RBS MUN 2021

JAN 22. 23. 24

STUDY GUIDEINTERNATIONAL PRESS COUNCIL

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International Press Council

Table of Contents:

1. Message from the Chairs

2. Introduction to the IPC

3. Rules of Procedure

4. Agenda Description

5. Themes in Crisis Events

6. Flow of Committee

7. Members of the Committee

8. Terminology

9. Research References

10. Closing Remarks

11. Citations

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Message From The Chairs

Respected Delegates,

Welcome to RBSMUN’s first rendition of the International Press Council. This year, we as a committee must explore the convolutions of the mass media. As we peruse through the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the United States of America, we must entrust ourselves, as benefactors of a case study, to truly identify the correlations within our society that spark certain reactions from the general public. With each delegate either representing a news agency or a member of the evaluative committee, we, as a dais panel, expect the best of what journalism and critical thinking have to offer. Being the first of its kind, the IPC holds an entirely distinct set of ROPs that pose a great challenge to each delegate.

Take your time within this committee with utmost seriousness, as the future of the world and the revolutionization of global media outlets lay heavy on your shoulders. Represent your organizations with dignity, and succumb to no biases that may intercede on your line of judgment. Know your demographic, and know the people of America, for, in the world’s greatest country, things are about to take a sharp turn starting the 18th of March 2019.

What incites rage amongst the people? What causes them to succumb to propaganda without so much of a question? What is the overarching cause of the instability in such uncertain times? These explicit questions have to be discussed during the session and answered by the Evaluative Committee in their final case study. The Representatives must report to a higher order, their organizations, siding with deep-set agendas to produce targeted articles and reports to each update.

We must say, we are looking forward to each of your presence within our committee this January. Till then, expect the unexpected, and come prepared. Asmi Shrestha Meghna KarmacharyaChair of the IPC Head of Press

Anugrah RaiVice-Chair of IPC

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INTRODUCTION TO THE IPC

Functions and Jurisdiction

Constructed of two primary bodies: the News Agencies and the Evaluative Committee, the International Press Council was assembled on the 18th of March 2020, with the aim of studying the prevalence of a media bias within a larger society. As the influence of the media gains pervasiveness in the world, channeling and mediating the circulation of information on a global scale becomes a major responsibility of our reporters. To study the influence of any media entity within a society, the IPC will investigate the correlations between the portrayal of COVID-19 in the USA and the real-life impacts in public health trends.

Simulating real-world biases and the inclinations of the media channels, delegates must represent and author reports that reflect their allocations within the committee sessions. Following each crisis update, delegates must produce a report detailing the information provided by the dais panel. Each News Agency representative has to present one final article, which will be published in the official newsletter, reporting the crises presented in committee.

The evaluative committee is an unbiased panel consisting of neutral participants who mediate the debate and produce a final case study on the influence of media among the general public. The members of the evaluative committee must hold internal discussions to identify the cause and effect of certain types of biases held by publications.

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RULES OF PROCEDURE

PRESS STATEMENT:The primary press statement is a preface to the stance you portray within the committee session. You must summarize the political stances uptaken by your respective agencies. Simply put, the press statement parallels a position paper and is to be submitted a date prior to the committee session.

FORMAT:Agency Logo: Agency Name:Delegate Name:Delegate School:

Introduction: Current Policy:Current Stance:

UPDATE REPORTS:A report authored by the delegates representing the News Agencies following every crisis update, biased to the political standings of their organization. The entire committee votes upon a certain number of articles to be presented during the moderated caucuses.

UPDATE EVALUATION:A document is to be submitted to the dais panel by the members of the Evaluative Committee, following each discussion regarding the Crisis Update. This parallels both: a closed communique and a working paper. The document must detail the identified correlations between the articles published by the delegates and the updates received during the committee session. A cumulation of each document will later form the final case study.

FORMAT:Hypothesis:Sample:Results/Findings:Conclusion:

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FINAL REPORTS:A news article authored by each News Agency representative must be submitted, detailing a complete summary of the updates throughout the committee session. These reports must show an adherence to the organizations’ political stances and display an unwavering sense of consistency in the portrayal of COVID-19.

CASE STUDY:A final research paper authored by the Evaluative Committee, identifying the correlations between the reports published by the independent News Agencies. This document will be presented to the entire committee in the final stages of the committee session, just like a resolution.

FORMAT:Hypothesis:Sample:Results/Findings:Conclusion:

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AGENDA DESCRIPTION

Introduction to the AgendaThe COVID-19 virus, a new strain of the known coronavirus, was first reported in Wuhan, China on the 31st of December, 2019. Since then, the virus has spread to most corners of the world, and the situation has been declared a worldwide pandemic. These places consist of the most populated and powerful countries of the world, including the United States. Despite having the resources and the reputation of a developed nation, the USA had a less than efficient response to the rapid spread of the virus.

Amidst the chaos of the government’s COVID-19 response, other factors have played a part in complicating the situation. Not only has the virus been politicized, but various media outlets have played a role in making the topic a divisive one, rather than presenting facts in a consistent and unbiased manner.

In today’s climate, we believe major media outlets have not been held to a high enough standard, resulting in negative impacts on the American people during a public health crisis. The language used by reporters must be put under scrutiny, considering the blurry lines between news and opinions and the President of the US himself showing signs of neglect towards conveying accurate information.

Statement of the ProblemMedia bias and division in a topic such as a virus seems to have had detrimental impacts on the public’s perceptions of facts. Reporters representing major media outlets must evaluate the way stories relating to COVID-19 are covered and identify the biases that are harmful in this scenario. The mass effects of media may eventually worsen the public health crisis, considering the impact media reports have on the behavior of the people. Our committee must study the way journalists write and the biases media display while reporting on issues of public health and safety.

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Current SituationAs of November 2020, the USA has a nationwide tally of 11.6 million recorded COVID-19 cases, with a growing tally of 250,000 deaths due to the virus. Wearing a mask and following basic safety guidelines to limit transmission of the airborne COVID-19 has been questioned and protested. Even the act of wearing a mask has now been politicized. Protests against guidelines of wearing a mask and lockdowns have been prominent in at least 20 states as of April 2020.

As the virus becomes a matter of controversy throughout the nation, the United States of America’s health and medical infrastructures are struggling to keep up with the increasing inflow of patients.

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THEMES IN CRISIS EVENTS

Xenophobia/Racism:As a result of the virus first being seen in Wuhan, China and its supposed origin from the consumption of bats, many cases of hate crimes against people of Asian descent or resemblance have risen worldwide. While it is not practical to shift the blame of a virus, fear-mongering language has invoked racist and xenophobic responses in the form of hate-speech and physical attacks on Asians in America. Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Guterres himself has acknowledged the spread of xenophobic attacks worldwide. By April, a coalition of Asian-American groups operating a reporting center called STOP AAPI HATE said it had received almost 1,500 reports of incidents of racism, including verbal and physical attacks.

In May, the Anti-Defamation Group reported a list of near-daily racially motivated attacks and incidents in the US. It is important for members to discuss the correlation between acts of violence and biased media reporting during committee session. Prominent political figures encouraging such prejudices and its coverage by the media may play a part in spreading xenophobic sentiments and misinformation.

Economic Fluctuations: The pandemic is sure to bring major fluctuations to the US economy and its households, facing the most rapid decline since the 2008 economic crisis. With 26 million filings for unemployment since mid-March and the Federal Reserve making direct payments to families, the longer the pandemic draws out, harsher will be the economic hardships faced by individuals.

The perception of these changes and a willingness to follow CDC guidelines to speedily subdue the spread of the virus ultimately may sway people’s behavior during the pandemic and is an issue the media could influence.

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Protests:Protests against state-imposed lockdowns and mandated mask-wearing could be seen in around 20 states as of April 2020. In April, Washington state saw one of the biggest gatherings, protesting the COVID-19 restrictions with about 2500 people claiming this to be an issue of their liberty. The UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ratified by 182 countries, recommended that governments adopt “national action plans against racial discrimination.” However, in the US, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has yet to take any action. Reporters and delegates in committee must evaluate what biases in certain media outlets could have promoted a politically charged view of public health and safety.

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FLOW OF COMMITTEE

The IPC will run under a cyclic session for the first two days of the conference, based on the flow mentioned below.

CRISIS UPDATE 1• The committee receives a general update that sets the tone for the committee sessions

that are to follow.• Will set the committee onto a freeze date (March 18th, 2020).

UNMODERATED CAUCUS:• Delegates representing the News Agencies author a brief report containing organizational

and political biases regarding the crisis update.• Evaluative Committee curates a list of questions directed at the News Agencies regarding

their stances on the update.

INFORMAL VOTING PROCEDURE:• The committee votes on 3 individual delegates to present their statements (preferably

those that represent polarising political biases).• This session entails the importance of lobbying within the committee (in order to establish

their respective agencies as a priority to the council).

MODERATED CAUCUS:• Formal debate between the delegates representing the News Agencies and the Evaluative

Committee, following each statement presented.• The questions asked by the Evaluative Committee interrogate the News Agencies

regarding their demographic, evidence, and general interpretations of the update.• The News Agencies are also encouraged to engage in discussion with questions that

would help the Evaluative Committee reach a conclusion.

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CRISIS UPDATE 2• This will be produced by the dais panel after considering the course of discussion adopted

by the delegates.• This update provides the Evaluative Committee with information to produce their

statement in the following unmoderated caucus.

UNMODERATED CAUCUS:• This session is dedicated to the Evaluative Committee to present a report detailing potential

correlations between the information provided by media outlets and the response of the people.

• The aforementioned statement is provided under confidentiality to the dais panel and will not be presented to the committee until the end of the session (to maintain the integrity of the case study).

• The News Agencies must also produce a follow-up report (with the same basic format as the one authored in the first unmoderated caucus).

The following describes the procedure to be followed on the third day, after the completion of the cyclic sessions.

UNMODERATED CAUCUSThe second half of the day is dedicated to the composition of the final articles/reports• The Evaluative Committee compiles a final report that completes the case study on the

influence of media on the people (the reports presented to the dais hold the same function as a working paper in a conventional MUN committee).

• The delegates present a final article/report following the aforementioned criteria in clause 2 (political and organizational biases), summarizing the events of the crisis updates.

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MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE

NEWS AGENCIES:

Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal is a six-time Pulitzer Award-winning news agency founded on July 8, 1889. The journal is an American economy-focused daily newspaper based in New York City, that prints international editions that are also available in Chinese and Japanese dialects. The Journal is published six days a week by the publishing company “Dow Jones & Company.” The current editor-in-chief and opinion editors are Matt Murray and Paul A. Gigot, respectively. The agency receives 49 million unique visitors and is popular among men aged 40 and above. AllSides has given Wall Street Journal a rating of being center in terms of bias.

ReutersReuters is an international news organization owned by Thomson Reuters and its CEO is James C. Smith. In about 200 locations worldwide, Reuters has employed almost 2,500 journalists and around 600 photojournalists. The agency was established in London, in 1851 by Paul Reuter. The news agency has been awarded the highest accolades in eight categories. Thus, it is well-reputed among journalists and critics. The organization has over 33 million monthly viewers and over 750 TV broadcasts in 115 different countries. Reuters has a rating of center for bias according to AllSides.

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Huffington PostHuffington Post/HuffPost is an American news aggregator and blog. The agency was established on the 9th of May, 2005. Currently, the agency provides news, satire, and original content and is known to be very liberal. It covers a wide range of topics extending from business and politics to lifestyle. The current editor-in-chief of HuffPost is Lydia Polgreen and the current publisher for the agency is AOL. The organization has been awarded 3 accolades and is popular among American citizens above 50 years of age. The Huffington Post has been rated as left-leaning by AllSides.

CNNCable News Network, or popularly known as CNN, is an American News based organization that was established on the 1st of June 1980. Among the first of its kind, CNN was the first television channel to introduce 24-hour news coverage. The news organization, although trusted by readers, is under constant fire from media critics for being overly sensationalistic while attempting to be non-partisan. The news agency is popular among males aged above 25 and lower than 40. The agency covers all topics ranging from politics to lifestyle, and the current editor-in-chief is Meridith Artley. AllSides has given CNN a rating of being left-leaning in terms of bias.

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Fox NewsFox News is an American Conservative news agency established on the 7th of October, 1996. The organization offers a wide range of news and is available in more than 86 countries. Winning the award in 2019 for the top-rated cable network, the agency averages about 2.7 million viewers annually. Although receiving statistical awards, the agency is widely believed to have reporting biases in favor of the republican party. The current editor-in-chief and CEO are John Moody and Suzanne Scott, respectively. The news outlet seems to be popular among white people of the middle class aged above 50 and under 64. AllSides has given Fox News a rating of being far-right in terms of bias.

National ReviewNational Review is a conservative magazine and website that covers a host of topics, including but not limited to politics and culture, on a semi-monthly basis. It was established by William F. Buckley Jr. in 1995. The magazine has played a large role in the development and maintenance of conservatism and fusionism. The agency is now run by Rich Lowrey and the publisher is E. Garrett Bewkes IV. Its news is not widely trusted by readers and is subject to fire from media critics for being overly conservative and outdated. AllSides has given national review a rating of being far-right in terms of bias.

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Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs is an American magazine company that produces reliable articles and anthologies on the US foreign policy and international affairs. The company was founded on the 15th of September, 1922 and prints magazines once every 2 months. Since the organization is highly regarded, important officials, politicians, and academics are often featured in the magazine. The organization is non-profit, non-partisan and is currently under Daniel Kurtz-Phelan (editor-in-chief). Its content comes directly from experts in their respective fields, and the depth of their impartial analysis is said to be unrivaled. The news appeals more to males and females aged 26 and above. AllSides have given foreign affairs a rating of being center in terms of bias.

BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster with headquarters in Westminster, London. The BBC is the oldest national broadcaster, established on the 18th of October, 1922. The BBC works under the Royal Charter and a large portion of its funds come from the annual television license fee (ATLF) which is charged to every British household. 60% of BBC’s viewers are male and the newspaper has been popular among viewers aged 18 and over. The BBC’s audience, however, has begun to shrink at a steady 2% per annum. The BBC is by far the most widely used and highly-trusted source of news in the UK. AllSides has given BBC a rating of being center in terms of bias.

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CBS NEWSCBS News is the news division of the American television and radio service CBS. The news agency was established 93 years ago, on the 18th of September, 1927. They produce content for both television and radio, and bring in almost 5.3 million views annually. The news agency covers a plethora of topics from politics to makeup as well as entertainment. The news agency is popular among males and females aged above 60 and below 75. As of April 2020, the majority of Americans regard CBS news as reliable. Although nominated multiple times for various accolades, CBS news has yet to receive any. AllSides has given CBS a rating of left-leaning in terms of bias.

The GuardianFounded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian, the British daily newspaper changed its name in 1959. The Guardian is known for “safeguarding journalistic freedom” and being “liberal.” It features a wide range of writers and even broader topics ranging from politics to lifestyle. The current editor-in-chief is Katharine Viner who replaced Alan Rusbridger in 2015. The news seems to be popular among men and women aged 25-44. AllSides have given the guardian a rating of being center in terms of bias.

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Al JazeeraOwned by the Al Jazeera Media Network, Al Jazeera is a state-owned broadcaster based in Doha, Qatar. After being launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel initially, Al Jazeera has expanded into a network with several outlets, including the internet and specialty television channels in multiple languages. Currently, the channel receives funding from the government of Qatar but maintains its editorial independence. The news seems to be popular among males and females aged 15 to 40. AllSides has given Al Jazeera a rating of being center in terms of bias.

ABC NEWSABC News is the news division of Walt Disney Television’s American Broadcasting Company (ABC). In addition to the division’s television programs, ABC News also has radio and digital outlets, which includes ABC News Radio and News Live. The news agency was established 75 years ago on the 15th of June, 1945. It brings in 1.81 million views annually and is currently popular among males aged above 25 and below 54. AllSides has given ABC news a rating of being left in terms of bias.

The SunThe Sun is a tabloid newspaper, founded as a broadsheet in 1964 as a successor to The Daily Herald. According to comscore figures, The Sun has reached its biggest ever online audience with 33.9m unique visitors. Currently, the news agency provides stories ranging from celebrities to sports, money, and finance. The Sun seems to be popular among citizens from the middle class and most of its reader demographic are males over the age of 35. AllSides have given the SUN a rating of being center in terms of bias.

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The Daily Wire Founded by political commentator Ben Shapiro and director Jeremy Boreing, the Daily Wire is a conservative and opinion-based news website. Since its establishment in 2015, the news agency sees a great surge in its views every year. Bringing in 26.85 million views, the Daily Wire is one of the most sought after news websites in the US. The Daily Wire describes itself as a politically and socially conservative news website and hence gives more priority to republican news. Ergo, AllSides has given the Daily Wire a rating of leaning to the right.

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EVALUATIVE COMMITTEE:

AllSidesAllSides is an organization focused on strengthening democracy by exposing media biases and their extent. The organization provides news from all political spectrums so that the reader can judge for themselves what source can be trusted and what cannot. Apart from just political issues the organization also provides unbiased news on pertinent topics such as racism and climate change. Most importantly, AllSides provides ratings that can separate whether the news agency is leaning towards the far-right, far-left, or just the center. The founder and current CEO of AllSides is John Gable.

Society of Professional Journalists Code of EthicsSPJ, more popularly known as the Sigma Delta Chi, is the oldest functioning organization that represents the journalists of America. It was established on the 17th of April, 1909 at Depauw University. Ever since its establishment, the organization has encouraged the practice of respectable journalism and currently is viewed as the pinnacle of bodies looking over journalism. The organization teaches upcoming journalists the importance of their job and their responsibilities. The organization also has come up with the SPJ code of ethics which is a guide that encourages all who engage in journalism to take responsibility for the information they provide, regardless of medium.

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TERMINOLOGY

While dissecting the agenda in the International Press Committee, our goal is to analyze how the media coverage on COVID-19 so drastically influenced the divisive nature of the issue in the USA. There are several psychological effects caused by media content, which ultimately has an impact on the opinions and actions of consumers. These effects are indicated by the following terminology.

Normalcy Bias: A cognitive bias that causes people to underestimate or minimize certain threats. This bias may exist without the influence of the media, solely as a psychological phenomenon in the scenarios of disasters, pandemics or threats. The media may contribute to the creation of such a bias by using certain variations in tone, information and statistics. However, the Normalcy Bias has been a consequence of how some media outlets are choosing to cover the pandemic and affecting not only perception but the practice that puts others and themselves in potential danger.

Media Effect Theory: The media effect theory includes certain strategies used by the mass media to impact the thought process of the public.

a. Agenda-setting: The ability of media outlets to influence consumers by choosing which stories to highlight and stress upon.

b. Priming: The ability of media outlets to influence consumers by attending to some issues while neglecting others. Priming is more influential than agenda-setting, as it may shape the nature of perception and not only the level of importance of an issue. For example, this may influence the way the public evaluates candidates in an election.

c. Framing/Adding a “spin” or “slant” to a story: The ability of media outlets to influencing consumers by choosing how to tell the stories. This may be achieved by using a certain selection of words or images/ videos to go with a certain story.

d. Cultivation: A theory that suggests that regular consumers of media are influenced in areas of their beliefs and perceptions of the world.

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Media Hack Gap:The theory that an unfair power exists in certain media outlets, willing to prime certain issues serving a political agenda. In the US, the two-party system and clear biases displayed by media outlets ha caused the inevitable use of “priming” or agenda-setting as ways to serve a political agenda instead of covering important issues such as policy. For example: During the 2016 US elections, Hillary’s email scandal had more coverage than any other story on the candidate’s policies. As a result, media outlets on opposing sides of the political spectrum will respond by covering the same issues with different framing or defending opposing views.

Media Echo Chambers: This term refers to a situation in which consumers are limited to outlets or areas in media that align with pre-existing beliefs and reinforce them instead of challenging them with opposing views or criticism.

Types of Media Biases:

a. Unsubstantiated Claims: Claims made with a lack of evidence to back them up, yet presented as facts.

b. Opinion statements presented as fact: Subjective statements/language disguised as objective, verifiable facts

c. Sensationalism/Emotionalism: When reporting involves factors of dramatism or words meant to evoke alarm with a lack of substantial reporting.

d. Mudslinging/Ad Hominem: Writing that attacks a person’s character through insulting language with a lack of attention to the person’s beliefs/ideas.

e. Mind Reading: When reporters assume and make conclusions about stakeholders in a story, writing their assumed state of mind framed as objective fact.

f. Flawed Logic: When certain pieces of evidence are used to make claims or jump to conclusions through faulty reasoning that leans towards a certain agenda.

g. Bias by omission: Bias displayed by the stories media outlets choose to omit or ignore, giving more attention to stories that support a certain political agenda

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h. Omission of Source Attribution: When stories lack the citation of proper sources and context. While journalists sometimes may be bound to use anonymous sources, the decreasing reliability of the information is rarely acknowledged in cases of such bias.

i. Bias by Placement: Media outlets may display a bias by the stories they choose to push on front pages or whether they choose to give an equal highlight to left and right-leaning stories.

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RESEARCH REFERENCES

Broadcast references:1. https://youtu.be/8fdIOMXc-jc (CNN)2. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/business/2020/03/17/fox-news-coronavirus-cover-

age-carlson-hannity-watters-orig.cnn-business (CNN)3. https://youtu.be/C2azUbpAO6U President’s Address (Yahoo Finance)4. https://youtu.be/alJDB2N3XfU (Fox News) “Debunking democrat lies about covid re-

ports”5. https://youtu.be/w_379QCLQuk (CNN)6. https://youtu.be/ZCxXP3R4uM8 (Murdoch’s misinformation)7. https://youtu.be/TA6blZJ6nVw (ABC News)8. https://youtu.be/6AWxVjUR8BE (BBC News)9. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/15/media/fox-news-newsmax-competition/index.html

(CNN On Fox news)

Informational videos:1. https://youtu.be/VzoZf4IAfAc (Vox) Concept video on the problem with hack gap and

news agency coverage that deviates from important topics2. https://youtu.be/7IuxYHLY3dw (Murdoch’s influence)3. https://youtu.be/2LibA6CIvnE (Murdoch influence Britain)4. https://youtu.be/qvgURfZMGoQ (Media Effects)5. https://youtu.be/12xwHhCntHA (Agenda-setting theory)

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CLOSING REMARKS

The United States of America has never been this divided. The masses are moved by a judgment that transcends their own as the influence of media grows. Agencies each lean toward their own biases and ideologies, consequently creating a disparity amongst the public that has, until now, left the nation in stasis. Behooved by relentless partisanship, the people left with a universal dilemma, one that leaves them questioning the integrity of the systems placed in governance. Animosity amongst the rightist and leftist forces has imbued into the workings of our agencies, and emerging sociopolitical conflict seems to epitomize the disaster that is to come if this matter is ignored any longer. The dire need, delegates, is of answers.

In times as uncertain as these, we must recognize the pitfalls of our society. That, delegates, is your role. Identifying the problems while representing your corporate organizations, you must engage in a grueling debate, efficiently producing reports of your own. Strive to produce a case study that identifies the correlations between the updates that emerge from the committee. Confront and evaluate, and act with integrity. It is important to remember that your ethic and dedication are reflective of your presence throughout the committee session. Be at your best throughout the committee— amidst a pandemic, time cannot be taken for granted.

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CITATIONS

1. Beer, T. (2020, July 16). Anti-Mask Rallies Continue In U.S. Amid Rising Coronavirus Cases And Deaths. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/07/16/anti-mask-rallies-continue-in-us-amid-rising-coronavirus-cases-and-deaths/?sh=26c592742246

2. New York Times, T. (2020). Coronavirus US cases. Retrieved 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html

3. Slides, A. (2020). AllSides Media Bias Ratings. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-ratings

4. Slides, A. (2020, June 23). How to Spot 11 Types of Media Bias. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/how-to-spot-types-of-media-bias

5. Unknown, B. (2020). Coronavirus lockdown protest: What’s behind the US demonstrations? Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.google.com.np/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-52359100

6. Unknown, B. (2020, April 29). Coronavirus: US economy shrinks at fastest rate since 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52466864

7. Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media Effects: Theory and Research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 315-338.

8. Watch, H. (2020, October 28). Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide

9. Yglesias, M. (2018, October 23). The hack gap: How and why conservative nonsense dominates American politics. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.vox.com/2018/10/23/18004478/hack-gap-explained

10. https://www.allsides.com/news-source/daily-wire AllSides Ratings For The Daily Wire

11. https://www.similarweb.com/website/dailywire.com/ Daily Wire Global Ranking