add

ed in

18

80.

In 1

898,

the

Yuk

on T

errit

ory

and

in 1

905,

the

prov

ince

s of A

lber

ta a

nd S

aska

tche

wan

wer

e fo

rmed

from

the

Nor

thw

est T

errit

orie

s. N

ewfo

undl

and

was

adm

itted

in 1

949

by a

n am

endm

ent t

o th

eC

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67.

The

new

ter

ritor

y of

Nun

avut

was

car

ved

out

of t

he N

orth

wes

t Te

rrito

ries i

n 19

93 w

ith th

e pa

rtitio

n to

bec

ome

effe

ctiv

e in

Apr

il 19

99.

46C

anad

a's e

volu

tion

from

col

ony

to fu

lly in

depe

nden

t sta

te w

as g

radu

al.

The

Impe

rial

Parli

amen

t's p

assa

ge o

f the

Sta

tute

of W

estm

inst

er, 1

931

(U.K

.), 2

2 &

23

Geo

. 5, c

. 4, c

onfir

med

in

law

wha

t had

earli

er b

een

conf

irmed

in fa

ct b

y th

e Bal

four

Dec

lara

tion

of 1

926,

nam

ely,

that

Can

ada

was

an

inde

pend

ent c

ount

ry.

Ther

eafte

r, C

anad

ian

law

alo

ne g

over

ned

in C

anad

a, e

xcep

t whe

re

Can

ada

expr

essl

y co

nsen

ted

to t

he c

ontin

ued

appl

icat

ion

of I

mpe

rial

legi

slat

ion.

C

anad

a's

285

- 21

-

inde

pend

ence

from

Brit

ain

was

achi

eved

thro

ugh

lega

l and

pol

itica

l evo

lutio

n w

ith an

adhe

renc

e to

the

rule

of

law

and

sta

bilit

y.

The

proc

lam

atio

n of

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1982

rem

oved

the

last

ve

stig

e of B

ritis

h au

thor

ity o

ver t

he C

anad

ian

Con

stitu

tion

and

re-a

ffirm

ed C

anad

a’s c

omm

itmen

t to

the

prot

ectio

n of

its

min

ority

, abo

rigin

al, e

qual

ity, l

egal

and

lang

uage

rig

hts,

and

fund

amen

tal

free

dom

s as s

et o

ut in

the

Can

adia

n C

hart

er o

f Rig

hts a

nd F

reed

oms.

47Le

gal c

ontin

uity

, whi

ch re

quire

s an

orde

rly tr

ansf

er o

f aut

horit

y, n

eces

sita

ted

that

the

1982

amen

dmen

ts b

e mad

e by

the W

estm

inst

er P

arlia

men

t, bu

t the

legi

timac

y as

dis

tingu

ishe

d fro

m

the

form

al le

galit

y of

the

amen

dmen

ts d

eriv

ed fr

om p

oliti

cal d

ecis

ions

take

n in

Can

ada

with

in a

le

gal f

ram

ewor

k w

hich

this

Cou

rt, in

the P

atria

tion

Refe

renc

e, h

ad ru

led

was

in ac

cord

ance

with

our

C

onst

itutio

n. I

t sho

uld

be n

oted

, par

enth

etic

ally

, tha

t the

198

2 am

endm

ents

did

not

alte

r the

bas

ic

divi

sion

of

pow

ers

in s

s. 91

and

92

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67, w

hich

is th

e pr

imar

y te

xtua

l ex

pres

sion

of t

he p

rinci

ple o

f fed

eral

ism

in o

ur C

onst

itutio

n, ag

reed

upo

n at

Con

fede

ratio

n. I

t did

, ho

wev

er, h

ave

the

impo

rtant

eff

ect t

hat,

desp

ite th

e re

fusa

l of t

he g

over

nmen

t of Q

uebe

c to

join

in

its a

dopt

ion,

Que

bec

has

beco

me

boun

d to

the

term

s of

a C

onst

itutio

n th

at is

diff

eren

t fro

m th

at

whi

ch p

reva

iled

prev

ious

ly, p

artic

ular

ly a

s re

gard

s pr

ovis

ions

gov

erni

ng it

s am

endm

ent,

and

the

Can

adia

n C

hart

er o

f Ri

ghts

and

Fre

edom

s. A

s to

the

lat

ter,

to t

he e

xten

t th

at t

he s

cope

of

legi

slat

ive p

ower

s was

ther

eafte

r to

be co

nstra

ined

by

the

Cha

rter

, the

cons

train

t ope

rate

d as

muc

h ag

ains

t fed

eral

legi

slat

ive

pow

ers

as a

gain

st p

rovi

ncia

l leg

isla

tive

pow

ers.

Mor

eove

r, it

is to

be

rem

embe

red

that

s. 3

3, th

e "no

twith

stand

ing

clau

se",

give

s Par

liam

ent a

nd th

e pro

vinc

ial l

egisl

atur

es

auth

ority

to le

gisl

ate o

n m

atte

rs w

ithin

thei

r jur

isdi

ctio

n in

der

ogat

ion

of th

e fun

dam

enta

l fre

edom

s (s

. 2),

lega

l rig

hts (

ss. 7

to 1

4) a

nd e

qual

ity ri

ghts

(s. 1

5) p

rovi

sion

s of t

he C

hart

er.

48W

e th

ink

it ap

pare

nt fr

om e

ven

this

brie

f his

toric

al re

view

that

the

evol

utio

n of

our

co

nstit

utio

nal a

rran

gem

ents

has

bee

n ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y ad

here

nce

to th

e ru

le o

f la

w, r

espe

ct f

or

dem

ocra

tic in

stitu

tions

, the

acc

omm

odat

ion

of m

inor

ities

, ins

iste

nce

that

gov

ernm

ents

adh

ere

to

cons

titut

iona

l con

duct

and

a d

esire

for c

ontin

uity

and

stab

ility

. W

e no

w tu

rn to

a d

iscu

ssio

n of

the

gene

ral c

onst

itutio

nal p

rinci

ples

that

bea

r on

the

pres

ent R

efer

ence

.

(3)

Ana

lysi

s of t

he C

onst

itutio

nal P

rinci

ples

(a)

Nat

ure

of th

e Pr

inci

ples

49W

hat a

re th

ose

unde

rlyin

g pr

inci

ples

? O

ur C

onst

itutio

n is

prim

arily

a w

ritte

n on

e, th

e pr

oduc

t of 1

31 y

ears

of e

volu

tion.

Beh

ind

the

writ

ten

wor

d is

an

hist

oric

al li

neag

e st

retc

hing

bac

k th

roug

h th

e age

s, w

hich

aids

in th

e con

side

ratio

n of

the u

nder

lyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

. The

se

prin

cipl

es in

form

and

sust

ain

the

cons

titut

iona

l tex

t: th

ey a

re th

e vi

tal u

nsta

ted

assu

mpt

ions

upo

n w

hich

the

text

is b

ased

. Th

e fo

llow

ing

disc

ussi

on a

ddre

sses

the

four

foun

datio

nal c

onst

itutio

nal

prin

cipl

es t

hat

are

mos

t ge

rman

e fo

r re

solu

tion

of t

his

Ref

eren

ce:

fed

eral

ism

, de

moc

racy

, co

nstit

utio

nalis

m a

nd th

e ru

le o

f law

, and

resp

ect f

or m

inor

ity ri

ghts

. Th

ese

defin

ing

prin

cipl

es

func

tion

in sy

mbi

osis

. No

sing

le p

rinci

ple c

an b

e def

ined

in is

olat

ion

from

the o

ther

s, no

r doe

s any

on

e pr

inci

ple

trum

p or

exc

lude

the

oper

atio

n of

any

oth

er.

- 22

-

50O

ur C

onst

itutio

n ha

s an

inte

rnal

arc

hite

ctur

e, o

r w

hat t

he m

ajor

ity o

f th

is C

ourt

in

OPS

EU v

. Ont

ario

(Atto

rney

Gen

eral

), [1

987]

2 S

.C.R

. 2, a

t p. 5

7, c

alle

d a

"bas

ic c

onst

itutio

nal

stru

ctur

e".

The

indi

vidu

al e

lem

ents

of

the

Con

stitu

tion

are

linke

d to

the

oth

ers,

and

mus

t be

in

terp

rete

d by

refe

renc

e to

the s

truct

ure o

f the

Con

stitu

tion

as a

who

le. A

s we r

ecen

tly em

phas

ized

in

the P

rovi

ncia

l Jud

ges R

efer

ence

, cer

tain

und

erly

ing

prin

cipl

es in

fuse

our

Con

stitu

tion

and

brea

the

life i

nto

it. S

peak

ing

of th

e rul

e of l

aw p

rinci

ple i

n th

e Man

itoba

Lan

guag

e Rig

htsR

efer

ence

,sup

ra,

at p

. 750

, we

held

that

"th

e pr

inci

ple

is c

lear

ly im

plic

it in

the

very

nat

ure

of a

Con

stitu

tion"

. Th

e sa

me

may

be

said

of t

he o

ther

thre

e co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

we

unde

rsco

re to

day.

51A

lthou

gh th

ese u

nder

lyin

g pr

inci

ples

are n

ot ex

plic

itly

mad

e par

t of t

he C

onst

itutio

n by

an

y w

ritte

n pr

ovis

ion,

oth

er th

an in

som

e re

spec

ts b

y th

e ob

lique

refe

renc

e in

the

prea

mbl

e to

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

, it w

ould

be

impo

ssib

le to

con

ceiv

e of

our

con

stitu

tiona

l stru

ctur

e w

ithou

t th

em. T

he p

rinci

ples

dic

tate

maj

or el

emen

ts o

f th

e arc

hite

ctur

e of t

he C

onst

itutio

n its

elf a

nd ar

e as

such

its l

ifebl

ood.

52Th

e pr

inci

ples

ass

ist i

n th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e te

xt a

nd th

e de

linea

tion

of sp

here

s of

juris

dict

ion,

the

scop

e of

righ

ts a

nd o

blig

atio

ns, a

nd th

e ro

le o

f our

pol

itica

l ins

titut

ions

. Eq

ually

im

porta

nt, o

bser

vanc

e of

and

res

pect

for

thes

e pr

inci

ples

is e

ssen

tial t

o th

e on

goin

g pr

oces

s of

co

nstit

utio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

nd ev

olut

ion

of o

ur C

onst

itutio

n as

a "l

ivin

g tre

e", t

o in

voke

the f

amou

s de

scrip

tion

in E

dwar

ds v.

Atto

rney

-Gen

eral

for C

anad

a, [1

930]

A.C

. 124

(P.C

.), at

p. 1

36.

As t

his

Cou

rt in

dica

ted

in N

ew B

runs

wic

k Br

oadc

astin

g C

o. v

. Nov

a Sc

otia

(Sp

eake

r of

the

Hou

se o

f As

sem

bly)

, [19

93] 1

S.C

.R. 3

19, C

anad

ians

hav

e lo

ng re

cogn

ized

the

exis

tenc

e an

d im

porta

nce

of

unw

ritte

n co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

in o

ur sy

stem

of g

over

nmen

t.

53G

iven

the

exis

tenc

e of

thes

e un

derly

ing

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

es, w

hat u

se m

ay th

e C

ourt

mak

e of t

hem

? In

the P

rovi

ncia

l Jud

ges R

efer

ence

,sup

ra, a

t par

as. 9

3 an

d 10

4, w

e cau

tione

d th

at th

e re

cogn

ition

of

thes

e co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

(th

e m

ajor

ity o

pini

on r

efer

red

to th

em a

s "o

rgan

izin

g pr

inci

ples

" and

des

crib

ed o

ne o

f the

m, j

udic

ial i

ndep

ende

nce,

as an

"unw

ritte

n no

rm")

co

uld

not b

e ta

ken

as a

n in

vita

tion

to d

ispe

nse

with

the

writ

ten

text

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n. O

n th

e co

ntra

ry, w

e co

nfirm

ed th

at th

ere

are

com

pelli

ng re

ason

s to

insi

st u

pon

the

prim

acy

of o

ur w

ritte

n co

nstit

utio

n. A

writ

ten

cons

titut

ion

prom

otes

lega

l cer

tain

ty a

nd p

redi

ctab

ility

, and

it p

rovi

des

a fo

unda

tion

and

a to

uchs

tone

for t

he e

xerc

ise

of c

onst

itutio

nal j

udic

ial r

evie

w.

How

ever

, we

also

ob

serv

ed in

the P

rovi

ncia

l Jud

ges R

efer

ence

that

the e

ffec

t of t

he p

ream

blet

o th

e Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

was

to in

corp

orat

e cer

tain

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

es b

y re

fere

nce,

a po

int m

ade e

arlie

r in

Fras

erv.

Pub

lic S

ervi

ce S

taff

Rela

tions

Boa

rd, [

1985

] 2

S.C

.R. 4

55, a

t pp.

462

-63.

In

the

Prov

inci

al

Judg

es R

efer

ence

, at p

ara.

104

, we

dete

rmin

ed th

at th

e pr

eam

ble

"inv

ites

the

cour

ts to

turn

thos

e pr

inci

ples

into

the p

rem

ises

of a

cons

titut

iona

l arg

umen

t tha

t cul

min

ates

in th

e fill

ing

of g

aps i

n th

e ex

pres

s ter

ms o

f the

con

stitu

tiona

l tex

t".

54U

nder

lyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

es m

ay i

n ce

rtain

circ

umst

ance

s gi

ve r

ise

to

subs

tant

ive l

egal

obl

igat

ions

(hav

e "fu

ll le

gal f

orce

", as

we d

escr

ibed

it in

the P

atri

atio

n Re

fere

nce,

supr

a, at

p. 8

45),

whi

ch co

nstit

ute s

ubst

antiv

e lim

itatio

ns u

pon

gove

rnm

ent a

ctio

n. T

hese

prin

cipl

es

may

giv

e ris

e to

ver

y ab

stra

ct a

nd g

ener

al o

blig

atio

ns, o

r the

y m

ay b

e m

ore

spec

ific

and

prec

ise

in

natu

re.

The

prin

cipl

es a

re n

ot m

erel

y de

scrip

tive,

but

are

als

o in

vest

ed w

ith a

pow

erfu

l nor

mat

ive

286

- 23

-

forc

e, an

d ar

e bin

ding

upo

n bo

th co

urts

and

gove

rnm

ents

. "In

oth

er w

ords

", as

this

Cou

rt co

nfirm

ed

in th

e M

anito

ba L

angu

age

Righ

ts R

efer

ence

,sup

ra, a

t p. 7

52, "

in th

e pr

oces

s of

Con

stitu

tiona

l ad

judi

catio

n, th

e Cou

rt m

ay h

ave r

egar

d to

unw

ritte

n po

stul

ates

whi

ch fo

rm th

e ver

y fo

unda

tion

of

the

Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a".

It is

to a

dis

cuss

ion

of th

ose

unde

rlyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

that

w

e no

w tu

rn. (b

)Fe

dera

lism

55It

is u

ndis

pute

d th

at C

anad

a is

a fe

dera

l sta

te.

Yet

man

y co

mm

enta

tors

hav

e ob

serv

ed

that

, acc

ordi

ng to

the

prec

ise

term

s of

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

, the

fed

eral

sys

tem

was

onl

y pa

rtial

. Se

e, e

.g.,

K. C

. Whe

are,

Fed

eral

Gov

ernm

ent (

4th

ed. 1

963)

, at p

p. 1

8-20

. Th

is w

as s

o be

caus

e, o

n pa

per,

the f

eder

al g

over

nmen

t ret

aine

d sw

eepi

ng p

ower

s whi

ch th

reat

ened

to u

nder

min

e th

e au

tono

my

of th

e pr

ovin

ces.

Her

e ag

ain,

how

ever

, a r

evie

w o

f the

writ

ten

prov

isio

ns o

f the

C

onst

itutio

n do

es n

ot p

rovi

de t

he e

ntire

pic

ture

. O

ur p

oliti

cal

and

cons

titut

iona

l pr

actic

e ha

s ad

here

d to

an

unde

rlyin

g pr

inci

ple

of fe

dera

lism

, and

has

inte

rpre

ted

the

writ

ten

prov

isio

ns o

f the

C

onst

itutio

n in

this

ligh

t. F

or ex

ampl

e, al

thou

gh th

e fed

eral

pow

er o

f dis

allo

wan

ce w

as in

clud

ed in

th

eC

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67,

the

unde

rlyin

g pr

inci

ple

of f

eder

alis

m t

rium

phed

ear

ly.

Man

y co

nstit

utio

nal s

chol

ars

cont

end

that

the

fede

ral p

ower

of d

isal

low

ance

has

bee

n ab

ando

ned

(e.g

., P.

W. H

ogg,

Con

stitu

tiona

l Law

of C

anad

a (4

th e

d. 1

997)

, at p

. 120

).

56In

a fe

dera

l sys

tem

of g

over

nmen

t suc

h as

our

s, po

litic

al p

ower

is sh

ared

by

two

orde

rs

of g

over

nmen

t: th

e fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent o

n th

e on

e ha

nd, a

nd th

e pr

ovin

ces

on th

e ot

her.

Eac

h is

as

sign

ed re

spec

tive

sphe

res o

f jur

isdi

ctio

n by

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

. Se

e, e

.g.,

Liqu

idat

ors o

f th

e M

ariti

me

Bank

of C

anad

a v.

Rec

eive

r-G

ener

al o

f New

Bru

nsw

ick,

[189

2] A

.C. 4

37 (P

.C.),

at

pp. 4

41-4

2. I

t is u

p to

the

cour

ts "

to c

ontro

l the

lim

its o

f the

resp

ectiv

e so

vere

ignt

ies"

: N

orth

ern

Tele

com

Can

ada

Ltd.

v. C

omm

unic

atio

n W

orke

rs o

f Can

ada,

[198

3] 1

S.C

.R. 7

33, a

t p. 7

41.

In

inte

rpre

ting

our C

onst

itutio

n, th

e cou

rts h

ave a

lway

s bee

n co

ncer

ned

with

the f

eder

alis

m p

rinci

ple,

in

here

nt in

the s

truct

ure o

f our

cons

titut

iona

l arr

ange

men

ts, w

hich

has

from

the b

egin

ning

bee

n th

e lo

dest

ar b

y w

hich

the

cour

ts h

ave

been

gui

ded.

57Th

is u

nder

lyin

g pr

inci

ple

of f

eder

alis

m, t

hen,

has

exe

rcis

ed a

rol

e of

con

side

rabl

e im

porta

nce

in th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e w

ritte

n pr

ovis

ions

of o

ur C

onst

itutio

n. I

n th

e Pa

tria

tion

Refe

renc

e,su

pra,

at p

p. 9

05-9

, we

conf

irmed

that

the

prin

cipl

e of

fed

eral

ism

run

s th

roug

h th

e po

litic

al an

d le

gal s

yste

ms o

f Can

ada.

Ind

eed,

Mar

tland

and

Ritc

hie J

J., d

isse

ntin

g in

the P

atria

tion

Refe

renc

e, at

p. 8

21, c

onsi

dere

d fe

dera

lism

to b

e "th

e dom

inan

t prin

cipl

e of C

anad

ian

cons

titut

iona

l la

w".

With

the

enac

tmen

t of t

he C

hart

er, t

hat p

ropo

sitio

n m

ay h

ave

less

forc

e th

an it

onc

e di

d, b

ut

ther

e can

be l

ittle

dou

bt th

at th

e prin

cipl

e of f

eder

alis

m re

mai

ns a

cent

ral o

rgan

izat

iona

l the

me o

f our

C

onst

itutio

n. L

ess o

bvio

usly

, per

haps

, but

cer

tain

ly o

f equ

al im

porta

nce,

fede

ralis

m is

a p

oliti

cal

and

lega

l res

pons

e to

und

erly

ing

soci

al a

nd p

oliti

cal r

ealit

ies.

58Th

e pr

inci

ple

of f

eder

alis

m r

ecog

nize

s th

e di

vers

ity o

f th

e co

mpo

nent

par

ts o

f C

onfe

dera

tion,

and

the

auto

nom

y of

pro

vinc

ial g

over

nmen

ts to

dev

elop

thei

r soc

ietie

s with

in th

eir

resp

ectiv

e sp

here

s of j

uris

dict

ion.

The

fede

ral s

truct

ure

of o

ur c

ount

ry a

lso

faci

litat

es d

emoc

ratic

pa

rtici

patio

n by

dis

tribu

ting

pow

er to

the

gove

rnm

ent t

houg

ht to

be

mos

t sui

ted

to a

chie

ving

the

- 24

-

parti

cula

r soc

ieta

l obj

ectiv

e ha

ving

rega

rd to

this

div

ersi

ty.

The

sche

me

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67, i

t was

said

in R

e th

eIn

itiat

ive

and

Refe

rend

um A

ct, [

1919

] A.C

. 935

(P.C

.), a

t p. 9

42, w

as

not t

o w

eld

the

Prov

ince

s in

to o

ne, n

or to

sub

ordi

nate

Pro

vinc

ial G

over

nmen

ts to

a

cent

ral a

utho

rity,

but

to es

tabl

ish

a cen

tral g

over

nmen

t in

whi

ch th

ese P

rovi

nces

shou

ld

be re

pres

ente

d, e

ntru

sted

with

exc

lusi

ve a

utho

rity

only

in a

ffai

rs in

whi

ch th

ey h

ad a

co

mm

on in

tere

st.

Subj

ect t

o th

is e

ach

Prov

ince

was

to r

etai

n its

inde

pend

ence

and

au

tono

my

and

to b

e di

rect

ly u

nder

the

Cro

wn

as it

s hea

d.

Mor

e re

cent

ly, i

n H

aig

v. C

anad

a, [1

993]

2 S

.C.R

. 995

, at p

. 104

7, th

e m

ajor

ity o

f thi

s Cou

rt he

ld

that

diff

eren

ces b

etw

een

prov

ince

s "ar

e a ra

tiona

l par

t of t

he p

oliti

cal r

ealit

y in

the f

eder

al p

roce

ss".

It

was

refe

rrin

g to

the

diff

eren

tial a

pplic

atio

n of

fede

ral l

aw in

indi

vidu

al p

rovi

nces

, but

the

poin

t ap

plie

s mor

e gen

eral

ly. A

una

nim

ous C

ourt

expr

esse

d si

mila

r vie

ws i

n R.

v. S

. (S.

), [1

990]

2 S

.C.R

. 25

4, a

t pp.

287

-88.

59Th

e pr

inci

ple

of fe

dera

lism

faci

litat

es th

e pu

rsui

t of c

olle

ctiv

e go

als

by c

ultu

ral a

nd

lingu

istic

min

oriti

es w

hich

for

m th

e m

ajor

ity w

ithin

a p

artic

ular

pro

vinc

e.

This

is th

e ca

se in

Q

uebe

c, w

here

the

maj

ority

of t

he p

opul

atio

n is

Fre

nch-

spea

king

, and

whi

ch p

osse

sses

a d

istin

ct

cultu

re. T

his

is n

ot m

erel

y th

e re

sult

of c

hanc

e. T

he s

ocia

l and

dem

ogra

phic

rea

lity

of Q

uebe

c ex

plai

ns th

e ex

iste

nce

of th

e pr

ovin

ce o

f Q

uebe

c as

a p

oliti

cal u

nit a

nd in

deed

, was

one

of

the

esse

ntia

l rea

sons

for e

stab

lishi

ng a

fede

ral s

truct

ure f

or th

e Can

adia

n un

ion

in 1

867.

The

expe

rienc

e of

bot

h C

anad

a Ea

st a

nd C

anad

a W

est u

nder

the

Uni

on A

ct, 1

840

(U.K

.), 3

-4 V

ict.,

c. 3

5, h

ad n

ot

been

sat

isfa

ctor

y.

The

fede

ral

stru

ctur

e ad

opte

d at

Con

fede

ratio

n en

able

d Fr

ench

-spe

akin

g C

anad

ians

to fo

rm a

num

eric

al m

ajor

ity in

the p

rovi

nce o

f Que

bec,

and

so ex

erci

se th

e con

side

rabl

e pr

ovin

cial

pow

ers

conf

erre

d by

the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

in

such

a w

ay a

s to

pro

mot

e th

eir

lang

uage

and

cultu

re. I

t als

o m

ade p

rovi

sion

for c

erta

in g

uara

ntee

d re

pres

enta

tion

with

in th

e fed

eral

Pa

rliam

ent i

tsel

f.

60Fe

dera

lism

was

also

wel

com

ed b

y N

ova S

cotia

and

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

bot

h of

whi

ch al

so

affir

med

thei

r will

to p

rote

ct th

eir i

ndiv

idua

l cul

ture

s an

d th

eir a

uton

omy

over

loca

l mat

ters

. A

ll ne

w p

rovi

nces

joi

ning

the

fed

erat

ion

soug

ht t

o ac

hiev

e si

mila

r ob

ject

ives

, w

hich

are

no

less

vi

goro

usly

pur

sued

by

the

prov

ince

s and

terr

itorie

s as w

e ap

proa

ch th

e ne

w m

illen

nium

.

(c)

Dem

ocra

cy

61D

emoc

racy

is a

fund

amen

tal v

alue

in o

ur co

nstit

utio

nal l

aw an

d po

litic

al cu

lture

. Whi

le

it ha

s bot

h an

inst

itutio

nal a

nd an

indi

vidu

al as

pect

, the

dem

ocra

tic p

rinci

ple w

as al

so ar

gued

bef

ore

us in

the

sens

e of

the

supr

emac

y of

the

sove

reig

n w

ill o

f a p

eopl

e, in

this

cas

e po

tent

ially

to b

e ex

pres

sed

by Q

uebe

cers

in su

ppor

t of u

nila

tera

l sec

essi

on. I

t is u

sefu

l to

expl

ore i

n a s

umm

ary

way

th

ese

diff

eren

t asp

ects

of t

he d

emoc

ratic

prin

cipl

e.

62Th

e pr

inci

ple

of d

emoc

racy

has

alw

ays

info

rmed

the

des

ign

of o

ur c

onst

itutio

nal

stru

ctur

e, a

nd c

ontin

ues t

o ac

t as a

n es

sent

ial i

nter

pret

ive

cons

ider

atio

n to

this

day

. A

maj

ority

of

this

Cou

rt in

OPS

EU v

. O

ntar

io,

supr

a, a

t p.

57,

con

firm

ed t

hat

"the

bas

ic s

truct

ure

of o

ur

287

- 25

-

Con

stitu

tion,

as

esta

blis

hed

by th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 18

67, c

onte

mpl

ates

the

exis

tenc

e of

cer

tain

po

litic

al in

stitu

tions

, inc

ludi

ng fr

eely

elec

ted

legi

slat

ive b

odie

s at t

he fe

dera

l and

pro

vinc

ial l

evel

s".

As i

s app

aren

t fro

m a

n ea

rlier

line

of d

ecis

ions

em

anat

ing

from

this

Cou

rt, in

clud

ing

Switz

man

v.

Elbl

ing,

[195

7] S

.C.R

. 285

, Sau

mur

v. C

ity o

f Que

bec,

[195

3] 2

S.C

.R. 2

99, B

ouch

er v

. The

Kin

g,[1

951]

S.C

.R. 2

65, a

nd R

efer

ence

reAl

bert

a St

atut

es, [

1938

] S.C

.R. 1

00, t

he d

emoc

racy

prin

cipl

e ca

n be

st b

e un

ders

tood

as

a so

rt of

bas

elin

e ag

ains

t whi

ch th

e fr

amer

s of

our

Con

stitu

tion,

and

su

bseq

uent

ly, o

ur el

ecte

d re

pres

enta

tives

und

er it

, hav

e alw

ays o

pera

ted.

It i

s per

haps

for t

his r

easo

n th

at th

e pr

inci

ple

was

not

exp

licitl

y id

entif

ied

in th

e te

xt o

f the

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1867

itse

lf. T

o ha

ve d

one

so m

ight

hav

e ap

pear

ed r

edun

dant

, eve

n si

lly, t

o th

e fr

amer

s. A

s ex

plai

ned

in th

e Pr

ovin

cial

Judg

es R

efer

ence

,sup

ra, a

t par

a. 1

00, i

t is e

vide

nt th

at o

ur C

onsti

tutio

n co

ntem

plat

es th

at

Can

ada

shal

l be

a c

onst

itutio

nal

dem

ocra

cy.

Yet

thi

s m

erel

y de

mon

stra

tes

the

impo

rtanc

e of

un

derly

ing

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

es th

at ar

e now

here

expl

icitl

y de

scrib

ed in

our

cons

titut

iona

l tex

ts.

The

repr

esen

tativ

e an

d de

moc

ratic

nat

ure

of o

ur p

oliti

cal i

nstit

utio

ns w

as si

mpl

y as

sum

ed.

63D

emoc

racy

is c

omm

only

und

erst

ood

as b

eing

a p

oliti

cal s

yste

m o

f maj

ority

rule

. It

is

esse

ntia

l to

be c

lear

wha

t thi

s mea

ns.

The

evol

utio

n of

our

dem

ocra

tic tr

aditi

on c

an b

e tra

ced

back

to

the M

agna

Car

ta (1

215)

and

befo

re, t

hrou

gh th

e lon

g str

uggl

e for

Par

liam

enta

ry su

prem

acy

whi

ch

culm

inat

ed i

n th

e En

glis

h Bi

ll of

Rig

hts

of 1

689,

the

em

erge

nce

of r

epre

sent

ativ

e po

litic

al

inst

itutio

ns in

the c

olon

ial e

ra, t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f res

pons

ible

gov

ernm

ent i

n th

e 19t

h ce

ntur

y, an

d ev

entu

ally

, th

e ac

hiev

emen

t of

Con

fede

ratio

n its

elf

in 1

867.

"[

T]he

Can

adia

n tra

ditio

n",

the

maj

ority

of t

his C

ourt

held

in R

efer

ence

re P

rovi

ncia

l Ele

ctor

al B

ound

arie

s(Sa

sk.),

[199

1] 2

S.C

.R.

158,

at p

. 186

, is

"one

of

evol

utio

nary

dem

ocra

cy m

ovin

g in

une

ven

step

s to

war

d th

e go

al o

f un

iver

sal s

uffr

age

and

mor

e ef

fect

ive

repr

esen

tatio

n".

Sinc

e C

onfe

dera

tion,

eff

orts

to e

xten

d th

e fr

anch

ise

to th

ose

unju

stly

exc

lude

d fr

om p

artic

ipat

ion

in o

ur p

oliti

cal s

yste

m —

such

as w

omen

, m

inor

ities

, and

abo

rigin

al p

eopl

es —

hav

e co

ntin

ued,

with

som

e su

cces

s, to

the

pres

ent d

ay.

64D

emoc

racy

is n

ot si

mpl

y co

ncer

ned

with

the p

roce

ss o

f gov

ernm

ent.

On

the c

ontra

ry, a

s su

gges

ted

in S

witz

man

v. E

lblin

g, s

upra

, at

p. 3

06, d

emoc

racy

is

fund

amen

tally

con

nect

ed t

o su

bsta

ntiv

e goa

ls, m

ost i

mpo

rtant

ly, t

he p

rom

otio

n of

self-

gove

rnm

ent.

Dem

ocra

cy ac

com

mod

ates

cu

ltura

l and

gro

up id

entit

ies:

Ref

eren

ce re

Pro

vinc

ial E

lect

oral

Boun

dari

es, a

t p. 1

88.

Put a

noth

er

way

, a so

vere

ign

peop

le e

xerc

ises

its r

ight

to se

lf-go

vern

men

t thr

ough

the

dem

ocra

tic p

roce

ss.

In

cons

ider

ing

the

scop

e an

d pu

rpos

e of

the

Cha

rter

, the

Cou

rt in

R. v

. Oak

es, [

1986

] 1 S

.C.R

. 103

, ar

ticul

ated

som

e of

the

valu

es in

here

nt in

the

notio

n of

dem

ocra

cy (a

t p. 1

36):

The C

ourt

mus

t be g

uide

d by

the v

alue

s and

prin

cipl

es es

sent

ial t

o a f

ree a

nd d

emoc

ratic

so

ciet

y w

hich

I be

lieve

to em

body

, to

nam

e but

a fe

w, r

espe

ct fo

r the

inhe

rent

dig

nity

of

the h

uman

per

son,

com

mitm

ent t

o so

cial

just

ice a

nd eq

ualit

y, ac

com

mod

atio

n of

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f bel

iefs

, res

pect

for c

ultu

ral a

nd g

roup

iden

tity,

and

faith

in so

cial

and

polit

ical

in

stitu

tions

whi

ch e

nhan

ce th

e pa

rtici

patio

n of

indi

vidu

als a

nd g

roup

s in

soci

ety.

65In

inst

itutio

nal t

erm

s, de

moc

racy

mea

ns th

at ea

ch o

f the

pro

vinc

ial l

egis

latu

res a

nd th

e fe

dera

l Par

liam

ent i

s ele

cted

by

popu

lar f

ranc

hise

. The

se le

gisl

atur

es, w

e hav

e sai

d, ar

e "at

the c

ore

of th

e sy

stem

of r

epre

sent

ativ

e go

vern

men

t":

New

Bru

nsw

i ck

Broa

dcas

ting,

supr

a, a

t p. 3

87.

In

indi

vidu

al t

erm

s, th

e rig

ht t

o vo

te i

n el

ectio

ns t

o th

e H

ouse

of

Com

mon

s an

d th

e pr

ovin

cial

- 26

-

legi

slat

ures

, and

to b

e ca

ndid

ates

in th

ose

elec

tions

, is g

uara

ntee

d to

"Eve

ry c

itize

n of

Can

ada"

by

virtu

e of s

. 3 o

f the

Cha

rter

. His

toric

ally

, thi

s Cou

rt ha

s int

erpr

eted

dem

ocra

cy to

mea

n th

e pro

cess

of

repr

esen

tativ

e an

d re

spon

sibl

e go

vern

men

t and

the

right

of c

itize

ns to

par

ticip

ate i

n th

e pol

itica

l pr

oces

s as v

oter

s (Re

fere

nce r

e Pro

vinc

ialE

lect

oral

Bou

ndar

ies,

supr

a) an

d as

cand

idat

es (H

arve

y v.

New

Bru

nsw

ick

(Atto

rney

Gen

eral

), [1

996]

2 S

.C.R

. 876

). In

add

ition

, the

eff

ect o

f s. 4

of t

he

Cha

rter

is to

obl

ige t

he H

ouse

of C

omm

ons a

nd th

e pro

vinc

ial l

egis

latu

res t

o ho

ld re

gula

r ele

ctio

ns

and

to p

erm

it ci

tizen

s to

elec

t rep

rese

ntat

ives

to th

eir p

oliti

cal i

nstit

utio

ns. T

he d

emoc

ratic

prin

cipl

e is

affir

med

with

par

ticul

ar cl

arity

in th

at s.

4 is

not

subj

ect t

o th

e not

with

stan

ding

pow

er co

ntai

ned

in

s. 33

.

66It

is, o

f cou

rse,

true

that

dem

ocra

cy ex

pres

ses t

he so

vere

ign

will

of t

he p

eopl

e. Y

et th

is

expr

essi

on, t

oo, m

ust b

e ta

ken

in th

e co

ntex

t of t

he o

ther

inst

itutio

nal v

alue

s we

have

iden

tifie

d as

pe

rtine

nt t

o th

is R

efer

ence

. T

he r

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

dem

ocra

cy a

nd f

eder

alis

m m

eans

, fo

r ex

ampl

e, t

hat

in C

anad

a th

ere

may

be

diff

eren

t an

d eq

ually

leg

itim

ate

maj

oriti

es i

n di

ffer

ent

prov

ince

s and

terr

itorie

s and

at t

he fe

dera

l lev

el.

No

one

maj

ority

is m

ore

or le

ss "l

egiti

mat

e" th

an

the

othe

rs a

s an

expr

essi

on o

f dem

ocra

tic o

pini

on, a

lthou

gh, o

f cou

rse,

the

cons

eque

nces

will

var

y w

ith th

e su

bjec

t mat

ter.

A f

eder

al s

yste

m o

f go

vern

men

t ena

bles

diff

eren

t pro

vinc

es to

pur

sue

polic

ies r

espo

nsiv

e to

the

parti

cula

r con

cern

s and

inte

rest

s of p

eopl

e in

that

pro

vinc

e. A

t the

sam

e tim

e, C

anad

a as

a w

hole

is a

lso

a de

moc

ratic

com

mun

ity in

whi

ch c

itize

ns c

onst

ruct

and

ach

ieve

go

als o

n a

natio

nal s

cale

thro

ugh

a fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent a

ctin

g w

ithin

the

limits

of i

ts ju

risdi

ctio

n.

The f

unct

ion

of fe

dera

lism

is to

enab

le ci

tizen

s to

parti

cipa

te co

ncur

rent

ly in

diff

eren

t col

lect

iviti

es

and

to p

ursu

e go

als a

t bot

h a

prov

inci

al a

nd a

fede

ral l

evel

.

67Th

e co

nsen

t of t

he g

over

ned

is a

val

ue th

at is

bas

ic to

our

und

erst

andi

ng o

f a fr

ee a

nd

dem

ocra

tic so

ciet

y. Y

et d

emoc

racy

in a

ny re

al se

nse

of th

e w

ord

cann

ot e

xist

with

out t

he ru

le o

f la

w.

It is

the

law

that

cre

ates

the

fram

ewor

k w

ithin

whi

ch th

e "s

over

eign

will

" is t

o be

asc

erta

ined

an

d im

plem

ente

d. T

o be

acc

orde

d le

gitim

acy,

dem

ocra

tic in

stitu

tions

mus

t res

t, ul

timat

ely,

on

a le

gal f

ound

atio

n. T

hat i

s, th

ey m

ust a

llow

for t

he p

artic

ipat

ion

of, a

nd ac

coun

tabi

lity

to, t

he p

eopl

e,

thro

ugh

publ

ic i

nstit

utio

ns c

reat

ed u

nder

the

Con

stitu

tion.

Eq

ually

, ho

wev

er,

a sy

stem

of

gove

rnm

ent c

anno

t sur

vive

thro

ugh

adhe

renc

e to

the

law

alo

ne.

A p

oliti

cal s

yste

m m

ust a

lso

poss

ess l

egiti

mac

y, a

nd in

our

pol

itica

l cul

ture

, tha

t req

uire

s an

inte

ract

ion

betw

een

the

rule

of l

aw

and

the d

emoc

ratic

prin

cipl

e. T

he sy

stem

mus

t be c

apab

le o

f ref

lect

ing

the a

spira

tions

of t

he p

eopl

e.

But

ther

e is

mor

e. O

ur la

w's

clai

m to

legi

timac

y al

so re

sts o

n an

app

eal t

o m

oral

val

ues,

man

y of

w

hich

are i

mbe

dded

in o

ur co

nstit

utio

nal s

truct

ure.

It w

ould

be a

gra

ve m

ista

ke to

equa

te le

gitim

acy

with

the

"sov

erei

gn w

ill" o

r maj

ority

rule

alo

ne, t

o th

e ex

clus

ion

of o

ther

con

stitu

tiona

l val

ues.

68Fi

nally

, we

high

light

that

a fu

nctio

ning

dem

ocra

cy re

quire

s a

cont

inuo

us p

roce

ss o

f di

scus

sion

. Th

e C

onst

itutio

n m

anda

tes

gove

rnm

ent b

y de

moc

ratic

legi

slat

ures

, and

an

exec

utiv

e ac

coun

tabl

e to

them

, "re

stin

g ul

timat

ely

on p

ublic

opi

nion

reac

hed

by d

iscu

ssio

n an

d th

e int

erpl

ay o

f id

eas"

(Sau

mur

v. C

ity o

f Que

bec,

supr

a, a

t p. 3

30).

At b

oth

the

fede

ral a

nd p

rovi

ncia

l lev

el, b

y its

ve

ry n

atur

e, th

e nee

d to

bui

ld m

ajor

ities

nec

essi

tate

s com

prom

ise,

neg

otia

tion,

and

delib

erat

ion.

No

one

has

a m

onop

oly

on tr

uth,

and

our

syst

em is

pre

dica

ted

on th

e fa

ith th

at in

the

mar

ketp

lace

of

idea

s, th

e be

st so

lutio

ns to

pub

lic p

robl

ems w

ill ri

se to

the

top.

Ine

vita

bly,

ther

e w

ill b

e di

ssen

ting

voic

es.

A d

emoc

ratic

syst

em o

f gov

ernm

ent i

s com

mitt

ed to

con

side

ring

thos

e di

ssen

ting

voic

es,

288

- 27

-

and

seek

ing

to a

ckno

wle

dge

and

addr

ess

thos

e vo

ices

in th

e la

ws

by w

hich

all

in th

e co

mm

unity

m

ust l

ive.

69Th

e C

onst

itutio

n Ac

t, 19

82 g

ives

exp

ress

ion

to th

is p

rinci

ple,

by

conf

errin

g a

right

to

initi

ate c

onst

itutio

nal c

hang

e on

each

par

ticip

ant i

n C

onfe

dera

tion.

In

our v

iew

, the

exis

tenc

e of t

his

right

impo

ses a

corr

espo

ndin

g du

ty o

n th

e par

ticip

ants

in C

onfe

dera

tion

to en

gage

in co

nstit

utio

nal

disc

ussi

ons i

n or

der t

o ac

know

ledg

e a

nd a

ddre

ss d

emoc

ratic

exp

ress

ions

of a

des

ire fo

r cha

nge

in

othe

r pro

vinc

es.

This

dut

y is

inhe

rent

in th

e dem

ocra

tic p

rinci

ple w

hich

is a

fund

amen

tal p

redi

cate

of

our

syst

em o

f gov

erna

nce.

(d)

Con

stitu

tiona

lism

and

the

Rule

of L

aw

70Th

e pr

inci

ples

of c

onst

itutio

nalis

m a

nd th

e ru

le o

f law

lie

at th

e ro

ot o

f our

syst

em o

f go

vern

men

t. T

he ru

le o

f law

, as o

bser

ved

in R

onca

relli

v. D

uple

ssis,

[195

9] S

.C.R

. 121

, at p

. 142

, is

"a fu

ndam

enta

l pos

tula

te o

f our

cons

titut

iona

l stru

ctur

e".

As w

e not

ed in

the P

atri

atio

n Re

fere

nce,

supr

a, at

pp.

805

-6, "

[t]he

'rul

e of l

aw' is

a hi

ghly

text

ured

expr

essi

on, i

mpo

rting

man

y th

ings

whi

ch

are

beyo

nd th

e ne

ed o

f the

se re

ason

s to

expl

ore

but c

onve

ying

, for

exa

mpl

e, a

sens

e of

ord

erlin

ess,

of su

bjec

tion

to k

now

n le

gal r

ules

and

of e

xecu

tive

acco

unta

bilit

y to

lega

l aut

horit

y".

At i

ts m

ost

basi

c le

vel,

the

rule

of

law

vou

chsa

fes

to t

he c

itize

ns a

nd r

esid

ents

of

the

coun

try a

sta

ble,

pr

edic

tabl

e and

ord

ered

soci

ety

in w

hich

to co

nduc

t the

ir af

fairs

. It p

rovi

des a

shie

ld fo

r ind

ivid

uals

fr

om a

rbitr

ary

stat

e ac

tion.

71In

the

Man

itoba

Lan

guag

eRi

ghts

Ref

eren

ce, s

upra

, at p

p. 7

47-5

2, th

is C

ourt

outli

ned

the

elem

ents

of t

he ru

le o

f law

. W

e em

phas

ized

, firs

t, th

at th

e ru

le o

f law

pro

vide

s tha

t the

law

is

supr

eme

over

the

acts

of b

oth

gove

rnm

ent a

nd p

rivat

e pe

rson

s. T

here

is, i

n sh

ort,

one

law

for a

ll.

Seco

nd, w

e ex

plai

ned,

at p

. 749

, tha

t "th

e ru

le o

f law

requ

ires t

he c

reat

ion

and

mai

nten

ance

of a

n ac

tual

ord

er o

f pos

itive

law

s whi

ch p

rese

rves

and

embo

dies

the m

ore g

ener

al p

rinci

ple o

f nor

mat

ive

orde

r".

It w

as th

is s

econ

d as

pect

of t

he ru

le o

f law

that

was

prim

arily

at i

ssue

in th

e M

anito

ba

Lang

uage

Righ

ts R

efer

ence

itse

lf. A

third

asp

ect o

f the

rule

of l

aw is

, as r

ecen

tly c

onfir

med

in th

e Pr

ovin

cial

Jud

ges R

efer

ence

, sup

ra, a

t par

a. 1

0, th

at "t

he e

xerc

ise

of a

ll pu

blic

pow

er m

ust f

ind

its

ultim

ate

sour

ce i

n a

lega

l ru

le".

Pu

t an

othe

r w

ay,

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

stat

e an

d th

e in

divi

dual

mus

t be r

egul

ated

by

law

. Tak

en to

geth

er, t

hese

thre

e con

side

ratio

ns m

ake u

p a p

rinci

ple

of p

rofo

und

cons

titut

iona

l and

pol

itica

l sig

nific

ance

.

72Th

e con

stitu

tiona

lism

prin

cipl

e bea

rs co

nsid

erab

le si

mila

rity

to th

e rul

e of l

aw, a

lthou

gh

they

are

not

iden

tical

. Th

e es

senc

e of

con

stitu

tiona

lism

in C

anad

a is

em

bodi

ed in

s. 5

2(1)

of t

he

Con

stitu

tion

Act,

1982

, whi

ch p

rovi

des

that

"[t]

he C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada

is th

e su

prem

e la

w o

f C

anad

a, a

nd a

ny la

w th

at is

inco

nsis

tent

with

the

prov

isio

ns o

f the

Con

stitu

tion

is, t

o th

e ex

tent

of

the i

ncon

sist

ency

, of n

o fo

rce o

r eff

ect."

Sim

ply

put,

the c

onst

itutio

nalis

m p

rinci

ple r

equi

res t

hat a

ll go

vern

men

t ac

tion

com

ply

with

the

Con

stitu

tion.

Th

e ru

le o

f la

w p

rinci

ple

requ

ires

that

all

gove

rnm

ent a

ctio

n m

ust c

ompl

y w

ith th

e la

w, i

nclu

ding

the

Con

stitu

tion.

Thi

s Cou

rt ha

s not

ed o

n se

vera

l occ

asio

ns th

at w

ith th

e ad

optio

n of

the

Cha

rter

, the

Can

adia

n sy

stem

of g

over

nmen

t was

tra

nsfo

rmed

to

a si

gnifi

cant

ext

ent

from

a s

yste

m o

f Pa

rliam

enta

ry s

upre

mac

y to

one

of

cons

titut

iona

l sup

rem

acy.

The

Con

stitu

tion

bind

s al

l gov

ernm

ents

, bot

h fe

dera

l and

pro

vinc

ial,

- 28

-

incl

udin

g th

e ex

ecut

ive

bran

ch (O

pera

tion

Dis

man

tle In

c. v

. The

Que

en, [

1985

] 1 S

.C.R

. 441

, at

p. 4

55).

The

y m

ay n

ot tr

ansg

ress

its p

rovi

sion

s: in

deed

, the

ir so

le cl

aim

to ex

erci

se la

wfu

l aut

horit

y re

sts i

n th

e po

wer

s allo

cate

d to

them

und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n, a

nd c

an c

ome

from

no

othe

r sou

rce.

73A

n un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e sc

ope

and

impo

rtanc

e of

the

prin

cipl

es o

f the

rule

of l

aw a

nd

cons

titut

iona

lism

is ai

ded

by ac

know

ledg

ing

expl

icitl

y w

hy a

cons

titut

ion

is en

trenc

hed

beyo

nd th

e re

ach

of si

mpl

e m

ajor

ity ru

le.

Ther

e ar

e th

ree

over

lapp

ing

reas

ons.

74Fi

rst,

a con

stitu

tion

may

pro

vide

an ad

ded

safe

guar

d fo

r fun

dam

enta

l hum

an ri

ghts

and

indi

vidu

al fr

eedo

ms w

hich

mig

ht o

ther

wis

e be

susc

eptib

le to

gov

ernm

ent i

nter

fere

nce.

Alth

ough

de

moc

ratic

gov

ernm

ent i

s gen

eral

ly so

licito

us o

f tho

se ri

ghts

, the

re ar

e occ

asio

ns w

hen

the m

ajor

ity

will

be

tem

pted

to ig

nore

fund

amen

tal r

ight

s in

orde

r to

acco

mpl

ish

colle

ctiv

e goa

ls m

ore e

asily

or

effe

ctiv

ely.

C

onst

itutio

nal e

ntre

nchm

ent e

nsur

es th

at th

ose

right

s w

ill b

e gi

ven

due

rega

rd a

nd

prot

ectio

n. S

econ

d, a

cons

titut

ion

may

seek

to en

sure

that

vul

nera

ble m

inor

ity g

roup

s are

endo

wed

w

ith t

he i

nstit

utio

ns a

nd r

ight

s ne

cess

ary

to m

aint

ain

and

prom

ote

thei

r id

entit

ies

agai

nst

the

assi

mila

tive

pres

sure

s of

the

maj

ority

. A

nd th

ird, a

con

stitu

tion

may

pro

vide

for

a d

ivis

ion

of

polit

ical

pow

er th

at al

loca

tes p

oliti

cal p

ower

amon

gst d

iffer

ent l

evel

s of g

over

nmen

t. T

hat p

urpo

se

wou

ld b

e de

feat

ed if

one

of

thos

e de

moc

ratic

ally

ele

cted

leve

ls o

f go

vern

men

t cou

ld u

surp

the

pow

ers o

f the

oth

er si

mpl

y by

exer

cisi

ng it

s leg

isla

tive p

ower

to al

loca

te ad

ditio

nal p

oliti

cal p

ower

to

itse

lf un

ilate

rally

.

75Th

e ar

gum

ent t

hat t

he C

onst

itutio

n m

ay b

e le

gitim

atel

y ci

rcum

vent

ed b

y re

sort

to a

m

ajor

ity v

ote i

n a p

rovi

nce-

wid

e ref

eren

dum

is su

perf

icia

lly p

ersu

asiv

e, in

larg

e mea

sure

bec

ause

it

seem

s to

appe

al to

som

e of t

he sa

me p

rinci

ples

that

und

erlie

the l

egiti

mac

y of

the C

onsti

tutio

n its

elf,

nam

ely,

dem

ocra

cy a

nd s

elf-

gove

rnm

ent.

In s

hort,

it is

sug

gest

ed th

at a

s th

e no

tion

of p

opul

ar

sove

reig

nty

unde

rlies

the l

egiti

mac

y of

our

exis

ting

cons

titut

iona

l arra

ngem

ents,

so th

e sam

e pop

ular

so

vere

ignt

y th

at o

rigin

ally

led

to th

e pre

sent

Con

stitu

tion

mus

t (it

is ar

gued

) als

o pe

rmit

"the

peo

ple"

in

thei

r exe

rcis

e of p

opul

ar so

vere

ignt

y to

sece

de b

y m

ajor

ity v

ote a

lone

. How

ever

, clo

ser a

naly

sis

reve

als t

hat t

his a

rgum

ent i

s uns

ound

, bec

ause

it m

isun

ders

tand

s the

mea

ning

of p

opul

ar so

vere

ignt

y an

d th

e es

senc

e of

a c

onst

itutio

nal d

emoc

racy

.

76C

anad

ians

hav

e ne

ver

acce

pted

that

our

s is

a s

yste

m o

f si

mpl

e m

ajor

ity r

ule.

O

ur

prin

cipl

e of d

emoc

racy

, tak

en in

conj

unct

ion

with

the o

ther

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

es d

iscu

ssed

her

e,

is r

iche

r. C

onst

itutio

nal

gove

rnm

ent

is n

eces

saril

y pr

edic

ated

on

the

idea

tha

t th

e po

litic

al

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f the

peo

ple o

f a p

rovi

nce h

ave t

he ca

paci

ty an

d th

e pow

er to

com

mit

the p

rovi

nce

to b

e bou

nd in

to th

e fut

ure b

y th

e con

stitu

tiona

l rul

es b

eing

adop

ted.

The

se ru

les a

re “b

indi

ng” n

ot

in th

e se

nse

of fr

ustra

ting

the

will

of a

maj

ority

of a

pro

vinc

e, b

ut a

s def

inin

g th

e m

ajor

ity w

hich

m

ust b

e co

nsul

ted

in o

rder

to a

lter

the

fund

amen

tal b

alan

ces

of p

oliti

cal p

ower

(in

clud

ing

the

sphe

res

of a

uton

omy

guar

ante

ed b

y th

e pr

inci

ple

of fe

dera

lism

), in

divi

dual

righ

ts, a

nd m

inor

ity

right

s in

our s

ocie

ty.

Of c

ours

e, th

ose c

onst

itutio

nal r

ules

are t

hem

selv

es am

enab

le to

amen

dmen

t, bu

t on

ly t

hrou

gh a

pro

cess

of

nego

tiatio

n w

hich

ens

ures

tha

t th

ere

is a

n op

portu

nity

for

the

co

nstit

utio

nally

def

ined

righ

ts o

f all

the

parti

es to

be

resp

ecte

d an

d re

conc

iled.

289

- 29

-

77In

thi

s w

ay,

our

belie

f in

dem

ocra

cy m

ay b

e ha

rmon

ized

with

our

bel

ief

in

cons

titut

iona

lism

. C

onst

itutio

nal a

men

dmen

t ofte

n re

quire

s so

me

form

of s

ubst

antia

l con

sens

us

prec

isel

y be

caus

e th

e co

nten

t of

the

und

erly

ing

prin

cipl

es o

f ou

r C

onst

itutio

n de

man

d it.

B

y re

quiri

ng b

road

supp

ort i

n th

e for

m o

f an

"enh

ance

d m

ajor

ity" t

o ac

hiev

e con

stitu

tiona

l cha

nge,

the

Con

stitu

tion

ensu

res t

hat m

inor

ity in

tere

sts m

ust b

e add

ress

ed b

efor

e pro

pose

d ch

ange

s whi

ch w

ould

af

fect

them

may

be

enac

ted.

78It

mig

ht b

e ob

ject

ed,

then

, th

at c

onst

itutio

nalis

m i

s th

eref

ore

inco

mpa

tible

with

de

moc

ratic

gov

ernm

ent.

Thi

s wou

ld b

e an

erro

neou

s vie

w. C

onst

itutio

nalis

m fa

cilit

ates

— in

deed

, m

akes

pos

sibl

e —

a d

emoc

ratic

pol

itica

l sys

tem

by

crea

ting

an o

rder

ly fr

amew

ork

with

in w

hich

pe

ople

may

mak

e pol

itica

l dec

isio

ns. V

iew

ed co

rrec

tly, c

onst

itutio

nalis

m an

d th

e rul

e of l

aw ar

e not

in

con

flict

with

dem

ocra

cy; r

athe

r, th

ey a

re e

ssen

tial t

o it.

With

out t

hat r

elat

ions

hip,

the

polit

ical

w

ill u

pon

whi

ch d

emoc

ratic

dec

isio

ns a

re ta

ken

wou

ld it

self

be u

nder

min

ed.

(e)

Prot

ectio

n of

Min

oriti

es79

The f

ourth

und

erly

ing

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

e we a

ddre

ss h

ere c

once

rns t

he p

rote

ctio

n of

m

inor

ities

. Th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of s

peci

fic c

onst

itutio

nal p

rovi

sion

s pro

tect

ing

min

ority

lang

uage

, re

ligio

n an

d ed

ucat

ion

right

s. S

ome o

f tho

se p

rovi

sion

s are

, as w

e hav

e rec

ogni

zed

on a

num

ber o

f oc

casi

ons,

the p

rodu

ct o

f his

toric

al co

mpr

omis

es. A

s thi

s Cou

rt ob

serv

ed in

Ref

eren

ce re

Bill

30,

An

Act t

o am

end

the

Educ

atio

n Ac

t (O

nt.),

[19

87]

1 S.

C.R

. 114

8, a

t p. 1

173,

and

in R

efer

ence

re

Educ

atio

n Ac

t (Q

ue.),

[19

93]

2 S.

C.R

. 511

, at p

p. 5

29-3

0, th

e pr

otec

tion

of m

inor

ity r

elig

ious

ed

ucat

ion

right

s w

as a

cen

tral c

onsi

dera

tion

in th

e ne

gotia

tions

lead

ing

to C

onfe

dera

tion.

In

the

abse

nce o

f suc

h pr

otec

tion,

it w

as fe

lt th

at th

e min

oriti

es in

wha

t was

then

Can

ada E

ast a

nd C

anad

a W

est w

ould

be s

ubm

erge

d an

d as

sim

ilate

d. S

ee al

so G

reat

er M

ontr

eal P

rote

stan

t Sch

ool B

oard

v.

Que

bec (

Atto

rney

Gen

eral

), [1

989]

1 S

.C.R

. 377

, at p

p. 4

01-2

, and

Adl

er v.

Ont

ario

, [19

96] 3

S.C

.R.

609.

Sim

ilar

conc

erns

ani

mat

ed th

e pr

ovis

ions

pro

tect

ing

min

ority

lang

uage

righ

ts, a

s no

ted

in

Soci

été

des

Acad

iens

du

Nou

veau

-Bru

nsw

ick

Inc.

v.

Asso

ciat

ion

of P

aren

ts f

or F

airn

ess

in

Educ

atio

n, [1

986]

1 S

.C.R

. 549

, at p

. 564

.

80H

owev

er,

we

high

light

tha

t ev

en t

houg

h th

ose

prov

isio

ns w

ere

the

prod

uct

of

nego

tiatio

n an

d po

litic

al c

ompr

omis

e, th

at d

oes

not r

ende

r th

em u

nprin

cipl

ed.

Rat

her,

such

a

conc

ern

refle

cts a

bro

ader

prin

cipl

e re

late

d to

the

prot

ectio

n of

min

ority

righ

ts.

Und

oubt

edly

, the

th

ree

othe

r con

stitu

tiona

l prin

cipl

es in

form

the

scop

e an

d op

erat

ion

of th

e sp

ecifi

c pr

ovis

ions

that

pr

otec

t the

righ

ts o

f min

oriti

es.

We

emph

asiz

e th

at th

e pr

otec

tion

of m

inor

ity ri

ghts

is it

self

an

inde

pend

ent p

rinci

ple

unde

rlyin

g ou

r con

stitu

tiona

l ord

er.

The

prin

cipl

e is

cle

arly

refle

cted

in th

e C

hart

er's

prov

isio

ns fo

r the

pro

tect

ion

of m

inor

ity ri

ghts

. See

, e.g

., Re

fere

nce r

e Pub

lic S

choo

ls Ac

t (M

an.),

s. 79

(3),

(4) a

nd (7

), [1

993]

1 S

.C.R

. 839

, and

Mah

e v.

Alb

erta

, [19

90] 1

S.C

.R. 3

42.

81Th

e con

cern

of o

ur co

urts

and

gove

rnm

ents

to p

rote

ct m

inor

ities

has

bee

n pr

omin

ent i

n re

cent

yea

rs, p

artic

ular

ly fo

llow

ing

the

enac

tmen

t of t

he C

hart

er.

Und

oubt

edly

, one

of t

he k

ey

cons

ider

atio

ns m

otiv

atin

g th

e en

actm

ent o

f the

Cha

rter

, and

the

proc

ess o

f con

stitu

tiona

l jud

icia

l re

view

that

it e

ntai

ls, i

s the

pro

tect

ion

of m

inor

ities

. H

owev

er, i

t sho

uld

not b

e fo

rgot

ten

that

the

prot

ectio

n of

min

ority

righ

ts h

ad a

long

his

tory

bef

ore

the

enac

tmen

t of t

he C

hart

er.

Inde

ed, t

he

prot

ectio

n of

min

ority

righ

ts w

as cl

early

an es

sent

ial c

onsi

dera

tion

in th

e des

ign

of o

ur co

nstit

utio

nal

- 30

-

stru

ctur

e ev

en a

t the

tim

e of

Con

fede

ratio

n: S

enat

e Ref

eren

ce,s

upra

, at p

. 71.

Alth

ough

Can

ada's

re

cord

of u

phol

ding

the

right

s of

min

oriti

es is

not

a s

potle

ss o

ne, t

hat g

oal i

s on

e to

war

ds w

hich

C

anad

ians

hav

e bee

n st

rivin

g si

nce C

onfe

dera

tion,

and

the p

roce

ss h

as n

ot b

een

with

out s

ucce

sses

. Th

e pr

inci

ple

of p

rote

ctin

g m

inor

ity r

ight

s co

ntin

ues

to e

xerc

ise

influ

ence

in th

e op

erat

ion

and

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

our

Con

stitu

tion.

82C

onsi

sten

t with

this

long

trad

ition

of r

espe

ct fo

r min

oriti

es, w

hich

is a

t lea

st a

s old

as

Can

ada

itsel

f, th

e fr

amer

s of

the

Cons

titut

ion

Act,

1982

incl

uded

in s

. 35

expl

icit

prot

ectio

n fo

r ex

istin

g ab

orig

inal

and

trea

ty ri

ghts

, and

in s.

25,

a n

on-d

erog

atio

n cl

ause

in fa

vour

of t

he ri

ghts

of

abor

igin

al p

eopl

es. T

he "p

rom

ise"

of s

. 35,

as it

was

term

ed in

R. v

. Spa

rrow

, [19

90] 1

S.C

.R. 1

075,

at

p. 1

083,

rec

ogni

zed

not o

nly

the

anci

ent o

ccup

atio

n of

land

by

abor

igin

al p

eopl

es, b

ut th

eir

cont

ribut

ion

to th

e bu

ildin

g of

Can

ada,

and

the

spec

ial c

omm

itmen

ts m

ade

to th

em b

y su

cces

sive

go

vern

men

ts. T

he p

rote

ctio

n of

thes

e rig

hts,

so re

cent

ly an

d ar

duou

sly

achi

eved

, whe

ther

look

ed at

in

thei

r ow

n rig

ht o

r as p

art o

f the

larg

er c

once

rn w

ith m

inor

ities

, ref

lect

s an

impo

rtant

und

erly

ing

cons

titut

iona

l val

ue.

(4)

The

Ope

ratio

n of

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Prin

cipl

es in

the

Sece

ssio

n C

onte

xt

83Se

cess

ion

is t

he e

ffor

t of

a gr

oup

or s

ectio

n of

a s

tate

to

with

draw

its

elf

from

the

po

litic

al a

nd c

onst

itutio

nal a

utho

rity

of th

at s

tate

, with

a v

iew

to a

chie

ving

sta

teho

od fo

r a n

ew

terr

itoria

l uni

t on

the

inte

rnat

iona

l pla

ne.

In a

fede

ral s

tate

, sec

essi

on ty

pica

lly ta

kes t

he fo

rm o

f a

terr

itoria

l uni

t see

king

to w

ithdr

aw f

rom

the

fede

ratio

n.

Sece

ssio

n is

a le

gal a

ct a

s m

uch

as a

po

litic

al o

ne.

By

the

term

s of Q

uest

ion

1 of

this

Ref

eren

ce, w

e ar

e as

ked

to ru

le o

n th

e le

galit

y of

un

ilate

ral s

eces

sion

"[u

]nde

r the

Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a".

This

is a

n ap

prop

riate

que

stio

n, a

s the

le

galit

y of

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

mus

t be e

valu

ated

, at l

east

in th

e firs

t ins

tanc

e, fr

om th

e per

spec

tive

of th

e do

mes

tic le

gal o

rder

of t

he s

tate

from

whi

ch th

e un

it se

eks

to w

ithdr

aw.

As

we

shal

l see

be

low

, it i

s al

so a

rgue

d th

at in

tern

atio

nal l

aw is

a r

elev

ant s

tand

ard

by w

hich

the

lega

lity

of a

pu

rpor

ted

act o

f sec

essi

on m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

84Th

e sec

essi

on o

f a p

rovi

nce f

rom

Can

ada m

ust b

e con

side

red,

in le

gal t

erm

s, to

requ

ire

an am

endm

ent t

o th

e Con

stitu

tion,

whi

ch p

erfo

rce r

equi

res n

egot

iatio

n. T

he am

endm

ents

nec

essa

ry

to a

chie

ve a

sec

essi

on c

ould

be

radi

cal a

nd e

xten

sive

. So

me

com

men

tato

rs h

ave

sugg

este

d th

at

sece

ssio

n co

uld

be a

cha

nge

of s

uch

a m

agni

tude

that

it c

ould

not

be

cons

ider

ed to

be

mer

ely

an

amen

dmen

t to

the C

onst

itutio

n. W

e are

not

per

suad

ed b

y th

is co

nten

tion.

It i

s of c

ours

e tru

e tha

t the

C

onst

itutio

n is

sile

nt a

s to

the

abili

ty o

f a p

rovi

nce

to se

cede

from

Con

fede

ratio

n bu

t, al

thou

gh th

e C

onst

itutio

n ne

ither

expr

essl

y au

thor

izes

nor

pro

hibi

ts se

cess

ion,

an ac

t of s

eces

sion

wou

ld p

urpo

rt to

alte

r the

gov

erna

nce o

f Can

adia

n te

rrito

ry in

a m

anne

r whi

ch u

ndou

bted

ly is

inco

nsis

tent

with

our

cu

rren

t con

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts.

The

fact

that

thos

e ch

ange

s wou

ld b

e pr

ofou

nd, o

r tha

t the

y w

ould

pur

port

to h

ave a

sign

ifica

nce w

ith re

spec

t to

inte

rnat

iona

l law

, doe

s not

neg

ate t

heir

natu

re as

am

endm

ents

to th

e C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada.

85Th

e C

onst

itutio

n is

the

expr

essi

on o

f the

sove

reig

nty

of th

e pe

ople

of C

anad

a. I

t lie

s w

ithin

the p

ower

of t

he p

eopl

e of C

anad

a, ac

ting

thro

ugh

thei

r var

ious

gov

ernm

ents

dul

y el

ecte

d an

d re

cogn

ized

und

er th

e Con

stitu

tion,

to ef

fect

wha

teve

r con

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts ar

e des

ired

with

in

290

- 31

-

Can

adia

n te

rrito

ry, i

nclu

ding

, sho

uld

it be

so d

esire

d, th

e sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec f

rom

Can

ada.

As t

his

Cou

rt he

ld in

the

Man

itoba

Lan

guag

e Ri

ghts

Ref

eren

ce,s

upra

, at p

. 745

, "[t]

he C

onst

itutio

n of

a

coun

try is

a st

atem

ent o

f the

will

of t

he p

eopl

e to

be g

over

ned

in ac

cord

ance

with

certa

in p

rinci

ples

he

ld a

s fu

ndam

enta

l an

d ce

rtain

pre

scrip

tions

res

trict

ive

of t

he p

ower

s of

the

leg

isla

ture

and

go

vern

men

t".

The

man

ner

in w

hich

suc

h a

polit

ical

will

cou

ld b

e fo

rmed

and

mob

ilize

d is

a

som

ewha

t spe

cula

tive e

xerc

ise,

thou

gh w

e are

aske

d to

assu

me t

he ex

iste

nce o

f suc

h a p

oliti

cal w

ill

for t

he p

urpo

se o

f ans

wer

ing

the

ques

tion

befo

re u

s. B

y th

e te

rms o

f thi

s Ref

eren

ce, w

e ha

ve b

een

aske

d to

con

side

r w

heth

er i

t w

ould

be

cons

titut

iona

l in

suc

h a

circ

umst

ance

for

the

Nat

iona

l A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure

or g

over

nmen

t of

Que

bec

to e

ffec

t the

sec

essi

on o

f Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly.

86Th

e “u

nila

tera

l” n

atur

e of

the

act i

s of c

ardi

nal i

mpo

rtanc

e an

d w

e m

ust b

e cl

ear a

s to

wha

t is u

nder

stoo

d by

this

term

. In

one s

ense

, any

step

tow

ards

a co

nstit

utio

nal a

men

dmen

t ini

tiate

d by

a s

ingl

e ac

tor

on th

e co

nstit

utio

nal s

tage

is “

unila

tera

l”.

We

do n

ot b

elie

ve th

at th

is is

the

mea

ning

con

tem

plat

ed b

y Q

uest

ion

1, n

or is

this

the

sens

e in

whi

ch th

e te

rm h

as b

een

used

in

argu

men

t bef

ore

us.

Rat

her,

wha

t is

clai

med

by

a rig

ht to

sec

ede

“uni

late

rally

” is

the

right

to

effe

ctua

te se

cess

ion

with

out p

rior n

egot

iatio

ns w

ith th

e oth

er p

rovi

nces

and

the f

eder

al g

over

nmen

t. A

t iss

ue is

not

the

lega

lity

of th

e fir

st s

tep

but t

he le

galit

y of

the

final

act

of p

urpo

rted

unila

tera

l se

cess

ion.

The

supp

osed

jurid

ical

bas

is fo

r suc

h an

act i

s sai

d to

be a

clea

r exp

ress

ion

of d

emoc

ratic

w

ill in

a re

fere

ndum

in th

e pr

ovin

ce o

f Que

bec.

Thi

s cl

aim

requ

ires

us to

exa

min

e th

e po

ssib

le

jurid

ical

impa

ct, i

f any

, of s

uch

a re

fere

ndum

on

the

func

tioni

ng o

f our

Con

stitu

tion,

and

on

the

clai

med

lega

lity

of a

uni

late

ral a

ct o

f sec

essi

on.

87A

lthou

gh th

e Con

stitu

tion

does

not

itse

lf ad

dres

s the

use

of a

refe

rend

um p

roce

dure

, and

th

e re

sults

of

a re

fere

ndum

hav

e no

dire

ct r

ole

or l

egal

eff

ect

in o

ur c

onst

itutio

nal

sche

me,

a

refe

rend

um u

ndou

bted

ly m

ay p

rovi

de a

dem

ocra

tic m

etho

d of

asc

erta

inin

g th

e vi

ews

of t

he

elec

tora

te o

n im

porta

nt p

oliti

cal

ques

tions

on

a pa

rticu

lar

occa

sion

. Th

e de

moc

ratic

prin

cipl

e id

entif

ied

abov

e wou

ld d

eman

d th

at co

nsid

erab

le w

eigh

t be g

iven

to a

clea

r exp

ress

ion

by th

e peo

ple

of Q

uebe

c of

thei

r will

to s

eced

e fr

om C

anad

a, e

ven

thou

gh a

refe

rend

um, i

n its

elf a

nd w

ithou

t m

ore,

has

no

dire

ct le

gal e

ffec

t, an

d co

uld

not i

n its

elf b

ring

abou

t uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

. Our

pol

itica

l in

stitu

tions

are p

rem

ised

on

the d

emoc

ratic

prin

cipl

e, an

d so

an ex

pres

sion

of t

he d

emoc

ratic

will

of

the

peop

le o

f a

prov

ince

car

ries

wei

ght,

in th

at it

wou

ld c

onfe

r le

gitim

acy

on th

e ef

forts

of

the

gove

rnm

ent

of Q

uebe

c to

ini

tiate

the

Con

stitu

tion'

s am

endm

ent

proc

ess

in o

rder

to

sece

de b

y co

nstit

utio

nal m

eans

. In

this

cont

ext,

we r

efer

to a

"cle

ar" m

ajor

ity as

a qu

alita

tive e

valu

atio

n. T

he

refe

rend

um r

esul

t, if

it is

to b

e ta

ken

as a

n ex

pres

sion

of

the

dem

ocra

tic w

ill, m

ust b

e fr

ee o

f am

bigu

ity b

oth

in te

rms o

f the

que

stio

n as

ked

and

in te

rms o

f the

supp

ort i

t ach

ieve

s.

88Th

e fed

eral

ism

prin

cipl

e, in

conj

unct

ion

with

the d

emoc

ratic

prin

cipl

e, d

icta

tes t

hat t

he

clea

r rep

udia

tion

of th

e exi

stin

g co

nstit

utio

nal o

rder

and

the c

lear

expr

essi

on o

f the

des

ire to

pur

sue

sece

ssio

n by

the p

opul

atio

n of

a pr

ovin

ce w

ould

giv

e ris

e to

a rec

ipro

cal o

blig

atio

n on

all p

artie

s to

Con

fede

ratio

n to

neg

otia

te co

nstit

utio

nal c

hang

es to

resp

ond

to th

at d

esire

. Th

e am

endm

ent o

f the

C

onst

itutio

n be

gins

with

a p

oliti

cal

proc

ess

unde

rtake

n pu

rsua

nt t

o th

e C

onst

itutio

n its

elf.

In

Can

ada,

the

initi

ativ

e fo

r con

stitu

tiona

l am

endm

ent i

s the

resp

onsi

bilit

y of

dem

ocra

tical

ly e

lect

ed

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f the

par

ticip

ants

in C

onfe

dera

tion.

Tho

se re

pres

enta

tives

may

, of c

ours

e, ta

ke th

eir

- 32

-

cue

from

a re

fere

ndum

, but

in le

gal t

erm

s, co

nstit

utio

n-m

akin

g in

Can

ada,

as i

n m

any

coun

tries

, is

unde

rtake

n b

y th

e de

moc

ratic

ally

ele

cted

rep

rese

ntat

ives

of

the

peop

le.

The

cor

olla

ry o

f a

legi

timat

e at

tem

pt b

y on

e par

ticip

ant i

n C

onfe

dera

tion

to se

ek an

amen

dmen

t to

the C

onst

itutio

n is

an

obl

igat

ion

on al

l par

ties t

o co

me

to th

e ne

gotia

ting

tabl

e. T

he c

lear

repu

diat

ion

by th

e peo

ple o

f Q

uebe

c of t

he ex

istin

g co

nstit

utio

nal o

rder

wou

ld co

nfer

legi

timac

y on

dem

ands

for s

eces

sion

, and

pl

ace

an o

blig

atio

n on

the

othe

r pro

vinc

es a

nd th

e fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent t

o ac

know

ledg

e an

d re

spec

t th

at ex

pres

sion

of d

emoc

ratic

will

by

ente

ring

into

neg

otia

tions

and

cond

uctin

g th

em in

acco

rdan

ce

with

the

unde

rlyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

alre

ady

disc

usse

d.

89W

hat i

s th

e co

nten

t of t

his

oblig

atio

n to

neg

otia

te?

At t

his

junc

ture

, we

conf

ront

the

diff

icul

t in

ter-

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

subs

tant

ive

oblig

atio

ns f

low

ing

from

the

Con

stitu

tion

and

ques

tions

of j

udic

ial c

ompe

tenc

e and

rest

rain

t in

supe

rvis

ing

or en

forc

ing

thos

e obl

igat

ions

. Thi

s is

mirr

ored

by

the

dist

inct

ion

betw

een

the

lega

lity

and

the

legi

timac

y of

act

ions

take

n un

der

the

Con

stitu

tion.

We p

ropo

se to

focu

s firs

t on

the s

ubst

antiv

e obl

igat

ions

flow

ing

from

this

obl

igat

ion

to n

egot

iate

; onc

e th

e na

ture

of

thos

e ob

ligat

ions

has

bee

n de

scrib

ed, i

t is

easi

er to

ass

ess

the

appr

opria

te m

eans

of e

nfor

cem

ent o

f tho

se o

blig

atio

ns, a

nd to

com

men

t on

the d

istin

ctio

n be

twee

n le

galit

y an

d le

gitim

acy.

90Th

e co

nduc

t of

the

par

ties

in s

uch

nego

tiatio

ns w

ould

be

gove

rned

by

the

sam

e co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

es w

hich

giv

e ris

e to

the

dut

y to

neg

otia

te:

fede

ralis

m,

dem

ocra

cy,

cons

titut

iona

lism

and

the

rule

of l

aw, a

nd th

e pr

otec

tion

of m

inor

ities

. Th

ose

prin

cipl

es le

ad u

s to

reje

ct tw

o ab

solu

tist p

ropo

sitio

ns. O

ne o

f tho

se p

ropo

sitio

ns is

that

ther

e wou

ld b

e a le

gal o

blig

atio

n on

the o

ther

pro

vinc

es an

d fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent t

o ac

cede

to th

e sec

essi

on o

f a p

rovi

nce,

subj

ect o

nly

to n

egot

iatio

n of

the

logi

stic

al d

etai

ls o

f se

cess

ion.

Th

is p

ropo

sitio

n is

attr

ibut

ed e

ither

to th

e su

ppos

ed im

plic

atio

ns o

f the

dem

ocra

tic p

rinci

ple

of th

e C

onst

itutio

n, o

r to

the

inte

rnat

iona

l law

pr

inci

ple

of se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es.

91Fo

r bot

h th

eore

tical

and

pra

ctic

al re

ason

s, w

e ca

nnot

acc

ept t

his

view

. W

e ho

ld th

at

Que

bec

coul

d no

t pur

port

to in

voke

a ri

ght o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

such

as

to d

icta

te th

e te

rms o

f a

prop

osed

sece

ssio

n to

the

othe

r par

ties:

that

wou

ld n

ot b

e a

nego

tiatio

n at

all.

As w

ell,

it w

ould

be

naiv

e to

exp

ect

that

the

sub

stan

tive

goal

of

sece

ssio

n co

uld

read

ily b

e di

stin

guis

hed

from

the

pr

actic

al d

etai

ls o

f sec

essi

on.

The

devi

l wou

ld b

e in

the

deta

ils.

The

dem

ocra

cy p

rinci

ple,

as w

e ha

ve em

phas

ized

, can

not b

e inv

oked

to tr

ump

the p

rinci

ples

of f

eder

alis

m an

d ru

le o

f law

, the

righ

ts

of in

divi

dual

s and

min

oriti

es, o

r the

ope

ratio

n of

dem

ocra

cy in

the o

ther

pro

vinc

es o

r in

Can

ada a

s a

who

le. N

o ne

gotia

tions

coul

d be

effe

ctiv

e if t

heir

ultim

ate o

utco

me,

sece

ssio

n, is

cast

as an

abso

lute

le

gal e

ntitl

emen

t bas

ed u

pon

an o

blig

atio

n to

giv

e eff

ect t

o th

at ac

t of s

eces

sion

in th

e Con

stitu

tion.

Su

ch a

for

egon

e co

nclu

sion

wou

ld a

ctua

lly u

nder

min

e th

e ob

ligat

ion

to n

egot

iate

and

ren

der

it ho

llow

.

92H

owev

er,

we

are

equa

lly u

nabl

e to

acc

ept

the

reve

rse

prop

ositi

on,

tha

t a

clea

r ex

pres

sion

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n by

the

peop

le o

f Que

bec

wou

ld im

pose

no

oblig

atio

ns u

pon

the

othe

r pro

vinc

es o

r the

fede

ral g

over

nmen

t. T

he co

ntin

ued

exis

tenc

e and

ope

ratio

n of

the C

anad

ian

cons

titut

iona

l or

der

cann

ot r

emai

n in

diff

eren

t to

the

cle

ar e

xpre

ssio

n of

a c

lear

maj

ority

of

Que

bece

rs th

at th

ey n

o lo

nger

wis

h to

rem

ain

in C

anad

a. T

his w

ould

am

ount

to th

e as

serti

on th

at

291

- 33

-

othe

r con

stitu

tiona

lly re

cogn

ized

prin

cipl

es n

eces

saril

y tru

mp

the c

lear

ly ex

pres

sed

dem

ocra

tic w

ill

of th

e pe

ople

of

Que

bec.

Su

ch a

pro

posi

tion

fails

to g

ive

suff

icie

nt w

eigh

t to

the

unde

rlyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

es t

hat

mus

t in

form

the

am

endm

ent

proc

ess,

incl

udin

g th

e pr

inci

ples

of

dem

ocra

cy a

nd fe

dera

lism

. Th

e rig

hts o

f oth

er p

rovi

nces

and

the

fede

ral g

over

nmen

t can

not d

eny

the

right

of t

he g

over

nmen

t of Q

uebe

c to

pur

sue

sece

ssio

n, sh

ould

a cl

ear m

ajor

ity o

f the

peo

ple

of

Que

bec c

hoos

e tha

t goa

l, so

long

as in

doi

ng so

, Que

bec r

espe

cts t

he ri

ghts

of o

ther

s. N

egot

iatio

ns

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary

to a

ddre

ss th

e in

tere

sts

of th

e fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent,

of Q

uebe

c an

d th

e ot

her

prov

ince

s, an

d ot

her

parti

cipa

nts,

as w

ell a

s th

e rig

hts

of a

ll C

anad

ians

bot

h w

ithin

and

out

side

Q

uebe

c.

93Is

the

reje

ctio

n of

bot

h of

thes

e pr

opos

ition

s rec

onci

labl

e? Y

es, o

nce

it is

real

ized

that

no

ne o

f the

righ

ts o

r prin

cipl

es u

nder

dis

cuss

ion

is a

bsol

ute

to th

e ex

clus

ion

of th

e ot

hers

. Th

is

obse

rvat

ion

sugg

ests

that

oth

er p

artie

s can

not e

xerc

ise t

heir

right

s in

such

a w

ay as

to am

ount

to an

ab

solu

te d

enia

l of Q

uebe

c's ri

ghts

, and

sim

ilarly

, tha

t so

long

as Q

uebe

c ex

erci

ses i

ts ri

ghts

whi

le

resp

ectin

g th

e rig

hts o

f oth

ers,

it m

ay p

ropo

se se

cess

ion

and

seek

to ac

hiev

e it t

hrou

gh n

egot

iatio

n.

The n

egot

iatio

n pr

oces

s pre

cipi

tate

d by

a de

cisi

on o

f a cl

ear m

ajor

ity o

f the

pop

ulat

ion

of Q

uebe

c on

a cl

ear

ques

tion

to p

ursu

e se

cess

ion

wou

ld r

equi

re t

he r

econ

cilia

tion

of v

ario

us r

ight

s an

d ob

ligat

ions

by

the

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f tw

o le

gitim

ate

maj

oriti

es, n

amel

y, th

e cl

ear m

ajor

ity o

f the

po

pula

tion

of Q

uebe

c, a

nd th

e cl

ear m

ajor

ity o

f Can

ada

as a

who

le, w

hate

ver t

hat m

ay b

e. T

here

ca

n be

no

sugg

estio

n th

at ei

ther

of t

hese

maj

oriti

es "t

rum

ps" t

he o

ther

. A p

oliti

cal m

ajor

ity th

at d

oes

not a

ct in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e und

erly

ing

cons

titut

iona

l prin

cipl

es w

e hav

e ide

ntifi

ed p

uts a

t ris

k th

e le

gitim

acy

of th

e ex

erci

se o

f its

righ

ts.

94In

suc

h ci

rcum

stan

ces,

the

cond

uct

of t

he p

artie

s as

sum

es p

rimar

y co

nstit

utio

nal

sign

ifica

nce.

The

neg

otia

tion

proc

ess m

ust b

e con

duct

ed w

ith an

eye t

o th

e con

stitu

tiona

l prin

cipl

es

we

have

out

lined

, whi

ch m

ust i

nfor

m th

e ac

tions

of a

ll th

e pa

rtici

pant

s in

the

nego

tiatio

n pr

oces

s.

95R

efus

al o

f a p

arty

to c

ondu

ct n

egot

iatio

ns in

a m

anne

r con

sist

ent w

ith c

onst

itutio

nal

prin

cipl

es an

d va

lues

wou

ld se

rious

ly p

ut at

risk

the l

egiti

mac

y of

that

par

ty's

asse

rtion

of i

ts ri

ghts

, an

d pe

rhap

s th

e ne

gotia

tion

proc

ess

as a

who

le.

Thos

e w

ho q

uite

legi

timat

ely

insi

st u

pon

the

impo

rtanc

e of

uph

oldi

ng th

e ru

le o

f law

can

not a

t the

sam

e tim

e be

obl

ivio

us to

the

need

to a

ct in

co

nfor

mity

with

con

stitu

tiona

l pr

inci

ples

and

val

ues,

and

so d

o th

eir

part

to c

ontri

bute

to

the

mai

nten

ance

and

pro

mot

ion

of a

n en

viro

nmen

t in

whi

ch th

e ru

le o

f law

may

flou

rish.

96N

o on

e ca

n pr

edic

t the

cou

rse

that

such

neg

otia

tions

mig

ht ta

ke.

The

poss

ibili

ty th

at

they

mig

ht n

ot le

ad to

an ag

reem

ent a

mon

gst t

he p

artie

s mus

t be r

ecog

nize

d. N

egot

iatio

ns fo

llow

ing

a re

fere

ndum

vot

e in

favo

ur o

f see

king

sece

ssio

n w

ould

inev

itabl

y ad

dres

s a w

ide

rang

e of

issu

es,

man

y of

gre

at im

port.

Afte

r 131

yea

rs o

f Con

fede

ratio

n, th

ere

exis

ts, i

nevi

tabl

y, a

hig

h le

vel o

f in

tegr

atio

n in

eco

nom

ic, p

oliti

cal a

nd s

ocia

l ins

titut

ions

acr

oss

Can

ada.

The

vis

ion

of th

ose

who

br

ough

t abo

ut C

onfe

dera

tion

was

to c

reat

e a

unifi

ed c

ount

ry, n

ot a

loos

e al

lianc

e of

aut

onom

ous

prov

ince

s. A

ccor

ding

ly, w

hile

ther

e are

regi

onal

econ

omic

inte

rests

, whi

ch so

met

imes

coin

cide

with

pr

ovin

cial

bou

ndar

ies,

ther

e are

also

nat

iona

l int

eres

ts an

d en

terp

rises

(bot

h pu

blic

and

priv

ate)

that

w

ould

face

pot

entia

l dis

mem

berm

ent.

The

re is

a na

tiona

l eco

nom

y an

d a n

atio

nal d

ebt.

Arg

umen

ts

wer

e ra

ised

bef

ore

us r

egar

ding

bou

ndar

y is

sues

. Th

ere

are

lingu

istic

and

cul

tura

l min

oriti

es,

- 34

-

incl

udin

g ab

orig

inal

peo

ples

, une

venl

y di

strib

uted

acro

ss th

e cou

ntry

who

look

to th

e Con

stitu

tion

of

Can

ada

for t

he p

rote

ctio

n of

thei

r rig

hts.

Of c

ours

e, se

cess

ion

wou

ld g

ive

rise

to m

any

issu

es o

f gr

eat c

ompl

exity

and

diff

icul

ty.

Thes

e w

ould

hav

e to

be

reso

lved

with

in th

e ov

eral

l fra

mew

ork

of

the r

ule o

f law

, the

reby

assu

ring

Can

adia

ns re

side

nt in

Que

bec a

nd el

sew

here

a m

easu

re o

f sta

bilit

y in

wha

t wou

ld li

kely

be

a pe

riod

of c

onsi

dera

ble

uphe

aval

and

unc

erta

inty

. N

obod

y se

rious

ly

sugg

ests

that

our

nat

iona

l exi

sten

ce, s

eam

less

in s

o m

any

aspe

cts,

coul

d be

eff

ortle

ssly

sep

arat

ed

alon

g w

hat a

re n

ow th

e pro

vinc

ial b

ound

arie

s of Q

uebe

c. A

s the

Atto

rney

Gen

eral

of S

aska

tche

wan

pu

t it i

n hi

s ora

l sub

mis

sion

:

A n

atio

n is

bui

lt w

hen

the

com

mun

ities

that

com

pris

e it

mak

e co

mm

itmen

ts to

it,

whe

n th

ey f

oreg

o ch

oice

s an

d op

portu

nitie

s on

beh

alf

of a

nat

ion,

. .

. w

hen

the

com

mun

ities

tha

t co

mpr

ise

it m

ake

com

prom

ises

, w

hen

they

off

er e

ach

othe

r gu

aran

tees

, whe

n th

ey m

ake

trans

fers

and

per

haps

mos

t poi

nted

ly, w

hen

they

rece

ive

from

oth

ers

the

bene

fits

of n

atio

nal

solid

arity

. Th

e th

read

s of

a t

hous

and

acts

of

acco

mm

odat

ion

are

the

fabr

ic o

f a n

atio

n. .

. .

97In

the c

ircum

stan

ces,

nego

tiatio

ns fo

llow

ing

such

a re

fere

ndum

wou

ld u

ndou

bted

ly b

e di

ffic

ult.

Whi

le th

e neg

otia

tors

wou

ld h

ave t

o co

ntem

plat

e the

pos

sibi

lity

of se

cess

ion,

ther

e wou

ld

be n

o ab

solu

te le

gal e

ntitl

emen

t to

it an

d no

ass

umpt

ion

that

an

agre

emen

t rec

onci

ling

all r

elev

ant

right

s and

obl

igat

ions

wou

ld ac

tual

ly b

e rea

ched

. It i

s for

esee

able

that

even

neg

otia

tions

carr

ied

out

in c

onfo

rmity

with

the

unde

rlyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

cou

ld re

ach

an im

pass

e. W

e ne

ed n

ot

spec

ulat

e he

re a

s to

wha

t wou

ld th

en tr

ansp

ire.

Und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n, se

cess

ion

requ

ires t

hat a

n am

endm

ent b

e ne

gotia

ted.

98Th

e re

spec

tive

role

s of t

he c

ourts

and

pol

itica

l act

ors i

n di

scha

rgin

g th

e co

nstit

utio

nal

oblig

atio

ns w

e ha

ve i

dent

ified

fol

low

s in

eluc

tabl

y fr

om t

he f

oreg

oing

obs

erva

tions

. I

n th

e Pa

tria

tion

Refe

renc

e, a

dist

inct

ion

was

dra

wn

betw

een

the l

aw o

f the

Con

stitu

tion,

whi

ch, g

ener

ally

sp

eaki

ng, w

ill b

e en

forc

ed b

y th

e co

urts

, and

oth

er c

onst

itutio

nal r

ules

, suc

h as

the

conv

entio

ns o

f th

e C

onst

itutio

n, w

hich

car

ry o

nly

polit

ical

san

ctio

ns.

It is

als

o th

e ca

se, h

owev

er, t

hat j

udic

ial

inte

rven

tion,

even

in re

latio

n to

the l

aw o

f the

Con

stitu

tion,

is su

bjec

t to

the C

ourt'

s app

reci

atio

n of

its

pro

per r

ole

in th

e co

nstit

utio

nal s

chem

e.

99Th

e no

tion

of ju

stic

iabi

lity

is, a

s we

earli

er p

oint

ed o

ut in

dea

ling

with

the

prel

imin

ary

obje

ctio

n, li

nked

to th

e no

tion

of a

ppro

pria

te ju

dici

al re

stra

int.

We

earli

er m

ade

refe

renc

e to

the

disc

ussi

on o

f jus

ticia

bilit

y in

Ref

eren

ce re

Can

ada

Assi

stan

ce P

lan,

supr

a, a

t p. 5

45:

In e

xerc

isin

g its

dis

cret

ion

whe

ther

to d

eter

min

e a

mat

ter

that

is a

llege

d to

be

non-

just

icia

ble,

the

Cou

rt's

prim

ary

conc

ern

is t

o re

tain

its

pro

per

role

with

in t

he

cons

titut

iona

l fra

mew

ork

of o

ur d

emoc

ratic

form

of g

over

nmen

t.

InO

pera

tion

Dis

man

tle,s

upra

, at p

. 459

, it w

as p

oint

ed o

ut th

at ju

stic

iabi

lity

is a

"do

ctrin

e . .

. f

ound

ed u

pon

a co

ncer

n w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

role

of t

he c

ourts

as t

he fo

rum

for t

he re

solu

tion

of

292

- 35

-

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f dis

pute

s".

An

anal

ogou

s do

ctrin

e of

judi

cial

rest

rain

t ope

rate

s he

re.

Als

o, a

s ob

serv

ed in

Can

ada

(Aud

itor

Gen

eral

) v.

Can

ada

(Min

iste

r of

Ene

rgy,

Min

es a

nd R

esou

rces

),[1

989]

2 S

.C.R

. 49

(the

Audi

tor G

ener

al's

case

), at

p. 9

1:

Ther

e is

an

arra

y of

issu

es w

hich

calls

for t

he ex

erci

se o

f jud

icia

l jud

gmen

t on

whe

ther

th

e que

stio

ns ar

e pro

perly

cogn

izab

le b

y th

e cou

rts. U

ltim

atel

y, su

ch ju

dgm

ent d

epen

ds

on th

e ap

prec

iatio

n by

the

judi

ciar

y of

its o

wn

posi

tion

in th

e co

nstit

utio

nal s

chem

e.

100

The

role

of t

he C

ourt

in th

is R

efer

ence

is li

mite

d to

the

iden

tific

atio

n of

the

rele

vant

as

pect

s of t

he C

onst

itutio

n in

thei

r bro

ades

t sen

se.

We h

ave i

nter

pret

ed th

e que

stio

ns as

rela

ting

to

the c

onst

itutio

nal f

ram

ewor

k w

ithin

whi

ch p

oliti

cal d

ecis

ions

may

ulti

mat

ely

be m

ade.

With

in th

at

fram

ewor

k, th

e wor

king

s of t

he p

oliti

cal p

roce

ss ar

e com

plex

and

can

only

be r

esol

ved

by m

eans

of

polit

ical

judg

men

ts an

d ev

alua

tions

. The

Cou

rt ha

s no

supe

rvis

ory

role

ove

r the

pol

itica

l asp

ects

of

cons

titut

iona

l neg

otia

tions

. Equ

ally

, the

initi

al im

petu

s for

neg

otia

tion,

nam

ely

a cle

ar m

ajor

ity o

n a

clea

r que

stio

n in

favo

ur o

f sec

essi

on, i

s sub

ject

onl

y to

pol

itica

l eva

luat

ion,

and

prop

erly

so. A

righ

t an

d a

corr

espo

ndin

g du

ty t

o ne

gotia

te s

eces

sion

can

not

be b

uilt

on a

n al

lege

d ex

pres

sion

of

dem

ocra

tic w

ill if

the

expr

essi

on o

f dem

ocra

tic w

ill is

itse

lf fr

augh

t with

am

bigu

ities

. O

nly

the

polit

ical

acto

rs w

ould

hav

e the

info

rmat

ion

and

expe

rtise

to m

ake t

he ap

prop

riate

judg

men

t as t

o th

e po

int a

t whi

ch, a

nd th

e circ

umst

ance

s in

whi

ch, t

hose

ambi

guiti

es ar

e res

olve

d on

e way

or t

he o

ther

.

10

1If

the

circ

umst

ance

s gi

ving

rise

to th

e du

ty to

neg

otia

te w

ere

to a

rise,

the

dist

inct

ion

betw

een

the

stro

ng d

efen

ce o

f leg

itim

ate i

nter

ests

and

the

taki

ng o

f pos

ition

s whi

ch, i

n fa

ct, i

gnor

e th

e le

gitim

ate

inte

rest

s of

oth

ers

is o

ne th

at a

lso

defie

s le

gal a

naly

sis.

The

Cou

rt w

ould

not

hav

e ac

cess

to al

l of t

he in

form

atio

n av

aila

ble t

o th

e pol

itica

l act

ors,

and

the m

etho

ds ap

prop

riate

for t

he

sear

ch fo

r tru

th in

a co

urt o

f law

are i

ll-su

ited

to g

ettin

g to

the b

otto

m o

f con

stitu

tiona

l neg

otia

tions

. T

o th

e ext

ent t

hat t

he q

uest

ions

are p

oliti

cal i

n na

ture

, it i

s not

the r

ole o

f the

judi

ciar

y to

inte

rpos

e its

ow

n vi

ews

on th

e di

ffer

ent n

egot

iatin

g po

sitio

ns o

f the

par

ties,

even

wer

e it

invi

ted

to d

o so

. R

athe

r, it

is th

e ob

ligat

ion

of th

e el

ecte

d re

pres

enta

tives

to g

ive

conc

rete

form

to th

e di

scha

rge

of

thei

r co

nstit

utio

nal

oblig

atio

ns w

hich

onl

y th

ey a

nd t

heir

elec

tors

can

ulti

mat

ely

asse

ss.

The

reco

ncili

atio

n of

the

var

ious

leg

itim

ate

cons

titut

iona

l in

tere

sts

outli

ned

abov

e is

nec

essa

rily

com

mitt

ed to

the

polit

ical

rath

er th

an th

e ju

dici

al re

alm

, pr

ecis

ely

beca

use

that

reco

ncili

atio

n ca

n on

ly b

e ach

ieve

d th

roug

h th

e giv

e and

take

of t

he n

egot

iatio

n pr

oces

s. H

avin

g es

tabl

ishe

d th

e leg

al

fram

ewor

k, it

wou

ld b

e fo

r th

e de

moc

ratic

ally

ele

cted

lead

ersh

ip o

f th

e va

rious

par

ticip

ants

to

reso

lve

thei

r diff

eren

ces.

102

The n

on-ju

stic

iabi

lity

of p

oliti

cal i

ssue

s tha

t lac

k a l

egal

com

pone

nt d

oes n

ot d

epriv

e the

su

rrou

ndin

g co

nstit

utio

nal f

ram

ewor

k of

its b

indi

ng s

tatu

s, no

r doe

s thi

s mea

n th

at c

onst

itutio

nal

oblig

atio

ns co

uld

be b

reac

hed

with

out i

ncur

ring

serio

us le

gal r

eper

cuss

ions

. W

here

ther

e are

lega

l rig

hts

ther

e ar

e re

med

ies,

but a

s w

e ex

plai

ned

inth

e Au

dito

r G

ener

al's

case

, sup

ra, a

t p. 9

0, a

nd

New

Bru

nsw

ick

Broa

dcas

ting,

supr

a, th

e ap

prop

riate

reco

urse

in so

me

circ

umst

ance

s lie

s thr

ough

th

e w

orki

ngs o

f the

pol

itica

l pro

cess

rath

er th

an th

e co

urts

.

103

To th

e ext

ent t

hat a

bre

ach

of th

e con

stitu

tiona

l dut

y to

neg

otia

te in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e pr

inci

ples

des

crib

ed a

bove

und

erm

ines

the

legi

timac

y of

a p

arty

's ac

tions

, it m

ay h

ave

impo

rtant

- 36

-

ram

ifica

tions

at t

he in

tern

atio

nal l

evel

. Th

us, a

failu

re o

f the

dut

y to

und

erta

ke n

egot

iatio

ns a

nd

purs

ue t

hem

acc

ordi

ng t

o co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

es m

ay u

nder

min

e th

at g

over

nmen

t's c

laim

to

legi

timac

y w

hich

is

gene

rally

a p

reco

nditi

on f

or r

ecog

nitio

n by

the

int

erna

tiona

l co

mm

unity

. C

onve

rsel

y, v

iola

tions

of t

hose

prin

cipl

es b

y th

e fed

eral

or o

ther

pro

vinc

ial g

over

nmen

ts re

spon

ding

to

the r

eque

st fo

r sec

essi

on m

ay u

nder

min

e the

ir le

gitim

acy.

Thu

s, a Q

uebe

c tha

t had

neg

otia

ted

in

conf

orm

ity w

ith co

nstit

utio

nal p

rinci

ples

and

valu

es in

the f

ace o

f unr

easo

nabl

e int

rans

igen

ce o

n th

e pa

rt of

oth

er p

artic

ipan

ts a

t the

fede

ral o

r pro

vinc

ial l

evel

wou

ld b

e m

ore

likel

y to

be

reco

gniz

ed

than

a Q

uebe

c w

hich

did

not

itse

lf ac

t acc

ordi

ng to

con

stitu

tiona

l prin

cipl

es in

the

nego

tiatio

n pr

oces

s. B

oth

the

lega

lity

of th

e ac

ts o

f the

par

ties t

o th

e ne

gotia

tion

proc

ess u

nder

Can

adia

n la

w,

and

the

perc

eive

d le

gitim

acy

of su

ch a

ctio

n, w

ould

be

impo

rtant

con

side

ratio

ns in

the

reco

gniti

on

proc

ess.

In th

is w

ay, t

he a

dher

ence

of t

he p

artie

s to

the

oblig

atio

n to

neg

otia

te w

ould

be

eval

uate

d in

an

indi

rect

man

ner o

n th

e in

tern

atio

nal p

lane

.

104

Acc

ordi

ngly

, the

sec

essi

on o

f Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a ca

nnot

be

acco

mpl

ishe

d by

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y, th

e le

gisl

atur

e or

gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec

unila

tera

lly, t

hat i

s to

say

, with

out

prin

cipl

ed n

egot

iatio

ns, a

nd b

e co

nsid

ered

a la

wfu

l act

. A

ny a

ttem

pt to

eff

ect t

he s

eces

sion

of a

pr

ovin

ce fr

om C

anad

a mus

t be u

nder

take

n pu

rsua

nt to

the C

onst

itutio

n of

Can

ada,

or e

lse v

iola

te th

e C

anad

ian

lega

l or

der.

How

ever

, th

e co

ntin

ued

exis

tenc

e an

d op

erat

ion

of t

he C

anad

ian

cons

titut

iona

l ord

er ca

nnot

rem

ain

unaf

fect

ed b

y th

e una

mbi

guou

s exp

ress

ion

of a

clea

r maj

ority

of

Que

bece

rs t

hat

they

no

long

er w

ish

to r

emai

n in

Can

ada.

Th

e pr

imar

y m

eans

by

whi

ch t

hat

expr

essi

on is

giv

en ef

fect

is th

e con

stitu

tiona

l dut

y to

neg

otia

te in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e con

stitu

tiona

l pr

inci

ples

that

we

have

des

crib

ed h

erei

n.

In th

e ev

ent s

eces

sion

neg

otia

tions

are

initi

ated

, our

C

onst

itutio

n, n

o le

ss th

an o

ur h

isto

ry, w

ould

call

on th

e par

ticip

ants

to w

ork

to re

conc

ile th

e rig

hts,

oblig

atio

ns a

nd l

egiti

mat

e as

pira

tions

of

all

Can

adia

ns w

ithin

a f

ram

ewor

k th

at e

mph

asiz

es

cons

titut

iona

l res

pons

ibili

ties a

s muc

h as

it d

oes c

onst

itutio

nal r

ight

s.

105

It w

ill b

e no

ted

that

Que

stio

n 1

does

not

ask

how

sec

essi

on c

ould

be

achi

eved

in a

co

nstit

utio

nal

man

ner,

but

addr

esse

s on

e fo

rm o

f se

cess

ion

only

, nam

ely

unila

tera

l se

cess

ion.

A

lthou

gh th

e app

licab

ility

of v

ario

us p

roce

dure

s to

achi

eve l

awfu

l sec

essio

n w

as ra

ised

in ar

gum

ent,

each

opt

ion

wou

ld re

quire

us

to a

ssum

e th

e ex

iste

nce

of fa

cts

that

at t

his

stag

e ar

e un

know

n. I

n ac

cord

ance

with

the u

sual

rule

of p

rude

nce i

n co

nstit

utio

nal c

ases

, we r

efra

in fr

om p

rono

unci

ng o

n th

e ap

plic

abili

ty o

f an

y pa

rticu

lar

cons

titut

iona

l pro

cedu

re t

o ef

fect

sec

essi

on u

nles

s an

d un

til

suff

icie

ntly

cle

ar fa

cts e

xist

to sq

uare

ly ra

ise

an is

sue

for j

udic

ial d

eter

min

atio

n.

(5) S

ugge

sted

Prin

cipl

e of

Eff

ectiv

ity

293

- 37

-

106

In th

e fo

rego

ing

disc

ussi

on w

e ha

ve n

ot o

verlo

oked

the

prin

cipl

e of

eff

ectiv

ity, w

hich

w

as p

lace

d at

the

fore

fron

t in

argu

men

t bef

ore

us.

For t

he re

ason

s tha

t fol

low

, we

do n

ot th

ink

that

th

e prin

cipl

e of e

ffec

tivity

has

any

appl

icat

ion

to th

e iss

ues r

aise

d by

Que

stio

n 1.

A d

istin

ctio

n m

ust

be d

raw

n be

twee

n th

e rig

ht o

f a p

eopl

e to

act

, and

thei

r pow

er to

do

so.

They

are

not

iden

tical

. A

rig

ht is

reco

gniz

ed in

law

: mer

e ph

ysic

al a

bilit

y is

not

nec

essa

rily

give

n st

atus

as a

righ

t. T

he fa

ct

that

an

indi

vidu

al o

r gr

oup

can

act i

n a

certa

in w

ay s

ays

noth

ing

at a

ll ab

out t

he le

gal s

tatu

s or

co

nseq

uenc

es o

f the

act

. A

pow

er m

ay b

e ex

erci

sed

even

in th

e ab

senc

e of

a ri

ght t

o do

so, b

ut if

it

is, t

hen

it is

exe

rcis

ed w

ithou

t leg

al fo

unda

tion.

Our

Con

stitu

tion

does

not

add

ress

pow

ers i

n th

is

sens

e.

On

the

cont

rary

, the

Con

stitu

tion

is c

once

rned

onl

y w

ith t

he r

ight

s an

d ob

ligat

ions

of

indi

vidu

als,

grou

ps a

nd g

over

nmen

ts, a

nd th

e st

ruct

ure

of o

ur in

stitu

tions

. It

was

sugg

este

d be

fore

us

that

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y, le

gisl

atur

e or

gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec

coul

d un

ilate

rally

eff

ect t

he

sece

ssio

n of

that

pro

vinc

e fro

m C

anad

a, b

ut it

was

not

sugg

este

d th

at th

ey m

ight

do

so as

a m

atte

r of

law

: rat

her,

it w

as c

onte

nded

that

they

sim

ply

coul

d do

so a

s a m

atte

r of f

act.

Alth

ough

und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n th

ere

is n

o rig

ht t

o pu

rsue

sece

ssio

n un

ilate

rally

, tha

t is s

eces

sion

with

out p

rinci

pled

ne

gotia

tion,

this

doe

s no

t rul

e ou

t the

pos

sibi

lity

of a

n un

cons

titut

iona

l dec

lara

tion

of s

eces

sion

le

adin

g to

a d

e fa

cto

sece

ssio

n. T

he u

ltim

ate

succ

ess

of s

uch

a se

cess

ion

wou

ld b

e de

pend

ent o

n ef

fect

ive

cont

rol o

f a

terr

itory

and

rec

ogni

tion

by th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

omm

unity

. Th

e pr

inci

ples

go

vern

ing

sece

ssio

n at

inte

rnat

iona

l law

are

dis

cuss

ed in

our

ans

wer

to Q

uest

ion

2.

107

In o

ur v

iew

, the

alle

ged

prin

cipl

e of e

ffect

ivity

has

no

cons

titut

iona

l or l

egal

stat

us in

the

sens

e th

at i

t do

es n

ot p

rovi

de a

n ex

ant

e ex

plan

atio

n or

jus

tific

atio

n fo

r an

act

. I

n es

senc

e,

acce

ptan

ce o

f a

prin

cipl

e of

eff

ectiv

ity w

ould

be

tant

amou

nt t

o ac

cept

ing

that

the

Nat

iona

l A

ssem

bly,

legi

slat

ure o

r gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec m

ay ac

t with

out r

egar

d to

the l

aw, s

impl

y be

caus

e it

asse

rts th

e po

wer

to d

o so

. So

vie

wed

, the

sugg

estio

n is

that

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y, le

gisl

atur

e or

go

vern

men

t of Q

uebe

c cou

ld p

urpo

rt to

sece

de th

e pro

vinc

e uni

late

rally

from

Can

ada i

n di

sreg

ard

of

Can

adia

n an

d in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

It is

furth

er su

gges

ted

that

if th

e se

cess

ion

bid

was

succ

essf

ul, a

ne

w le

gal o

rder

wou

ld b

e cre

ated

in th

at p

rovi

nce,

whi

ch w

ould

then

be c

onsi

dere

d an

inde

pend

ent

stat

e.

108

Such

a p

ropo

sitio

n is

an

asse

rtion

of f

act,

not a

stat

emen

t of l

aw.

It m

ay o

r may

not

be

true;

in a

ny e

vent

it is

irre

leva

nt to

the

ques

tions

of l

aw b

efor

e us

. If

, on

the

othe

r han

d, it

is p

ut

forw

ard

as an

asse

rtion

of l

aw, t

hen

it si

mpl

y am

ount

s to

the c

onte

ntio

n th

at th

e law

may

be b

roke

n as

long

as i

t can

be

brok

en su

cces

sful

ly.

Such

a n

otio

n is

con

trary

to th

e ru

le o

f law

, and

mus

t be

reje

cted

.

B.

Que

stio

n 2 Doe

s in

tern

atio

nal

law

giv

e th

e N

atio

nal

Ass

embl

y, l

egis

latu

re o

r go

vern

men

t of

Q

uebe

c th

e rig

ht to

eff

ect t

he s

eces

sion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

? In

this

re

gard

, is t

here

a rig

ht to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n un

der i

nter

natio

nal l

aw th

at w

ould

giv

e the

N

atio

nal

Ass

embl

y, l

egis

latu

re o

r go

vern

men

t of

Que

bec

the

right

to

effe

ct t

he

sece

ssio

n of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly?

- 38

-

109

For r

easo

ns al

read

y di

scus

sed,

the C

ourt

does

not

acce

pt th

e con

tent

ion

that

Que

stio

n 2

rais

es a

que

stio

n of

"pu

re"

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w w

hich

thi

s C

ourt

has

no j

uris

dict

ion

to a

ddre

ss.

Que

stio

n 2

is p

osed

in th

e con

text

of a

Ref

eren

ce to

addr

ess t

he ex

iste

nce o

r non

-exi

sten

ce o

f a ri

ght

of u

nila

tera

l se

cess

ion

by a

pro

vinc

e of

Can

ada.

Th

e am

icus

cur

iae

argu

es th

at th

is q

uest

ion

ultim

atel

y fa

lls to

be d

eter

min

ed u

nder

inte

rnat

iona

l law

. In

addr

essi

ng th

is is

sue,

the C

ourt

does

not

pu

rpor

t to

act a

s an

arb

iter

betw

een

sove

reig

n st

ates

or

mor

e ge

nera

lly w

ithin

the

inte

rnat

iona

l co

mm

unity

. Th

e C

ourt

is e

ngag

ed in

rend

erin

g an

adv

isor

y op

inio

n on

cer

tain

lega

l asp

ects

of t

he

cont

inue

d ex

iste

nce

of t

he C

anad

ian

fede

ratio

n.

Inte

rnat

iona

l la

w h

as b

een

invo

ked

as a

co

nsid

erat

ion

and

it m

ust t

here

fore

be

addr

esse

d.

110

The

argu

men

t be

fore

the

Cou

rt on

Que

stio

n 2

has

focu

sed

larg

ely

on d

eter

min

ing

whe

ther

, und

er in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, a

pos

itive

lega

l rig

ht to

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

exi

sts i

n th

e fa

ctua

l ci

rcum

stan

ces

assu

med

for

the

pur

pose

of

our

resp

onse

to

Que

stio

n 1.

A

rgum

ents

wer

e al

so

adva

nced

to

the

effe

ct t

hat,

rega

rdle

ss o

f th

e ex

iste

nce

or n

on-e

xist

ence

of

a po

sitiv

e rig

ht t

o un

ilate

ral

sece

ssio

n, i

nter

natio

nal

law

will

in

the

end

reco

gniz

e ef

fect

ive

polit

ical

rea

litie

s --

in

clud

ing

the

emer

genc

e of

a n

ew st

ate

-- a

s fac

ts.

Whi

le o

ur re

spon

se to

Que

stio

n 2

will

add

ress

co

nsid

erat

ions

rais

ed b

y th

is a

ltern

ativ

e ar

gum

ent o

f "ef

fect

ivity

", it

shou

ld fi

rst b

e no

ted

that

the

exis

tenc

e of a

pos

itive

lega

l ent

itlem

ent i

s qui

te d

iffer

ent f

rom

a pr

edic

tion

that

the l

aw w

ill re

spon

d af

ter t

he fa

ct to

a th

en ex

istin

g po

litic

al re

ality

. The

se tw

o co

ncep

ts ex

amin

e diff

eren

t poi

nts i

n tim

e.

The

ques

tions

pos

ed to

the

Cou

rt ad

dres

s le

gal r

ight

s in

adv

ance

of a

uni

late

ral a

ct o

f pur

porte

d se

cess

ion.

W

hile

we

touc

h be

low

on

the

prac

tice

gove

rnin

g th

e in

tern

atio

nal

reco

gniti

on o

f em

ergi

ng st

ates

, the

Cou

rt is

as w

ary

of en

terta

inin

g sp

ecul

atio

n ab

out t

he p

ossi

ble f

utur

e con

duct

of

sove

reig

n st

ates

on

the i

nter

natio

nal l

evel

as it

was

und

er Q

uest

ion

1 to

spec

ulat

e abo

ut th

e pos

sibl

e fu

ture

cou

rse

of p

oliti

cal n

egot

iatio

ns a

mon

g th

e pa

rtici

pant

s in

the

Can

adia

n fe

dera

tion.

In

both

ca

ses,

the

Ref

eren

ce q

uest

ions

are

dire

cted

onl

y to

the

lega

l fra

mew

ork

with

in w

hich

the

polit

ical

ac

tors

dis

char

ge th

eir v

ario

us m

anda

tes.

(1)

Sece

ssio

n at

Inte

rnat

iona

l Law

111

It is

clea

r tha

t int

erna

tiona

l law

doe

s not

spec

ifica

lly g

rant

com

pone

nt p

arts

of s

over

eign

st

ates

the

lega

l rig

ht to

sece

de u

nila

tera

lly fr

om th

eir "

pare

nt"

stat

e. T

his i

s ack

now

ledg

ed b

y th

e ex

perts

who

pro

vide

d th

eir o

pini

ons o

n be

half

of b

oth

the a

mic

us cu

riae a

nd th

e Atto

rney

Gen

eral

of

Can

ada.

G

iven

the

lac

k of

spe

cific

aut

horiz

atio

n fo

r un

ilate

ral

sece

ssio

n, p

ropo

nent

s of

the

ex

iste

nce o

f suc

h a r

ight

at i

nter

natio

nal l

aw ar

e the

refo

re le

ft to

atte

mpt

to fo

und

thei

r arg

umen

t (i)

on t

he p

ropo

sitio

n th

at u

nila

tera

l se

cess

ion

is n

ot s

peci

fical

ly p

rohi

bite

d an

d th

at w

hat

is n

ot

spec

ifica

lly p

rohi

bite

d is

infe

rent

ially

per

mitt

ed; o

r (ii)

on

the i

mpl

ied

duty

of s

tate

s to

reco

gniz

e the

le

gitim

acy

of se

cess

ion

brou

ght a

bout

by

the e

xerc

ise o

f the

wel

l-est

ablis

hed

inte

rnat

iona

l law

righ

t of

"a p

eopl

e" to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n. T

he a

mic

us cu

riae a

ddre

ssed

the r

ight

of s

elf-d

eter

min

atio

n, b

ut

subm

itted

that

it w

as n

ot ap

plic

able

to th

e circ

umst

ance

s of Q

uebe

c with

in th

e Can

adia

n fe

dera

tion,

irr

espe

ctiv

e of

the

exis

tenc

e or

non

-exi

sten

ce o

f a re

fere

ndum

resu

lt in

favo

ur o

f sec

essi

on.

We

agre

e on

this

poi

nt w

ith th

e am

icus

cur

iae,

for r

easo

ns th

at w

e w

ill b

riefly

dev

elop

.

(a)

Abse

nce

of a

Spe

cific

Pro

hibi

tion

294

- 39

-

112

Inte

rnat

iona

l law

cont

ains

nei

ther

a rig

ht o

f uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

nor

the e

xplic

it de

nial

of

such

a ri

ght,

alth

ough

suc

h a

deni

al is

, to

som

e ex

tent

, im

plic

it in

the

exce

ptio

nal c

ircum

stan

ces

requ

ired

for s

eces

sion

to b

e per

mitt

ed u

nder

the r

ight

of a

peo

ple t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion,

e.g.

, the

righ

t of

sec

essi

on th

at a

rises

in th

e ex

cept

iona

l situ

atio

n of

an

oppr

esse

d or

col

onia

l peo

ple,

dis

cuss

ed

belo

w.

As

will

be

seen

, int

erna

tiona

l law

pla

ces

grea

t im

porta

nce

on th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of

natio

n st

ates

and

, by

and

larg

e, le

aves

the

crea

tion

of a

new

stat

e to

be

dete

rmin

ed b

y th

e do

mes

tic

law

of t

he e

xist

ing

stat

e of

whi

ch th

e se

cedi

ng e

ntity

pre

sent

ly fo

rms

a pa

rt (R

. Y. J

enni

ngs,

The

Acqu

isiti

on o

f Te

rrito

ry i

n In

tern

atio

nal

Law

(19

63),

at p

p. 8

-9).

Whe

re,

as h

ere,

uni

late

ral

sece

ssio

n w

ould

be i

ncom

patib

le w

ith th

e dom

estic

Con

stitu

tion,

inte

rnat

iona

l law

is li

kely

to ac

cept

th

at c

oncl

usio

n su

bjec

t to

the

right

of p

eopl

es to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n, a

topi

c to

whi

ch w

e no

w tu

rn.

(b)

The

Righ

t of a

Peo

ple

to S

elf-d

eter

min

atio

n

113

Whi

le in

tern

atio

nal l

aw g

ener

ally

regu

late

s the

cond

uct o

f nat

ion

stat

es, i

t doe

s, in

som

e sp

ecifi

c ci

rcum

stan

ces,

also

reco

gniz

e th

e "r

ight

s" o

f ent

ities

oth

er th

an n

atio

n st

ates

-- su

ch a

s the

rig

ht o

f a p

eopl

e to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n.

114

The e

xist

ence

of t

he ri

ght o

f a p

eopl

e to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n is

now

so w

idel

y re

cogn

ized

in

inte

rnat

iona

l con

vent

ions

that

the

prin

cipl

e ha

s ac

quire

d a

stat

us b

eyon

d "c

onve

ntio

n" a

nd is

co

nsid

ered

a g

ener

al p

rinci

ple

of in

tern

atio

nal l

aw.

(A. C

asse

se, S

elf-d

eter

min

atio

n of

peo

ples

: A

lega

l rea

ppra

isal

(199

5), a

t pp.

171

-72;

K. D

oehr

ing,

"Sel

f-D

eter

min

atio

n", i

n B

. Sim

ma,

ed.,

The

Cha

rter

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns: A

Com

men

tary

(199

4), a

t p. 7

0.)

115

Arti

cle

1 of

the

Cha

rter

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns, C

an. T

.S. 1

945

No.

7, s

tate

s in

part

that

on

e of

the

purp

oses

of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns (U

.N.)

is:

Ar

ticle

1

. .

.

2. T

o de

velo

p fr

iend

ly re

latio

ns am

ong

natio

ns b

ased

on

resp

ect f

or th

e prin

cipl

e of

equa

l rig

hts a

nd se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es, a

nd to

take

oth

er ap

prop

riate

mea

sure

s to

stre

ngth

en u

nive

rsal

pea

ce;

116

Arti

cle

55 o

f the

U.N

. Cha

rter f

urth

er st

ates

that

the

U.N

. sha

ll pr

omot

e go

als s

uch

as

high

er s

tand

ards

of

livin

g, f

ull e

mpl

oym

ent a

nd h

uman

rig

hts

"[w

]ith

a vi

ew to

the

crea

tion

of

cond

ition

s of s

tabi

lity

and

wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

are n

eces

sary

for p

eace

ful a

nd fr

iend

ly re

latio

ns am

ong

natio

ns b

ased

on

resp

ect f

or th

e pr

inci

ple

of e

qual

righ

ts a

nd se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es".

117

This

bas

ic p

rinci

ple o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

has b

een

carr

ied

forw

ard

and

addr

esse

d in

so

man

y U

.N. c

onve

ntio

ns a

nd re

solu

tions

that

, as n

oted

by

Doe

hrin

g, su

pra,

at p

. 60:

- 40

-

The

shee

r num

ber o

f res

olut

ions

con

cern

ing

the

right

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n m

akes

th

eir e

num

erat

ion

impo

ssib

le.

118

For o

ur p

urpo

ses,

refe

renc

e to

the

follo

win

g co

nven

tions

and

reso

lutio

ns is

suff

icie

nt.

Arti

cle 1

of b

oth

the U

.N.'s

Int

erna

tiona

l Cov

enan

t on

Civi

l and

Pol

itica

l Rig

hts,

999

U.N

.T.S

. 171

, a

nd it

s Int

erna

tiona

l Cov

enan

t on

Econ

omic

, Soc

ial a

nd C

ultu

ral R

ight

s, 99

3 U

.N.T

.S. 3

, sta

tes:

1. A

ll pe

ople

s ha

ve th

e rig

ht o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion.

By

virtu

e of

that

righ

t the

y fr

eely

det

erm

ine

thei

r po

litic

al s

tatu

s an

d fr

eely

pur

sue

thei

r ec

onom

ic, s

ocia

l an

d cu

ltura

l dev

elop

men

t.

119

Sim

ilarly

, the

U.N

. Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y's D

ecla

ratio

n on

Prin

cipl

es o

f Int

erna

tiona

l Law

co

ncer

ning

Fri

endl

y Re

latio

ns a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g St

ates

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e C

hart

er o

f th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns, G

A R

es. 2

625

(XX

V),

24 O

ctob

er 1

970

(Dec

lara

tion

on F

rien

dly

Rela

tions

),st

ates

:

By

virtu

e of

the

prin

cipl

e of

equ

al r

ight

s an

d se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es

ensh

rined

in th

e C

harte

r of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, all

peop

les

have

the

right

fre

ely

to

dete

rmin

e, w

ithou

t ex

tern

al i

nter

fere

nce,

the

ir po

litic

al s

tatu

s an

d to

pur

sue

thei

r ec

onom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent,

and

ever

y St

ate h

as th

e dut

y to

resp

ect t

his

right

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he C

harte

r.

120

In 1

993,

the U

.N. W

orld

Con

fere

nce o

n H

uman

Rig

hts a

dopt

ed th

e Vie

nna

Dec

lara

tion

and

Prog

ram

me

of A

ctio

n, A

/CO

NF.

157/

24, 2

5 Ju

ne 1

993,

that

reaf

firm

ed A

rticl

e 1

of th

e tw

o ab

ove-

men

tione

d co

vena

nts.

The

U.N

. Gen

eral

Ass

embl

y's

Dec

lara

tion

on th

e O

ccas

ion

of th

e Fi

ftiet

h An

nive

rsar

y of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, GA

Res

. 50/

6, 9

Nov

embe

r 199

5, a

lso

emph

asiz

es th

e rig

ht to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n by

pro

vidi

ng th

at th

e U

.N.'s

mem

ber s

tate

s will

:

1. .

. . Con

tinue

to

reaf

firm

the

rig

ht o

f se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of a

ll pe

ople

s , ta

king

int

o ac

coun

t the

par

ticul

ar s

ituat

ion

of p

eopl

es u

nder

col

onia

l or o

ther

form

s of

alie

n do

min

atio

n or

for

eign

occ

upat

ion,

and

rec

ogni

ze t

he r

ight

of

peop

les

to t

ake

legi

timat

e ac

tion

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e C

harte

r of t

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns to

real

ize

thei

r in

alie

nabl

e rig

ht o

f se

lf-de

term

inat

ion.

Thi

s sh

all

not

be c

onst

rued

as

auth

oriz

ing

or en

cour

agin

g an

y ac

tion

that

wou

ld d

ism

embe

r or i

mpa

ir, to

tally

or i

n pa

rt, th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

or p

oliti

cal u

nity

of s

over

eign

and

inde

pend

ent S

tate

sco

nduc

ting

them

selv

es in

com

plia

nce

with

the

prin

cipl

e of

equ

al ri

ghts

and

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es a

nd th

us p

osse

ssed

of

a G

over

nmen

t rep

rese

ntin

g th

e w

hole

peo

ple

belo

ngin

g to

the

ter

ritor

y w

ithou

t di

stin

ctio

n of

any

kin

d. .

. .

[E

mph

asis

add

ed.]

295

- 41

-

121

The r

ight

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

is al

so re

cogn

ized

in o

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l leg

al d

ocum

ents.

Fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

e Fi

nal A

ct o

f the

Con

fere

nce

on S

ecur

ity a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e, 1

4 I.L

.M.

1292

(197

5) (H

elsi

nki F

inal

Act

), st

ates

(in

Part

VII

I):

The

parti

cipa

ting

Stat

es w

ill re

spec

t the

equ

al ri

ghts

of p

eopl

es a

nd th

eir r

ight

to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n, ac

ting

at al

l tim

es in

conf

orm

ity w

ith th

e pur

pose

s and

prin

cipl

es o

f th

e C

harte

r of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

with

the

rele

vant

nor

ms

of in

tern

atio

nal l

aw,

incl

udin

g th

ose

rela

ting

to te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of S

tate

s.

By

virtu

e of

the

prin

cipl

e of

equ

al r

ight

s an

d se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es, a

ll pe

ople

s al

way

s ha

ve th

e rig

ht, i

n fu

ll fr

eedo

m, t

o de

term

ine,

whe

n an

d as

they

wis

h,

thei

r int

erna

l and

exte

rnal

pol

itica

l sta

tus,

with

out e

xter

nal i

nter

fere

nce,

and

to p

ursu

e as

they

wis

h th

eir p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd cu

ltura

l dev

elop

men

t. [E

mph

asis

adde

d.]

122

As

will

be

seen

, int

erna

tiona

l law

exp

ects

that

the

right

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n w

ill b

e ex

erci

sed

by p

eopl

es w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

exi

stin

g so

vere

ign

stat

es a

nd c

onsi

sten

tly w

ith th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f the

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y of

thos

e sta

tes.

Whe

re th

is is

not

pos

sibl

e, in

the e

xcep

tiona

l ci

rcum

stan

ces d

iscu

ssed

bel

ow, a

righ

t of s

eces

sion

may

aris

e.

(i) D

efin

ing

"Peo

ples

"

123

Inte

rnat

iona

l la

w g

rant

s th

e rig

ht to

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

to "

peop

les"

. A

ccor

ding

ly,

acce

ss to

the

right

requ

ires t

he th

resh

old

step

of c

hara

cter

izin

g as

a p

eopl

e th

e gr

oup

seek

ing

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n. H

owev

er, a

s the

righ

t to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n ha

s dev

elop

ed b

y vi

rtue o

f a co

mbi

natio

n of

int

erna

tiona

l ag

reem

ents

and

con

vent

ions

, co

uple

d w

ith s

tate

pra

ctic

e, w

ith l

ittle

for

mal

el

abor

atio

n of

the

defin

ition

of "

peop

les"

, the

resu

lt ha

s bee

n th

at th

e pr

ecis

e m

eani

ng o

f the

term

"p

eopl

e" re

mai

ns so

mew

hat u

ncer

tain

.

124

It is

cle

ar th

at "

a pe

ople

" m

ay in

clud

e on

ly a

por

tion

of th

e po

pula

tion

of a

n ex

istin

g st

ate.

The

righ

t to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n ha

s dev

elop

ed la

rgel

y as

a hu

man

righ

t, an

d is

gene

rally

use

d in

do

cum

ents

that

sim

ulta

neou

sly

cont

ain

refe

renc

es to

"nat

ion"

and

"sta

te".

The

juxt

apos

ition

of t

hese

te

rms i

s ind

icat

ive

that

the

refe

renc

e to

"peo

ple"

doe

s not

nec

essa

rily

mea

n th

e en

tiret

y of

a st

ate's

po

pula

tion.

To

rest

rict t

he d

efin

ition

of t

he te

rm to

the p

opul

atio

n of

exis

ting

stat

es w

ould

rend

er th

e gr

antin

g of

a ri

ght t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

larg

ely

dupl

icat

ive,

giv

en th

e pa

ralle

l em

phas

is w

ithin

the

maj

ority

of t

he so

urce

doc

umen

ts o

n th

e nee

d to

pro

tect

the t

errit

oria

l int

egrit

y of

exis

ting

stat

es, a

nd

wou

ld fr

ustra

te it

s rem

edia

l pur

pose

.

125

Whi

le m

uch

of th

e Que

bec p

opul

atio

n ce

rtain

ly sh

ares

man

y of

the c

hara

cter

istic

s (su

ch

as a

com

mon

lang

uage

and

cul

ture

) tha

t wou

ld b

e co

nsid

ered

in d

eter

min

ing

whe

ther

a s

peci

fic

grou

p is

a "p

eopl

e", a

s do

othe

r gro

ups w

ithin

Que

bec a

nd/o

r Can

ada,

it is

not

nec

essa

ry to

expl

ore

th

is le

gal c

hara

cter

izat

ion

to re

solv

e Que

stio

n 2

appr

opria

tely

. Sim

ilarly

, it i

s not

nec

essa

ry fo

r the

C

ourt

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er,

shou

ld a

Que

bec

peop

le e

xist

with

in t

he d

efin

ition

of

publ

ic

- 42

-

inte

rnat

iona

l law

, suc

h a

peop

le e

ncom

pass

es th

e en

tiret

y of

the

prov

inci

al p

opul

atio

n or

just

a

porti

on th

ereo

f. N

or is

it n

eces

sary

to e

xam

ine

the

posi

tion

of th

e ab

orig

inal

pop

ulat

ion

with

in

Que

bec.

As t

he fo

llow

ing

disc

ussi

on o

f the

scop

e of t

he ri

ght t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

will

mak

e cle

ar,

wha

teve

r be

the

corr

ect a

pplic

atio

n of

the

defin

ition

of p

eopl

e(s)

in th

is c

onte

xt, t

heir

right

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n ca

nnot

in th

e pr

esen

t circ

umst

ance

s be

said

to g

roun

d a

right

to u

nila

tera

l sec

essi

on.

(ii)

Scop

e of

the

Rig

ht to

Sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

126

The r

ecog

nize

d so

urce

s of i

nter

natio

nal l

aw es

tabl

ish

that

the r

ight

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of a

peo

ple

is n

orm

ally

ful

fille

d th

roug

h in

tern

al s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n --

a p

eopl

e's p

ursu

it of

its

polit

ical

, eco

nom

ic, s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l dev

elop

men

t with

in th

e fr

amew

ork

of a

n ex

istin

g st

ate.

A

right

to ex

tern

al se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

(whi

ch in

this

case

pot

entia

lly ta

kes t

he fo

rm o

f the

asse

rtion

of a

rig

ht to

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

) aris

es in

onl

y th

e mos

t ext

rem

e of c

ases

and,

even

then

, und

er ca

refu

lly

defin

ed c

ircum

stan

ces.

Ext

erna

l sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

can

be d

efin

ed a

s in

the

follo

win

g st

atem

ent

from

the

Dec

lara

tion

on F

rien

dly

Rela

tions

as

[t]he

est

ablis

hmen

t of

a s

over

eign

and

ind

epen

dent

Sta

te,

the

free

ass

ocia

tion

or

inte

grat

ion

with

an

inde

pend

ent S

tate

or t

he e

mer

genc

e in

to a

ny o

ther

pol

itica

l sta

tus

free

ly d

eter

min

ed b

y a

peop

le c

onst

itute

mod

es o

f im

plem

entin

g th

e rig

ht o

f se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

by th

at p

eopl

e. [

Emph

asis

add

ed.]

127

The i

nter

natio

nal l

aw p

rinci

ple o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

has e

volv

ed w

ithin

a fr

amew

ork

of

resp

ect f

or th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of e

xist

ing

stat

es.

The

vario

us in

tern

atio

nal d

ocum

ents

that

su

ppor

t th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

peo

ple's

rig

ht t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

also

con

tain

par

alle

l st

atem

ents

su

ppor

tive o

f the

conc

lusi

on th

at th

e exe

rcis

e of s

uch

a rig

ht m

ust b

e suf

ficie

ntly

lim

ited

to p

reve

nt

thre

ats t

o an

exis

ting

stat

e's te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

or th

e sta

bilit

y of

rela

tions

bet

wee

n so

vere

ign

stat

es.

128

The D

ecla

ratio

n on

Fri

endl

y Rel

atio

ns,t

heVi

enna

Dec

lara

tion

and

the D

ecla

ratio

n on

th

e Occ

asio

n of

the F

iftie

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

are s

peci

fic. T

hey

stat

e, im

med

iate

ly

afte

r aff

irmin

g a p

eopl

e's ri

ght t

o de

term

ine p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd cu

ltura

l iss

ues,

that

such

rig

hts a

re n

ot to

be co

nstru

ed as

auth

oriz

ing

or en

cour

agin

g an

y ac

tion

that

wou

ld d

ism

embe

r or i

mpa

ir,

tota

lly o

r in

part,

the t

errit

oria

l int

egrit

y or

pol

itica

l uni

ty o

f sov

erei

gn an

d in

depe

nden

t St

ates

cond

uctin

g th

emse

lves

in co

mpl

ianc

e with

the p

rinci

ple o

f equ

al ri

ghts

and

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n of

peo

ples

and

thus

pos

sess

ed o

f a G

over

nmen

t rep

rese

ntin

g th

e w

hole

pe

ople

bel

ongi

ng to

the

terr

itory

with

out d

istin

ctio

n. .

. . [

Emph

asis

add

ed.]

129

Sim

ilarly

, w

hile

the

con

clud

ing

docu

men

t of

the

Vie

nna

Mee

ting

in 1

989

of t

he

Con

fere

nce

on S

ecur

ity a

nd C

o-op

erat

ion

in E

urop

e o

n th

e fo

llow

-up

to th

e H

elsi

nki F

inal

Act

ag

ain

refe

rs to

peo

ples

hav

ing

the

right

to d

eter

min

e "t

heir

inte

rnal

and

ext

erna

l pol

itica

l sta

tus"

(e

mph

asis

add

ed),

that

sta

tem

ent

is i

mm

edia

tely

fol

low

ed b

y ex

pres

s re

cogn

ition

tha

t th

e

296

- 43

-

parti

cipa

ting

stat

es w

ill a

t all

times

act

, as s

tate

d in

the

Hel

sink

i Fin

al A

ct, "

in c

onfo

rmity

with

the

purp

oses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f th

e C

harte

r of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

and

with

the

rel

evan

t no

rms

of

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w, i

nclu

ding

tho

se r

elat

ing

to t

errit

oria

l in

tegr

ity o

f St

ates

" (

emph

asis

add

ed).

Pr

inci

ple

5 of

the

conc

ludi

ng d

ocum

ent s

tate

s tha

t the

par

ticip

atin

g st

ates

(inc

ludi

ng C

anad

a):

. . .

conf

irm th

eir c

omm

itmen

t stri

ctly

and

eff

ectiv

ely

to o

bser

ve th

e pr

inci

ple

of th

e te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of S

tate

s. T

hey

will

refr

ain

from

any

vio

latio

n of

this

prin

cipl

e an

d th

us fr

om an

y ac

tion

aim

ed b

y di

rect

or i

ndire

ct m

eans

, in

cont

rave

ntio

n of

the p

urpo

ses

and

prin

cipl

es o

f the

Cha

rter o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, oth

er o

blig

atio

ns u

nder

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w o

r the

pro

visi

ons o

f the

[Hel

sink

i] Fi

nal A

ct, a

t vi

olat

ing

the

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y,

polit

ical

inde

pend

ence

or t

he u

nity

of a

Sta

te. N

o ac

tions

or s

ituat

ions

in co

ntra

vent

ion

of th

is p

rinci

ple

will

be

reco

gniz

ed a

s le

gal b

y th

e pa

rtici

patin

g St

ates

. [E

mph

asis

ad

ded.

]

Acc

ordi

ngly

, the

refe

renc

e in

the

Hel

sink

i Fin

al A

ct to

a p

eopl

e de

term

inin

g its

ext

erna

l pol

itica

l st

atus

is

inte

rpre

ted

to m

ean

the

expr

essi

on o

f a

peop

le's

exte

rnal

pol

itica

l st

atus

thr

ough

the

go

vern

men

t of t

he e

xist

ing

stat

e, sa

ve in

the e

xcep

tiona

l circ

umst

ance

s dis

cuss

ed b

elow

. A

s not

ed

by C

asse

se, s

upra

, at p

. 287

, giv

en th

e his

tory

and

text

ual s

truct

ure o

f thi

s doc

umen

t, its

refe

renc

e to

exte

rnal

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n si

mpl

y m

eans

that

"no

terri

toria

l or o

ther

chan

ge ca

n be

bro

ught

abou

t by

the

cent

ral a

utho

ritie

s of a

Sta

te th

at is

con

trary

to th

e w

ill o

f the

who

le p

eopl

e of

that

Sta

te".

130

Whi

le th

e In

tern

atio

nal C

oven

ant o

n Ec

onom

ic, S

ocia

l and

Cul

tura

l Rig

hts

and

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cov

enan

t on

Civ

il an

d Po

litic

al R

ight

s do

not s

peci

fical

ly re

fer t

o th

e pr

otec

tion

of

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y, th

ey b

oth

defin

e th

e am

bit o

f the

righ

t to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n in

term

s th

at a

re

norm

ally

atta

inab

le w

ithin

the f

ram

ewor

k of

an ex

istin

g st

ate.

The

re is

no

nece

ssar

y in

com

patib

ility

be

twee

n th

e mai

nten

ance

of t

he te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

of ex

istin

g sta

tes,

incl

udin

g C

anad

a, an

d th

e rig

ht

of a

"peo

ple"

to ac

hiev

e a fu

ll m

easu

re o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion.

A st

ate w

hose

gov

ernm

ent r

epre

sent

s th

e w

hole

of t

he p

eopl

e or

peo

ples

resi

dent

with

in it

s ter

ritor

y, o

n a

basi

s of e

qual

ity a

nd w

ithou

t di

scrim

inat

ion,

and

resp

ects

the p

rinci

ples

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n in

its o

wn

inte

rnal

arra

ngem

ents

, is

entit

led

to th

e pr

otec

tion

unde

r int

erna

tiona

l law

of i

ts te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity.

(iii)

Col

onia

l and

Opp

ress

ed P

eopl

es

131

Acc

ordi

ngly

, the

gen

eral

sta

te o

f in

tern

atio

nal l

aw w

ith r

espe

ct to

the

right

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n is

that

the

right

ope

rate

s w

ithin

the

over

ridin

g pr

otec

tion

gran

ted

to th

e te

rrito

rial

inte

grity

of "

pare

nt" s

tate

s. H

owev

er, a

s not

ed b

y C

asse

se, s

upra

, at p

. 334

, the

re ar

e cer

tain

def

ined

co

ntex

ts w

ithin

whi

ch th

e rig

ht to

the

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n of

peo

ples

doe

s al

low

that

righ

t to

be

exer

cise

d "e

xter

nally

", w

hich

, in

the

cont

ext o

f thi

s Ref

eren

ce, w

ould

pot

entia

lly m

ean

sece

ssio

n:

. . . t

he ri

ght t

o ex

tern

al se

lf-de

term

inat

ion,

whi

ch en

tails

the p

ossi

bilit

y of

choo

sing

(or

rest

orin

g) in

depe

nden

ce, h

as o

nly

been

bes

tow

ed u

pon

two

clas

ses

of p

eopl

es (t

hose

un

der c

olon

ial r

ule o

r for

eign

occ

upat

ion)

, bas

ed u

pon

the a

ssum

ptio

n th

at b

oth

clas

ses

mak

e up

entit

ies t

hat a

re in

here

ntly

dis

tinct

from

the c

olon

ialis

t Pow

er an

d th

e occ

upan

t

- 44

-

Pow

er a

nd t

hat

thei

r 'te

rrito

rial

inte

grity

', al

l bu

t de

stro

yed

by t

he c

olon

ialis

t or

oc

cupy

ing

Pow

er, s

houl

d be

fully

rest

ored

. . .

.

132

The

right

of c

olon

ial p

eopl

es to

exe

rcis

e th

eir r

ight

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

by b

reak

ing

away

from

the

"im

peria

l" p

ower

is n

ow u

ndis

pute

d, b

ut is

irre

leva

nt to

this

Ref

eren

ce.

133

The

othe

r cl

ear

case

whe

re a

rig

ht to

ext

erna

l sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

accr

ues

is w

here

a

peop

le is

subj

ect t

o al

ien

subj

ugat

ion,

dom

inat

ion

or e

xplo

itatio

n ou

tsid

e a

colo

nial

con

text

. Thi

s re

cogn

ition

find

s its

root

s in

the

Dec

lara

tion

on F

rien

dly

Rela

tions

:

Ever

y St

ate h

as th

e dut

y to

pro

mot

e, th

roug

h jo

int a

nd se

para

te ac

tion,

real

izat

ion

of th

e pr

inci

ple

of e

qual

rig

hts

and

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n of

peo

ples

, in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he C

harte

r, an

d to

rend

er as

sist

ance

to th

e Uni

ted

Nat

ions

in ca

rryi

ng o

ut

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

entru

sted

to it

by

the

Cha

rter r

egar

ding

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

prin

cipl

e, in

ord

er:

(a) T

o pr

omot

e fr

iend

ly re

latio

ns a

nd c

o-op

erat

ion

amon

g St

ates

; and

(b) T

o br

ing

a spe

edy

end

to co

loni

alis

m, h

avin

g du

e reg

ard

to th

e fre

ely

expr

esse

d w

ill o

f the

peo

ples

con

cern

ed;

and

bear

ing

in m

ind

that

sub

ject

ion

of p

eopl

es to

alie

n su

bjug

atio

n, d

omin

atio

n an

d ex

ploi

tatio

n co

nstit

utes

a v

iola

tion

of th

e pr

inci

ple,

as w

ell a

s a d

enia

l of f

unda

men

tal

hum

an ri

ghts

, and

is c

ontra

ry to

the

Cha

rter.

134

A n

umbe

r of c

omm

enta

tors

hav

e fur

ther

asse

rted

that

the r

ight

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

may

gr

ound

a ri

ght t

o un

ilate

ral s

eces

sion

in a

third

circ

umst

ance

. Alth

ough

this

third

circ

umst

ance

has

be

en d

escr

ibed

in se

vera

l way

s, th

e und

erly

ing

prop

ositi

on is

that

, whe

n a p

eopl

e is b

lock

ed fr

om th

e m

eani

ngfu

l exe

rcis

e of

its

right

to s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n in

tern

ally

, it i

s en

title

d, a

s a

last

res

ort,

to

exer

cise

it b

y se

cess

ion.

The

Vie

nna

Dec

lara

tion

requ

irem

ent t

hat g

over

nmen

ts re

pres

ent "

the w

hole

pe

ople

bel

ongi

ng to

the t

errit

ory

with

out d

istin

ctio

n of

any

kind

" add

s cre

denc

e to

the a

sser

tion

that

su

ch a

com

plet

e bl

ocka

ge m

ay p

oten

tially

giv

e ris

e to

a ri

ght o

f sec

essi

on.

135

Cle

arly

, suc

h a

circ

umst

ance

par

alle

ls th

e ot

her t

wo

reco

gniz

ed s

ituat

ions

in th

at th

e ab

ility

of a

peo

ple

to e

xerc

ise

its ri

ght t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

inte

rnal

ly is

som

ehow

bei

ng to

tally

fr

ustra

ted.

Whi

le it

rem

ains

unc

lear

whe

ther

this

third

pro

posi

tion

actu

ally

refle

cts a

n es

tabl

ishe

d in

tern

atio

nal l

aw st

anda

rd, i

t is u

nnec

essa

ry fo

r pre

sent

pur

pose

s to

mak

e tha

t det

erm

inat

ion.

Eve

n as

sum

ing

that

the

third

circ

umst

ance

is s

uffic

ient

to c

reat

e a

right

to u

nila

tera

l sec

essi

on u

nder

in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, t

he cu

rren

t Que

bec c

onte

xt ca

nnot

be s

aid

to ap

proa

ch su

ch a

thre

shol

d. A

s sta

ted

by th

e am

icus

cur

iae,

Add

endu

m to

the

fact

um o

f the

am

icus

cur

iae,

at p

aras

. 15-

16:

297

- 45

-

[ TR

AN

SLA

TIO

N]

15.

The

Que

bec

peop

le is

not

the

vict

im o

f at

tack

s on

its

phys

ical

ex

iste

nce

or in

tegr

ity, o

r of a

mas

sive

vio

latio

n of

its f

unda

men

tal r

ight

s. T

he Q

uebe

c pe

ople

is m

anife

stly

not

, in

the

opin

ion

of th

e am

icus

cur

iae,

an

oppr

esse

d pe

ople

.

16.

For

clos

e to

40

of th

e la

st 5

0 ye

ars,

the

Prim

e M

inis

ter

of C

anad

a ha

s be

en a

Q

uebe

cer.

Dur

ing

this

per

iod,

Que

bece

rs h

ave

held

fro

m ti

me

to ti

me

all t

he m

ost

impo

rtant

pos

ition

s in

the

fede

ral C

abin

et.

Dur

ing

the

8 ye

ars p

rior t

o Ju

ne 1

997,

the

Prim

e M

inis

ter a

nd th

e Le

ader

of t

he O

ffic

ial O

ppos

ition

in th

e H

ouse

of C

omm

ons

wer

e bot

h Q

uebe

cers

. At p

rese

nt, t

he P

rime M

inis

ter o

f Can

ada,

the R

ight

Hon

oura

ble

Chi

ef Ju

stic

e an

d tw

o ot

her m

embe

rs o

f the

Cou

rt, th

e C

hief

of S

taff

of t

he C

anad

ian

Arm

ed F

orce

s an

d th

e C

anad

ian

amba

ssad

or to

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es, n

ot to

men

tion

the

Dep

uty

Secr

etar

y-G

ener

al o

f the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, are

all

Que

bece

rs.

The

inte

rnat

iona

l ac

hiev

emen

ts o

f Que

bece

rs in

mos

t fie

lds o

f hum

an en

deav

our a

re to

o nu

mer

ous t

o lis

t. S

ince

the d

ynam

ism

of t

he Q

uebe

c peo

ple h

as b

een

dire

cted

tow

ard

the b

usin

ess s

ecto

r, it

has b

een

clea

rly su

cces

sful

in Q

uebe

c, th

e re

st o

f Can

ada

and

abro

ad.

136

The

popu

latio

n of

Que

bec c

anno

t pla

usib

ly b

e sa

id to

be

deni

ed a

cces

s to

gove

rnm

ent.

Que

bece

rs o

ccup

y pr

omin

ent p

ositi

ons w

ithin

the g

over

nmen

t of C

anad

a. R

esid

ents

of t

he p

rovi

nce

free

ly m

ake p

oliti

cal c

hoic

es an

d pu

rsue

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd cu

ltura

l dev

elop

men

t with

in Q

uebe

c,

acro

ss C

anad

a, a

nd th

roug

hout

the

wor

ld. T

he p

opul

atio

n of

Que

bec

is e

quita

bly

repr

esen

ted

in

legi

slat

ive,

exe

cutiv

e an

d ju

dici

al i

nstit

utio

ns.

In s

hort,

to

refle

ct t

he p

hras

eolo

gy o

f t

he

inte

rnat

iona

l do

cum

ents

tha

t ad

dres

s th

e rig

ht t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es,

Can

ada

is a

"s

over

eign

and

inde

pend

ent s

tate

con

duct

ing

itsel

f in

com

plia

nce

with

the

prin

cipl

e of

equ

al ri

ghts

an

d se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es an

d th

us p

osse

ssed

of a

gov

ernm

ent r

epre

sent

ing

the w

hole

peo

ple

belo

ngin

g to

the

terr

itory

with

out d

istin

ctio

n".

137

The

cont

inui

ng fa

ilure

to re

ach

agre

emen

t on

amen

dmen

ts to

the

Con

stitu

tion,

whi

le a

m

atte

r of c

once

rn, d

oes n

ot am

ount

to a

deni

al o

f sel

f-de

term

inat

ion.

In

the a

bsen

ce o

f am

endm

ents

to

the

Can

adia

n C

onst

itutio

n, w

e m

ust l

ook

at th

e co

nstit

utio

nal a

rran

gem

ents

pre

sent

ly in

eff

ect,

and

we

cann

ot co

nclu

de u

nder

cur

rent

circ

umst

ance

s tha

t tho

se ar

rang

emen

ts p

lace

Que

bece

rs in

a di

sadv

anta

ged

posi

tion

with

in th

e sc

ope

of th

e in

tern

atio

nal l

aw ru

le.

138

In

sum

mar

y, th

e int

erna

tiona

l law

righ

t to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n on

ly g

ener

ates

, at b

est,

a ri

ght t

o ex

tern

al se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

in si

tuat

ions

of f

orm

er co

loni

es; w

here

a pe

ople

is o

ppre

ssed

, as

for e

xam

ple u

nder

fore

ign

mili

tary

occ

upat

ion;

or w

here

a de

finab

le g

roup

is d

enie

d m

eani

ngfu

l ac

cess

to g

over

nmen

t to

purs

ue th

eir p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd c

ultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent.

In a

ll th

ree

situ

atio

ns, t

he p

eopl

e in

ques

tion

are e

ntitl

ed to

a rig

ht to

exte

rnal

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n be

caus

e th

ey h

ave

been

den

ied

the

abili

ty t

o ex

ert

inte

rnal

ly t

heir

right

to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n.

Such

ex

cept

iona

l ci

rcum

stan

ces

are

man

ifest

ly i

napp

licab

le t

o Q

uebe

c un

der

exis

ting

cond

ition

s.

Acc

ordi

ngly

, nei

ther

the

popu

latio

n of

the

prov

ince

of Q

uebe

c, e

ven

if ch

arac

teriz

ed in

term

s of

"p

eopl

e" o

r "pe

ople

s",

nor i

ts re

pres

enta

tive

inst

itutio

ns, t

he N

atio

nal A

ssem

bly,

the l

egis

latu

re o

r go

vern

men

t of Q

uebe

c, p

osse

ss a

right

, und

er in

tern

atio

nal l

aw, t

o se

cede

uni

late

rally

from

Can

ada.

- 46

-

139

We

wou

ld n

ot w

ish

to l

eave

thi

s as

pect

of

our

answ

er t

o Q

uest

ion

2 w

ithou

t ac

know

ledg

ing

the i

mpo

rtanc

e of t

he su

bmis

sion

s mad

e to

us re

spec

ting

the r

ight

s and

conc

erns

of

abor

igin

al p

eopl

es in

the e

vent

of a

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion,

as w

ell a

s the

appr

opria

te m

eans

of d

efin

ing

the b

ound

arie

s of a

sece

ding

Que

bec w

ith p

artic

ular

rega

rd to

the n

orth

ern

land

s occ

upie

d la

rgel

y by

ab

orig

inal

peo

ples

. How

ever

, the

conc

ern

of ab

orig

inal

peo

ples

is p

reci

pita

ted

by th

e ass

erte

d rig

ht

of Q

uebe

c to

unila

tera

l sec

essi

on. I

n lig

ht o

f our

find

ing

that

ther

e is n

o su

ch ri

ght a

pplic

able

to th

e po

pula

tion

of Q

uebe

c, ei

ther

und

er th

e Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a or a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

, but

that

on

the

cont

rary

a cl

ear d

emoc

ratic

expr

essi

on o

f sup

port

for s

eces

sion

wou

ld le

ad u

nder

the C

onst

itutio

n to

ne

gotia

tions

in w

hich

abo

rigin

al in

tere

sts w

ould

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt, i

t bec

omes

unn

eces

sary

to

expl

ore

furth

er th

e co

ncer

ns o

f the

abo

rigin

al p

eopl

es in

this

Ref

eren

ce.

(2)

Rec

ogni

tion

of a

Fac

tual

/Pol

itica

l Rea

lity:

the

"Ef

fect

ivity

" Pr

inci

ple

140

As s

tate

d, a

n ar

gum

ent a

dvan

ced

by th

e am

icus

cur

iae

on th

is b

ranc

h of

the

Ref

eren

ce

was

that

, whi

le in

tern

atio

nal l

aw m

ay n

ot g

roun

d a

posi

tive

right

to u

nila

tera

l sec

essi

on in

the

cont

ext o

f Que

bec,

inte

rnat

iona

l law

equ

ally

doe

s not

pro

hibi

t sec

essi

on a

nd, i

n fa

ct, i

nter

natio

nal

reco

gniti

on w

ould

be

conf

erre

d on

such

a p

oliti

cal r

ealit

y if

it em

erge

d, fo

r exa

mpl

e, v

ia e

ffec

tive

cont

rol o

f the

terr

itory

of w

hat i

s now

the

prov

ince

of Q

uebe

c.

141

It is

true

that

inte

rnat

iona

l law

may

wel

l, de

pend

ing

on th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces,

adap

t to

reco

gniz

e a

polit

ical

and

/or

fact

ual r

ealit

y, r

egar

dles

s of

the

lega

lity

of th

e st

eps

lead

ing

to it

s cr

eatio

n. H

owev

er,

as m

entio

ned

at t

he o

utse

t, ef

fect

ivity

, as

suc

h, d

oes

not

have

any

rea

l ap

plic

abili

ty to

Que

stio

n 2,

whi

ch a

sks w

heth

er a

righ

t to

unila

tera

l sec

essi

on e

xist

s.

142

No

one

doub

ts t

hat

lega

l co

nseq

uenc

es m

ay f

low

fro

m p

oliti

cal

fact

s, an

d th

at

"sov

erei

gnty

is

a po

litic

al f

act

for

whi

ch n

o pu

rely

leg

al a

utho

rity

can

be c

onst

itute

d .

. ."

, H

. W. R

. Wad

e, "T

he B

asis

of L

egal

Sov

erei

gnty

", [1

955]

Cam

b. L

.J. 1

72, a

t p. 1

96. S

eces

sion

of a

pr

ovin

ce fr

om C

anad

a, if

suc

cess

ful i

n th

e st

reet

s, m

ight

wel

l lea

d to

the

crea

tion

of a

new

sta

te.

Alth

ough

rec

ogni

tion

by o

ther

sta

tes

is n

ot, a

t lea

st a

s a

mat

ter

of th

eory

, nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

st

ateh

ood,

the

viab

ility

of a

wou

ld-b

e st

ate

in th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

omm

unity

dep

ends

, as a

pra

ctic

al

mat

ter,

upo

n re

cogn

ition

by

othe

r sta

tes.

Tha

t pro

cess

of r

ecog

nitio

n is

gui

ded

by le

gal n

orm

s.

How

ever

, int

erna

tiona

l rec

ogni

tion

is n

ot a

lone

con

stitu

tive

of s

tate

hood

and

, crit

ical

ly, d

oes

not

rela

te b

ack

to th

e da

te o

f sec

essi

on to

serv

e re

troac

tivel

y as

a so

urce

of a

"leg

al" r

ight

to se

cede

in

the f

irst p

lace

. Rec

ogni

tion

occu

rs o

nly

afte

r a te

rrito

rial u

nit h

as b

een

succ

essf

ul, a

s a p

oliti

cal f

act,

in a

chie

ving

sece

ssio

n.

143

As

indi

cate

d in

res

pond

ing

to Q

uest

ion

1, o

ne o

f th

e le

gal

norm

s w

hich

may

be

reco

gniz

ed b

y st

ates

in g

rant

ing

or w

ithho

ldin

g re

cogn

ition

of e

mer

gent

stat

es is

the

legi

timac

y of

th

e pr

oces

s by

whi

ch th

e de

fact

o se

cess

ion

is, o

r was

, bei

ng p

ursu

ed.

The

proc

ess o

f rec

ogni

tion,

on

ce co

nsid

ered

to b

e an

exer

cise

of p

ure s

over

eign

dis

cret

ion,

has

com

e to

be as

soci

ated

with

lega

l no

rms.

See

, e.g

., E

urop

ean

Com

mun

ity D

ecla

ratio

n on

the

Gui

delin

es o

n th

e Re

cogn

ition

of N

ew

Stat

es in

Eas

tern

Eur

ope a

nd in

the S

ovie

t Uni

on, 3

1 I.L

.M. 1

486

(199

2), a

t p. 1

487.

Whi

le n

atio

nal

inte

rest

and

perc

eive

d po

litic

al ad

vant

age t

o th

e rec

ogni

zing

stat

e obv

ious

ly p

lay

an im

porta

nt ro

le,

298

- 47

-

fore

ign

sta

tes

may

als

o ta

ke i

nto

acco

unt

thei

r vi

ew a

s to

the

exi

sten

ce o

f a

right

to

self-

dete

rmin

atio

n on

the

par

t of

the

pop

ulat

ion

of t

he p

utat

ive

stat

e, a

nd a

cou

nter

part

dom

estic

ev

alua

tion,

nam

ely,

an ex

amin

atio

n of

the l

egal

ity o

f the

sece

ssio

n ac

cord

ing

to th

e law

of t

he st

ate

from

whi

ch th

e ter

ritor

ial u

nit p

urpo

rts to

hav

e sec

eded

. As w

e ind

icat

ed in

our

answ

er to

Que

stio

n 1,

an

emer

gent

stat

e th

at h

as d

isre

gard

ed le

gitim

ate

oblig

atio

ns a

risin

g ou

t of i

ts p

revi

ous s

ituat

ion

can

pote

ntia

lly ex

pect

to b

e hin

dere

d by

that

dis

rega

rd in

achi

evin

g in

tern

atio

nal r

ecog

nitio

n, at

leas

t w

ith r

espe

ct to

the

timin

g of

that

rec

ogni

tion.

O

n th

e ot

her

hand

, com

plia

nce

by th

e se

cedi

ng

prov

ince

with

such

legi

timat

e ob

ligat

ions

wou

ld w

eigh

in fa

vour

of i

nter

natio

nal r

ecog

nitio

n. T

he

notio

n th

at w

hat i

s no

t exp

licitl

y pr

ohib

ited

is im

plic

itly

perm

itted

has

littl

e re

leva

nce

whe

re (a

s he

re) i

nter

natio

nal l

aw re

fers

the l

egal

ity o

f sec

essi

on to

the d

omes

tic la

w o

f the

sece

ding

stat

e and

th

e la

w o

f tha

t sta

te h

olds

uni

late

ral s

eces

sion

to b

e un

cons

titut

iona

l.

144

As a

cour

t of l

aw, w

e are

ulti

mat

ely

conc

erne

d on

ly w

ith le

gal c

laim

s. If

the p

rinci

ple o

f "e

ffec

tivity

" is

no

mor

e th

an th

at "

succ

essf

ul re

volu

tion

bege

ts it

s ow

n le

galit

y" (S

. A. d

e Sm

ith,

"Con

stitu

tiona

l Law

yers

in R

evol

utio

nary

Situ

atio

ns"

(196

8), 7

Wes

t. O

nt. L

. Rev

. 93,

at p

. 96)

, it

nece

ssar

ily m

eans

tha

t le

galit

y fo

llow

s an

d do

es n

ot p

rece

de t

he s

ucce

ssfu

l re

volu

tion.

Ex

hypo

thes

i, th

e su

cces

sful

rev

olut

ion

took

pla

ce o

utsi

de t

he c

onst

itutio

nal

fram

ewor

k of

the

pr

edec

esso

r st

ate,

oth

erw

ise

it w

ould

not

be

char

acte

rized

as

"a r

evol

utio

n".

It m

ay b

e th

at a

un

ilate

ral s

eces

sion

by

Que

bec

wou

ld e

vent

ually

be

acco

rded

lega

l sta

tus

by C

anad

a an

d ot

her

stat

es, a

nd th

us g

ive r

ise t

o le

gal c

onse

quen

ces;

but

this

doe

s not

supp

ort t

he m

ore r

adic

al co

nten

tion

that

sub

sequ

ent

reco

gniti

on o

f a

stat

e of

aff

airs

bro

ught

abo

ut b

y a

unila

tera

l de

clar

atio

n of

in

depe

nden

ce c

ould

be

take

n to

mea

n th

at se

cess

ion

was

ach

ieve

d un

der c

olou

r of a

lega

l rig

ht.

145

An

argu

men

t was

mad

e to

anal

ogiz

e the

prin

cipl

e of e

ffect

ivity

with

the s

econ

d as

pect

of

the r

ule o

f law

iden

tifie

d by

this

Cou

rt in

the M

anito

ba L

angu

age R

ight

s Ref

eren

ce,s

upra

, at p

. 753

, na

mel

y, a

void

ance

of a

lega

l vac

uum

. In

that

Ref

eren

ce, i

t will

be

reca

lled,

this

Cou

rt de

clin

ed to

st

rike d

own

all o

f Man

itoba

's le

gisl

atio

n fo

r its

failu

re to

com

ply

with

cons

titut

iona

l dic

tate

s, ou

t of

conc

ern

that

this

wou

ld le

ave

the

prov

ince

in a

stat

e of

cha

os.

In so

doi

ng, w

e re

cogn

ized

that

the

rule

of

law

is

a co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

e w

hich

per

mits

the

cou

rts t

o ad

dres

s th

e pr

actic

al

cons

eque

nces

of

thei

r ac

tions

, par

ticul

arly

in c

onst

itutio

nal c

ases

. Th

e si

mila

rity

betw

een

that

pr

inci

ple

and

the

prin

cipl

e of

eff

ectiv

ity, i

t was

arg

ued,

is th

at b

oth

atte

mpt

to re

fash

ion

the

law

to

mee

t soc

ial r

ealit

y. H

owev

er, n

othi

ng o

f our

con

cern

in th

e M

anito

ba L

angu

age

Righ

ts R

efer

ence

abou

t the

sev

ere

prac

tical

con

sequ

ence

s of

unc

onst

itutio

nalit

y af

fect

ed o

ur c

oncl

usio

n th

at, a

s a

mat

ter

of la

w, a

ll M

anito

ba le

gisl

atio

n at

issu

e in

that

cas

e w

as u

ncon

stitu

tiona

l. T

he C

ourt'

s de

clar

atio

n of

unc

onst

itutio

nalit

y w

as c

lear

and

una

mbi

guou

s. T

he C

ourt'

s co

ncer

n w

ith

mai

nten

ance

of t

he ru

le o

f law

was

dire

cted

in it

s rel

evan

t asp

ect t

o th

e app

ropr

iate

rem

edy,

whi

ch in

th

at ca

se w

as to

susp

end

the d

ecla

ratio

n of

inva

lidity

to p

erm

it ap

prop

riate

rect

ifica

tion

to ta

ke p

lace

.

146

The p

rinci

ple o

f eff

ectiv

ity o

pera

tes v

ery

diff

eren

tly. I

t pro

clai

ms t

hat a

n ill

egal

act m

ay

even

tual

ly a

cqui

re le

gal s

tatu

s if,

as a

mat

ter o

f em

piric

al fa

ct, i

t is r

ecog

nize

d on

the

inte

rnat

iona

l pl

ane.

Our

law

has

long

reco

gniz

ed th

at th

roug

h a c

ombi

natio

n of

acqu

iesc

ence

and

pres

crip

tion,

an

illeg

al ac

t may

at so

me l

ater

poi

nt b

e acc

orde

d so

me f

orm

of l

egal

stat

us. I

n th

e law

of p

rope

rty, f

or

exam

ple,

it is

wel

l kno

wn

that

a sq

uatte

r on

land

may

ulti

mat

ely

beco

me t

he o

wne

r if t

he tr

ue o

wne

r sl

eeps

on

his o

r her

righ

t to

repo

sses

s th

e la

nd. I

n th

is w

ay, a

cha

nge

in th

e fa

ctua

l circ

umst

ance

s

- 48

-

may

sub

sequ

ently

be

refle

cted

in a

cha

nge

in le

gal s

tatu

s. It

is, h

owev

er, q

uite

ano

ther

mat

ter t

o su

gges

t tha

t a su

bseq

uent

cond

onat

ion

of an

initi

all y

ille

gal a

ct re

troac

tivel

y cr

eate

s a le

gal r

ight

to

enga

ge in

the

act i

n th

e fir

st p

lace

. Th

e br

oade

r con

tent

ion

is n

ot s

uppo

rted

by th

e in

tern

atio

nal

prin

cipl

e of

eff

ectiv

ity o

r oth

erw

ise

and

mus

t be

reje

cted

.

C

. Q

uest

ion

3 In th

e ev

ent o

f a c

onfli

ct b

etw

een

dom

estic

and

inte

rnat

iona

l law

on

the

right

of t

he

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y, le

gisl

atur

e or

gov

ernm

ent o

f Q

uebe

c to

eff

ect t

he s

eces

sion

of

Que

bec

from

Can

ada

unila

tera

lly, w

hich

wou

ld ta

ke p

rece

denc

e in

Can

ada?

147

In v

iew

of o

ur a

nsw

ers t

o Q

uest

ions

1 a

nd 2

, the

re is

no

conf

lict b

etw

een

dom

estic

and

inte

rnat

iona

l law

to b

e ad

dres

sed

in th

e co

ntex

t of t

his R

efer

ence

.

IV.

Sum

mar

y of

Con

clus

ions

148

As s

tate

d at

the o

utse

t, th

is R

efer

ence

has

requ

ired

us to

cons

ider

mom

ento

us q

uest

ions

th

at g

o to

the

hear

t of

our

syst

em o

f co

nstit

utio

nal g

over

nmen

t. W

e ha

ve e

mph

asiz

ed th

at th

e C

onst

itutio

n is

mor

e tha

n a w

ritte

n te

xt. I

t em

brac

es th

e ent

ire g

loba

l sys

tem

of r

ules

and

prin

cipl

es

whi

ch g

over

n th

e exe

rcis

e of c

onst

itutio

nal a

utho

rity.

A su

perfi

cial

read

ing

of se

lect

ed p

rovi

sions

of

the

writ

ten

cons

titut

iona

l ena

ctm

ent,

with

out m

ore,

may

be

mis

lead

ing.

It i

s nec

essa

ry to

mak

e a

mor

e pro

foun

d in

vest

igat

ion

of th

e und

erly

ing

prin

cipl

es th

at an

imat

e the

who

le o

f our

Con

stitu

tion,

in

clud

ing

the p

rinci

ples

of f

eder

alis

m, d

emoc

racy

, con

stitu

tiona

lism

and

the r

ule o

f law

, and

resp

ect

for m

inor

ities

. Tho

se p

rinci

ples

mus

t inf

orm

our

ove

rall

appr

ecia

tion

of th

e con

stitu

tiona

l rig

hts a

nd

oblig

atio

ns th

at w

ould

com

e in

to p

lay

in th

e ev

ent a

cle

ar m

ajor

ity o

f Que

bece

rs v

otes

on

a cl

ear

ques

tion

in fa

vour

of s

eces

sion

.

149

The R

efer

ence

requ

ires u

s to

cons

ider

whe

ther

Que

bec h

as a

right

to u

nila

tera

l sec

essio

n.

Tho

se w

ho s

uppo

rt th

e ex

iste

nce

of s

uch

a rig

ht f

ound

thei

r ca

se p

rimar

ily o

n th

e pr

inci

ple

of

dem

ocra

cy.

Dem

ocra

cy, h

owev

er, m

eans

mor

e th

an s

impl

e m

ajor

ity r

ule.

A

s re

flect

ed in

our

co

nstit

utio

nal j

uris

prud

ence

, dem

ocra

cy e

xist

s in

the

larg

er c

onte

xt o

f oth

er c

onst

itutio

nal v

alue

s su

ch as

thos

e alre

ady

men

tione

d. I

n th

e 131

yea

rs si

nce C

onfe

dera

tion,

the p

eopl

e of t

he p

rovi

nces

an

d te

rrito

ries

have

cre

ated

clo

se ti

es o

f int

erde

pend

ence

(eco

nom

ical

ly, s

ocia

lly, p

oliti

cally

and

cu

ltura

lly) b

ased

on

shar

ed v

alue

s tha

t inc

lude

fede

ralis

m, d

emoc

racy

, con

stitu

tiona

lism

and

the r

ule

of la

w, a

nd re

spec

t for

min

oriti

es. A

dem

ocra

tic d

ecis

ion

of Q

uebe

cers

in fa

vour

of s

eces

sion

wou

ld

put t

hose

rela

tions

hips

at r

isk.

The

Con

stitu

tion

vouc

hsaf

es o

rder

and

sta

bilit

y, a

nd a

ccor

ding

ly

sece

ssio

n of

a pr

ovin

ce "u

nder

the C

onst

itutio

n" co

uld

not b

e ach

ieve

d un

ilate

rally

, tha

t is,

with

out

prin

cipl

ed n

egot

iatio

n w

ith o

ther

par

ticip

ants

in C

onfe

dera

tion

with

in th

e ex

istin

g co

nstit

utio

nal

fram

ewor

k.

150

The

Con

stitu

tion

is n

ot a

stra

itjac

ket.

Eve

n a

brie

f rev

iew

of o

ur c

onst

itutio

nal h

isto

ry

dem

onst

rate

s per

iods

of m

omen

tous

and

dra

mat

ic c

hang

e. O

ur d

emoc

ratic

inst

itutio

ns n

eces

saril

y ac

com

mod

ate

a co

ntin

uous

pro

cess

of

disc

ussi

on a

nd e

volu

tion,

whi

ch i

s re

flect

ed i

n th

e co

nstit

utio

nal r

ight

of e

ach

parti

cipa

nt in

the f

eder

atio

n to

initi

ate c

onst

itutio

nal c

hang

e. T

his r

ight

299

- 49

-

impl

ies a

reci

proc

al d

uty

on th

e oth

er p

artic

ipan

ts to

enga

ge in

dis

cuss

ions

to ad

dres

s any

legi

timat

e in

itiat

ive

to c

hang

e th

e co

nstit

utio

nal o

rder

. W

hile

it is

true

that

som

e at

tem

pts

at c

onst

itutio

nal

amen

dmen

t in

rece

nt y

ears

hav

e fa

ltere

d, a

cle

ar m

ajor

ity v

ote

in Q

uebe

c on

a c

lear

que

stio

n in

fa

vour

of s

eces

sion

wou

ld c

onfe

r dem

ocra

tic le

gitim

acy

on th

e sec

essi

on in

itiat

ive w

hich

all o

f the

ot

her p

artic

ipan

ts in

Con

fede

ratio

n w

ould

hav

e to

reco

gniz

e.

151

Q

uebe

c cou

ld n

ot, d

espi

te a

clea

r ref

eren

dum

resu

lt, p

urpo

rt to

invo

ke a

right

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n to

dic

tate

the t

erm

s of a

pro

pose

d se

cess

ion

to th

e oth

er p

artie

s to

the f

eder

atio

n. T

he

dem

ocra

tic v

ote,

by

how

ever

stro

ng a

maj

ority

, wou

ld h

ave n

o le

gal e

ffec

t on

its o

wn

and

coul

d no

t pu

sh a

side

the

prin

cipl

es o

f fed

eral

ism

and

the

rule

of l

aw, t

he ri

ghts

of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

nd m

inor

ities

, or

the

oper

atio

n of

dem

ocra

cy in

the

othe

r pro

vinc

es o

r in

Can

ada

as a

who

le.

Dem

ocra

tic ri

ghts

un

der t

he C

onst

itutio

n ca

nnot

be

divo

rced

from

con

stitu

tiona

l obl

igat

ions

. N

or, h

owev

er, c

an th

e re

vers

e pr

opos

ition

be

acce

pted

. T

he c

ontin

ued

exis

tenc

e an

d op

erat

ion

of t

he C

anad

ian

cons

titut

iona

l ord

er c

ould

not

be

indi

ffer

ent t

o a

clea

r exp

ress

ion

of a

cle

ar m

ajor

ity o

f Que

bece

rs

that

they

no

long

er w

ish

to re

mai

n in

Can

ada.

The

oth

er p

rovi

nces

and

the

fede

ral g

over

nmen

t w

ould

hav

e no

bas

is to

den

y th

e rig

ht o

f the

gov

ernm

ent o

f Que

bec

to p

ursu

e se

cess

ion,

shou

ld a

cl

ear m

ajor

ity o

f the

peo

ple o

f Que

bec c

hoos

e tha

t goa

l, so

long

as in

doi

ng so

, Que

bec r

espe

cts t

he

right

s of

oth

ers.

The

neg

otia

tions

that

fol

low

ed s

uch

a vo

te w

ould

add

ress

the

pote

ntia

l act

of

sece

ssio

n as

wel

l as

its

pos

sibl

e te

rms

shou

ld i

n fa

ct s

eces

sion

pro

ceed

. Th

ere

wou

ld b

e no

co

nclu

sion

s pre

dete

rmin

ed b

y la

w o

n an

y is

sue.

Neg

otia

tions

wou

ld n

eed

to ad

dres

s the

inte

rest

s of

the

othe

r pro

vinc

es, t

he fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ent,

Que

bec

and

inde

ed th

e rig

hts

of a

ll C

anad

ians

bot

h w

ithin

and

out

side

Que

bec,

and

spec

ifica

lly th

e rig

hts o

f min

oriti

es.

No

one

sugg

ests

that

it w

ould

be

an

easy

set o

f neg

otia

tions

.

152

The

nego

tiatio

n pr

oces

s w

ould

req

uire

the

rec

onci

liatio

n of

var

ious

rig

hts

and

oblig

atio

ns b

y ne

gotia

tion

betw

een

two

legi

timat

e maj

oriti

es, n

amel

y, th

e maj

ority

of t

he p

opul

atio

n of

Que

bec,

and

that

of C

anad

a as

a w

hole

. A

pol

itica

l maj

ority

at e

ither

leve

l tha

t doe

s not

act

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith t

he u

nder

lyin

g co

nstit

utio

nal

prin

cipl

es w

e ha

ve m

entio

ned

puts

at

risk

the

legi

timac

y of

its e

xerc

ise

of it

s rig

hts,

and

the

ultim

ate a

ccep

tanc

e of

the

resu

lt by

the i

nter

natio

nal

com

mun

ity.

153

T

he ta

sk o

f the

Cou

rt ha

s bee

n to

cla

rify

the

lega

l fra

mew

ork

with

in w

hich

pol

itica

l de

cisi

ons

are

to b

e ta

ken

"und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n", n

ot to

usu

rp th

e pr

erog

ativ

es o

f the

pol

itica

l fo

rces

tha

t op

erat

e w

ithin

tha

t fr

amew

ork.

Th

e ob

ligat

ions

we

have

ide

ntifi

ed a

re b

indi

ng

oblig

atio

ns u

nder

the

Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a. H

owev

er,

it w

ill b

e fo

r th

e po

litic

al a

ctor

s to

de

term

ine w

hat c

onst

itute

s "a c

lear

maj

ority

on

a cle

ar q

uest

ion"

in th

e circ

umst

ance

s und

er w

hich

a fu

ture

refe

rend

um v

ote

may

be

take

n. E

qual

ly, i

n th

e ev

ent o

f dem

onst

rate

d m

ajor

ity su

ppor

t for

Q

uebe

c sec

essi

on, t

he co

nten

t and

pro

cess

of t

he n

egot

iatio

ns w

ill b

e for

the p

oliti

cal a

ctor

s to

settl

e.

The

reco

ncili

atio

n of

the v

ario

us le

gitim

ate c

onst

itutio

nal i

nter

ests

is n

eces

saril

y co

mm

itted

to th

e po

litic

al ra

ther

than

the

judi

cial

real

m p

reci

sely

bec

ause

that

reco

ncili

atio

n ca

n on

ly b

e ac

hiev

ed

thro

ugh

the

give

and

take

of p

oliti

cal n

egot

iatio

ns.

To th

e ex

tent

issu

es a

ddre

ssed

in th

e co

urse

of

nego

tiatio

n ar

e po

litic

al, t

he c

ourts

, app

reci

atin

g th

eir

prop

er r

ole

in th

e co

nstit

utio

nal s

chem

e,

wou

ld h

ave

no su

perv

isor

y ro

le.

- 50

-

154

We

have

als

o co

nsid

ered

whe

ther

a p

ositi

ve le

gal e

ntitl

emen

t to

sece

ssio

n ex

ists

und

er

inte

rnat

iona

l law

in th

e fa

ctua

l circ

umst

ance

s con

tem

plat

ed b

y Q

uest

ion

1, i.

e., a

cle

ar d

emoc

ratic

ex

pres

sion

of s

uppo

rt on

a c

lear

que

stio

n fo

r Que

bec

sece

ssio

n. S

ome

of th

ose

who

supp

orte

d an

af

firm

ativ

e an

swer

to th

is q

uest

ion

did

so o

n th

e ba

sis o

f the

reco

gniz

ed ri

ght t

o se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

that

bel

ongs

to al

l "pe

ople

s". A

lthou

gh m

uch

of th

e Que

bec p

opul

atio

n ce

rtain

ly sh

ares

man

y of

the

char

acte

ristic

s of a

peo

ple,

it is

not

nec

essa

ry to

dec

ide t

he "p

eopl

e" is

sue b

ecau

se, w

hate

ver m

ay b

e th

e cor

rect

det

erm

inat

ion

of th

is is

sue i

n th

e con

text

of Q

uebe

c, a

right

to se

cess

ion

only

aris

es u

nder

th

e pr

inci

ple

of se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

of p

eopl

es a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

whe

re "a

peo

ple"

is g

over

ned

as

part

of a

col

onia

l em

pire

; w

here

"a

peop

le"

is s

ubje

ct t

o al

ien

subj

ugat

ion,

dom

inat

ion

or

expl

oita

tion;

and

pos

sibl

y w

here

"a

peop

le"

is d

enie

d an

y m

eani

ngfu

l exe

rcis

e of

its r

ight

to se

lf-de

term

inat

ion

with

in th

e sta

te o

f whi

ch it

form

s a p

art.

In o

ther

circ

umst

ance

s, pe

ople

s are

expe

cted

to

ach

ieve

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

with

in t

he f

ram

ewor

k of

the

ir ex

istin

g st

ate.

A

sta

te w

hose

go

vern

men

t rep

rese

nts t

he w

hole

of t

he p

eopl

e or p

eopl

es re

side

nt w

ithin

its t

errit

ory,

on

a bas

is o

f eq

ualit

y an

d w

ithou

t dis

crim

inat

ion,

and

resp

ects

the p

rinci

ples

of s

elf-

dete

rmin

atio

n in

its i

nter

nal

arra

ngem

ents

, is e

ntitl

ed to

mai

ntai

n its

terr

itoria

l int

egrit

y un

der i

nter

natio

nal l

aw an

d to

hav

e tha

t te

rrito

rial i

nteg

rity

reco

gniz

ed b

y ot

her s

tate

s. Q

uebe

c do

es n

ot m

eet t

he th

resh

old

of a

col

onia

l pe

ople

or a

n op

pres

sed

peop

le, n

or ca

n it

be su

gges

ted

that

Que

bece

rs h

ave b

een

deni

ed m

eani

ngfu

l ac

cess

to g

over

nmen

t to

purs

ue th

eir p

oliti

cal,

econ

omic

, cul

tura

l and

soci

al d

evel

opm

ent.

In th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces,

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

embl

y, th

e le

gisl

atur

e or

the

gove

rnm

ent o

f Que

bec

do n

ot e

njoy

a

right

at i

nter

natio

nal l

aw to

eff

ect t

he se

cess

ion

of Q

uebe

c fr

om C

anad

a un

ilate

rally

.

300

- 51

-

155

Alth

ough

ther

e is

no

right

, und

er th

e C

onst

itutio

n or

at i

nter

natio

nal l

aw, t

o un

ilate

ral

sece

ssio

n, th

at is

sece

ssio

n w

ithou

t neg

otia

tion

on th

e bas

is ju

st d

iscu

ssed

, thi

s doe

s not

rule

out

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f an

unc

onst

itutio

nal d

ecla

ratio

n of

sec

essi

on le

adin

g to

a d

e fa

cto

sece

ssio

n.

The

ultim

ate

succ

ess

of s

uch

a se

cess

ion

wou

ld b

e de

pend

ent

on r

ecog

nitio

n by

the

int

erna

tiona

l co

mm

unity

, whi

ch is

like

ly to

con

side

r the

lega

lity

and

legi

timac

y of

sec

essi

on h

avin

g re

gard

to,

amon

gst o

ther

fact

s, th

e con

duct

of Q

uebe

c and

Can

ada,

in d

eter

min

ing

whe

ther

to g

rant

or w

ithho

ld

reco

gniti

on.

Suc

h re

cogn

ition

, ev

en i

f gr

ante

d, w

ould

not

, ho

wev

er,

prov

ide

any

retro

activ

e ju

stifi

catio

n fo

r the

act o

f sec

essi

on, e

ither

und

er th

e Con

stitu

tion

of C

anad

a or a

t int

erna

tiona

l law

.

156

The

refe

renc

e qu

estio

ns a

re a

nsw

ered

acc

ordi

ngly

.

Judg

men

t acc

ordi

ngly

.

Solic

itor f

or th

e At

torn

ey G

ener

al o

f Can

ada:

Geo

rge

Thom

son,

Otta

wa.

Solic

itors

app

oint

ed b

y th

e C

ourt

as

amic

us c

uria

e: J

oli-C

{oe}

ur L

acas

se L

emie

ux

Sim

ard

St-P

ierr

e, S

aint

e-Fo

y.

Solic

itor

for

the

inte

rven

er th

e At

torn

ey G

ener

al o

f Man

itoba

: Th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Just

ice,

Win

nipe

g.

Solic

itor f

or th

e in

terv

ener

the

Atto

rney

Gen

eral

for S

aska

tche

wan

: W. B

rent

Cot

ter,

Regi

na.

Solic

itor

for

the

inte

rven

er

the

Min

iste

r of

Ju

stic

e of

th

e N

orth

wes

t Te

rrito

ries

: Be

rnar

d W

. Fun

ston

, Glo

uces

ter.

Solic

itor

for

the

inte

rven

er th

e M

inis

ter

of J

ustic

e fo

r th

e G

over

nmen

t of t

he Y

ukon

Te

rrito

ry:

Stua

rt J

. Whi

tley,

Whi

teho

rse.

Solic

itor f

or th

e in

terv

ener

Kiti

gan

Zibi

Ani

shin

abeg

: Ag

nès L

apor

te, H

ull.

Solic

itors

for t

he in

terv

ener

the G

rand

Cou

ncil

of th

e Cre

es (E

eyou

Estc

hee)

: Ro

bins

on,

Shep

pard

, Sha

piro

, Mon

tréa

l.

Solic

itors

for

the

inte

rven

er th

e M

akiv

ik C

orpo

ratio

n: H

utch

ins,

Soro

ka &

Dio

nne,

M

ontr

éal.

Solic

itor f

or th

e in

terv

ener

the

Chi

efs o

f Ont

ario

: M

icha

el S

herr

y, T

oron

to.

Solic

itors

for t

he in

terv

ener

the M

inor

ity A

dvoc

acy a

nd R

ight

s Cou

ncil:

Sco

tt &

Ayl

en,

Toro

nto.

- 52

-

Solic

itors

for

the

int

erve

ner

the

Ad H

oc C

omm

ittee

of

Can

adia

n W

omen

on

the

Con

stitu

tion:

Ebe

rts S

ymes

Str

eet &

Cor

bett,

Tor

onto

; Cen

tre

for R

efug

ee S

tudi

es, N

orth

Yor

k.

Solic

itors

for t

he in

terv

ener

Guy

Ber

trand

: G

uy B

ertra

nd &

Ass

ocié

s, Q

uébe

c; P

atric

k M

onah

an, N

orth

Yor

k.

Solic

itors

for

the

int

erve

ners

Roo

pnar

ine

Sing

h, K

eith

Ow

en H

ende

rson

, C

laud

e Le

cler

c, K

enne

th O

’Don

nell

and

Van

Hov

en P

ette

way

: St

ephe

n A.

Sco

tt, M

ontr

éal.

Solic

itors

for t

he in

terv

ener

Vin

cent

Pou

liot:

Paq

uette

& A

ssoc

iés,

Mon

tr

301

African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights

The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Order for Provisional Measures, 25 March 2011

304

305

306

307

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights

The Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and the Centre for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria

Decision of 27 May 2001

1

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