Skill: Write DFA construceon proofs of closure properees.

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Transcript of Skill: Write DFA construceon proofs of closure properees.

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Skill:  Write  DFA  construc4on  proofs  of  closure  proper4es.  Learning  Objec4ves:  This  slide  comes  aCer  we  have  had  a  mini-­‐lecture  introducing  the  Theorem,  and  exploring  how  it  might  be  proved  by  performing  the  full  construc4on  on  a  specific  working  example.  Students  oCen  struggle  to  transi4on  from  their  specific  working  examples,  which  are  important  in  the  brainstorming  stage  of  proof-­‐wri4ng,  to  a  generalized  proof  that  holds  for  all  possible  Regular  Languages.  This  series  of  slides  guides  them  through  that  transi4on.  OCen  they  start  out  selec4ng  distractor  answer  choices  that  reference  the  working  example,  and  the  experience  of  doing  that  realizing  that  is  not  correct  seems  to  help  cement  the  dis4nc4on.  During  the  debriefing,  the  visual  separa4on  between  the  leC  and  right  halves  of  the  slide  is  emphasized.    Correct  choice:  (c)  Answer  choice/distractor  design:    (a)  Has  the  wrong  domain  and  range  (b)  Has  the  wrong  range  (c)  Correct  (though  in  subsequent  4mes  I  have  taught  this  course,  I  have  revised  this  

answer  choice  to  include  clarifica4on  of  the  variables  x,y,c,  as  follows:  δ((x,y),c)  =  (δ1(x,c),  δ2(y,c)),  for  c  in  Σ  and  (x,y)  in  Q)  

(d)  This  correctly  transcribes  one  of  the  edges  in  the  specific  working  example,  however,  we  are  no  longer  supposed  to  be  referring  to  the  working  example  at    

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Correct  choice:  (d)    Answer  choice/distractor  design:  (a)  This  is  correct  for  the  specific  working  example,  but  we  are  moving  away  from  

that  and  now  doing  a  generalized  proof.  (b)  This  would  be  correct  if  we  were  trying  to  show  closure  under  Intersec4on.  (c)  Distrac4ng  because  it  uses  the  Union  operator,  however,  it  is  not  correct.  (d)  Correct  

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Skill:  Trace  in  a  DFA.    Learning  objec4ve:  This  slide  reviews  basic  tracing  in  a  DFA,  and  prepares  students  for  the  Pumping  Lemma,  which  applies  the  Pigeonhole  Principle  to  the  length  of  strings  a  given  DFA  is  capable  of  accep4ng  without  visi4ng  a  state  more  than  once.    Correct  answer:  (b)    Answer  choices/distractor  design:  The  distractors  are  just  several  numbers  in  the  range.  However,  4  is  typically  the  most  “distrac4ng”  because  there  is  a  fencepost  coun4ng  issue  between  the  number  of  states  (4)  and  the  longest  path  (3).      

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Correct  answer:  (b)    

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The  answer  is  (b).  Skill:  Tracing  in  a  PDA  using  the  stack.  Learning  objec4ve:  This  slide  is  introducing  the  PDA.  The  main  difference  from  NFA  (which  they  have  already  done)  is  the  addi4on  of  a  stack,  so  this  slide  focuses  squarely  on  that  new  addi4on.      Answer  choices/distractor  design:  (a)  This  is  the  input  string,  not  a  state  the  stack  is  ever  in.  This  emphasizes  drawing  

the  dis4nc4on  between  the  input  string,  and  the  stack.  The  input  is  not  on  the  stack  (unless  you  put  it  there).    

(b)  The  correct  answer.  (c)  and  (d)  Tes4ng  understanding  of  the  transi4on  rule  nota4on—although  lambda  

and  b  appear  in  transi4on  rules,  they  are  never  put  on  the  stack.    Design  issues:  My  main  hesita4on  with  this  pair  is  possible  confusion  over  the  asterisk  note.  However,  it  actually  doesn’t  affect  the  answer—i.e.  there  is  no  way  to  get  #lambda  etc  regardless  of  path  followed  or  input.    

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Correct  answer:  (b)    

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Skill:  Understanding  configura4on  nota4on  for  TMs  and  how  to  apply  a  single  transi4on  rule  to  a  configura4on.  Learning  Objec4ves:  Typically  students  have  several  minor  points  of  confusion  with  the  configura4on  nota4on,  on  things  such  as:  (1)  when  the  head  is  wrigen  as  between  two  characters,  does  it  “read”  the  one  to  the  leC  or  right,  (2)  when  the  head  moves  to  the  leC  or  right,  does  it  write  the  character  that  used  to  be  to  its  leC,  or  that  is  now  to  its  leC?    Correct  choice:  (c)  Distractor  choices  address  minor  points  of  confusion  described  above.    

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Correct  choice:  (c)    

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Skill:  Know  when  to  use  Pumping  Lemma  Learning  Objec4ves:  As  part  of  midterm  review,  we  did  this  pair  and  several  others,  helping  students  understand  which  kind  of  approach  is  appropriate  in  different  situa4ons.  Students  oCen  get  to  a  point  where  they  can  correctly  execute  a  given  approach,  but  may  have  a  “lose  sight  of  the  forest  for  the  trees”  type  issue  in  terms  of  not  being  able  to  iden4fy  when  different  approaches  apply.    Correct  choice:  (d)  Distractor  choices  are  other  kinds  of  proofs  we  have  covered  in  the  course.    

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The  correct  answer  is  (d).    

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