Some Aspects of Ethiopian Arrest Law: The Eclectic Approach ...

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Some Aspects of Ethiopian Arrest Law: The Eclectic Approach to Some Aspects of Ethiopian Arrest Law: The Eclectic Approach to

Codification Codification

Stanley Z. Fisher

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ARTICLES SOME ASPECTS OF ETHIOPIAN ARREST LAW; THE ECLECTIC

APPROACH TO CODIFICATION'

" S/{J/1I~y Z. FisM'"

"The Criminal f'roccdut<: Code of !'}til i. ODe or Ethiopia', most recent codes.' and one mille k"" "dc"doped" in lenru of publish<d «JroJIIClltary" and reponed ~ses.l In cootrast 10 !be ·';nll'ochx:ed'· and "e~plainfd" Penal. and Civill COOes, lbe Crimi",,1 Proccdure Code has apparently been dirowntd by ;\5 drafters, !lODe

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JOOrJ<AL OF ETlIIO!'IA!< LAw - VOL m - No. 2

or whom have wrilten a won! or CQlIlmenlary on il.· II. origins .. main <>I>ocuu. and al firsl glance il ;, diffi(ull 10 see wbicb. ;f any. ",yslem" ..... its inspiration. In faeL il seem •. Ihe Code ha$ !'OOlS ;n no single syslem. nor even in any .ingle "family" or system,.' Rather. it is the product P5!!. exnlk/lc~ or an eclectic approacb 10 codjfica\iOll. more lhan any other Ethiopian code. The importan<:e of lbi, fact is magnified by the consideralion thai in adjeclive law even mort tban in substantive law. it is e~tremc:ly hau.rdO\IS to CQQSlr\lCt a code eclectically. borrow. ing 3C1'O$S the boundaries ... hich divide OI'Ie kgal family from ano<her. The dan",r i, thaI confusion and im:oruiSlencie. will , .. ull from the mi~nl in one code of concepts and procedu .... 'Irange to eacb <Kh<r. In tbis wri~r·. vie ..... prrosely Ihi, h ... happened in some parts or lhe Criminal Procedure Cod •.

.....,11."'<1 .. I. £J~. I.. ...... I (1%4). Po l61; "TIle N .... 1'c<I&! Cc60 of ElhiOSlia." ''''' Rrr. of C,fm. Pt>&,. yo\.. Il (19S7). Po llO; Ole tlfliopk _ .. 1:0 ~ III """ ...... droit," Rev. plMk ........ Yo!. 72 (l9S7). Po J!n: "J.,a <l:Issi6ea1ion _~. IioDs du «><Ie ~al ...... otr .... " R ... plMk~. YO!. 73 (19Ss)' III' J4-'1 ; "L'_ Eo""""" en .... tiere ~ Droi, ptnal au>; paY' "fnooitI ....... do MnI<Ipp<moot," R.v. <I. <IN>I' pi,.,,, ilkt, 19601. Po I.

S. Num""'" uticl'" h.ye been ... .;"'" OIl Ill. 0,.,1 Cod<. s.., Vondortindon. citecl. above 0.1 not&" '. 1'1'. 279-30. Tb_ by the I>Iincip.al dral .... , Prof. ReD<! David, inc\udo: "OYil Code ,.,.. Ethiop;a." Tu/Q". L. Rey .• vol. (l96J). p. 187: "Us S<JtIfUI du Code ciYiJ. ahiopieri." R .... Inti <I. Droi' ~"..ti (l961). p. '97: "Structuro .. oriai.ollt.! <III. Code em! tthi<>pie!l." Z<i"dri!, f., "",_«M. MNi /nK ..... ';~Ia<' p,/.."nd, (1961~ p. 668: "La mo<u. dot.od< ';";1 4aru 1<0 flab olrieUM," ~,II_' (196l),. Po In: "l.<o """"" .. admini.trIItib <laM I< cod< ciYil ~thiop; .... " to appear in Mlitmru s.,... I'"z-1Juo .. d ... lnMl.tioII by M. Kindred ... the 1 __ / of £'~'''''''n lAw.

6.. n.e bi"ory 0:1 the Qimi ... 1 ProoocJu.ro Code I> ~ot J'd a "'-'tW 0:1 puJ:>l;o _ F""" iol"",,01 ...... "",,- p ... ...-o.-t "nd inlemal .... tys;o i' -'" th., the illi"&! _, '"' _ by Prof......- J .. n Oro, ..... the (So1 .. ) _ .... f)f Ill. hnoI Cock ... put 0( • ~ <omprd>enli'e "<OtI< ludic;.,j .... oo~<riq _. ';vil prooocJu.~ .. J <ri. min.1 pro«<lu,,, llti, Ii,., dro/l .,.'" aIon, O«Iti"<flLal ~_, allll""", i''''1\c><t«l ....... En&Ii",.c""""""wcoIth inn""D<e$ (_ "'* 7. \>0;1"",). Whet> It ..... lattr _d<d by the Codifieation Comrnio,;"" !h .. EllIiopi,o', ""io<liY< I:ow ouah' '0 lollow not oootinatUol bu, Iln&li",.comm",,-.I!h ~n .... the "';';"&! draf' " ... w\:r$tanIi.U. "'"'*ftor I<Im< d ...... ", ..,oo:too\l by P>t\i.atrIml Thl> tt..:karound .. ould '"""'" I()( the _ ...... odd "'" UIat the Codo ~ .. "pod"'" of NI<s .~ pattcm<d "" <;'nti .... UI D>OdcIs, ..;tIoin a I.--aI t<bcooo ... 1tidI i. f)f the En,lish-CJmmon......w. 'YPO (adapUd. 01 """I$<, '" .. i. Ioo:aI prnbIcmo .. d trIIdi<iM,). "";"1 .. 1~21. dealiDl with ~ ... flo,,",,, <&teI, ... "'-'" bel"", '" <onsti,ute 00. -" "poet ... -

7. In Ibi> uticle ,,~"'.Il b< ref"';"1 10 •• ,; .... "fomi~ .. - 01 criminal procodu", .yol<ml: Th. -eoow....\aI" _1' iac:lodos <oo,,!rieo ... _ '}'SI<mI ..., otrooJly aimila, to Ibo.l ol Franc< ... bdl i, I2kctI in th ... di"""';_ ... "lYPiool" i!>qWlitorial _: GemuulY i. abo ><Jm<time< ...... Ud bel"", ";111 lb., _ The "En&liob-<:Gmmoo...-...ltb" ,"""p "",ludel En,Wld and i .. .,.....,., ODd fonner d ; Lid ..... ;.., .. 1tidI ~ the _ procedunJ Ja. of ~d ather dinocdy .,... ";a i", odoptali"" ond «>di6ntim _the< ";111 Nmrn" from other IepI ')._ .. the lndi ... Criminal I'r-occ41re Code of 1898. iodiro<'ly. (lbo Indian Codo. in "'rD. 1:0 .... became the "modol- I"" the ......s.. ol many othe, A .... aDd Mri«n ~) See A. Allau. '"T_ the Uni5o;o';"" of La ... in Africa." Inti dnd C"",,,..,.,iv. L. 0 .. ,01. I' (I96.!~ p. J72: H. Monholi KFonner IlJiho/> Ccm",oo .... t!h ~<Iet>oin." pdUim • .. I. Coutu (ed.) TM A«tu<d (Londm (966): '- WiJl'lO<e. p~""","", '" 'h~ WwIof. lL,.1 S"k"" (Wuhi_. D.C. Im~ ;>p. 1119 fr. LaoI.iY. oJ"""'", Enaliolt-CotnmOO ..... 1!h <riminal pc'O«'du .. io ulm OJ tho "'y;oical- oa:uUl<lri&! .,... ..... n-f......,. ;, <><easi"""ny ..... .., the otbcr mojOf b_

ot the rotDII>OII low l""';ly ~ the Unit«[ Staid. ......... ref.....,. i> ..-..<10 to the_ romm"" I ..... ""p. the ...... ""-IlIlo--~" io 0l0<d.

ETHIOPIAN An.EST LAw

The purpose of this anicle i. 10 examine one lroublesome area of Ibe Code. arre.t law. in order to ~p\ain and .,'aluak il. At Ibe <ame lime. we will eumine ~rtain problems which have fOsult«l from lite drafters' eclecticism.

a son 10 is human But.

persons ill criminal proceedings. In rccognmon fact. moot pr(>vide various post.arrest "screening device.· .. -Ihe trial hearing itself _ in order to "d._select'· Iho6e who. because they are innocc:nt. ought not II to int(> il.

Thus. for example, Anglo-American sy'tems of criminal procedure ordinarily provide two post-arre.t. pre-trial "screens" for the arrt$ted accused in serious' casc •. First. an arrested person will immediately be brought before a coun. which after a "preliminary hearing··tO may order hi, discharge if upon the evid,,1ICe the coun finds that there i. no sufficient ground 10 believe him guilty of any crime. If at this stage the accusod is nm "de-selected" out of the criminal process he will either rt:main in cu510dy or be releasod on bail until the public prosecutor decide, whether Or not to instituk proceedings against him by framing a charge. nus i, the second opponunity. now attlte pr=utor's discretion , to secure tlte discharge of an iMocent accusod before trial. Since the tatkr screen is administrative rather

8. I om iod<bl«l for tru. "_ to Pn>I=or Al>n/lMn G<IIdoIoin of !he YoJ. La", School. See ."" T. Towe, "Crimi .. l I'r<>lri>l Proo:«!uno in FroDCO," T~_ 1.. Rn .. .-01. 38 (!96l~~ pp. 468-m .

•

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than judicial. and ,ince in any case il come. into) operalion relalively laIC in the crimina] process (a considerable delay may occur belween lbe lime of arresl aDd Ihat of the ptOStCut()J"'. dec;,ion to fnlme a charge) the firs! screen is. from :he point of view of an innocent accused. of mIlCh greater vatue.

In continental system •• too. pext·arrest jlldkial screens playa vital part in serious criminal cases. In Fralltt. f()J" Mample. the-re j, not only a preliminary judicial hearing. to) delermine wM.her or nm the accused should be commiued for lrial and (}II what charge." but a =tmd screening by the "Cbambre d'accu",,lion" of Ihe CO<tn of Appeals. which must ratify lhe eu..mining magistrate's deci.ion to commit."

But. mrning to Ethiopian law. we find thaI it is do-ublM whether 8!'~r. arrest judicial screen exists short of the trial itself. The Cooe is Il()\ very clear whether the court before which an accmed is broUght immediately after iiis arresl has tM power to pas. on the grounds for the arre,t and to order 1M discharge of the accused should it find them inadequate:u and it is fairly dear that the

I!. Thi, is kn<> ... n .. rw,,,,<,i,,,, crimin<lu. ~ A. An""'- "J..·i",~on CrinUn<lle." "",,,ica~ I . CQmp"",'i" L .. ~0I. ~ (1960\ p.ouim.

12. /d. at "". 455·56. Il. Art 29 .• P'¢C<d~,~ oJI" 0"''''.

(l) WI><", lite ocru"" h .. ~ ~ by the po~ .,.. • print. _ IDd hlndoed "'« '0 the pOOce (An. IS). tho polie. sh.rt briol him b<f"", th ........ ooon ... i.run forty o;aht hoon of hi •• r=.! or '" ><>On th.r.oft« .. Ioc&J. ci~ ..,d <""""uni<";"". pennil.

(2) The Court before whi<h the "'XU"" i, b""'abt m.y .... 1; •• ny order it thin .. fit i. "",,,,,d.,,.,. with the ~tm;lioo.. of An. $9.

A". 59 .• D'''n,Km. OJ The own I><fo", ... bid> th • .:r<SUII on Nil (2) WII.", th. poIi<e i.v .. tip1lon i. _ «>mp""'" the i.~.'tiratln, polio<e offio<1 m'1

"PPly fo< • rem.nd for • ",f6cie<>l time t<> m.M" the iD~estiptiOll '" be eompkted. (J) A romar><! ""y be I",.ted iD ""';11".. i>I<> rtmaIld _n I>< C .... te<! for m"", .h..,

f""nee" d>.)~ on .ach OC<:Uion. Althou'" the .bov •• rticle> Oft the ",nICe ... m '0 ""trio:!. the COIl,,', dj",rdion und« Article S9 to the two altern.1I_ ... ted. it i. '0 be hopod th .. by ju4i<i.t """'str1I<tion <he third .t ... tn.~v •. u"".,.,di1l""d ,..100 ... will be .... blilh<d. TIl ..... _' El\!tiIh ell< found oliO! the pot;oo hod!'O""« to di",h .... e.n .pportofttly iOl>O«nt ~ fol ...... • inc an .treSl with"", .... rnn' ...... thou'" the Mqi'tnt«' Coo ... A<~ 19$2. S«. lS (Hobb,,'i' $",""" O'-£".!Qnd.(~ <d., vol. 32. Po ~ll). """,11"""" only the alternati_ of """"-'inl him "" bail OI'Id bon,,"l hun bet.". •• m.",tn ••. 0... r=ooo Ji~'" by the Coon <>f Appeal (per l.oTd Donrun&- M .R.) ~·hy tho ." .... failed <l<pticilly '0 '""'''''''' ... the polie< to di.d",.. .... obvioo>ly i"""""" """''''' ..... th>! ~(tlh.re ..... 1>0 need ... '0 """,1100 ,1\1, """ti".<r><y. It i. too otMoo. fo< _ ~ Wil...rure y. _ (Cl. API' .• En&-, 1965). W«k/.> L. Rep" 196.5. ~ol. 2. Po nOl. The Coon .Iso def<cded itl iDterprt<aUoo "" the """0<1 tho< it woW<! I>< po;oUooo, .ft<! ",.inU the be>I iDterests of Ill. """,,«un', p<JW<r to rde ... 011 ureste<l KCUI<d broo&h' before it Admitl«\ly iI ;, _b .. quootioD.ble """thor Article 19 ..... In~dod t<>.1Iow that pouibility. 'The.to are """"" il>diocaliom that Ill. Code', dr.rlte~ doUI>< ...... ty .. illtbeld "",b kin'" at ~ from u.. iDferiON:<lW"l judiciat)'o ... hkh. in IIIOIt .,...,. ( .. II>< ~ ....... eoon"), "-;11 be ;nV<>lvod. See 0...._. "L:> nou~<llo ptooedure .... " <itrd a!><>Y." ~ 2. p. n OlId n. 22. AltIloo", u.._t >on .... W<>U'" ~komc a tiberal """.!rU<"tion <>f Article $9. i. lhI' >ni<1o I>e ...."".. th~ n'"."" .. r v."';"" "';i! prov>il.

lads that power." Tbu<. wbelher lepl ca~ exi<1$ or lhe iDDOXCDl a""used in Ethiopia P!J<i$ibly_has DO oppommity al any Ii",. prior 10 lltt: ui.aI itself. <houJd the public prose

institute procttdings. In such a =. dwilll the monlhs or which elapse between arreSt and trial an innocent .""used have befa<e Itt:

Lack in Ethiopian cri"'in.al pro:;edun: of any post-afWil of the trial itself. the student is 1e4 10 focu< his .tlentiOtl 011

PfOCe": How does ~ become liable to arrest" aDd deleii_

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tioo'! How do we cn~ure that o.!!b'-probable offenders are caught up in the process? What safeguards does the taw provide to mioimiu the risk that thJough inadvert, eoce or e~cess of ual O!lthe ptl.t of ioformant." poli<:e or judges. the "wrOtlg mao" win be taken into custody, with ponibly no opportunity to prove his innocence to a oourt uotil the trial hearing some u~!lIble months hence? We will dis<;uss these questions under the following head,: arrest by coon warrant. use of the summons. and arrest without warrant.

Arresl by Court Warram

The Constitution guarantee!) in Article 51 (Amharic version)", that "no ODC

may'1le arrested without • warrant (order) issued by a coun. e~ if frnmd ~ommiuing a seriOll$ offence in violation of the law in force."'" This guarantee i, implemented in the Criminal Pro:;edure Code by Articles 12:21 and 4W. Article 49 lays down the general principl. that "no P.SDW may be arrested u!lless a warrant i~ issued ... " "save as is otherwise e.!l(!l:e$,Iy-provided." The exceptional situations in which ~t is permiued wilhout prior COUrt authorizatioii will be dis<;uS$Cd further belo .....

Tbe ordinary p=dure for issuing warrant. is prescribed by Anicles 53 and 54." Recognizing the exlreme gravity of the deci,ion 10 order the =! of an individual. the Code has strictI), limited that I""'''.'. Althoup a~ may issue a wanan!." its power may be cxerciKd only upon the application of an invesUpt.

19. ~ dO<> "'" pennit fI>.II "", .. deI>.ti ... of the ;oioat 0Iq>1 ;0 EIhiOpi.aD crimiDal P<'<>' «<lure by ~hkh juoti~ i. O<din.nly ... in moti ... , tl>c fi~ ... <>I ...,..,..,;_ .. d «1m' pl'iot> ~'illl Ibe ""t/,,>riti .... To tho OIt_ Ill" W<h ;nl~ ..,.y implkato a livea individu.1 and l.(!uco Ibe police 1o t.a..t. him into c''''''''y, tk inl""""'" plays .. import. onl role in the inili.>.t "t<Ction proc= In <>< .... 10 fUanI ...... t the ",..,.,.cui implicati.,. of innocent _. in Ihi. manner 11>< Lo ... 0000 p"""4< £.lOOti ... , o,ainllt the lobe in. form.an'- s« Crim. Pro. c.. All- IS, P",. C .• A .... "'1. 580, avo c.. A .... 20M ff. F<>< til. same ruson "'" Code treots ."""I·m ..... >=1$>.ti"" .. "'lli<h in "'" .. <:UeI _ li~.ly to be un<nl& or maliciwoly motival«l. with < ... ~ .... (Art. 12~

20. c~ the impona.ot Amhoric • En,lilb dilCrcpancy i. thio ",*1. _ lUI oecom, pan)'in, ""'OS 55 ft .• below.

21. lltio t"",.loti ... i • • """'P<'"it. of •• ri<>tn ... bIni"""" by .... dont> ., the Factlll)' of I..a .... l{.H • . 5<11 ..... I Univenj,y. UtcnJJy th. Amh.ric "''''''4, ___ (M;I'~~"') .......,. -impn""'- ,..tII.., thon ->rr<$l.- .... lli<;tt i. "",any rendered b7 m4)o, (".nI) (_ ..... Crim. Pro, c., Att- (9} S« Nobly,lul Kifle, I""""u of W4,.,..n" of A"'" 1ft Ethic,", (t ..... ,. unp.<bll1hed. ""'hi .... Factllty 01 La .... , l{oil. SeI!uUe I \Jniversit)'~ PI'- 12 fl. The Il..,irlCOn<e 01 thio o!ilC~ is (\oI>al>ble .nd ~ .. further ....arch >lid diocuo""". Thil article ........ th.a.t the irutan, p""";';"" ...... mea., to ,ef.,. to .".... .. u"

ran" .• nd that Ibe courts ";11 .0 in1«J=l it dnpile the dj,,;rOl'M' <enn empIo)"ed in tho Amha..ric venioo.

22 Att- 5l .• I"., oj WO"..lII'.

(t) A w.,.,..", of OrT<>t .... y be i<rued on th< 'Wlioatioo of .. y innoti,atina potico <>I1icor by ."y COUrT .. d dWt be """"""'" to the oIlid of the police in Ibe Taklay Gue""t in ... ·lli<h it i. i .... ...s.

(1) A ..... """ m.y be i>.Iu<d at ... y time _ <Xl ... y day of th. yur. ()) A "ornnt 01 >tTdl O1.y be ex"","'" in "ny part of the Em",.. by ... , __

of th. ]><>lice. Art S •. • When "'4''''nt of .,,..,, '0 H imohi.

A ... .,.,.."t at. ........ Ib:ill onJ1 be ilsued..-here \he .. teod'"". of. pen«>. before .... COtIrt iI _utety nO«S<al)' ond "..,"'" o<b.....u. be obl>it>ocI.

~J. All- n.

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ErnlOPlAN A~u:ST LAw •

ing police orr"",r." ADd then ,he .... amont may issue only if the police officer is abl~ to delnon",a'e two facts to the COlIn: (I) that it is absolutely necessary that t!>e pefSOll whose arrest is desired appear !>efore the court and (2) that hi. all.n· da""", before the coun cannOl be obtained in any OI!>er way."

lbc: meaning of these o-riteria aDd the mc:thod of proving their satisfaction In any pan;"ular case arc nOl explained. Nor has the author knowledge of any forei", sources on point. for the lanpage 01 Articl. 54 is apparently ~"I ~ in the Code." In lhe absence of funher legislative guid.anoo. t!>en. il is for !he couns to decide how best to administer l!>ese requi .. ments in koepina with lhe: .pirit of the Code and O:lnstitution.

r~ Cri,~ricn 01 Abwlur~ Nt«ssi'y

How can til<: 00UtI decide whether or not the attend.anoo 01" a person belore it i, ""bsolul.ly T\e«ssary"? We must nole al the oulset thaI these words impQi a very rigorous test, and in combination ""ith the precedinS word "only" clearly suggest lhat lhe ooun is to exorcize a screening function; it i. not supposed "aulomatically"' to issue warrants to arrest wbornever the police susptCI of an offellCe. It is a fai r inference that. as a mininwm standard. the coun must be salisfied that \ber. i. sufficient .,"ide""" 10 beUe"" that lhe suspected perwn has' prol>.obly com· mitted !he offenCe. By requiring the applicanl to FlIOC some credible evidence '0 support lhll belief. lhe Cod. has established an impartial judicial cbeck' on the """ighly PO""'" 0( arresL

After the coun i. satisfied lhat the .l1>pect is a proper target for triminal pro.ecut ioo. lhen it beeoro~ "=ss.ary for the coun 10 obtain ph)'$iClll juri$d.iction aDd control Over him. Once lhe SllSptCI is before it, the 00UtI can take steps 10 ensure the continued availability 0( his person 10 the judicial proce$<: this is accomplished eilllt' by keeping him in custody or by grantina him conditional liberty 0<1 ~l." T1x:refore, in a sense il is "absolutely necessary" thaI every

~4. Ibid. "Boocb wur .... " (NU. 7J. 76, n,. 16O(l) , .. bith .... '"""" may luue "'_1&.01 web _lie.""" to t~ .... ...,...... '" P«"iou<ly lWDII>ot>ed ... _ .., __ 10< funb<, p<O<<<'di~ro-. ~pruo.. llitk-.t < .... 0<)'.

~,. An, , "-26. ID Ameri< .. taw .... on""oo to.-;""...,., 01' • ........,t d "p~Io._" 0<"""""'"

.bi< l"""'<I" to 1><1i<v¢ !he KCU«<l .. rWlly of • crun;R>I ell"",*- F<do<&I Rub 0( Crimin:ol Proc<>du .... Rule 4. Utti/d SIQ"~ Cod. (19l1 «I.), TItIo I$, cnm..""" Crimisat Proc«hue, In E.,.li"'-Commoo_ codes ( ... a_ 7 • .-.j Ibm> if. usu:oII1 DO _ oni<ulatcd 1WI4&rd. ol!houP it hOI -.. h<ld Ib&I ............ ~ ...- <xoteioo • "judici.1 _" .. doci<tin;a: to,ran' or _.., oppIico.I;OII lor .... amoot...."....L lI~bu"", L<ow. <>1 &PuwI (Jd <d.. Loadool. 1~S). YoL 10. Criminal u '" pan.. &9; ... >loo ~. Cod. <>I (I_I. Crim'-'/ "-:«1.,.. (16th eel., A1loh. bod, I~ vol I. soc. n. pan.. 6.

No.-. it __ <1000 .... y <ootiooon"-l """""1 ~ •• e ..... Iimilar to Ethiopia' .. ID FJ'OI>Ce, no uil<rloo ...... ,«1. s... Th. F"""h C<>d. 01 C,imIMl 1'ro«<IUff. Arts- III t1. (1nIWalioo G. Kod. Loodon. 1%')' _...t<e< oi!<>d .. Fffnch Cod •• In GermuY. tho dDef .... ;. ">U"ooJI .....,;.,;00." tIW. .... <U$i>«1 h .. oommitted tho offeDee. Soc TIu 0 .. """, Cod, <>/ C_I 1'roNJ~,.. Arts. 112·1 . ( ..... .u<ia:> fl Nieblcr. r--. 1 !I6j~ I>a-"o; ... tt.o- cited .. 0."""" Cod., ODd _ J4, below.

11><: 0I>ly Jimilor prooi""" k<H>orn to .... wri .... i ..... J_ ODe, _ .........

oril<riou ol --.ui<y" in _'"'" to tIW. 0( -.-.ule COUM .., ompeeo." Cod< <t/ Crimu",/ 1'-.oI.N. Art. 199(2), in Th. C""'''r.';"" .,.,J CrimlMl Su", ... <>I / Q,.." 0_, 1~), P. "-

27. Art. ,g.

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JOUIlNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAw - VOL. III - No.2

probable offender again>! whom criminal p"""'edings are contemplated appea.r before the court. But whore an investigating police officer applies for a warrant to arreot a person as to whom Iher. i, shown no ,ubstantial evidence of crimina! activily it follows thai no prosecution is justified and. therefore. that tk presence of that iIldividual belore Ihe court is not (absolutely) nec."ary.

Concededly. Ihis interpretation requires that a somewhat special meaning be gi ven to the phra ... "absolutely ne"",,ary." It is. however. supported by the l\gljta.tion placed on Ihe power 01 the police 10 ,ummon a sa'pect to appear. thaI there be "reas9Jl.Il!.-bdie.vo·· that he has committed an offence." Unle" "absolutely n",ossary" i, in terpreted in the m~nn" lU~WI h~r~, We would have the anomalous !>itaati"" that a suspect could not be requested 10 ~ppea.r unless there were 'sub'lamial eyidonce indicating his guile but he eQuid be brought 10 the police station by force on the basi. of Ihe s~te'l evidence, or on lhe basis of no evidence at all.

If remains 10 consider b)' whot mean, Ihe applicanl might demonstrate tbe ~j2!lableneiS of suspectinx.a p_ar1iculaLpe~n to Ihe court. Althougb on this point to(} the Code is silent it seemS thai Ihe application for a warrant could be supported by the submi.<sion of V'arious sorts of proofs. Some of tbese mighl be: (a) a copy of the 3CClwuion or complaint ('" recorded undor Article _1 4); (b) the prosence in court of the party wbo signed tIJe accusation or complainl. and his availabiJty for que'tioning by lhe judge; (e) copios of any other ,tatements obtained from wiUleSseS during Ihe police inyestiption (Am. 24. 30(3)); (d) wri!len statements of the results of any other inv",tigatory actiyilies conducted by police ,ucb l1li &carches (Arl •. n. 33) and physical examination. (Art. 34~

"Can1l01 OtMrK';,e be Obl~ilU'lf' - Tu Second

Req"irtmmt of A,ricie 54

We ha"e mentioned a second criterion which rnuS! be satisfied before Ihe court may i~ue an arrest warrant: lhat the presence of tk a~uwd berore the coun cannot be obtained in any other way. The apparent basis 01 this reluclance 10 aulhorize arrest'" when there is some alternative way to get tbe accused before the conn is tbat arrest. involving as it does the possible use of force. is a drastic procedure. \0 be avoided if possible . Among Ihe inherent disadvantages 01 arrest are (a) the uw of time and eneTn on Ihe part of the police who must physically go

28. Art. 2'. 29. It ~ .. b«o ,<ported Ih>l m.oy ju4e< inl<,..,ret "<.nnot oth.rwi~ 1>< obtoined" . ,

all"";nj; th"'" to i~ "' ....... " ""Iy if the ""poet "".not l<i'Uy &lid prOCli<.Uy be arr<>l<d "dlnDuJ • warrant. N,biyolul Kil1o, ci,<d .bo •• ., note 21. pp. 8 and 9. WlUIo it il l~c.Uy poMibl. '0 interpret "oth<, ... ;.,," in Article ~ •• m.rrin, to .nu' b, ~'amm' nib" thm to .rr ... renenJly. wch .... din, i. "'ppor1<d by no <oo.mei". ru>o<> •• I'Ilrthor. it i. ioconli",n' ,..;th the con.tilUti"".1 po~cy iavorill.l ...... " by "', .. nt .. ve for "uc<ptiOllar cu<s, Ii""" it turn. the permiui ....... of Code Ankles 19-21 .nd ~O lotO &n imper.tive. Refusal. of. coo" to ' ''''', .... unIt' .ppIicotioo IOkly b«: .... nooe i •. wictly 'peakin., "no<d<d"' to> .U«:\ an UTeSt. is muw to> ><:CepI _sibi~1y 10< the d«;'ioo to> at""'- Si."" jud£<' on manif .. tly bettor ti. thao polko ofljc;ers 10 <ledde whether "" the .voilable ... i<lonce an &<Tel' is justifi<d or 1>01. _b re ..... 1 would >e<m "n ....... oted. l'urthumore. the poijeo _,hI to> be rr.. to ohift the =poosib;J;,y I.". "",It "Iopl" det<rmi ... tiOlll from Ih<rns<lv", to the """no. thereby I«Urill.l in,ul.tion I,om the ~.hility which m.y .tt<nd a "wroo,.· doci1ion '0 arrest ,,-i,hout ~rran'. ~ not. jl. belo,,",

ETlUOPIA1< AllES< u.w

!ir,d the accw;.d and bring him 10 coun UJ>der ,upervi,ion; (b) P<J6Sible embamosmonl 10 an innocent accused in being publicly arrested aDd e$COfled by the police; and (c) the J'O'sibility of resistance to arrest with attendant injurio, to the aCCllsed and others. FOf those reason, the Code prefers that the attused'. presence io court be ob1aincd by "polito" means, reserving tbe USC of arresl for tbose cases where it i. the only practicable ahemati...,. The preferred metbod i. for the police \0 $ummon'" the accused "voluntarily"" 10 appear at the police "ation. a method which h.t..< none of the citro di ... dvanUlges of arrest.

A. a general ",Ie. then, tilt coun may not is.ue a warrant of arrest unless tilt accused ba. already been summoned without success." For. until a summon. has been tried it is possible tba! tl!<: accused's atlendatlee in coun tan "otl!<:rwi$<: be obtained" and therofO<e resort tn arrest i:s forbidden by Article 54. Of C(Jursc-if the accused h.t..< already been summoned and has deliberate:!Y failed 10 appear the in,"',i",li"g police officer has the duty 10 arrest him by applying for an arrest "'arranl il n= ... ry." and the coun ,hould issue it .... umi"l thai '"absolute neccssity" has be.., shown.

lbore are. however. ca$OS imaginable in which tilt coun would be jllStified in issuing an arrest warrant .,·en though the summons method had not \)«n tried. If. for example. the applicanl could by reliable: e"idence convince the coun thaI summoning the accused would be completely futile because tile latter had already planned OJ begun to nee the Empire, or br:aIusc ~ipl of a 'ulIU1lOllS would l.ikely induce bim 10 nee. the coun would be justified in ordering arrest because the accused', attendance could nC)! ··othe",,·i .. be obtained." But unless sucb eJtCCptional circumstance, are ,hown the police shOUld always first proceed by <um· mOD ....

"' 31 Comr~.n« i. "roIUDtaly'" in Ih< ...,.., IIw. oho IUI>Im<><>cd penon ci!b<t ~ 10 iI ef do.. ... Dot .. ·i,I>o-., physica! «,.rei"" "" tho put of the pOOcc. (Bu ..... n"",'z' "'''''''.J Y<t cornpl.an« i, .1>0 in • .." .. ""'"""'-Y. 1>«: ...... fallu" to.ppear -..;tbout I • ..-ru.t <S«I,," i, • <riminol oIf_. (Pen. C., An. «2\ 0;'-;...." to an on.I __ (commonly u"'" in .om. Ellliopi.n <"'Mil i. pr-obabty not ponisbable under P<nol Codo Arti<1o «2 <in« a '"<nn><IDS. to '" "lawful." mu" be in tho fon-n ~ribe<! by Arti<1o 2S. For that "'''''''' <Ita! """"""'''' ""Vlt Dot OJ ....... w- malW 10 he moed.

ll. TIti, i. in _d .. ill1 !be Enahd> ruJe. Soc: Hall""".. Lo ... <>I £ntI<uM. cited .!>au .. DOtr 26. vol.. 10. CtirniD&l La..-, _ 6:!', l«l: Sir P. Dev1in. T/U C ..... _ P>"W«O ..... in &,1oJo4 (1.00_. 1960), p. 70.

n. An. Ui . Am ... (l) \\o"hue tho ...","'" or the 'u.p<e' .... not he<n 0lTe0IeO<><d WIde< An. 2J (>.ill to lppoIIr tho iOVdtiPtinJI police ,.ffi< ... sb.U uk< m<h ...,.,. .. "'" DeCe$$>ry '0 <floc! IU. ~

(1) Whor. the ..,...t W'm<>I be made ";thO<l' .....-nl:It. tho ;.,v ....... 1ii>1 poIi<c ol_ oI>aIJ apply to !be «>.In fOf" • WamLII' of >.nat in aa:crdaDeo ";111 tho ]I«I'I'ioiaDt of An. Sl.

)01. In _. ooonlri<s. iliff ...... ' but similar criteria ".,...,. in coojw><tio<l wid> • _. U" beIiei" _<Ion!. III J_ law, fo< .... UDcc: . ... ..,..., Wamotlt .... , be iaouod ~ly "h«1 Ihot the 0l1$I>O« b.u COlD' """ed an off.....," and thot there if; "necessity" to ....... , the "'spoct. PwtlI<f _ • .... Uy •• rt ...... mu" qui<kly be ~t bel"", • """"- ... d ...... ,.._ ..oJ... tho

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J<)<OOill. OF ETIlIOf'lA.v LAw - VOl.- III - No. 2

Tk U~ of Sum""""

According to Lord Devlin. "[tlhe distinction botween tbe process begun by arrest and that begun by summons is that the 1aller ~ave. !he accused completely al Ilbony unli1 h. is OOIlviclcd,"" In England. perhaps. but not in E thiopia. For. althougb.. as ,,'. han said. the summons method '" free from many of tbe coen:ive aspccU of arrest. under Ethiopian I.o.w il leads jusl as ou..,]l'J9 !!!'mediate custody. with perhaps no pos.sibi~ty of discharge'" before tria1." Even assuming the own· mooed accused', readiMss aDd ability to' ""nviDCC 1be poIlce of hi< absolute inDo. CCDCC of !be otfeoCf with r<Spe<:I to whi(b he was summoned. !.he Code doe< IlOl permil" \he police \0 discharge him. Ratber. ~y I!a\'e the option 10 release him ~aUy on bood lt Of bring him before a rourL<O In Ihis respe<:t. and in all

•

"Ole Il._

- 412 -

01"",... re$pome to 3 lummons enlails \he identical coo.sequeDC<$ for the ac<:used as does ,ubje<:tion 10 arrest: t~ b:f~ wh~h the police lake him has no uplicit authOf!!y to d~barge bim e""a if OOQvi!lCed of ;nl>OOCnc<:. and the ptdiminary inquiry" court dearly has none. In other words, summons differs from arrest under Ethiop'an law only in Ibal it draws 01'1. into custody "~oluntarilyn rather than by force: it is. once tlte aa:used arrive!l .ttbe poliee '!ation and is detained Ihere im·g!uptarjly. transformed into arrest."

Tbi, conclusion, that summons under tbe Code holds practically identkal consequcnocs for Ibe aa:u.>ed as does arrest. provokell the qtlelltion wbother the Code adoquatdy controls nnd limit< tlte power to issue SUIDlllODSCS. We f'md that in rontT1l51 10 tM pl'3ctiee of otlter procedural Iystelllll. both Ang]o,AmericlJ:t<J and conlir>ental." where a Sl!!!l!J19ns. li ke an auest warranl. is issued by the courts. in Ethiopia the power is given 10 tbe police IbemselvCll." 1bc only limitalion imp<><ed by Article 25" is that tlte inve!lligating police off'"",r should have "relUOII

to believe," that the aa:used" has committed an offence. While that .W>dard is not precise it can al leasl be said tbal Article 25 prohibit< the .urnmoning of an ao:U$ed where the evidence i$ of very questionable "'liability _ .""It as anony

or ambiguou.s infonnation, hearsay unsustained by factual investigation, .re. t a criterion and il$ are two diUe,·

it is tbis power to the . ll>c wbother there is sufficient

11 • weighing of the Ii and lite righl 10,

Ibis r Ii whicb entail!! the

41. If """do 1ld<I. s.. Dole I". at>on. .2. In pn>C'iu it ",*y not .. en differ ill thaI .-..peeL APfWODUy "'OIly Etmopian poIi<><

off"",,, US< \he """""",,,, in ploce of .... rnol warnaL by oomi". to !be suSpect', bamc or worll: piue .rt'II<d with .... mmoDI filled oul 10 .. -.. ... - bis rmrru.!iIol< ""*""" at \he !H>Ii«> <uti_ The po>Ii<c office.- !beD eocons !be "JWIltIIooed"" su>pe«. s.. Ncbti· yelol Kill<. cil«l ._ .t "'* 21. pp. 20 if. Of """no this procedure. _ eIi_ ,be ""rit of "'" """"'oou. i. """"""""t to ...... withoul wa:rmt ODd "'wid be ao ,-~

.J. "0< <,..",pie. EoII.nd (M"listnles' Coun, Act. 19~1. Soo. I. ";1«1 .-. .. ""'" n . vol ll. p .m: 11>< United S~ (Rule •• Feden] Ru'" of Criminal Proce<Inre. cited .bo>< .. uot.> 26}, lodi. (C<><I. Qj Cri",j",,/ I'rocU.",. 1m. An. 6S (lDcblow. L962~ ~io.I"" cil«l ., In.d/Q~ C""~); Gh .... (c.;".,-",,/ /'1'0<<<1." C<><rrin,r ... ato<! .. C;1Im.. C<><It1 the Su<IaD (Code uf Criminal ProcecIo~ Soo. oW. r... .... '" ,h. SudtJ .. ( 19Sl). vol. 9. TItle 2!L. bemD.ftcr cited .. SIIdaII C<><I.l

+<. F.,.. .,....,pI<. F,..".". wII .... !be _~, " """'p""";"" (equinlmt 10 \be A"..... Amori .. " ""summono") i. issued by !be cumini". "'"Ii'II>I<. Frnw:h Cod •• AnL 1%2·1-4, T,,",,'<. d,ed .bo-o •• \ "Ill< 8. p. 4S1.

4l. Art. 2!L. Th. «lly <>;<q>(i«l 10 Ibi. Nle i. found. ir<>nioolly. in !be procecIurc..,..,..... pcltr off~ .. be« tI,< i"",aoce of _ i. judici.!ly """trolled in Ibe m ........ of .""" ... rn.ots (An. 167). I, i. aM <leu wily \he draften ~isbed in Ibis _, ~......." ordinary ... d petty off..,.,..; "",,', <>«Ii, .. ". n".....ti __ Id be ..,tirdy ow<>m. - I". 10 .1Iow ~iu issumce of """"'''''' ""Iy in petty off=>.

%. QuOled._ ., alll< lO. .7. Police ,u",.n>O<t. of ...;.......,., IO'OUIIed by Artj¢l" 30 .... differml ma' ..... 48, In the Un,'..r Stoles !be WYI< "probable oo.u,," rcqui~ for !be i .... an<:< 01 .... mnts

...... , ~ found bd"", a IIlInnl<InO .... y iUtl •. Rule 4, F""" .. ] lI;u'" of Criminal Pr0cedure. <11«1 ,bo ..... ""'" 26. I. &pand. althoop • ...,."".." .... , be i_ "" .... u",,",,", ."d "miped information, !be ...... "judio:W ~. "Wf'>pn. .. '0 !be ~ 01 -=on .. appIja. Hd13b"rY' Lo~ <>1 E"p./J. dto<! -. .. ...,.. 16, vol. 10. cnm;nal La .... p.Ua. 6~.

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JO(}RNAL 0" ETllIO'IAl' LAw ~ VOC. III - No. 2

ume seri"". WftseqIKIICe!I fot watnal. i. likely 10 be uerriscd For. lho5e "'hose diWcll11 ;00 ptOOe 10 resor"e doubts in faVOllt 1O" ..... "'en'. DOl ,j I.

It Iherefore. thaI bolh for !he sake 0( inlem.l (Oftsistency and in onkr 10 -.at lhe riglns of ciliuns tbe Code .ho~ld be a",cnded &0 as to transftr Summon. power from the: police to tbe court., If that Were dOM. j~. would issue either WBrrlnlJ 01 arrest or summonses upon application. aller revi.wins evidellce of tbe accused', criminal ronduct and in tccordaDce with the: feasihility of ohtlinina custody 01 him without !he IISC of Iorce. They. not the police. would decide hefore muiDl • summoru; .. 'hether or not. there "",re ~reasoa 10 bel: ..... ~ !be ....,'std pi.lty of an offence. ilut as !hey now decide befOK issu.iol .... moIU. whether or not. his preseDOC before !he _" ~is ab(o!ulely n«esA.I')'.- Tbe dccisioo as to ... hich form of pmccss 10 USC in a puticubr ax 1tO<Ild ,,"Ver e'~n arise until a'te, • judicial determinallon !tad been made that the ac:ewed ,,'U probahly guilty of • criminal offence..

ASSUming. thQugh, llIal !he above recommendation i$ rejected. and it i. decided to lea"e the IwnmO:15 power in police hand •. there mipt he another -=ptable way to alleviate 'he present law'~ ha!'$hnelS. That is. to am.nd lhe Code 10 allow the police 10 discharJe summoucd S<lSpe.:IS whose innOX¢Dce becomes apparent \0 \hem.

There are lwo foreseeable objectioruo 10 Jr3lltilll the polio: lhis po. .... 11 miS11l 1M ~. first. th:1I by allnwin. poI'ce discharge tile process would thereby hccome obscured from judicial review and supervisiOll. The police .. "<lU!d he fI'u upcJa lhe nim,iest ..... picion 10 $UmmoD ..... peeIS ' ''arbitnrily~ for questionin,. aDd the" discharge t"'m ...... n lhe inlerroga.lion p ....... C$ fruitlcu. nw fear of poll« ahllSC underlies I'" common requiremelll'" that pellO<l5 arrested withoul WIltlOIII must. despite lheir apparenl inllOCC'DCe or !he i11eplily of their arrest. be

ott. 1'"," """;<tmcy" ... ke, III< ....... IOl<lP«ti"" mtui .... ~ ........." cl prnol shouJd _PPb' '" "'" __ s.., lUI __ ~ """" l~n, ._

;\I). eo- piO.iD:Hd CIt Ihio poinI .. EoPshLA>m""",_ .,-- _ 1<1 be cf _ bool< lypa. no.. lint. .,. .... plif\<d by III. cod<$ cf Indi. _ ~ ood .. it qIOi,., <I<.af that poIKe cIio<IIaqe is ....... M: tk E"';"pam eo- (An. lJl shun this """Ii"" { _ _ }I, .-.t n.. <Odoo of Malaya _ SO"PP""" aIoo"'" lhk pooiticoo. but mah .ft ueqoor;"" i.!be <uo cf...u ... poioe oHici'ls no. .... 1 I}1IC Ii_ apIicio oItcm.aIi ... to tha po>IO:e ';<10<:, to diocl<.l,.. the _teo CUHlition.Uy or 1<1 bri .. bUn .. ODQO bet"", a court. bul "- _ "y ... )'thin. abou' ~I .. I .... , Tu .... yih .. d Eqlmd are cf lhk ...... P (bu, ... n(Q iJ, a-'~ 'Tho !ut 'YI"'. of ... biob the Ghan. ro<Ie is .. • ""'pl .. doe> uplkiUy .~I/>ori .. poli<e dj",h.,.. of tile 'n"leo if 1110 ;MOW>« i, .... p ..... 1 to Iltcm. s.. [,ull~~ C<>dt. Soc. 63; Sud.~ Cob. Soc •. 4:. Ill; Criml""ll'rocd.,. C(J<I, ()I ,h. F<d",,,<d M"I." s"''',. Sooo. 19 (K~.I. Lumpu'. 19'1~ 11«0111*11<' ciled .. Mol'r'~ C(J<I.: Crimi.,..1 Pr<>«<tu .. C<><Ic:. Sec. J.t. lAw, <>1 Ih. Col ... , 01 Sin_ n~'~ ch.p. 132. hcm .. n... riled .. Su.,-._ C(J<I" Crimioul ..........".,. Godc.:so.. M. lAw. <>J T....,...."i1.o. (1947). chq,. ZOo be,.;"af\<t riled .. T ....... ,ll.o CP<k, {EqIisI:Il "' ............ 0>0011> Act. 19'1. S«. ).8. ri'«I . ....... ,I "'* 12. G_ C(J<I •. :so.. U{I \

I. Am<rio:atI 1&..- poIi<e di~ of amo.I«S i. _lIT llJopl {"""""'dI _ pt1oOticech. Sot S. w..-. -n.c UlOif_ At=.! Act.~ Vup.Io L. It .... yol. 28 (I~~ pp )]6.lL f!. Pultbnmo<r. A.I.w._*- <>I cm.u-/ fA., (O~ I~JJ. 1'1'- 67-61.

Of ..... AO. !be poioe ""'1 _ dioeb&r&< ... '"""""'" ......... by """";'1 of • -" _~ moe. . ......... , .... lain .... ..... \hoI !he _mo'" bo 1>r<IuP' bet.,.. "'" "aw<. 500. 10< uampl<. en .... Pro. c.. Thin! Scl>edolo, Form VI.

- 474 -

taken be/(lre a roun to have lbe facts judicially O$18.h!isbed. Where tbe arresl has b«n illegal. a judicial finding to Iha! dfect might lay the basi< for a successful civil or penal action agaill.'lt tbe offender" BUI these arguments are not so strong when appJitd t(l th. wrongful ,ummons .... hich. up until I~ li_ i. ripen.t iN" orrul (involuntary custody). i< far 1 ... an invuioo of the cili~en's rights."

It might also be argued that the Cooe omil.5 to autbotiu pori« discharge of a sumfUllll.ed accll6"'l for a very sound reawn: that tbe rank and file police officer is not sufficiently educated and lrained in la .... to e:xercise this discretion com·

"" _~"'~': ., to Bnd ,.,.,

summonses ...... , SO amended the

COllSCque= of their own

In summary. il bas been 'UUested lhal ,inee from tbe accused', point of view tbe same serious OOf\5equences ",bicb fonow from tbe execution of an arreot

~= i •• va:riel~ of .. ""tions, I ... t and "",,-topt, ",hiClJ the ';';;!im of ... unt.wful V In"<Ii"" fO' """'1<3: opio .. <be orreUu. ",beth ... h. t.. .., ~n...,. oitlzon

(ay. c.. Am. ZOl!. :!(W(H2) 01" poIke office, (av. c.. A ..... ZOll. !Oll. ZOl!. ~~ II thc I>lIct. Ih< 0"1< ,.,..y t.. joinoly liable wi'" • riabt of ~ q;aintI Ill<: poIi<>o!nOll (R<"Y. c.:.., Nt. 62: Civ. c.. Am. 2126-27).

b ~rinli",,/ ,_~I;C": <>1. pri .. ,. 'ITaI<, O'<n. C. Art. !H) ot of • po!ioo ollie .. (P",,_ C, A .... 412. ~14. 4t6. 7~1·~2~

c. ull'MI" ph • ..,.1 ,esiotarJ« 10 .n uol."lul JJTdt ( .... ulO;. I.wful. S<e a •. c.. Am. 10. II. ZOl!l'(b): P"". C. Arts. 6O(c~ 74. But .... obo Pen. C. Am. oJJ and 762, "'bicb u< subj.oct to <;<>nllK:tln, i"...-p ..... ti""~

cI. 1n1~,..QI /jIoJ1u) ;I«Ip/in~: '0 II>< lorm of dcpanrnoow _ons, Ii-. =S<e P .... C. An. 411: P<>Iico PmclO/lU.tiO<l. I~ Arts. 18(2) ond 21 fl_. I'Toc. N ... 6, N~,. Gat.. )"O>.J" I. no. '-

51. Of <"" .... ooce the IUmmOO<d """",d i. dcl>ioed by l~' ""Iic • • .,;n .. bi> wil!. Ib< wmmo<l. p_ b .. becD tnnsfotm<d in'" one o! ....-nt .,.;thOUI ....,....,,~ ... d dJould be ""'''''' .. ." ilq.J .".... if the """"""'" ..... ;uu.(I with"", pr_' M......,., to belieye" unde, An. -Z!!. 10 IU """"Id 0"""'. Il ",~I be q"",~OII<d ",ltelhe< • SllIIlIl>OI><d accuo«I is ... r n-otly _, . , th. P<>Ii<o '"'''''' "vomnwily." $« nOl< 31 .• too.e. But il d_ =m ruooo.bl< '<> In .... upon thc dJ"i""uOl! be""..,. "voluntary" ond "involuotary" pr."."",. in "'*" to pr~ "'" ..... li.ldi,tiDCtiOll ""''''«n .... mm"'" ..,d ~~ Admi't<>dIy, ""* i._ <kat_ <>f volw"."nes> (0.- iDYotu~wift<S>~ Bul ... Devlin. e;to(I .-.. ., <><>Ie 32, PI' 68-.69 . .,.d G. \Vim ...... "Pot~ Oekn~"" """ """" PriTiIo:&<O: AD IDI<m.ti....at Sympooi_" """,I'nd," I. Cn .... L.. Cm... aM f'e/in Sd .• yoL Sl (l!l'6O~ PI' "'-16.

'1_ This .... """OJ:. witb .. hi<h the p<"=n' "",Ie, di......,., ..... _Uy i~to! in IIte.Cod< ~"I~' doc:ioiOD to deny thc pr<tirninOll' inQUiry coon 1'0"""" to _,... on <>bviou,ly lnn"""n, "",,>«I. s..: G,. .. "". "1.0 nouvell. prOC<!du .... _ ,M cito(l ._ at "<>1.2. n. 2t. It i. difficult 10 n"ok<$Und. i. tbi. <OIlllOCtiOD. tho, wnt<r", ,"""",011 (/.t .. n. 22) th .. the I'l'blic pro>O<U,,,,,' dil< ... ti"" in RlCb cues..-iII in some .... y Otlbsti."" ... __ to <be "",,>«I. Not lXlly ~ "'"'*"""'" (..-ho ~ wuaIIy ""~ of6c<n) bkely ." b.v ... li.tIe kpl «Iu<.li."" .. II>< jodl<O beI_ """"" ~. appear. bat tboi, . ppr.Uoal <of the <'Vi"""". i, lurdly ~k.lr to 1>< .. ;"'1'"";01 ... it><IF'J.

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JOU~AL 0'1' EntlOl'l ...... C.W ~ VOL. III ~ No. 2

wuralIl apim him also fol.""'" rcspoolSe to a 5I.Immona, both forms of prooeJI 001"" to be issued by the same authority ~ ~he courts - 011 oimllar crileria. Falli", this morm, the police at iea>1 ou.lu 10 be Ii~ the authority to diocharp appa"'ft tly i!lDOCelll ~ .. bI;m !bey ha~e surnoned.

If the Iauer change ..... '" made. the police 1I'OU1d ha~e lh= options at their diJp<liJa1 lor dealiog with a 5u!lU1lOllCd accused, OIIe of which would 113"e to be aCled upon wilhin lorty-eisht houl1" of hi5 volunlary appearance at the polite ~tation: discharge. COIIditiOll.1 ",lea", on bond, and prUCntation belen the Roansl court.

Hlvill, thus far consido:red arrest under ccurt ....... "1 Ind the use of police oummor>SeS let US lurn to the third and Iasl method by which physical custody ~r ouspocted ofl.ru:lers is obtaiDod ~ Irml witbou.~ .. amLlIl. The JOVe",i"g rules I'" lound 10 both the Constitution Ind lhe Coo..

TM CONti/u/ian

As lIOIed above" the Amharic ~l1iOll of ATticle ~l of lhe Consliluli"" per· milS atteSt witbout WlImtRl only wbere the offendor Hit..l9'lntL""",mmittiDl • ~ olfuoCe in violation of the law in lon:e," aDd .... rioo.Is articLes of the Cod .... elaborate on liIe>e exceptioaal casco.. Unfortunately \b<", is 1 serious d~ between lhe- lbo~uotcd IanI!PJC alKl that of the Ellilish ~11ion of Anio;Ie Sl which ",ads: HNo one may*tlTes1ed lsic] wLtbout a warntJlt uoepl in case of (lqrartt or serious violation of lhe law in f<>roe." If ~ lake. "f\,I,&Janl" to be f'OUIhly equivaknt to Hfound oommittiD ..... the crucial diJcrep"1IC)' is 5CC1l to be thltt lhe English ve .. ioa 1I'OU1d allow Irrc:oU wilhout .... mtnt where the offence is ~iIM' nagrant or se,inus. wh.",u the Amharic ",mielS the power to CUCI where both conditiOll$ are $atisfied. TI!e distinction i. villi in cue. whete, lor e~.mplc. a person commilS a pelty offence in plain view of a polK:e offlCtt. 'I'M,... a ... rrc:ot without warrant would ~ permitted by the EDglish """ion but forbidden by the Amharic siDee tbe tatter demand$ thai tbe oU.-...;:e he a "..-rious"" one. The imporUlloce of the discrepaocy il .Iso s«n in ca5eS where _ police officer arreslS without WIlTIftt I person tU$l!'"Wy-'lI!ipect~ of bavinLcoa>mit!Cd a serious offcJtoce some )-..atS P"'viously. ",. English v=ion permits Iud! &rreS\S ""

$0. 'rl>«nti<llly. II>< 1' .... _ oould be nom"'" >1 llIo •• pinti"" cI. • period .. IOD,I (but ""If" Jona) .. tho __ Md', ~~ >t rh~ ptJ6co .ta~"" w .. ""¥oIuotuy:" ... 0",*'1. &bow. Th.t i. booau .. !r I. ""iy ofW "'~ Uk cI. ~"" \nnIlorms \be IU/D'

"""" 1010 ornoot u.>1 <Ii"'~_ """,lei. '" tI>oo<y, I>< 10""l<lcI .. ,,. "I II miah' be cIesinbk ....... l>!ish .., imobutl>"'" ~ of iovoIuntarincu ofW \be upirali_ of lortJ· ci&bt bau .... lor 11'1_ of At';':" ~.

j,. See.."t ac, i ")"iq _ 11. """"S6. ...... IHt on<! »'jl . $1. AI.,.,.,.". -.. _IS of Amboric fiDeI .... biauitY i. \be pIoruc. -. it is bGpeoL

_lei _ 1bat ~ 1..1 ....... wu.- (I.!u:""f ' ... ,....., •• +c) _ .... _or", 01 \be ott it ~ 01 ............ ntbeT tIuoa _ ...... poot 1_ " ...... , Ihu \be oct .... 1>«11 <_ned.

,.. no.. p<e<:i .. .......u.. of ._." \0 cI; .... _ .t tnt _~"'" __ 71"", bokooo-.

- 476 ~

ETHJOf'lAlI ARKUT l.AW

grounds nf "$<:tiousness" alone. but lhe Amharic forbids lhem because: lhe clemen, of nagrnncy i$ lacking.

In a situation such 3$ rhis. where the English and Amharic versions are clearly discrepant. il is ohviously necessary to decide which version should pre'·ail. Although one can always fall back on the principle that in case of oonnict Ihe Amharic. as the offidallanguage of the Empire." will prevail i] is more satisfactory to tmce tbe sowct: of Ihe phrase: in que,tion to see which "ersion more nearly appro~imates it. In doing so wc see that the immediate source is appa"mtly The federal Act'" uniting Eritrea and Ethiopia in ]~5z.. Paragraph 7{i) of the Act states: "No one shall be ,ubject to arrest or detention without an order of a compc:tcnt authority. except in ca,e of flagrant and St rious violation ol the law in force .. . •. (Emphasis added.) That lang""ge. which was in tum taken from a 19SO United Nations Resolution." supporu the Amharic version of its successor. Article 51 of lh. Revised COIl,titUtion.

The concl .... ion Ihat the constitutional framers intended to permit aTreSt without wamlnt only wbere an offence is both flagrant ond serious. i, (ul"lher butlIessed by tWG considerati""". First. tbat interpreta!ion is mOTe in keepiDg with tbe genera1 prindple of modem criminal pmce<.1u ... tbat arrests wilhout prior court authorization are properly the e,cep~(}Jl. not Ibe rule.'" This principle argue, for the str;ct construction of pmvisiGn.I aUowing arresl without warraDt. demgating as n\Cy dG from vilal liberties of Ihe citizen. The geDerally accepted rule of striCI con8lructi(}Jl for all penal kgislatioo is based on Ihe ,ame considerations.

Secondly. 'he conclusion finds support at tbe uililtUlu source of lbe C()~pt "nagrant offence·' in conlinental" arml law _ botb constitutional and .tatutory. As earl)' as 1849 Ihe Swi .. CoDSlituti(}Jl provided "where there i. a flagrant Gffence. any person may ar ... ,t the offender .. '" Similarly. many present-day oontincntal and

19. It ..... Con .. "-'I. 12'. 60. Quolod in 1'1, M~n. Til< l -,hWp;"n Em"; .. F«/""t/on 4'*" u .... (It_. 19'4~

PI'. 4)t ff .•• nd adopted by ~Feder.l lD<orpon.tioo ond [1I,c1u,;"" of "" Torfit«y of Entre> Wi'hin <he Empire of Elhiop;. tkd .... ~ O,d« No. 6. 1952, No,. G4, .• ~ 12. no. I.

61. R ... 309 (V), Oen. A .. embly. $!h 5<>< .. Dec. 2. 19$0. 6!. 5«. lor nampl<, Unite<[ N.~m .. <itO<l . bOY. at noloo 301. Am. 6-7 of .0. ... , I'riociptc.t.·

o.nd C<:IInmmtuy. at PI' 206-01.

61. WIIile Il>e 0<ID0q>< 01 in IkllI'I'"" ".1:<,<> i. mo..'. to ",<><Iorn ADaI<>-AmcricoD ...... t . ....... h.,.., j, i. upt<>1«l by .Ile lormula< ·Iound .ommj~" \>yo ltId "committed in th. ~~ of, rite ...... tinl parry, its role i. quit<. moc1<ot ..,d undeveloped eompuod '0 Ibo. of its <X>fI~n",,"'] ""'Ioc"e. !kI,,"", ,glit. For • di~ ot <heir """"""" hi.toricol boekvoond k< M. P1""' ...... UJ"h. D<vetopm",,' of PrC<eltI-D.y Criminal Pro_I"<> in Europe and Atn<ric.o." Harvard 1. R .... v~. 48 (!9)'~ 1>1>. 441. 441-4'. Oonlen'lpo..ary Anp:..Am""".n l.w Of> 0=., willi"'" .. ..,....", io dil<\OU<d in \hi. onicle. boIc>w. ODd summ.rizrd in Harris's CrlmlMI U"' ~(I1lI od. \>y H. A. "'1meT and H. P.lmer. London. t960~ PI'. J.82 (I ,: E. Barnet,. R. T>ylor""<l 11.. T,....,lini. "ArTeOI Willlout W.~t: Exten' ..,d Soci.1 Implicoti.,....~ 1. Crl", L.. Crim. and Poilu &1 .• rot. 46 (19j~ pp, 19t-92. A. "";U 1>< demon"",te<[ 1><_. "'" EtI1;opio.n """"'P' of .. {I .. """ olf""ox~ lound in Code Art>. 19-2t i. of the cootin"",,] _

6" Oon"ituuon.1 law <X Aprit 2l. ISH. quoted;n /f.LpoH " .. 1tU>/;/s. [s....; .. J PTOi«t <i.e I", """,'ltu';oNMile Sur kI Hmi ;n</Ividu.lle <' 'Ur fo""vloiabll.,. du "_lcik (0"",.,.., 19m .,~

- 477 _

JOUH<A~ OF EnUOPIAN LAW - VOL. III - No.2

conlineDtal.inspired ~onstiluIiQlls" and <:<Xk>" allow ~rrest without w~rrant IOf flagrant oflences and. as will be .hown ~I2.w, C<lmmonly define the OOlIcq)t in language very Iike that found tn tfie EthIopian Code. And. it muSI be noted. the special rules" gO\'<rning flagrant offences an: usually applied only to ··..,riou.·· flagrant offe"""s. not 10 "minor" ones. In France, for e~ample. an arre" without warraDl may be made in the case of "'a flagrant re]ooy Or a flagrant misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment· ... Minor flagrant offrnces. such as misdemeanors (dints) nOt punishable by imprisonment. and all pelty offence. (conlfavm/;oru). are not sub~t to su~h arre". Leaving a,ide for lhe moment Ihe queslion of how to interpret "serious" in Article 51 of Ihe Constitution,'" it is dear from the oonti· nCnWIlOUf(X;S that the Amharic '1:rsion. permitting arrest without warrant only in ~ase of an offence whieh is both fl.!8!!nt_and seriou., is co=t rather than th" English '·ersion.

If it is true. then. that tbe more permi,";Ye. English language vel"$;on of Article 5] is not authoritative. one mm! immediately ask whether the Code pro· "isions on arrest without warrant are constilulional. Do they. followin8 Ihe English vel"$ion. pennil arrest without warrant in cases wllere Ihe offence is not both serious and flagrant? If so. they must properly be oonsidered null and void. because they are contrary to the autlwrit&live (Amharic) version of Article 51.'"

As we shall see. the Criminal P=dure Code contains tWO "'dusters" of provi.;ons permil1ing arrest without warranl, Articles 1<)·21 and 50 (flagrant offeoces) and Article 51 (miscellaneous OIner otfences). As to the former group. dr:o.wn from tile same ~ontinental tradition as Article 51 ot the Re,·ised Constitution. there i. no problem. But the second. inspired by English-Commonwealth arrest law. i. gene. rally in direct connict with' the CQn.tilutional standard expressed in tbe Amharic '"<,I"$ioo ot Article 51.

Tlw Cod~: n~granl Offenas

Code Articles 19·21 and 50" define flagrant offen.:.< and declare iliat any person may arrest a flagrant offender. A ~ompa.rison of these provisions .... iln

6$. See. for <",",pte. the e"'".tilUti''''' '" lI<~um (18)1\ ... rt. 7: Brazi! (1946\ Art. 141. S«. 20; Chile (1=~ "'rt. 13; Iran (l5J06\ "'rt. 10; Gue<. (19'1) .... rt ,. tnnslaled iD .... l'u,l« (ed.), Co""I,",i __ of Natio", ad ed .• Th. H"", •. 19j6~ 1 "<>1>-

66 See. to< <umple. FU'I<n Cod •• ... rts. '1 N.: TOT.oh C&i • . ... rt. 127; [8elcianJ Code <l"ln.tructioo er;min<n •. "'m. 41, 46, 10(;. iD I. ~. <Iyn<\. t.u Cod" Bd~, (28th 001. by R. RuU)"". and 1. Bloom,ux, BN,,"I ... 19'11 vel. 2; [Ualla"l Qo.dice m i'roo«IUf>. 1'..,>1<. Art •. 237-18, in G. Lau.anzi, I C"".,i I',,,,,'i (Mila.o. 1?li2t

67. Broad Il.,-=<, ~·e .... r< amOO$ • number 01 spc.;i.l procedurol rule, ... hkh u.">lI~ eome into .",.,.,,100 with Ill< commission 01 • flqran' oll."". in cootinenl.al O>l<m~ See. tor uampl<. f...,"c~ Cod •. TiUc I. Chap. I. and JOUJOOe> e;tool in nc.1< 66 •• ~

68. F""",h Cod~. "'rt. 73; .... I!<o m .. "'rt. 67. For • m"",,,i,,,, 01 1' ... ·1937 French I,w "" thi. poi_t ... P. 800= .. d 1. P;n'l<l. rra;U d. Dtoi. n .. 1 " d. Crimincl<>¥it (I'ori,. 1963~ vol. 2. s.c. 1299. B<for< "''' pre ... t la,. ther< .... ,.. """'" ooolusion .. to .... beth.r 'he rul« """,W apply to mi><l<n'I<'Don (dI!;/s). bu, they ....... >1,,",,)'0 applied to th. most .. riou, ..,fle""", (<rim<£) and n<1'<1" '0 th< Ie ... ""';00' (ro"'nII""';""'~

69. See the m........;.", at Ie", >«<IOlpan,iD, no ... 7S-u, bel.,.... ~(I. Rt"V. C:;on •• Art. 122.

71. An. 19 . FI",'onl olf<~". (I) An olknee 111./1 be deemed to be O'lr.", wh<r<> th. olf"'''''r ;, found rommi'tiq

tho olftt>«, .tkmptinl to """,mil the ollene<. or h ... in" commi'ted tho olfoltC<.

- 478 -

EnIlOP"'N ARREST LAW

Article, 53. 67 and 73 of Ibe French Criminal ProcWure Code" demons""I", unqllOstionably Ihe conlinental source "I this portion of Ethiopian arre,t law. We may approach lhe comp:.ri$ion by first noting the differen«s between the two sel. of rules.

The French law adopts a bi·partite divi,ion of flagrant ofleo«, into "nagnont" and "assimilated" one,. To lhese Ihe Ethiopian Code add, a lbird category. "quasi.flagrant" olfences." One ,hould note. however. that these lables are of no functional consequence. since tho Code trealS all three categorie$ in exactly the . ame way.

(i) [Hliniti"" Regarding the definition of "flagrant offen«" (illCluding ,ub-categorie.) the

Ethiopian codifiers both added to and ornill«l from the continental model. To Ih. standard definition of "Ilagrant olfence" as one which "is being cnmrn.itt«l or has jU.<! been committed'" Anide 19(1) has added nagran! atltmpl$. Thi.< probably is not a substantial change in the old fOnIlula bccause an atlempt to commit an offeDCe is in itself a penal offence. and thereforc neWs no separate mention."

" "

(l) An offrnce ohalJ be Ikotmod t<> be q~ui·lt.4r .... "h ••• • Iter i. h"" -. «>IIIDIittod. lbe ofl.,ukr wb" b"" ""'pod i . ohU<d ~ ,,"messes <>r ~ meml>en 01 Ih< p<I~1i< or whe. ~ hue ... d ITt b •• b«n ;>;>«1_

"'rt. 20 .• AssimU"".d <.,u, "'n ""1= .h.n be d«mod 10 be n'lran, .nd .<> hll uDder .h. prooi>i_ 01' ...... 19 ... hen; (a) the po~"" .r< irnm<di .. ely col1o<l t<> Ih< pl>ce "ben the <>(fen<~ ~a, -. «>n>O>j,.

ted: oc (b) • cry I<>r h.lp has been rai"", Irom .he piac< wheT< the ,,(f __ ;, be;Qj; '" h"" be<n

committed. "'rl. 21. • Eflw '" "goIIni, ""jll6 In mo';"" <>1 P,,,,,,,<>I,",, '" ""'-',_ (I) Tn the case "" ""I....,.. .. definod in An. 19 and 20. pr<><udinl' may be , .. IiMod

with ...... . n "",,",.Iion <>T cOOIploin. heio, Iod, od. unl ... ll>e of{ __ =0'" to< p"",""",l<d «(<<p' upon • lonn.>l complaiD~

(2) "'n an-e>t "HbOll' .... rnn. m.y in ""'h <...., to< ",>de on the oondition. I.id _ in "'rt .• 9 .1 o<q .

... rt. ~ .• A"'!~t "','~'"'' "'art"n' jn fla,,"", """'. "'ny pri»1< _ "" n><moo of Ih. polk< may OIT<Ot willl""t IV.,.,..,,' • penon ""'<> h .. oomm;llod • n'~ .... nl ofl<DCe . , 6<f!JIed i. "'rt. 19 and 20 01 tbl. C<>&o, ... ~ Ill_ ""I""co ;, p<ln;,h.ble ";Ih >imp" jmpti"",,,,,,nl lor "'" I.,.. llIan t~ .... m""tII$. O'od abov. at n<>!< 26_ ... rt_ 53 _ Th. 1<looy <>r rni$d<m<.nor ,h .. i . in the »roce .. of beiQj; comm;tted 0< ... hicb h,. ju" been """",,;lled i, • flapa", f<looy or ftqn..o. "';$dern""'<II". Ther. i, .1<0 • flavan' lelony 01" rni!d<m .. n<>r wh,n. ;n the p<ri<>d immediately f<>ll<>wi". the ..,.. th< .uspeeted .,....,., i. """ued by d.mor. or i. found in J>O"OUi<>n <>f ""joel>, <>r p,..... .. lraces or indic.tion •. I .. din, .<> lh. beh<l ","" h. h •• ponicipated in th. f.:tony or mis, dememoc.

Every crime Of mi<delDUnor wbich. thOUJh .O! """,milted i. the circwnsW>«$ pr<>Yided in the p=ediOS pllI"qtaph. h>s be<n_«>n>O>jtl<d ;n • h""'" the head "" which .. '" Ib, rr<»«:"'in, onorney <>r .n ""f", .. of the jurucial """CO ' " ..... blioh il thalJ ~ "";0'1;101«1 10 a n.rant lelOllY <>r rnisd<m<>n<>r_ ... rt. 7J - Tn the c_ "" • fu,ran' f.:t""~ or It.4r",,' rn;$&"",.no< ptlnith.bk by IrnJ>li"",,,,,,nt (<>< j.,li",I .... ry penon h., pow.: to .ppr<llend tho 9"'l'<"'_ . nd to 13k. him before th< n""m' 01& .. <>f the judicial pOOce. "'T!. 1\I(2~ So< Pen. C .... rt. n Alth"",h .,.,< milh, •• k wh<lher. 'hon. on """"'" t<> «>n>O>jt I"'" <>{/<TIC' ofl • crimin>1 .. t<mpt oom", ";Ihin .~e .",bilo1 ""lick 191h< .. "w<r W<JUkt ho.ve to be "no;' ~.u~ lb., w""ld in .rt",,1 0(.,. •• r'If"",n' ollenc<" ... ..,. which i. cOl • .,..01 <>1(<"00 "oIL In .ny ",,,,I ""licle 50 would nO! ""lhOO,. an .,.,.. " ";th""" .... mon. i" SIKh a <'0<.

- 479 -

7

JOUR'''Al OF ETHIOPtA" LAw _ VOL. III _ No. 2

Another "addition" to the traditional conc<:pt is f(>und in Article 19(2), which include, ,iruation, "'here a ''It..ue and cry" hu bttn raised. TIIi$, again. is JIOt a ,u~taQtial.additiQ!l. since it merely duplicates the first part of the same sentence '",,·ben ... tbe offender wb(> bas escaped ;. cbased by witne.ses or by members of the public.'"" A, for the Ethiopian Code', ..,eming omission of importa01 circum· ,tance, covered by the French law. wber. the .uspect is "f.Q!l/l!li!! ~ssioo of ohjects. or present. traces or indications. leading to the belief that -be has participated in the felony or misdemeanor." " thi' was no doubt motivated by the consideration that the English.Commonwealth formulas of Article 5.!1lliO.:J:g)" adequalely provide for them.

The "assimilated ca ... ·• of Article 20 are in form differeot hUI in essellCe quite ' imilar to the "assimilated cases" of Article 53. secOlld paragraph. of the Frencb Code. Although tbe Elhiopian provision covers a bit more ground than Ihe French. ;1 Serves the same object of allowing immediate action where attentiOll ;s called to the offence at a time soon after its oe<:urrence.

~ Having in Article> Code 8oe5 on in

in the case of

75. The ..,b.I. nlW identity of. tl>< '~'o focm~lati""" ;, ...,.,. in 1II0 ....,<l<rio\& b~ OlIo ........ 1....- of "l""'Iuo . .. I. POr>ODJ>e ""'WOO"" .. t pounui~ par Ia cl>meur pubtique. " by -"''''<". _ 1II<. _. p<n<>n i . fol!"""" by boo .nd cry.- U.s. Army, llld£e Adv"".'" Di •. , Fr<nch C"". of r.",,/ ProcNIur<. An. II (translation I. e.t.~. 1%0, unpubH· Ibcd. lihr>,), Focul<y of u .... H.ile- SoU.";c I U,,; ...... ity~

76. An. ~J, Para. 1, Fr<ncI< C""<.

11. Quoted ,nd di.ocuOltd al 10>1 ""''''''f''yins .", .. 107 U. 1><10 ....

78. A> opposed to compl.in, off«>«1; 0« "<>to 16. .-

1~. IbU!. The " 1I"me," h., b«n .,.d< 1II .. A,'ick WZ) .11"",·, Ufe$1 willi",,! ........ n! in fl.","., comp!>iD' off.,...,. ""ly .110, tho I~OJ; 0{ • comploi"~ onlly .. k>.oI. So<

G<o .... , "ProoecutiOJ; Crimin.1 011=, ... ". cited . bove .. no/, 2, PI'_ In·n Allllouj;b 1II .. < j, >(><I)< policy ju.tification for '" ... odi". Anicl< 21 no 1U<h ""I"' .... ......." ;, I,id down in Arlic!< $0. and tho I><tI<, ';ow "qb' I>< to .lI<>w =' ";!hoo, ",·aaan' in.1I fia&=' usn, wi!bou, • .-- (rom 1II0 injured party. By the very n."' ... of m<»' complaint off=<. 1II";, <_;";00 ;, not apl '0 como to public ...... 000 ;" • fl""., po"""" '""I)' "''''''_ \\"lIc..., !h<)' do. it i. a,....ble thai notoriety b ... !rudy b«n >ch;cv<d by the /Joaran' <;",,,,,,,tm:« of lIIo <>.>e, and "" wiU I>< tinl< aur.lY ... d by .n .""',. Mor.."..,. 0<10 nl"" p~ f<Jf the arr<>l of f1Op1;n' offenders «.z .. odul· , .... ,,) ;n«"npla.in, c .... wl><!"< the i"j"'«1 [Urty i , not irnmedialOly ••• il.ble to ... lOr • c""'pl.,",_ 11. plio< comploin' ~'<ro !"«lui, cd in -,"ch """. by the lim< i, "' ... modo !he ofl.,,« ~ ... 1J no lonaor be '"f1Op1;",,- 0« I<.U acrompanyi". ",,\ell t1-'11. bolmv.

In ."y <.""t. -..-her. the injun<! port~ ;n 1U<h • < ... doe> nOl wish to.." "pr~. ;np in.ti' ",<;l·· ( Boo~ U. TItle I. a.'PIo, ) of the Code) hi, ufu,.1 to l<><IF' <omploin' will by y;rtu< of Arti-c!. ~I(I \ efroctiy<Ty p'«lud< Olmo.

W. The Frn'Ch code "'" . 11".... or, .. ' by private c;tiz<n. i" _ U$<' ; 0« Art. 73. <tuoted ab<w< .. note 72. Tho OIhor proc«!ural coosequeoc .. whi<h, In the Fur.<he, «<>""<nl.O.l . )">tem<. 'wly to fl>c""" co= ( ... nolO 67 .bove) h."" n", _ Utried ""'<1" to ElIIk"';.., law. 1arJ<ly boo'"$< 1II<)' """kl not mok • ...,'" in 1II" prt<kJm;"""tIy .,,"' .... on.l. """''''OD I .... prooed"nl "'hcmo of ,I>< Code.

- 480-

ETlUOI'IAN AnEST LAw

Ihrce mOllnbs simple impruonm.nl or 1 ~ sevcre pelUllly." We may beR de .. ,·. I clue 10 the meaninB in A nicl. $1. ReviKd Coo<tiluliorl. 01 the word -serious." We hive I«n Ib;l.\ in French bow. Irresl . il for r\aJ:tU1 feloaic:l aDd

pUnilhable than 2.000 oIftllC"C" in A" •• ~.~ by Code Ankle ~.

nOi more i\rom1iO& 10 Im$ reuooin! tbe definitioa 01" I "serious

,he Constiluliort if satidlctorily and COMiltenlly rendered

(ii) Applicol""" fmn~diQCJ <UI<I P"blkily

Tllere Ire IWO Qtbcr malle~ in WflDeCIkln with fl ..... nl oaenca which deserve dlSClIssion. =poodioll '0 the ,wo elementi .... hich .re central 10 lbe notion 01" flallr&ncy: immediacy ill litnt and publicily. The first clemen, i, apparent in s...:h phram a5 "hllS j,m ""mmilltd Ilif off'net:'" "ajur it has bet;o commmilled:"" ",he police are immediately called:'" IDd ". cry ... htu btt" roiud ...... (Emplwes added.) The obvious crlltill questions Ire. How lon, I ,ime is ··aft.,"? How soon is "immediale" ? e!C. It. IWO ,,·...,u after tbe tommislion 01" lhefl. the ,,;cum

84. A C'"" ..... 'n''''" i . on 0((00« punilhoblo by ;mpti$o«"'<n, I.,.. not more iIw> .... o mOCltho .nd • f1~ 01 n~' m"'~ thoD 2,000 n .... I,*",~ Id .• Ant. 46'~

S!I. BI" II>< Ff<O<h l.n ........ enioa of ,~ lI.N. rooolllijoa to .... Ioh ...., ba~ _ tho ori';" 01. "'" «><>,tiOitioaol PfO"Woa <loco _ '"<dUM ~ ... IiU,. II ruo:II: "Nul "" POUfn. ~"" oum "" elf ........ Ii ... 0' .. , _ ....,. r~ ""lie .utorilt <011>1>1'."'" .. ut ... eo. <10 Yiol>.tioa I\qnnle e1 p:l.n <10 It. Ioi ... """"' .... " ..... J09 (V), Gao. "-lily, cil«l ._ ., _ 6t.

M. Tilt F"itdo hMI C<>k. <tied _ .. _ 81, Juu.. ~~ 11. Art. I'll). A. Art. Ita). U. Art. 20(.). MI. Art. 2O(b).

- -481 -

JOOR.""L OF ETHIOJ'I .... " LAw - V()I.. III - No.2

Ihint. he m:ognizes !be offeDder walking on a public Iboroughfar. may be !cpUy invile passers·by 10 cbase lhe SUSp«:1 and arre$l him' Or doe< "afler il bas been commiued" in Article 19(2) mean ";'Ym!d;l,!ldy Vier ... ? '",' Does Article 19(1) (in combinalioa. alway>. wilb Aniele SO) aUlhorize a police ofHcer 10 B!Te$1 wi!hou. ""rrnnl an offender "'be ~appurs at !be .scene of lhe o;rime twelve hours afl<t commi ... i"" of the offence' twenty-four? forty..:i&ht? n.e us,,·.rin, of su<:h QUeslions demands a line-<lnowing which is ","'OT easy.

in question. Why does the law permit these WI DO onc 511ftcr arr=1 ""i\.bmll prior roun '" ~, ,

, .. II should he "oted tbal ahbough these arguments are offered in support of

aHowing wide arm!1 powers in flagranl cases. !be Hrsl Iwo may be equaUy appli. cable 10 "",,·nagrant offences. A police officer who. for example • ..,..,e mo.HM or )"""rs aile, an offence .poIS the SUSp«:led offender in a railroad .tation. ruks hi. escape: if he delays for !he time necessary !O procure an aJ"fe$t warranL Simil· arly, an officer who Ihr ..... · .. ks after an offence learru!hal lhe .USp«:led offend .. is aboul to cbeck out 01 his hotel room. rim liX'-t$CI.pe: with !be fruits of hi. crime if he forbears from rushing into tbe room and arresling lbe SUSp«:1

91 In tbe Amh.ric version tbe ~ord "imrncdial<ly" Iwo.o 1>0:<" 1Ik<I. 9:'. We find in F,,,,,,,b law. lor .... .,Pl<. a <:10._ from "temp< "«Ii •• du ~nt" (An 'I.

(old) C»de d"1"''''>tti"" CrlmiMlk) whicb ..... interpret«! .. «IVeriol ...... ,. up to fon)' .... h' h""" alte. the otfeoce ..... <»IDIJ\it1O<l ( ... Bouzat .. d I'ioalel. ci1O<l ._ at note M. vol ~. -. 1293) to tbe stricter 1""".10 • ..,...,,,, trh roioin do ractiooo· (An. ~J. (_I CDd~ d, __ "'_k~ .nder .. ·bich a thirty .... ""'" doLoy b .. _ ruled 100 ~~ o.cl<ioo. of S<p<. 8. 1960 (Cbamb .. <!"OCCUL. Owo.i. F ... .). I. C. , . Senuinc: ' urid.. Serif G. ""110. p>ra. lin (note G""dre~ Tbe ~ord. "immedi.,.ly after" .,,6 "ju .. «>mmi!kd'" in laU." law b ... _tIy received .. int<rp«t.atiOll narr".....- 1lo.fi th.o! .,;v.n to the oruJ'4W' F.....,b ~; .m am"t thr .. h""" of'er the eornrrri",,,,, of tbe ofl«OCe b .. _ approVed. Coso.. Se:t. II, II """;0 1949. u--. Am. ,...". 19'~. 11. 621 ci1O<l in C»dW DI 1'_ 1'.",,/e. cit ... abov •• , DO« 66, """""'<"W)' to ...... 237_

93. er/HM d .. _,.. oiled abov. at DOt. ~, p. ~I!O.

~ Ib~.

9S. 8ou.z.a< and Pi".te~ cl1O<I above a' mote 118. vol Z, s..<. !l9S; ~ ";10<1 ._. at mote 63_ PI' «1",",-

'16. Ib;,t.

- 482-

"'itl!ou' a warrant. Nevenheless •• hboup it mip' be: a4YJnta,gtOus frocn ..,..,e pOints of view to e~ccute an arr",1 without warranl in ,ueh exceptional (but non· nagrant) cases. one must keep in mind 'he utraordinary nalure of this procidure and the dan&e, that in the pro&re>!i"e t~toTl5ion of its scope to cover more and more "ex~ptional case<.·· Ihe judicial safeguards prescribed by the Comtitution for the ordinary case will be: "It"lletber lost, That. and the fact thaI the "~rainly" ... tionale pow. weaker with each passing moment afler the corupletion of Ibe criminal aCI. argu<s for a very SlricllXKlitruction of Articles 19 and 20. Thordore. il "'"OIIld be: besl if the proximily in time required by Anicles 19 and 20 were inlerpreted narrowly. that is •• D13l1er of only II few ,,*, rs It most after th. commission of the olfer>ee.

The second ciement 01 nagraney. thai Ihe commission of th. offen~ or its aftermath be in some sense ··I'.l!!tlic:· i. apparent in ,ueh requiremenu as lhal the offender be "{o«nd"' committing or allempliJ\i 10 commil the offen~'" lhal he be ··coo.ud by ... itM_~ or by members of the public."'" thaI. "hue and rry has been ... ised ..... thaI lhe pOlice have been .. ~all~d 10 rh. piON! where the offentt has b«n commilted."'oo or thaI " Qory jor h~lp has been raised" from the place of the offence. (Emphases added.)'.' The P.,Olicy"aIlowing free arrests in sucb ca ... can be justified. not only hy lhe added certainty which '~li<:l!t· le1l(\s. but also. often. by the need promptly 10 restore disturbed piililic I and ttan'luilily by removing th. capse from Ihe scene. Such prompt action might alS<) be noccs· oa'y. in SOme casU. to a"ert funher public disturbance in the form of lynching or other violence commined by the offender Or his pur.;uers. Thus il ;,., ea,y '0 understand why the concurren~ of • "public" offeDcc. IOfCther. frequcntly. with an opportuni,y '0 termin;ue a resulting diSlurbancc "'hile i, is in the COlI .... of happoning. should q01ll!;fy as an ex~ption 10 ,he rule requiring prior ccun approval of aU arrests.

Granted 'hat "public" commission or con .. quen~. are essenliailO flagrancy let ill consid .. the application of Anicles 19 and 20 to. panicular case. Supp05e Ihere is a disturbance during an authorized public meeling. and. pOlice officer''" comes upon X and Y pUShing and shouting al each other in the assembly. Three or four of Ih. bystanden tell the ofrtcer that X i< a trouble.making intruder. so the "'. of'l('C1 ...... sts him for having been Qfound commiltin," an offence under Article '\I 484 of the Penal Code. for whicb arrest without W:>fT8JIt is authorized by Articles :) 19 and 50_ Later it lum. out that Y was the rcal intruder - X WlI. really the 0 mee,ing's chairman. who had been trying to .j«;t Y when the pOli~man uri"ed '-' and. owina to tbe faise accusatIons of unsympathetic by.tand ..... arrested the wronlJ ..:;. man. Was the a ..... st lawful?

97. Art. I\I(I~

n. An. llI(l~ 99, Ibid. 100. Art. 2O(a~ 101. An. 2O(b~ HT.!. A priva\< <iliz.eo "",,1(1 be in \be ...... -,,,,,,, (A ... XI~ No< only are prin\< pono<IO

.0111<,,:,«4 '" arrest ~t oa .. "len by -.. _\l><y aa abo ~ to_4 10 paIi« ",n. for .... 1UD<. if ""'~ .,,; ........ C&D be ~ .. " .... itbou' risk." s... Art. fl. 'IUI !'elL c.. A ..... )3. 161.

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AI.hough .pace does no, p<rmi. detail'" comidel1ltion bere of each rule cOll'ained in Arl",le S I. a f.", S • .,.,11I1 """,mentS, iUl1$trated hy re!ereuc<: to l"'rti~ular rules, might be htlpfuL

We millht note first ,hat io contrast to the "flagrancy" p!'O\'isions considered above. \he >1IriOU'l elemenlS of Anicle 51 are deri"ed from Englilh·Commonweahh, nOl conlinentalla",. 1lIe immedial': source of Article 51 is apparently Section 23 of lbe Malayan Criminal Procedure COlk}" ",\ich in lulU is closely'" based upon

---C;,"'~C'who i. in "'" oc' of oommiuill.l • _~ of Ii>< _; (0) "'bo _INC!> • member of Ii>< polic< wtulo in Ii>< ... alll"" 01" biI .... ,;,,0 0.

wbo b •• ~ Of •• t<rnpt«l ,0 ""opo [rom hwlul CII.l<>dy; (d) III"" 1>0 .... oded Of i .... ..,.,.b1y ... <j>O<1«l or h."", •• oded pot;oe ~.

>ion, I') "'bQ" "''''''''''Y ""1'.'"'''' '" I>o;nl • ~ner hom "'" atme(\ t=a or ....

pol"", foo: .. ; (fl. wbo h .. in hi. p<JO>e>Jion "'i.h"", lawfIoI .. CII .. ~""oob~ ;"'pk .... ,,,.

or ~=potI" (J) •• 110 1>0. in hi. """"';OD .i!bou, b~'f" <'0"" onytllitl. whioh "",y_bly

to<, aI>p«1«I of bei.,. >101m 0< otb • .,.; .. obtain«! by '1Ie: • __ "" 01" on orr ..... ,

(!) No<bin, i. this Article "'aU aff«' ,lie: "",,'m or 011><, "' ............ , orr>«n '" make on or=.! "';,bou, ..-unD' under .poOi.ol """';Ii",,, of odI", 10",,-

,08. M.to)',n Code. Sc<. 23. Wh<~ p<>lk. '" p<n,htl/u """ Q'''" .,hho., ,..,.,.""',.

.~

(i) Any polio< offt«' 0.- l'<'WIulu .... Y "'itl>ou' ." t>I'do, from o M"';""''' ond wi!b· out • ...,...", 0....,.. [#<1. (a) ony penon 'OiIo h .. beea ooooemcd in ."y _Ie off"*,, or ........ _ •

rco..,.,..blo """'ploi~' h .. be<~ <nod< Of <n>dible inl ....... _ b .. boon reccind ...- • 'co ..... bl< .... p;c;... .>i<""" h .. itl$ in bit """"*''''' ,..;t!>out Io"M -. Ii>< _ 01" """'. in. lllhiCb .. "" .. ,h.U lie on ""'" ",,<0«1, ""Y imp_' of howe I:><eakin&;

(~) .ny p<rWn in "h_ ~"" onyWo, i, lound "'hlcb m.y ......,...bly be ou>p«tcd to be ...,It<> 0.- 1 .. """ .... I'y ..... it>cd 1" ....... ', .,,4 IIIbo .,.y _, .bly I>< .... pocI<d or luvi.,. ....-nmit0e4 "" ofl"",. wit!t ""..-. to 0l><Il tbina.

(0) ."y J><,.... 111110 _rue", • poli<e oIr_ "'bile in !he <J<tnIti"" 01" l>io <Iu'Y 0< .. 'ho b .. «eoped ..... ,..,,"" to <$<''''' ,...,... IoIIIM ousl<>dy;

(I) .ny p<,.... ,. ...... bly ou>p«tcd of bei". a __ ftOfI> lUI Bti ........ M.;"L, ... ruy, nny .,.- ... '''''''' '" fn.>m any rqu"" I"""" m ............ .,.p>.id by .1Ie: Gov....."..", of lhe FO(\ct.1«I 1oIa1.y St."",;

(b) ony p<non who boo DO ",'eru.iblo m<&lIS of suboi.1OD<e 0< who CI.Il1lot live • ",tisfoo'OfY lICcoUDI of hin=lf,

(j) "'Y """"" in lb ••• " of «>mmi.tina in bis ~ • bteacb of !be peace; (t) "'1 penon .... bjoo. '" !be .. puTision 01 !be poIi<e ""'" loila '" CUllpi}' ",i!b !be

req........,... .. of $oocti"" 196 of this Code.

(ii) Notltill.l in tbis 00<ti0ll ohaI, to<, l>t:ld '" ~""' ... to m<><My tho operation of ""y odI.r I .... ..,,_erio, • police officer "" ;>mati"'" to 0 ...... 1 witb"", ........... l

(Not<: A ",",hul" i, • Molar'. villqe headman.)

; Note, also, !be ",101«1 0tTeIt prov;""'" or Polio«> Pco<~.ti"", 19<'2. oi!«l .~ at

""'" 51. Art. 14.

- 485 -

JOUR.'lAL Of ETHIOPIAS LAw - YOC. III - No. 2

Sc(,tion 54 of the Indian Criminal Prwedure Code.'" And. a. might be Upe<:led uo~. the circum.IaDCeS. 'be~ ""common law·· arrest provisions do not ...i!!£!l! =oothly with tbe constitutional rest';"tioo. which is continental·iD,pi~. In raa almost every rule of (Code) Article 51 cleatJy violates the proper (Amharic) ,""rsion'" of Anicle S I. Revised Constitution. and i, therefore. to that extenl. uncoaslituIiODaI." ,

Let "" take. for example. (Code) Anicie SI ( I)(c) permiuin. pol;"e acresl without warrant of ""y person who. ;nlt. olio. obstructs a member of the police

I to.I...J;'. C<>d,. s.c. 3 • • WA,n pdiN ""'Y .'Fal willl""t ..... ""'. (1) Any poIi<.--offic<e ""y. ~ilh"", :on order ,""" • l>I"';>ln1C oruI ,,;thoo' • "·a.....,,~

an .. " I;"". aDY PC""" .. '1>0 .... bo«I """""mod in any ~I< of_ or .. iii".. ... bom ..... .,.,..bI< .""'pb.iot 11 .. bc<Il mado. 0< cr«libl< ;ru:ormouoo hal _ r<><eived. 0< a rea>oo.>bl< ItI..,;c;O<I ai .... of hi. bann. bo«I so coocem«l.:

«coml". any _ " ... iol in hi. ~ withou' la"ful ""OIl ... \be 1Iu._ 01 p,OYi,.. "bieb oX0 It.u _ proc1aim<d .s .. olf...,""r ,,,:til ... ut>d<1" thi, C_ O< by order of \be Sl1tt 0........,..""

{o.m~t,. ""y _ in ,"'b_ posseW<ICI aD)'1hinI i. found ",hid> .... y ... .."...bly "" "-"i>O<'<d to "" .,01<0 prop<ny aDd ... lto may ,-bly Ito ..... ptCted 01 bavinr «<nmiUed aD off...u";!h ,.f..-...c& 1<> web thinr:

(i/lII1y • .,.,y 1'<1$00 .. 'Ito ob$tNcts a poIice-offic<ot .. bile in Ibe noo:utiooo of Itio du'y. 0< .. 1>0 hal oo:aped. 0< a"""'Pta.o <><ape from la ... ful ewtod)':

mthlt . ... y PC""" UUOCIably ..,opect«! of beiD, • d<ooert« from tb~ lo<li ... Amly. Nny or Air FOI'U:

,,",",hit. :my PC""" "'h" IlK bo«I <""""",ed in. or api." .. It om • rusonabl< rompl';., b .. bo«I m.a<I< or aedibl< i<lformati ... It.u bo«I "",<ive<l or • .......... bl< .. spicioo •• ,'" of his b,vin, bo«I «>n<:eme< is. undu on, 10 .. ",1atiD, 1<> tltradi~oo 0' <><1><""; ... ~.blc 10 be o.wr<h."ded <>< de",iDed in "">lo<Iy in lo<lio:

.i,hlht,. ony reieued o<lClvic! o«nmi";nl • buach 01 "'Y NI. made undu se<li.., 565 ..... b-SOObon (3),

.inlhlt . .... y _ fo< ""'_ In'Ul • uqui .. tioa bu """" reooi_ from ... 0Ibet po\i«--ofr_. pr<>vi<lod "'., the nqui,;~"" ."";fi .. Ibe _ to be """"'" .l1Id the ofl.,,« 0< otl><1 <au .. fo< ~hO' i, ,,, "" m.odo .. d i. appears th..-.from ,.", tho _ mich' lawfully "" atH,tod without • warTU>t by /be olr.o<' Who iuued the ,<qUi';'; ....

m Thio ""lion appli<o >Iso to tbc pot;oe i. lb. --.. of Cakuua. See also similar provi ...... in the <ritninal proo«iuf< codos of SincaP<- CoIoo,

ISh,,.p"" C<>d~. s.c. JI~ Tanptlyika T..-ritO<y (Ta"",.,;*" C<>d., Soc. 21~ Su.s.. (Sud •• CQO/<. Soc. 2}~ ... d Ghana (G"'~. C<>d,. s.c. IO~

II! s... dis<>o"''''' ib v<nioD. "hid> pccswru.bly .... Ibe _ .n!h .. 'I»<tiv. 'Otfll.Ula found in .... ""<. Amt,.,;", ""<Iorin,"

112. It should be • ....- ............ pans of Cock Arti<1c 'I "'< $llll;q>tibic 01 bein, awUod """."ItI"<lClally ... d <hOle ..,b--vtic:I .. or< no. void -<ICI ltloir f ... - but <ICIly iD "''''y of lbeoir purpott«l applioali"" .. For tlLlllplo. Ani<Io 31m (0' "",,/J be applied in • 0....,.. U><. ' .. ' '0 ar .... a fIlU,"""" in bot ru",. from "'" '""" of hi, ori .....

llu~ i, i, _t«!. 1<> ,I>< UIe<I' thal Code Aniolo SI i •• pp~ed 1<> 0 ....... 'bi<.b are boOb fiapoo. and _ .. the article. Iboqh con>liltltiO<l"" i • .w .... ."tim,- IUpo<" Iht""," Th .. <>DDo:I"';O<I< Artiolco 19-2t and 5(1 .. _u, d,.. .... wplemecl. the """"","tiona] _rd almoot <IIw.I.lively. s.c IlOIe !1:2. --

- "'-

... h I< in lhc: eUCllliou of his d~lies.'" Now by II", ,'ery .... Iun: 01 !his offe ...... its commiloion .. bouDd in ordinary _ 10 be "llapnl" oridlln 1M meanlllJ 01 Anicl" 51 01 11K Revised Conslitution. But tlK . . ori!bout

I "'he~ lhe offence .. .,Ie

This unfonunate situation nemp/ifia the COIlfusion WI <:aJI muU from an eclectic approach 10 codificalion 01 .djecti~ I.,,·: ,to rom..- II", rul .. on 1ITCS1 hi ... " bren odopIed. side by side with cor>ti""olal rules. by a code lubjecl ",,,,,,,,lIy 10 • coruinental COR5lirulion&l provWon; lhe conli ... nlal rulea comply ..;th thai provision. bUI !he com""", II", rules do DOl. 1be only possible CSCIJ!C from this dilemma. outside oIlegisialivc ",pcal 01 lhe offending Code proviliOl1l. is 10 tak"

Ill. T1Io .~...", _= ;, M4"~.~ COil •. k 23(i)«\ ....- at <>01< 101 •• boft. 114.s... "1. oa:ompanyiq """'" tl.u. ._. 11'. , ... C. An&. 4J3(1) (""Rm.'1"f A",.oority"). ODd 762 (""11.., .... '4 0.., .. /~ 11'-~ "" aD',s ..... po .ri"" of w_ of the peace" AnM:1e JI(l)(lI).,.;p, bo

il tIoi. CO\qOr)'; ... <h:<uoi"" ill "'* 11" 1o<1ow. H_. Su.......,1e 1\0-'" m<n to the p<UJ" oa-. ""';1N<I \If P.-t Cod< A"",1e fIOI (""U..;.unIW , . I

~f S...,.,..".,. ArIIicW1. _ • "_" off~ ond """..- I, " ... 01 SuHni<:1e III). I. 1M .... of Sub .. ttiole 1(1;) """ prvrloI"" __ be ;"'ulitod "" the ~ ..... , 1JUIJ ouio ... olf.n.= «.,. 1'«>. C .......... ~}O ("Th<I(·~ 63' ("'AtI" ... u.t T""f'). 6J6 I"R~bM"'''' ~7 ,R«rlvln,." .",.) ml,IOI ILo.vt 1>«<1 .....,.,;,ted: """ _bed aa....c. ;, pOJuulon • • Don""';"". 011_. I", ... lUo:h ...... 01 wriU."", ........ , ... ""Id bo 1&IIC<lIUri. '"tional.

I . ;~_wri ... in Sub-artio:l< (1)(d) u.. off<!>C< (Pm. C. Ar1. oH • "N""..,bu,," WIM, ~f $«onJI,? , .. tIll~' -.I ,_,.,1 •• Iof<"",,.,, i, p.millloble by a mnimnm at ""_ """,Ill simpl< impritoo.m .. ,,; I' to tbuef_ not ·";ou," wrilhin u.. .......w... of An.<1e 'to R ... Coo. ond .,..,.. writll"", ........ ;. i",pamiooiblc.

111, For u ..... pl<. A_I< ~ln)('J ckotty ~ '" o.Dow ."..., wi_, .amuII\I> ."".

"'""' -SIIHttioi« (1)(.) ODd (lx-J __ !>at --"11. pn>bkmo. ___ 01""""" .... _bed off"""", (p-. c.. ......... )(II) • "nrurn.,.r <It oil • "._ of OfJitiol I).M~." 411 • o-... -.s y.".,..,") ... ..-.. i, Is di ....... ble _ <>< .... dI<y .... ~ty II>.Jnool 0.... nil ...... d .. " __ 0I>d vOpaD<J ~ ""0010 • ... ..u... ott...,.... It ...... , """" ,,"YIn, ....... 00:1 or )lavl .. fUlfilled the «>Ddi~"". 01 Attiole 471 """ ofr..,<Ief i. In 0 .""tin""" .... d n..,...,., • ... 10· or "<011<1";011" at-. Ii"" or v~. Bu, In vI~ .... 01 til. PII."') phiJooopb,y ulI<kfiyin, "'" n~ rukll <_ 'u' """"",ponyi .. n<>loS 9HQj. abov_~ i, o;·""ld '"'" "' .... to reqorir& .".... ......... U in "",h ..... unidl 11>0 oi""' .... 1.OD«I iIIo .. , b~ 0''''. ··,..bJ;e-· MIw.I"",. Ill. """"";Mlon of """" <c.m"", of .... olfenc< •• .,. hot ptJ""';, 01 tho -.." IlIru-u.. _ of tho vqnnl Wbtr. -. It! DO Mpubli<" di"",bollO< there I, 10 reo! tI..I&raz><y, ODd ..... ""'II<Uiq .. __ , ... ovoicfi .. tho prefOl'T..s _ of a".... by COIUt ~l

I I • • "" OUII>pIo of probIemo ... /Iioh ......... fr ..... diff ....... ton of .. Io<ciciom. tho o4optiaa of.,," OIl w.. ~tal Nleo __ "-to] ...-Iive ....... i< f......r in AnkIo 'l(I)(b~ oIIooriq polin .,..,....-, wunnt 01 oa, ___ ;. .. tho IoOC 01 ~u;..,. _ 01Il10 -." " • .- 01 tho _. ill \tilt _ .... , is OII __ ~ 'rom ttIc «IIDII>OIi low <_ ..... ", .. _ COil,. k 2l(il(j). quot«I obo¥c 01 ..... 101) ond lIu • fairly <k("""" __ at oppth,;"" to ...... __ IDioor ""'"'~ 10"0'01 ...... "'-'<n _ ... n'l} '" ""'i .. -., ODd publio ditonSe,. See H.J.tn.ry', U'" Of I!nr/otol. oit.od .bao_ at not< 16. vol 10, cnm;",1 Low.,..... 6)1; CM,,,, Ju';'

-487 -

the Englisb version'" of Article 51 (Rev. Con.). not the Amharic. a, autboritative. But thi •• it is .ubmitt~. would re.ult iII an e~Ce>sive broa<ienin& of the power 10 arTelit without ... ·arrant; the ~nstitutiooal prottttioo ... "OUld be reduced to a me", fractiOll of its intend~ breadth. aDd the Jeneral policy'" of favourin& arrest by warrant wherever possible \arJely defeated. Rather than adopt .ucb a solutiOll it would be more desirable 10 recognize a, ""lid the Amharic versiOll of the constitutional protection. wbich exp"",," its meaning truly. and repeal the incompatible aDd SUperfluOWl powers of amosl "·;tb,,,,! warrant granted by Article Sl of the Code. "Then. 10 whatever extent the remainins arrest provisions lD force prove inadequate. the lack obould be remedied through legislative amend· ment'" wherever conslitutionally permissible. ' %>

s..:-..""'.", (New Yotk, 19J7). ~ " A.,..,." lIP- '91 f1. WbiJe Su!>-utide (I){b) cJoarly deo<ribco oI"f«><e< .... hio:b are ~~ .- i •• dilemmo icYo/Yed iD de<i<liq. .'_ or "'" i, dnuibco uri"", ",,<4. If .... ;mPH' • nom>oI C<XDII>OI1 10... IDUDin.I; "" ··brood! o f 1110 p''''''''" ,h.., ",any 01" III. off....,.. covered are minor "" ... See. for o~"",pl. Pt<!. c.. &01; VlII. Ti1l< , 1. Chop, IV. Sec. II .... titled OIl'IIN' _bur P~bli<; P __ • Tron'l"illr, ..,... Ordor. J>Ot'><Il\2:ly Art<. 170 ,DiJr~,banu ef Wen tH' R .. , 0/ Qrh'n"J 0<>4 711 ("Jlkls,,,,",,,,,, or $aJntJlJkHu U'l<taItC<, or AtJi'whS"'j f« .,'hich 0fRI.I ";111"", wwnol .. ""Id bo Wl«>l>Stiru';"'oJ. 0. the <><her ho.od, !be ...,lineDtal· ~ P..,01 c_ . t.o cOloaino • ~ IA ..... -.;n) opeci6colJy ...,;tIed "BREACIiES OF nm PEAa!." .u of ... IU<~ off_ are ""sorious." Bul il io mort UDIiUIy lhar !be rlrolt« of Sub-.r1ide (!)(\» """,,, "br...:lt gt !be poa<e~ '0 ref« 10 that <11_ boca .... ..,.,.. of 111< oU_ d<crib<><l Il>erei.o (,-t- d,,,,,';na 0 cbeque ,,;11>001 cove, ddibcntcly wbile in 0 state ..: c""'l'l<4 irr"osporuibilily.". "" drunt"".,... - P",. c.. Art<. ru""" ~~7. and ';01.0"',!be rootiDt; pj>o:e 01. __ -p." c.. Art. 487) .,.. .-;._ f,"'" IIIc ~ «>mm<ICI law C""""pI. ."d Ir<m ... y ju>!iIico.ti<In 1<>< ....,..ttin.It _ ,"",oor ""'"""'- 'Ibit P",,01 Code cbap«< _ .. lrom ...,..' ....... , ~.-t<; _ !be ltali." P..,>.I Code, TIlle IV in G. Latunzi. / Codi<1 P"",1i (IillIaDo. 1?62); S,,; .. PCB>.I Code. Art<. ljli fl .• (A.. Panch"",. Cod. Pln4i S.iJu Ann.,.. (2d 0(\, La .... "".. 1962) ~ ~an PODol C-. TItle V. Ch>p. IX in J. Servais ."d e. IIfc<h<I)"tICt. u. Cod .. lh~ (18111 e<I. by R. RUltien. o.d I. Bl<>D<Ii.ux, Bnweb. 19'IA Yo!- l-

TIl. __ which , .... Ito Is "be\he< .- ouabl to iDl<rp<"OI ~""-h of Ill< """""" in III. Crimin>.I Procc<lure Code in >«OA!aDce .,ith Ibo oommon Lo .... .. prnI>obJy in· .... <Ied, ."d ""'reby ""pose ;, to ~ruh""aJ ""1~6cati0<l. or ... b.Ib<, to inl<rp<"Ol III< I<mI in COIIformily wilh the (coo"'",,"I) Pfll>.l Cod. ... d C<m$tilUhon """pile Iloo dnlter". prob.bl. i.,.", <>tbe<wioe.

119. See """ occompallyin& n""" ~, 11. •• bov, 120. $eo """ __ }'inr; DOt< 62. ._ ..

121 A prj_ caDridOle for _I in ."y .... may be C_ Ani<1o "aA ...m.:h praer.-co the _<T to 0ITesI wi1boon "vnnl 1Ii_ by ope<Ul \osIsIoti_ to ~I ..:fie .... orh" than m<nJbors of the pO!i<e. Wb .. ...t in oonjuDCliOlo with Articlo 49. !be <Jml";010 of an1 "'!etalCo to the poIke iD Ihe Arliele ~1(2) " .;os clo ... effectively iD .. ~4a'" ."y 1>0\0'"," '0 ....... , .. ith"", .......... t 1Ii_ to 111. p"lice by . pociol kwIsI.oti<>ll.. "The lOvin, cIatl$t i. thus ~ .... »<rlIoou. (wh .. "oth<T __ t otficer>. ho ... ><tu&Uy boon 1Ii_ -" I>O\O-.nn In .ddition. tho ~ dooel, ~ M<Jlapln C<>Il< Soct;OCI 2l{iij (quotod at ""'" 108. __ ~ _ \hal !be Moloym prorioion ."preu!y _ OWly to the poIi<e. One: Is lemplod to CODCJu.de th" the ........m.a ;, do:Iecti..., ."d \ha, il ..... _, to ...ad " ... !be powtn of .. ___ otfieers ••• " SIlrely .. it OI.ndo !be p!"Ovi"OIo b .. .., opposite .flocl from lito. of h. Molayan_

122.. TIl.,.. i .. ",.Uy. Vd")' linlo O<JnSC;lUtioa.l Ite-ollY. If Articles 1~21 and W. Crim. Pm. C tor>e<"IIy iDIe<prd !be C"".tilUtion.of ,tanr1onl "fLo",., ."d ...no..," then _ Carticles _Ily Indtorite Il"t'tSI ";.I"lUt .... mm to !lit mHimIIm .,,""', perm;!kod by tI;>e eo....;IU~"" - /-<, ... "", there ;, "O"~I" commi",,_ of on ott""", pw>ioIoobtc by til...., mOClIho oimpJe im~ or a more -ww. pmofly. Bul -. io ..- 1« 1IWlipn/.,;.., ;n two ",,,,,,U-. Fi .... tI>e rkfinitiOll of furroz><Y ;" Code Ankla 1~20

-"'-

EUHOPlAN AJutEsT LAw

Summary

Both the Consti\U1iOd and the Criminal ProcedUJe Code closely .. pla.u. the methods of taking a crimilUll 5USpec1 into custody. In general, summons is pref..,.· red over arrest. and afl'Ut by warrant prefe~ over arrest witbout warrant. Courts ought not to iSlloe arrest warrants unleu satisfied that the .. is reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty of a crime, and that a summons would not accomplish the same result. Because the .. is no clear provision in the Code for discharge of a summoned accused prior 10 trial. the COnseqUeDCeS of a sumn>o<ul a .. similar to those following on arrest. To remedy the pres.nt anomaly, the summons pow..r oU&ht to he tnl.nsferred from the police to the courts and. until that ;s done. the police ought to have a cleur ny,t 10 di'IChargc appa .. ntly innocent sus!'«1J whom they have summoned.

Article Sl of the Revised Constitution and Code Articles 1!l:21 and 50 derive from a common continental source. and allow arrest without WlIrrant only in ease of offences which are both fugrant and seriQus. Code Ankle 51 is based OD common law ' OIIrtes. and purportS to allow arrest without OII"HTUnt eveR wbe .. fugrancy and seriousness are not po:scnt top:ther. Although this accords with lfie erroneoUS English versiO<! of Article 51. Revised Constitution. it clearly violates the correCI versinn. and much of Cod. Article 51 is unconstitutional in most of its intended xOJ)Jications. superfluous in others. These and other problems ha''e arisen because of an overly eclectic approacb to codificatioo. whicb bas attemptod unsUCtts.sfully 10 mix continental and common law rul .. allowing artUt without warrant. r>I

It is s ubmitted that in codifying adjecti'·. law it is ha:cardous to draw too freely. at least iu the heginning."" upon dif~ .. nt legal "families.H The best .pproach would he to draw uPO<! a .iogle foreign system. and adapt it where desirable to suit local conditions. If it is felt necessary to draw upon more tban One fordgn system then tbe SOUrtes should be from a single ''family'· of legal .yst01D..l. In the

",]PI be _"" t" 6ll ron 01 th •• "< .. IIun left by \he <Iomi .. 01 Cod< Article 'I. ' .f .• by in«><1'O'><;~1 tile _<ioentat f"""u1. '"found in 1'", .. ,,';011 of oo;..m.« pmcull tn.<e< <>< indication., _nJ to flo. belief 1h0l ... b .. I'.niciro .... in tile fd""1 <If mj><lemeanor.~ So. I<I1 _)"I". .<>IeI 16-71. _ S""",ully. \he. P .... t Cod< ""-", be ... .,,<Ied by ~ \he _alti .. f« <at>i. often«o in order 10 mat. _ """titutioually " ......... " Th .... \he Ihe oft ..... 01 rduoallO "'WIr_·' ...... and od<Ir<$<, <f<. 10 • potioo officer (Art. 7(il) "';-"1 be InnsfenW ff"'" !lie: Cod< of P<l1)' OIfonoes 10 !It. Penal Code. """ Ii."" • muimwt> po.tQW\tnaK of Ibn<: _ ob»plo impri>onrn ...... Thm. iD mO<l 01 "' ...... n_ (_~lutionally) «wor<d by Cod< Anicle II •• "' ....... 1 01 ~ <XlUld be uS«! .!t<t lb. ""poe!", identity "'in ...u.blislled. OD \he oth.,. h.oid,l"illii", to .. tidy \he poike .n" i3iiitily ...... .td «WISIiMe • n..,.u.~ ",";0 ... often<¢ ,<>< ... biclt Urn! ,.;tbou. w.".."t <XlUld be modo.

123.111< '''''''''' ""t><ri<n« with • """'011" """ti • ..,1al and An,do>-Atneri<.o.a crimimal p,,,,<dure <:<HIe b .. 'P\>U«l1ly ~ qui'" _ful SuI <"<II _ \he. ini1ial '"for· ri.,,~nopircd" <odes 'O"CI"< dB ..... fmID • ,;nllo dev<1opcd 'TO"'" {Fr&D<c, ... d ""'" Gurn."y~ and ""ty Ia''''' modified oeI<di .. 1y 10 i"""'l'<"'l0 AlI~ ~ ~ ."d .Iren""'" indi .. du.l ,.;pIS. _ S. ~o., "hpon<Se CtimiDaI Prooedure Reform, ... PrllCticol E. p.orirnent in Compuativ< Law:· in G. " "dlet. "-,. In CrlmJ.. "01 Sci<""~ (Lon<loo. 196L~ pp. 448 ff. Such a rndu.1 ",joi". ~ boo tI'KIte ohance of ~ ~ ....... ld !b"'k. mlll • sud&oJ ."d total ",lion,. DO pat! 01 wl>icI:I hao .... ....., on pn<X" """",~on.

- 489 -

JOUkNAL OF ETlIJOPIA1< LAw - VOl- III - No. 2

eue of Ethiopian criminal procedun:. lhal sbould ILaYe been the common low.'" Owing. probably. 10 a reluctance to di\:.ca.rd entirely a "false beg;nningH alonl continental lines,''' the Criminal Procedure Code codified a m"<ture of continental. English·Commonwealth and lradilional practices' " The n:t result was o(len confus;';'n. nOl only io the b.w of am:sl bUI in other areas a, well,'" The failure 1o "take o~r" an e;ci,ting integraled s)'stem. wilb its balaDce 01 protection. and advaJltages !O lbe accused and .tale "lik •. may h.o.,'. led io Elhi""ia', case !O a code unduly "..,igbted in favor 0( tile st.ate and apinst llIe aceused. In combining elemenlll from tluff very different SOUrtt!l. even prOlections wmmoo 10 all tluff "'ere omined.'''

Tb.iJ degree of e1eclici,m is undesirable. It was apparenll~ avoided in codify. ing lb. law of civil procedure.''' and reportedly will 0(>\ be praclked in tile fortlK:oming code or evidon<:e.'''' DUI the Criminal Proccdu:e Code remains in need of alteration, Dy select;"". lborough amendment. its "mixed" character should be ",vised. and replaced by OIIe .. hicb i, more ~nuincly CQmlOon b. .. or contineo · W in essential .truclure and .. reguardJ,

I!-<,See G",_, "1..0. ...... vcll< , _ .. ~.,!«j abov. at "" .. 2. pp. 7~·16, (Of' a dioausi ... 01 "hy it would by. 1>«0 a mi.uk. to ad"", .""tin..,U' n~ tin" """""OIl 11 .. orimi· <W prO«>du""

12'. See Dot. 6. abov ..

- 490 -

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•. I.ll~V""" .rA1"''-'"'' ' Arf:,,h1, nlt.u' 1'-'If.. ' 'tf;, "'''.", .... ''h.,...... nh~f:' rtn.r+, ~f..' 0\+ ....... £+, 1'-'11" (fl"IAJI"' .rAII'~' 'A;I!'~+' '7",~, "''''h7-+Io)' 'hi ' _1\')"/1 ' :>f,1\"; , ,n.,.o\ 'f , :>.r.I\" ' """1' I m~~f, , , ' I ' ~ , 11.+ I !lim ' 't, r ' '~.h' 11.h.l:' f.."I~'S' _1l~1l' foo.Tt:' ~H' _Ah+" (.rA7-+_)

~ . flD(;~t'li' n~ll"'\" rf,f:~"' .... ~'.,...o;f..' /oon+.rf..' (m~'IJ\'''' ~ ' ~!n.+ I !iH~)' n .. +,..,..r , 'oft"l' _11" .... + I ""', il"""t-r '111"' IS "

6. Il), 1"11\.""' ..... ~+.h ' 11.h.C ' ~1 ' .r~"I1).{I , "/oo1lC~1"'11+" , +-fI/I<. ~"

- 492 -

(1.l.'"l J I&ll'l" (1h1!t·l· J a.~' , w".,. , fJ1J:" ' {)I&" ' fJ1J:" ' A"/.: , .... libA' .1'111&1' f-t. .... (-.I" J'.LK' fr,:J' ""'J:"" I -'i~1' f"'tJ'l')tl,"" ' Mllt:K ' q"H'f , (On..,. I Ml I .l..., .. ' Ow-Cll I ;1>"1 I b"'tJ'flb:" 1Iw- I I&m..r ' ,:JC ,) b;:l''f I 1\·H';·tll .... h+1& , fI"l"~ , .... "111'1' ' Mr'lA ~

6 1 M"H~' , I'h1J:" , A'f: ' t-n-\.r I {)':t ' .... wllJ:" ' 0+'1ft- J IIM'.r ~,,,, , -1nt:K ' "tJ' .. A 1 ~

1 / 1\ .. r~'r1 '1\1JtO ' 1l+'1ft- I '"'II')W"" b.,.,¥II' hfl~'H"" h1J:"' AY:: ' 1i1F:' {)(1/" 11 .... 11)(1. r -~1'1" f.lf1ID' , ~OC ~ "11 'h1J:" , Ai!-' li1J:" ' 1'11& , _II)(I.'} , OIIw(l1 ' h/'lf,:J6 ' ~I& • 1l1l1l.0 ' .l.'l-- ' b"th-t II':" I IrJ;.;:I'I"'f ' wf.'I'" ' i'''Ifle'f ' ,:JC ' hfJ:")'r1 ' .I'.I'''''A ~ 1\),tu ' V'lI;r1''f J w".,. ' -t"lfle:f 'b1\{!/')·tlj"1& I '1"111t: I r.'1 '1\1:"11'" ',:JC , h1J:" : 11.11'), , "':}~'111' 1 •

6 1 h1t: ' A'f; I n,/,wllf.n:" , wwr ' n'/'IIMt1;'J, I 1.1~ , Ilw'lj('/: ' 1\ .. +~.r .. , fl1': ' II{!/' , .... lihA ',:J11,¥ 'w",.. ,b,:Jl1!1' ' tlJ41'" 1'''I11t: ' r,:J '''11)':):'' , I''i t: '1\1J',I1'~ , ba.·/:·/: ' 1\ .. -r~-r ' ("0 ' (1AJ\', , .... wllt: , f.;t'm •• A 'l 1'1'11&1'1&1 ! hfl·h,.,. r lI.,llt:JIl-r ' ",¥'1A ·. "0'" I '"'III:" , O.l.-r ' .... ..,t:.,. 'f.I'wflf.1& , Ai!- ' hflt ' b1\"'I:i: ' ,:JC ' I' ,:J11;: , w"'1'" ' b,:Jl1;: , I&"i" ' f"ll1t: ! r,:J , "11'f.)t ' f) nt m- , 1'11& , ~I& I .,11'''' , ~{D< ~

I I h"" r n (0) i'''''' 4!'I'C ' MH+1 ''"'Illt..olt ! 'IA·t;:lI: h1t: I

fllD" h1J:"1 ' A'f: 'I'll' )1& , 11'"'1f1'/: ! hl1·h.", I fI"t.,:Jl'1' I "l'''A ' ~

e I 0(6)'" nOll ·t"" ' <i!'l'C ' MH:" , ;"A-tt,:Jlm ' hfJ:"~+ ! n'f: CJ:" ' 11.;1'111,.. , ,,l'''A • "09" '<t=CJ:" ' f"tl'lnll& I (11 ..... 1;." ,"" ' Omll~ 19"'" , o .... .r..t.C ' lilt. ! I",:J , f·tLJI.-I1:" , t'LtJ'1 r )UJo " ~

i! I O.l.,:J'I!1D' I hfJr'" , (-11\~' , Oi'"" ' +''l'C ' (6) oo..,t.:" , Mt ' f"ttJ'~I& ' l'Ior) I 111)\,t' a.r, OIIlibA ' f)Ot.{!/' , f;.111,¥' w",.., b,:J 11.;: ' I&"l'" fl(1,t:' I",:J' "I1'f.)t' O·t!ttm'" nIII'" Off' +'i'f J

.... lihA ' A'f:' hi'mllf.' .l.,:J'f ' hfl'''' , ~I& I f.,.fJl\m-, hfl·h·/:1 1 OID'A ' 1\/\." J OID' , "."ll-t"A'f: ' ,,'f'lA 11 •

?i I tlh1J:" ' Ai!- ' O.l.l" .... ..,t:-r I hilt r f"ttJ'H' 'fl1'l', 1/011·1" w",.. 'tll/otlT ' 0"" ' (llf)- '''0 ' 'f"lC ' Om-A' w",.. , 0.l.?'I! I '"/,..:,. ,

-..,t::" , "wI'I .. A ".

, . r-rl:' n~~' (''''~ ' .. I ..... ,,1\.,...,/11\.' nn++c, Mr.I.' .,n (.Jf"~''''''''' f'"'t ... ... /I!H>-l-. «:'1""" 11""':;' olo.-n, , .... . )

8. "".ll~ (6) l'U!ti~1I ."1; ' 9. .,.. . It~1l hU";- H;>C '

'G . .,.. . !u.n • 11 . .,... U!1I • ll . .,... U~' M', ll~i'

- 493 -

M,f, , rTm+I\o+'} , 1' .... 11+)+ ,.,ro4:1 ' 1I"''''f') , hIlt/ ' n;rT ' m/\'" ' 1IfI.'} , i',)-t:V"&-/\'} "

Ii I .... 11+)+ ' 0;J1I:;t= , mt-V" ' h.711:;t= , fD""l" ' 0'"111t: ' I";J , '"1'}~ )+ ' ?"b'},..,·' IlII ,.,m:""

1.'f+)+,} , "F..71'l' I 4'/IA ' (llf") , (rh'}1'/:9" , .... ')~ , AY: ' 'I') -t+ I (I..}-, nl".7' _m/\~'}' _1tI('l'} , 4'/lA' )tD-'f II) hflo}-)o}-,}' -'It:;J 1'l' ' O-'l,}r,"m-r ' 01C ' ~'"1 ' tD-f'I'l' ' ;1'/1'" ' :f'"1c ' f"tL'l'C ' "HIf.. I

)tD-" .,'}'i'tD-?" , f-I.'If'lf/\ I ~"I' t-u'} ,l-'"IC' 1lJ.+AA' f:;t=fttD-' « .... '}~ AY: '(lltl/\~, 1tIt-?", (lOHI' rltlfl.r.l-tD- I 1tIt-?", fllHl'ftD- I (I.'}' flA' f)nGIlI" ' r'l1lI" : rA~ , .... rtt ' )(1)< ~D n"T.A ' ·t'+&-~ I "('\t:~ , 1\4'r.11 n+ ,n-71'TA I n~"1 '''I9''t, )ru-"" t-u '''11''+' h'l");f-'rru-: «hflt' '..,.flftru- I (lru- , ;J1I:;t=0>- , m.p(l , '''1.!_MI'/·tD-' )tD- '. h"'tfttD- 'h~ .7'r' hflllA ';JC I h'}.r:')tD-"" ' ...... +r-kl'rtD-9'" ~"I' hfD""l'" nll.V-' ........ t:+ ' «A~ 'f.~lI:;t=tD- 'I"C~+ ' h·t".~"" , n:\/I 'hIt.' 4'") I n/lt-~·, 1' ...... ;I·-I:jI'" n:\/I 'rf I +'} '''It-'I''/I I fi"·aJfI.r. I 1.'}Y.If) 'hll-l· ... ' iI. ... -t:' -t;J1l-ttD-, o)n",no}- I 1.11' iI.'}.r.' TO)f'I' 11'<; I f..1 .... ;I·A""f1I1.V- 'T •• .... ~ , ,"'til''} , -'lhl.)f I iI.'}-t+Cll I .... t-L+f:r " 1''1 ' fh.+r-k,m-f'}"" ffD""l'" mc I J,1l-' ........ f)/\A' Mlhlto '..t:t:n ')m-" hlLU' +'l'iI-' r Ii) MJ'. r fTm+nm-'} , 'r-'+&-t ' .,nt:)f , M"4'r.lIn+") , fin., I '"11"+ : n ...... +r-kl r lftm-") I M·o}· I I) rlllll' '"1\1".} , ;)f..A I iI.'}-t:jI"&-ft'}"

Ii I filII: "Ir-l' , n .. ·} I t-u I hilt- I '-tm4'nm- r fhfl·h-l· I "'1?"+ ' f"t!1ft'"1f1m- , h.7ll:;t= , ft+fJl/\y' I A"f; , 1l:;t= , )tD- : 1tIt-f'1 I ntl./l9" , h;J 1l:;t= , fD-'1" ' n)nt: ' '"1'}~H' , /\+ItII1.r. ' A"f;9" r "i"9"r. ' )m-l 'ID-"P ' 111r. ' fJ,'"1 r VIJto'}+ : «h")..t: ' A"f; , n.7l1:;t= , 'tIL' h""fJlII.r.. r .... fI-t: r f(l.-'H'-<i' ' lIA ' )m- I» -n/\m- , _1tI0 ... ~1D- I n.7ll:;t= , 1.IL ' 1I:;t= , f"'l.1" I.O-'} , n(l.-}-." nltl'}..t: ' .... 'lhA 'film-'} : .... 1I1!' I f<"'<;C'i' ' r-·,...,-'} , "'1.r.;I' I n_tJIIctr-lI ' )1.0-" 1-119" ' h'}-t·} , (I..} , h").r: : aJ")1: I Inll'T, /\1I,., ;I""~ , )'T I '1"\1'" 1.'}-tu- r 1\./1 ' o..}, "Ilru-"" /\..,.(\-1: ':I""'t~ I

)m- " hllr:' ' -<;CjI" I 1-1f1~'I'A "MllU r u-1I-1: T hllc:' ' -<;C'" ' _+-'1 _'} : n.7ll:;t= : 9"h'}'+ I m.7'r r '"1f.,;f-jP:;t='fm- I "''ftD-" t-11 ,hIT) , n;J -n:;t= I -llhA' II-tmll.r..m-' A'f::' hll'}I'-tD-' qAftD-' 1l.¥' )tD-' n-'lfl-}-' )ru- " iI.'}'"1-tl1 , ffD-'1'" h1C I /\...+tIl-'}.} , MI·,.,f·}' t-11 ' )(11- ,. " n ...... +I'-kl' ~'"1' '"1') 'ICh;Jll.¥ I fD""l'" 0"'111t: I I";J I '"1"'~)+' 0II<;r. I»

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IJ. nk'H"~.f',:r,"!' ........... I A)I:' f1"tlt""""" ~Af"" nvu:' fA,..' -Ml"" n'i'C;(" h+ 1-'1.:' n:\~. ft/'I. >'11;11')' i11'.) .......... JE'i1' hmfil' :JC' MI-f"f..

,.. J:. • 'U;!>)' , !I:C'r ' I\,lLA • (:T MI ' " • '" • A • HHI) , -t • k ' ~ , H' .,...,r.' U~Ii' ... _Ah't.

I~. .... iP.ll' I ....... ilii' M" Mtl"'II-'t-, .,...,c:':f. A1J'."'''''''. '6. n ... .,.' ~. Ii • f·h ..... " ... ' 'fllr.!>)" ,,,"1\''''<;: I .,...,r.' U:H"I ' hif!l • _~r. •

..... "'11+ .

- 494 -

ICh;J1Ir'~·' O.,1IL' I";J' .,')")'+l·, ",,<;,c '. f"7..t.mLI&' "')F:' tll&'>' h'M,,"} ' 1\.:", An' h,)/;1";Jrt-' I'IA'>' "7.n+, n.<;'~')I& " ~ ),,') ~u ,'lJ',)-I: ,,,,,,,-:r, v-).;:I" 'Msr-' Ol\.tf-'f'<j, onl&fl&' _111111' fOIl .,..,""') , ",,,;:1" , I'IJ',oL'J'cr ' Ah ' ),,').1".;:111" , v-Ir , «nIP-~1II'" , ~111'" , I\."},.,,,) 'J'n8~""} ,» f"7.A ' 'J'CtIJt. ' J',.t.'J'?-A ~ ,r.u') ''J'CtIJt.' )111""

m1'" h,)J'.' "fl'}~+' .,r:,., mOP,, ' f"I'1:"') , ""/D"'!' tl1.'f"tJ'.l".C1111"' ''. 1Ih.:",.",!, m'" IlI'n'J" h;J1I,.r" h;:l1liJ' , ~'0"1IL' P';J' "'n"" )~" , lI·hllrVI .. , A}(f , OI'l"JhA ' r1'1" ' A~H" , hr'L .... l'C ' hl'l·hM ' """'m .... ' f"'1ynh-}r'LIII"'') , 1II"'rn.-} , 11" , ",,r.1I'1 ' M,r. , h1.1".-"1r'LmIP- I "1'1:")+1 ' f""/D4:! ' 1I1.9'''fr ' r'LV-M,1'" ' A;r-r- , h')t: ' h')Jl,II')' , ht:C'lA • I' fn.U , fMH+ ' "1"-1' ' :PiliI'" ' "":P?-). , "'1nL]f , llJ''''C1I ' ""~IP-? ""IlL]fIP-n ' f"'t. ... C 0111'" , },11.-} , )111"'1 J',U110 ' r'L.,t:L., , fl.lL ' 1.1".11 '''II' 1lIJ',! MILO' 'I"!'t9'''f ' OITJI'" ,f-j'mn) , _AO , n_llm_1: : fh,,**! 'm"i , foLL')" J',') • m" 'J',_IlItA ".

u) f.tn ' fhft:")-} , "II"':" , r\..+1lI?" ' f"7.1'-II111'" , ." ' ~111"'! ,"q+HJ'1 I n-.... /DI'" ' 110 ' 11., .... 1.11 ' f"7.TI\III'" , tllII"" nm" , "1"'1' ' hq,,1' ' )U ' f",.ql\lD' , 01& '1Ir ' )ID'. h')JlU ''If.)''',) , I1Il ,(;t...,'t ' !Atnl"IP- ,) hr,~" : mJ',?" , 1lI.1\:f.. , fll')IP- , 0111'" , mf.1'" ' f1"mr'Ly.IP- , A"f: ' h') .... 'lL.f"'Cn-, },,."fl\,,r '" • (ffl.lt') , nlO" , hl'l,h,} , 0"" .... , ' m,r.r' fA)f. I },q,} , fl.1t I)ID' I O""r'L+' 1\.'1:"'1"" tn"f, 1lI.1\"f:' 1lIf.1'" I

fi'/DI\/;I& I A"f: : fm;J'l:1D'1 I "q,} , "q-h-} I n-:PIlIS"" ' 110 ' 1\"" .... L1I '1--")'. ,,r.!I'r,A. ,.U1 ,.,t:L" ,.,') : hit,. 'h').r.1"1r'LmIP-' v-Ir : "J',"fl\"r .) "111'" I f1"U111~' I I"'h1.1'''J· , f/1.,,.n1l') , MS""'i' ' t.'J';f" , I\-mno} , -11(\01 ' 1I"101ll1t: ' r\.qA ' )ID'. f"fl·}H: , hlD'),,.!1)+, tlrL1"n1l ' Mr 'l1"A I n""r'L:"sr- 'f1"Y.1.1 ' )tl>'.

1\) Om" 'lf1.1::' hfl+' )U: f1"I'II\ID-' nm'" "':P?-).' .,nL]f' llJ'''' C1I ' f"7."fr'L1& , h11.+ ' )1&1 fh..+"*! I m" , h~ , I\IW ' 'J'!ofI' ' ftlmID- , ""AI'l' },1'.It,.li"OJ' , 'J'.I'ofI' ' ""All' h""m1 I fllt.e ' N"IlI(\) I )ID' • nm1- ' .,S"',} , hq:,. , )U ' f-,.r]I\IP- , nIP- : Ii ' tli'IDIIY.ID- I A"f: ' h'>+ ' ;:Ie ' nm" , n1"mn~1D' , fC"lIr, , ID?-+ ' I&ll"l' ' (A:( , h_lIJl\~ , OL~" , Ol'fli"ID-'i' ' Of'i'li"1& I .,.<;,"f I

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II. .,.... U'i\" II). qli' +.I-,.....-rc, N· ......... ' ,ftJC(I'~' ...... 'i!'.,.... m-JIi ' "'_~h:r-" 20. .,..., IH. 2' . .,... . U1tt, hUfl';>r."

_ 495 _

f / 1'?-JI\!'1 ' hlll]n.' V-1;;:/'9''f, "'Hlljf , n-_Ah+, <t:C~, 11.." • ft.L.}.(-I\.+' hq-Hi:' n"l"'6-1i' "",,.;FA.' -11')-1 • .,.ilt:-'I+' 1-"f ... A. "' . 'i!C.(- • 11.-" , 1<; , 1\1<; , fL+1'"'f' ' ht\. ... ' lilli- , ;lC , ·7T'f.~+' ~nl.'S '11'" , I'I.nn:t1 , n., .... s: ' III"?" r hl))i. , N-IIIM',ID- , A"f; r 1'11]+ ' h,.1.M'· I

11 ... ' 0.., .... , I nhl))i. I <j;C.(-' 1'\.'''' L:/'.(-' fl'1'''''' hq+~'I' r O"l"6-1i I

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ho}C(l , ~q+~'1:1 ' 1\..11.(- 1 .e':fl\A. " . ,h) 0;"'" , "'I?"-r ' h'l-l-'~u' f-I''llla>- , fla>- 1 hq+~i:1 1 n_ll.".. ,

I1n ' "0)01.1I ' 1''''l.':ftlID- , _~ , ~ID-I _Aflo ' ~V-1'1" , f"'lIIfl~ r ~at- • f..U1 1 1I"'~'1."1 r 1''''l.':ftlID- , N'I1t1Ol' I A'JF: r IN·toM: , Of'i' ' .,., : OJ""" If.I'l1t1ID-' A'f:' 1.';-1, ,..." '1.11.1I'~':f' fI.,OJo)o I fA'JF:~-r' V-I;;t-' I1n ' h"'C(l '.,.-'If. ' O<;:C1.· I (1.+ ' O-l'lIItI~ ' OfT ' 4'''' 1 Ol'il'1" ~to· ~

(Pt>f,.'I"f,."".f I

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I I M-h+1 ! ntI""I'to'" J

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Y:1 '1lI.f,,)?,, , f(\IJIo' hl]A 'f"tlf-r' f"tltm'l' , hM'.It"" I f'"t (\1&')' ........ l;f-<£ I ohlll1' O .... 'H·A' ~1JIo. f..,.",' htlu, +1..,..; 111t- , OIl.V ' K'.n.'i: , ),')1. .... 11t"'1I>" , fU'II'} , tIt.'<£ ' hlJ.r~.r ' .... 'iC ; T"'IC ' V-II'} , hlJ'r ''o':rIJlo; 1'11111J1o , 0 .... 1-·".r ' -I] hA' (lto'A , M··""~.r ' It.Lt.?" ' .f,'.fA ' .f,1Fr;A ~ .f,U , hII.f, , f.f·~1l11>" , IJIoA ' ,1...7<£ ' Olt ' IF~ , 111')1111 ' 'I'~?""" , (1.,fIA ' 11)'.(."'1 ' f"t'.fA ' .f.o"MA ~

Ii I tlm'rC ; «f)'II'A~'r I Mt.,.. ,» M .... 'llt 'h"tm6-ilI" I - .... l;l·<£ ' .... <'111 ' ....... I f1\,1'r-kf' f-IDII~ I m"'l' - .... l;f-'I!' hll""'U' ' ),')J!.U ,

1·111'r·' nh~ ... , /I.t.'i:' .f,flt/;\ , -

(tI) O ........ l·/.: r ~, ' f"'l..fhb-b~ ; '1.<; , nAil,,,,, , a r hll6-IM H ,

O'1.<;·} I (lirA' AJ':)·r 1 f .... tollY: 1 "'Ol~ •

(1'1) O ...... ·l·"')" f.."h6-hC ; I'hrH·~.r '..,flll!" 119"<'1 ..... fAJ': ~.} , tI-),.+ , _'l"C ' Ofl.A •

(m) (l) OhhMM I (I) fM·h·} r 11CY , (r) '1.')1'. , h..711'.f ' ([to41>' ,

f .... mltf.to· , 0..,').,.. , fA;NDt. I to!>9" ' «h.'ofl'.f ' ilI"~' 0'1 ofll ' I".' ''1')''f.~·l· ,» 1t1·toll~' f"'l..1.l11D"' to"'J:' h'l'r' ~tD- r fllt"tfflTilI'" "9"",., h?ofl'.f; lIl-"l'" O+IDIt~'A)(fI"'.f,' fof·1.l11 t;:~9'" ID(\') 'h,..fli:' (l'l' .... ~') I h-t.",4-.} I ~'l"jI'"f ' f+~1l 'f·tf.l.1tD- r tofl') ,.,..... U8ii' .... A; n.4'A' h')ofl(1 '.f,U , ~,.,.. , h"7.'l/\a>- , a>-tTJ,·l· , fHI ' )1& ~

( .... ) 0711.n.. ' t.1Y: ' fh.ff*f ' I'OPtolt1; , tit.., I "'IA"" I 1l.f,1F') , h,)f.~m· I 'tll.,a>- , f/D'Cfl ' (ID.f,r ' I'ltofl ,) helle') , It .... +~ or;' O..7ofl'.fl"" , lf~' h?ofl'.f; ~'flltD-'J 'fO' .... flofl') , Mil'" lI .... mO~ , ~ID" ~ ., ,l'.u , 't1l"7 J (li) t·[\o,) I h<'lAf;! , Il.f,(\'l' I hvn,." , h".f,1"1m_ilI" , 1'(l1D' , 'i:'l't..r I tl-k;.l·<; I fA~') I 'l''''1I'' I hm'ln"" 'tll"'l '?C' 0'1'') .... 4: , I' .... """"~ I ~m- , ,, (I) h'J-'I,)"""'" n-"'ID r 'tllr ' 1If..' fflm-' AJ':' hl]/'r') 'hilA/.": ' h.f,(I'l'r ' 1'..,.111»-') , ........ t.;I.'I! ' ,hllofl ' ... .f, '1'l'" 1'.:t-fA • • ,

90. "nA)''''~'''' 'tor,' 4..T: ' .,-,,,'+1' , .... c.".;., " '::"10} , n-nl;' .... ,..'"

91. J\q'tl~''} • "".,nOF!· , f ,,"U"" , "'h)f"'f<;, I 1t.::;>1""" , (n_"T:' 1.rL)' 11."'" • 11 .... """1"'.1.'.1'.1<;;1"' .

92. "I"'~"'" 0 ...... JfU-.'it' ....... or. nr. ...... nA '~"oIA"I-'I·'} • 11r.'f. "1-1"" n ..... . U8i!' M', n;fl'~T: ' rL+,..' D.L'tT:, ~n1~' , ......... ,,"',.., h~"f"f' ·'h;.ol1;F' .... "1> . 0"111.:: ',..;.0 '"I"~I'l-' "" ' ""<;c", n~1'" , h~~' , , .... , o .. uwr .... · "11"''1-' 'l.rL' Oh'}~' ~,., 1-1l'<;'1t- .

93. ...... U';I' M'"' :U';i!' -r-Ah+·

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Some Aspects of Ethiopian Arrest Law: The Eclectic Approach ...

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