Deni Seymour

SOBAIPURI-O'ODHAM OCCUPATION IN THE

SANTA CRUZ VALLEY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GREEN VALLEY/CANOA

WHEN THE SPANISH ARRIVED: HISTORICALLY REFERENCED GROUPS

MansoJOCOMEJANOSUMAMANSO

ANCESTRAL APACHE

(CHIRICAHUA & MESCALERO)

Sobaípuri-O’odham

Cayetano Complex

Rsársavinâ /Spotted People

Chuv a hugam /Jackrabbit Eaters

s-o:bai-puri / "being many enemy/people" or "where there are many enemy/people"

The Sobaípuri are a unique O’odham

The history of Tohono O’odham and Gila and Salt rivers O’odham are related, but

different.

-Ethnographers have confused the histories

-Archaeology reveals the distinctions

Akimel

O’odham

Tohono

Sobaipuri

GilaSalt

2-Villagers

1-Villagers

Irrig slide here or below?

River once called santa maria

Took name from vilage at head

Later called santa cruz

LARGE PLANNED VILLAGES WITH FORMAL LAYOUTS

-NOT WIDELY DISPERSED

-NOT DIFFUSE RANCHERIAS

-SOCIAL HIERARCHY

-CONSISTENT, UNIQUE SOBAIPURI PLAN

-NOT LIKE HOHOKAM,

--NOT LIKE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY ETHNOGRAPHIC PERIOD

RESIDENTIAL HOUSES

HOUSEHOLD IS COMPOSED OF PAIRED STRUCTURES,

NOT RECTILINEAR ADOBES, NOT THE MULTI-HOUSE COMPOUNDS SEEN LATER

Mat Impression

Mat Impression

PAIRED STRUCTURES, NOT ROUND, NOT RECTILINEAR

COVERED WITH ADOBE OR MUD BUT NOT ADOBE-WALLED STRUCTURES

USE OF ADOBE-WALLED RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES BEGAN IN THE LATE 1800S

1st USED ALONGSIDE THE TRADITIONAL DOMED FORMS

ADOBE WALLED STRUCTURES WERE NOT PART OF EARLY MISSION RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE IN THIS AREA

RATHER THAN MOVE, THEY REBUILT OVER THE OLD HOUSE

MAINTAINED SOCIAL POSITION IN HOUSE GROUPING;

PLACEMENT WAS IMPORTANT FOR STATUS AND SOCIAL REASONS

DENSE

LONG-TERM

COMPLEX

3

21

4

Not just the short-term 1690s settlement at Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea (battle site):

Date: AD 1606–1666

Chronometric dates and superimposed houses at Guevavi

tell a story of long-term Sobaipuri-O’odham use

EVIDENCE IS DIFFICULT TO SEE: HOUSING

RESIDENCE & HISTORY DOES NOT BEGIN WITH KINO

Long Traditional History before Europeans

Kino is an important player in O’odham history

He placed the Sobaipuri on the map!

AD 1200 for O’odham-specific archaeological signature

Chronometric dates and superimposed houses at Guevavi

tell a story of long-term Sobaipuri-O’odham use

It is all irrigated and is like an evergreen

garden” (Marcos de Niza)

IRRIGATION CANALS & FIELDS

ON BOTH RIVERS

--2 SYSTEMS RECORDED

SOBAIPURI PRACTICED A ONE-VILLAGE SYSTEM (along rivers) AND RELIED ON AGRICULTURE

It is all irrigated and is like an evergreen

garden-- Marcos de Niza 1539

IRRIGATION CANALS & FIELDS ON BOTH RIVERS

--2 SYSTEMS RECORDED

SOBAIPURI PRACTICED A ONE-VILLAGE SYSTEM AND RELIED ON AGRICULTURE

GUEVAVI

KEY ELEMENTS FOR SOBAIPURI-O’ODHAM LANDSCAPE USE NARROWS (bedrock near surface)

CANALEdge of Floodplain

SANTA CRUZ RIVER

HEADGATE

SOBAIPURI-O’ODHAM VILLAGES

FIELDS

NARROWSCANAL

HEADGATE

NARROWS

SOBAIPURI-O’ODHAM VILLAGES

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF SOBAIPURI-O’ODHAM LANDSCAPE USE AND RIVER CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS

TERRACE MARGIN

(after Seymour 1991, 1997)

Headgate in image

Scale:1:24,000

Guevavi” is a name that may be derived from the O’odham word gi-

vavhia, meaning“big well,” “big water,” or “big

spring”–Kessell 1970; --National Park

Service 2007

ALTERNATE INTERPRETATIONS OF GUEVAVI

Another possibility for Guevavi is:

ge: waw "big cliff/bedrock" (as in Babo part of Baboquivari from Waw

Giwul(i)k).outcropping is a pretty decent size, good enough for "gue..."

(ge:)!(Jane Hill, O’odham Linguist)

Bedrock at Guevavi

Go from here to issue of santa maria

See rocha book discussion