ROCKS & MINERALS

Minerals are always solid with particles in repeating patterns- crystals

They are only found in Nature.

They are formed in the Earth’s mantle (from heat and pressure) – near the surface when oxygen, calcium and carbon combine in the ocean, and when hot, mineral-rich water moves slowly through the cracks in the Earth’s crust.

Examples of Minerals:

Quartz CalciteIron

Hematite DiamondCalcite

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:• Streak: color of the powder left

behind when you rub a mineral against a white tile called a streak plate.

• Luster: the way the surface of a

mineral reflects light, either metallic (shiny) or nonmetallic (dull)

• Hardness: a mineral’s ability to

resist being scratched as measured by Mohs’s hardness scale

USES OF MINERALS:Quartz makes glass. Diamonds make

jewelry.

Many things that we

see and use every day

are made from iron.

Hematite can be

used to make art.

What are three testers that

can be used to determine a

mineral’s hardness?

fingernail, penny, nail

How do we know the strength of rocks and minerals?

• The Mohs Hardness Scale was designed for us to use as a scale to determine the strength of rocks and minerals. Here are some examples that we could test using the scale.

Mohs Hardness Scale

ROCKS:

• Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.

• They are not crystals

• Some rocks form near the surface while others deep in the crust.

What are the 3 types of Rocks?

• Igneous rock is formed from molten rock that has cooled and hardened.

• Sedimentary rock is formed from material that has settled into layers and hardened.

• Metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed by heat and pressure.

3 types of Rocks

Types of Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Examples…Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary

Granite Slate Sandstone

Obsidian Marble Limestone

Pumice Gneiss Shale

IGNEOUS ROCKS:• Form when melted rocks harden

• Fine-grained rocks (smooth) are from lava

• Coarse-grained rocks (rough) are from magma.

Obsidian Basalt Pumice Granite

Sedimentary Rocks:• Formed from layers of sediment,

created by weathering, and erosion, that are dropped from moving water, and are squeezed and stuck together.

• Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks.

• Conglomerate rocks have large pieces and rom in shallow water

• Siltstone is made up of smaller pieces• Limestone is made up of fine grained

rock• Sandstone is made up of grains the size

of sand.

Fossil

conglomerate rock

Limestone

Sandstone

Metamorphic Rocks

• Existing rocks are changed through high heat and pressure to form different rocks

• morph = change

Schist

Gneiss

Marble

Slate

ROCK CYCLE• Like most cycles, the materials are used over and

over.

• Process include weathering, erosion, deposition, melting, compaction, and cementation.

The Rock Cycle

Igneous Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Another Rock Cycle

Brain Pop Video

http://www.brainpop.com/science/theearthsystem/rockcycle/

Wow, I wonder

what this video is

about??

How do Rocks form?

• How much time does it take to form a rock?

– If you squeeze and heat a rock for a few million years, it can turn into a new kind of rock.

Continued…

• Where does the heat come from?

– When rocks are close enough to the magma to be heated but not close enough to be melted, the rocks can be changed.

Continued…

• Where does the pressure come from?– Rocks below the

surface are squeezed by the layers of rock above them. The thicker the layers, the more pressure there is.

What makes up the earth?

Crust

1%

Mantle

69%

Core

30%

Crust

Mantle

Core

What is the difference between rocks and minerals?

• A mineral is a nonliving solid found in nature.

• But, aren’t rocks nonliving and found in nature too??

• Then what is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Rocks and Minerals

• Rocks are made up of one or more minerals!!!

• The reason why some rocks have more than one color, is because they contain more than one mineral.

• Also, some rocks are made of other things, such as sand and pebbles, in addition to minerals.

In the last can we say

• Rocks and Minerals are found everywhere on earth.

• Rocks are made from minerals and can contain several different kinds.

• Rocks can be divided into 3 different groups based on their properties.

• People use rocks in many different ways!